Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. V. K. Fitzgerald Author-X-Name-First: E. V. K. Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: Editors' introduction Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 5-10 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424119 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:5-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Frank Humphreys Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Humphreys Author-Name: Nick Lea Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Lea Title: Civil conflict in developing countries over the last quarter of a century: An empirical overview of economic and social consequences Abstract: There is a growing number of wars in developing countries and they are∼ concentrated among the least developed countries. This paper explores their economic and social consequences by examining the behaviour of countries worst affected by war from 1970 to 1990. Despite problems about methodology and data some important conclusions emerge. There were invariably large economic and social costs in addition to the direct battle deaths, although the effects varied according to the nature and duration of the conflict and the state of the economy. The costs are indicated by losses in GDP, exports and food production per capita compared with what might have been expected in the absence of conflict. In most cases, trends in infant mortality rates were significantly worse in war-affected than comparable economies. The extent of these losses varied, however, while other effects, such as on savings and investment propensities, government revenue shares and expenditure on social services, differed sharply among economies in conflict, reflecting differences in conditions, in government and donor policy and civil and private initiatives. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 11-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424120 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424120 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:11-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. V. K. Fitzgerald Author-X-Name-First: E. V. K. Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald Title: Paying for the war: Macroeconomic stabilization in poor countries under conflict conditions Abstract: Much of the human cost of conflict in developing countries is the result of economic collapse rather than military casualties as such. This article examines the way in which the extreme macroeconomic disequilibria that almost inevitably occur in wartime are generated and what their consequences are for production, distribution and welfare. The problem is often exacerbated by misguided policies on the part of both national governments and aid agencies, based on concepts of structural adjustment and humanitarian relief designed for use in peacetime. In contrast, it is argued that a stabilization programme that explicitly takes into account changes in the behaviour of households and firms under conditions of fiscal stress, foreign exchange shortages and increased uncertainty might not only sustain essential economic activity but also protect more vulnerable groups from unnecessary hardship. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 43-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424121 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424121 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:43-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Keen Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Keen Title: A rational kind of madness Abstract: The paper argues against the notion that wars, whether international or civil in nature, are essentially irrational and “imposed” on societies. Rather they should be regarded as emerging from political and economic processes taking place within such societies—particularly when “peace” involves violent processes as the corollary of economic development and political consolidation. The paper examines the rational nature of warfare, turning to historical examples before the modern period. This framework is applied to the civil wars in Sudan and Sierra Leone, leading to a general proposition as to the connection between “economic war” and the weak state. The paper concludes that it is essential to look at the functions of war as well as its costs in order to bring it to an end, and to design appropriate diplomatic and economic pressures to bring this about. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 67-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424122 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424122 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:67-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Turton Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Turton Title: War and ethnicity: Global connections and local violence in North East Africa and former Yugoslavia Abstract: Many of today's wars are explained (by observers) and justified (by participants) as the result of deep and ineradicable ethnic differences. But ethnic differences are not given in nature and the relationship between ethnicity and war is not a simple matter of cause and effect. Five questions are considered in the light of recent internal wars in North East Africa and former Yugoslavia. First, in what historical circumstances do ethnic differences become salient? Second, by what techniques do political leaders seek to use ethnic differences as a political resource? Third, how can we explain the special power of ethnic ideas to move people to collective acts, sometimes of horrifying brutality? Fourth, how can we explain the growing importance of local identities in a world which is also becoming more unified, politically, economically and culturally? And finally, what can politicians, aid organizations, journalists and academics do to help prevent and mitigate the terrible consequences of politicized ethnicity? Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 77-94 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424123 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:77-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meghan O'Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: Meghan Author-X-Name-Last: O'Sullivan Title: Household entitlements during wartime: The experience of Sri Lanka Abstract: Conventional ways of viewing conflict as destructive and irrational have constrained the thinking of policy makers about the possibility of constructive intervention and development strategies during wartime. This paper, in looking at the experience of Sri Lanka, considers various policy choices, as well as their costs, open to some governments during times of strife. Evidence from Sri Lanka refutes the notion that government services cannot be effective in wartime while simultaneously drawing attention to the role that alternative societal structures play in alleviating human costs. This paper demonstrates that a complex network of providers of market, public, and civil entitlements can evolve in certain wartime contexts and identifies how the mode of warfare employed can create or destroy such a possibility. The study concludes that the opportunities for constructive policy making during wartime are greater— and the responsibilities of the agents at war broader—than is commonly thought. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 95-121 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424124 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424124 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:95-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sabrina DiAddario Author-X-Name-First: Sabrina Author-X-Name-Last: DiAddario Title: Estimating the economic costs of conflict: An examination of the two-gap estimation model for the case of Nicaragua Abstract: A substantial part of the economic cost of conflict arises from the reduction in potential output consequent upon the sharp decline of foreign exchange availability caused by the destruction of export capacity and the interruption of trade channels. This paper examines the “two-gap” model used by the United Nations to measure the GDP loss from war in the case of Nicaragua. The theoretical limitations of this model are discussed, and the implausibility of the assumptions as to fixed import and consumption coefficients identified. Careful econometric estimation reveals that there is in fact a structural break in the consumption function, the use of which results in a more robust method for estimating the economic cost of conflict, and more figures for the case of Nicaragua. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 123-141 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424125 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424125 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:123-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Knight Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Knight Author-Name: Li Shi Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Title: Cumulative causation and inequality among villages in China Abstract: Why are villages that are geographically so close together economically so far apart? This question is examined using a survey of 1000 households in seven villages in Hebei province, China. An answer is developed in terms of factor immobility and processes of cumulative causation. Although a good natural resource endowment helps to initiate the process, the main cause of differential village development is non-farm sources of income: migration and village industry. Both are constrained and the easing of the constraints involves path-dependent cumulative processes. For instance, migration requires a village network of information and contacts, and village industrialization depends on the accumulation of local skills through a process of learning-by-doing and on the reinvestment of profits. There is a case for mesoeconomic analysis at the village level in China and in other poor countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 149-172 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424127 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424127 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:149-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Chudnovsky Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Chudnovsky Author-Name: Andres Lopez Author-X-Name-First: Andres Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez Author-Name: Fernando Porta Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Porta Title: Market or policy driven? The Foreign direct investment boom in Argentina Abstract: Although the programme of structural reforms and price stabilization has contributed to a better environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) in Argentina in the 1990s, FDI flows are mainly explained by the incentives established in specific policies regulating the privatization of public services and in the automotive regime. The growth in internal demand has been the main locational advantage inducing recent FDI into Argentina. In this context, the impact of trade liberalization, entry of new firms and the requirements of the specific policies in force have encouraged firms to apply their human and physical resources in a more efficient way. Thus, in contrast to what happened in the era of import substituting industrialization, recent investments have been not only internal market but also efficiency seeking. However, most FDI has a significant import content and, except in the automobile industry, has not led to export growth. Furthermore, resource enhancement activities have been far less important than efficiency seeking investments and no significant strategic asset seeking investments have yet been made in the country. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 173-188 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424128 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424128 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:173-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey James Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Henny Romijn Author-X-Name-First: Henny Author-X-Name-Last: Romijn Title: The determinants of technological capability: A cross-country analysis Abstract: Existing studies aimed at explaining cross-country differences in technological capabilities among developing countries have tended to use crude and unrealistic proxies—such as expenditure on R&D or the number of registered patents—which bear little or no relation to the findings from firm-level studies. This paper introduces a more realistic measure of technological capability based on an index developed by UNIDO, which is related to the complexity involved in the manufacture of engineering goods. The significance of this measure derives from the fact that in developing countries, the mastery of known technologies is far more important than the ability to generate new technologies through formal R&D. A regression analysis carried out with this measure points to the significance of market size, the stock of scientists and engineers and trade policy orientation as important determinants of cross-country differences in this measure of production capability. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 189-207 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424129 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:189-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben Rogaly Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Rogaly Title: Embedded markets: Hired labour arrangements in west Bengal agriculture Abstract: This paper analyses why agricultural workers in West Bengal sell their labour via different types of institutional arrangements. The aim is to contribute towards explanation of the coexistence of diverse hired labour arrangements. While neo-classical institutionalist models have been found wanting in this regard (not least because of their tendency to focus on employers' choices alone), they offer important insights. However, the embeddedness approach taken here suggests that social and economic structures need to be specified prior to the analysis of labour market choice. Using microstudy data collected in 1991-92, it is shown that hired labour arrangements are embedded in the structure of asset ownership, and in ideologies of caste and gender. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 209-223 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424130 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424130 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:209-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Barrett Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Barrett Title: Heteroscedastic price forecasting for food security management in developing countries Abstract: Price forecasting systems are of considerable importance to food security management by governments' and non-governmental organizations. Sparse data availability in low-income economies, however, generally necessitates reliance on reduced form forecasting methods. Relatively recent innovations in heteroscedasticity-consistent time series techniques offer price forecasting tools that are feasible given available data and analysis technologies in low-income economies. Moreover, extended GARCH models exhibit superior out-of-sample forecast accuracy using monthly food price data from Madagascar. These techniques also permit cost reduction in food security operations by more precise estimation of the risk of hitting a critical price level. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 225-236 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424131 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:225-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pan-Long Tsai Author-X-Name-First: Pan-Long Author-X-Name-Last: Tsai Title: 'Paradigms of development: The East Asian debate': A comment Abstract: Sanjaya Lall's contribution to the debate on the role of industrial policy in economic development (Oxford Development Studies, 24, pp. 111-131,1996) is criticized. Part of the argument concerns the nature of development experience in Hong Kong, where deindustrialization is not regarded as a sign of lack of industrial policy, as argued by Lall. More generally, the article contends that selective intervention is not necessarily the key to capturing the benefits of dynamic comparative advantage, that intervention costs can be large, and that governments can have difficulty in devising and implementing plans for the development of technological capability. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 237-243 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424132 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424132 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:237-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanjaya Lall Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya Author-X-Name-Last: Lall Title: Paradigms of development: A Rejoinder Abstract: The comments by Tsai illustrate some important points in the industrial policy debate, though they also reflect a misconception of the purposes of my paper. My rejoinder describes briefly the 'revisionist' case, noting that it provides grounds for careful government policies to overcome market failures and not for wholesale, inefficient intervention. It discusses why Tsai's critique of my interpretation of the Asian Tigers is misplaced, and goes on to argue that the 'revisionist' case does not underestimate the costs of government failure. It does, however, hold that selective interventions are feasible in certain circumstances, and that other developing country governments can leant from the East Asian experience. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 245-253 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424133 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424133 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:245-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose Miguel Benavente Author-X-Name-First: Jose Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Benavente Author-Name: Gustavo Crespi Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo Author-X-Name-Last: Crespi Author-Name: Jorge Katz Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Author-Name: Giovanni Stumpo Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni Author-X-Name-Last: Stumpo Title: New problems and opportunities for industrial development in Latin America Abstract: The paper considers the extent to which trade liberalization, de-regulation of economic activity, privatization of public assets and more careful management of macroeco-nomic aggregates, are affecting Latin America. The background, set in import substituting industrialization, has given way to transition towards a new productive structure and new methods of organization of manufacturing activity. Part of that is the relative rise of industries based on the processing of resources. Industrial labour productivity improved in the early 1990s after a long period of stagnation, which became very apparent in the 1980s, though the achievement of an 8% per annum rate, and much shedding of labour, has been insufficient to close the gap which exists with the US. The paper comments on the difficulties of understanding transition in the context of economic theory. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 261-277 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424135 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424135 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:261-277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Temple Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Temple Title: St Adam and the Dragons: Neo-classical economics and the East Asian miracle Abstract: This paper addresses recent explanations for the East Asian miracle. The argument that growth is entirely due to the accumulation of inputs is assessed and found wanting. There is still a place for the view that attributes success to activist policy. This is especially so, since the other explanations of East Asian success are rarely wholly convincing. The paper demonstrates that popular cross-country models of growth usually fail to explain the East Asian experience, but presents evidence supporting emphasis on favourable initial conditions, including early specialization in manufacturing. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 279-300 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424136 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424136 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:279-300 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha Author-X-Name-First: Raghav Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha Title: Do rural public works influence agricultural wages? The case of the employment guarantee scheme in India Abstract: Since growth alone will not make a significant difference to agricultural wages in an oligopsonistic labour market, a case is made out for special employment programmes along the lines of the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The EGS has a substantial effect on agricultural wages—especially long-term. Diminution of income supplementation through this scheme, following a sharp reduction in the share of poor participants, was thus partly offset by higher agricultural wages. To the extent that this income diminution reflected exclusion of the poor from the EGS because of deficiencies in its design and implementation, prompt remedial action would enhance significantly their bargaining power vis-a-vis that of large landholders. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 301-314 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424137 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424137 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:301-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philippa Bevan Author-X-Name-First: Philippa Author-X-Name-Last: Bevan Author-Name: Sandra Fullerton Joireman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Fullerton Author-X-Name-Last: Joireman Title: The perils of measuring poverty: Identifying the 'poor' in rural Ethiopia Abstract: The measurement of poverty in Africa has been pioneered by economists (whose measurements usually apply to income or consumption by households) and grass-root 'participationists' (who tend to use community definitions of household wealth/poverty). These measures are often used in arguments about the causes of poverty and what should be done about it, and these arguments are often more ideological than scientific. In this paper, which comes from a sociological tradition, we focus on the meaning and use of measures of poverty, using data collected in rural Ethiopia from which we have constructed four different measures of poverty, for three different localities. We deconstruct the concept of 'poverty', explore the ways in which the different measures relate to the elements we have isolated, describe the measurements and consider their advantages and disadvantages, and compare their different outcomes in terms of identifying 'the poor' in the three sites. In conclusion, we argue that none of the measures as applied identifies 'the poor' in a convincing way, that our conceptual discussion suggests that this may not be possible in principle, that very great care must be taken in data collection for, and calculation, use and interpretation of, consumption poverty measures in subsistence economies, and that poverty measurers of all persuasions should acknowledge the complexities, reduce the rhetoric, improve the rigour and get 'smart'. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 315-343 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424138 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424138 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:315-343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi Author-X-Name-First: Caterina Ruggeri Author-X-Name-Last: Laderchi Title: Poverty and its many dimensions: The role of income as an indicator Abstract: In this paper we analyse the choice of the dimension in which poverty is to be measured by reviewing some implications arising from the debate on the concept of welfare. By discussing Sen's capability approach, in particular, it is suggested that income or consumption are not necessarily the only indicators of interest in a poverty analysis. We then explore how comprehensive a picture of poverty can be gained by focusing on an income-based measure, using Chilean data from 1992. We analyse the role of income both as having a direct impact on a set of indicators of well-being and as proxying the relevant factors affecting them. In both cases the link is found to be weak. This suggests that poverty analysis is highly conditional on the indicators chosen and that the approach should be kept as broad as possible in order to capture more fully the multidimensional nature of such a complex phenomenon. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 345-360 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424139 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424139 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:345-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. J. Dawson Author-X-Name-First: P. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Title: The demand for calories in developing countries Abstract: Empirical analyses of calorie intake response to income have produced strong disagreement with some showing a low and statistically insignificant effect. Using cross-sectional data for 41 developing countries in 1992, calorie intake is significantly determined by per capita income, income distribution, income growth, urbanization, food aid and socio-cultural factors. The estimated income elasticity is significant, around 0.07, while that with respect to urbanization is about 0.17. Inadequate calorie intake is caused by low levels of economic development in general, rather than by low income in particular. Policies aimed at alleviating inadequate calorie intake should not focus on income alone. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 361-369 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424140 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424140 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:361-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ngaire Woods Author-X-Name-First: Ngaire Author-X-Name-Last: Woods Title: Editorial introduction. Globalization: Definitions, debates and implications Abstract: This introduction contrasts three competing interpretations of globalization which appear in contributions to this issue. The market-centred approach is contrasted with a state-centred perspective, and finally with a people-centred interpretation of the nature and impact of globalization. The paper then draws together the lessons for developing countries which follow from the analyses of trade, investment, finance, policy choices and reactions against globalization. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 5-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424142 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:5-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Biersteker Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Biersteker Title: Globalization and the modes of operation of major institutional actors Abstract: Most scholars writing about globalization define it in terms of a dramatic increase in international transactions: from economic exchanges such as trade, finance and investment to cultural ones such as information, ideas and technology. A more useful way to think about globalization is as a basic change in the way major institutional actors think and operate. This article illustrates changes in thinking and modes of operation in firms, in non-governmental organizations, in international institutions and in the adaptive reactions of state policies. It also explores the potential implications of this conception of globalization, with particular reference to its contradictory consequences for different types of inequality: between states, within states, and between states and other institutional entities. The article concludes with an argument about why globalization is likely to continue and why it is so important to understand. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 15-31 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424143 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:15-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diana Tussie Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: Tussie Title: Globalization and world trade: From multilateralism to regionalism Abstract: The integration of developing countries into world markets, and very particularly those in Latin America, is transforming international economic relations. Increasing economic openness should be a conducive environment not just for increasing trade opportunities for developing countries, but also for an invigoration of multilateralism. However, the new economic “openness” is posing a serious challenge to the existing international system of governance created under the GATT to regulate international trade relations. Developing countries have always felt that the rules and procedures of the GATT discriminated against them, while developed countries argued that they had excluded themselves from the benefits of multilateralism by adhering to import substitution. Now that some developing countries are liberalizing their economies, they are finding that globalization has not accelerated multilateralism in the global trading system over the last decade. Rather, multilateralism has slowed down. The paper attempts to explain this paradox and to point to the challenges posed to international trade by the widespread adoption of liberal trade policies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 33-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424144 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:33-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Dunning Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Dunning Title: Globalization and the new geography of foreign direct investment Abstract: This paper first describes the changes in the geography of foreign direct investment (FDI) over the past two decades. It then goes on to offer some explanations for the changes identified. Next, it suggests that the new geography of FDI strongly reflects the sectors in which multinational enterprises operate, the countries from which they originate, and their international production and marketing strategies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 47-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424145 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424145 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:47-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoffrey Garrett Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Garrett Title: Shrinking states? Globalization and national autonomy in the oecd Abstract: This article refutes the conventional view that globalization, and most importantly the international integration of financial markets, has resulted in a policy race to the bottom among the OECD countries. I demonstrate that globalization has been associated with increasing divergence in national economic policy regimes that continue to be heavily influenced by domestic factors such as the partisan balance of political power and the strength of organized labor movements. Moreover, countries that have chosen to react to market integration by expanding their public economies have not suffered significant macroeconomic costs. Real economic performance has deteriorated substantially throughout the OECD since the 1960s, but this cannot be attributed to the costs of big government in the global economy. Governments have a critical role to play in promoting and maintaining an open international economy. By cushioning the short-term dislocations of markets, governments can increase popular support for liberalization. These are important policy lessons for the developing countries as they become increasingly exposed to global market forces. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 71-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424146 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424146 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:71-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Falk Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Falk Title: Global civil society: Perspectives, initiatives, movements Abstract: This article focuses on the efforts of voluntary associations, rooted in a global consciousness, to address the negative impacts of globalization. In part, this encounter reflects the extent to which globalization has been unfolding in recent years in an ideological climate of neo-liberalism. As a result, there has been steady downward pressure on the social agenda of governments and international institutions. Globalization-from-below represents an overall effort to moderate market logic by reference to the following values embodied in “normative democracy”, a view of democracy that takes account of the emergence of global village realities: consent of affected peoples; rule of law in all arenas of decision; human rights; effective modes of participation; accountability; support for public goods to address basic needs; transparency; and non-violence as a principle of public order. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 99-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424147 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424147 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:99-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Title: Money in a globalized world: From monopoly to oligopoly Abstract: When addressing issues of global finance, we are accustomed to thinking of money as effectively insular: each currency sovereign within the territorial frontiers of a single state or monetary union. In fact, cross-border currency competition has become increasingly prevalent. Money today is effectively deterritorialized. What does this mean for national monetary sovereignty? A strictly territorial currency privileges government in relation to societal actors. Conversely, the benefits of monetary sovereignty are noticeably compromised by currency deterritorialization, which gives the private sector a critical degree of leverage over public policy. So long as governments remain the main source of money, however, the state still retains a significant role. Monetary sovereignty has been not so much lost as transformed. Where once existed monopoly, we now find oligopoly—a finite number of autonomous suppliers, national governments, all vying ceaselessly to shape and manage demand. Globalized money, at its most basic, is a political contest for market loyalty. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 111-125 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424148 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424148 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:111-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco Durand Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Durand Author-Name: Rosemary Thorp Author-X-Name-First: Rosemary Author-X-Name-Last: Thorp Title: Reforming the state: A study of the peruvian tax reform Abstract: This paper studies one instance of successful state reform, the Peruvian tax administration, by looking at the circumstances (economic and political crises of the 1990s) and the factors (strong presidential support, ability of policy elites, favourable reaction from civil society) that made it possible. The administrative reform, together with changes in tax policies, helped the state increase tax revenues and achieve higher policy efficacy. A longitudinal analysis indicates that, even if exceptional conditions to initiate and consolidate state reform were present, the rhythm and depth of the reform slowed down in the more advanced stages. Changes in bureaucratic leadership, a tax revolt and shifting presidential priorities, together with the lack of reform in the rest of the state, all had a debilitating influence on the tax reform. Those circumstances and factors did not reverse the institutional modernization process, but limited its continuing development and diminished the state's policy efficacy to keep increasing tax revenues. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 133-151 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424150 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424150 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:133-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Prema-Chandra Athukorala Author-X-Name-First: Prema-Chandra Author-X-Name-Last: Athukorala Title: Interest rates, saving and investment: Evidence from India Abstract: The role of interest rates in the process of economic development is examined through an empirical inquiry into the interest rate-saving-investment nexus in the Indian economy during the period 1955-95. The results are generally in support of the financial liberalization school of thought. Higher real interest rates seem to promote both financial and total savings, and stimulate private investment. On the investment side, the combined salutary effect of interest rate increases operating through increased debt intermediation and self-financed capital accumulation outweighs the direct cost effect on investment. Overall, the study casts doubt on the robustness of results coming from the vast cross-country literature on the subject and calls for systematic time-series analyses covering a variety of country situations to inform the on-going policy debate. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 153-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424151 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424151 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:153-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Cook Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Cook Title: Who gets what jobs in China's countryside? A multinomial logit analysis Abstract: Asset-poor rural households increase their incomes primarily through the transfer of labour into activities which yield higher returns. This paper examines the determinants of job status among members of rural households in China's transitional economy. The objective is to gain a better understanding of who gains access to higher paying employment, thereby increasing their incomes, and the constraints which prevent other individuals or households from improving their economic position. Two hypotheses are investigated: first, that household demographic composition affects individual employment decisions, with farm households pursuing a strategy to allocate labour among different types of employment; and second, that non-market mechanisms such as political connections play a role in determining employment outcomes. The results demonstrate the importance of individual characteristics, particularly age and gender, as well as a continuing role for non-market mechanisms in the transfer of labour into more remunerative activities. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 171-190 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424152 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:171-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dieter Ernst Author-X-Name-First: Dieter Author-X-Name-Last: Ernst Author-Name: Paolo Guerrieri Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrieri Title: International production networks and changing trade patterns in East Asia: The case of the electronics industry Abstract: The concept of an “international production network “ captures the spread of broader systems of international production which cut across different stages of the value chain but which may, or may not, involve ownership of equity stakes. The concept allows us to analyse the globalization strategies of any particular firm with regard to the following four questions: Where does the firm locate the various stages of the value chain? To what degree does a firm rely on “outsourcing”, and hence what is the relationship between that and the firm's internal production activities? To what degree is control over transactions exercised in a centralized or in a decentralized manner? How do the different elements of these networks hang together? The ideas are applied to the trade links in electronics between firms located in the USA or Japan and countries of East Asia. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 191-212 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424153 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424153 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:191-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanjaya Lall Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya Author-X-Name-Last: Lall Title: Technological capabilities in emerging Asia Abstract: Given rapid technological and organizational change it appears, nevertheless, that the “emerging” economies of Asia are involved in different ways. Some countries are at the forefront, others on the fringes, of the new technological “paradigm “. This paper considers differences in “capability” at what can be regarded as the national level, as well as looking at the factors influencing the development of technological capabilities. There is a focus on investment in upgrading and deepening of capability, which may not occur easily in the face of market failures. These issues are approached through the use of various indicators of capability in 10 cases (Korea stands out as the leader, though none of the new “tigers” have a significant technological base). Policy lessons are then considered, a major conclusion being that there are differences between countries and little sign of a single optimum path to success. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 213-243 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424154 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424154 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:213-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucia Hanmer Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Hanmer Title: Human capital, targeting and social safety nets: An analysis of household data from Zimbabwe Abstract: This article considers the issue of targeting social services to the poor in developing countries. One important, although often neglected, dimension of poverty is a household's ability to carry out human capital formation. It is argued that defining poverty with reference to human capital has conceptual advantages over the more frequently used income definitions (poverty lines), as well as having practical advantages for policy makers in poor countries. Analysis of an urban household data set from Zimbabwe shows that indicators of some aspects of human capital poverty are strongly correlated with particular household characteristics. The policy conclusions are that policy makers in Zimbabwe could extend the targeted provision of free health services from rural areas to certain wards in urban areas and to urban female headed households and that existing means tested social benefits should take account of household size and composition when setting the income criteria that determine inclusion in the target group. More generally, use of indicators of human capital poverty, or their correlates, as the criteria for inclusions in the target group offers a viable alternative to means testing social benefits in developing countries and they could therefore be used to increase the effectiveness of targeted poverty alleviation and social safety net policies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 245-265 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424155 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:245-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terence Byres Author-X-Name-First: Terence Author-X-Name-Last: Byres Title: “The tribe of pundits called economists” and economic debate in post-independence India Abstract: The rise of an economics profession in post-Independence India is outlined, and something of the contribution of that profession to economic debate in India considered. The roots of the economics profession and of economic debate after 1947 are traced to the colonial era, and the institutions and the institution-builders essential to its emergence after 1947 discussed. Five “generations” of Indian economists, active both before and after 1947, are identified. Attention is drawn to the high quality of debates on the Indian economy, the high level of theoretical discourse and the quality of political economy traditions. Particular attention is paid to the remarkable contribution of the Economic Weekly/Economic and Political Weekly, and there is treatment of the relationship between the academy, on the one hand, and the state and its representatives on the other. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 271-286 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424157 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424157 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:271-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Harriss Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Harriss Title: Development studies and the development of India: An awkward case? Abstract: The origins of the inter-disciplinary field of “development studies” are traced to the 1960s. It is argued that Indian scholars have pursued their own distinctive lines of argument within it, but that they have also made significant contributions to the general field. The paper has a section outlining the history of “development studies”, tracing major strands of thought and the way in which Indian scholars related to them. It then looks in more detail at Indian development and the conceptualization of “development”, by both the “insiders” and “outsiders” who have had a role to play in the debate, before turning to various “characterizations” of India from Myrdal onwards. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 287-309 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424158 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424158 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:287-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Surinder Jodhka Author-X-Name-First: Surinder Author-X-Name-Last: Jodhka Title: From “book view” to “field view”: Social anthropological constructions of the Indian village Abstract: The “book view” of rural India of the title is that of Indologists and Orientalists, constructed from Hindu scriptures and the historical record. In the post-Independence period this was gradually replaced by the “field view” of sociologists and anthropologists, based on participant observation. Their studies threw new light on the nature of the village community, particularly in relation to caste, gender and political faction. The work is important in the context of development since traditional society was, and remains, in a state of flux. One important result of the “field view”, however, is that India's villages appear to have been well integrated into the broader economy and society for a very long period of time, rather than being isolated communities. While recognizing this important contribution, the problems of participant observation are discussed in this paper, notably the possibility that the social and economic background of those engaged might itself induce bias into the results. This is a fundamental issue and indeed one which has not escaped the attention of the major writers themselves. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 311-331 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424159 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:311-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vijay Joshi Author-X-Name-First: Vijay Author-X-Name-Last: Joshi Title: India's economic reforms: Progress, problems, prospects Abstract: This paper is a review of India's progress in the 50 years of Independence, which is regarded as a mixture of the impressive and the disappointing. The country has managed to protect national unity, preserve democracy and dilute traditional social hierarchies. There has been economic growth and a reduction in the proportion of people falling below a standard poverty line. But the main requirement now is a sustained increase in the growth rate of national income that also increases the demand for labour. The relative failures of past decades are considered, and ways in which the reform programme begun in July 1991 could be strengthened are suggested. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 333-350 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424160 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:333-350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben Peletier Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Peletier Title: Terms of trade effects on endogenous growth rates in LDCs Abstract: This paper presents a model in which long-term GDP growth rates of LDCs are dependent upon world price levels. The model combines an endogenous growth framework a la Romer (1986, Journal of Political Economy, 94, pp. 1002-1037) with traditional Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson international trade, while assuming investment in capital to be financed solely by domestic savings. This relatively strong assumption is justified by the empirical observation that for most LDCs foreign investment constitutes only a very small part of gross capital formation. We find that an increase in the price of capital-intensive goods will raise the long-term growth rate. In other words, in this model protection of the capital-intensive goods sector will cause higher economic growth. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 351-373 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424161 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:351-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marjorie Lister Author-X-Name-First: Marjorie Author-X-Name-Last: Lister Title: The European union's green paper on relations with the African, Caribbean and pacific countries Abstract: This article critically assesses the European Union's Green Paper on its relations with the 71 Lome Convention countries after the millenium. It argues that the Green Paper, which sets out a series of possible options for the future of EU-African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) relations, in fact produces no convincing alternatives to the present Lome system. The European Commission's thinking about EU-ACP relations is neither fully developed nor clear in its approach to the great modernizing development project of the post-war period. The political environment in which the relationship exists is also changing rapidly. Given this situation of fundamental uncertainty, trying to create a new relationship from first principles is over-ambitious. Instead, a gradualist or incremental approach is more likely to succeed. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 375-390 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424162 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:375-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Knight Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Knight Author-Name: Li Shi Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Title: Fiscal decentralization: Incentives, redistribution and reform in China Abstract: China's great size and diversity give rise to serious principal-agent problems among tiers of government. The fiscal relationships between central and provincial governments over the period of economic reform are examined within an agency framework. Provincial governments have been responsible for most revenue collection and public spending, but they have done so within the consolidated state budget: central government takes, or gives, the difference between a province's revenue collection and expenditure. Five interrelated questions are posed. Does provincial expenditure depend on provincial revenue collection, i. e. to what extent are provinces fiscally self-sufficient? How does the pattern of provincial expenditure relate to provincial revenue and income level? Is fiscal redistribution equalizing, i.e. to what extent does central government redistribute revenue from rich to poor provinces? Does central government's marginal propensity to tax the provinces serve as a deterrent to their revenue collection? Do the arrangements create greater fiscal instability for central or provincial governments? The provincial governments retained an increasing proportion of their revenue collected over the reform period, and the extent of fiscal redistribution by the centre from the rich to the poor provinces correspondingly declined. An important reason for these trends is that revenue effort was sensitive to the various marginal tax rates—mostly high—imposed by central government on the provinces: the Laffer curve is alive and well and living in China. This helps to explain the fiscal reforms of the mid-1990s, the effects of which are not yet discernible. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 5-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424164 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:5-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. G. Huff Author-X-Name-First: W. G. Author-X-Name-Last: Huff Title: Singapore's economic development: Four lessons and some doubts Abstract: This paper uses a variety of data to take a close look at what lessons can be adduced from Singapore, often regarded as the world's most successful economy or even a miracle. There are indeed lessons from Singapore's remarkable growth, but the most interesting are those rarely, if ever, identified as such, which stem from government's central role in the economy. Although Singapore's economic record makes it a model to which many countries aspire, total factor productivity growth has been low. That finding, together with the particular nature of Singapore's state-directed economic growth, create some doubts as to whether an economy able to sustain high living standards in the long term has yet been fashioned. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 33-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424165 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424165 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:33-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcel Timmer Author-X-Name-First: Marcel Author-X-Name-Last: Timmer Author-Name: Adam Szirmai Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Szirmai Title: Comparative productivity performance in manufacturing in South and East Asia, 1960-93 Abstract: This paper focuses on comparative productivity performance in manufacturing in five major Asian economies: China, India, Indonesia, Korea and Taiwan. Using conversion factors derived according to an industry of origin approach, comparisons of real labour productivity are made, with the world productivity leader, the USA, as reference country in a star comparison. Benchmark level comparisons are extrapolated with time series. A distinction is made between Korea and Taiwan, which have experienced rapid productivity catch-up, and China, India and Indonesia, where relative productivity showed little change throughout the 1980s. Besides aggregate comparisons, the paper provides sectoral breakdown for 13 branches of manufacturing. The analysis at branch level reveals similar patterns and trends to those at the aggregate level. Catch-up accounting shows that changes in the structure of employment within manufacturing contributed little to aggregate catch-up. Labour productivity catch-up in Korea and Taiwan is primarily due to catch-up in capital intensity, but this process is still far from complete. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 57-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424166 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424166 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:57-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khalid Nadvi Author-X-Name-First: Khalid Author-X-Name-Last: Nadvi Title: The cutting Edge: Collective efficiency and international competitiveness in Pakistan Abstract: Clustering can provide important benefits for small- and medium-sized enterprises in the developing world. Yet gaps remain in our understanding of how such clusters organize, function and compete. This paper draws on case material from a Pakistani cluster, a global player in the world market for surgical instruments, to argue that cheap labour is an insufficient explanation for international success. Instead, it argues that collective efficiency gams of clustering namely passively acquired external economies and actively generated joint action benefits, are central to competitiveness. The paper shows that while all firms in the cluster gain from agglomeration economies, the extent of inter-firm co-operation, and the benefits arising from it, are highly differentiated. It concludes that external economies, while necessary, are not sufficient to bring about growth. For growth, joint action, particularly in strategic vertical ties with local subcontractors and external buyers, is critical. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 81-107 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424167 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:81-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jude Howell Author-X-Name-First: Jude Author-X-Name-Last: Howell Author-Name: Uma Kambhampati Author-X-Name-First: Uma Author-X-Name-Last: Kambhampati Title: Liberalization and labour: The fate of retrenched workers in the cotton textile industry in India Abstract: In 1991 the Indian government began to tread seriously the path of liberalization. It started to open up the economy, discuss the privatization of the public sector, invite foreign investment and reform the labour market. Liberalization has proved to be highly controversial. While there has been considerable debate about the consequences for labour, there have been few empirical studies of the effects so far. This paper intends to address this lacuna by focusing on the case of retrenched workers in the cotton textile industry. Our argument is fourfold. First, it cannot be assumed that the informal sector can readily absorb a sudden localized surge in unemployment. Second, even where retrenched workers have found employment in the informal sector, their conditions of employment in terms of wages, working hours, health and safety and representation are likely to be worse. Third, the National Renewal Fund has not been effective as a social safety-net for retrenched workers nor as a mechanism for regenerating industry. Finally, it cannot be assumed that the trade unions will be able to negotiate a satisfactory deal for redundant workers. These points are explored through an investigation into retrenched workers in the cotton textile mills of Ahmedabad, Gujarat state. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 109-127 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424168 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:109-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sunil Kanwar Author-X-Name-First: Sunil Author-X-Name-Last: Kanwar Title: The demand for labour in risky agriculture Abstract: This paper studies the demand for hired casual labour under production risk for a sample of Indian cultivators. A simple static household model under production risk is constructed to yield the demand for hired labour function. A detailed discussion of the various technological and non-technological regressors is then presented. Empirical results reveal that the risk variables do not have a significant influence on hiring-in behaviour. This result is important since the theoretical literature shows that a marginal increase in risk would lead to a decline in the demand for labour. Further, caste factors do not appear to influence hiring-in, contrary to evidence for eastern India. Land-augmenting technological factors appear to be the most important in explaining rightward shifts in the demand curve over time. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 129-144 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424169 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424169 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:129-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ashoka Mody Author-X-Name-First: Ashoka Author-X-Name-Last: Mody Author-Name: Susmita Dasgupta Author-X-Name-First: Susmita Author-X-Name-Last: Dasgupta Author-Name: Sarbajit Sinha Author-X-Name-First: Sarbajit Author-X-Name-Last: Sinha Title: Japanese multinationals in Asia: Drivers and attractors Abstract: This paper studies the choice by Japanese multinationals of Asia and of specific Asian countries as investment destinations. High costs in Japan exert a general push towards investing in Asia. Unlike investment in the US and Europe, trade barriers do not drive Asian investment. While domestic markets of host countries are important, conditions for efficient production in the host country also determine its attractiveness. In Asia, firms have looked for industrially literate workers, though the new Japanese investment is being guided more by low wages. Japanese investors also stake out early positions in growing markets. The inability to repatriate earnings is the strongest disincentive to Japanese investment. A favourable foreign direct investment policy is desirable but its importance declines as a firm gains experience in a country. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 149-164 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424171 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:149-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Holmstrom Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Holmstrom Title: A new map of Indian industrial society: The cartographer all at sea Abstract: What do liberalization, globalization, microelectronics and flexible labour markets mean for industrial workers and their families? We need home-made maps, which people use to understand their society, and observers' maps. Observers superimposed class on homemade caste maps. Now industrial employment is on everyone's map, including rural people. Until recently, everyone hoped to climb a mountain, with well-paid secure employment at the top. A job was property. Now the most valuable property is knowledge and contacts. There are two mountains, one offering security (especially in the public sector) at the top, the other greater rewards. Most people inhabit the lower slopes. Do workers see a trend towards polarization, into upwardly-mobile workers and those with little chance? If so, are they right? Where are the barriers to mobility (on their maps, and on ours)? Should we be more optimistic, or more pessimistic, than they are? Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 165-186 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424172 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:165-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Seeta Prabhu Author-X-Name-First: K. Seeta Author-X-Name-Last: Prabhu Title: Social sectors during economic reforms: The Indian experience Abstract: A range of issues, concerned with both macro and micro dimensions, have been affecting social sectors in India since economic reforms began in mid-1991. Given the unsatisfactory performance with respect to social indicators, the relevant question to be considered is not what the situation would have been in the absence of reforms, but what it ought to be and whether the process of reform can enable such goals to be achieved. The impact of reforms depends on initial conditions, growth rates and political commitment of state governments towards education, health and nutrition. Initial conditions showed a wide variation in attainment, lack of correspondence between economic performance and social conditions, low government expenditure in low attainment states, a distorted pattern of expenditure skewed towards tertiary facilities in urban areas, and under-utilization of existing infrastructure. The increase in real per capita expenditure on social services between 1986-91 (pre-reform period) and 1991-96 (reform period) has been lower than that of real per capita total expenditure. There was generally a reduction in the share of revenue allocated to social sectors during the reform years. Case studies to assess the situation in five villages in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu pointed to the poor quality of services rendered in government delivery systems and to sharp differences in utilization of services across income groups as well as across villages. Perceptions of households indicated that quality was particularly poor in health and nutrition. A majority did not perceive any substantial improvement in quality during the period of reform. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 187-210 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424173 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:187-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. R. Jefferis Author-X-Name-First: K. R. Author-X-Name-Last: Jefferis Author-Name: T. F. Kelly Author-X-Name-First: T. F. Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Title: Botswana: Poverty amid plenty Abstract: Botswana has been one of the most rapidly growing economies in the world over the past three decades, and has avoided most of the economic problems faced by African countries. However, poverty continues to be a major economic and social issue. Data from national surveys carried out in 1985/86 and 1993/94 show that although there was a major reduction in poverty over this period, by the early 1990s over one-third of households still had incomes below the relevant poverty line. The article uses the 1993/94 household survey data to analyse the causes of poverty. It reports on the results of cross-section regressions relating household poverty to various demographic and economic characteristics. Poverty is measured by the standard binary (poor, non-poor) approach, as well as a poverty status index. The latter measures a variation on the depth of poverty, through a weighted ratio of household consumption to its poverty line. The results show that the probability of poverty is positively related to being located in a rural area and having a female head of household, and negatively related to years of schooling and being employed. Employment appears to have the greatest single impact on poverty, followed by rural location and female gender with roughly the same effects. The paper concludes with suggestions for changes in the focus of poverty alleviation strategies, which should move away from the traditional drought relief approach to more permanent welfare support for poor households, with a focus where possible on employment generation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 211-231 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424174 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:211-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rukmani Gounder Author-X-Name-First: Rukmani Author-X-Name-Last: Gounder Title: Modelling of aid motivation using time series data: The case of Papua New Guinea Abstract: In 1984 the Jackson Report on Australia's overseas aid programme, in part, focused attention on objectives and priorities in the aid programme. There is a unique aid relationship between Australia and Papua New Guinea. This paper analyses what motivates Australia's provision of aid. The aid motivation literature addresses this issue by employing cross-section data to all recipient countries, thus imposing uniformity on them. It is argued in this study that time series analysis is required to answer the question of aid motivation. The econometric results obtained by testing the recipient need and donor interest models provide support for both. Applications of non-nested tests indicate acceptance of the recipient need model and rejection of the donor interest model. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 233-250 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424175 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424175 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:233-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Ozanne Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Ozanne Title: Perverse supply response in peasant agriculture: A review Abstract: The long-running debate concerning the special characteristics of peasant production in less developed countries which may lead to perverse supply responses in their agricultural sectors is explored. Four stages in the debate are identified. The first was based on casual observation and the target income or fixity-of-wants hypothesis. The second took account of peasant own-consumption and focused on the marketed surplus. The third addressed the possible effect of uncertainty and risk aversion on supply response. The fourth is embodied in modern farm household models of peasant behaviour. Although the predictions regarding supply response derived from these models vary, they all suggest that agricultural supply response may be negative. The bulk of empirical evidence, however, for both total production and marketed surplus tends to refute the notion, whether it is theoretically consistent or not, that supply response in peasant agriculture is negative. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 251-270 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424176 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:251-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edmund Amann Author-X-Name-First: Edmund Author-X-Name-Last: Amann Title: Special issue introduction: Economic liberalization and the Brazilian industrial sector in the 1990s Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 277-278 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424178 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424178 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:277-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joao Carlos Ferraz Author-X-Name-First: Joao Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Ferraz Author-Name: David Kupfer Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Kupfer Author-Name: Franklin Serrano Author-X-Name-First: Franklin Author-X-Name-Last: Serrano Title: Macro/Micro interactions: Economic and institutional uncertainties and structural change in Brazilian industry Abstract: This article analyses the ways in which the recent structural evolution of the Brazilian industrial sector has been profoundly influenced by rapid sequential changes in the microeconomic and macroeconomic policy environment. As Brazil moved towards greater openness and macroeconomic stability in the second half of the 1990s, strategies pursued within the industrial sector underwent radical change as enterprises sought to realize badly needed improvements in international competitiveness. This article argues that this process can be best understood in terms of a dynamic, two-way interaction between microeconomic and macroeconomic forces. In particular, it is suggested that ongoing structural change within Brazilian industry may be exerting a significant influence on the nature of current and prospective macroeconomic conditions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 279-304 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424179 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:279-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Regis Bonelli Author-X-Name-First: Regis Author-X-Name-Last: Bonelli Title: A note on foreign direct investment and industrial competitiveness in Brazil Abstract: This paper addresses aspects of the links between capital inflows through foreign direct investment (FDI) and industrial competitiveness in Brazil. It provides an analysis of the two-way theoretical relationship between FDI and competitiveness, as well as some empirical evidence drawn from the Brazilian experience in the 1990s. Inflows of FDI to Brazil increased significantly during the 1990s. Although manufacturing has been losing out in terms of its share in total FDI, the stock of foreign capital in the manufacturing sector more than doubled (in current US dollars) between 1990 and 1996. In addition, rapid growth of manufacturing productivity has been amply documented, in the same period of time. There seems to exist, therefore, a prima facie case for supposing that foreign investment has contributed to increased productivity and competitiveness in Brazil. When looking at data within the manufacturing sector linking the growth of competitiveness (whether measured by unit labour costs or export performance) to FDI, however, there does not appear to be a clear-cut relationship with either the growth of FDI or the share of foreign capital within different industries. The relationship applies to some industries, but not to others. In other words, if one interpreted the causation as running in the opposite direction, this evidence would suggest that there is no general tendency for FDI to be attracted primarily to industries where competitiveness is improving most rapidly. This has the implication that rapid productivity growth might be the result of factors other than FDI as well—such as trade liberalization, for instance. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 305-327 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424180 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424180 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:305-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edmund Amann Author-X-Name-First: Edmund Author-X-Name-Last: Amann Title: Technological self-reliance in Brazil: Achievements and prospects—some evidence from the non-serial capital goods sector Abstract: In the course of the 1990s, the Brazilian economy has undergone an unprecedented programme of liberalization. Barriers to trade have been lowered, the scope of industrial policy has narrowed and the state has radically scaled down its role as producer, following the launch of an ambitious privatization programme. This article traces the impact of these developments on the technological behaviour of one crucial industrial sector: the non-serial capital goods sector. While economic liberalization appears to have had a favourable effect upon technological dynamism in the field of process innovation, the same cannot be said of product innovation. Following the onset of liberalization, the intensified pursuit of short-run cost efficiency served only to reinforce long-established conservative product innovation strategies. In the main, these have emphasized the foreign rather than domestic sourcing of technology. Such strategies, it is argued, are currently preventing the sector from realizing its full potential as a generator and diffuser of industrial technology. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 329-357 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424181 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424181 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:329-357 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eduardo Haddad Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Haddad Author-Name: Geoffrey Hewings Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Hewings Title: The short-run regional effects of new investments and technological upgrade in the Brazilian automobile industry: An interregional computable general equilibrium analysis Abstract: With a greater commitment to market forces in recent years, the Brazilian federal government is left with fewer options to manipulate growth in the less developed regions of the country. Thus, private investments play a key role in the process of regional development. New investments in the Brazilian automobile industry are being sought by the regions in a strong competition for incoming capital through fiscal incentives. One of the issues that concern labor unions surrounds the production technology embodied in the incoming capital, which is claimed to be accompanied by sharp reductions in employment levels. In this paper, the regional impact of the new investments in the automobile industry is evaluated through the use of an interregional computable general equilibrium model. Attention is directed to employment estimates and the impacts on regional inequality. The simulation results for the short-run show that: the employment effects of the labour-saving technology in the automobile industry are positive for the economy as a whole; and even though investments in the less developed region (the Northeast) are more beneficial to the improvement of regional imbalances in the country, in terms of efficiency, investments in the Centre-South generate higher national economic growth. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 359-383 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424182 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:359-383 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Werner Baer Author-X-Name-First: Werner Author-X-Name-Last: Baer Author-Name: Hadi Salehi Esfahani Author-X-Name-First: Hadi Salehi Author-X-Name-Last: Esfahani Author-Name: Salim Rashid Author-X-Name-First: Salim Author-X-Name-Last: Rashid Title: The state and industry in the development process: How universal is the Evans vision? Abstract: The debate concerning the role of industrial policy in less developed economies has recently been invigorated by the contributions of Peter Evans, with his concept of embedded autonomy receiving particular attention in the literature. This article critically examines this concept, aiming to ascertain its global applicability. Drawing on case studies from Bangladesh, Brazil and Egypt, the strengths, and also the limitations, of the Evans vision are highlighted. In particular, it is suggested that the concept of embedded autonomy fails to accommodate adequately the institutional specificities of individual countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 385-404 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424183 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:385-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Lensink Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Lensink Author-Name: Howard White Author-X-Name-First: Howard Author-X-Name-Last: White Title: Assessing Aid: A Manifesto for Aid in the 21st Century? Abstract: The World Bank report Assessing Aid argues that aid can have positive effects on growth and infant mortality, but only when good policies are being followed by the recipient. It follows, especially since aid is fungible, and so cannot be targeted to particular uses, that donors should focus their aid on low-income countries with good policies (i.e. apply greater selectivity). This paper explores a number of weaknesses in these arguments. The growth regressions are not robust, so that different results can be obtained with relatively minor variations in model specification. In particular, the argument that aid only works when policies are right is not supported in other studies - and even the World Bank's evidence can be interpreted as saying policies work better when supported by aid inflows. The choice of which policies are good policies is also problematic, and the analysis in the report ignores the likely presence of threshold effects and other non-linearities; others would, anyhow, propose a different set of right policies, especially if the focus is poverty reduction rather than growth. The importance of fungibility may be over-stated so that donors can in fact target poverty-reduction activities, suggesting that the selectivity rules proposed in Assessing Aid are misleading. Even if the report's proposals are to be accepted it is silent on a number of important issues-such as whether to use the level or change in the index-that face the aid manager in practice. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 5-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688303 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:5-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. G. Arun Author-X-Name-First: T. G. Author-X-Name-Last: Arun Author-Name: F. I. Nixson Author-X-Name-First: F. I. Author-X-Name-Last: Nixson Title: The Disinvestment of Public Sector Enterprises: The Indian Experience Abstract: This paper examines the disinvestment of shares of public sector enterprises (PSEs) in India since 1991. The poor performance of PSEs made reform increasingly urgent in the context of the broader strategy of the liberalization of the economy to deal with the perceived weaknesses of India's development strategy. The paper argues that the main aim of disinvestment has been to reduce the public sector borrowing requirement, at the cost of the restructuring and rationalization of PSEs in particular and the public sector in general. The process of disinvestment has been a complex one and has not been free of criticism. Alleged under-pricing of shares sold, lack of transparency, limited public support for disinvestment and the absence of a common set of objectives between the Government of India and the Disinvestment Commission have been major problems. In many respects, India provides a checklist of how not to disinvest. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 19-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688302 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:19-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shujie Yao Author-X-Name-First: Shujie Author-X-Name-Last: Yao Title: How Important is Agriculture in China's Economic Growth? Abstract: China has achieved spectacular growth since 1949. Rapid growth in the nonagricultural sectors has been assisted by massive resource transfers out of agriculture. Prior to economic reforms before 1978, agriculture was heavily taxed by the state to subsidize urban and industrial development. Economic reforms since 1978 have reduced the burden on agriculture, but lack of state investments still remains a constraint on its development. This paper demonstrates how agriculture has contributed to China's economic development using both empirical data and a cointegration analysis. Two important conclusions are drawn. First, although agriculture's share in GDP declined sharply over time, it is still an important force for the growth of other sectors. Second, the growth of non-agricultural sectors had little effect on agricultural growth. This was largely due to government policies biased against agriculture and restriction on rural-urban migration. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 33-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688306 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:33-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesus Felipe Author-X-Name-First: Jesus Author-X-Name-Last: Felipe Title: Convergence, Catch-up and Growth Sustainability in Asia: Some Pitfalls Abstract: This paper takes a sample of 16 Asian countries and shows that: (i) Income levels in Asia have not tended to converge during the last 30 years, (ii) There has not been a catch-up process with the US: the initially more advanced Asian countries have reduced the income gap with the US faster. (iii) The catch-up variable does not explain labour productivity growth in Asia. The most important explanatory variables are the growth of demand and the level of human capital. (iv) The amount of time it will take most Asian countries to catch up with the US in terms of per capita income, under reasonable assumptions, is so long that the notion that Asia is almost, or soon will be, wholly on its own and join the ranks of (or more likely will compete with) the developed economies should be dispelled. Only a technological revolution, which would allow the developing countries to jump above and beyond today's developed nations, would reverse the situation. This, however, does not seem to be a realistic scenario. (v) The effect of the recent financial crisis in East and Southeast Asia will be to lose at least one decade in the development race. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 51-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688304 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:51-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha Author-X-Name-First: Raghav Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha Title: Do Anti-poverty Programmes Reach the Rural Poor in India? Abstract: This paper argues for a shift of emphasis from larger outlays on two major anti-poverty schemes - the rural public works (RPW) and integrated rural development (IRDP) programmes - to improvements in their design and implementation. Enhanced outlays do not matter much, as they tend to be mistargeted. More specifically, based on National Sample Survey data for 1987-88, neither RPW nor IRDP covered a large segment of the rural poor, while among their beneficiaries the shares of the (relatively) well-off were not negligible. However, the RPW was more effective in excluding the non-poor rather than attracting the poor. There has been a progressive weakening of targeting in both schemes as leakages to the non-poor rose. More of the poor are likely to benefit from RPW if the wage rate is lowered (relative to the agricultural wage), if a combination of piece and time rates is used and if wages in kind are discontinued. On the other hand, in the context of IRDP, there is a need to eliminate the interest subsidy, place greater emphasis on the reduction of transaction costs and to vest rights of land in women. Given the key role of the Village Panchayat in poverty alleviation, it is imperative that it is accountable to the village community. But above all, benefits to the poor from anti-poverty programmes depend ultimately on whether they have the collective strength to affirm their interests. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 71-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688307 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688307 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:71-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Dunham Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Dunham Author-Name: Sisira Jayasuriya Author-X-Name-First: Sisira Author-X-Name-Last: Jayasuriya Title: Equity, Growth and Insurrection: Liberalization and the Welfare Debate in Contemporary Sri Lanka Abstract: Protagonists in the 1980s' debate on equity and growth in Sri Lanka claimed to show that economic liberalization could deliver growth without jeopardizing equity, and the main lesson that they drew from the Sri Lankan experience - that welfarism should be abandoned - helped to reinforce neoliberal policy reforms of the Washington institutions. This paper shows that their conclusions were heavily dependent on the time frame employed and on the concept of welfare and inequality that was utilized, and that they seriously underestimated the importance of state welfare expenditure in buying social peace. Perceived relative inequality is seen to have increased remarkably, perceptions magnifying objective changes in distribution that coincided with the withdrawal of public support systems. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 97-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688305 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688305 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:97-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hal Hill Author-X-Name-First: Hal Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Title: Indonesia: The Strange and Sudden Death of a Tiger Economy Abstract: Among the East Asian crisis economies, Indonesia has been by far the worst affected. Its economic contraction has been about twice as great as the next most affected economy, Thailand. It is the only crisis economy to experience serious inflation. Its political turmoil and social tension have also obviously been much deeper than elsewhere. Finally, unlike Thailand, the early warning indicators of a looming crisis were much less obvious. This paper seeks to explain why Indonesia's crisis has been so much worse than its neighbours. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 117-139 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688310 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688310 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:117-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rajneesh Narula Author-X-Name-First: Rajneesh Author-X-Name-Last: Narula Author-Name: John Dunning Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Dunning Title: Industrial Development, Globalization and Multinational Enterprises: New Realities for Developing Countries Abstract: Globalization has changed economic realities. First, the competences of multinational enterprises (MNEs) are becoming increasingly mobile and knowledge-intensive. MNEs thus give more attention to the availability and quality of the created assets of alternative locations. Second, among developing countries there are now considerable differences between the catching-up countries (e.g. newly industrialized countries) and falling behind , less developed countries. These developments have helped change the opportunity sets of both MNEs and host countries. Foreign direct investment (FDI)-based development strategies are now commonplace among less developed countries, but there is also increased competition for the right kinds of investment. In general, the balance in bargaining power has shifted in favour of the MNE, and less developed countries increasingly need to provide unique, non-replicable created assets to maintain a successful FDI-assisted development strategy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 141-167 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688313 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:141-167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Awudu Abdulai Author-X-Name-First: Awudu Author-X-Name-Last: Abdulai Author-Name: Christopher Delgado Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Delgado Title: An Empirical Investigation of Short- and Long-run Agricultural Wage Formation in Ghana Abstract: This paper investigates the factors that influence real agricultural wage rates in Ghana, a critical issue in that country for promoting successful macroeconomic adjustment to structural changes in incentives. It is based on 1957-91 data. The Johansen cointegration framework is used to quantify and to examine the stability following major shocks of new long-run relationships among agricultural and urban wage rates, the domestic terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture, urban unemployment, capital stock in agriculture and the size of the rural population. An error correction model is then used to investigate short-run dynamic relationships among the variables. Results show that: (1) there is only one stable equilibrium relationship among agricultural wage rates and their determinants in the long run; (2) a 1% change in the domestic terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture leads to a 0.48% change in the real agricultural wage rate in the short run and a 0.83% change in the long run; and (3) the analysis suggests a one-time and one-way upwards structural shift of 3.6% in real agricultural wages during the 1980s. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 169-185 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688312 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:169-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. M. Albala-Bertrand Author-X-Name-First: J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Albala-Bertrand Title: Complex Emergencies versus Natural Disasters: An Analytical Comparison of Causes and Effects Abstract: This paper compares complex humanitarian emergencies with natural disasters. The key feature of a complex emergency is the societal/institutional weakness that fails to accommodate competing identity groups, while the key characteristic of a natural disaster is the physical weakness of structures and processes that fail to compensate for extreme natural events. The main difference between complex emergencies and natural disasters is the degree of societal endogeneity of causes and effects, the former being fully endogenous, the latter being only partially so. A subordinated difference between them is the way in which the key concepts of vulnerability, proneness and the unleashing event relate to one another. In natural disasters these three concepts are mostly constant and can normally be analysed with a good deal of independence from each other, while in complex emergencies they exhibit a strong interdependency and derived variability. Finally, in complex emergencies most effects are deliberately institutional, while in natural disasters most effects are random and the institutional ones are mostly incidental and not normally important. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 187-204 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688308 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688308 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:187-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kishor Sharma Author-X-Name-First: Kishor Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma Author-Name: Sisira Jayasuriya Author-X-Name-First: Sisira Author-X-Name-Last: Jayasuriya Author-Name: Edward Oczkowski Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Oczkowski Title: Liberalization and Productivity Growth: The Case of Manufacturing Industry in Nepal Abstract: The proposition that liberalization improves productivity growth is examined using data from Nepalese manufacturing-a least developed country that implemented trade liberalization during the 1980s. Productivity growth in general was negative in both the preand post-liberalization periods, but a marginal improvement was detected in the latter period in that the decline in productivity growth was arrested. Higher productivity growth took place in industries with relatively large-scale production and foreign investment. The magnitude of the impact of foreign investment, however, depends on the incentive environment. The analysis suggests that, while trade and exchange rate policy reforms may be a necessary condition for improving productivity growth in least developing countries, they are not sufficient. Shortages of human capital and physical infrastructure need to be redressed if potential productivity improvements are to be fully achieved. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 205-222 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688311 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688311 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:205-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gertrud Schrieder Author-X-Name-First: Gertrud Author-X-Name-Last: Schrieder Author-Name: Beatrice Knerr Author-X-Name-First: Beatrice Author-X-Name-Last: Knerr Title: Labour Migration as a Social Security Mechanism for Smallholder Households in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Cameroon Abstract: Labour migration is traditionally considered to be a way of protecting household members at the migrant's place of origin from economic pitfalls by receipt of remittances. More recently, young urban migrants from rural regions have been observed to neglect their traditional obligations to support their elderly parents, especially if they do not intend to return to their native village, do not expect any sizeable inheritance and have no reciprocal insurance commitment with their parents. Under such circumstances, rural people are exposed to the risk of staying without support in times of economic crises or during their old age. This paper analyses the potential of migration with remittance strategies in stabilizing the income of rural households. The analytical results are based on a microeconomic survey from Cameroon in 1991/92. A Probit model is applied to analyse access to remittances and a Tobit model to look into their extent. A major result of this analysis is that migration with remittance strategies fails as a social security mechanism when the potential remitter does not expect any sizeable inheritance. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 223-236 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688309 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688309 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:223-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: Crisis Prevention: Tackling Horizontal Inequalities Abstract: This paper analyses the economic and social causes of conflict, drawing conclusions for conflict prevention. Civil wars normally occur when groups mobilize against each other, on the basis of some cultural characteristic like ethnicity or religion. It is suggested that horizontal inequalities, i.e. inequalities among groups in political, economic and social dimensions, provide the basis for inter-group animosity. Policies to limit excessive horizontal inequalities are needed in all vulnerable countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 245-262 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688319 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:245-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vani Borooah Author-X-Name-First: Vani Author-X-Name-Last: Borooah Title: The Welfare of Children in Central India: Econometric Analysis and Policy Simulation Abstract: Among the many indicators of child welfare, rates of child and infant mortality and the prevalance of child labour are especially important, particularly in the context of developing countries. This paper estimates and simulates a model of child welfare based on recently released data for the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The results show that some policies, like raising female literacy rates or reducing inequality in land holdings, could have unexpected effects, while the effects of other policies, like reducing poverty or improving infrastructure, are more predictable. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 263-287 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688315 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:263-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rena Dela Cruz-Dona Author-X-Name-First: Rena Dela Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz-Dona Author-Name: Alan Martina Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Martina Title: Some Links Between Education, Household Well-being and Credit Markets: Evidence from Rural Philippines Abstract: Two diverse Filipino village communities were intensively surveyed and then focus-group discussions were held among their members. These discussions indicated that members of the less well-off community, compared with the one which was better-off, see fewer benefits to be derived from investing in education. This information has implications for determining how the level of community well-being should be measured. In addition, those households with better access to credit and basic infrastructure invested more in the education of children. This insight suggests how the design of poverty-alleviation expenditure programmes might be improved in rural Philippines at least. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 289-308 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688316 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:289-308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Homi Katrak Author-X-Name-First: Homi Author-X-Name-Last: Katrak Title: Economic Liberalization and the Vintages of Machinery Imports in Developing Countries: An Empirical Test for India's Imports from the United Kingdom Abstract: This paper examines whether India's liberalization of machinery and machine tools since the mid-1980s has led to the use of more recent vintages and/or better quality equipment. Empirical tests compare the weight-adjusted unit values of India's imports with those of China, and also of the USA and Germany. Regression analyses use the five-digit and eight-digit SITC data of imports of those countries from the UK. For each of three years (1987, 1994 and 1996), India's weight-adjusted unit values were lower than those of the other countries. Further, over that 9-year period, the gap between India's unit values and those of the others did not decrease. A possible explanation is that India's reforms have not yet had sufficient time to have an effect and that this may require that enterprises undertake a greater effort to search for more recent vintages and also develop the technological capabilities and skills required for their use. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 309-322 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688317 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:309-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hubert Schmitz Author-X-Name-First: Hubert Author-X-Name-Last: Schmitz Title: Does Local Co-operation Matter? Evidence from Industrial Clusters in South Asia and Latin America Abstract: Inter-firm co-operation has been a major theme in the industrial cluster debate but has rarely been investigated systematically. Does it matter? What kind is most relevant? When is it most important? This paper draws together the results of four cluster studies from South Asia and Latin America. It shows that, while local external economies accrue clusterwide co-operation tends to be selective. In spite of considerable variations in the extent and type of co-operation, some clear results emerge from the four studies. First, co-operating enterprises tend to perform better. Second, recent competitive pressures have led to increases in vertical rather than horizontal co-operation. Third, vertical co-operation increases most when major improvements in quality and speed are required but diminishes subsequently. The paper concludes with two suggestions for further research, one concerned with the role of public mediators in private conflicts and one concerned with shifting the attention from (cluster) internal to external relationships. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 323-336 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688314 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:323-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanjaya Lall Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya Author-X-Name-Last: Lall Title: The Technological Structure and Performance of Developing Country Manufactured Exports, 1985-98 Abstract: This paper maps out the recent manufactured export patterns of developing countries, using a new and detailed classification by technological levels. It argues that export structures, being path-dependent and difficult to change, have important implications for growth and development. Low-technology products (which have the least beneficial learning and spillover effects) tend to grow the slowest, and technology-intensive products (which have the most beneficial effects) the fastest in world trade. East Asia dominates the developing country scene, with 70% of total manufactured exports, and its role rises over time. There is also high and rising concentration at the national level. The technological specialization of different regions and the leading exporters differ greatly, as do the strategies used to achieve competitiveness. Received trade theory cannot explain these patterns without considering learning processes and the policies used to promote them. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 337-369 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/713688318 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:337-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorg Mayer Author-X-Name-First: Jorg Author-X-Name-Last: Mayer Author-Name: Adrian Wood Author-X-Name-First: Adrian Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Title: South Asia's Export Structure in a Comparative Perspective Abstract: World-wide cross-country regressions are used to examine South Asia's export structure through the lens of Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory. By comparison with other regions, South Asia's exports are unusually concentrated on labour-intensive manufactures. This distinctive export structure is shown to be the result mainly of South Asia's distinctive combination of resources: by comparison with other regions, it has a low level of education and few natural resources, relative to its supply of labour. This basic economic fact must be recognized in the design of trade and development strategy for South Asia over the next few decades. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 5-29 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810124897 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810124897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:5-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niranjan Chipalkatti Author-X-Name-First: Niranjan Author-X-Name-Last: Chipalkatti Author-Name: Meenakshi Rishi Author-X-Name-First: Meenakshi Author-X-Name-Last: Rishi Title: External Debt and Capital Flight in the Indian Economy Abstract: This paper estimates Indian capital flight at US $88 billion (in 1997 dollars) over the 1971-97 period, a sum that is roughly 20% of the US $448 billion real external debt disbursed to the country over the same time period. There is also evidence of a strong year-to-year correlation between debt inflows and flight-capital outflows. The paper explores the nature of this association between capital flight and external debt in the Indian economy. An analysis by Boyce (1992, World Development, 20, pp. 335-349) for the Philippines revealed the presence of contemporaneous bi-directional causality, in other words, a financial revolving door relationship between external debt and capital flight in that economy. The research question addressed by this paper is whether such a financial revolving door relationship exists in India, given its higher level of external indebtedness and lower debt-to-GNP ratio as compared with the Philippines. Utilizing a simultaneous equation model to examine the association between capital flight and external debt in the Indian economy, the paper confirms the existence of a financial revolving door relationship between the two endogenous variables. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 31-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810124596 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810124596 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:31-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. P. Kalirajan Author-X-Name-First: K. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Kalirajan Author-Name: Yiping Huang Author-X-Name-First: Yiping Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: Does China Have a Grain Problem? An Empirical Analysis Abstract: It has been acknowledged in the literature that productive efficiency in grain production in China has substantially improved in the post-reform period, particularly in the early 1980s. Since then, there have been several policy changes in China, which have affected the growth of the sector. Specifically, the spectacular growth of rural industries has attracted significant physical and human capital from agriculture. It is in this context that Brown's warning of China soon becoming the world's number one importer of grain has raised an important question of whether China has reached its grain production potential. Analysis of the 1994 farm household survey data indicates that the majority of the sample farmers is reasonably technically efficient in grain production but that productivity can be increased further even with the existing technology. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 45-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810123894 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810123894 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:45-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Henny Romijn Author-X-Name-First: Henny Author-X-Name-Last: Romijn Title: Technology Support for Small-scale Industry in Developing Countries: A Review of Concepts and Project Practices Abstract: The paper is a review of approaches towards institutional technology support for small-scale manufacturing enterprises in developing countries since the early 1970s. Early programmes tended to suffer from a number of weaknesses, stemming from a limited conceptualization of technology and an inadequate understanding of the role of the small-scale sector in industrial development more broadly. There was also a lack of practical experience with project implementation. However, in recent years important advances have been made on all these fronts. Four features of recent technology assistance programmes that have tended to be associated with success are discussed, and illustrated with evidence from different projects. Broadly, successful projects: (a) embrace the notion that durable competitiveness of small producers in a competitive economic environment requires that they develop internal capabilities to effectively assimilate, use and adapt product and process technologies; (b) are demand-driven; (c) target the assistance to groups of producers with common interests and problems, and help them to organize themselves in collective bodies that can evolve into self-help institutions; and (d) include appropriate incentive structures based on market principles. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 57-76 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810124790 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810124790 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:57-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ludovico Alcorta Author-X-Name-First: Ludovico Author-X-Name-Last: Alcorta Title: Technical and Organizational Change and Economies of Scale and Scope in Developing Countries Abstract: This article examines the impact of flexible automation (FA) and associated organizational techniques on scale and scope economies and optimal scale. It is based on an in-depth survey of 62 engineering firms in Brazil, India, Mexico, Thailand, Turkey and Venezuela. The paper finds that the replacement of old, mainly conventional, machine tools and transfer lines by new computer-numerically-controlled machine tools and related FA has resulted in lower economical batch sizes and the manufacturing of growing variety, making it possible to reap economies of scope. Scale and scope economies at product level have, however, reinforced scale economies at plant level, resulting in higher levels of optimal output. The main factors accounting for such impact are the reduction in the number of operations required, the improved efficiency and accuracy of the new technologies and the much higher capital fixed costs vis-a ¤ -vis the technologies that were replaced. Higher plant scales could limit the potential for industrialization in developing countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 77-100 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810123207 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810123207 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:77-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonali Deraniyagala Author-X-Name-First: Sonali Author-X-Name-Last: Deraniyagala Title: The Impact of Technology Accumulation on Technical Efficiency: An Analysis of the Sri Lankan Clothing and Agricultural Machinery Industries Abstract: This paper examines the effects of technology accumulation on firm-level technical efficiency in the Sri Lankan clothing and agricultural machinery industries, using cross-section survey data. Econometric analysis of the economic effects of technology development in developing countries is limited and this paper seeks to address this gap in the literature. The analysis shows simple adaptive technical change to have a significant and positive effect on efficiency in both industries. In addition, variables relating to technological skills and training also emerge as significant determinants of firm-level efficiency. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 101-114 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810125542 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810125542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:101-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Albert Berry Author-X-Name-First: Albert Author-X-Name-Last: Berry Title: When do Agricultural Exports Help the Rural Poor? A Political-economy Approach Abstract: Many economists have argued that agricultural exports should be one of the best ways to reduce rural poverty in developing countries, through the creation of productive employment in the rural areas. Non-economists have tended to be sceptical, often seeing such exports as competitive with food crops and thus potentially threatening to an adequate supply of food. The historical record includes many cases in which the prospect of profitable agricultural exports prompted the rich/powerful to appropriate land formerly occupied by lower income agricultural workers, often squatters or people with traditional land rights. That record, as currently understood, leaves it unclear whether such exports have more frequently brought benefits to the rural poor or hurt them. An adequate model of the poverty effects of agricultural exports must thus take account of how control of land (and labour as well) may be shifted among groups without compensation as it becomes more valuable. Two major issues/questions are of current interest. First, have the unjust mechanisms whereby the rich wrested valuable resources from the poor in the past become less common? Second, is there evidence that the sort of labour-intensive agricultural exports most likely to benefit the poor are growing fast enough to suggest an important poverty effect at present and in the future? More in-depth research is needed to clarify both points. For the present, it appears unlikely that agricultural exports will be a major source of poverty reduction for the rural poor in the Third World taken as a whole. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 125-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120059770 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120059770 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:125-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Dunning Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Dunning Author-Name: Chang-Su Kim Author-X-Name-First: Chang-Su Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Jyh-Der Lin Author-X-Name-First: Jyh-Der Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Title: Incorporating Trade into the Investment Development Path: A Case Study of Korea and Taiwan Abstract: We suggest that there is some interface between the investment development path (IDP) and the trade development path (TDP)-with both trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) of created asset-intensive products increasing their significance relative to gross national product (GNP) of countries. The proportion of intra-industry trade and FDI to total trade and FDI also increases as an economy develops, particularly so for created asset-intensive products. We have taken the FDI intensity of manufacturing sectors as a proxy for a created asset intensity, and classified it into three categories, viz. above, average and below created asset intensities. Trade and FDI data from the Korean and Taiwan economies between 1968 and 1997 generally support the idea of an integrated TDP and IDP. The growth of trade and FDI tends to be positively correlated with GNP per capita and with the created asset intensity of products. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 145-154 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810123926 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810123926 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:145-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amit Ray Author-X-Name-First: Amit Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Author-Name: Saradindu Bhaduri Author-X-Name-First: Saradindu Author-X-Name-Last: Bhaduri Title: R&D and Technological Learning in Indian Industry: Econometric Estimation of the Research Production Function Abstract: Estimation of research production functions has produced rich and useful results for developed countries in the past. This paper makes a pioneering attempt to estimate the same in the context of a less-developed country (LDC) (India). The objective is to examine the process of technology generation and learning in Indian industry. The existing literature recognizes two principal characteristics of technological activities in LDCs. First, their R&D effort is geared towards "minor" as opposed to "major" innovations. Second, technological learning constitutes an integral part of their research thrust. This paper attempts to capture these characteristics in a rigorous econometric framework by estimating a comprehensive research production function incorporating the role of learning. We use Indian firm-level in-house R&D data for two sectors: pharmaceuticals and electronics. Our study not only captures the role of learning in determining research effort and research output, but also re-examines some of the existing hypotheses relating to the effects of firm size, technology import and ownership. We find that the two sectors display two distinct learning trajectories, but in both cases learning proves to be crucially important in technology generation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 155-171 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120059306 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120059306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:155-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susmita Dasgupta Author-X-Name-First: Susmita Author-X-Name-Last: Dasgupta Author-Name: Ashoka Mody Author-X-Name-First: Ashoka Author-X-Name-Last: Mody Author-Name: Subhendu Roy Author-X-Name-First: Subhendu Author-X-Name-Last: Roy Author-Name: David Wheeler Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Wheeler Title: Environmental Regulation and Development: A Cross-country Empirical Analysis Abstract: This paper develops comparative indices of environmental policy and performance for 31 countries, using a quantified analysis of reports prepared for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). In cross-country regressions, we find a very strong, positive association between our indicators and the level of economic development, particularly when the latter is adjusted for purchasing power parity. Our results suggest a characteristic progression in the development process, from protection of natural resources to regulation of water pollution and, finally, air pollution control. They also highlight the importance of institutional development, with significant roles for degree of private property protection, effectiveness of the legal/judicial system and efficiency of public administration. Controlling for these variables, "Green" sector indices should be positively correlated with: (1) rural population density; and (2) agricultural and forest production share of national output. "Brown" sector indices should be positively correlated with: (1) particular focus on public health, indexed by life expectancy; (2) urban share of total population; (3) urban population density; and (4) manufacturing share of national output. Our analysis of overall regulatory performance reveals strong cross-country associations with income per capita, security of property rights, and general development of the legal and regulatory system. Surprisingly, however, we find only insignificant or perverse associations with degree of popular representation and freedom of information. For both the Green and Brown indices, performance is again strongly associated with income per capita, freedom of property and (in small samples) measures of regulatory efficiency. The two specifically rural sector variables (population density; proportion of GDP in agriculture and forestry) are only weakly associated with the Green index. The fit is much better for the Brown index: degree of urbanization, population density and manufacturing share in GDP all have the expected signs and relatively high significance. Life expectancy as a proxy for public health priority has no independent effect. In summary, our findings suggest that a detailed, quantified analysis of the UNCED reports can yield comparable and plausible indices of environmental policy performance across countries. Cross-country variations in our environmental index are explained well by variations in income per capita, degree of urbanization and industrialization, security of property rights and general administrative efficiency. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 173-187 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810125568 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810125568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:173-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niek Koning Author-X-Name-First: Niek Author-X-Name-Last: Koning Author-Name: Nico Heerink Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Heerink Author-Name: Sjef Kauffman Author-X-Name-First: Sjef Author-X-Name-Last: Kauffman Title: Food Insecurity, Soil Degradation and Agricultural Markets in West Africa: Why Current Policy Approaches Fail Abstract: The agricultural sector in West Africa is not at present capable of meeting the growing demand for food for its population and of reversing unfavourable trends in soil degradation. We argue that integrated soil management is an essential condition for sustainable agricultural development in the many regions in West Africa where population pressure forces an intensification of land use. Such an approach combines improved soil-moisture storage measures, and the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers and soil amendments. The synergetic effects which could result from this combination are indispensable for achieving the productivity increases needed to cope with the pressure of population. Current (neo-liberal and ecological-participationist) policy approaches are unable to realize the transition towards integrated soil management technologies. The time lags involved in learning to use new technologies, in the adaptation of technologies to local circumstances, and in reaping the benefits of soil fertility investments call for (at least temporary) support of agricultural incomes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 189-207 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810124747 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810124747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:189-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meghnad Desai Author-X-Name-First: Meghnad Author-X-Name-Last: Desai Title: Amartya Sen's Contribution to Development Economics Abstract: Amartya Sen has been writing about development issues since the mid-1950s, most notably, but far from exclusively, in the 1960s. As a young man he was influenced by Tagore, by Nehru and by his teachers in Calcutta and Cambridge. He generally adopted an anti-market, anti-neoclassical stance. In the period 1957-76 Sen worked on choice of techniques, surplus labour in Indian agriculture and the rationale for import substitution in Indian planning; a group of issues relating to "pervasive suboptimality", which led to development of the concept of shadow pricing. The second phase came from 1976 onwards when there was a shift from suboptimality to what can be termed "humane economics", which challenges conventional utility theory. It began with applied work on the Bengal famine, leading to the concept of "entitlement", and branched outwards into intensive studies of poverty and deprivation. The end result is the creation of a new set of concepts in economics and philosophy with human concerns at the centre. This by passes many central preoccupations of economists and shifts work on development on to new ground. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 213-223 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088831 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088831 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:213-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisabeth Croll Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Croll Title: Amartya Sen's 100 Million Missing Women Abstract: Amartya Sen has claimed that women were "missing" in millions from the population totals of Asian countries, in particular. On the basis of various assumptions he calculated that excessive female mortality accounted for a 6-11% deficiency in the total number of women, thus revealing what he called a "terrible story of inequality and neglect". The aim of this paper, written over 10 years later, is to examine the latest trends of female birth and survival in South and East Asia, consider the influences on the situation of economic and cultural factors and to appraise policies aiming to counter excess female mortality. It is suggested that major problems still remain amid what amounts to continent-wide denial by governments, donors, communities and families of excessive female mortality, discrimination and disadvantage. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 225-244 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088840 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088840 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:225-244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Devereux Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Devereux Title: Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques Abstract: Twenty years after Poverty and Famines elaborated the entitlement approach as an innovative and holistic approach to famine analysis, debates about some of its fundamental assertions remain unresolved. This paper examines four limitations acknowledged by Sen himself: starvation by choice, disease-driven rather than starvation-driven mortality, ambiguities in entitlement specification and extra-legal entitlement transfers. It concludes that Sen's approach is significantly weakened, both conceptually and empirically, by its methodological individualism and by its privileging of economic aspects of famine above sociopolitical determinants. A complementary analysis is required, one that recognizes the importance of non-market institutions in determining entitlements, famine as social process and epidemiological crisis, and violations of entitlement rules in the complex emergencies that typify most contemporary famines. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 245-263 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088859 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088859 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:245-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mozaffar Qizilbash Author-X-Name-First: Mozaffar Author-X-Name-Last: Qizilbash Title: Corruption and Human Development: A Conceptual Discussion Abstract: This paper is concerned with how the corruption and development debate changes if the focus shifts to notions of "human" development. There are many senses of corruption, but the literature has focused on the public office conception and consequentialist evaluation. While it looks as if corruption clearly does not promote human development, the case needs to be made carefully, since arguments can be made to the effect that corruption can promote human development. The discussion highlights the limits of consequentialist evaluation and helps us to think about the policy implications of various conceptions of human development. Finally, while the diversity of norms and the possibility of Western bias do not undermine either anti-corruption or human development agendas, they do set limits on the extent to which specific moral norms can be embodied in conceptions of human development. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 265-278 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088868 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088868 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:265-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Manabi Majumdar Author-X-Name-First: Manabi Author-X-Name-Last: Majumdar Title: Child Labour as a Human Security Problem: Evidence from India Abstract: Contemporary economists and demographers have discussed the phenomenon of child labour using a family strategy approach, focusing their attention primarily on family resources, family constraints and the cost-benefit calculus of the family head. Diverging somewhat from this conventional path and starting from the vantage point of human security and development, this study makes a case for considering child well-being as a separate problem of its own, much as it is related to family welfare. The paper argues that non-schooling and work of children reflect not only parental income constraints but also, more importantly, the paucity of publicly provided educational opportunities; they are the products of not just parental utilitarian calculus but of deficiencies in public policy and social institutions. With a particular empirical focus on India, it demonstrates that the burden of child labour as well as the onus of educational deprivation are disproportionately borne by different population groups in the country. The paper concludes that in considering strategies to combat child labour, the school reform point of view and correlatively the expansion of an educational opportunities perspective should enter the current political and policy consciousness in a significant way. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 279-304 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088877 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088877 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:279-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vijay Joshi Author-X-Name-First: Vijay Author-X-Name-Last: Joshi Title: Capital Controls and the National Advantage: India in the 1990s and Beyond Abstract: Capital controls played a crucial role in insulating India from the East Asian crisis and from volatile capital flows in the 1990s more generally. In the near future, India would be well advised to continue its cautious approach to capital account convertibility. India's experience holds some lessons for other developing countries and for the redesign of the international financial architecture. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 305-320 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088886 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:305-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: Professor George Peters: Born September 1934: Died November, 2001 Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 3-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810210335 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810210335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:3-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Augustin Kwasi Fosu Author-X-Name-First: Augustin Kwasi Author-X-Name-Last: Fosu Title: Transforming Economic Growth to Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Elite Political Instability Abstract: In the light of the increasing attention on human development (HD) as well as the importance of political instability (PI) in economic performance, this paper examines the role of PI in the transformation of economic growth to HD. It finds that elite PI—the frequency of coups d'etat in sub-Saharan Africa—adversely affected the transformation of economic growth to HD, measured as the change in an index of life expectancy and literacy, between 1970 and 1985. Coupled with an additional indirect negative effect on GDP growth, elite PI is found to have engendered a significant adverse impact on HD. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 9-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114877 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114877 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:9-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingrid Yngstrom Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Author-X-Name-Last: Yngstrom Title: Women, Wives and Land Rights in Africa: Situating Gender Beyond the Household in the Debate Over Land Policy and Changing Tenure Systems Abstract: The debate over land reform in Africa is embedded in evolutionary models, in which it is assumed landholding systems are evolving into individualized systems of ownership with greater market integration. This process is seen to be occurring even without state protection of private land rights through titling. Gender as an analytical category is excluded in evolutionary models. Women are accommodated only in their dependent position as the wives of landholders in idealized 'households'. This paper argues that gender relations are central to the organization and transformation of landholding systems. Women have faced different forms of tenure insecurity, both as wives and in their relations with wider kin, as landholding systems have been integrated into wider markets. These cannot be addressed while evolutionary models dominate the policy debate. The paper draws out these arguments from experience of tenure reform in Tanzania and asks how policy-makers might address these issues differently. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 21-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114886 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:21-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pushkar Maitra Author-X-Name-First: Pushkar Author-X-Name-Last: Maitra Author-Name: Ranjan Ray Author-X-Name-First: Ranjan Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Title: The Joint Estimation of Child Participation in Schooling and Employment: Comparative Evidence from Three Continents Abstract: This paper uses data from Peru, Pakistan and Ghana to analyse simultaneously child labour and child schooling, and compares them between these countries. We use a multinomial logit estimation procedure that analyses the participation and non-participation of children in schooling and in employment and, in particular, allows the possibility that a child combines schooling with employment or does neither. We also use an ordered probit estimation procedure based on a ranking of the various child schooling/employment/non-schooling/non-employment outcomes. The results point to both similarities and striking dissimilarities in the nature of child labour and child schooling between the chosen countries. For example, in Pakistan, but not in Peru, the girl child's ordering of schooling/employment outcomes shows her at a position of extreme disadvantage. Household poverty discourages a child from achieving superior outcomes, but the effect varies markedly across the three countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 41-62 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114895 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114895 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:41-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Werner Baer Author-X-Name-First: Werner Author-X-Name-Last: Baer Author-Name: Pedro Elosegui Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Elosegui Author-Name: Andres Gallo Author-X-Name-First: Andres Author-X-Name-Last: Gallo Title: The Achievements and Failures of Argentina's Neo-liberal Economic Policies Abstract: The stability of an economic policy regime depends in large measure on either its successful authoritarian imposition or on the general acceptance by society of the distributional status quo of assets and/or income. Although Argentina's Convertibility Plan ("Currency Board" system) brought price stability and growth to the country, the inability or unwillingness of the government to attain a fiscal adjustment threatened its survival. The "fight for shares" in this "conflict society" was inherited from previous regimes. We show that this fight, previously left unresolved through inflationary finance, was subsequently left unresolved through the rapid growth of indebtedness under the Convertibility Plan. From 1999 onwards, the contradictions of the Plan became increasingly obvious and it was clear that the key to future stable economic growth was dependent on finding a way to turn the "conflict society" into a "consensus society". The construction of such a society is still a pending task for Argentina. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 63-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114903 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:63-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ganeshan Wignaraja Author-X-Name-First: Ganeshan Author-X-Name-Last: Wignaraja Title: Firm Size, Technological Capabilities and Market-oriented Policies in Mauritius Abstract: Mauritius is an outlier in sub-Saharan Africa in terms of its impressive growth in garment exports since it adopted outward-oriented policies in the early 1980s. Little, however, is known about the role of technological factors in the behaviour of Mauritian garment exporters. Using recent methodological developments in the literature on technological capabilities, this paper explores this issue. It constructs a "technology index" and conducts econometric analysis on factors affecting enterprise-level technological development and export performance in a sample of enterprises. Firm size, technical manpower, training expenditures and external technical assistance are positively related to the technology index, suggesting that investments in human capital and information (both facilitated by size) improve technological performance. The technology index and foreign ownership have positive and significant effects on export performance. The technology index is a robust tool of empirical research and can be used to analyse the technological record of enterprises in adjusting countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 87-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114912 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:87-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. G. M. Hoogeveen Author-X-Name-First: J. G. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hoogeveen Title: Income Risk, Consumption Security and the Poor Abstract: Households in developing countries have to deal with large fluctuations in income without being able to rely on formal insurance and credit markets. This paper presents an overview of the ways in which poor households attain consumption security and shows that doing so in the absence of security enhancing institutions is costly, especially for the poor. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 105-121 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114921 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114921 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:105-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cathie Lloyd Author-X-Name-First: Cathie Author-X-Name-Last: Lloyd Author-Name: Sandra Dudley Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Dudley Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: The Global and the Local; The Cultural Interfaces of Self-determination Movements Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 133-136 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138249 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:133-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Eade Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Eade Author-Name: David Garbin Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Garbin Title: Changing Narratives of Violence, Struggle and Resistance: Bangladeshis and the Competition for Resources in the Global City Abstract: Tower Hamlets contains the largest concentration of Bangladeshis in the UK and they have been very successful in campaigning for resources in a borough which has high poverty levels in the north, while to the south it has been radically transformed by global capital and new white middle class "immigrants" employed in the service sector. A debate concerning poverty, social exclusion and the growing incidence of criminality among third generation Bangladeshis was dominated during the 1980s by secularists whose hegemony was challenged during the 1990s by Islamist groups. This struggle between secularist and Islamist leaders is not just a local phenomenon since it is shaped by ideological, political and social ties with Bangladesh and with other Muslim-majority countries. It raises the issue of how leaders seek to represent their "community"--variously defined--in a non-Muslim nation where state institutions (locally and nationally) attempt to co-opt community leaders through multiculturalist strategies. So far, the struggle has not been overshadowed by the kind of urban violence seen in other areas of substantial Bangladeshi population. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 137-149 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138258 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:137-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cathie Lloyd Author-X-Name-First: Cathie Author-X-Name-Last: Lloyd Title: Thinking about the Local and the Global in the Algerian Context Abstract: This article poses questions arising from research on local and the global cultural flows in struggles for self-determination to draw attention to some complexities. While we may think in terms of a relationship between the local and the global, rather than a uni-directional flow from the global to the local, it is important to hold on to the way in which other relations, notably those of power, also impact on the way this relationship is constructed. In different contexts there are trends or hierarchies which may affect how the local relates to the global and the global impacts on the local. After briefly surveying theoretical debates about the local and the global, I ask whether our work on conflict and self-determination is suggesting any new ways of looking at this relationship. The argument is illustrated throughout with materials from a case study of Algeria drawing particularly on the media and migration. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 151-163 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138267 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:151-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra Dudley Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Dudley Title: Local Identities and Global Flows of Objects and Images Abstract: This is a theoretical exploration of an approach to cultural aspects of external dimensions of self-determination movements (SDMs) and their relationship to economic aspects. An underlying theme is the possible relationships between "identity" and global flows of objects, information and images. This general theme connects exiles and diasporas, new global media, material culture and the politics of identity. In the context of global cultural influences on SDMs, we draw attention to the significance of the relationships between people and objects, images and ideas, in the sense of the pathways via which these are spread and exchanged, and in the sense of the symbolic values and meanings attributed to them. Not only ideas but also material objects, images and experience, and the global and local processes via which they are acquired, imbued with value and exchanged, play a major part in reinforcing and/or altering people's sense of who they are, of the world beyond them, their place in it, and the ideology and practice of a SDM. Global processes by which objects, images and experience move do not necessarily imply a unidirectional flow of objects and images of global mass consumption towards and into the SDM and its people. Local objects and images can also go out, potentially influencing not only diasporic and the outside world's views of and policies towards the SDM, but also its view of the outside world and, in turn, its course of action. In sum, the flow of objects and images--as things with meaning and as commodities--is, like diaspora and new media, an important mechanism by which the global and local interact. The paper outlines one route for analysis and indicates possible themes for further research, drawing on empirical data from the author's study of SDMs in Burma. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 165-176 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138276 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:165-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua Kaldor-Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Kaldor-Robinson Title: The Virtual and the Imaginary: The Role of Diasphoric New Media in the Construction of a National Identity during the Break-up of Yugoslavia Abstract: In the conflicts of the last decade within ex-Yugoslavia, diasphoric communities have played a significant role, on the practical level of providing remittances, arms and often even fighters in the various conflicts, and on a cultural and ideological level in helping to (re)construct a national narrative amongst the various ethnic groups and in helping to spread the viewpoints of these groups into a wider international sphere. New media, particularly the Internet, video and satellite television have transformed the way diasphoric communities relate to their "homelands". These new media make possible a dramatic increase in information flows both to and from the homeland. This in turn helps to increase the fluidity of identity construction and conceptions of collective identity, among diasporas and to a lesser extent among those remaining in the homeland. This article examines the impact of these new information flows on constructions of "the other" within national narratives at a theoretical level and more generally the role of diasporas in participating in the national discourse, despite the distance between them and the homeland. At an empirical level, we focus on the use of videotape among the Croatian community in Australia and the use of the Internet by Croatian and Kosovar Albanian communities around the world. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 177-187 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138285 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:177-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Eben Kirksey Author-X-Name-First: S. Eben Author-X-Name-Last: Kirksey Author-Name: J. A. D. Roemajauw Author-X-Name-First: J. A. D. Author-X-Name-Last: Roemajauw Title: The Wild Terrorist Gang: The Semantics of Violence and Self-determination in West Papua Abstract: The Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) is the most important force uniting resistance in West Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, against Indonesian occupation. Rather than being a Weberian organization, the OPM can be conceived of as a cultural world view. A variety of distinct organizations are united by the principles of the OPM, but are autonomous in action. The media have depicted the OPM as dangerous insurgents who threaten the unitary state of Indonesia with violence. By employing acronyms such as GPL (Gerombolan Pengacau Liar or the "Wild Terrorist Gang") to refer to the OPM, the media has glossed over distinctions between different groups. Labelling the OPM as terrorists has serious political, economic and military implications. Media representations of the OPM are open to divergent readings by Papuans and their international network of supporters. Competing emic (local) accounts about the OPM are distributed on a global scale by new communications technologies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 189-203 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138294 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138294 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:189-203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. P. Linstroth Author-X-Name-First: J. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Linstroth Title: The Basque Conflict Globally Speaking: Material Culture, Media and Basque Identity in the Wider World Abstract: This article explores the interplay between global and local determinants through the Basque conflict. It demonstrates that self-determination movements among the Palestinians and Irish Republicans are comparatively similar to the Basque cause in material expressions of political identity and by conveying their nationalist sentiments through the agencies of different mediums. In addition, the impact of 11 September on separatist struggles like the Basque one is discussed. Throughout it is argued that material culture as much as media are significant conduits to political relationships between objects and sentiment, as well as images and reality whereby these associations become modes of "political consumption" by political actors. As a result, political images and objects have "value potential" to transform society and are projected as material products in banners, posters, graffiti, jewellery and clothing or through varying mediums of communication such as the Internet, television broadcasts, video testimonies and other forms, in order to reinforce political ideology. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 205-222 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138302 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:205-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Bird Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Bird Author-Name: Dane Rowlands Author-X-Name-First: Dane Author-X-Name-Last: Rowlands Title: Do IMF Programmes Have a Catalytic Effect on Other International Capital Flows? Abstract: It has frequently been assumed that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) plays an important catalysing role in mobilizing international capital for developing countries and countries in transition. The Fund has conventionally been depicted as a "gatekeeper" that unlocks financial flows from other sources, particularly private international capital markets. However, more recently, international financial crises have highlighted the problem of capital volatility and have led to calls for reform of the international financial architecture and, as part of this, the IMF. Unfortunately, basic questions about the interaction between current institutional arrangements and international capital markets have yet to be answered. How do international capital markets react to the activities of the IMF? Do the reactions of private and public lenders differ? Have their reactions changed over time? Do market responses depend on country characteristics and on the type of IMF involvement and, if so, how? This paper addresses these questions and goes on to discuss the policy implications that arise. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 229-249 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012671 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012671 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:229-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valpy Fitzgerald Author-X-Name-First: Valpy Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald Title: International Tax Co-operation and Capital Mobility Abstract: The international mobility of capital and the geographical dispersion of firms have clear advantages for the growth and modernization of developing countries. They also create fundamental challenges for national tax authorities. Modern principles of capital taxation for the open developing economy indicate the need to find the correct balance between the encouragement of private investment and the finance of social infrastructure, both of which are necessary for sustainable growth. This balance can be sub-optimal where countries compete for inward investment by granting tax incentives or exercise conflicting principles in determining the tax base. The current practice of international taxation indicates that fiscal authorities in Latin America and the Caribbean could attain a more equitable share of capital tax revenue without depressing investment and growth. This might be achieved through more effective regional tax rules, double taxation treaties, information sharing and treatment of offshore financial centres along the lines already promoted for OECD members. These findings have wider implications for developing countries as a whole. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 251-266 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012680 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012680 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:251-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Flore Gubert Author-X-Name-First: Flore Author-X-Name-Last: Gubert Title: Do Migrants Insure Those who Stay Behind? Evidence from the Kayes Area (Western Mali) Abstract: This article uses recent household survey data from the Kayes area (western Mali) to analyse the determinants of remittances from both internal and international migration. The underlying assumption is that remittances are part of an insurance contract between the migrant and his family. Although this idea is not new, few tests have appeared in the recent literature. After a discussion of various measures of crop income shocks, we employ Powell's censored least absolute deviation (CLAD) estimators in addition to more standard parametric estimators to assess the influence of shocks on remittance behaviour. In contrast to Heckman's two-step or the Tobit estimator, Powell's estimator is consistent in the presence of heteroscedasticity and is robust to violations of the normality assumption for the residuals. Regression results bring some support for the view that insurance is an important motivation for remittances. This welfare function should be taken into account by policy-makers in the design of migration policies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 267-287 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012699 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012699 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:267-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Haider Khan Author-X-Name-First: Haider Author-X-Name-Last: Khan Title: Innovation and Growth: A Schumpeterian Model of Innovation Applied to Taiwan Abstract: Following Schumpeter, we assume that innovation in specific firms, or groups of firms, can have economy-wide effects. Models based on this idea can be shown to have multiple equilibria. The idea of a positive feedback loop innovation system, or POLIS, is formalized by picking an appropriate sequence of equilibria over time. It is shown that POLIS has empirical relevance by applying the formal model to an actual economy. The 1997-98 financial crisis in many Asian countries, most notably South Korea, seemed to have reversed the conventional wisdom regarding the "East Asian miracle". This paper applies the concept of a POLIS to the case of Taiwan to show that, at least in this case, neither the view that the miracle was a mirage nor the view that the growth was a result of factor accumulation only is correct. Ultimately, technological transformation--in particular the creation of a positive feedback loop innovation system--is what makes the difference between sustained growth and gradual or sudden decline. Although problems remain in both the real and the financial sectors, the successes of Taiwan in building the preconditions for an innovation system are worth examining. Upon careful examination of Taiwan's system of innovation within the above Schumpeterian model it is found that Taiwan has a fighting chance of building a POLIS in the near future. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 289-306 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012707 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012707 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:289-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shyam Nath Author-X-Name-First: Shyam Author-X-Name-Last: Nath Author-Name: Sanjeev Sobhee Author-X-Name-First: Sanjeev Author-X-Name-Last: Sobhee Title: Is External Development Assistance Fungible? The Case of Mauritius Abstract: External and internal development funds may be substitutes or complementary in financing development projects. We construct a welfare-maximizing model of a community, explicitly incorporating the decision-makers' choice between internal and external resources for development purposes. The model is estimated with Mauritian data, which include periods of rising foreign aid and substantial repayment. The computed values of substitution elasticity between the two sources of funds, derived from the social choice process, indicate that internal and external funds are complementary and therefore external funds do not seem to be fungible. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 307-315 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012716 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012716 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:307-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kunal Sen Author-X-Name-First: Kunal Author-X-Name-Last: Sen Title: Trade Policy, Equipment Investment and Growth in India Abstract: The relationship between trade policy and economic performance is one of the oldest controversies in economic development. In this paper, we examine an alternative mechanism through which trade reforms may impact on economic growth to those commonly discussed in the literature. This mechanism builds on the link between equipment investment and growth that has been observed in cross-country data. We argue that that in countries which have had highly restrictive trade policies with respect to capital goods, liberalization measures that specifically target capital goods imports may bring about a fall in the relative price of capital goods, leading to an increase in the rate of investment in equipment. Quantifying the link between trade policy, equipment investment and economic growth in the Indian case, we find strong support for this mechanism. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 317-331 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012725 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012725 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:317-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ha-Joon Chang Author-X-Name-First: Ha-Joon Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Title: Kicking Away the Ladder: Infant Industry Promotion in Historical Perspective 1 Abstract: This article introduces a new dimension in the debate on infant industry promotion by pointing out that, historically, the developed countries themselves did not develop on the basis of free trade policy and laissez-faire industrial policy that they currently recommend to, or even force upon, the developing countries. It first critically examines the "official history of capitalism", which sees the last few centuries as a continuous, if sometimes disrupted, advance of the free trade system. Then it shows how virtually all of today's developed countries, especially the UK and the USA, the supposed homes of free trade, used tariff protection and subsidies to develop their industries when they were in catching-up positions. It then criticizes the orthodox counter-argument that, while using protection in the early days of their economic development, today's developed countries never used it as much as today's developing countries have done. Finally, pointing out that the supposedly "good" policies of free trade and laissez-faire industrial policy have led to a collapse in growth in the developing countries during the last two decades, the article argues for a total rethink on trade policy and, more broadly, development strategy, for developing countries. Above all, it recommends that the global rules need to be rewritten in such a way that developing countries are allowed more actively to use tariffs and subsidies for infant industry promotion in accordance with their development strategy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 21-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047168 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:21-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gustav Ranis Author-X-Name-First: Gustav Author-X-Name-Last: Ranis Title: Symposium on Infant Industries: A Comment Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 33-35 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047177 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047177 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:33-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gavin Williams Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Studying Development and Explaining Policies Abstract: Development is an ideological project. It originated in the need to address the negative consequences of capitalism in metropolitan countries and was integral to the project of imperialism, whose legacy it bears. Development policies and development studies both confound the intention to develop with the process of development. Theorists of development and of state-directed development, and most of their critics, share dualist assumptions. They have been concerned to explain how to modernize backward and rural economies and to transfer resources to create modern industrial economies. They have drawn on and influenced commu nist, state-led and market-oriented development strategies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 37-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047186 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047186 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:37-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha Author-X-Name-First: Raghav Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha Title: Are Millennium Goals of Poverty Reduction Useful? Abstract: Millennium goals aim to halve poverty in developing countries by 2015. As a distinction is not drawn between the persistently and transiently poor, there is a risk that strategies designed to accelerate growth to achieve the desired reduction in an overall index of poverty may be preferred to those that benefit the persistently poor. Besides, in the absence of a disaggregation of these goals into rural and urban components, rural poverty reduction may not get the priority it deserves. Finally, the feasibility of the millennium goals is not plausible. While the growth rates required for achieving these goals do not differ much from those recorded in recent years, their sustainability is not self-evident. Moreover, as income inequality has increased in recent years, the poverty reduction due to a given growth rate is lower. But these goals are nevertheless useful in drawing attention to pervasive deprivation in developing countries, and to the need for a determined and co-ordinated effort by the development community in reducing it substantially in the not-too-distant future. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 59-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047195 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047195 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:59-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruhul Amin Salim Author-X-Name-First: Ruhul Amin Author-X-Name-Last: Salim Title: Economic Liberalization and Productivity Growth: Further Evidence From Bangladesh Abstract: The impact of economic liberalization reforms on the productive performances of manufacturing firms remains a contentious issue in the literature. This paper attempts to contribute to the debate by empirically estimating productivity growth of Bangladesh food manufacturing using firm level data before and after reform. Empirical results show that the share of output growth was accounted for by input growth in most sectors of this industry. In some sectors, the estimated rate of total factor productivity (TFP) growth is negligible or even negative. Decomposition of the TFP growth shows that technological progress plays a significant role in TFP growth across firms within the sub-sectors of this industry. Empirical results also show that the relative contribution of capacity realization to TFP growth is not substantial in inhibiting the industry's high and sustained growth. These dismal performances indicate that the industries responded a little to the implementation of economic reforms. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 85-98 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047203 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:85-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Kenny Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Kenny Title: The Internet and Economic Growth in Less-developed Countries: A Case of Managing Expectations? 1 Abstract: A discussion of the theory of technology and economic growth suggests potentially negative implications for the impact of the Internet on developing countries. Technology in general is undoubtedly central to the growth process, but economists define technology in very broad terms. The impact of any particular, invented, technology is likely to be small. This theoretical perspective is supported by the empirical evidence on the limited impact of past "information revolutions" on less-developed countries (LDCs) and the present impact of the Internet on advanced economies. Furthermore, LDCs appear ill-prepared to benefit from the opportunities that the Internet does present--they lack the physical and human capital, along with the institutions required, to exploit the e-economy. Finally, even optimistic forecasts of the Internet's global economic impact are small in scale compared with the challenge of development. This has significant implications for development policy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 99-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047212 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047212 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:99-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Knight Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Knight Author-Name: Lina Song Author-X-Name-First: Lina Author-X-Name-Last: Song Title: Chinese Peasant Choices: Migration, Rural Industry or Farming Abstract: A nationally representative rural labour force survey of China is analysed to explore the allocation of labour among farming, local non-farming and temporary migration activities. Various tests of labour market segmentation are conducted. The estimated returns to labour off the farm greatly exceed those on the farm. The personal and household determinants of activities, and of days worked in them, are examined for demand or supply constraints on employment; some results are consistent with the former. The relationship between days worked off and on the farm suggests that the opportunity cost to households of non-farm work is very low. The evidence is consistent with there being rationing of non-farm employment. However, tastes, imperfect information, imperfect capital markets, risk-aversion and transaction costs are also relevant. The overcoming of the obstacles to diversification away from farming is important for rural development in China. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 123-148 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307427 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307427 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:123-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Howard White Author-X-Name-First: Howard Author-X-Name-Last: White Title: Social Organization, Civic Responsibility and Collective Action: Game Theory Models of Community Participation in Development Projects Abstract: Why do people participate in community projects? Game theory approaches based on the prisoners' dilemma suggest that people will not participate even if they would have been better off had they all done so. This paper adapts an argument of Bates to show how a system of enforceable fines can ensure full participation. It then goes on to present a model in which individuals have differing degrees of civic responsibility, so that some will participate whilst others free-ride. Other idiosyncratic elements in the individual cost-benefit calculation for community projects, such as unequal benefits, can also explain why some participate but others do not. But the size of the initiating group has to be above a threshold level for the project to take place at all. External agents can encourage collective action by lowering the cost-benefit ratio facing individuals. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 149-158 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307425 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307425 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:149-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Madhusudan Ghosh Author-X-Name-First: Madhusudan Author-X-Name-Last: Ghosh Title: Spatial Integration of Wheat Markets in India: Evidence from Cointegration Tests Abstract: Using the maximum likelihood method of cointegration, this paper empirically evaluates intra-state and inter-state spatial integration of wheat markets in India. The cointegration tests provide strong evidence in favour of spatial integration of the regional wheat markets. Even though the regional markets are geographically dispersed, the prices across different market centres within and across the selected states have exhibited long-run spatial linkages, suggesting that all the exchange locations are integrated and the prices provide relevant market signals. There are several implications of these results for agricultural price policy and food market liberalization programmes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 159-171 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307426 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307426 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:159-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Clark Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Title: Concepts and Perceptions of Human Well-being: Some Evidence from South Africa Abstract: This paper presents the results of two surveys, which explored how ordinary people in a rural village and urban township view human development. These findings are used to evaluate some abstract concepts of human well-being and development, and constitute the foundation for constructing a more realistic development ethic to guide public policy. Perhaps the most significant finding is that most people appear to share a common vision of development, which is not fundamentally at odds with most of the capabilities advocated by scholars like Nussbaum and Sen. Most development ethics, however, need to say more about: (1) the practical side of survival and development in poor countries; (2) the psychology of human well-being, i.e. mental functioning; and (3) some of the "better things" in life such as recreation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 173-196 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307428 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307428 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:173-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Jose Caetano Bacha Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Jose Caetano Author-X-Name-Last: Bacha Title: The Evolution of Wood-based Industries in Brazil and their Means of Securing Wood Abstract: This paper analyses the evolution of wood-based industries in Brazil and evaluates the methods they use to secure wood. Only industries that consume roundwood are analysed. These industries are grouped into three categories: charcoal-based industries; paper and pulp industries; and lumber and panels industries. The structure-conduct-performance paradigm together with transaction cost theory and game theory are used in the analysis. Special attention is paid to historic changes in the wood-based industries' structures, technologies, locations and market orientations brought on by changing wood availability. This paper also analyses the different ways that a predicted wood scarcity will affect each wood-based industry. The paper ends by suggesting an alternative policy to increase the supply of roundwood in the market and, consequently, support the continued viability and expansion of wood-based industries in Brazil. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 197-217 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307430 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:197-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Uma Kambhampati Author-X-Name-First: Uma Author-X-Name-Last: Kambhampati Title: Trade Reforms and the Efficiency of Firms in India Abstract: In this paper, we analyse the impact of reforms on manufacturing efficiency in India. The sector chosen--the cotton textile industry in India--is a very large employer and exporter and also has considerable historical significance. Its response to the reforms therefore is being watched with some concern. The paper concludes that while there was considerable dispersion in efficiency levels before the reforms, this dispersion has decreased since the reforms. To analyse this, we estimate a best practice frontier for the industry and then measure efficiency as the distance from this frontier. We find that efficiency has increased because the reforms have influenced other factors such as market shares, exports and imports and capital-labour ratios. Our results also indicate that geography--the location of the firm within a state and its proximity to a major urban centre--influences the efficiency levels of firms within it. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 219-233 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307429 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:219-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi Author-X-Name-First: Caterina Ruggeri Author-X-Name-Last: Laderchi Author-Name: Ruhi Saith Author-X-Name-First: Ruhi Author-X-Name-Last: Saith Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: Does it Matter that we do not Agree on the Definition of Poverty? A Comparison of Four Approaches Abstract: While there is world-wide agreement on poverty reduction as an overriding goal of development policy, there is little agreement on the definition of poverty. Four approaches to the definition and measurement of poverty are reviewed in this paper: the monetary, capability, social exclusion and participatory approaches. The theoretical underpinnings of the various measures and problems of operationalizing them are pointed out. It is argued that each is a construction of reality, involving numerous judgements, which are often not transparent. The different methods have different implications for policy, and also, to the extent that they point to different people as being poor, for targeting. Empirical work in Peru and India shows that there is significant lack of overlap between the methods with, for example, nearly half the population identified as in poverty according to monetary poverty but not in capability poverty, and conversely. This confirms similar findings elsewhere. Hence, the definition of poverty does matter for poverty eradication strategies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 243-274 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111698 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111698 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:243-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marjolein Canie¨ls Author-X-Name-First: Marjolein Author-X-Name-Last: Canie¨ls Author-Name: Henny Romijn Author-X-Name-First: Henny Author-X-Name-Last: Romijn Title: Dynamic Clusters in Developing Countries: Collective Efficiency and Beyond Abstract: The alleged beneficial effects of regional industrial clusters for competitiveness and growth in developing countries have been subject to intensive study. A prominent place in the debate has been occupied by the collective efficiency approach. In this paper we extend that approach by incorporating insights from the literature on firm-level technological learning in development. The resulting framework is applied to the software cluster of Bangalore (India), to illustrate the ways in which spatial proximity of firms and other parties interacts with cluster knowledge creation in a dynamic environment. A number of new insights emerge, including the importance of "old economy" factors such as high demand for innovation, international technology transfer, low wages and strong technology and education institutions. To the extent that "new economy" regional factors also matter, spontaneous agglomeration advantages appear to be important alongside active collective efficiency. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 275-292 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111706 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111706 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:275-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hobday Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hobday Title: Innovation in Asian Industrialization: A Gerschenkronian Perspective Abstract: This paper interprets the experience of the East and South East Asian electronics industry from a "Gerschenkronian" perspective in order to draw lessons for other developing countries. Following Gerschenkron, the paper argues that it is diversity, rather than unifor mity, in the institutional, technological and development policy arenas (called here "strategic innovation") that characterizes the experience of the Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs). The experience of the leading export industry shows that the progress of the NIEs can be interpreted as a pattern of substitution of missing prerequisites, in line with Gerschenkron's view of European latecomer industrialization. More broadly, the progress of the NIEs should not be viewed as repetitions of earlier industrialization experiences as they involve significant deviations from the latter, usually entailing distinctive strategic innovations. This interpret ation presents a difficult challenge for those wishing to draw lessons from the Asian NIEs. There are few direct lessons from East and South East Asia for other countries and certainly no transferable or standardized "model" of development. Other paths and patterns of develop ment need to be identified and created that build upon the distinctive resources of individual developing countries. Strategic innovation, trial-and-error learning and variety are likely to continue to characterize successful industrial development in the future. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 293-314 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111715 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111715 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:293-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff Dayton-Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: Dayton-Johnson Title: Small-holders and Water Resources: A Review Essay on the Economics of Locally-managed Irrigation Abstract: A vast literature on locally-managed irrigation systems provides important lessons regarding the experience of irrigators with community management. This review draws upon research in sociology, anthropology, political science, engineering and economic theory to suggest a framework for understanding institutions for governing irrigation systems. The review assesses measures of irrigation system performance, the importance of co-operation, the impact of heterogeneity among the water users on performance and co-operation, and the breadth of institutional forms observed in the field study literature. The review closes with a call for more structured qualitative measures of group performance and for more large-scale research of many irrigation systems to complement the case study focus of the existing literature. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 315-339 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111724 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111724 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:315-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anja Heuft Author-X-Name-First: Anja Author-X-Name-Last: Heuft Author-Name: Gertrud Buchenrieder Author-X-Name-First: Gertrud Author-X-Name-Last: Buchenrieder Title: Decentralization in Peru's Agricultural Policy: A Critical Review from 1993 to 1998 Abstract: In 1983 decentralization was already being described as the latest fashion in development administration and it has been gaining in popularity ever since. This theoretical concept has been embraced world-wide and incorporated into economic and political reform plans. In this paper, the proclaimed desire for decentralization in Peru's public administration is tested by reviewing the example of its agricultural policy and in particular its strategy with regard to public agricultural subsidies. The objectives of the paper are: (1) to illustrate the discrepancies between the theoretical objectives of decentralization and how it is implemented in practice; (2) to analyse the structure of Peru's agricultural support policies, evaluate the process of decentralization in this sector and subsequently identify possible problem areas and make policy recommendations; and (3) using the regionally differentiated public expenditures for the agricultural sector in the period from 1993 to 1998, to cross-check the lip-service paid to decentralizing agricultural policy in Peru. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 341-363 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111733 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:341-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Renuka Mahadevan Author-X-Name-First: Renuka Author-X-Name-Last: Mahadevan Title: To Measure or Not To Measure Total Factor Productivity Growth? Abstract: To date, the concept, measurement and interpretation of total factor productivity (TFP) growth remains highly discussed but poorly understood. This paper attempts to provide a review of these issues. First, the definition of TFP growth and the related concepts of embodied and disembodied technical change are discussed. Second, a brief overview and critique of TFP growth measuring techniques is provided. Third, the debate surrounding the accounting identity underlying the estimation of a production function for TFP growth is highlighted. Fourth, the usefulness of TFP growth is evaluated (and maintained) in the light of the criticisms hurled at this measure. Finally, some direction for future work on TFP growth is suggested. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 365-378 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111742 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:365-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lindsay Whitfield Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay Author-X-Name-Last: Whitfield Title: Civil Society as Idea and Civil Society as Process: The Case of Ghana Abstract: The concept of civil society is ubiquitous in debates about democracy in Africa. This article distinguishes civil society as idea from civil society as process. The idea of civil society provides a shared language, which obscures fundamental differences. The process of civil society refers to the complex interactions of historically generated social structures, political issues, personal networks, material incentives, state resources and international linkages. In Ghana, there are continuities in the centralization of national decision-making, reinforced by international agencies, and the mobilisation, demobilisation and selective exclusion of social groups. 'Civil society' is the outcome of the process in which the idea of civil society is discursively constructed and used by donor agencies, international NGOs, the Ghanaian government and Ghanaian social organizations to legitimate their actions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 379-400 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111751 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:379-400 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Raufu Mustapha Author-X-Name-First: Abdul Raufu Author-X-Name-Last: Mustapha Title: Editor's introduction Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 403-404 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146591 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146591 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:403-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul Raufu Mustapha Author-X-Name-First: Abdul Raufu Author-X-Name-Last: Mustapha Title: Colonialism and environmental perception in Northern Nigeria Abstract: Concern about the environment in colonial northern Nigeria developed out of a series of controversies and practices, particularly those relating to agriculture. Increasingly, local practices that have sustained the population and the environment for centuries are subjected to “scientific” scrutiny. Though many of these practices were either misunderstood or not understood at all, this did not stop the subjugation of local practices to “science”. However, this “scientific” enterprise was often conflict-ridden, with important questions being resolved only after the intervention of political authorities. The resulting colonial practices in the fields of irrigation, forest management and the application of chemical fertilizer continue to dominate the thinking of state officials in post-colonial Nigeria, leading to unsustainable policies. An earlier colonial tradition of investigating the practices of local farmers and the constraints therein would have been a more appropriate basis for post-colonial policy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 405-425 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146609 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146609 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:405-425 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Fairhead Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Fairhead Author-Name: Melissa Leach Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: Leach Title: Practising “biodiversity” in Guinea: nature, nation and an international convention Abstract: Biodiversity has become a central organizing concept both in international environmental debate and among government departments, donors and non-governmental organizations in the Republic of Guinea. This article explores how international imperatives around biodiversity are articulating with existing and historically-shaped practices of science and policy in Guinea, and the extent to which villagers' perspectives gain or fail to gain influence and authority. At least four sets of science and policy practices currently characterize biodiversity conservation practices, including: (1) the listing of plant and animal species; (2) the exploration of ecosystem dynamics through “cutting edge” computer modelling techniques; (3) the harnessing of traditional plant medicines, linked with discussion of biopiracy; and (4) the promotion of “semi-wild” plants, such as oil palm. Each set of practices involves different social relations and funding of science, different international networks and different political discourses, while each also carries wider importance in shaping national and local social categories and identities. A common feature is that the framing and institutional/funding imperatives linked to international biodiversity debates have promoted practices that reproduce western, colonial distinctions between nature and culture in ways which compromise attempts at “participatory” conservation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 427-439 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146618 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:427-439 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Sneath Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Sneath Title: Land use, the environment and development in post-socialist Mongolia Abstract: This paper describes the economic policies that have transformed the pastoral sector in post-socialist Mongolia, and their impact on pastoral land use. These policies reflect the influence of development economists from the Asian Development Bank who have been advising the Mongolian government, and their conviction that exclusive private rights to land are a necessary precondition of an efficient rural market economy. These assumptions stand in marked contrast to indigenous Mongolian conceptions of rights over land, and the policy debate reflects the contested nature of knowledge of the Mongolian environment. However, far from preventing damage to the resource base, evidence suggests that these policies of land allocations may actually be exacerbating problems of pasture degradation. This paper argues that policies of this kind reveal a misunderstanding of the nature of Mongolian pastoralism and the conditions that have made it viable in the past. Although international development agencies lionize a romanticized notion of Mongolian “traditions” as reflecting a “respect for nature”, there is little appreciation of the actual institutions that successfully conducted pastoralism until recently, the concrete embodiment of Mongolian pastoral knowledge. Environmentalist agendas reflect a familiar western interest in promoting western conservationist ideology and establishing and expanding protected areas to harbour wildlife and biodiversity. Mongolian practices tend to be cast as “traditions” to be utilized for the greater goal of conservation as conceived of in western terms, rather than seen as part of wider social and political institutions of land use. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 441-459 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146627 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146627 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:441-459 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Data Dea Author-X-Name-First: Data Author-X-Name-Last: Dea Author-Name: Ian Scoones Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Scoones Title: Networks of knowledge: how farmers and scientists understand soils and their fertility. a case study from Ethiopia Abstract: This paper explores knowledge about soils and their fertility from the perspective of different players, including both scientists and farmers. Different understandings of soils and their management are seen to be bound up with the contexts within which knowledges about soils are created—the networks of players engaged in building knowledge, the settings within which ideas about soils are tested and examined, and the wider assumptions and beliefs that different people carry with them. The contrasting, and sometimes overlapping, understanding of soils by farmers, scientists and development practitioners in Ethiopia is focused on. Drawing on a range of documentary material and detailed fieldwork carried out in Wolayta, southern Ethiopia, over a number of years, the paper argues that a focus on the contexts for the generation of different knowledges helps avoid the unhelpful distinctions often made between indigenous and scientific knowledges, and moves analytical attention towards an assessment of who is involved in knowledge creation and the power relations implied. The paper concludes with a discussion of how multiple knowledges about soils and their fertility might interact in the context of meeting agricultural development challenges and the potential for a productive engagement between different actors and networks. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 461-478 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146636 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:461-478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Rival Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Rival Title: The meanings of forest governance in Esmeraldas, Ecuador Abstract: Participatory forestry has become the most accepted way of exploiting timber resources in tropical rain forests. This paper shows the links between participatory forestry, sustainable forest management and the continuing objective of reconciling conservation with commercial development in the province of Esmeraldas, one of the poorest and most rapidly deforested regions of South America. I describe and contextualize the evolving logging programme of a leading Ecuadorian wood-processing group to show that the decentralization of the development process, the recognition of local communities as legal entities in the management of natural resources, and the active involvement of profit-oriented firms in biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation all contribute to the emergence of new alliances between the Ecuadorian government, the logging companies, conservation and human rights organizations, and local Black and indigenous communities. My central argument is that devolution in this context leads to conflictive interpretations of regulation. I end with a discussion of the multi-scalar nature of “forest governance”, and highlight the contribution it makes to our understanding of control, regulation and management in new contexts of privatization and decentralization. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 479-501 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146645 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:479-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Mortimore Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Mortimore Title: Long-term change in African drylands: can recent history point towards development pathways? Abstract: The problem of poverty in Africa was often discussed in terms of the agro-ecological specifics and the internal social relations of societies, production systems and economies. It appeared necessary, therefore, for states and international organizations to intervene. Because poverty was identified with production constraints, such interventions took the form of technological transfer in agriculture. Later, as agro-ecological constraints became more widely perceived, and supposedly “fragile” ecosystems were believed to be under threat from population growth and other factors, emphasis shifted to “environmental sustainability”. As with the new technologies, so with sustainable natural resource management, it was often assumed that the new knowledge must come from outside, or from “science”, and must be promoted against the natural “conservatism” of smallholders by whatever means necessary—from coercion at one extreme to “participation” at the other. Recently there has been much movement away from such stereotypical positions towards more subtle and varied statements of the problem. However, I believe there is still a lacuna with respect to the autonomy of the smallholder in the “fight against poverty”. Intervention is still the name of the game, and receives far more attention than the resources or achievements of poor people themselves. Analyses of long-term trends in the management of resources at the village, regional and national levels in dryland Africa suggest that African farmers have made considerable achievements in the face of a trying environment. An understanding of this long-term trend may provide a better framework for the diagnosis of current problems and the formulation of future policy on poverty and livelihoods in the drylands. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 503-518 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146654 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146654 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:503-518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valentina Mazzucato Author-X-Name-First: Valentina Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzucato Author-Name: David Niemeijer Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Niemeijer Title: Why do savings institutions differ within the same region? The role of environment and social capital in the creation of savings arrangements in Eastern Burkina Faso Abstract: The paper describes two different savings arrangements around cattle that have been developed in two villages in the eastern region of Burkina Faso and raises the question of why two forms have evolved in the same region, populated by the same ethnic groups, and where crop and livestock production systems are similar. It is argued that while the general system of keeping savings in cattle developed out of specific social, economic and environmental trends within the 20th Century, the difference between the two systems is due to social capital endowments and environmental characteristics. The paper is based on 3 years of fieldwork between 1995 and 1998 and makes use of observation, key informant interviews and a budget study of 35 married individuals over a 2-year period. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 519-529 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146663 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146663 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:519-529 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martha Nussbaum Author-X-Name-First: Martha Author-X-Name-Last: Nussbaum Title: Beyond the social contract: capabilities and global justice. an Olaf Palme lecture, delivered in Oxford on 19 June 2003 Abstract: The dominant theory of justice in the western tradition of political philosophy is the social contract theory, which sees principles of justice as the outcome of a contract people make, for mutual advantage, to leave the state of nature and govern themselves by law. Such theories have recently been influential in thinking about global justice. I examine that tradition, focusing on Rawls, its greatest modern exponent; I shall find it wanting. Despite their great strengths in thinking about justice, contractarian theories have some structural defects that make them yield very imperfect results when we apply them to the world stage. More promising results are given by a version of the capabilities approach, which suggests a set of basic human entitlements, similar to human rights, as a minimum of what justice requires for all. But among the traits characteristic of the human being is an impelling desire for fellowship, that is for common life, not of just any kind, but a peaceful life, and organized according to the measure of his intelligence, with those who are of his kind … Stated as a universal truth, therefore, the assertion that every animal is impelled by nature to seek only its own good cannot be conceded. (Grotius, On the Law of War and Peace) Global inequalities in income increased in the 20th century by orders of magnitude out of proportion to anything experienced before. The distance between the incomes of the richest and poorest country was about 3 to 1 in 1820, 35 to 1 in 1950, 44 to 1 in 1973 and 72 to 1 in 1992. (Human Development Report 2000, United Nations Development Programme) Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 3-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184093 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184093 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:3-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Booth Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Booth Title: Africa in Asia? the development challenges facing Eastern Indonesia and East Timor Abstract: In recent years a distinction has been made in the development literature between “Asian” poverty, which is thought to be the result of high rural population densities and high rates of landlessness, and “African” poverty, which is more the result of sparse populations farming poor quality land and cut off by inadequate infrastructure from markets for goods, labour and credit. This paper pursues this distinction in the context of Indonesia and points out that in recent years the highest incidence of poverty has been found not in the densely settled islands of Java and Bali, but in the more remote and less populated provinces in the eastern part of the archipelago. This paper explores the correlates of poverty by province in Indonesia in 1996 and finds support for the view that the poorest provinces are those characterized by low population densities, undeveloped markets, low road densities and low educational attainment. The policy implications of these findings are examined in the final part of the paper. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 19-35 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184101 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:19-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Kydd Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Kydd Author-Name: Andrew Dorward Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Dorward Author-Name: Jamie Morrison Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Morrison Author-Name: Georg Cadisch Author-X-Name-First: Georg Author-X-Name-Last: Cadisch Title: Agricultural development and pro-poor economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: potential and policy Abstract: There is widespread concern at continuing and deepening poverty and food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and the lack of broad-based economic growth. There is also debate about agriculture's role in driving pro-poor economic growth, some arguing it has a critical role while others see it is as largely irrelevant. We suggest that both sets of arguments pay insufficient attention to important institutional issues, and that agriculture has a critical role to play, largely by default, as there are few other candidates with the same potential for supporting broad-based pro-poor growth. There are, however, immense challenges to agricultural growth. In considering the costs and benefits of investment in agricultural growth, however, regard must also be given to the economic and social costs of rural stagnation and to providing safety nets in situations of enduring poverty. Policy needs to focus more on agriculture, and recognize and address the diversity of institutional, trade, technological and governance challenges to poverty-reducing growth in Africa. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 37-57 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184110 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184110 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:37-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diana Alarcon Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: Alarcon Author-Name: Eduardo Zepeda Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Zepeda Title: Economic reform or social development? the challenges of a period of reform in Latin America: case study of Mexico Abstract: >The paper argues that 20 years of development have produced very mixed results in the economies and societies of Latin America. While the region was successful in reversing the large macroeconomic disequilibria of the 1980s, economic volatility persists, mainly associated with greater integration to the world economy. More importantly, the social impact of the long period of reform remains controversial. Through a review of comparable economic and social data for the region, it is suggested in this paper that such inconsistency—between economic and social performance—may be the result of deep flaws in the design of development policies. Over-concern for macroeconomic stability, fast growth and rapid integration to the international economy has resulted in insufficient attention being given to the social cost of adjustment and structural change. Social policies have been mainly concerned with the administration of scarce resources and the creation of safety nets to counter the negative social impact of economic policy. Less attention has been given, however, to resolving long-entrenched inequalities in society, to improving the productivity of labour and broad-based access to productive capital. We illustrate one aspect of this discussion through a review of employment trends in the manufacturing sector in Mexico to show that, in spite of rapid job creation, lack of integration with the rest of the economy has generated overall poor employment results, partly a result of the failure of industrial policies to provide a timely response to the many challenges faced by opening up international competition. This case study helps us to support the claim that what is probably lacking in Latin America is a strategic approach to policy design to bring consistency between rapid changes in the economy and longer term development objectives, between the short and the long term, between stability and growth, and between rising productivity and improvement of welfare in the largest developmental sense. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 59-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184129 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:59-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saradindu Bhaduri Author-X-Name-First: Saradindu Author-X-Name-Last: Bhaduri Author-Name: Amit Ray Author-X-Name-First: Amit Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Title: Exporting through technological capability: econometric evidence from India's pharmaceutical and electrical/electronics firms Abstract: Contrary to conventional wisdom based on the product cycle and technology gap models, this paper argues that the technology factor can prove to be a key determinant of manufactured exports from less-developed countries (LDCs). The technological advantages enjoyed by LDCs rest on a very different foundation, technological capability, rather than on major technological advancements or breakthroughs. This paper attempts to capture and analyse how technological capability augments export competitiveness of LDC enterprises by introducing quantifiable concepts of technological capability and estimating econometric models of firm-level export performance for two R&D-intensive industries in India, pharmaceuticals and electronics/electricals. The results of our econometric analysis provide new insights into the relationship between technological capability and export performance, highlighting significant inter-industry differences. We find that simple production engineering capabilities augment exports of both sectors, while efficiency of reverse engineering proves to be particularly important for pharmaceutical exports only. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 87-100 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184138 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184138 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:87-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Feeny Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Feeny Author-Name: Mark Mcgillivray Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Mcgillivray Title: Modelling inter-temporal aid allocation: a new application with an emphasis on Papua New Guinea Abstract: This paper models the inter-temporal allocation of foreign development aid to Papua New Guinea (PNG). A formal theoretical model of aid allocation is developed, in which aid to any one country is determined jointly with aid to all other recipient countries. This is recognized in the econometric application of this model, which involves simultaneously modelling aid to a number of countries in addition to PNG. Results based on data for the period 1969-99 indicate that both recipient need and donor interest variables determine the amount of foreign aid to PNG and most other countries under consideration. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 101-118 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184147 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184147 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:101-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kaliappa Kalirajan Author-X-Name-First: Kaliappa Author-X-Name-Last: Kalirajan Title: An analysis of India's reform dynamics Abstract: One important area of development that needs urgent attention in developing countries is poverty alleviation. Urban poverty in India, as in some other countries, is a spillover of rural poverty and about 65% of the labour force is still working in the agricultural sector. To that extent, this paper, though it does not provide a numerical magnitude of poverty per se, advocates policies directly targeting the agricultural sector to reduce poverty. The policy conclusion is that promoting investment and technological progress, along with efficient use of technology in agriculture, are central to reducing poverty. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 119-134 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184156 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184156 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:119-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Downes Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Downes Author-Name: Rafael Gomez Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez Author-Name: Morley Gunderson Author-X-Name-First: Morley Author-X-Name-Last: Gunderson Title: The two-way interaction between globalization and labour market policies Abstract: Labour market and social policies both affect and are affected by the process of trade liberalization and globalization. This two-way interaction and the feedback effects are the focus of this paper. The analysis is mainly conceptual—but examples are illustrated throughout, based mainly in the context of labour markets in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean basin. Attention is paid to outlining the mechanisms whereby globalization and trade liberalization affect labour market and social policy initiatives, and the extent to which these pressures will lead to a harmonization of legislative and policy initiatives, and if that harmonization will necessarily be downward to the lowest common denominator. The paper concludes that: (1) the pressures will lead towards policy harmonization; (2) the harmonization generally will be downwards; (3) such harmonization is not always negative as generally perceived; (4) efficient regulatory and social policy initiatives will survive and indeed expand, with the “rent-protecting” ones under most pressure to dissipate; and (5) pure distributional or equity-oriented initiatives that have no positive feedback effect on efficiency, unfortunately, will also be under jeopardy to dissipate, and this is a serious policy concern. Alternatives for addressing this concern are discussed, as are their associated problems. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 135-152 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184165 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184165 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:135-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sagren Moodley Author-X-Name-First: Sagren Author-X-Name-Last: Moodley Author-Name: Mike Morris Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Morris Title: Does e-commerce fulfil its promise for developing country (South African) garment export producers? Abstract: The adoption of e-commerce applications is promoted in the developing world as a systemic innovation offering producer firms new exchange mechanisms that enable them to compete on a more equal basis in world markets. It promises a radical shift in the way in which international buyers and sellers trade with one another. Empirical evidence obtained from researching leading garment exporting firms in South Africa suggests that B2B e-commerce is not as effective in reducing transaction costs or in opening up new global market opportunities as claimed by the “optimists”. It has only marginally altered trading and business patterns between international buyers and sellers in the garment industry. The findings indicate that trading relationships in this sector are fostered over extended periods of time, depend on non-contract based activities and on complex information requirements and tend to be highly personalized. If B2B e-commerce implementation is to become more widespread, much greater attention will need to be given to the tight and complex interdependencies between buyers and sellers, technological opportunities and constraints, related institutional issues, and the specific characteristics and positioning of South African garment producers within global value chains. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 155-178 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699939 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699939 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:155-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arjun Sengupta Author-X-Name-First: Arjun Author-X-Name-Last: Sengupta Title: The human right to development Abstract: This paper examines the content of the right to development in the light of human rights as recognized in international law and interprets it in an operational manner. The right to development is the right to a development where all rights can be progressively realized. Both the process of development and the outcomes of the process can be regarded as human rights claimed by the people of a country for the benefit of all individuals. The right is exercised collectively but enjoyed individually. The related obligation is appropriate development policy by the state (the primary duty-bearer) and co-operation by other states and international institutions. The international community that recognizes this right has to support its implementation by co-operating in trade, debt, finance, technology transfer and development assistance. This paper provides illustrative mechanisms for implementing the right, complemented by programmes of international co-operation Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 179-203 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699948 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699948 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:179-203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luuk Van Kempen Author-X-Name-First: Luuk Author-X-Name-Last: Van Kempen Title: Are the poor willing to pay a premium for designer labels? a field experiment in Bolivia Abstract: This paper provides an empirical test of whether consumers in developing countries who live under conditions of poverty are prepared to pay a premium for products that feature a designer label, not because these are perceived as being of higher quality but for symbolic reasons. For this purpose a field experiment was conducted among urban, low-income consumers in Bolivia. An incentive-compatible procedure was used to elicit willingness-to-pay for designer brand perfume and an intrinsically equivalent non-branded perfume. After correcting for possible “quality illusion”, we find that poor consumers, as a group, are willing to pay a premium for the designer label as a symbol. This willingness to pay for a designer logo depends on respondents' relative economic situation, education level and the frequency of watching soaps on television. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 205-224 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699957 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699957 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:205-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy Liu Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Sectoral gender wage gap in Vietnam Abstract: Vietnam is under pressure to reduce the size of the state sector. Using the Vietnam Living Standards Survey 1997-98, the paper examines the impact of this change on the gender earnings gap. Women have traditionally been over-represented in the state sector. After exiting the state sector, some seek jobs in the private sector. Estimation of separate earnings equations by sector suggests that the gender pay gaps in the state-owned enterprises and the private sector are comparable. One may then conclude that women's relative economic position may not have worsened significantly. However, Appleton's decomposition (1999) has demonstrated that the gender pay gap would be much wider if men and women were equally distributed between state and private sectors. Given that further downsizing is planned, it is important to increase women's human capital to reduce their vulnerability. Equal pay legislation and paid maternity leave are some policies that can reduce within-sector earnings inequality. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 225-239 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699966 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699966 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:225-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Inge Ivarsson Author-X-Name-First: Inge Author-X-Name-Last: Ivarsson Author-Name: Claes Goran Alvstam Author-X-Name-First: Claes Goran Author-X-Name-Last: Alvstam Title: International technology transfer through local business linkages: the case of Volvo Trucks and their domestic suppliers in India Abstract: Using unique firm-level data from Volvo Trucks and their 64 manufacturing suppliers in India, this paper focuses on the significance of technology transfer from transnational corporations (TNCs) to their domestic suppliers in developing countries. Our case study shows that a relatively small number of international follow-source suppliers have captured a dominant part of Volvo's local purchases of components, reducing the opportunities for domestic suppliers to forge business linkages with this foreign TNC. At the same time, the domestic suppliers, as well as the follow-source suppliers, seem to improve their internal capabilities from the technological assistance given by Volvo as part of their business relationships. Even a simple assembly operation by a TNC seems to generate important linkages and technological upgrading among domestic suppliers, thus enhancing their domestic and international market positions. Volvo's technological assistance to domestic suppliers was also transferred down in the supply chain, contributing to long-term improvements among the smaller companies that make up the lower tiers of the Indian auto-component sector. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 241-260 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699975 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:241-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha Author-X-Name-First: Raghav Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha Author-Name: Katsushi Imai Author-X-Name-First: Katsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Imai Title: Vulnerability, shocks and persistence of poverty: estimates for semi-arid rural South India Abstract: This paper focuses on the vulnerability of rural households to poverty when a negative crop shock occurs. The analysis is based on the ICRISAT panel survey of households in a semi-arid region in south India during 1975-84. Using a dynamic panel data model that takes into account effects of crop shocks, an assessment of vulnerability of different groups of households is carried out. What is somewhat surprising is that even sections of relatively affluent households are highly vulnerable to long spells of poverty when severe crop shocks occur. As such crop shocks are frequent in a harsh production environment, there must be a shift of emphasis in anti-poverty measures from meeting income shortfalls among the poor to enabling the vulnerable to protect themselves better against these shocks. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 261-281 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699984 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:261-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Weiss Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss Author-Name: Hossein Jalilian Author-X-Name-First: Hossein Author-X-Name-Last: Jalilian Title: Industrialization in an age of globalization: some comparisons between East and South East Asia and Latin America Abstract: The contrast between industrial experience in East and South East Asia and Latin America is dramatic. Whilst a first generation of newly industrialized economies in East Asia grew rapidly on the basis of manufacturing expansion, the longer-established industries of Latin America have performed relatively poorly by most indicators. This paper utilizes data from UN and World Bank databases to assess relative performance since the early 1980s. It shows that whilst there is some evidence of modest catch-up in efficiency terms for Latin America in the 1990s, this is not enough to make serious inroads into the loss of international competitiveness experienced by the region in earlier decades. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 283-307 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699993 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699993 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:283-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Kingston Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Kingston Title: Removing some harm from the World Trade Organization Abstract: Poor countries were induced to enact the strong intellectual property rights required for membership of the World Trade Organization by empty promises of better access to markets and reductions in US farm and EU export subsidies. Patents have prevented access to cheap generic versions of drugs which such countries badly need, such as for the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Registered Trade Mark protection could be equally serious in future, as this will enable tobacco firms to build up their brands through mass advertising. This must cause rapid growth in related diseases. One palliative could be to use some aid funding to buy in the intellectual property of western firms in these countries. In the drugs case, this would allow development of local capacity to produce inexpensive copies, without diminishing global investment in R&D. Success in this could lead to allocation of the much larger amounts that would be needed to extinguish tobacco branding. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 309-320 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001700008 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001700008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:309-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesus Felipe Author-X-Name-First: Jesus Author-X-Name-Last: Felipe Author-Name: J. S. L. McCombie Author-X-Name-First: J. S. L. Author-X-Name-Last: McCombie Title: To measure or not to measure TFP growth? A reply to Mahadevan Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 321-327 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001700017 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001700017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:321-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Renuka Mahadevan Author-X-Name-First: Renuka Author-X-Name-Last: Mahadevan Title: To measure or not to measure TFP growth? Comment on "unequivocal no" reply Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 329-330 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001700026 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001700026 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:329-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lynn Mytelka Author-X-Name-First: Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Mytelka Title: Learning, capability building and innovation at the firm level: An introduction Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 339-339 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260557 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:339-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Linsu Kim Author-X-Name-First: Linsu Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: The multifaceted evolution of Korean technological capabilities and its implications for contemporary policy Abstract: This paper is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the impact and relevance of intellectual property to development. It confirms the finding of recent studies: the effects of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on technology transfer will vary by levels of economic development. The Korean experience offers four lessons. First, strong IPR protection will hinder rather than facilitate technology transfer and indigenous learning in the early stage of industrialization when learning takes place through reverse engineering and duplicative imitation of mature foreign products. Second, only after countries have accumulated sufficient indigenous capabilities with extensive science and technology infrastructure to undertake creative imitation IPR protection becomes an important element in technology transfer and industrial activities. Third, if adequate protection and enforcement of IPRs is genuinely intended to enhance development, policy-makers should seriously consider differentiation in terms of the level of economic development and industrial sectors. Fourth, developing countries should co-operate to change current trends towards a standardized all-encompassing multilateral IPR system. They should strive to make IPR policies more favourable to them in the short term. But they should also strengthen their own absorptive capacity for a long-term solution. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 341-363 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260566 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:341-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Title: The challenge of building an effective innovation system for catch-up Abstract: Catching up is not a process of exact copying but reflects deliberate and often creative modifications to tailor practice to national conditions, especially those practices associated with institutions and norms within which the physical technologies embodied in productive economic activities and their operation are embedded. These "social technologies" are more difficult to acquire than the physical. This paper demonstrates these propositions by looking historically at changes in legal, research and training institutions. It concludes by questioning the extent to which current practices of extensive patenting and licensing activities of US universities have been the key to their effectiveness in contributing to economic development and the relevance of copying such practices in the broad institutional context of other nations. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 365-374 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260575 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260575 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:365-374 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge Katz Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Title: Market-oriented reforms, globalization and the recent transformation of Latin American innovation systems Abstract: Market-oriented structural reforms were implemented in Latin America under the expectation that the transition from an "inward-oriented", "state-led" growth strategy to one which was more "market-led" and "outward-oriented" was going to be rewarded by a sustainable long-term improvement in the region's rate of economic expansion and productivity growth. The competitive discipline imposed by a more open and deregulated economic regime was expected to induce faster innovation and technological modernization efforts from firms and individuals and, thereafter, a gradual but steady "convergence" to world-wide income and productivity standards. A global look at the region's performance throughout the 1980s and 1990s tells us that such a priori expectation was far from realistic. The paper examines why this has been so. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 375-387 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260584 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260584 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:375-387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lynn Mytelka Author-X-Name-First: Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Mytelka Title: Catching up in new wave technologies Abstract: In the last quarter of the 20th Century, new technologies and competitive practices challenged earlier opportunities for entry from a low skill base and the pursuit of an incremental process of catching up. In traditional manufacturing industries, these changes pose few problems at the entry level, though they render catch-up processes more difficult to sustain. In "new wave technologies", such as those growing out of biotechnology, the science base, patent intensity and systems' embeddedness have raised the barriers to entry and narrowed opportunities for incremental catching up from a low skill base. This paper explores these changes and their implications for traditional entry and catch-up strategies in developing countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 389-405 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260593 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:389-405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanjaya Lall Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya Author-X-Name-Last: Lall Author-Name: Manuel Albaladejo Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Albaladejo Author-Name: Jinkang Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Jinkang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Mapping fragmentation: Electronics and automobiles in East Asia and Latin America Abstract: "Fragmentation", the relocation of processes or functions across countries in response to cost and other differences, has important implications for development. We discuss the drivers of fragmentation and map it for electronics and automotives in East Asia (EA) and Latin America. For technical reasons, electronics is fragmenting faster world-wide than the auto industry. Electronics networks are more advanced, widespread and integrated in EA than Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and are largely responsible for EA's rapid export growth. The auto network is more advanced in LAC but is slower growing and is not integrated into a regional system. Apart from Mexico, LAC lacks an electronics network, partly accounting for the region's weak export performance. We offer insights into the following: Why do industries fragment differently? How can fragmentation be measured? Why does fragmentation in developing countries concentrate on EA and LAC? Why has fragmentation evolved differently in these two regions? Can other developing regions attract and benefit from fragmentation? Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 407-432 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260601 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260601 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:407-432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rajah Rasiah Author-X-Name-First: Rajah Author-X-Name-Last: Rasiah Title: Technological intensities in East and Southeast Asian electronics firms: Does network strength matter? Abstract: This paper examines the importance of network strength (NS) on the technological intensities (TI) of electronics firms. TI was disentangled into the categories of human resource (HR), process technology (PT) and R&D (RD) intensities, and the differences between foreign and local firms. The results show that firms in Korea and Taiwan endowed with superior NS enjoy significantly higher skill intensity, TI and RD than firms in Malaysia and Thailand, which have inferior NS. There were no obvious differences in HR practices between foreign and local firms in the four countries. Local firms enjoyed higher TI and RD than foreign firms in Taiwan. There was no statistical difference involving all the technological categories between foreign and local firms in Korea. Foreign firms in Malaysia enjoyed statistically superior TI compared with local firms. Local firms in Thailand showed higher TI and PT than foreign firms. TI and RD of firms are strongly correlated with NS, which showed a stronger impact on TI and RD among local rather than foreign firms. The superior NS of Korea and Taiwan has helped firms participate in higher technological activities and pay higher wages than firms in Malaysia and Thailand. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 433-455 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260610 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:433-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Pottebaum Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Pottebaum Author-Name: Ravi Kanbur Author-X-Name-First: Ravi Author-X-Name-Last: Kanbur Title: Civil war, public goods and the social wealth of nations Abstract: This paper establishes and explores the implications of a somewhat surprising empirical finding. Although civil war adversely affects the performance of social indicators in general, poorer countries lose less, in absolute and relative terms, than richer countries. It is argued that the explanation may lie in the extent to which richer countries have better social (and economic) indicators because of more public goods, and adaptation of economic and social mechanisms to the greater abundance of public goods such as physical infrastructure. Civil war destroys public goods, and therefore damages disproportionately the countries most dependent on them. A further implication of this framework is that the post-conflict rebound in social indicators should be relatively stronger in poorer countries. The data bear out this prediction. Our results should not of course be read as implying that poorer countries need less support to avoid civil war and to cope with its aftermath. Although their losses are less, they start from a lower base; so even small declines severely impact human well-being. Properly understood, our results highlight the central role that public goods play in underpinning the social (and economic) wealth of nations. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 459-484 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293308 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293308 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:459-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lou Anne Barclay Author-X-Name-First: Lou Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Barclay Title: Foreign direct investment-facilitated development: the case of the natural gas industry of Trinidad and Tobago Abstract: Since the last decade, governments in less-developed countries have increasingly viewed foreign direct investment (FDI) as a catalyst for economic growth and transformation. The early literature argues that FDI-facilitated development occurs when a less-developed country assimilates, adapts and diffuses the positive externalities arising from the interaction of the multinational enterprise's (MNE) ownership advantage with its locational attributes. This paper, however, posits that FDI-facilitated development is not an effortless process. It occurs only when host developing-country governments implement intervention policies that are aimed at increasing indigenous technological capabilities. These policies enhance the absorptive capacity of host countries, allowing them to capture the spillovers arising from the MNE activities. The paper explores this for Trinidad and Tobago, a recipient of substantial FDI inflows in its natural gas industry for the last decade. It shows that FDI-facilitated development only occurs when governments in less-developed countries pursue credible intervention policies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 485-505 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293317 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:485-505 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Ellerman Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Ellerman Title: Jane Jacobs on development Abstract: Jane Jacobs is best known as a writer about cities and as a vigorous critic of urban planning. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that she should be read as a writer on economic development who focuses on cities as the principal sites of development. The recent upsurge of interest in migration policies and development is taken as the entry point into her work, e.g. to explain why “poverty reduction” through remittances will tend to be non-developmental. Her ecologically inspired “tangled bank” conception of development as growth through differentiation is used to elucidate a number of developmental issues. It also shows how the “spin-off conundrum” of multiproduct diversification is important to industrial development policies. Several examples are outlined of how that problem has been approached. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 507-521 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293326 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293326 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:507-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Szekely Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Szekely Author-Name: Nora Lustig Author-X-Name-First: Nora Author-X-Name-Last: Lustig Author-Name: Martin Cumpa Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Cumpa Author-Name: Jose Antonio Mejia Author-X-Name-First: Jose Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Mejia Title: Do we know how much poverty there is? Abstract: This paper tests the sensitivity of poverty indexes to the choice of adult equivalence scales, assumptions about the existence of economies of scale in consumption, methods for treating missing and zero incomes, and different adjustments to handle income misreporting. The sensitivity analysis is applied to household survey data from 17 Latin American countries, which include 92% of the population in the region. By varying these parameters within reasonable boundaries we found that the proportion of poor could be said to be either 20% or 66%. Furthermore, the ranking of countries with respect to poverty is highly sensitive to the underlying choices for poverty measurement. We also perform sensitivity analysis to the use of different poverty lines and poverty indexes, which are issues that have been explored much more in the literature. Even after considering these elements, the most sensitive choice appears to be the method used to adjust for misreporting. These findings point, first, to the need to be explicit about the underlying assumptions behind poverty statistics, second, to the need to perform sensitivity analysis when estimating levels and trends in poverty, and third, to the importance of establishing a set of conventions that would be accepted as “best practices” in estimating poverty indexes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 523-558 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293335 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:523-558 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norlela Ariffin Author-X-Name-First: Norlela Author-X-Name-Last: Ariffin Author-Name: Paulo Figueiredo Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Author-X-Name-Last: Figueiredo Title: Internationalization of innovative capabilities: counter-evidence from the electronics industry in Malaysia and Brazil Abstract: The focus of this paper is the extent to which firms in the electronics industry in Malaysia and Brazil (Manaus) developed significant innovative technological capabilities. By examining whether innovative capabilities have spread to these two late-industrializing countries, the paper seeks to add new evidence to the debate over internationalization of innovative capabilities and to argue against existing generalizations. Internationalization of innovative capabilities is measured here by the technological capability types and levels built within firms. The framework for capability-building identifies types and levels of technological capabilities. The paper draws on empirical evidence from 82 electronics firms—transnational corporation subsidiaries and local firms: 53 in Malaysia (25 in Penang and 28 in Klang Valley) and 29 in Manaus (Northern Brazil). Empirical evidence was collected during extensive fieldwork based on different data-gathering strategies. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods were used. Contrary to common generalizations, the study found that the capabilities of most sampled firms had been upgraded to carry out diverse innovative technological activities. Additionally, these capability-building efforts were strongly associated with higher capabilities for local decision-making and control, automation level and efforts to increase exports. The study found firms that innovated to be competitive by reducing costs, being more productive, reducing lead time and producing better products—regardless of whether they were in a domestic market-oriented country or in an export-oriented country. Finally, the analysis and framework in this study challenge some existing perspectives on the internationalization of innovative capabilities to the late-industrializing context. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 559-583 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293344 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:559-583 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Marangos Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Marangos Title: Modelling the privatization process in transition economies Abstract: Alternative economic paradigms give rise to alternative models of transition, which give rise to alternative privatization processes for transition economies. This is because each transition model is associated with a unique privatization process compatible with the predetermined assumptions and value judgements of the paradigm in question. As a result, five alternative models of transition that give rise to five alternative privatization processes are considered: the shock therapy model of transition; the neoclassical gradualist model of transition; the Post Keynesian model of transition; the pluralistic market socialist model of transition; and the Chinese model of transition. The privatization method adopted is directly linked with the value judgements associated by the economic paradigm in question. Comparisons of privatization processes that ignored the value judgements of economic paradigms were meaningless. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 585-604 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293353 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:585-604 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Ukeje Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Ukeje Title: From Aba to Ugborodo: gender identity and alternative discourse of social protest among women in the oil delta of Nigeria Abstract: From the outset of the 1990s, the Niger Delta became a hotbed of communal rivalries and violent protests by deprived oil communities against the alliance of the Nigerian State and multinational oil companies. Community grievances mostly revolved around issues such as ecological degradation, unemployment and dearth of basic social amenities. In 2002 a wave of protests by women from different ethnic groups led to the occupation of major oil platforms. This paper contextualizes the separate protests against the background of crude oil-induced violent conflicts in the Niger Delta. It explores the various dimensions of the revolts, drawing on historical antecedents of gender-specific social actions in Nigeria. Finally, it examines how the protests and occupation of oil platforms by women challenge orthodox wisdom about the autonomous agency of women in stimulating alternative social and political discourses and actions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 605-617 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293362 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293362 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:605-617 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaya Prakash Pradhan Author-X-Name-First: Jaya Prakash Author-X-Name-Last: Pradhan Title: The determinants of outward foreign direct investment: a firm-level analysis of Indian manufacturing Abstract: This paper analyses the determinants of the overseas direct investment activity of Indian manufacturing enterprises. In general, several firm-specific characteristics such as age, size, R&D intensity, skill intensity and export orientation are observed to be important explanatory factors in the outward foreign direct investment (O-FDI) activity of Indian firms. The impact of age and size on O-FDI has been observed to be non-linear. The product differentiation activities and the productivity of firms are other useful factors in overseas production expansion in certain industries. The study reveals that the performance of these firm-specific variables is subject to sectoral dynamics. Internationalization of production activities of Indian firms has been observed to be partly fuelled by policy liberalization during the 1990s. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 619-639 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293371 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:619-639 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Rajesh Venugopal Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh Author-X-Name-Last: Venugopal Title: Introduction Abstract: This paper introduces the special issue of Oxford Development Studies on violent conflict in developing countries. The nine papers in this issue fall broadly into two parts—the first on horizontal inequalities and the management of ethnic conflicts in multiethnic states, and the second on multinational corporations in conflicts. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099550 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099550 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ukoha Ukiwo Author-X-Name-First: Ukoha Author-X-Name-Last: Ukiwo Title: The Study of Ethnicity in Nigeria Abstract: In this article it is argued that, although the study of ethnicity in Nigeria bears the imprint of almost all the different perspectives that have been deployed towards the study of ethnicity; perspectives that privilege the role of the state and critical elites in ethnic mobilization have dominated the literature. Apart from the tenuous explanation of false consciousness, a lot remains to be known about why, when and how followers enlist (or do not enlist) in ethnic conflicts. Moreover, analysts have paid more attention to inter-ethnic than intra-ethnic conflicts because the cohesion of ethnic groups is often taken for granted. The literature is also very thin on the phenomenon of inter-ethnic accommodation and co-operation. It is suggested in this paper that a systematic examination of horizontal inequalities, that is, inequalities that arise from the differential access members of different ethnic groups have to lucrative political, economic and social resources, will provide insights into the often neglected popular basis of ethnic conflicts. Explanations will also be offered as to why some inter-ethnic relations are marked by violent conflict while others have been more peaceful. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 7-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099592 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:7-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arnim Langer Author-X-Name-First: Arnim Author-X-Name-Last: Langer Title: Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Group Mobilization in Cote d'Ivoire Abstract: In order to explain the emergence of ethnic violence, scholars from different disciplines have focused on different factors, such as the role of ethnicity, the individual gain from civil war, the relative deprivation explanations and the role of ethnic elites, and proposed different conflict narratives. Although these approaches focus on different aspects and use different explanatory variables to explain the emergence of violent group mobilization, they are complementary and overlapping in many important ways. In order to explain the descent of Cote d'Ivoire into violence at the end of the 1990s, this article focuses on the relationship between inter-ethnic or horizontal inequalities and the emergence of violent group mobilization. The central focus of the proposed analytical framework is on the interaction between the evolution of the political horizontal inequalities at the elite level and socio-economic horizontal inequalities at the mass level. The evidence presented regarding the Ivorian case demonstrates that the simultaneous presence of severe political horizontal inequalities at the elite level and socio-economic horizontal inequalities at the mass level forms an extremely explosive socio-political situation because in these situations the excluded political elites not only have strong incentives to mobilize their supporters for violent conflict along ethnic lines, but also are likely to gain support among their ethnic constituencies quite easily. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 25-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099634 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099634 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:25-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonali Deraniyagala Author-X-Name-First: Sonali Author-X-Name-Last: Deraniyagala Title: The Political Economy of Civil Conflict in Nepal Abstract: Nepal, the poorest country in South Asia with a high incidence of income poverty and markedly low levels of human development, has experienced violent civil conflict over the past 7 years. The “People's war” launched by Maoist guerrillas against the state has led to widespread loss of lives and livelihoods and has had serious negative effects on the country's development prospects. This paper examines the economic causes of the civil conflict in Nepal. We show that relative deprivation and related economic grievances are key causal factors of the conflict. However, our analysis also goes beyond demonstrating the links between economic deprivation and conflict and attempts to locate the conflict within the political economy of the country. We, therefore, show deprivation and conflict to have been the outcome of an uneven process of development that led to the social and economic exclusion of large segments of the population. Given that the conflict in Nepal began during a period of economic liberalization, we also examine the links between economic reform and conflict and argue that reform is likely to have had some negative distributional effects that may have intensified the conditions for violent insurrection against the state. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 47-62 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099659 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:47-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah Author-X-Name-First: Dhananjayan Author-X-Name-Last: Sriskandarajah Title: Development, Inequality and Ethnic Accommodation: Clues from Malaysia, Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago Abstract: This article examines the relationship between economic development and ethnopolitical conflict in three developing countries: Malaysia, Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago. Each of these countries has been relatively successful in achieving rapid economic development and accommodation amongst constituent ethnic groups. The article explores two particular questions that the experience of these three countries raises: does rapid economic development make ethnic accommodation easier and how important is inter-ethnic inequality? It is suggested that economic development alone cannot prevent ethnopolitical conflict. What matter just as much, if not more, are real and perceived inter-ethnic disparities in access to key economic and political resources. Importantly, each of these countries pursued a hegemonic “one nation” strategy in the early decades following independence that involved strategic partnerships between the major constituent ethnic groups and negotiated economic redistribution. As a result, inter-ethnic inequality has been kept in check. However, there are emerging signs of disruptive ethnopolitical mobilization in each country, based in part on ethnic grievances about discrimination in the distribution of resources. The article concludes that, even in these relatively successful and harmonious cases, the management of socio-economic inequality remains important. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 63-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099675 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099675 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:63-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Webersik Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Webersik Title: Fighting for the Plenty: The Banana Trade in Southern Somalia Abstract: In this paper it is argued that economic interests by multinational corporations, local businessmen and faction leaders are significant elements in the perpetuation of civil violence in Somalia. This study examines the banana trade regime in southern Somalia in relation to conflict over export levies at the national level and farm land and water at the regional level. Small but influential groups come to have an economic interest in prolonged conflict. This viewpoint affirms that it can be misleading to associate war with complete collapse or breakdown of an economy—although it may certainly skew the development of an economy. Two further points arise in respect of such analyses. First, are the initial causes of violent conflict necessarily the same as the factors perpetuating this situation? Second, to what extent are more conventional explanations of conflict in Africa, such as ethnicity, religion and economic inequality, of relevance in this case? Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 81-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099683 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099683 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:81-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jared Lawyer Author-X-Name-First: Jared Author-X-Name-Last: Lawyer Title: Military Effectiveness and Economic Efficiency in Peacekeeping: Public Versus Private Abstract: The main question addressed by this research is whether or not there is a measurable difference in the use of private or public peacekeepers. The article examines differences in military effectiveness and economic efficiency as evidenced from four major civil wars that occurred in the countries of Somalia, Sierra Leone, Angola and Liberia from 1993 to 2003. Two different methods of conflict cessation are contrasted: Private Military Corporation forces (PMC) and United Nation Peacekeeping forces (UNPK). A further distinction is made between peacekeeping and peace enforcement, arguing that the UN, by using a neutral approach, may be more costly in the long run than a coercive approach that would enforce peace and allow social and economic development to begin. This analysis also shows that policy-makers need to think seriously about the ability of the UN either to enforce peace coercively through military engagement or to move to private enforcers. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 99-106 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099709 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099709 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:99-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xavier Renou Author-X-Name-First: Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: Renou Title: Private Military Companies Against Development Abstract: The post-cold war emergence of Private Military Companies (PMCs) is part of a larger phenomenon, the privatization of violence in general and warfare in particular. While a minority of scholars argue that once legalized and regulated, PMCs could turn into facilitators of development through the restoration of peace in war-torn countries, this paper argues that such a position misunderstands certain basic aspects of PMCs and highlights the issues of accountability and transparency that prevent corporate mercenaries from being actors for peace and development. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 107-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099717 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099717 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:107-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salil Tripathi Author-X-Name-First: Salil Author-X-Name-Last: Tripathi Title: International Regulation of Multinational Corporations Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of multinational companies in zones of conflict. This issue has become increasingly sensitive over the last several years, particularly due to the issue of “conflict diamonds” coming from Angola and Sierra Leone, the proceeds from whose sales served to fund insurgency in these countries. The role and responsibilities of international corporations in this area have been studied. Do they initiate conflict? Do they prolong conflict? Can they play a role in mitigating or ending conflict? Where do gaps exist in the current international regulatory and policy framework? Are the tools that companies currently deploy sufficient? Are they necessary? How can we find ways forward to fill these crucial gaps? This paper seeks to provide a blueprint for tackling such questions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 117-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099741 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099741 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:117-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Banfield Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Banfield Author-Name: Virginia Haufler Author-X-Name-First: Virginia Author-X-Name-Last: Haufler Author-Name: Damian Lilly Author-X-Name-First: Damian Author-X-Name-Last: Lilly Title: Transnational Corporations in Conflict-prone Zones: Public Policy Responses and a Framework for Action Abstract: Private sector activity—including both licit and illicit trade and business—is a significant factor influencing the shape and intensity of many conflicts. With a few significant exceptions, however, there has, to date, been little effort (from public, private and civil society sectors alike) to engage different types of private sector actors systematically in conflict prevention. The basic thesis of this paper is that conflict-sensitive business and its promotion of public policy-making institutions could become an important part of a collective and multi-actor effort to create a more peaceful world. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 133-147 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099766 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:133-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Manuel Agosin Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Agosin Author-Name: Roberto Machado Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Machado Title: Foreign Investment in Developing Countries: Does it Crowd in Domestic Investment? Abstract: This paper assesses the extent to which foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries crowds in or crowds out domestic investment. The core of the paper is the development of a theoretical model for investment that includes a FDI variable and its estimation and testing with panel data for the period 1971-2000 and the three decades involved. The model is run for 12 countries in each of three developing regions (Africa, Asia and Latin America). The results indicate that, in all three developing regions, FDI has, at best, left domestic investment unchanged, and that there are several sub-periods for specific regions where FDI displaces domestic investment. In particular, there seems to be crowding out of domestic investment by FDI in Latin America. If these results are in fact correct, they suggests the need for policies to make FDI more effective in enhancing domestic investment in developing countries. The conclusion is that the effects of FDI on domestic investment are by no means always favourable, that simplistic policies towards FDI are unlikely to be optimal and, foremost, that more attention needs to be paid to economic policies that foster the domestic component of total investment. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 149-162 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137749 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500137749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:149-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanjaya Lall Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya Author-X-Name-Last: Lall Author-Name: John Weiss Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss Author-Name: Hiroshi Oikawa Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Oikawa Title: China's Competitive Threat to Latin America: An Analysis for 1990-2002 Abstract: This paper explores China's competitive threat to Latin America in trade in manufactured goods. The direct threat to exports to third country markets appears small: Latin America and the Caribbean's (LAC's) trade structure is largely complementary to that of China. In bilateral trade, several LAC countries are increasing primary and resource-based exports to China. However, the pattern of trade, with LAC specializing increasingly in resource-based products and China in manufactured goods, seems worrying. Given cumulative capability building, China's success in increasingly technology-based products with strong learning externalities can place it on a higher growth path than specialization in “simpler” goods, as in LAC. China may thus affect LAC's technological upgrading in exports and industrial production. The issue is not so much current competition as the “spaces” open for LAC in the emerging technology-based world. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 163-194 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137764 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500137764 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:163-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meltem Dayioğlu Author-X-Name-First: Meltem Author-X-Name-Last: Dayioğlu Title: Patterns of Change in Child Labour and Schooling in Turkey: The Impact of Compulsory Schooling Abstract: Substantial improvements have taken place in the employment and schooling of children in Turkey. Decomposition analysis based on data from two time periods shows that a substantial part of the drop in child labour and over half of the increase in school enrolment can be attributed to the changing cost and benefit structures of work and schooling rather than to changing population characteristics. This paper establishes that work and schooling are incompatible activities and that the negative association between them has increased over time. The observed changes are attributed to the extension of compulsory schooling and the ban on child labour. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 195-210 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137798 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500137798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:195-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rajah Rasiah Author-X-Name-First: Rajah Author-X-Name-Last: Rasiah Author-Name: Geoffrey Gachino Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Gachino Title: Are Foreign Firms More Productive and Export- and Technology-intensive than Local Firms in Kenyan Manufacturing? Abstract: This paper uses the technological capabilities framework for examining differences in technological intensities and economic performance between foreign and local food and beverage, and textile and garment firms and metal engineering firms in Kenya. Foreign firms had statistically significant higher labour productivity means than local firms in textile and garment manufacturing. Foreign firms were also more export- and technology-intensive than local firms in textile and garment (process technology and R&D) and metal engineering (HR). Foreign firms had higher and statistically significant skills and overall technology (TI) means than local firms in food and beverages. The econometric exercise showed that foreign ownership had a statistically significant and positive relationship with overall technological and HR intensities. In labour productivity, the coefficient of TI was higher in the foreign firms' sample than in the local firms' sample. Local firms had higher value added in domestic than export markets. Export intensity had a positive relationship in the process technology regressions, but an inverse relationship in the HR regressions in the foreign firms' sample. Overall, the statistically significant results suggest that foreign firms' technology, productivity and export intensity levels in economies with weak institutions tend to be superior to local firms. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 211-227 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137855 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500137855 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:211-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susmita Dasgupta Author-X-Name-First: Susmita Author-X-Name-Last: Dasgupta Author-Name: Somik Lall Author-X-Name-First: Somik Author-X-Name-Last: Lall Author-Name: David Wheeler Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Wheeler Title: Policy Reform, Economic Growth and the Digital Divide Abstract: Rapid growth of internet use in high-income economies has raised the spectre of a “digital divide” that will marginalize developing countries because they can neither afford internet access nor use it effectively when it is available. Using a new cross-country data set, this paper investigates two proximate determinants of the digital divide: internet intensity (internet subscriptions per telephone mainline); and access to telecom services. Surprisingly, no gap in internet intensity was found. When differences in urbanization and competition policy are controlled for, low-income countries have intensities as high as those of industrial countries. While income does not seem to matter in this context, competition policy matters a great deal. Low-income countries with high World Bank ratings for competition policy have significantly higher internet intensities. The paper's finding on internet intensity implies that the digital divide is not really new, but reflects a persistent gap in the availability of mainline telephone services. After identifying mobile telephones as a promising new platform for internet access, the paper uses panel data to study the determinants of mobile telephone diffusion during the past decade. The results show that income explains part of the diffusion lag for the poor countries, but they also highlight the critical role of policy. Developing countries whose policies promote economic growth and private sector competition have experienced much more rapid diffusion of mobile phone service. Simulations based on the econometric results suggest that feasible reforms could sharply narrow the digital divide during the next decade for many countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 229-243 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137889 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500137889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:229-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meenu Tewari Author-X-Name-First: Meenu Author-X-Name-Last: Tewari Author-Name: Poonam Pillai Author-X-Name-First: Poonam Author-X-Name-Last: Pillai Title: Global Standards and the Dynamics of Environmental Compliance in India's Leather Industry Abstract: Under what conditions can small suppliers and small-firm-dominated industries comply with stringent standards without compromising their trade competitiveness? This question is at the heart of a controversial debate about the emergence of environmental standards as a new variable in global trade and market access. There are few documented cases of success and the literature remains sceptical about the ability of small supplier firms to comply with stringent environmental regulations. This paper draws on the Indian leather industry's relatively effective compliance with two German bans on Azo dyes and PCPs to argue that the supposed trade-off between environmental compliance and export competitiveness is not inevitable. Critical to India's compliance with the PCP and Azo dye ban was not merely private governance mediated by lead firms and global buyers but also the institutionalization of compliance by the Indian state, which became deeply involved in diffusing the new standards. The paper examines how and why the state got involved in ways that generated—and sustained—a process of negotiated collective action and broad-based environmental compliance by a small-firm-dominated sector. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 245-267 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137947 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500137947 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:245-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magda Kandil Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Kandil Title: On the Effects of Government Spending Shocks in Developing Countries Abstract: Time series analysis of annual data for a sample of developing countries shows the allocation of government spending shocks, both positive and negative, between price inflation and output growth. Cross-country regressions evaluate determinants of the difference in the real effects of government spending shocks. If the real effects decrease, capacity constraints are more binding and if they increase, the elasticity of aggregate demand is larger with respect to the change in government spending. Cross-country regressions also evaluate the implications of government spending shocks on the difference in trend price inflation and output growth. The variability of government spending shocks decreases trend real output growth and increases trend price inflation across countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 269-304 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137970 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500137970 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:269-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kei Kajisa Author-X-Name-First: Kei Author-X-Name-Last: Kajisa Author-Name: Takamasa Akiyama Author-X-Name-First: Takamasa Author-X-Name-Last: Akiyama Title: The Evolution of Rice Price Policies over Four Decades: Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines Abstract: Using time series data over the past four decades, the 1960s to 1990s, this paper examines rice pricing policies in Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. It analyses the determinants of the paths along which these policies have moved. While it confirms the findings of previous analyses, that price stabilization has been a major policy achievement, it also reveals that stabilization was not necessarily sustained over the entire survey period. It finds that politico-economic factors—such as entry into the GATT, increase in per capita GDP and achievement of rice self-sufficiency—have been among the determinants of rice pricing policy, but the ways in which these factors have affected policy vary among these countries. Such variation, which previous cross-country studies have not analysed, is a reflection of variations in the roles of rice and in the attitudes of policy-makers in these economies. In its conclusion, this study draws policy implications for each country, taking into account differences in the impact. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 305-329 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500138085 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500138085 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:305-329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raphael Kaplinsky Author-X-Name-First: Raphael Author-X-Name-Last: Kaplinsky Author-Name: Amelia Santos Paulino Author-X-Name-First: Amelia Santos Author-X-Name-Last: Paulino Title: Innovation and Competitiveness: Trends in Unit Prices in Global Trade Abstract: This paper seeks to build on theory, to develop new methods for understanding the nature and basis of sectoral and national competitive advantage, and to do so with a temporal perspective. Neo-Schumpeterian and evolutionary economics perspectives (which place innovation at the forefront of accumulation) highlight the importance of economic rents, barriers to entry and core competencies. There is no one measure that adequately reflects these barriers to entry, and much of the research has been concerned to generate proxies, each of which is in itself partial, but which together provide a comprehensive picture. During the late 1970s, preliminary work was undertaken on the unit price of UK trade as an indicator of relative technological competence. However, this approach has largely been neglected since then, receiving only sporadic attention in US literature, and at high levels of product aggregation. This paper utilizes this approach to try and reflect the dynamic process of shifting competitive advantage in the global economy. Its distinctive feature is the level of detail—six-digit trade classifications—and its breadth of coverage, being applied to seven sets of sectoral classifications involving more than 12 000 product groups. The data set relates to EU imports of manufactured goods between 1988 and 2001. It concludes that there is a strong correlation between unit price performance and innovation intensity, and provides data to show that low-income economies tend to be located in low-innovation niches in sectoral groupings. This has important implications for the conventional wisdom that high incomes will result from a specialization in manufactures. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 333-355 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500317762 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500317762 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:333-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Fragmentation and Embeddedness: An Alternative Approach to the Analysis of Rural Financial Markets Abstract: Political economy approaches to analysing the efficiency of rural financial markets have focused on the role of power and social relations. Neo-classical institutional economics, on the other hand, has used information and transaction costs to explain performance. Recognizing the limitations of both approaches, this paper presents an alternative that focuses on the institutional form of financial intermediaries, that is, the governance structure of rules, monitoring and enforcement mechanisms that enable them to operate. This structure is supported by both formal and informal rules, norms and sanctions. As a result, the ways in which transaction costs are affected by governance structures can be identified and the embeddedness of financial intermediaries in social relations can be theorized. The application of this approach in Central Kenya demonstrates the insights that it offers into explaining borrower preferences in the financial market. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 357-375 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199152 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:357-375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Title: Building State Capacity: Reforming Mexican State Food Aid Programmes in the 1990 s Abstract: Recent studies of state food aid to poor households in Mexico by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Food First point to a rare case of successful second-generation reform in the social sector. This article analyses a critical juncture at the start of the 1990 s in which policy-makers predisposed to reform gained an upper hand and over time improved state capacity in an area in which prolific corruption, middle class and urban favouritism and pervasive partisan clientelism reigned for decades. Across Latin America, crisis-inspired state downsizing (“first-generation reform”) has given way to a desire to build state capacity (“second-generation reform”). To date, the regional record is mixed; however, one thing is certain, the context for first-generation reform—macroeconomic instability and foreign lender conditionality—offers an unsatisfactory guide to why and under what circumstances governments embrace, delay or reject second-generation reform. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 377-389 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199194 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:377-389 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Weiss Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss Author-Name: Heather Montgomery Author-X-Name-First: Heather Author-X-Name-Last: Montgomery Title: Great Expectations: Microfinance and Poverty Reduction in Asia and Latin America Abstract: Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are often seen by aid practitioners as a manifestly effective means of improving the position of the poor. Despite this widely held view, detailed research studies have been much more guarded about the impact of MFIs. In particular, several studies have raised doubts about the effectiveness of MFIs in reaching the “core poor”. This paper surveys the evidence from Asia and Latin America and contrasts experiences in the two regions. Studies on the former have been carried out more “rigorously”, but in both regions the evidence that microfinance is reaching the core poor is very limited. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 391-416 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199210 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199210 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:391-416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Couderc Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Couderc Author-Name: Bruno Ventelou Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Ventelou Title: AIDS, Economic Growth and the Epidemic Trap in Africa Abstract: Most studies find that AIDS has a relatively weak impact on economic growth because they assume that it affects only one flow variable and only in the short term (the flow of labour available and capable of working at a time t in the economy). But AIDS also has a long-term impact on stock variables that existing models do not take into account, specifically, on both human and physical capital. Integrating these two impacts in a growth model with multiple accumulation factors reverses the findings of standard impact evaluations. A fairly wide range of epidemic effects modifies the economy's long-term growth regime, creating what we might call an epidemic or regressive “trap”. Government action should be designed in view of this risk and should intervene preferentially in favour of human capital, through health and educational spending. Finally, this model changes the cost-efficiency calculations about expanding antiretroviral therapies to a large part of the working population and indicates that such treatment is substantially more cost-efficient than initially thought. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 417-426 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199236 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199236 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:417-426 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jojo Jacob Author-X-Name-First: Jojo Author-X-Name-Last: Jacob Title: Late Industrialization and Structural Change: Indonesia, 1975-2000 Abstract: This paper examines economic growth and structural change in Indonesia during the period 1975-2000 using an input-output-based structural change decomposition method. The analysis focuses on the sources and pattern of growth during three phases of economic development: the inward-oriented phase from 1975 to 1985; the outward-oriented phase from 1985 to 1995; and the recent phase of crisis and recovery from 1995 to 2000. Growth during the first phase, although impressive, was moderate in comparison with the export-led manufacturing-driven growth during the second phase. During both these phases, the Indonesian economy witnessed significant structural changes, especially within manufacturing. However, the dynamics underlying growth and structural change showed important differences. Although growth under the first two policy regimes was assisted by favourable economic circumstances, selective industrial policies may also have played a significant role. The results suggest that the long neglect of the technological foundations and human capital base of the economy could be holding back recovery and sustained growth in the present phase. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 427-451 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500317820 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500317820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:427-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fahim Al-Marhubi Author-X-Name-First: Fahim Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Marhubi Title: Openness and Governance: Evidence Across Countries Abstract: The trade and governance literature suggest a link between the openness of an economy to international trade and the quality of its governance. The paper tests this link using a data set on governance that is multidimensional and broad in cross-country coverage. The results provide evidence that the quality of governance is significantly related to openness in international trade. This association is robust to alternative specifications, different indicators of openness and governance, and prevails for different sub-samples. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 453-471 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199269 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:453-471 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farhad Noorbakhsh Author-X-Name-First: Farhad Author-X-Name-Last: Noorbakhsh Title: Spatial Inequality, Polarization and its Dimensions in Iran: New Empirical Evidence Abstract: This paper analyses the extent and dynamics of inequality amongst the provinces of Iran. It reviews theoretical propositions for possible convergence and divergence and argues that, while the evidence from the more developed countries supports the case of convergence, the empirical evidence for developing countries is ambiguous at best. Straight and population weighted measures of inequality are used to see the evolvement of inequality amongst the provinces of Iran with respect to two indicators of income and consumption with a rural and urban break up. Polarization in distribution depicts a disturbing picture for urban areas and this is traced around a few proposed dimensions. The results reveal a close cluster of the provinces in Iran drifting behind the rest of the provinces. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 473-491 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199293 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199293 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:473-491 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Severine Deneulin Author-X-Name-First: Severine Author-X-Name-Last: Deneulin Title: Development as Freedom and the Costa Rican Human Development Story Abstract: Amartya Sen's capability approach to development considers individual agency as central in promoting human well-being. The paper argues that the capability approach would need to include more explicitly collective and historical dimensions in order to offer better insights for understanding the process of development. The paper begins by briefly discussing Amartya Sen's conception of development as freedom and the role it grants to individual agency. It then proposes a hermeneutical approach to development. This approach emphasizes that actions are to be interpreted in order to uncover the meaning for which they have been carried out. It suggests that a methodology for such interpretation can be found in a dialectic process between the socio-historical reality and the way individuals appropriate that reality. The Costa Rican case study illustrates that it is the outcome of that dialectic which sets the background against which people exercise their individual agency, and the extent to which this leads to the promotion of human well-being. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 493-510 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199327 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199327 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:493-510 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nguyen Ngoc Thanh Author-X-Name-First: Nguyen Ngoc Author-X-Name-Last: Thanh Author-Name: Kaliappa Kalirajan Author-X-Name-First: Kaliappa Author-X-Name-Last: Kalirajan Title: The Importance of Exchange Rate Policy in Promoting Vietnam's Exports Abstract: The analysis in this paper shows that, during the 1990s, the use of tariffs, quotas and export price policy by the State Bank of Vietnam was more effective than devaluation in controlling imports in both the short term and long term, but encouraged Vietnamese exports only in the short term. Given the need for Vietnam to integrate with other economies, particularly with the ASEAN countries, the results suggest an appropriate exchange rate policy should be instituted to achieve export growth consistently in the long run rather than depending on tariffs and quotas. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 511-529 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199335 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:511-529 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Lewis Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Author-Name: David Mosse Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Mosse Title: Encountering Order and Disjuncture: Contemporary Anthropological Perspectives on the Organization of Development Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500495907 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500495907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Title: Unpacking the Anti-corruption Agenda: Dilemmas for Anthropologists Abstract: This paper explores the dilemmas involved in an anthropological examination of both corruption and the international anti-corruption agenda, arguing that the two must be seen as closely related. The dilemma for anthropologists is that in either unpacking the “meaning” of corruption at a local level, or deconstructing the anti-corruption agenda, the realities of power involved in the attribution of corruption may be overlooked. It is concluded that, to a large extent, the solution lies in the ethnographic focus. Rather than simply examining meanings at a local level, or the international discourse, it is important to see how particular accounts of corruption develop and are translated from international to national and local policy contexts. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 15-29 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500495915 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500495915 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:15-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dik Roth Author-X-Name-First: Dik Author-X-Name-Last: Roth Title: Which Order? Whose Order? Balinese Irrigation Management in Sulawesi, Indonesia Abstract: This paper deals with irrigation management among Balinese migrant settlers in Sulawesi, Indonesia. As settlers in the command area of a state-built irrigation system, they have become part of its blueprinted managerial structure. However, many settlers derived their experience from subak, the Balinese irrigators' institution. This paper explores the technical, organizational and normative complexity hidden behind claims of order, manageability and control of a “modern” irrigation system, examining three issues that illustrate the tension between order and disjuncture. First, it criticizes conceptualizations of local management as cycles of degradation by farmer neglect and rehabilitation by government attention. Second, it traces the local history of irrigation development by putting into perspective the assumption of normative, technical and organizational uniformity on which the management structure is based. Third, differences are discussed between engineering approaches to management and Balinese conceptualizations of management, and their consequences for management practices. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 31-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500495956 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500495956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:31-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benedikt Korf Author-X-Name-First: Benedikt Author-X-Name-Last: Korf Title: Dining with Devils? Ethnographic Enquiries into the Conflict-Development Nexus in Sri Lanka Abstract: This paper traces the ethnographies of conflict and development in Sri Lanka on two levels of analysis. First, it examines two related discourses in the policy arena of Sri Lanka, one looking at the peace-development nexus, the other at the paradox of welfarism and clientelism in Sri Lanka's polity. Second, it analyses the political field of relief and development practice—its order and disjuncture—as it presented itself during times of ongoing warfare. The empirical studies build on ethnographies of a bilateral German-Sri Lankan development project operating in the war-affected areas of Sri Lanka. Four trajectories of politics and practices in aid and conflict are discussed to illustrate the ambiguities and complexities of multiple perceptions, rules and discourses, which influence the work of aid agencies operating in spaces of military contestation. The analyses suggest that clientelism as a deeply embedded system of ordering and meaning production can be found in both the peaceful areas and the war zones, though in different manifestations. Aid agencies operating in the context of clientelism and ethnicism may need to engage with combatant parties—to “dine with the devils” as it has been named—to build space for bringing aid to needy people in war-affected areas. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 47-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500495998 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500495998 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:47-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca Marsland Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Marsland Title: Community Participation the Tanzanian Way: Conceptual Contiguity or Power Struggle? Abstract: In Tanzania, at least two contradictory meanings of participation are circulating amongst development workers. One, concerning “empowerment” and the facilitation of local decision-making, is associated with international development discourse; the other, concerning the obligation of Tanzanian citizens to contribute to the development of the nation, can be traced back to the philosophy of Julius Nyerere. This article explores these meanings through an ethnographic study of a community malaria control project in the south-west of Tanzania. The practices of Tanzanian and expatriate development workers are distanced enough for these disparate versions of participation to run together without difficulty; but, when the two versions were brought together, tensions between community and local politics resulted, as there was competition to gain control and take the credit for the commodities associated with development. Nevertheless, this fissure did not prevent the project volunteers from taking on the locally prevailing discourse of development experts, which disparages local knowledge. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 65-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500496053 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500496053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:65-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jo Beall Author-X-Name-First: Jo Author-X-Name-Last: Beall Title: Dealing with Dirt and the Disorder of Development: Managing Rubbish in Urban Pakistan Abstract: This article unveils the different “thought worlds” that inform urban development policy and the reality of urban service delivery in Faisalabad, Pakistan's third largest city. Focusing on changing patterns of residential waste removal and based on ethnographic work among minority Christian street sweepers, the “little sub-worlds” involved in domestic rubbish collection are explored, showing how these articulate with larger “thought worlds” about dirt and disorder. The symbolic meanings of dirt across public and private spheres are examined alongside efforts by development practitioners and donors to impose generic policy solutions related to privatized delivery. Drawing on Mary Douglas's insights about how ritual pollution or danger-beliefs serve generally to maintain social categories and hierarchies, the article nevertheless points to the historically contingent specificities of caste-like relations in urban Pakistan and how these have been constructed. It shows how, under increasing competition for scarce jobs, entitlements associated with hereditary status-based occupations are once more appealed to and reconstructed by these vulnerable waste workers, shaping in the process urban service delivery and the relations that underpin it. The disjuncture born of diverse logics about dirt and disorder reveals an institutional multiplicity and messy social reality that sits uneasily with development as an ordering and unidirectional process. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 81-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500496087 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500496087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:81-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan Rew Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Rew Author-Name: Shahzad Khan Author-X-Name-First: Shahzad Author-X-Name-Last: Khan Title: The Moral Setting for Governance in Keonjhar: The Cultural Framing of Public Episodes and Development Processes in Northern Orissa, India Abstract: Classic ethnographic monographs on eastern India had pinpointed profound changes in political organization. In recent decades, ethnography has avoided policy-relevant research in line with a general narrowing of research. Current donor interests in governance reform have created new opportunities. In Orissa, the authors have researched trends in governance and can confirm a major disjuncture between community structures and government rule, so supporting a trend and social analysis that others have too readily dismissed as “anarcho-communitarian”. The tribal villagers studied were wary of all rule, and experienced the state as a site of humiliation rather than of empowerment. They were expected to respect the officials as “proxy parents” but would not, as uncouth aborigines, be treated in turn as “sons”. The type of governance reform envisaged by donors depends on officialdom with a lighter touch. This will require ethnographic understanding and intensive inputs to counter tenacious ideas of rule over non-equivalent citizens. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 99-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500496152 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500496152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:99-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magda Kandil Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Kandil Title: On the Transmission Mechanism of Policy Shocks in Developing Countries Abstract: The debate over the effectiveness of demand-side stabilizing policies has often centred over the relative effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies. Demand- and supply-side constraints are both relevant. On the supply side, price flexibility may be the result of structural and/or institutional constraints that warrant a larger degree of price adjustment in the face of demand fluctuations. On the demand side, structural constraints may hinder the transmission mechanism of demand fluctuations, resulting in an inelastic aggregate demand in the face of policy adjustments. Using data for 50 developing countries, supply-side constraints do not differentiate the transmission mechanism of policy shocks to price inflation and output growth. In contrast, a larger demand shift in the face of monetary and government spending shocks increases the real and inflationary effects of policy shocks. The pronounced evidence of upward price flexibility points to the importance of addressing supply-side capacity constraints to counter inflationary pressures in developing countries. Equally important is to analyse determinants of private spending to identify channels for influencing aggregate spending and maximizing the effectiveness of stabilization policies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 117-149 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600704984 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600704984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:117-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. M. Ali Abbas Author-X-Name-First: S. M. Ali Author-X-Name-Last: Abbas Author-Name: Raphael Espinoza Author-X-Name-First: Raphael Author-X-Name-Last: Espinoza Title: Evaluating the Success of Malaysia's Exchange Controls (1998-99) Abstract: This paper offers an original survey of the Malaysian crisis and the effects of the consequent imposition of capital controls by authorities in September 1998 and of their subsequent relaxation in February and September 1999. We identify Malaysia's unique strengths and weaknesses before the crisis, appreciate the differential timing and nature of the Malaysian crisis vis-a-vis the other neighbouring crisis countries, and distinguish carefully between the restrictive and incentive components of the imposed controls. Against this backdrop, we analyse both the “level” (first-order) effects and the “volatility” (second-order) effects of controls on key macroeconomic, banking and financial market variables. On the level effects, we found the Malaysian recovery (starting late 1998) to be at least as quick, strong and lasting as that of the other crisis countries, and discovered important channels of influence from controls to interest rates (which were lowered) and stock markets (which recovered dramatically). These results on the effectiveness of controls are consistent with earlier studies by Edison & Reinhart (2001, Journal of Development Economics, 66, pp. 533-553) and Kaplan & Rodrik (2001, NBER Working Paper 8142 (Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research)). However, due to the longer time period used here, a stronger restatement of their conclusions is now possible. We study the second-order effects of controls by introducing a Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)-based portfolio choice model and show how controls, especially when they work as an asymmetric tax on short-term investment, reduce both the volume of speculative flows and the associated interest rate volatility. To test these theoretical results, we set up a standard Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model of interest rate and stock market volatility where capital control dummies are introduced in the variance equation. Our model is an improvement over earlier studies in two ways: a more sophisticated capital control dummy was used to take account of the relaxation of controls in February 1999; and we dealt with the problem of endogeneity in the mean equation by using regressors that are not Granger-caused by the regressand (Malaysian interest rate and stock returns). The model shows that controls did limit interest rate volatility in line with the theoretical prior, but worsened stock market volatility. The latter result lends credence to the view that controls shifted the burden of adjustment from quantity to prices. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 151-191 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600705049 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600705049 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:151-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andres Gallo Author-X-Name-First: Andres Author-X-Name-Last: Gallo Author-Name: Juan Pablo Stegmann Author-X-Name-First: Juan Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Stegmann Author-Name: Jeffrey Steagall Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Steagall Title: The Role of Political Institutions in the Resolution of Economic Crises: The Case of Argentina 2001-05 Abstract: Many financial crises during the last decade have derived more directly from political than purely economic problems. When democratic institutions, government transparency, regulatory oversight or the rule of law break down, the likelihood that politicians will implement unsustainable economic policies rises. The economics literature analyses the role of poorly functioning government institutions in allowing a nation to slip into financial crisis. However, the literature on the effectiveness of post-crisis reforms focuses almost exclusively on whether the stated post-crisis policies are appropriate from an economic viewpoint. Oddly, that literature fails to examine the status of the underlying governmental deficiencies, assuming implicitly that they have been remedied. Because economic reforms are feasible only with wide political and social consensus, two important post-crisis issues are essential to the success of such reforms; namely, the political situation and politicians' management of economic policy. Political failures are particularly relevant to the Argentine financial crisis that began in December 2001. This paper identifies those political issues, which derived from an unstable political structure characterized by corruption and fragmented power between provinces and the federal government. Critically, the rule of law had been undermined in 1991. Interestingly, these same shortcomings still pervaded Argentina in 2004. The resultant lack of political consensus continues to delay implementation of the structural reforms necessary to return to sustainable economic growth. Social confidence in the government is low; the independence of the Supreme Court has been shattered; and the rule of law continues to be eroded, as the government tramples on the property rights of private firms and public debt-holders. Because it seems unlikely that Argentina can overcome its political deficiencies in the near future, its prospects for full economic recovery are limited, regardless of which economic reforms it implements. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 193-217 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600705098 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600705098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:193-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edmund Amann Author-X-Name-First: Edmund Author-X-Name-Last: Amann Author-Name: Werner Baer Author-X-Name-First: Werner Author-X-Name-Last: Baer Title: Economic Orthodoxy Versus Social Development? The Dilemmas Facing Brazil's Labour Government Abstract: It has often been suggested that the trade-off between equity and efficiency can be overcome by achieving both goals sequentially. This article shows how the government of President Lula has tried to follow this rule, by first emphasizing economic orthodoxy, to be followed by measures to achieve more socio-economic equity. With President Lula's administration in the second half of its mandate, our analysis suggests that such a sequence may be difficult to achieve. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 219-241 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600705148 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600705148 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:219-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Jose Caetano Bacha Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Jose Caetano Author-X-Name-Last: Bacha Title: The Evolution of Reforestation in Brazil Abstract: This paper analyses the evolution of reforestation in Brazil and evaluates the federal government's previous programmes to stimulate that activity, focusing on the discontinued Programme of Fiscal Incentives for Afforestation and Reforestation (PIFFR). Despite the great increase in reforested area in Brazil since the 1970s, the country will suffer a scarcity of roundwood from reforested areas over the first decade of the 21st Century. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the Brazilian federal government supported programmes to foster reforestation; however, no stimulus programmes were implemented in the 1990s when roundwood demand increased and production stagnated. Today, the government recognizes the need to stimulate reforestation. The PIFFR, the most important of those earlier programmes, is evaluated using a traditional cost-benefit approach. The evaluation shows that a reinstatement of this programme would now be inappropriate. The conclusion suggests a direction for new federal policies that seek to foster the enlargement of reforestation in segments where the price mechanism has not worked well. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 243-263 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600705189 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600705189 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:243-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adebayo Aromolaran Author-X-Name-First: Adebayo Author-X-Name-Last: Aromolaran Title: Estimates of Mincerian Returns to Schooling in Nigeria Abstract: In the face of declining rates of primary and secondary school enrolment and increasing post-secondary school enrolment rates, the Nigerian government introduced the free universal basic education programme in 1999. To understand better the economic forces underlying the recent trends in school enrolment rates and appraise the new education policy from the perspective of private efficiency returns, I estimate the private returns to schooling associated with levels of educational attainment for wage and self-employed workers using data from the General Household Survey. The estimates for both men and women are small at primary and secondary levels, 2-3% and 4%, respectively, but are substantial at post-secondary education level, 10-15%. Inter-generational returns to schooling decline for primary education but rise for post-secondary education. These schooling return estimates may account for the recent trends in school enrolments. Thus, increasing public investment to encourage increased attendance in basic education is not justifiable on grounds of private efficiency, unless investments to increase school quality have higher private returns. With high private returns to post-secondary schooling, students at this level should pay tuition to recoup more of the public costs of schooling, which may be redistributed to poor families through scholarships. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 265-292 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600707433 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600707433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:265-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Toye Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Toye Title: Alfred Maizels (1917-2006): Challenging Economic Dependence on Commodities Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 293-298 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600921794 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600921794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:3:p:293-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rhys Jenkins Author-X-Name-First: Rhys Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins Author-Name: Kunal Sen Author-X-Name-First: Kunal Author-X-Name-Last: Sen Title: International Trade and Manufacturing Employment in the South: Four Country Case Studies Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of international trade on manufacturing employment in developing countries, by undertaking a comparative study of four countries—Bangladesh, Kenya, South Africa and Vietnam. It does so by employing a variety of methodological approaches: factor content; growth accounting; and econometric modelling. The main empirical finding is that international trade seems to be associated with the net creation of jobs in Bangladesh and Vietnam, with female workers being the key beneficiaries. In contrast, international trade has been associated with adverse employment outcomes in Kenya, and possibly in South Africa. This suggests that there may be crucial differences between Asia and Africa in terms of the impact of globalization on employment opportunities in manufacturing. Some alternative explanations for such differences are offered in the paper. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 299-322 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600921802 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600921802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:3:p:299-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giulio Guarini Author-X-Name-First: Giulio Author-X-Name-Last: Guarini Author-Name: Vasco Molini Author-X-Name-First: Vasco Author-X-Name-Last: Molini Author-Name: Roberta Rabellotti Author-X-Name-First: Roberta Author-X-Name-Last: Rabellotti Title: Is Korea Catching Up? An Analysis of the Labour Productivity Growth in South Korea Abstract: Comparing the Korean labour productivity growth in the last two decades with the Japanese and US labour productivity growth, data confirm a process of catching up in several important manufacturing sectors. The paper investigates its determinants using a non-neoclassical model. Investments in skills and capabilities are found to be crucial in explaining this trend. Important policy implications for developing countries are then discussed. In the long run, a targeted education policy with government intervention and a strong emphasis on technical education can give high pay-offs. This conclusion holds in particular when the aim of the country is to compete in the international markets, not along the low road to competitiveness, based on squeezing wages and profit margins, but along the high road (i.e. improving productivity, wages and profits). Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 323-339 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600921836 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600921836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:3:p:323-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Budy Resosudarmo Author-X-Name-First: Budy Author-X-Name-Last: Resosudarmo Author-Name: Ari Kuncoro Author-X-Name-First: Ari Author-X-Name-Last: Kuncoro Title: The Political Economy of Indonesian Economic Reforms: 1983-2000 Abstract: This paper investigates the political economy behind the three economic reforms in Indonesia, in 1983-91, 1994-97 and the reform under the IMF umbrella immediately after the 1997-98 economic crisis. The prevailing belief is that the Indonesian political economy scenario during those periods closely matched that of Weberian patrimonialism, in which the patron-client system was managed personally by Soeharto. Our findings indicate that, whereas economic reform was possible within the patron-client system in the initial stages of economic reform, this was not the case in later stages. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 341-355 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600921893 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600921893 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:3:p:341-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Damodaran Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Damodaran Title: Tribals, Forests and Resource Conflicts in Kerala, India: The Status Quo of Policy Change Abstract: One of the constraints in policy analysis of tribal issues in India has been the lack of analytical approaches that have looked at the existential problem of tribal communities in an integrated manner. While restrictive forest policies have played a major role in fomenting tribal unrest in India and other parts of the world, the part played by “poorly designed” development programmes in creating the impasse cannot be ignored. With reference to the District of Wayanad in north Kerala, India, it is argued that natural resource conflicts involving tribal communities have their roots in both restrictive forest policies and misplaced development strategies. While it is true that, in recent times, there has been a serious effort in India to open forests to tribal communities, this has not been accompanied by a change in basic development thinking. It is argued that, for a paradigm change in policy to occur, tribal communities need to be nurtured in forest settings. This is particularly relevant at this juncture, when the ideal of “biodiversity conservation” is considered to be the defining mark of sustainable development in the “natural resource-rich” countries of the South. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 357-371 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600921976 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600921976 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:3:p:357-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Goodman Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman Author-Name: Sarah Harper Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Harper Title: Introduction: Asia's Position in the New Global Demography Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 373-385 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045593 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:373-385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charlotte Ikels Author-X-Name-First: Charlotte Author-X-Name-Last: Ikels Title: Economic Reform and Intergenerational Relationships in China Abstract: The process of modernization in China is occurring in a context of rapid population ageing—the reverse of the sequence in the West—and presents serious challenges to the tradition of reliance on family and work unit support. This paper examines the impact of post-Mao economic reform, including the de-collectivization of agriculture, the loosening of restrictions on migration, and housing and enterprise reform, on the support systems of China's elderly. Delivering family support has become increasingly problematic, and researchers and policy-makers have begun urging the Chinese government to take practical steps to alleviate the situation. They point out that most children are doing whatever they can, but that the financial and opportunity costs of providing care exceed what is possible. They urge the government to address problems of elderly poverty by developing rural pension schemes, major illness insurance and long-term care insurance, by increasing hospital and community health services for the elderly, and by training basic-level workers in the special needs of the elderly. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 387-400 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045619 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:387-400 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Boermel Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Boermel Title: “No Wasting” and “Empty Nesters”: “Old Age” in Beijing Abstract: This paper explores the meaning of “old age” in reform-era Beijing from complementary perspectives. Based on extensive, multi-sited anthropological fieldwork and document analysis, it contrasts the experiences of older people in Beijing with a critical investigation of public debates about “old age”. The paper examines older people's narratives about their gains and losses in the reform era and analyses several of their strategies to deal with rapid social change. It is argued that current debates about “old age” in Beijing tend to view older people as a collective, quantitative threat to the social structure or as pitiful recipients of rapid social change. Older people as active agents of social change are largely absent from these debates. It is suggested that the tension between public portrayals of “old age” by younger and middle-aged people and the experiences of older people is indicative of different, generation-based judgements of continuity and change in the reform era. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 401-418 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045643 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045643 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:401-418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: CHRISTOPHER MARK DAVIS Author-X-Name-First: CHRISTOPHER MARK Author-X-Name-Last: DAVIS Title: Political and Economic Influences on the Health and Welfare of the Elderly in the USSR and Russia: 1955-2005 Abstract: The study of the elderly in Russia is important because they constitute a significant social group in a country that is the world's biggest in geographic terms, has a large population (144 million in 2005), is part of both Asia and Europe, and has been transformed from a backward feudal one to an industrial and military superpower. This topic is of additional interest due to the fact that unusual political and economic forces have strongly affected the ageing process in Russia, the health and welfare needs of the elderly, and the provision to them of social and medical services. The politico-economic systems in Russia (communist dictatorship and a planned economy during 1955-91 and authoritarianism with a chaotically evolving capitalist economy in the transition period) have contributed to distortions in the demographic transition, notably sustained increases in age-specific deaths rates. Russian governments have developed comprehensive welfare and medical systems for the elderly that promise much but have had low priority status and scarce resources, and therefore have had many deficiencies. The objectives of this article are to describe the situation of the elderly in Russia in detail and to explain how political, social and economic factors have combined to generate their unique circumstances. This case study can help to place in comparative perspective the features and conditions of the elderly in both developing countries experiencing demographic transition and advanced countries interested in reforms of their welfare and medical programmes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 419-440 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045700 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045700 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:419-440 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Round Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Round Title: The Economic Marginalization of Post-Soviet Russia's Elderly Population and the Failure of State Ageing Policy: A Case Study of Magadan City Abstract: This paper explores how senior citizens in the far north-eastern Russian city of Magadan have restructured their lives in order to ensure their survival in the face of enduring post-Soviet marginalization. While this is an extreme example of the problems Russia's senior citizens must now face, due to the city's remoteness, climate and high cost of living, the discussions have resonance for the rest of the country. To enable the analysis of this group's survival strategies the paper will first examine the reasons why they are needed, looking at the “creation” of poverty at the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fragmented response of the state to these issues. The paper's final section examines the worrying trends that can be identified in the Russian government's attempts to restructure its social policy with regards to ageing. These reforms, it is argued, will further destabilize the everyday lives of Russia's senior citizens. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 441-456 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045791 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045791 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:441-456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Penny Vera-Sanso Author-X-Name-First: Penny Author-X-Name-Last: Vera-Sanso Title: Experiences in Old Age: A South Indian Example of how Functional Age is Socially Structured Abstract: Research on chronologically older people approaches “the old” as a category of people sharing common problems and experiences that are rooted in the functional disparities between old and younger people. These functional disparities are seen as impinging on social and economic positioning, leading to asymmetries in dependence and vulnerability. The argument here is that, rather than simply being an objective functional condition, old age is a deeply contested, socially structured condition precisely because the definition of “old” does not merely denote diverging abilities, but confers differential needs, rights and obligations on both the “old” and on younger people. Drawing on research in rural and urban South India, the article illustrates how definitions of “old age” are shaped by class position within local economies. These definitions pattern older people's access to work and, consequently, not only the extent to which people can remain self-supporting in old age, but also the degree to which younger people expect downward resource flows. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 457-472 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045817 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:457-472 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ELISABETH J. CROLL Author-X-Name-First: ELISABETH J. Author-X-Name-Last: CROLL Title: The Intergenerational Contract in the Changing Asian Family Abstract: A contemporary Asia-wide concern is the common fear that modernization or urbanization, migration, the demographic transition, new lifestyle aspirations and the spread of Western values have emphasized individual rather than collective familial interests and thus eroded filial obligations. This paper, based on ethnographic studies across East, South-East and South Asia, suggests that far from being eroded, the generations have taken new steps to invest in the intergenerational contract, which has been renegotiated and reinterpreted by both generations in support of a robust and reciprocated cycle of care. The paper concludes that this is a pragmatic, necessary and far-sighted response to the development strategies and social policies supported by Asian states. It can be argued that, in Asian societies, it is the familial contract and familial exclusion rather than a social contract and social exclusion that are more pertinent to individual well-being, and that intergenerational resource flows significantly subsidize contemporary Asian development strategies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 473-491 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045833 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045833 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:473-491 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Hugh Waddington Author-X-Name-First: Hugh Author-X-Name-Last: Waddington Title: Aid and the Millennium Development Goal Poverty Target: How Much is Required and How Should it be Allocated? Abstract: This paper uses econometric estimates of the link between aid and economic growth to ask how much additional aid is required to meet the Millennium Development Goal of halving global poverty by 2015, and how this aid should be allocated across countries. It first shows that a large increase in existing aid levels can be justified to halve $1-a-day poverty by 2015, on a country-by-country basis, under the econometric estimates obtained by Hansen & Tarp (2001, Journal of Development Economics, 64, pp. 547-570) and Lensink & White (2001, Journal of Development Studies, 37, pp. 42-65), but not those of Collier & Dollar (2002, European Economic Review, 46, pp. 1475-1500). The paper then shows that, even where an increase in existing aid levels can be justified, a much larger number of people—up to around 70 million—could be lifted out of poverty by 2015 if aid was instead allocated on a poverty-efficient basis. This cautions against the use of a country-by-country target approach when allocating aid across recipient countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-31 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601167561 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601167561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:1-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bazoumana Ouattara Author-X-Name-First: Bazoumana Author-X-Name-Last: Ouattara Title: Foreign Aid, Public Savings Displacement and Aid Dependency in Cote d'Ivoire: An Aid Disaggregation Approach Abstract: This paper uses the fiscal response framework to investigate the extent to which different categories of foreign aid flows, namely project aid, programme aid, technical assistance and food aid, displace public savings and affect the recipient country's dependence on aid, using time series data for Cote d'Ivoire for the period 1975-99.The results indicate that, in general, project aid flows tend to reduce public savings and worsen Cote d'Ivoire's dependence on aid more than the other categories of aid flows. This finding therefore suggests that accounting for aid heterogeneity in aid studies as well as aid policies design and implementation could be crucial in improving aid effectiveness to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 33-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601167579 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601167579 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:33-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefano Paternostro Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: Paternostro Author-Name: Anand Rajaram Author-X-Name-First: Anand Author-X-Name-Last: Rajaram Author-Name: Erwin R. Tiongson Author-X-Name-First: Erwin R. Author-X-Name-Last: Tiongson Title: How Does the Composition of Public Spending Matter? Abstract: Public spending has effects on growth and distribution that are complex to trace and difficult to quantify. But the composition of public expenditure has become the key instrument by which development agencies seek to promote economic development. In recent years, the development assistance to heavily indebted poor countries has been made conditional on increased expenditure on categories that are thought to be “pro-poor”. This paper investigates the conceptual foundations and the empirical basis for the belief that poverty can be reduced through targeted public spending. While it is widely accepted that growth and redistribution are important sources of reduction in absolute poverty, a review of the literature confirms the lack of an appropriate theoretical framework for assessing the impact of public spending on growth as well as poverty. The dangers of policy decisions that are not well grounded in theory and supported by empirical evidence are indicated. With regard to the impact of any given type of public spending, policy recommendations must be tailored to countries and be based on empirical analysis that takes account of the lags and leads in their effects on equity and growth and ultimately on poverty. The paper sketches out such a framework and provides some evidence as the first step in what will have to be a longer-term research agenda to provide theoretically and empirically robust and verifiable guidance to public spending policy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 47-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601167595 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601167595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:47-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dirk Willem Te Velde Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Willem Te Author-X-Name-Last: Velde Author-Name: Theodora Xenogiani Author-X-Name-First: Theodora Author-X-Name-Last: Xenogiani Title: Foreign Direct Investment and International Skill Inequality Abstract: This paper focuses on the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on skill inequality amongst countries. New growth models and international business studies predict that when countries liberalize their trade and investment regime in an environment of imperfect technology transfers, they will specialize in activities depending on the initial conditions such as skill endowments. Countries with few skills tend to specialize in low-skill intensive production, while countries with a high innovation rate and skill endowment tend to specialize in the production of high-skill intensive goods. The econometric evidence, based on an unbalanced panel for 111 countries over seven 5-year time periods from 1970 to 2000, confirms that FDI enhances skill development (particularly secondary and tertiary enrolment) in countries that are relatively well endowed with skills to start with. There are important policy conclusions for national governments when FDI tends to raise international skill inequalities. In particular, developing countries with low-skill endowments that attract investors would do well to co-ordinate actively their human resources policies with investor needs in order to bring the country to a higher skill path. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 83-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601167603 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601167603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:83-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mahrukh Doctor Author-X-Name-First: Mahrukh Author-X-Name-Last: Doctor Title: Boosting Investment and Growth: The Role of Social Pacts in the Brazilian Automotive Industry Abstract: The article examines why the automotive industry invested over US$20 billion in Brazil in the second half of the 1990s, focusing on how political economy factors influenced investment decisions. It is argued that, in a context of economic and policy uncertainty, when the state creates appropriate institutional mechanisms to communicate effectively with business and build a consensus for reform, in the process it also reduces investment risks. The argument is illustrated with the example of the Sectoral Chamber of the Automotive Industry (1991-95), and shows the impact of social concertation in neo-corporatist institutions on foreign direct investment. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 105-130 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601167629 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601167629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:105-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nikita Sud Author-X-Name-First: Nikita Author-X-Name-Last: Sud Title: Constructing and Contesting a Gujarati-Hindu Ethno-religious Identity Through Development Programmes in an Indian Province Abstract: Through a case study of Hindu nationalism in India, this paper explores how development programmes serve as the site of construction of, as well as contestation over, religious identity. The participation of low-caste Dalits and tribal Adivasis in the mass violence perpetrated against Muslims in the Indian province of Gujarat in 2002 conveyed the impression that Hindu nationalists had achieved one of their key objectives of creating “Hindu unity”. Cutting across social and status divisions in the local Hindu population, the Hindu nationalist party's constituency today includes its traditional upper-caste supporters, as well as lower castes. While “the other” in the Hindu nationalist conception of community included Dalits and Adivasis as well as Muslims and Christians until the mid-1980s, the recent “Hindu unity” agenda has seen the boundaries of “the other” closing in around Muslims and Christians only. Despite these developments, this paper argues, continuing attempts at the construction of a unified ethno-religious identity are circumscribed and complicated by processes of contestation. Through village-level research, it shows how government actors are involved in simultaneous processes of construction as well as contestation over a Gujarati-Hindu identity through development programmes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 131-148 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701321951 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701321951 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:2:p:131-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michiel Van Dijk Author-X-Name-First: Michiel Author-X-Name-Last: Van Dijk Author-Name: Martin Bell Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bell Title: Rapid Growth with Limited Learning: Industrial Policy and Indonesia's Pulp and Paper Industry Abstract: This paper contributes to the debate on the role of technical change and industrial policy in Indonesian economic growth using the pulp and paper industry as a case study. The analysis indicates that industry and trade policies had a positive influence on growth and capital accumulation, but gave Indonesian pulp and paper companies few incentives to create or deepen their technological capabilities, resulting in fragmented and limited technology assimilation. The findings also raise questions about common interpretations of total factor productivity growth in Indonesia in terms of inspiration versus perspiration. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 149-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701322017 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701322017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:2:p:149-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diane Dancer Author-X-Name-First: Diane Author-X-Name-Last: Dancer Author-Name: Anu Rammohan Author-X-Name-First: Anu Author-X-Name-Last: Rammohan Title: Determinants of Schooling in Egypt: The Role of Gender and Rural/Urban Residence Abstract: In this paper, we examine if there are gender differences in schooling attainment and the extent to which these differences are exacerbated for rural children in Egypt. Using a nationally representative cross-sectional survey, our estimation results find strong support for the hypothesis that being male and living in urban areas significantly improves child schooling. We show that relative to a female child who is “never enrolled” in school, a male child is over twice as likely to be currently attending school, and over two-and-a-half times more likely to have some schooling. These positive effects are particularly strong for rural male children. There are also regional variations, with a child (male or female) living in Upper Rural Egypt having a significantly lower likelihood of being currently enrolled. Finally, our estimation results point to large positive effects of father's education on the probability of current enrolment for all children. Mother's education, however, improves only the likelihood of current enrolment for female children, with no significant effect on male children. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 171-195 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701322041 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701322041 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:2:p:171-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel SzEkely Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: SzEkely Author-Name: Marianne Hilgert Author-X-Name-First: Marianne Author-X-Name-Last: Hilgert Title: What's Behind the Inequality We Measure? An Investigation Using Latin American Data Abstract: The use of income distribution indicators in the economics literature has increased considerably in recent years. Using household surveys from 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries, this article seeks to explore what is behind the numbers, and what information they convey. We find that the way in which countries rank according to inequality measured in a conventional way is, to a large extent, an illusion created by differences in characteristics of the data and on the particular ways in which the data are treated. Our main conclusion is that there is an important story behind each number. This story influences our judgment about how unequal countries are, but it is seldom told or understood. Perhaps other statistics commonly used in economics also have their own interesting story, and it might be worth trying to find out what it is. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 197-217 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701427626 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701427626 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:2:p:197-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin P. Gallagher Author-X-Name-First: Kevin P. Author-X-Name-Last: Gallagher Author-Name: Roberto Porzecanski Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Porzecanski Title: What a Difference a Few Years Makes: China and the Competitiveness of Mexican Exports Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 219-223 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701322058 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701322058 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:2:p:219-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Polly Vizard Author-X-Name-First: Polly Author-X-Name-Last: Vizard Title: Specifying and Justifying a Basic Capability Set: Should the International Human Rights Framework be given a more Direct Role? Abstract: The paper considers the role that the international human rights framework should play in the extension and application of Sen's capability approach. It discusses how emerging international standards in the field of human rights, supported by international human rights law, provide a basis for the specification and justification of lists of central and basic capabilities, and associated lists of duties on governments, international organizations and other international obligation-holders (both at the individual level, and collectively—through international co-operation). The idea of combining the capability framework with a background or supplementary theory of international obligation in the field of human rights is examined in the light of broader theoretical debates about the extension and application of the capability approach. The notion of a “human rights-based capability list” is then introduced. Finally, the paper suggests some possible applications of “human rights-based capability lists” in human rights advocacy and international poverty analysis. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 225-250 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701514787 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701514787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:3:p:225-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nandini Gooptu Author-X-Name-First: Nandini Author-X-Name-Last: Gooptu Author-Name: Nandinee Bandyopadhyay Author-X-Name-First: Nandinee Author-X-Name-Last: Bandyopadhyay Title: “Rights to Stop the Wrong”: Cultural Change and Collective Mobilization—The Case of Kolkata Sex Workers Abstract: In the past decade-and-a-half, sex workers in Kolkata (India) red-light districts have involved themselves in a STD-HIV health project and, at the same time, formed an autonomous organization to protest against exploitation and to challenge social norms that ostracize them. This paper examines how this marginalized group, who previously saw themselves as socially alienated victims, came to reinvent themselves as social actors, endowed with a sense of collective rights and capacity. The analytical focus is on the transformation of the worldview and self-perception of sex workers, and on the specific aspects of the development intervention that facilitated this transition. The following elements were found to be most significant: (a) the establishment of an egalitarian organizational culture in the health project; (b) the introduction of a dialogic educational programme; and (c) the development of a culture of political activism among sex workers, animated by a notion of their right to protest against injustice and inequality. The study draws attention to the change of attitudes and identity as the key factor propelling the engagement of the socially excluded and the poor in development processes and public action. By analysing this largely neglected theme in development literature, this paper contributes to debates on the question of participation from a hitherto under-explored perspective. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 251-272 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701514811 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701514811 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:3:p:251-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mariano Rojas Author-X-Name-First: Mariano Author-X-Name-Last: Rojas Title: A Subjective Well-being Equivalence Scale for Mexico: Estimation and Poverty and Income-distribution Implications Abstract: The estimation of equivalence scales is crucial in cases where a well-being comparison of persons living under different household arrangements is needed: for example, to identify the poor, to calculate poverty rates and to estimate income inequality. In spite of the importance of equivalence scales for economic policy, there is little theoretical guidance on their estimation, and most empirical studies have been carried out in developed countries. Traditional estimation methods have been criticized because of their limitations for making welfare comparisons. This paper uses a subjective well-being approach to estimate equivalence scales. The approach provides an equivalence scale founded on economic satisfaction, which can be used to make welfare comparisons for persons living under different household arrangements—for example, in households of different sizes and with different age composition of household members. The empirical study has been carried out for Mexico using a large database. The implications of the subjective well-being scale for the assessment of poverty and income inequality in Mexico are shown on the basis of a national survey and by comparison with alternative scales. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 273-293 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701514845 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701514845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:3:p:273-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Di John Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Di Author-X-Name-Last: John Title: Albert Hirschman's Exit-voice Framework and its Relevance to Problems of Public Education Performance in Latin America Abstract: This paper applies Albert Hirschman's exit-voice framework to the problems of education coverage and quality in Latin America. It argues that the combination of low direct taxation and high levels of private primary enrolment provides exit options for the wealthy and reduces their incentive to exercise their “voice”, or protest mechanisms, in the face of poor education performance. It also argues that fragmented and clientelist political party structures limit the provision and monitoring of public education, and also reduce the political capacity of the poor to exercise their voice regarding public education coverage and quality. The main policy implication of the paper is that good governance in education cannot realistically be addressed without analysing how the structure of power and voice, and of conflicts of interest within civil society, affect the actual political pressures that state institutions face. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 295-327 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701514860 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701514860 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:3:p:295-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alberto Chong Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Chong Author-Name: Jesko Hentschel Author-X-Name-First: Jesko Author-X-Name-Last: Hentschel Author-Name: Jaime Saavedra Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Saavedra Title: Bundling of Basic Public Services and Household Welfare in Developing Countries: An Empirical Exploration for the Case of Peru Abstract: Using panel data for Peru for the period 1994-2000, we found that increases in household welfare, as measured by changes in consumption, are larger when households receive two or more services jointly than when services are provided separately. Such increases appear to be more than proportional, as F-tests on the coefficients of the corresponding regressors confirm. Thus, we found that bundling of services may help realize welfare effects. This finding is particularly robust in the case of urban areas. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 329-346 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701514894 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701514894 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:3:p:329-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sabina Alkire Author-X-Name-First: Sabina Author-X-Name-Last: Alkire Title: The Missing Dimensions of Poverty Data: Introduction to the Special Issue Abstract: The aim of this special issue is to draw attention to “missing dimensions” of poverty data—dimensions that are of value to poor people, but for which we have scant or no data. Amartya Sen frames development as the process of expanding the freedoms that people value and have reason to value. Although the most widely known measure of human development includes income, longevity and education, many have argued that people's values, and consequently multidimensional poverty, extend beyond these domains. In order to advance these multiple areas, it is at times necessary to conduct empirical studies using individual or household-level data on multiple dimensions of poverty. A critical barrier for international analyses of multidimensional poverty is that few or no high-quality indicators are available across countries and respondents in key domains that are deeply important to poor people and of potentially critical instrumental importance. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 347-359 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701863 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701863 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:347-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Ana Lugo Author-X-Name-First: Maria Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Lugo Title: Employment: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators Abstract: Employment is the main source of income for most families in the world. While it is certainly not a new dimension of well-being, it is sometimes forgotten in human development studies and poverty reduction policies or, at least, not considered in the depth it deserves. This paper proposes seven indicators of employment to be added to multi-purpose household surveys that, we argue, are crucial to a comprehensive understanding of causes and implications of poverty around the world. Traditional approaches to labour market indicators present two main weaknesses. First, in most cases, they are not as relevant in the developing world as they are in developed economies, and hence do not provide an accurate picture of labour markets in these countries. Second, surveys that collect a broader set of questions on employment do not always include extensive questions on the household and its members. The indicators proposed are: informal employment; income from employment (including self-employment earnings); occupational hazard; under/over-employment; multiple activities; and discouraged unemployment. The aim is to complement “traditional” indicators to provide a deeper understanding of both the quantity and quality of employment. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 361-378 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701889 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:361-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Solava Ibrahim Author-X-Name-First: Solava Author-X-Name-Last: Ibrahim Author-Name: Sabina Alkire Author-X-Name-First: Sabina Author-X-Name-Last: Alkire Title: Agency and Empowerment: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators Abstract: This article proposes a short list of internationally comparable indicators of individual agency and empowerment (and the corresponding survey questions). Data from these indicators would enable researchers to explore research and policy issues such as the interconnections between empowerment and economic or human development. The paper surveys definitions of agency and empowerment and adopts the definition from Amartya Sen, supplemented by Rowlands' typology. The proposed “shortlist” of indicators includes: control over personal decisions; domain-specific autonomy; household decision-making; and the ability to change aspects in one's life at the individual and communal levels. The strengths and weaknesses of each indicator are discussed, as is the need to supplement this shortlist with other variables. To ensure the feasibility of the proposal, we rely on previously fielded questions wherever possible. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 379-403 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701897 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:379-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Zavaleta Reyles Author-X-Name-First: Diego Zavaleta Author-X-Name-Last: Reyles Title: The Ability to go about Without Shame: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators of Shame and Humiliation Abstract: Shame and humiliation are central to the understanding of poverty yet internationally comparable data on this dimension are missing. Based on existing indicators from related fields, this article suggests eight indicators to measure specific aspects of shame and humiliation that could start an in-depth debate around this topic. The indicators are the following: whether respondents would feel shame if they were poor; levels of shame proneness; perceptions of respectful treatment, unfair treatment and prejudiced treatment; whether respondents perceive that their ethnic, racial or cultural background affects their chances of getting jobs, public services and education; whether respondents perceive that economic conditions affect their chances of getting jobs, services and education; and levels of accumulated humiliation. This is not to argue against the need to articulate abstract principles, but rather to suggest that they may best emerge from the clash of interpretations and arguments around less abstract questions. (Lukes, 1997, p. 4) Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 405-430 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701905 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701905 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:405-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachael Diprose Author-X-Name-First: Rachael Author-X-Name-Last: Diprose Title: Physical Safety and Security: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators of Violence Abstract: Violence impedes human freedom to live safely and securely, and can sustain poverty traps in many communities. A key challenge for academics, policy-makers and practitioners working broadly in programmes aimed at poverty alleviation, including violence prevention, is the lack of reliable and comparable data on the incidence and nature of violence. This paper proposes a household survey module for a multidimensional poverty questionnaire that can be used to complement the available data on the incidence of violence against property and the person, as well as perceptions of security and safety. Violence and poverty are inextricably linked, although the direction of causality is contested if not circular. The module uses standardized definitions that are clear, can be translated cross-culturally and clearly disaggregate different types of interpersonal violence, thereby bridging the crime-conflict nexus. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 431-458 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701913 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:431-458 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emma Samman Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Samman Title: Psychological and Subjective Well-being: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators Abstract: This article sets out a proposal to measure psychological and subjective states of well-being in individual and household surveys. In particular, it proposes a shortlist of seven indicators, and a module containing the relevant questions needed to construct them. The indicators address both eudaimonic and hedonic criteria, and cover four aspects of well-being: (1) meaning in life; (2) relatedness, following self-determination theory; the three “basic psychological needs” of autonomy, competence and relatedness; (3) domain-specific and overall life satisfaction; and (4) happiness. The article recommends that further research explore the connections between these indicators, as well as their relationship with objective measures of disadvantage. While reaffirming that perceptual states should not be treated as aims of government policy, it is argued that they may provide a richer understanding of peoples' values and behavior—and therefore that further research on the subject could deepen our understanding of capability poverty. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 459-486 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701939 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701939 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:459-486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlo Pietrobelli Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Pietrobelli Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: Introduction Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-8 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701858572 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701858572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:1-8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Title: Economic Development from the Perspective of Evolutionary Economic Theory Abstract: Sanjaya Lall saw economic development as an evolutionary process, with technological learning at its heart. This essay lays out the key differences between an evolutionary theory of economic activity and change, and the neoclassical theory as articulated in economic textbooks. It argues that only an evolutionary theory fits what is known about how technological learning progresses. It also argues for recognition, right at the basis of economic theorizing, that modern economic systems contain a rich mix of institutions, not simply the firms, households and markets that are in neoclassical theory, and that the roles of government cannot be adequately understood as simply responses to “market failures”. It develops a view that long-run economic change must be understood as involving the co-evolution of technologies in use and the institutional structures supporting and regulating these. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 9-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848037 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848037 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:9-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wolfram Latsch Author-X-Name-First: Wolfram Author-X-Name-Last: Latsch Title: The Possibility of Industrial Policy Abstract: In this paper I shall outline and analyse the case for employing industrial policy in the pursuit of economic development, in the particular context of Sanjaya Lall's contributions in this area. The case for industrial policy rests on both a positive vision (the nature of technological knowledge and technological capabilities) and a normative vision (government capacity and the promotion of competitiveness). The case for industrial policy depends on establishing both its necessity and its possibility. Necessity is defined in terms of the nature of knowledge and technology, and its implications in terms of market failure; possibility is defined in the context of political economy, and in terms of the costs of discretionary policy interventions. The broader debate on industrial policy is framed in terms of these two dimensions. In particular, the possibility of a welfare-enhancing industrial policy is circumscribed by the ability to control the potential costs of discretionary government intervention. This ability is in turn a function of the political process and of “social capital”, a late concern of Lall's. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 23-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848086 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848086 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:23-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Morrison Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Morrison Author-Name: Carlo Pietrobelli Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Pietrobelli Author-Name: Roberta Rabellotti Author-X-Name-First: Roberta Author-X-Name-Last: Rabellotti Title: Global Value Chains and Technological Capabilities: A Framework to Study Learning and Innovation in Developing Countries Abstract: This paper presents a critical review of the global value chain (GVC) literature in light of the “technological capabilities” approach to innovation in less-developed countries (LDCs). Participation in GVC is beneficial for firms in LDCs, which are bound to source technology internationally. However, the issues of learning and technological efforts at the firm level remain largely hidden in the GVC literature. We propose a shift in the empirical and theoretical agenda, arguing that research should integrate the analysis of the endogenous process of technological capability development, including specific firm-level efforts, and of the mechanisms allowing knowledge to flow within and between different global value chains into the GVC literature. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 39-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848144 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:39-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paulo Figueiredo Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Author-X-Name-Last: Figueiredo Title: Government Policies and Sources of Latecomer Firms' Capability Building: A Learning Story from Brazil Abstract: Although much has been written about the implications of the structural reforms of the 1990s for industrial progress in developing countries, especially in Latin America, less attention has been given to the role of meso and micro factors in sector and firm-level technological capability building. Most existing studies are based on aggregate analyses that argue either for or against such reforms. Seeking to offer an alternative perspective on this debate, this paper examines sources of firms' technological capability accumulation in the light of changes in government policies. It draws on first-hand empirical evidence from 75 organizations in Northern Brazil. The evidence suggests that policies and factors at the meso and micro level do matter in understanding the learning strategies underlying firms' capability-building processes. The latter do not take place in a vacuum or just on the back of sound, market-oriented macroeconomic policies. A combination of different kinds of government policies, foreign competition and firm-level learning efforts has been proving essential for firms to develop innovative capability. However, the move into more advanced capability levels in the sampled firms will not just involve a “discontinuity” in their existing learning strategies; it will also entail a redesign of the related government policies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 59-88 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848177 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848177 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:59-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaolan Fu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaolan Author-X-Name-Last: Fu Title: Foreign Direct Investment, Absorptive Capacity and Regional Innovation Capabilities: Evidence from China Abstract: Innovation has widely been regarded as one of the main drivers of economic growth in the knowledge economy. This paper investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the development of regional innovation capabilities using a panel data set from China. It finds that FDI has a significant positive impact on the overall regional innovation capacity. FDI intensity is also positively associated with innovation efficiency in the host region. The strength of this positive effect depends, however, on the availability of the absorptive capacity and the presence of innovation-complementary assets in the host region. The increased regional innovation and technological capabilities have contributed further to regional economic growth in China's coastal regions but not in the inland regions. It concludes that the type and quality of FDI inflows and the strength of local absorptive capacity and complementary assets in the host regions are crucial for FDI to serve as a driver of knowledge-based development. Policy implications are discussed. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 89-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848193 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:89-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deepak Nayyar Author-X-Name-First: Deepak Author-X-Name-Last: Nayyar Title: The Internationalization of Firms From India: Investment, Mergers and Acquisitions Abstract: This paper analyses the rapid expansion in outflows of foreign direct investment from India and the spurt in foreign acquisitions by Indian firms, during the past decade, situated in the wider context of international investment from developing countries. Much of the investment was in manufacturing activities and most of the acquisitions were in industrialized countries. The economic stimulus and the strategic motive for the internationalization of firms from India were provided by a range of underlying factors driving the process, which differed across sectors and firms. The rapid growth in investment and acquisitions by Indian firms were partly attributable to factors implicit in the liberalization of the policy regime and the greater access to financial markets; but it must be recognized that Indian firms could not have become international without the capacity and the ability to compete in the world market. The attributes of Indian firms, which created such capacities and abilities, are embedded in the past and have emerged over a much longer period of time. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 111-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848219 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848219 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:111-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoffrey Lancaster Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Lancaster Author-Name: Pushkar Maitra Author-X-Name-First: Pushkar Author-X-Name-Last: Maitra Author-Name: Ranjan Ray Author-X-Name-First: Ranjan Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Title: Household Expenditure Patterns and Gender Bias: Evidence from Selected Indian States Abstract: This paper uses Indian data to investigate the existence and nature of gender bias in the intra-household allocation of expenditure. An extended version of the collective household model is estimated where the welfare weights, i.e. the bargaining power of the adult decision-makers, are simultaneously determined with the household's expenditure outcomes. Significant gender bias is detected in some items, most notably in education, and it is found that the bias is considerably stronger in the more economically backward regions of the country. It is also found that the results of the test of gender bias vary sharply between households at different levels of adult literacy. This is particularly true of household spending on education. The gender bias in the case of this item is, generally, more likely to prevail in households with low levels of adult educational attainment than in more literate households. This result is of considerable policy importance given the strong role that education plays in human capital formation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 133-157 Issue: 2 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802037803 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802037803 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:2:p:133-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dorothee Boccanfuso Author-X-Name-First: Dorothee Author-X-Name-Last: Boccanfuso Author-Name: Luc Savard Author-X-Name-First: Luc Author-X-Name-Last: Savard Title: Groundnut Sector Liberalization in Senegal: A Multi-household CGE Analysis Abstract: In Senegal, the poverty reduction strategy is taking place in a context where international trade liberalization impacts the agricultural sector as a whole, and the groundnut sector in particular. Against this backdrop, we have developed a micro-simulated multiple-household computable general equilibrium model similar to the one proposed by Decaluwe et al. (1999b, How to Measure Poverty and Inequfality in General Equilibrium Framework, CREFA Working Paper No. 9920, Universite Laval, Quebec). Five simulations have been carried out in order to assess their impact on several levels—namely the macroeconomic, sector-based and household levels. The first two simulations concern tariff reforms, whereas the last three examine the external shocks resulting from a change in export prices on the world market (namely, for groundnuts and groundnut oil). The point of these simulations is to assess how the liberalization of the groundnut industry and the privatization of the Societe Nationale de Commercialisation des Oleagineux du Senegal—two major elements in the Framework Agreement—may impact households, and thus to see in what ways these economic reforms relate to poverty and income distribution. The results show that reducing the special tax on edible oils is positive in terms of poverty effects and the reduction of world prices of groundnut has relatively strong negative effects on poor households if farmers are not protected via a fixed price. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 159-186 Issue: 2 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802037845 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802037845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:2:p:159-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hakim Ben Hammouda Author-X-Name-First: Hakim Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Hammouda Author-Name: Stephen Karingi Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Karingi Author-Name: Nassim Oulmane Author-X-Name-First: Nassim Author-X-Name-Last: Oulmane Author-Name: Mustapha Sadni Jallab Author-X-Name-First: Mustapha Sadni Author-X-Name-Last: Jallab Title: The Impact of Industrial Market Access Negotiations on African Economies Abstract: This paper proposes an extensive data simulation exercise on the likely impact of non-agricultural market access liberalization. The paper analyses real options for tariff cut reduction, special and differential treatment and the treatment of unbound tariffs. This paper also gives indications concerning the likely economic impact of this trade round of industrial market access negotiations on African economies. It shows that an ambitious tariff cut reduction formula would provide greater access to developed country markets for African producers. However, this kind of formula has a major drawback for African countries in the sense that it could accelerate the de-industrialization of African countries and limit incentives to diversify their economies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 187-208 Issue: 2 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802040898 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802040898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:2:p:187-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KATSUSHI IMAI Author-X-Name-First: KATSUSHI Author-X-Name-Last: IMAI Author-Name: PER A. EKLUND Author-X-Name-First: PER A. Author-X-Name-Last: EKLUND Title: Women's Organizations and Social Capital to Reduce Prevalence of Child Malnutrition in Papua New Guinea Abstract: Drawing upon survey data in 2000, this article analyses the maturity of women's community-based organizations in Papua New Guinea (PNG), comparing autonomous organizations with those that receive external support. The results of applying the Heckman model suggest that: (1) autonomous Mothers' Groups are more efficient in improving child nutritional status in the weight-for-age measure than those externally supported; and (2) higher maturity of these groups is associated with lower occurrence of underweight. Support for existing autonomous women's organizations is a particularly relevant intervention in PNG; governance with limited trust in formal institutions and modest outreach of services remain issues for large segments of the rural population. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 209-233 Issue: 2 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701996 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701996 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:2:p:209-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gordon Crawford Author-X-Name-First: Gordon Author-X-Name-Last: Crawford Title: Decentralization and the Limits to Poverty Reduction: Findings from Ghana Abstract: Decentralization has been widely implemented throughout the developing world. Its proponents, notably international donor agencies, claim that democratic local government is more responsive to local citizens' needs, inclusive of those of the majority poor, thus resulting in poverty reduction. Yet evidence remains far from conclusive and this paper challenges such claims. After reviewing recent surveys of the linkage between decentralization and poverty reduction, this paper undertakes a case study of Ghana. Findings from primary data indicate that the impact of the District Assembly system on local poverty has been limited, at best. In seeking to explain such limits to poverty reduction, attention is focused on the national context of decentralization where structural constraints are identified, which are largely intended to maintain central government control. Such obstacles challenge some of the assumptions and expectations of decentralization advocates. It is concluded that the notion of “decentralization from above” is paradoxical, with genuine devolution of power and local poverty reduction likely to require political struggles from below. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 235-258 Issue: 2 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701702002 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701702002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:2:p:235-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deepak Nayyar Author-X-Name-First: Deepak Author-X-Name-Last: Nayyar Title: Learning to Unlearn from Development Abstract: This paper sketches a picture, with broad strokes on a wide canvas, of thinking about, and outcomes in, development during the second half of the 20th Century, to stress the importance of learning and “unlearning” from experience. In doing so, it questions the caricature distinctions between success and failure at development, in a world where outcomes were mixed. This is illustrated vividly by a tale of two countries: China and India. In this time span, thinking about development witnessed a complete swing of the pendulum, from the Development Consensus to the Washington Consensus. These shifts in paradigm, which reshaped strategies of development, were influenced strongly by history and conjuncture, reinforced by the dominant political ideology of the times. However, changes in development strategies did not lead to the expected outcomes. In fact, there was a discernible mismatch between turning points in thinking and performance. Of course, experience of the past 50 years did lead to some rethinking about development. This learning from experience, however, was selective; and it differed across schools of thought, for it was shaped only in part by outcomes. It was also influenced significantly by priors in thinking and ideology in perspectives. Thus, attempts to unlearn from development, which questioned beliefs or changed previous beliefs embedded in ideologies, were few and far between. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 259-280 Issue: 3 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802264407 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802264407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:3:p:259-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dries Lesage Author-X-Name-First: Dries Author-X-Name-Last: Lesage Title: Global Taxation Governance after the 2002 UN Monterrey Conference Abstract: Over the past 10 years, global tax issues, such as inter-state tax competition, tax havens and the case for “global taxes”, have been receiving more attention than ever. During the preparation for the 2002 United Nations (UN) conference in Monterrey on Financing for Development, the UN considered international and domestic taxation as a vital component. The conference itself, however, did not yield many results on this point. In this context, some circles have made a case for an “International Tax Organization” (ITO). Our discussion of global taxation governance will be centred upon the ITO proposal. The most important argument put forward to support such a proposal is that it gives the South a real seat at the table in global tax governance. After having outlined the current architecture of global tax governance, four questions will be addressed. First, wherein lies the possible value-added of an ITO? Second, how has the idea thus far been received internationally? Third, what are the prospects for an ITO? Fourth, does the South really need an ITO to advance its fiscal interests? The paper analyses the political obstacles to the idea of an ITO, but also points at politically feasible alternative forms of South-South and North-South co-operation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 281-294 Issue: 3 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802264415 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802264415 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:3:p:281-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Virginie Vial Author-X-Name-First: Virginie Author-X-Name-Last: Vial Title: How Much Does Turnover Matter? Evidence from Indonesian Manufacturing Total Factor Productivity Growth, 1975-95 Abstract: Indonesian manufacturing exhibits a dual structure, with a sector composed of a few dominant large and long-lived companies, along with a sector composed of numerous small and medium enterprises and displaying dynamic turnover. Using manufacturing plant-level panel data (1975-95), we decompose total factor productivity (TFP) growth into intra-plant TFP growth, market share reallocation among incumbents and plant turnover effect. Both market share reallocation from low to high productivity growth plants, and the process of turnover among small- and medium-scale plants offer a high and positive contribution to aggregate TFP growth. This is, however, cancelled out both by the reallocation of market shares from high to low productivity level plants, and incumbents' intra-plant productivity losses. This suggests that the turnover process in the small- and medium-scale sector is essential to aggregate TFP growth, but that the process of catching up within manufacturing is not yet advanced enough to provide the full benefits. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 295-322 Issue: 3 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802264431 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802264431 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:3:p:295-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Werner Baer Author-X-Name-First: Werner Author-X-Name-Last: Baer Author-Name: Gabriel Montes-Rojas Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Montes-Rojas Title: From Privatization to Re-nationalization: What went Wrong with Privatizations in Argentina? Abstract: The privatization process in Argentina is analysed. Beginning with a very ambitious programme, a weak regulatory environment was created because of lack of experience and as a result of the lobbying power of the newly created enterprises. Numerous exclusive privileges were assigned to these sectors, making them the most profitable industries during the 1990s. As the economy crashed in 2001 and the local currency was devalued, a new government took office, which renegotiated all contracts. This resulted in re-privatization and re-nationalization of many services. The pro- and anti-privatization arguments are reviewed, using empirical evidence from Argentina. An in-depth study is also provided of the three sectors where this negotiation was most intense: the railways, water and sewerage and postal services. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 323-337 Issue: 3 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802264456 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802264456 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:3:p:323-337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Ponthiere Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Ponthiere Title: A Study of the Sensitivity of Longevity-adjusted Income Measures Abstract: This paper aims to explore the sensitivity of longevity-adjusted measures of income, which have become increasingly popular as indicators of basic standards of living. For that purpose, longevity-adjusted income measures are computed for post-war Japan under various sets of postulates, concerning the temporal horizon regarded as relevant for the measurement of welfare, the ethical treatment of age structures, the degree of endogeneity of longevity, the value of a statistical life (VSL) used in the calibration of preference parameters, and preference parameters themselves (for a given VSL). Pictures of Japan's development are significantly sensitive to those postulates, suggesting that longevity-adjusted income measures should be computed under not one—as is usually done—but several assumption sets, to account for the difficulty of solving the income/longevity weighting problem. Hence, this study casts new light on the trade-offs raised by the aggregation of economic and demographic achievements into a preferences-based composite indicator. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 339-361 Issue: 3 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802264464 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802264464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:3:p:339-361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Augustin Kwasi Fosu Author-X-Name-First: Augustin Kwasi Author-X-Name-Last: Fosu Title: Implications of the External Debt-servicing Constraint for Public Health Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa Abstract: The paper explores the implications of the external debt-servicing constraint for public health spending in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the health challenges have been great and debt servicing particularly burdensome. Using 1975-94 5-year panel data for 35 African countries, the study finds that although actual debt servicing has little impact, a binding debt-servicing constraint that reflects the debt burden would shift expenditure away from health. Although increases in external aid and constraints on the government executive tend to divert spending in favour of health, the debt-burden effect is dominant. The paper also uncovers an upward trend in public health spending, a result that appears to contradict the popular belief that the structural adjustment programmes undertaken in many SSA countries as of the 1980s may have reduced government expenditure on health. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 363-377 Issue: 4 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802455112 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802455112 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:4:p:363-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matt Andrews Author-X-Name-First: Matt Author-X-Name-Last: Andrews Title: The Good Governance Agenda: Beyond Indicators without Theory Abstract: Effective government matters, but what is it? Good governance indicators go some way to provide a definition, but how much do they say about what effectiveness is, why this is so, and how it matters to development? This article argues that much work on the good governance agenda suggests a one-best-way model, ostensibly of an idyllic, developed country government: Sweden or Denmark on a good day, perhaps. The implied model lacks consistency, however, seems inappropriate for use in the development dialogue and is not easily replicated. In short, it resembles a set of well meaning but problematic proverbs. The good governance picture of effective government is not only of limited use in development policy but also threatens to promote dangerous isomorphism, institutional dualism and “flailing states”. It imposes an inappropriate model of government that “kicks away the ladder” that today's effective governments climbed to reach their current states. The model's major weakness lies in the lack of an effective underlying theoretical framework to assist in understanding government roles and structures in development. A framework is needed before we measure government effectiveness or propose specific models of what government should look like. Given the evidence of multiple states of development, the idea of a one-best-way model actually seems very problematic. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 379-407 Issue: 4 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802455120 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802455120 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:4:p:379-407 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergio Tezanos Vazquez Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Tezanos Vazquez Title: Aiding Middle-income Countries? The Case of Spain Abstract: The geographical allocation of Spanish aid has been little studied, despite its unusual concentration on middle-income countries. This paper develops a theoretical model in which aid allocation depends on a combination of recipient needs, donor interests and performance criteria, and estimates it econometrically for Spain. The results show that the allocation of Spanish aid has been influenced both by Spain's own foreign policy interests and by recipient needs for poverty reduction and development (although not by the quality of recipient governance or recipient absorptive capacity). Former Spanish colonies received a disproportionate share of Spain's aid (as is true mutatis mutandis for other European countries), but aid is allocated among them with greater regard to recipient need than is Spain's aid to other developing countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 409-438 Issue: 4 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802455104 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802455104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:4:p:409-438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Wilson Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Jean Boncoeur Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Boncoeur Title: Microeconomic Efficiencies and Macroeconomic Inefficiencies: On Sustainable Fisheries Policies in Very Poor Countries Abstract: Simple macro-models are used in a two good output spaces to show that, under certain conditions that occur in very poor countries, fisheries policies aimed at concentrating rent and rationalizing excess capacity may result in declines in economic growth. In cases where displaced labour has nowhere else to go, such policies may be welfare decreasing for the country as a whole. The second best policy in these cases would be to encourage open access fishing with controls on overall output. An example based upon information gathered on the shrimp fishery in Madagascar describes the relations between the relative price between artisanal and industrial fishing sectors, and differential effects of the leakage of rents through the net exports equation due to policies favouring capacity rationalization. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 439-460 Issue: 4 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802495688 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802495688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:4:p:439-460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leonardo Gasparini Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo Author-X-Name-Last: Gasparini Author-Name: Matias Horenstein Author-X-Name-First: Matias Author-X-Name-Last: Horenstein Author-Name: Ezequiel Molina Author-X-Name-First: Ezequiel Author-X-Name-Last: Molina Author-Name: Sergio Olivieri Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Olivieri Title: Income Polarization in Latin America: Patterns and Links with Institutions and Conflict Abstract: This paper presents a set of statistics that characterize the degree of income polarization in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The study is based on a dataset of household surveys from 21 LAC countries in the period 1989-2004. Latin America is characterized by a high level of income polarization. On average, income polarization mildly increased in the region in the period under analysis. The paper suggests that institutions and conflict interact in different ways with the various characteristics of the income distribution. In particular, countries with high income polarization and inequality are more likely to have high levels of social conflict. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 461-484 Issue: 4 Volume: 36 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802457365 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802457365 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:4:p:461-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Selin Ozyurt Author-X-Name-First: Selin Author-X-Name-Last: Ozyurt Title: Total Factor Productivity Growth in Chinese Industry: 1952-2005 Abstract: This paper presents new estimates of total factor productivity (TFP) growth in Chinese industry over the past half century that seek to improve on earlier estimates in several respects: better data series are developed for capital and labour; the production function is estimated with fewer restrictive assumptions and corrected for serial correlation; and the TFP estimates are adjusted for cyclical fluctuations. The paper also offers a broader than usual interpretation of TFP growth. Its main findings are: (i) that over the whole period 1952-2005 the main source of industrial output growth was capital accumulation; (ii) that during the period since 1980 TFP growth also contributed significantly to industrial output growth; and (iii) that TFP growth in Chinese industry accelerated from the late 1980s, probably as a result of changes in the pattern of ownership and increased integration into the world economy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-17 Issue: 1 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802660836 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802660836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:1-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vladimir Dvoracek Author-X-Name-First: Vladimir Author-X-Name-Last: Dvoracek Title: Vertical Integration and Sunk Capital in Transition Economies Abstract: Agency problems in inter-firm trading relationships are severe in developing and transitional economies because of the limited decentralized information that can support contract enforcement and because the timing of intermediate goods production and payment differ. The consequences are derived for the equilibrium distribution of firm structures, production, prices, profits and trade in developing and transitional economies. Within a multi-market setting, equilibrium outcomes are characterized both for firms that are directly affected by contracting problems and for those that are not. The equilibrium features both excessive vertical integration and excessive development of small-scale retail enterprises, and insufficient, inefficient inter-firm trade. Average profits of vertically integrated firms are higher and those of small-scale retail enterprises and intermediate suppliers are lower than they would be were enduring trading relationships more easily established. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 19-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802695972 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802695972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:19-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rosalind Levacic Author-X-Name-First: Rosalind Author-X-Name-Last: Levacic Title: Teacher Incentives and Performance: An Application of Principal-Agent Theory Abstract: The paper summarizes principal-agent (P-A) theory and applies it to the teaching profession, arguing that it provides a strong framework for analysing institutional arrangements governing the work of teachers. P-A theory proposes factors that determine whether or not paying teachers in relation to measures of performance improves teacher productivity. Teachers' work is characterized by moral hazard, risk aversion, multiple principals and multiple objectives, which make the design of an optimal performance pay system complex, especially as it needs to be context specific. A crucial factor is the extent to which teacher motivation is altruistic or opportunistic. International evidence on teacher rewards systems and their relation to teacher performance is summarized. In many developing countries, such as India, teacher contracts fail to provide sanctions for poor performance or rewards for effective teaching. In such contexts, improved incentives for teacher performance are an essential component of reforms to raise the quality of education. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 33-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802660844 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802660844 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:33-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adil Suliman Author-X-Name-First: Adil Author-X-Name-Last: Suliman Author-Name: Andre Varella Mollick Author-X-Name-First: Andre Varella Author-X-Name-Last: Mollick Title: Human Capital Development, War and Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa Abstract: The authors use a panel data fixed effect model to identify the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) for a large sample of 29 sub-Saharan African countries from 1980 to 2003. They test whether human capital development, defined by either literacy rates or economic freedom, and the incidence of war affect FDI flows to these countries. Combining these explanatory variables to several widely used control variables, it was found that the literacy rate (human capital), freedom (political rights and civil rights) and the incidence of war are important FDI determinants. The results confirm our expected signs: FDI inflows respond positively to the literacy rate and to improvements in political rights and civil liberties; war events, by contrast, exert strong negative effects on FDI. For robustness, the model is estimated for religious groupings of sub-Saharan African countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 47-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802660828 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802660828 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:47-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eva-Lotta Hedman Author-X-Name-First: Eva-Lotta Author-X-Name-Last: Hedman Title: Deconstructing Reconstruction in Post-tsunami Aceh: Governmentality, Displacement and Politics Abstract: Rolled out as a solution to the problem of displacement in the new post-tsunami context of sudden natural disaster and unprecedented international humanitarian assistance, so-called “barracks camps”, it is argued here, must be understood against the backdrop of pre-tsunami militarized conflict, internal displacement, forced relocation and involuntary return. However, this analysis also shows that, once introduced, barracks camps also emerged as (contested) sites for the further elaboration of the problem of displacement in the wider context of the far-reaching transformations underway in post-tsunami Aceh. That is, the materialization of barracks as a preferred mode of governmentality of displacement in post-tsunami Aceh anticipated the (in this context novel) institutionalization of (international) humanitarian needs assessments and aid delivery targeting such camp-like relocation complexes. In this way, the barracks camps also contributed to the making of new experiences of displacement, which, in turn, came to shape the orientation and practice of barracks populations. As such populations have mobilized in collective protest, this article seeks to show, they have also rendered visible the political effects of the very governmentality that has formed such an integral part of the conceptualization and implementation of the reconstruction of displaced communities in post-tsunami Aceh. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 63-76 Issue: 1 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802695964 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802695964 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:63-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rodney Bruce Hall Author-X-Name-First: Rodney Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Title: Book Review Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 77-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902717239 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902717239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:77-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emma Tomalin Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Tomalin Title: Buddhist Feminist Transnational Networks, Female Ordination and Women's Empowerment Abstract: Consideration of the role that religion plays in women's lives in developing contexts can be important in understanding ways of approaching their “strategic gender needs”. Rather than rejecting religion for its inherent patriarchy, styles of “religious feminism” have emerged across the globe. These argue for reinterpretations of religious systems that are consistent with the “core” values of the tradition as well as various types of feminist thinking. The aim of this paper is to discuss the emergence of a transnational movement across Buddhist traditions and countries that is concerned to make full ordination an available option to women in contexts where it is currently prohibited. While becoming fully ordained is considered to be the most suitable way of becoming enlightened and escaping future rebirths, a strong theme within the movement is the argument that gender hierarchies within Buddhism have a broader cultural impact upon social attitudes that disempower women and limit their development. Dialogue between members of Buddhist communities across the world has encouraged reflection upon and a challenge to unequal and oppressive gender hierarchies within the Buddhist tradition and within Buddhist societies. This paper explores four “international” events/examples that enable information exchange as well as the flow of material support between women from different traditions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 81-100 Issue: 2 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902859510 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902859510 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:2:p:81-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Sandar Kyaw Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Sandar Kyaw Author-Name: Ronald Macdonald Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Macdonald Title: Capital Flows and Growth in Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Abstract: This paper unravels the capital flow-growth nexus by employing a model that incorporates contemporaneous influences and contemporaneous expectations. Using an unbalanced panel data set, the paper considers and highlights the role of indirect effects, through the spillover or interaction channel, in influencing economic development. Rigorous tests—incorporating tertiary education, alternative capital flow types and an interaction term—confirm the hypothesis that private capital flows are growth promoting in general, and upper middle-income countries appear to gain more from such flows than low-income countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 101-122 Issue: 2 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902859536 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902859536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:2:p:101-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geeta Kingdon Author-X-Name-First: Geeta Author-X-Name-Last: Kingdon Author-Name: Mohd. Muzammil Author-X-Name-First: Mohd. Author-X-Name-Last: Muzammil Title: A Political Economy of Education in India: The Case of Uttar Pradesh Abstract: The effectiveness of the arrangements governing an educational system depends on the motivations of key actors. This paper analyses the state of education in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and the role that teachers have played in the political process. It describes how teachers have become embedded in the political system and the way teacher associations and unions have actively pursued demands through various strikes and other forms of action. Although teachers have been successful in improving pay, job security and service benefits, less progress has been made on broader improvements in the schooling system such as the promotion of education in general or improving equity and efficiency in the system. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 123-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902874626 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902874626 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:2:p:123-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Savita Bhat Author-X-Name-First: Savita Author-X-Name-Last: Bhat Author-Name: K. Narayanan Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Narayanan Title: Technological Efforts, Firm Size and Exports in the Basic Chemical Industry in India Abstract: This paper attempts to examine the role of technological efforts and firm size in determining the export behaviour of firms belonging to the basic chemical industry in India. The basic chemical industry is an important industry that provides intermediate chemicals to firms operating in diverse industries in both India and abroad. In this study technological efforts have been considered in terms of in-house R&D, import of embodied technology, and import of disembodied technology. Three different econometric models, namely, the Tobit, the two-part (Probit + Truncation) and the sample selection (Heckman), have been used for estimation and the results have been compared. The authors find evidence in support of the view that export behaviour of the firm can be modelled in a more appropriate manner using a two-part or a sample selection model rather than the popular Tobit model. The results of the econometric exercise confirm that technological efforts, firm size and other firm-specific characteristics are important in explaining the export behaviour of the firms. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 145-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902859528 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902859528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:2:p:145-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Toye Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Toye Title: Herbert Frankel: From Colonial Economics to Development Economics Abstract: Herbert Frankel (1903-96) was an economist of long and varied achievement, who, after a distinguished career in South Africa, served as Oxford University's first Professor of Colonial Economic Affairs (later Professor of the Economics of Under-developed Countries) from 1946 to 1971. His professional route took him from colonial economics to development economics, making a significant contribution to each. His intellectual trajectory took him from being a critic of colonial economic policies to being a champion of the efficacy of free market liberalism to deliver development. In this he was a true precursor of the counter-revolution in development economics of the 1980s. In a number of ways his writings were prophetic, but it was a younger colleague, Peter Bauer, who became the main standard-bearer of neo-liberalism in development economics. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 171-182 Issue: 2 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902887636 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902887636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:2:p:171-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wim Naude Author-X-Name-First: Wim Author-X-Name-Last: Naude Author-Name: Amelia Santos-Paulino Author-X-Name-First: Amelia Author-X-Name-Last: Santos-Paulino Author-Name: Mark McGillivray Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: McGillivray Title: Measuring Vulnerability: An Overview and Introduction Abstract: This paper provides an introduction to this special issue of Oxford Development Studies. It starts by contextualizing the measurement of vulnerability, pointing to the need to take risks on the level of households, regions and countries into account in designing poverty-reduction strategies. It then summarizes the papers in this special issue, highlighting the ways in which they advance the conceptualization and measurement of vulnerability, and noting directions for future research. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 183-191 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903085792 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903085792 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:183-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Guillaumont Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Guillaumont Title: An Economic Vulnerability Index: Its Design and Use for International Development Policy Abstract: In response to a need expressed by the UN General Assembly, an Economic Vulnerability index (EVI) has been defined by the Committee for Development Policy. The present paper, which refers to this index, first examines how a structural EVI can be designed for low-income countries in particular. It recapitulates the conceptual and empirical grounds of the index, considers the structure of the present EVI, its sensitivity to methodological choices with respect to averaging, as well as possible improvements in this regard, and briefly compares the levels and trends of EVI in various country groups, using a new database from a “retrospective EVI”. The paper examines how the EVI can be used for international development policy, underlining two main purposes. The first—the purpose for which the EVI was initially designed—is the identification of the least-developed countries (LDCs) that are eligible to receive some preferential treatment in aid and trade matters. The EVI, in addition to income per capita and human capital, is one of three complementary criteria a country needs to meet in order to be designated as an LDC, and consequently it cannot be the sole criterion for countries wishing to avoid graduating from the LDC list. Second, the EVI can be used, in addition to other traditional measures, as a criterion for aid allocation between developing countries. It is argued that such an inclusion is legitimate for reasons of both effectiveness and equity. The two purposes are presented as complementary. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 193-228 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903089901 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903089901 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:193-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lino Briguglio Author-X-Name-First: Lino Author-X-Name-Last: Briguglio Author-Name: Gordon Cordina Author-X-Name-First: Gordon Author-X-Name-Last: Cordina Author-Name: Nadia Farrugia Author-X-Name-First: Nadia Author-X-Name-Last: Farrugia Author-Name: Stephanie Vella Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Vella Title: Economic Vulnerability and Resilience: Concepts and Measurements Abstract: In this paper, economic vulnerability is defined as the exposure of an economy to exogenous shocks, arising out of economic openness, while economic resilience is defined as the policy-induced ability of an economy to withstand or recover from the effects of such shocks. The paper briefly reviews the work already carried out on economic vulnerability and extends the research towards the development of a conceptual and methodological framework for the definition and measurement of economic resilience. Towards this end, the paper proposes an index of economic resilience gauging the adequacy of policy in four broad areas, namely macroeconomic stability, microeconomic market efficiency, good governance and social development. The analysis of economic resilience explains how small economies can attain a relatively high level of gross domestic product per capita if they adopt appropriate policy stances. In other words, the relatively good economic performance of a number of small states is not because, but in spite of, their small size and inherent economic vulnerability. The results of this study can be used as a tool towards the formulation of policies aimed at overcoming the adverse consequences of economic vulnerability. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 229-247 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903089893 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903089893 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:229-247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wim Naude Author-X-Name-First: Wim Author-X-Name-Last: Naude Author-Name: Mark McGillivray Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: McGillivray Author-Name: Stephanie Rossouw Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Rossouw Title: Measuring the Vulnerability of Subnational Regions in South Africa Abstract: A small but growing literature has been concerned about the economic (and environmental) vulnerability on the level of countries. Less attention is paid to the economic vulnerability of different regions within countries. By focusing on the vulnerability of subnational regions, this paper contributes to the small literature on the “vulnerability of place”. They authors see the vulnerability of place as being due to vulnerability in various domains, such as economic vulnerability, vulnerability of environment, and governance, demographic and health fragilities. They use a subnational data set on 354 magisterial districts from South Africa, recognize the potential relevance of measuring vulnerability on a subnational level, and construct a Local Vulnerability Index for the various districts. They condition this index on district per capita income and term this a Vulnerability Intervention Index, interpreting this as an indicator of where higher income per capita, often seen in the literature as a measure of resilience, will in itself be unlikely to reduce vulnerability. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 249-276 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903085800 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903085800 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:249-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuan Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Yuan Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Guanghua Wan Author-X-Name-First: Guanghua Author-X-Name-Last: Wan Title: How Precisely Can We Estimate Vulnerability to Poverty? Abstract: There are alternative definitions of vulnerability to poverty. Most researchers prefer to define vulnerability to poverty as the probability of a household or individual falling into poverty in the future. Based on this definition and using household survey panel data from rural China, this paper attempts to assess the extent to which we can measure vulnerability to poverty. The assessment is based on comparisons between estimated vulnerability and actually observed poverty. The authors find that the precision of estimation, first, varies depending on the vulnerability line; their results suggest setting the line at 50% in order to improve predictive power. Second, precision depends on how permanent income is estimated. Assuming log-normal distribution of future income, it is preferable to use past weighted average income as an estimate of permanent income rather than using regressions to gauge permanent income. Third, estimation precision depends on the chosen poverty line. The percentage of overlap between households estimated to be vulnerable and those actually poor rises when a higher poverty line of US$2 is used instead of US$1. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 277-287 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903094471 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903094471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:277-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tilman Bruck Author-X-Name-First: Tilman Author-X-Name-Last: Bruck Author-Name: Kati Schindler Author-X-Name-First: Kati Author-X-Name-Last: Schindler Title: The Impact of Violent Conflicts on Households: What Do We Know and What Should We Know about War Widows? Abstract: This paper analyses how mass violent conflict and the legacy of conflict affect households in developing countries. It does so by pointing out how violent conflict impairs a household's core functions, its boundaries, its choice of coping strategies and its well-being. The paper contributes to the literature on the economics of conflict, reconstruction and vulnerability in three ways. First, it addresses explicitly the level of analysis in the context of conflict by contrasting strengths and weaknesses of a unitary approach to the household and extending it to intra-household and group issues. Second, it identifies important research gaps in this field. Third, it highlights the economic situation of war widows in conflict-affected countries and discusses a case study of widows of the Rwandan genocide. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 289-309 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903108321 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903108321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:289-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Knight Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Knight Author-Name: Li Shi Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Author-Name: Deng Quheng Author-X-Name-First: Deng Author-X-Name-Last: Quheng Title: Education and the Poverty Trap in Rural China: Setting the Trap Abstract: Together with a companion paper to be published in the March 2010 issue, this is an ambitious attempt to view the relationships involving education and income as forming a system, and one that can generate a poverty trap. The setting is rural China, and the data are from a national household survey for 2002, designed with research hypotheses in mind. Enrolment is high in rural China in comparison with most poor rural societies, but the quality of education varies greatly. The paper analyses the determinants of drop-out from middle school and of continuation to high school. It also examines the determinants of pupil performance, time spent learning, and educational expenditure. Poverty is found to have an adverse effect on both the quantity and quality of education—so contributing to a poverty trap. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 311-332 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305232 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305232 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:311-332 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edmund Amann Author-X-Name-First: Edmund Author-X-Name-Last: Amann Author-Name: Barry Lau Author-X-Name-First: Barry Author-X-Name-Last: Lau Author-Name: Frederick Nixson Author-X-Name-First: Frederick Author-X-Name-Last: Nixson Title: Did China Hurt the Textiles and Clothing Exports of Other Asian Economies, 1990-2005? Abstract: Employing a gravity model, this article examines the impact of the rise of China's textile and clothing (T&C) sector on the exports of its Asian counterparts. It was established that China's textile exports posed a greater competitive threat than its clothing exports to the T&C exports of other Asian economies. It was also found that higher-income Asian economies fared better than their lower-income counterparts. This is because the higher-income Asian economies tended to be specialized in segments of the T&C sector less exposed to Chinese competition. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 333-362 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305190 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305190 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:333-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenjiro Yagura Author-X-Name-First: Kenjiro Author-X-Name-Last: Yagura Title: Safety Net Perception and its Effects on Household Investment in Developing Countries: Chemical Fertilizer Input by Cambodian Farmers Abstract: Farmers in developing countries are reluctant to make investments for fear of failure and the economic distress resulting from this, but the perception of protection by a safety net may induce farmers to invest by reducing that fear. Using Cambodian farm household data, this paper examines factors affecting the perception of protection by a safety net and then assesses the effect of this perception on farmers' investment. For empirical analyses, perceived credit availability from relatives represents this perceived safety net; and chemical fertilizer input signifies the investment size. The results of the econometric analysis demonstrate that farm households with higher economic status, who are able to repay a loan or favour, are more likely to perceive such a safety net. It is also shown that the safety net perception positively affects chemical fertilizer input, implying that farmers accept risk when they perceive a safety net. These findings suggest that it is not only a lack of capital that deters poor households from investment, but also the perceived lack of a safety net. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 363-395 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305216 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305216 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:363-395 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Mansoob Murshed Author-X-Name-First: Syed Author-X-Name-Last: Mansoob Murshed Author-Name: Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad Author-X-Name-Last: Zulfan Tadjoeddin Author-Name: Anis Chowdhury Author-X-Name-First: Anis Author-X-Name-Last: Chowdhury Title: Is Fiscal Decentralization Conflict Abating? Routine Violence and District Level Government in Java, Indonesia Abstract: Utilizing a newly created data set the authors examine the relationship between routine/everyday violence and fiscal decentralization in 98 districts of the Indonesian island of Java. By examining possible relationships between fiscal decentralization and routine violence, this paper fills a gap in the literature where the analysis of the relation between fiscal decentralization and violence is relatively scant. Routine violence, which is different from both civil war and ethno-communal conflict, centres around group brawls, popular justice or vigilante violence. Despite the uniform implementation of fiscal decentralization, subnational entities exhibit varying experiences with decentralization, but a common consequence is the increased size of local government. Fiscal decentralization, and the increased size of local government, can alleviate pent-up frustrations with a centralized state, as local government expenditure is seen to satisfy the needs of communities with which people identify more closely. The authors also find that the greater the share of locally generated revenues, the lower the number of violent incidents; but this capacity to generate more local revenues mainly lies in richer districts. Therefore, richer districts are likely to have a lower incidence of violence. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 397-421 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305224 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305224 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:397-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Hearle Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Hearle Author-Name: Kanchana Ruwanpura Author-X-Name-First: Kanchana Author-X-Name-Last: Ruwanpura Title: Contentious Care: Foster Care Grants and the Caregiver-Orphan Relationship in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa Abstract: It is widely recognized that HIV/AIDS has devastating but also uneven effects on afflicted communities. While much research has rightly focused on the impact of HIV/AIDS on families, communities and countries, less attention has been paid to foster carers' experiences and to the network of care. Based on qualitative fieldwork carried out over a 3-month period in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, this study analyses the experiences of those caring for orphans who receive a state-funded Foster Care Grant. Conversations with caregivers suggest the contentious nature of care; this is worth exploring further, as it can cast light on how such macro-level interventions are shifting what it means to be an orphan at the community level. The main reason for bringing these issues to the fore is to make development interventions better informed and therefore better able to address those factors giving rise to the challenges faced by caregivers. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 423-437 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305240 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305240 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:423-437 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Armando Barrientos Author-X-Name-First: Armando Author-X-Name-Last: Barrientos Author-Name: David Hulme Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Hulme Title: Social Protection for the Poor and Poorest in Developing Countries: Reflections on a Quiet Revolution Abstract: The theory and practice of social protection in developing countries has advanced at a rapid pace over the last decade or so. There is a growing consensus around the view that social protection constitutes an effective response to poverty and vulnerability in developing countries, and an essential component of economic and social development strategies. This paper argues that the rise of social protection constitutes a response to global trends, but with considerable regional diversity. It examines the factors determining the future course of social protection and identifies urgent research needs. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 439-456 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305257 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305257 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:439-456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alastair Smith Author-X-Name-First: Alastair Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Fair Trade, Diversification and Structural Change: Towards a Broader Theoretical Framework of Analysis Abstract: This paper responds to the argument that while Fair Trade governance might increase short-term welfare, it reduces long-term development prospects by discouraging diversification and structural change. Even though it is agreed that lower-value sectors, such as commodity agriculture, are unlikely to offer a long-term solution to global income inequalities, the importance of their short- and medium-term contributions cannot be ignored. Furthermore, critics have evaluated Fair Trade governance against the benchmark of perfect market organization. However, given the realities of the developing world, dismantling Fair Trade abandons poor producers not to theoretical free markets and successful diversification, but to market failures, capability constraints, and risk management issues—all of which present serious obstacles to beneficial change. In light of this, analysis of the Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International is used to argue that, far from being detrimental, Fair Trade might actively contribute to diversification by alleviating some of the real-world obstacles that otherwise retard development. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 457-478 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305208 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:457-478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Knight Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Knight Author-Name: Li Shi Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Author-Name: Deng Quheng Author-X-Name-First: Deng Author-X-Name-Last: Quheng Title: Education and the Poverty Trap in Rural China: Closing the Trap Abstract: This is an ambitious attempt to view the relationships involving education and income as forming a system, and one that can generate a poverty trap. The setting is rural China, and the data are from a national household survey for 2002, designed with research hypotheses in mind. The paper shows how and why the returns to education vary according to household and community income. It examines the effects of education on income, innovation, health and happiness, and shows how education can be important in helping people to escape from various dimensions of poverty. The results are brought together to form an empirical model of a poverty trap, and the implications for poverty analysis and for educational policy are considered. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903551595 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903551595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Narendar Pani Author-X-Name-First: Narendar Author-X-Name-Last: Pani Author-Name: K. Jafar Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Jafar Title: Mass Education-led Growth and Non-agrarian Villages: Long-term Results of the Kerala Model Abstract: The advance of the human development perspective has seen education being established not just as a means of development but as an end in itself. This has created a case for focusing on mass education, even if it implies lower growth rates in the initial years. Such an approach is bound to influence the very pattern of development over the long run. For one, a sustained emphasis on mass education within a framework that assures adequate social security could increase the well-being of workers to a point where it affects the choices they make. In this paper a combination of a simple mathematical model and the experience of the south Indian state of Kerala is used to suggest some patterns of development over the long term that this approach throws up. It argues that the effects of this approach could be wide-ranging, including contributing to the creation of non-agrarian villages. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 25-42 Issue: 1 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903548997 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903548997 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:25-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hein de Haas Author-X-Name-First: Hein Author-X-Name-Last: de Haas Author-Name: Aleida van Rooij Author-X-Name-First: Aleida Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooij Title: Migration as Emancipation? The Impact of Internal and International Migration on the Position of Women Left Behind in Rural Morocco Abstract: Based on quantitative and qualitative fieldwork, this paper analyses how internal and international out-migration of men has affected the position of women left behind in a rural area in southern Morocco. The results generally refute the hypothesis that migration changes gender roles. Although international migration and remittances enable women and their families to live more comfortable and secure lives, internal migration often coincides with increasing workloads and uncertainty. Although their husbands' migration leads to a temporary increase in the tasks and responsibilities of women, this new role is generally perceived as a burden and should therefore not be equated with emancipation in the meaning of making independent choices against prevailing gender norms. In a classical “patriarchal bargain”, women prefer to avoid overt rule-breaking in order to secure their social position. Significant improvements in the position of rural women are primarily the result of general social and cultural change, although migration might have played an indirect, accelerating role in these processes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 43-62 Issue: 1 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903551603 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903551603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:43-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marian Burchardt Author-X-Name-First: Marian Author-X-Name-Last: Burchardt Title: Ironies of Subordination: Ambivalences of Gender in Religious AIDS Interventions in South Africa Abstract: Situated at the interface between the sociology of religion and gender studies, this article explores the complex relationships between faith-based activities and gendered arrangements of domination in the context of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. It argues that the linkages between religion and gender work in two directions: existing gender relations affect the shape of religious AIDS interventions just as these interventions influence dominant models of femininity and masculinity, and provide alternative models. Drawing on two case studies from the fields of sexual education and AIDS support, the article explains how emerging religious spaces mediate the ways in which female subordination is partially transformed into a gendered asset in successfully managing everyday life in an environment of bio-social risks. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 63-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903548708 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903548708 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:63-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salma Ahmed Author-X-Name-First: Salma Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmed Author-Name: Pushkar Maitra Author-X-Name-First: Pushkar Author-X-Name-Last: Maitra Title: Gender Wage Discrimination in Rural and Urban Labour Markets of Bangladesh Abstract: Female wages in Bangladesh are significantly lower than male wages. This paper quantifies the extent to which discrimination can explain this gender wage gap across the rural and urban labour markets of Bangladesh, using unit record data from the 1999-2000 Labour Force Survey. The gender wage differential is decomposed into a component that can be explained by differences in productive characteristics and a component not explained by observable productive differences, which is attributed to discrimination. An attempt is also made to improve on the standard methodology by implementing a wage-gap decomposition method that accounts for selectivity bias, on top of the usual “explained” and “unexplained” components. Analytical results from this paper show that gender wage differentials are considerably larger in urban areas than in rural areas and a significant portion of this wage differential can be attributed to discrimination against women. The results also show that selectivity bias is an important component of total discrimination. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 83-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903551611 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903551611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:83-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philip Quarles van Ufford Author-X-Name-First: Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Quarles van Ufford Title: Book Review Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 113-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903549276 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903549276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:113-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly Bird Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Bird Author-Name: Hal Hill Author-X-Name-First: Hal Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Title: Tiny, Poor, Land-locked, Indebted, but Growing: Lessons for Late Reforming Transition Economies from Laos Abstract: There are few countries where “initial conditions” are as unfavourable as those of Laos. It is a very poor, least developed country. It is land-locked, sharing its international borders with five neighbours. It has the world's highest per capita stock of unexploded ordinance, a legacy of the Indo China war. It has yet to recover from the loss of most of its entrepreneurial class and over half of its tertiary educated population in the aftermath of that war. It is heavily indebted, with substantial Soviet era obligations still outstanding. Its institutions are weak and property rights ill defined. Yet, its reform efforts over the past two decades have been largely successful, with accelerating growth and the beginnings of a relatively smooth transition from plan to market. This examination of the Lao reform programme and the subsequent outcomes suggests that, contrary to some of the prevailing pessimism, late-comers can engage with the international economy, providing their reforms are reasonably effective and credible. Neighbourhood effects have obviously been supportive in the Lao case, but their importance should not be overstated. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 117-143 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003753776 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003753776 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:117-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vinish Kathuria Author-X-Name-First: Vinish Author-X-Name-Last: Kathuria Title: Does the Technology Gap Influence Spillovers? A Post-liberalization Analysis of Indian Manufacturing Industries Abstract: The purpose of this article is twofold: first to examine spillovers from existing foreign firms in India to local firms and whether the technology gap between foreign and domestic firms has any role to play in influencing spillovers; and second, to investigate whether the liberalization of the 1990s resulting in increased inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has had any influence in increasing the productivity of Indian firms. Using panel data for 1840 firms from 1995 to 2005, this study finds that in a large number of industries domestic firms are more productive than foreign firms, thereby precluding the possibility of spillovers to all the sectors. Even in the sectors where foreign firms are more productive and the technology gap is accounted for, there is no evidence of spillovers resulting from the presence of foreign firms. Similarly, FDI inflow seems to have no impact on productivity once industries are divided according to the size of the technology gap. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 145-170 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003793079 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003793079 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:145-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Warren-Rodriguez Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Warren-Rodriguez Title: Uncovering Trends in the Accumulation of Technological Capabilities and Skills in the Mozambican Manufacturing Sector Abstract: This paper examines the formation and accumulation of skills and technological capabilities in the Mozambican metalworking and light chemical sectors. To this end, it deploys Sanjaya Lall's technology capabilities framework to examine these processes in the context of historical dynamics taking place in Mozambique in the economic and industrial policy spheres. This analysis shows that these two industries are experiencing a process of gradual technological obsolescence combined with a progressive simplification of production processes that is leading to a weakening of their technology capability and skill base. In this context, neither foreign direct investment nor other technology transfer mechanisms appears to have been able to reverse these trends. In light of available evidence, this paper argues that this process can be seen as a response to a deteriorating policy and economic environment that in the past two decades has undermined investments in industrial technological development in Mozambique. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 171-198 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003753388 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003753388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:171-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Celine Nauges Author-X-Name-First: Celine Author-X-Name-Last: Nauges Author-Name: Caroline van den Berg Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: van den Berg Title: Heterogeneity in the Cost Structure of Water and Sanitation Services: A Cross-country Comparison of Conditions for Scale Economies Abstract: The main purpose of this article is to compare the cost structure of water utilities across a set of 14 countries with different levels of economic development. As far as is known, the cross-country perspective is novel in this literature. This article first provides new measures of returns to scale in the water and sanitation sector for a set of countries, most of them from the developing world. It is then shown that the probability of a utility operating under decreasing, constant, or increasing returns to scale depends not only on its characteristics (the volume of water produced in particular), but also on the country's level of economic development (gross national income) and business environment as measured by investor protection, the cost of enforcing contracts and perceptions of corruption. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 199-217 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003753768 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003753768 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:199-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arnaud Reynaud Author-X-Name-First: Arnaud Author-X-Name-Last: Reynaud Title: Private Sector Participation, Regulation and Social Policies in Water Supply in France Abstract: This paper contributes to the literature on social water policies by clarifying the definition of water affordability and water poverty and by providing the first empirical analysis of water affordability in France. Using quantitative analyses of French household microeconomic surveys, it is shown that 4.31% of households in France (representing around 1.16 million households) were obliged to spend more than 3% of their income on water charges in 2001. The results also demonstrate that single parent families (especially if the head of the household is a woman) or, conversely, large families for which social aid represents a large proportion of total income are the most vulnerable groups in terms of water affordability. The econometric results also suggest that private participation in the water sector has not helped the poor in terms of affordability and that the type of delegation contract matters. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 219-239 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003753362 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003753362 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:219-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca Schaaf Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Schaaf Title: Do Groups Matter? Using a Wellbeing Framework to Understand Collective Activities in Northeast Thailand Abstract: This paper is motivated by two key themes in international development: the recent surge of interest in wellbeing as the desired outcome of development, and the continuing promotion of group-based activities within development policy and practice. Drawing on findings from research conducted in Northeast Thailand, this paper discusses the development and implementation of a multidimensional framework, which was used to investigate how groups affect the wellbeing of individuals and the community. The research highlights the problematic nature of community groups, as there were often large gaps between aspirations and satisfaction with group membership. Through analysis of these findings, the value of using a wellbeing-focused framework is illustrated, as it provides a more comprehensive way of analysing the diverse and dynamic motivations, experiences and outcomes of group membership. Overall, the wellbeing approach results in greater understanding of the role of groups within the community and the development process. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 241-257 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003753370 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003753370 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:241-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorg Friedrichs Author-X-Name-First: Jorg Author-X-Name-Last: Friedrichs Title: Book Review Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 259-260 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003768642 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003768642 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:259-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaolan Fu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaolan Author-X-Name-Last: Fu Author-Name: John Toye Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Toye Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: John H. Dunning (1927-2009) Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 261-262 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505724 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505724 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:261-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rajneesh Narula Author-X-Name-First: Rajneesh Author-X-Name-Last: Narula Author-Name: John Dunning Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Dunning Title: Multinational Enterprises, Development and Globalization: Some Clarifications and a Research Agenda Abstract: This paper considers how economic globalization has affected opportunities and challenges for developing countries in following a multinational enterprise (MNE)-assisted development strategy, revisiting an earlier article by the authors. The growing share of industrial activity owned and/or controlled by MNEs has not—by and large—led to a proportional increase in sustainable domestic industrial growth. Particular attention is paid to how MNEs have responded proactively to globalization by modifying their strategies, spatial organization and the modalities by which they interact with host economic actors, and how these changes alter our understanding of MNEs and development. What has been learnt over the last decade about embeddedness, institutions, inertia, absorptive capacity, spillovers and linkages, and how they can explain the success of some countries (or regions) in promoting growth, and the failure of others, is examined. The need to link MNE and industrial policies systematically is highlighted. Attracting the “right kinds” of MNE activity remains important, but greater heterogeneity of MNE activity and host locations requires greater customization of policy tools. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 263-287 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505684 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505684 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:263-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabian Scholtes Author-X-Name-First: Fabian Author-X-Name-Last: Scholtes Title: Whose Sustainability? Environmental Domination and Sen's Capability Approach Abstract: Dealing with nature according to a concept of sustainability extends contingent, particular valuations of nature into the space of the options of others, especially those of future generations. When such an imposition of valuations circumscribes the options of others in a definitive way, sustainability—despite any contrary intentions—implies “environmental domination”. This article asks how concepts of sustainability may respond to this problem. It suggests three criteria. These are: the accessibility as well as reflectiveness of reasons for dealing with nature; the acceptability of the valuational reference of these reasons; and openness towards fundamentally different ideas of “the good”. Based on these criteria, the article then analyses how Sen's Capability Approach to development conceives of sustainability and valuations of nature. It suggests that the approach responds to the first two criteria and thus seems a promising base for conceptualizing sustainability. With respect to the third, doubts remain and this is taken to be a challenge to the approach. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 289-307 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505683 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505683 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:289-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katsushi Imai Author-X-Name-First: Katsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Imai Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha Author-X-Name-First: Raghav Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha Author-Name: Ganesh Thapa Author-X-Name-First: Ganesh Author-X-Name-Last: Thapa Title: Is the Millennium Development Goal on Poverty Still Achievable? The Role of Institutions, Finance and Openness Abstract: Drawing upon new World Bank poverty data, the analysis examines the feasibility of attaining the Millennium Development Goal of halving extreme poverty (MDG1) when the interrelationships between finance, institutions, trade liberalization, growth and poverty are taken into account. The authors' econometric results suggest a slowing down of poverty reduction in the more recent years since 2000. They also confirm: the role of better institutions in income growth, poverty reduction, trade openness and financial development; the role of financial development in economic growth; and the positive effect of capital liberalization on financial development. Simulations for different regions show that MDG1 is attainable in most regions if the historical growth rate is maintained over 2006-15. However, improvements in institutional quality are crucial for halving extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 309-337 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505685 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:309-337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lopamudra Banerjee Author-X-Name-First: Lopamudra Author-X-Name-Last: Banerjee Title: Effects of Flood on Agricultural Productivity in Bangladesh Abstract: This article examines the impact of floods on agriculture in Bangladesh and argues that, although severe inundation destroys crops in the monsoon flood months, monsoon floods act as an open-access resource in supplying irrigational input to agriculture. District-level rice and jute productivity data for the period 1978-2000 are analyzed to investigate the long-term impacts of floods in terms of agricultural performance, comparing “more” flood-prone districts with “less” flood-prone districts. In addition, the short-term impacts of floods are analyzed on crops grown in the flood months and in subsequent, post-flood months. The results show that the area under cultivation and agricultural productivity are higher in the “more” flood-prone districts of Bangladesh. They also show that, while yield rates decline when floods assume “extreme” proportions, productivity increases during “normal” floods and in the post-flood months. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 339-356 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505681 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505681 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:339-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miwa Kana Author-X-Name-First: Miwa Author-X-Name-Last: Kana Author-Name: Han Phoumin Author-X-Name-First: Han Author-X-Name-Last: Phoumin Author-Name: Fukui Seiichi Author-X-Name-First: Fukui Author-X-Name-Last: Seiichi Title: Does Child Labour Have a Negative Impact on Child Education and Health? A Case Study in Rural Cambodia Abstract: This paper examines whether child labour affects the acquisition of a child's human capital. For this purpose, a behavioural model in which child labour is itself a choice and simultaneous equation models with limited dependent variables are employed to examine the determinants of human capital formation and its relationship with child labour. No trade-off relationship could be found between child labour and child schooling attainment. However, it was found that child labour is not detrimental to a child's health and nutritional status; rather, it improves these if children work within a critical threshold level. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 357-382 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505682 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505682 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:357-382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Severine Deneulin Author-X-Name-First: Severine Author-X-Name-Last: Deneulin Title: Book Review Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 383-388 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505726 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505726 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:383-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Duncan Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan Author-Name: Martin Evans Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Author-Name: Simon Hunt Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Hunt Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: Roger Hay (1940-2010) Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 389-389 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.531616 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.531616 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:389-389 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matt Andrews Author-X-Name-First: Matt Author-X-Name-Last: Andrews Author-Name: Roger Hay Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Hay Author-Name: Jerrett Myers Author-X-Name-First: Jerrett Author-X-Name-Last: Myers Title: Can Governance Indicators Make Sense? Towards a New Approach to Sector-Specific Measures of Governance Abstract: Governance indicators have come under fire in recent years, especially the World Governance Indicators. Critics present these indicators as atheoretical and biased. Critics of the critics counter that no better alternatives exist. The authors suggest otherwise, arguing that more appropriate “governance” indicators will: have theoretical grounding; focus on specific fields of engagement; emphasize outcomes; and control for key contextual differences in comparing countries. Such constructs can help indicate where countries seem to have governance problems, allowing second-stage analyses of where and what these problems are; they do not directly point to the presence or nature of problems or provide a measure of the governance concept. Under-5 mortality rates adjusted for country income groups are shown as an example of such a measure, and data presented for contextually compared outcomes in this specific field to show where governance seems better and worse. The USA is shown up as relatively weak, whereas a country such as Pakistan seems to have better governance in this sector than other low-income countries. The indicator has its weaknesses and is partly presented as an illustrative example of a new approach, but also allows questions about why governance of this sector might be problematic in certain contexts and easier in others. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 391-410 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.524696 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.524696 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:391-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Brown Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Arnim Langer Author-X-Name-First: Arnim Author-X-Name-Last: Langer Title: Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnicity Abstract: This paper critically reviews the ontological debates over the nature of ethnicity and the different ways in which it is operationalized and “measured” for quantitative research. It is argued that while moving away from a “primordealist” position on ethnicity renders measurement of the social diversity more difficult, conceptually and practically it does not invalidate this exercise. A second problem, however, is also identified with the measurement of ethnicity: when information on ethnic diversity is incorporated with other socio-economic information, a range of measures can be derived that purport to pick up very different distributions, but that are in reality often very highly correlated. These two problems combined present a significant challenge for the quantitative study of the relationship between ethnic diversity and political and economic outcomes such as conflict and growth patterns. The authors do not assert that these problems invalidate the exercise of investigating these relationships econometrically entirely, but they suggest the problems do warn us to be more guarded and modest in the claims made on the basis of such analyses. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 411-436 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.525629 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.525629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:411-436 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Constanza Tabbush Author-X-Name-First: Constanza Author-X-Name-Last: Tabbush Title: Latin American Women's Protection after Adjustment: A Feminist Critique of Conditional Cash Transfers in Chile and Argentina Abstract: This paper analyses conditional cash transfer (CCT) policies in Argentina and Chile from a gender perspective. Policy advocates maintain that, through the income provided by CCTs, women acquire some economic autonomy and empowerment within the household. This positive analysis is, however, tempered by gender-based concerns about the developmental value of conservative appeals to women as “mothers”, founded on traditional cultural norms, in regional policy design. Drawing on these two country examples, the objective of the paper is to assess the terms and conditions of women's inclusion as “conduits of policy” in CCTs in the Southern Cone. Findings indicate that the continuity of policy in Chile's anti-poverty strategies locates women as being accountable for family well-being within a multidimensional and psychological vision of poverty. Chile constitutes a radical example of the extension of women's individual responsibilities in managing household poverty with no collective component. By contrast, in Argentina the role of women appears to be dictated more by continuous changes in the state's definition of poverty alleviation, rather than the developmental objective of empowering women. Women's positioning in CCTs could be labelled as bearers of politics, in a context that transfers to women the duty of socially assisting others while rendering their personal needs progressively less visible. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 437-459 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.525327 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.525327 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:437-459 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammad Hajizadeh Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad Author-X-Name-Last: Hajizadeh Author-Name: Luke Connelly Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Connelly Title: Equity of Health Care Financing in Iran: The Effect of Extending Health Insurance to the Uninsured Abstract: This paper examines the progressivity of health insurance premiums and consumer co-payments in Iran by calculating Kakwani Progressivity Indices using data from annual national household surveys between 1995/96 and 2006/07. During this period, the Urban Inpatient Insurance Scheme in 2000 and the Rural Health Insurance Scheme in 2005 extended health insurance coverage in urban and rural areas. Unexpectedly, the results suggest that both of these initiatives had regressive impacts on the distribution of health care financing in Iran, which could be explained by public sector activity having crowded out private sector charitable activity. Although this study does not address changes in the distribution of health care utilization, these results for health care financing suggest the need for caution in the implementation of such programmes in low-income and middle-income countries. If charitable activity already results in the provision of health care to the poor at zero or low prices, public intervention may not improve the progressivity of health care financing. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 461-476 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.524697 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.524697 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:461-476 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesus Felipe Author-X-Name-First: Jesus Author-X-Name-Last: Felipe Author-Name: J. S. L. McCombie Author-X-Name-First: J. S. L. Author-X-Name-Last: McCombie Author-Name: Kaukab Naqvi Author-X-Name-First: Kaukab Author-X-Name-Last: Naqvi Title: Is Pakistan's Growth Rate Balance-of-Payments Constrained? Policies and Implications for Development and Growth Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which Pakistan's growth has been, or is likely to be, constrained by its balance of payments. Evidence presented suggests that Pakistan's maximum growth rate consistent with equilibrium on the basic balance is approximately 5% per annum. This is below the long-term target GDP growth rate of 7-8% per annum. This balance-of-payments constrained growth approach provides some important implications for Pakistan's development policy. Real exchange rate depreciations will not lead to an improvement in the current account. Pakistan must lift the constraints that impede higher growth in exports. In particular, it must shift its export structure towards more sophisticated products with a higher income elasticity of demand. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 477-496 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.525351 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.525351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:477-496 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rabin Hattari Author-X-Name-First: Rabin Author-X-Name-Last: Hattari Author-Name: Ramkishen Rajan Author-X-Name-First: Ramkishen Author-X-Name-Last: Rajan Title: India as a Source of Outward Foreign Direct Investment Abstract: While India is an increasingly attractive destination for foreign capital, the country is also becoming a significant source of outflows. Many Indian enterprises view outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) as an important dimension of their corporate strategies. This paper presents some data on the magnitude and composition of Indian OFDI. It also discusses the rationale for and empirical determinants of overseas acquisitions by Indian companies. The empirical findings suggest that OFDI from India is not entirely different from that of other countries in that they are motivated by many common factors. There is evidence, however, that Indian OFDI is more market- and resource-seeking than OFDI from most other countries. The paper concludes with a broader discussion of the impact of the global rise of Indian companies on the Indian economy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 497-518 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.524695 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.524695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:497-518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Knight Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Knight Author-Name: Ramani Gunatilaka Author-X-Name-First: Ramani Author-X-Name-Last: Gunatilaka Title: Does Economic Growth Raise Happiness in China? Abstract: Various measures of satisfaction with life or happiness in China appear not to have risen in recent years, despite China's remarkable growth of income per capita. The paper brings together and integrates the results of four papers by the authors to provide a methodologically and substantively innovative explanation for this paradox. The four papers are based on a cross-section national household survey relating to 2002 and containing questions on subjective well-being. Their findings help to explain the time-series evidence: they highlight the importance of relative income, rising urban insecurity, rapid urbanization, and changing reference groups in preventing happiness from rising with income. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.551006 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.551006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Emma Santos Author-X-Name-First: Maria Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Title: Human Capital and the Quality of Education in a Poverty Trap Model Abstract: This paper presents a model of a poverty trap that is caused by an unequal initial income and human capital distribution and differences in the quality of education between children from more and less advantaged social sectors. Under certain conditions, the economy converges to a situation with three stable and simultaneous equilibria, two of which constitute poverty traps, lowering the economy's current and steady-state aggregate output level as well as its growth rate. The model suggests that a policy oriented towards equalizing the quality of education would, in the long run, have the potential to reduce initial inequalities. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 25-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.551003 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.551003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:1:p:25-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Firdu Gemech Author-X-Name-First: Firdu Author-X-Name-Last: Gemech Author-Name: Sushil Mohan Author-X-Name-First: Sushil Author-X-Name-Last: Mohan Author-Name: Alan Reeves Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Reeves Author-Name: John Struthers Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Struthers Title: Market-Based Price-Risk Management: Welfare Gains for Coffee Producers from Efficient Allocation of Resources Abstract: The volatility of coffee prices exposes coffee producers to price risk. Price risk is one of many risks faced by commodity producers in developing countries. Coffee is widely traded in the international commodity derivative markets. This offers scope for coffee producers to manage their price risk by hedging on these markets. The hedging mechanism recommended is based on the use of coffee futures and options. The mechanism involves costs, so the benefits of hedging need to be evaluated in order to assess its usefulness for producers. It emerges that the main benefit lies in producers being able to allocate resources more efficiently in the production of coffee. An analysis of theoretical and field evidence shows that this benefit can potentially be quite high, especially for risk-averse producers. This underlines the need to provide producers with access to suitable price-risk hedging mechanisms. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 49-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.550399 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.550399 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:1:p:49-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shylashri Shankar Author-X-Name-First: Shylashri Author-X-Name-Last: Shankar Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha Author-X-Name-First: Raghav Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha Author-Name: Raghbendra Jha Author-X-Name-First: Raghbendra Author-X-Name-Last: Jha Title: Information, Access and Targeting: The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India Abstract: In this paper, the relationship is assessed between possessing information on, gaining access to and the efficacy of delivery of India's national rural employment guarantee scheme (NREGA) in three states. The results suggest that the link between information, access and the delivery of the scheme is not straightforward. Information can increase the propensity for the programme to be accessed by those who are not its primary target population, and can enhance efficacy of delivery to such beneficiaries. Lack of information, on the other hand, decreases the ability of citizens, particularly the acutely poor, to benefit from the scheme. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 69-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.551005 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.551005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:1:p:69-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshito Takasaki Author-X-Name-First: Yoshito Author-X-Name-Last: Takasaki Title: Groups, Networks and Hierarchy in Household Private Transfers: Evidence from Fiji Abstract: While economists have studied private transfers exchanged among households within a network extensively, those exchanged directly with groups to which the household belongs—such as ritual gifts, communal work and church donations—in developing countries have received very limited attention. Using original household survey data gathered in rural Fiji, this paper demonstrates that: the group-based transfers are much greater than the network-based transfers, probably because of significant household contributions to groups for the provision of local public goods; and group-based transfers influence network-based transfers through the social hierarchy. A comparison of various groups (e.g. kin and church groups) and social ranks (e.g. those determined by gender, disability, kin elite and religious elite) indicates that network-based transfers adjust to hierarchy bias in group-based transfers, depending on the physical and social connections of groups and networks. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 97-130 Issue: 1 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.551004 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.551004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:1:p:97-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Corinne Caumartin Author-X-Name-First: Corinne Author-X-Name-Last: Caumartin Title: Introduction Abstract: Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 131-138 Issue: 2 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.570536 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.570536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:131-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Albertyn Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Albertyn Title: Law, Gender and Inequality in South Africa Abstract: Post-apartheid South Africa has seen the extensive use of law to address the inequalities of the past. This article looks at the role of law in addressing gender-based inequalities, considering how it has addressed “recognition” in terms of women's status and social subordination, as well as questions of redistribution and economic inequality. South Africa has been particularly successful at extending legal rights and benefits of recognition, and at entrenching in law powerful normative frameworks that challenge traditional gender roles. Redistribution, on the other hand, has been primarily race-based, with limited policies and substantive rights that address gendered economic inequalities. The law and courts have played a lesser role here. The ability of law to redress inequality through transformative social and economic change is limited. However, it can be an important site of struggle in the engagement of cultural norms and social attitudes, as well as economic policy. The article concludes that, apart from concrete rights and benefits, the normative frameworks of law offer significant strategic opportunities for pushing at the boundaries of inequality and exclusion in the public and private spheres. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 139-162 Issue: 2 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.568610 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.568610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:139-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Galina Kostadinova Author-X-Name-First: Galina Author-X-Name-Last: Kostadinova Title: Minority Rights as a Normative Framework for Addressing the Situation of Roma in Europe Abstract: Roma are the largest and most marginalized ethnic group in Europe, suffering from severe poverty, racial hostility, the obliteration of their culture and exclusion from public life. This study argues that the various types of injustice faced by the Roma in terms of agency and socio-economic conditions are interdependent and need to be tackled in a single normative framework. The aim of the paper is to examine how well the international system of minority rights protection is suited to dealing with these multifaceted disadvantages. It sets aside the question of whether governments are honouring their commitments under minority rights law. Instead it investigates whether and how minority rights law meets the recognition and redistribution issues faced by Roma, so that it might be used as a normative paradigm for policy-makers facing different approaches to the Roma question. To this end, it examines the substantive content of minority rights and concludes that they address Roma recognition issues via provisions related to: minority physical existence; cultural existence and identity; and participation in public affairs. Unlike other normative paradigms, such as socio-economic rights, minority rights law lacks redistribution provisions per se. Yet, it deals with Roma welfare issues through a rich concept of substantial equality. Minority rights law captures the group dimension of Roma disadvantage and puts forward positive duties so that societal structures generating social exclusion and discrimination are transformed. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 163-183 Issue: 2 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.570864 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.570864 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:163-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niraja Gopal Jayal Author-X-Name-First: Niraja Gopal Author-X-Name-Last: Jayal Title: A False Dichotomy? The Unresolved Tension between Universal and Differentiated Citizenship in India Abstract: Group-differentiated citizenship has become a widely accepted way of addressing the dissatisfaction with difference-blind liberal universal accounts of citizenship. This article interprets Indian arguments for and against quotas, across the 20th century, in terms of a contest between the powerful rival claims of universalist and differentiated citizenship. The Indian experience, it argues, instantiates many of the normative complexities that theorists of group-differentiated citizenship have identified, in particular its implications for the construction of a civic community; the prospects of weakening social cohesion; and the difficulties of properly determining which groups are deserving of differentiated citizenship rights. The article offers an argument against positing universalist and group-differentiated citizenship in mutual opposition, a false dichotomy in a complex and diverse world. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 185-204 Issue: 2 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.569087 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.569087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:185-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roddy Brett Author-X-Name-First: Roddy Author-X-Name-Last: Brett Title: Confronting Racism from within the Guatemalan State: The Challenges Faced by the Defender of Indigenous Rights of Guatemala's Human Rights Ombudsman's Office Abstract: This paper analyzes the development of legal mechanisms and micro-level institutional reforms aimed at consolidating the rights of indigenous peoples in post-conflict Guatemala. The research is based on prolonged fieldwork carried out with the Office of the Defender of Indigenous Peoples' Rights of the Guatemalan Human Rights Ombudsman's Office (PDH), established in 1998. The paper argues that the establishment of state institutions and institutional reforms oriented towards the protection of indigenous peoples' rights since the end of hostilities in Guatemala's internal armed conflict in 1996 represent important advances, although they occurred within a broader context in which the peace process failed to tackle structural inequalities effectively or enduringly. On the surface, the PDH and related reforms appear to provide indigenous people with unprecedented access to forms of legal redress for human rights violations, including both individual and collective rights. However, given the structural, interpersonal and institutional racism that plagues Guatemalan state and society, such measures remain little more than symbolic, as inadequate funding, racist attitudes within PDH mid- to high-level functionaries, and a lack of institutional will to train functionaries to understand, identify and process systematic violations of indigenous peoples' rights sufficiently impede the effective addressing of profound structural inequalities. The norms and behavior within state institutions and the attitudes of state functionaries operating from within Guatemala's post-conflict multicultural state are today, then, shaped by more subtle forms of exclusion and marginalization of indigenous populations, leading us to question the impact of institutional change on transformations in the political culture. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 205-228 Issue: 2 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.568612 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.568612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:205-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Pegram Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Pegram Title: Weak Institutions, Rights Claims and Pathways to Compliance: The Transformative Role of the Peruvian Human Rights Ombudsman Abstract: This article examines the contribution of the Peruvian human rights ombudsman towards upholding a stable and enforceable rights framework, an important component of an inclusive democratic political regime. It argues that the human rights ombudsman may play a significant role in advancing social transformation through the articulation and facilitation of rights claims in an institutional terrain informed by the politically contested nature of formal rules. The analysis goes beyond formal legal channels of redress to consider innovative mechanisms to increase social accountability, including a variety of non-judicial remedies such as policy initiatives, media advocacy and conflict mediation. The article suggests the human rights ombudsman is well placed to advance rights claims through legal, institutional and social pathways, with particular focus on the question of compliance—understood as a matter of both enforcement and management. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 229-251 Issue: 2 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.568611 File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.568611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:229-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sharada Srinivasan Author-X-Name-First: Sharada Author-X-Name-Last: Srinivasan Author-Name: Arjun S. Bedi Author-X-Name-First: Arjun S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bedi Title: Ensuring Daughter Survival in Tamil Nadu, India Abstract: The South Indian state of Tamil Nadu is a relatively recent addition to the list of Indian states to experience the phenomenon of “missing girls”. Nonetheless, the government and non-governmental organizations in the state have been active for some time in collecting data to track gender differences in survival and in introducing interventions to prevent daughter elimination. Against this background, this article has two aims. First, it provides a temporal and spatial analysis of patterns of daughter deficits in Tamil Nadu over the period 1996--2003. Second, it undertakes an examination of the modus operandi, underlying assumptions, strengths and weaknesses of various interventions and assesses their effect on daughter elimination. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 253-283 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.594500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.594500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:3:p:253-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eskander Alvi Author-X-Name-First: Eskander Author-X-Name-Last: Alvi Author-Name: Seife Dendir Author-X-Name-First: Seife Author-X-Name-Last: Dendir Title: Sibling Differences in School Attendance and Child Labour in Ethiopia Abstract: This paper examines the effects of sibling composition on children's school attendance and participation in market and domestic work in Ethiopia. The major finding is that earlier-born males in rural areas are more likely to attend school than their younger siblings. A similar effect is apparent for rural females and urban children as well, though it is not as robust to varying estimation methods and sensitivity tests. In both areas, the chances of participation in market work are higher for older children, particularly males, while in domestic work, which remains largely the domain of female children, being an earlier-born girl also increases the odds of working. These effects of birth order on work are largely unaffected by the gender of the younger siblings or by the age difference with the last child. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 285-313 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.598923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.598923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:3:p:285-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sharmistha Self Author-X-Name-First: Sharmistha Author-X-Name-Last: Self Title: Market and Non-market Child Labour in Rural India: The Role of the Mother's Participation in the Labour Force Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to study market (outside the home) and non-market (domestic) child labour in rural India and see how this is influenced by a mother's participation in the labour force. The paper also investigates whether this participation has a different impact on sons as compared with daughters. The empirical analysis is based on household survey data from rural households in northern and eastern India. The results show that a mother's labour is not a substitute for, but a complement to, market and non-market child labour, while a mother's education, along with the father's education, reduces the likelihood of child labour. Gender-based analysis lends support to existing literature regarding the gender bias in domestic child labour. Additionally, a mother's participation in the labour force is found to increase the likelihood of daughters working outside the home as well. Thus, an increase in the opportunity for mothers to work in the labour-intensive agricultural sector makes child labour more likely. The results of this paper have important policy implications. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 315-338 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.599490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.599490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:3:p:315-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Linh Vu Author-X-Name-First: Linh Author-X-Name-Last: Vu Author-Name: Bob Baulch Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Baulch Title: Assessing Alternative Poverty Proxy Methods in Rural Vietnam Abstract: This paper compares and contrasts the use of four “short-cut” methods for identifying poor households: the poverty probability method; ordinary least squares regressions; principal components analysis; and quantile regressions. After evaluating these four methods using two alternative criteria (total and balanced poverty accuracy) and representative household survey data from rural Vietnam, it is concluded that the poverty probability method—which can correctly identify around four-fifths of poor and non-poor households—is the most accurate “short-cut” method for measuring poverty for specific subpopulations, or in years when household surveys are not available. The performance of the poverty probability method was then tested with different poverty lines and using an alternative household survey, and found to be robust. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 339-367 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.599207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.599207 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:3:p:339-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gurleen K. Popli Author-X-Name-First: Gurleen K. Author-X-Name-Last: Popli Title: Changes in Human Capital and Wage Inequality in Mexico Abstract: Over the last two decades, Mexico has witnessed a significant increase in wage inequality, typically attributed to the increase in relative demand for skilled labour. Over this period, educational achievements and their distribution across the labour force have also changed substantially. In this paper, the impact of changes in human capital on wage inequality in Mexico is analysed. The analysis focuses on decomposing the level of inequality in any given year and the change in inequality over time into observable (e.g. age, education, etc.) and unobservable differences across workers. The main findings of this paper are that unobservable factors account for most of the inequality in any given year; among the observable factors, human capital emerges as the most important variable explaining the level of inequality in any given year, and, further, it is the changes in human capital, specifically the returns to education, that are mainly responsible for the observed changes in inequality. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 369-387 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.596276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.596276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:3:p:369-387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Costanza Torri Author-X-Name-First: Maria Costanza Author-X-Name-Last: Torri Title: Illness and Healing in Urban Areas in Chile: Between Tradition and Cultural Adaptation Abstract: The Mapuche communities living in the urban areas of Chile have undergone radical cultural change as a result of modernization and urbanization. This article analyzes the influence of these changes on the ideas and practices of traditional Mapuche healers (machi) and patients in Temuco in Chile, and examines any changes or adaptations in perceptions of healing practices and rituals. The paper shows how an encounter with another culture, such as the dominant Chilean one, can under some conditions reinforce indigenous medicine by updating its practices and pushing it towards increased specialization in psychotherapeutic treatments. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 389-402 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620084 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620084 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:389-402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jean-Francois Trani Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Francois Author-X-Name-Last: Trani Author-Name: Parul Bakhshi Author-X-Name-First: Parul Author-X-Name-Last: Bakhshi Author-Name: C�cile Rolland Author-X-Name-First: C�cile Author-X-Name-Last: Rolland Title: Capabilities, Perception of Well-being and Development Effort: Some Evidence from Afghanistan Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between capabilities, well-being and the impact of development efforts in Afghanistan. Using data from a nationally representative survey, it is argued that very vulnerable groups maintain a positive perception of well-being by referring to collective values and practices. The data suggest that deprivation of individual basic capabilities does not systematically lead to a low perception of well-being if individuals have access to other capabilities such as love, care and participation in community affairs. Nevertheless, access to basic capabilities remains crucial in order to ensure that social norms and expectations cease to constitute constraints and become factors through which agency and empowerment are enhanced. The results also show the dangers of tackling inequalities by designing policies that target individuals isolated from the group. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 403-426 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620089 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:403-426 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tamgid Ahmed Chowdhury Author-X-Name-First: Tamgid Ahmed Author-X-Name-Last: Chowdhury Author-Name: Pundarik Mukhopadhaya Author-X-Name-First: Pundarik Author-X-Name-Last: Mukhopadhaya Title: Poverty Alleviation and Service Delivery: Government and Non-government Organizations in Rural Bangladesh Abstract: This paper develops and validates a two-dimensional multi-item scale that captures features related to “credibility” and “focus towards beneficiaries” of government organizations (GO) and non-government organizations (NGO) in the service delivery process of poverty alleviation programmes in rural Bangladesh. The methodology is based on 562 samples collected by the authors from 78 randomly chosen villages in Bangladesh during September--December 2009. Various demographic variables were used to validate the scale by incorporating a new set of data consisting of 368 respondents from an additional 29 randomly selected villages. Significant differences were found to exist between the opinions of beneficiaries of the programmes of both GOs and NGOs after evaluating scale items through discriminant analysis. The study suggests that GO agencies need to concentrate more on items belonging to the “Beneficiary Focus Dimension”, and that NGOs need to devote more attention to the items grouped under the “Credibility Dimension”. Regional analysis suggests that GO agencies are more efficient than NGOs in delivering services to the rural poor. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 427-452 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:427-452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Cotte Poveda Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Cotte Author-X-Name-Last: Poveda Title: Economic Development, Inequality and Poverty: An Analysis of Urban Violence in Colombia Abstract: This paper analyses some determinants of urban violence in seven major Colombian cities. The empirical research is intended to explore variations in violence across these Colombian cities and the influence of these variations on Colombia's economic development. In this study, several econometric data panel models and various estimate types are applied to control heterogeneity across the cities and to address endogeneity problems among the explanatory variables. The results show that education, poverty, inequality and the labour market are strong predictors of homicide rates in the seven Colombian cities. The results also demonstrate that city-level homicide rates depend on the city's level of development and the tendency of urban violence to persist over time. The findings thus demonstrate that factors such as inequality, poverty, education and the labour market influence urban violence, thereby generating negative effects on Colombia's economic and social development. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 453-468 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620085 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:453-468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elodie Ma�tre D'H�tel Author-X-Name-First: Elodie Ma�tre Author-X-Name-Last: D'H�tel Author-Name: Pierre-Marie Bosc Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Bosc Title: Neither State nor Market: The Influence of Farmers' Organizations on Agricultural Policies in Costa Rica Abstract: In recent decades, policies in many countries have been shaped by the implementation of economic liberalization, characterized by state withdrawal from marketing operations and control of trade. In this era of liberalization, policies regulating commodity marketing and trade were expected to disappear, but, in fact, this has hardly occurred. A comparative study is carried out of three farm sectors in Costa Rica, based on a dynamic analysis of behaviour in the context of the institutional change brought about by liberalization. The capacity of farmers' organizations to adapt and contribute to institutional change through their control over economic activity and their participation in policymaking processes is highlighted. In so doing, it is shown that, even in a liberalized era, policies regulating marketing and trade still exist and affect the functioning of agricultural markets. These policies differ according to the farm sector and can be linked directly to the influence of farmers' organizations within these sectors. It is shown that organizations play a key role in the regulation of farm sectors, and that their success depends on the institutional and organizational “thickness” to which they have contributed in each sector. Differences in historical trajectories can explain differences in the capacity of organizations to influence policymaking and to gain market share. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 469-485 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620086 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:469-485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luc D�sir� Omgba Author-X-Name-First: Luc D�sir� Author-X-Name-Last: Omgba Title: Oil Wealth and Non-oil Sector Performance in a Developing Country: Evidence from Cameroon Abstract: This paper provides the first econometric evidence on the impact of oil wealth on Cameroon's economy. In contrast to previous descriptive analyses, this paper reports that the oil boom had a positive effect on the traditional, non-oil sector in Cameroon and that the oil sector does not appear to have been responsible for the country's economic crisis or its consequences. In fact, oil wealth helped halt the decline in the non-oil sector that began before the oil boom. However, subsequent falls in oil production and oil prices were highly damaging to the economy. Consequently, the entire structure of Cameroon's economy, which is supported by growth in natural resources, comes into question, not management of the oil boom per se. This paper questions the timing of economic reforms in a resource-based country. It concludes that these reforms should be made during boom periods, when a country has enough resources to overcome the social problems that occur during structural reforms and when the country is in a position gradually to undertake such reforms. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 487-503 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620088 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:487-503 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annie Voy Author-X-Name-First: Annie Author-X-Name-Last: Voy Title: Globalization, Gender and Child Work Abstract: This paper evaluates the impact of globalization on two sorts of child work: child labour and household chores. Using newly available survey data on gender-specific participation rates in child labour and household chores, results are estimated separately for boys and girls to determine whether globalization affects the activities of these children differently. A negative and robust impact of foreign direct investment and trade openness on child labour was found, but no evidence that this relationship varies by gender. Foreign direct investment inflows were also found to be correlated with lower participation by children in household chores, even after controlling for endogeneity. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.646977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.646977 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:1-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arusha Cooray Author-X-Name-First: Arusha Author-X-Name-Last: Cooray Title: Suffrage, Democracy and Gender Equality in Education Abstract: Examining the influence of women's suffrage and democracy on gender equality in education in a sample of 80 countries, covering Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America and Eastern Europe, this study shows that countries with a longer duration of suffrage tend on average to perform better in terms of gender equality in education. The empirical association between democracy and gender equality in education disappears when religion is controlled for. In Asia and Africa, other factors, including income, employment in agriculture and colonialism, also help explain the under-representation of girls in education. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 21-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.646976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.646976 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:21-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mirtha R. Muñiz Castillo Author-X-Name-First: Mirtha R. Author-X-Name-Last: Muñiz Castillo Author-Name: Des Gasper Author-X-Name-First: Des Author-X-Name-Last: Gasper Title: Human Autonomy Effectiveness and Development Projects Abstract: This article calls for a new focus in the design, implementation and evaluation of projects, moving away from an abstract conception of “the project” and the goods it is intended to deliver, to a more meaningful concept of people as agents of change. Participation in a project leads to empowerment when people are self-motivated and involved in processes that they value, which achieve outcomes that they value. The article proposes a “human autonomy effectiveness” criterion relevant for sustainable human development; and then develops an analytical approach to assess a project's influence on human autonomy, with reference to changes in the determinants of autonomy (agency powers, access to resources and socio-structural contexts) and to relevant decision-making practices during the project. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 49-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.646975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.646975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:49-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meera Tiwari Author-X-Name-First: Meera Author-X-Name-Last: Tiwari Author-Name: Solava Ibrahim Author-X-Name-First: Solava Author-X-Name-Last: Ibrahim Title: Sustainable Human Development at the Grass Roots: Different Contexts, Similar Ingredients? Abstract: This article explores the conceptualization of sustainable human development within the Capability Approach. It goes beyond replacing “human needs” with “human capabilities” to extend the sustainable development premise into a sustainable human development discourse. In so doing, the article first presents an in-depth discussion of the meaning of sustainable human development using the Capability Approach and theorizes the dynamics of capabilities that maybe necessary for sustainable human development. It then grounds this theoretical framework in two self-help group models of grass-roots development from India and Egypt. These case studies provide a common conceptual platform within different contexts to explore the “genre” of capabilities being deployed towards achieving sustainable human development. The paper concludes by identifying the determinants and “lubricants” of human agency as well as their impact on sustainable human development. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 69-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.650161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.650161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:69-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bob Baulch Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Baulch Author-Name: Hung T. Pham Author-X-Name-First: Hung T. Author-X-Name-Last: Pham Author-Name: Barry Reilly Author-X-Name-First: Barry Author-X-Name-Last: Reilly Title: Decomposing the Ethnic Gap in Rural Vietnam, 1993--2004 Abstract: This paper examines and decomposes the gap in per capita expenditures between majority and minority ethnic groups in rural Vietnam between 1993 and 2004. Over this period, the real expenditure gap between rural Kinh and Chinese-headed households and those headed by ethnic minorities increased by 14.6%. Approximately two-fifths of the mean gap is found to be due to differences in household endowments (in particular demographic structure and education), and at least half due to differences in returns to these endowments. Geographic variables explain less than one-fifth of the gap. Over half of the increase in the mean gap is linked to temporal changes in unobservable factors, and less than a quarter to the majority's endowments improving more rapidly than those of the minorities. Broadly similar findings are detected using quantile regression analysis. These findings raise important questions concerning the drivers of the disadvantage faced by Vietnam's ethnic minorities. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 87-117 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.646441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.646441 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:87-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehrene Larudee Author-X-Name-First: Mehrene Author-X-Name-Last: Larudee Title: Measuring Openness: VADE, Not Trade Abstract: The ratio of trade (exports plus imports) to GDP is often used to gauge the orientation of a country's economic activity to the world market; but GDP measures value added, whereas trade is measured as gross value and double-counts imported inputs embodied in exports. High trade/GDP ratios can thus mislead policymakers, especially when low domestic-content (DC) assembly production displaces high DC traditional exports, as in Mexico and the Caribbean in the 1980s and 1990s. This paper proposes a better measure of openness, which is the ratio of value added destined for exports (VADE) to GDP. It outlines methods for making both rough and more precise estimates of VADE, and presents illustrative results for China, the Dominican Republic and Mexico. In all of these cases VADE/GDP is no more than one-third, and probably closer to one-quarter, of trade/GDP. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 119-137 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.648372 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.648372 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:119-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anu Rammohan Author-X-Name-First: Anu Author-X-Name-Last: Rammohan Author-Name: Peter Robertson Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson Title: Do Kinship Norms Influence Female Education? Evidence from Indonesia Abstract: Anthropologists have argued that patrilocal exogamy and patrilineal descent systems are associated with poor education and health outcomes for women. In this paper, we use the nationally representative Indonesian Family Life Survey to examine the links between female educational outcomes and kinship norm variables. Using an ordered probit model, our analysis shows that post-marital migration is associated with poorer educational outcomes for females, and that variables relating to a respondent's province of origin and the ethnicity of the respondent's parents are influential in schooling outcomes for females. Our findings accord with the anthropological literature, which finds that there is a link between gender-differentiated outcomes, kinship norms and ethnicity. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 283-304 Issue: 3 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.711303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.711303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:283-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sharmistha Self Author-X-Name-First: Sharmistha Author-X-Name-Last: Self Author-Name: Richard Grabowski Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Grabowski Title: Son Preference, Autonomy and Maternal Health in Rural India Abstract: The primary objective of this paper is to identify factors that affect maternal health in rural India. This is important given the high maternal and infant mortality rates in India, particularly rural India. The paper will focus particularly on whether and how the culture and practice of son preference (which is well documented in South Asia) has had an impact on maternal health. Assuming parents do not have access to knowledge about the sex of their unborn child, this paper examines whether a pregnant mother's maternal care (prior to giving birth) is affected by the presence of son(s) from earlier pregnancies. Additionally, the paper will analyze the impact of mothers' autonomy on their maternal health. The results show that existence of sons reduces the likelihood of receiving maternal care for successive pregnancies. Maternal autonomy, especially the mother's education, increases the likelihood of receiving maternal care. The results have meaningful policy implications. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 305-323 Issue: 3 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.706274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.706274 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:305-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Penny Vera-Sanso Author-X-Name-First: Penny Author-X-Name-Last: Vera-Sanso Title: Gender, Poverty and Old-Age Livelihoods in Urban South India in an Era of Globalisation Abstract: This article examines how older women's work in the informal economy contributes to family, national and global economies. It is argued here that protecting and promoting older women's livelihoods will not only serve the interests of older women, but will also have much wider social and economic significance. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken over the past two decades in urban South India, this article demonstrates that among the poorest families, rather than being dependent on spouse or family, older women are often self-supporting, support husbands and subsidise the incomes of younger relatives. Older women's work not only helps reduce family poverty, but is also critical to the distribution of agricultural produce in urban areas and supports India's global competitiveness. This article identifies how state and market responses to liberalisation and globalisation are threatening older women's livelihoods while failing to provide adequate safety nets for older women or their families. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 324-340 Issue: 3 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.710322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.710322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:324-340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raghbendra Jha Author-X-Name-First: Raghbendra Author-X-Name-Last: Jha Author-Name: Tu Dang Author-X-Name-First: Tu Author-X-Name-Last: Dang Title: Education and the Vulnerability to Food Inadequacy in Timor-Leste Abstract: This paper adopts a simple empirical approach to estimate vulnerability to food inadequacy using cross-section data from the 2001 Timor-Leste Living Standard Measurement Survey. This measurement is based on the assumption that households are exposed to the same kind of shock. It is found that the distribution of vulnerability to food inadequacy to the education of household head is more significant than that to observed food poverty. The results support the argument that senior primary and tertiary education can help reduce the food risk that households face, in particular the risk that a household is undernourished. Thus, in Timor-Leste public spending on these forms of education can provide a form of support that favours the poor. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 341-357 Issue: 3 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.706275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.706275 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:341-357 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarthak Gaurav Author-X-Name-First: Sarthak Author-X-Name-Last: Gaurav Author-Name: Ashish Singh Author-X-Name-First: Ashish Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Title: An Inquiry into the Financial Literacy and Cognitive Ability of Farmers: Evidence from Rural India Abstract: Poor understanding of financial products and an inability to process financial information prevent millions of rural households in the developing world from making informed financial decisions. This article assesses the financial literacy and cognitive ability of farmers using data from a unique field experiment in the Indian state of Gujarat. Using ordered response models, the effect of farmers' education on cognitive ability and financial literacy is estimated on the one hand, and the relationship between cognitive ability and financial literacy is analysed on the other. Farmers' education and financial experience are shown to be significantly correlated with achievements in customized tests for ability in mathematics and probability, which are taken as the two components of cognitive ability. Cognitive ability, in turn, predicts financial aptitude and debt literacy, the two components of financial literacy. By focusing on farmers in a developing country, the findings contribute to an improved understanding of financial literacy in such settings and can inform the design of inclusive financial systems that are sensitive to the cognitive and informational limitations of rural households. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 358-380 Issue: 3 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.703319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.703319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:358-380 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Florencia L�pez B�o Author-X-Name-First: Florencia Author-X-Name-Last: L�pez B�o Title: In School or at Work? Evidence from a Crisis Abstract: This paper makes use of the income variability generated by the macroeconomic crisis of 2001/2002 to examine schooling outcomes in Argentina. The effect of this macroeconomic swing is examined with a focus on whether the income or substitution effect dominates in the decision-making of young people. It is demonstrated that the probability of being in school was 6.5--10 percentage points higher in May 2002 than in 2001 for 15--18-year-olds. This is probably the largest (positive) effect found in the developing country literature so far and is comparable to the effect of a 10% increase in household income. For 19--25-year-olds, the probability is between 2 and 6 percentage points higher. Results are robust to a wide range of controls and specification checks. Difference-in-difference panel estimation corroborates these findings and shows that the increase in schooling seems to be driven by a decrease in school exits during the crisis. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 381-404 Issue: 3 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.689276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.689276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:381-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Proochista Ariana Author-X-Name-First: Proochista Author-X-Name-Last: Ariana Title: Challenging Our Understanding of Health: Indigenous Perspectives from the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico Abstract: In the context of development, considerable attention is paid to population health, usually interpreted according to mortality rates or burden of disease estimates. However, health is more complex than such physical indices can convey. This is particularly evident among many contemporary indigenous communities whose concepts of well-being extend well beyond conventional biomedical measures. Such misalignment of perspectives can have implications for how the health effects of development are determined. To gauge the relevance of alternative perspectives, indigenous notions of health among Highland communities in Chiapas, Mexico are examined. This paper begins with a historical account of health and healing rituals in the region, then describes current beliefs and practices among a set of Highland communities. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 405-421 Issue: 3 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.713098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.713098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:405-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mathias Czaika Author-X-Name-First: Mathias Author-X-Name-Last: Czaika Author-Name: Hein de Haas Author-X-Name-First: Hein Author-X-Name-Last: de Haas Title: The Role of Internal and International Relative Deprivation in Global Migration Abstract: This paper explores the role of internal (within country) and international (bilateral and global) relative and absolute deprivation in international migration. It is argued that these three forms of relative deprivation need to be taken into account simultaneously to advance our theoretical understanding of the complex drivers of migration processes. Empirical analysis based on a large sample of bilateral migrant stock data suggests that absolute deprivation constrains emigration, while international relative deprivation and internal relative deprivation in destination countries may increase migration. The effect of internal relative deprivation in origin countries seems small and somewhat ambiguous. The results highlight the complex and potentially counter-intuitive ways in which relative and absolute deprivation may affect migration. This paper suggests that it would be unfounded to expect that decreases in international and internal relative deprivation combined with reductions in absolute deprivation would lead to a significant decline in the volume of international migration. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 423-442 Issue: 4 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.728581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.728581 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:4:p:423-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wiebke Meyer Author-X-Name-First: Wiebke Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer Author-Name: Judith M�llers Author-X-Name-First: Judith Author-X-Name-Last: M�llers Author-Name: Gertrud Buchenrieder Author-X-Name-First: Gertrud Author-X-Name-Last: Buchenrieder Title: Who Remits More? Who Remits Less? Evidence from Kosovar Migrants in Germany and Their Households of Origin Abstract: The prevalence of subsistence-oriented farming and the scarcity of non-farm employment make migration a common livelihood strategy in rural Kosovo. Consequently, many households rely heavily on remittances. Although migrants themselves often struggle to finance their everyday lives in their host countries, remittances continue to flow. As almost all migrants remit, it is required that the level of remittances be monitored and the factors determining the absolute amount of remittances to the home country be known. There are three overarching determinants: the connection between the migrant and the household of origin, the need for financial support of the household of origin and the financial means of the migrant. This contribution draws on an original, detailed and very recent database collected using an innovative survey design. It provides significant insights into the country- and culture-specific driving forces behind remittances from Germany to Kosovo. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 443-466 Issue: 4 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.729816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.729816 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:4:p:443-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matloob Piracha Author-X-Name-First: Matloob Author-X-Name-Last: Piracha Author-Name: Amrita Saraogi Author-X-Name-First: Amrita Author-X-Name-Last: Saraogi Title: The Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from Moldova Abstract: This article explores the factors that account for the receipt of remittances by households in Moldova that have members who have migrated abroad, mostly temporarily. We approach our research question from the perspective of the recipient household and use it to interpret the econometric findings on the determinants of remittances. Our results show that a combination of household and migrant characteristics and some community-level variables are the key elements in explaining remittance behaviour. Drawing on these estimates, we argue that the results point towards altruism and investment as the two possible motives behind remittance flows to Moldova, which significantly affect the country's development prospects. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 467-491 Issue: 4 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.729573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.729573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:4:p:467-491 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marek Hanusch Author-X-Name-First: Marek Author-X-Name-Last: Hanusch Title: African Perspectives on China-Africa: Modelling Popular Perceptions and their Economic and Political Determinants Abstract: China's recent political and economic inroads into Africa have generated much interest in the current literature, with scholars and policymakers endeavouring to assess the merits and risks implicit in this renewed engagement. Absent from the literature, however, are systematic analyses of African perceptions of these rapidly growing China-Africa links, and what determines these perceptions. This article fills this void by examining not only African attitudes towards China's African presence, but also investigating the considerations that inform these views. Using multi-level modelling techniques, this article estimates the effects of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI), Sino-African trade and notions of democracy and human rights on African attitudes towards "China-in-Africa". The results suggest that Africans' views of China are nearly equivalent to those that they hold vis-�-vis Western countries. The perceived impact of imports from China has a negative effect. However, this effect is counter-balanced by perceptions of China's impact on poverty alleviation-in line with its greater focus on economic, social and cultural, as opposed to civic and political human rights-in particular through FDI. Among those who value civic and political human rights, in contrast, attitudes towards China are less favourable. This finding is echoed with respect to democratic governance, though the effect is less stable. The results are derived from Afrobarometer data covering 20 African countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 492-516 Issue: 4 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.728580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.728580 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:4:p:492-516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ernesto R. Gantman Author-X-Name-First: Ernesto R. Author-X-Name-Last: Gantman Author-Name: Marcelo P. Dab�s Author-X-Name-First: Marcelo P. Author-X-Name-Last: Dab�s Title: A Fragile Link? A New Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth Abstract: This article contributes to the literature on the finance-growth link by presenting new findings based on a new, larger dataset that is an improvement on earlier studies due to its greater coverage in terms of time periods and countries, as well as the incorporation of additional control variables such as institutional quality and the investment rate. Our results demonstrate that financial development does not have a statistically significant effect on economic growth, a finding that is robust to different model specification and estimation techniques. This suggests that the finance-growth link is not as strong as portrayed in the literature, being dependent on the sample of countries and time periods considered. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 517-532 Issue: 4 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.728582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.728582 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:4:p:517-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rafael E. De Hoyos Author-X-Name-First: Rafael E. Author-X-Name-Last: De Hoyos Author-Name: Maurizio Bussolo Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio Author-X-Name-Last: Bussolo Author-Name: Oscar Nú�ez Author-X-Name-First: Oscar Author-X-Name-Last: Nú�ez Title: Exports, Gender Wage Gaps, and Poverty in Honduras Abstract: This paper identifies and estimates the reduction in poverty attributable to the improved opportunities that international trade integration offered to women in Honduras. The expansion of the export-oriented maquila sector has brought gender equality both in terms of employment and labour earnings. A simulation exercise shows that, at a given point in time, poverty in Honduras would have been 1.5 percentage points higher had the maquila sector not existed. Of this increase in poverty, 0.35 percentage points is attributable to the wage premium paid to maquila workers, 0.1 percentage points to the wage premium received by women in the maquila sector, and 1 percentage point to employment creation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 533-551 Issue: 4 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.732562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.732562 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:4:p:533-551 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Shaffer Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Shaffer Author-Name: Trung Dang Le Author-X-Name-First: Trung Dang Author-X-Name-Last: Le Title: Pro-Poor Growth and Firm Size: Evidence from Vietnam Abstract: This article examines the relationship between pro-poor growth and the size distribution of manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam. Analysis focuses on the consequences for both efficiency and equity of the predominance of very large firms in the size distribution, i.e. the “rightward skew”. The evidence suggests that the rightward skew may have adverse consequences for efficiency, but less so for equity. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.719866 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.719866 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:1:p:1-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lili Wang Author-X-Name-First: Lili Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Adam Szirmai Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Szirmai Title: The Unexpected Convergence of Regional Productivity in Chinese Industry, 1978--2005 Abstract: It is widely believed that the acceleration of growth since reforms began in 1978 has increased regional disparities in China. This paper examines whether this is the case for GDP per capita, labour productivity and technical efficiency in industry in 30 regions from 1978 to 2005. The unexpected conclusion is that over the whole period, there has been convergence rather than divergence: more backward regions have caught up with leading regions. The process of regional convergence was especially strong from 1978 to 1990. In the 1990s, there was divergence, but convergence resumed after 2000, leaving regional inequalities in 2005 much smaller than in 1978. Possible theoretical and policy explanations for the observed pattern are considered. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 29-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.756464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.756464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:1:p:29-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Dufhues Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Dufhues Author-Name: Gertrud Buchenrieder Author-X-Name-First: Gertrud Author-X-Name-Last: Buchenrieder Author-Name: Nuchanata Munkung Author-X-Name-First: Nuchanata Author-X-Name-Last: Munkung Title: Social Capital and Market Imperfections: Accessing Formal Credit in Thailand Abstract: Social capital matters in the economy. This study shows how different forms of individual social capital affect access to formal credit in rural Thailand. Social capital is defined as interpersonal network (ties) resources. A data collection approach is used that originates in the field of sociology and is innovative in the context of development economics: the personal network survey. Four social capital variables are defined according to the tie strength and social distance between the respondent and his/her network members, resulting in four different social capital variables: (1) bonding (strong ties to persons of similar social standing); (2) bridging (weak ties to persons of similar social standing); (3) bondinglink (strong ties to persons of higher social standing); and (4) bridginglink (weak ties to persons of higher social standing). It has been found that bondinglink social capital reduces the chances of being credit access-constrained. Political patronage or nepotism as the driving force behind the result is ruled out. Nevertheless, some evidence for elite capture was found. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 54-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.753999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.753999 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:1:p:54-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard U. Agesa Author-X-Name-First: Richard U. Author-X-Name-Last: Agesa Author-Name: Jacqueline Agesa Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline Author-X-Name-Last: Agesa Author-Name: Andrew Dabalen Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Dabalen Title: Sources of the Persistent Gender Wage Gap along the Unconditional Earnings Distribution: Findings from Kenya Abstract: Past studies on gender wage inequality in Africa typically attribute the gender pay gap either to gender differences in characteristics or in the return to characteristics. The authors suggest, however, that this understanding of the two sources may be far too general and possibly overlook the underlying covariates that drive the gender wage gap. Moreover, past studies focus on the gender wage gap exclusively at the conditional mean. The authors go further to evaluate the partial contribution of each wage-determining covariate to the magnitude of the gender pay gap along the unconditional earnings distribution. The authors' data are from Kenya, and their empirical technique mirrors re-centered influence function regressions. The authors' results are novel and suggest that while gender differences in characteristics and the return to characteristics widen the gender pay gap at the lower end of the wage distributions, gender differences in characteristics widen the gender wage gap at the upper end of the wage distributions. Importantly, the authors find that the underlying covariates driving gender differences in characteristics and the return to characteristics are the industry, occupation, higher education and region covariates. In the middle of the distributions, however, the authors find that gender differences in the return to characteristics, fueled by education and experience covariates, exert the strongest influence on the magnitude of the gender pay gap. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 76-103 Issue: 1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.770304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.770304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:1:p:76-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luisa Blanco Author-X-Name-First: Luisa Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco Author-Name: Fidel Gonzalez Author-X-Name-First: Fidel Author-X-Name-Last: Gonzalez Author-Name: Isabel Ruiz Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz Title: The Impact of FDI on CO2 Emissions in Latin America Abstract: This paper uses panel Granger causality tests to study the relationship between sector-specific foreign direct investment (FDI) and CO2 emissions. Using a sample of 18 Latin American countries for the period 1980--2007, we find causality running from FDI in pollution-intensive industries (“the dirty sector”) to CO2 emissions per capita. This result is robust to controlling for other factors associated with CO2 emissions and using the ratio of CO2 emissions to GDP. For other sectors, we find no robust evidence that FDI causes CO2 emissions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 104-121 Issue: 1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.732055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.732055 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:1:p:104-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dominik Zaum Author-X-Name-First: Dominik Author-X-Name-Last: Zaum Author-Name: Jos� Antonio Ocampo Author-X-Name-First: Jos� Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Ocampo Author-Name: Rosalind Eyben Author-X-Name-First: Rosalind Author-X-Name-Last: Eyben Title: Book Reviews: The United Nations Intellectual History Project Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 122-137 Issue: 1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.767649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.767649 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:1:p:122-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Title: Social Protection and Disability: A Call for Action Abstract: This article reviews the relationship between social protection and disability in theory and practice. Persons with disabilities and their families may be considered among the most worthy recipients of social protection due to their vulnerability to chronic poverty and social exclusion. A review of cash transfer programmes for persons with disabilities reveals positive economic, social and service access outcomes. However, coverage and benefit levels remain low. This article calls for the state to play a greater role in the provision of social assistance for persons with disabilities in developing countries. Policies and programmes which protect economic security should be combined with those which promote an enabling environment in which people can achieve security of livelihood. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 139-154 Issue: 2 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.746295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.746295 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:139-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeroen Adam Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen Author-X-Name-Last: Adam Title: A Comparative Analysis on the Micro-level Genealogies of Conflict in the Philippines' Mindanao Island and Indonesia's Ambon Island Abstract: Through a comparative micro-level study of conflicts in the Indonesian island of Ambon and the Philippine island of Mindanao, the article will show how the master narrative of a Christian--Muslim cleavage obscures the prominence of localized sub-identities in shaping the escalation of conflict in both places. Whilst in Ambon communal violence erupted between Muslims and Christians from 1999 until 2004, armed conflict on the island of Mindanao is generally understood as a decade-long struggle between Muslim armed groups fighting for autonomy against a Christian-dominated Philippine state. Yet, despite these different types of armed struggle, in both cases, everyday tensions about resource access became incorporated in a complex conflict dynamic. These localized tensions are linked to sub-identities within the general Christian versus Muslim dichotomy, thereby creating alternative fault lines and alliances. In conclusion, this article puts forward a renewed understanding of armed conflict as a dynamic and transformative process, producing new opportunities, alliances, contradictions and narrative frameworks. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 155-172 Issue: 2 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.789841 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.789841 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:155-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Smriti Agarwal Author-X-Name-First: Smriti Author-X-Name-Last: Agarwal Author-Name: Pedro de Araujo Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: de Araujo Author-Name: Jayash Paudel Author-X-Name-First: Jayash Author-X-Name-Last: Paudel Title: HIV-Related Knowledge and Risky Sexual Behaviour in Sub-Saharan Africa Abstract: Using population-based samples of 19 sub-Saharan African countries, this paper investigates the effects of different levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge on the sexual behaviour of males with country-specific effects and controls for socio-economic characteristics and location of residence. The main findings are that HIV/AIDS knowledge increases the likelihood of using condoms with and without commercial sex workers, has no significant effect on the likelihood of paying for sex and increases the likelihood of having both pre- and extramarital sex. These results indicate that increased HIV knowledge, on average, is not associated with safer sexual behaviour among males in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 173-189 Issue: 2 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.790950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.790950 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:173-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ina Conradie Author-X-Name-First: Ina Author-X-Name-Last: Conradie Title: Can Deliberate Efforts to Realise Aspirations Increase Capabilities? A South African Case Study Abstract: This paper takes up Appadurai's suggestion that aspirations could be used as a key to unlock development for people who are economically marginalised, and that their capabilities could be increased by this approach. The notion of "aspirations" is theoretically and conceptually framed, and then Amartya Sen's use of the term capabilities as the space within which development should be assessed is explored. I subsequently describe a five-year programme in which economically marginalised women in Khayelitsha near Cape Town were assisted in voicing and attempting to realise their aspirations, while being assisted with access to some resources. Capability outcomes and constraints are described and analysed, and the question of adaptive preferences is addressed. I conclude that deliberate efforts to realise aspirations, accompanied by some facilitation, can increase capabilities, but that there are also structural constraints to capability expansion for these women that frustrate their aspiration of class mobility. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 189-219 Issue: 2 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.790949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.790949 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:189-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amitava Saha Author-X-Name-First: Amitava Author-X-Name-Last: Saha Title: An Assessment of Gender Discrimination in Household Expenditure on Education in India Abstract: Gender discrimination in household expenditure on education has led to unsatisfactory progress in educational attainment for women in many countries across the world. It has been observed that households across different states in rural and urban India prefer to incur more expenditure on education for male members than for females. Kingdon (2005) [Where has all the bias gone? Detecting gender bias in the intra-household allocation of educational expenditure, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53(2), 409--452] has observed significant gender bias in household educational expenditure in a number of Indian states utilizing the household survey data of the National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi. Other researchers, such as Chaudhuri & Roy (2006) [Do parents spread educational expenditure evenly across the two genders? Evidence from two North Indian states, Economic and Political Weekly, 41, pp. 5276--5282] and Lancaster et al. (2008) [Household expenditure patterns and gender bias: evidence from selected Indian states, Oxford Development Studies, 36(2), 133--157], have also confirmed the presence of significant gender bias in the expenses incurred on education by households in India. However, few of these studies are based on the analysis of sufficiently large, contemporary datasets, and hence they are unable to provide a picture of gender discrimination at the disaggregated level, i.e. at the state level. Since there is wide variation in social, cultural, anthropometrical, economic and many other factors among Indian states, it is important to analyse gender disparity in India at the level of the state. Here, utilizing individual-level data on educational expenditure from the 64th round of the National Sample Survey, an attempt is made to assess the current scenario in gender inequality in household educational expenditure in India at both the national and state level. It is observed that significant gender disparity exists in intra-household educational expenses and that this discrimination is not confined to the "backward" or developing states in India. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 220-238 Issue: 2 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.786694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.786694 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:220-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Joe Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Joe Author-Name: Udaya S. Mishra Author-X-Name-First: Udaya S. Author-X-Name-Last: Mishra Author-Name: K. Navaneetham Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Navaneetham Title: Inter-Group Inequalities in Child Undernutrition in India: Group Analogue of the Gini Coefficient and Atkinson's Index Abstract: Studies of undernutrition in India (and elsewhere) have focused exclusively on interpersonal inequalities, and estimates of the magnitude of inter-group inequalities are unavailable. A focus on "horizontal" , or group-based, inequalities offers vital policy insights that would be lost in an approach based purely on interpersonal inequalities. We therefore apply the group analogues of Atkinson's index and the Gini coefficient to shed light on the disproportionate burden of undernourishment borne by rural and historically vulnerable caste groups. Furthermore, the prominent determinants of inter-group disparities are identified through Blinder--Oaxaca decomposition analysis. The paper calls for explicit targeting of backward castes across the country and improved inter-sectoral collaboration to ensure equitable access to education, health care and water and sanitation, particularly across underdeveloped regions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 239-257 Issue: 2 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.796353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.796353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:239-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rama Pal Author-X-Name-First: Rama Author-X-Name-Last: Pal Title: Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure: Impact on the Consumption of Indian Households Abstract: This paper examines whether out-of-pocket health expenditure affects the composition of household consumption. Based on Indian data, conditional Engel curves for 10 broad categories of goods and services, namely food, intoxicants, fuel, clothing and footwear, education, entertainment, travel, rent, durables and other goods have been estimated. Conditional Engel curves show whether the share of a particular good is increased or decreased in household consumption due to health expenditure. The findings suggest that poor households decrease the share of clothing and education and increase the share of food, fuel and travel. It has also been found that households from less developed states and from states with lower public health expenditure were more affected. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 258-279 Issue: 2 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.794897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.794897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:258-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cyril Fouillet Author-X-Name-First: Cyril Author-X-Name-Last: Fouillet Author-Name: Marek Hudon Author-X-Name-First: Marek Author-X-Name-Last: Hudon Author-Name: Barbara Harriss-White Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Harriss-White Author-Name: James Copestake Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Copestake Title: Microfinance Studies: Introduction and Overview Abstract: Microfinance (MF) has grown over the last two decades into an important sub-field of development studies. This special issue of Oxford Development Studies explores the contributions of MF, drawing particularly on research conducted in India. After a brief overview of the emergence of MF as a research field, this introduction develops three themes. First, we argue that MF interventions generally involve, and assume a process of transformation of, financially excluded people and groups who are not fully dominated by the logic of market exchange but have histories, culture, social relationships and politics structured by other kinds of authority and dynamics. Second, we argue that understanding MF interventions at the local level requires the social and political analysis of global development architecture, while MF may also play a role in consolidating or cementing global political economy at its base. Third, we argue that MF interventions have provided fertile ground for research into the causes and consequences of poverty. The introduction ends with summaries of the contents of the special issue. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: S1-S16 Issue: sup1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.790360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.790360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S1-S16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Copestake Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Copestake Title: Research on Microfinance in India: Combining Impact Assessment with a Broader Development Perspective Abstract: Microfinance can be researched narrowly as an instrument for promoting development or more broadly as an endogenous component of development. This paper sets out a simple well-being regime model incorporating both views and uses it to review the dynamics of rural microfinance in India. Four potential drivers of change in the role of microfinance in India are reviewed: evidence-based policy, rising political aspirations, new technology and agro-climatic change. The paper argues for combining more narrowly focused microfinance impact assessment with broader research into microfinance as one component of wider well-being regimes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: S17-S34 Issue: sup1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.689818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.689818 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S17-S34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: From Microfinance to Inclusive Financial Markets: The Challenge of Social Regulation Abstract: Policy towards microfinance has undergone a shift away from building financial institutions focused on serving poor people to an "inclusive" agenda for financial sector development, operationalized by some donors in an approach entitled "Making Markets Work for the Poor". This approach is located in New Institutional Economics and the enabling environment focus of the post-Washington Consensus. Despite the way in which this inclusion agenda echoes social exclusion discourse, it engages with a residualist rather than relational understanding of poverty. This leads to an analytical disjuncture between its discourse and analysis, overlooking the root causes of poverty and exclusion in relational processes. Arising from this is the failure to recognize that developing institutions and "enabling" environments require an understanding of social institutions and their influence as social regulatory structures. The author illustrates how analysis can proceed to address this disjuncture using the example of gender relations. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: S35-S52 Issue: sup1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.734799 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.734799 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S35-S52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Supriya Garikipati Author-X-Name-First: Supriya Author-X-Name-Last: Garikipati Title: Microcredit and Women's Empowerment: Have We Been Looking at the Wrong Indicators? Abstract: The impact that microcredit has on women's empowerment has been much debated in the literature. Some studies find negative effects; some find positive effects and others no effect. A reconciliation of these discrepancies has been attempted by attributing them to the usage of different measures of empowerment. In particular, it has been argued that those studies that view empowerment as outcomes for women associated with their access to loans, find positive effects, and those studies that focus on processes of loan use find negative effects. These different ways of measuring empowerment are the focus of this study. Using data collected from 397 women participants in a microcredit programme in rural India, it is evident that measuring empowerment in terms of outcomes alone--as most impact assessments do--is not only insufficient but can actually be misleading as well. The findings of this study suggest that a more robust understanding of the linkages between lending to women and their empowerment can be achieved by focusing on the processes surrounding loan use and repayment. The findings of this study also caution against the excessive focus on outcomes as a measure of women's empowerment. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: S53-S75 Issue: sup1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.744387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.744387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S53-S75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Isabelle Gu�rin Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle Author-X-Name-Last: Gu�rin Author-Name: Santhosh Kumar Author-X-Name-First: Santhosh Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar Author-Name: Isabelle Agier Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle Author-X-Name-Last: Agier Title: Women's Empowerment: Power to Act or Power over Other Women? Lessons from Indian Microfinance Abstract: In the microfinance industry, "empowerment" is often described as a means to facilitate female emancipation from male domination. This paper draws on women's testimonies to highlight the fundamental importance of women's relationships with one another in this process. Women continuously negotiate a position between their kinship groups and neighbours, in a context where dependence on men is considered natural. Micro-credit uses are shaped by, and embody, relationships between women, including power relationships. We recommend revising current understandings of female agency to take into account the complex relationship between agency and power and challenge the conventional polarity of power as domination (power over) and power as agency (power to). In many cases, even where there is solidarity between women, women having agency require or imply domination over other women. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: S76-S94 Issue: sup1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.781147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.781147 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S76-S94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Schicks Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Schicks Title: The Definition and Causes of Microfinance Over-Indebtedness: A Customer Protection Point of View Abstract: With over-indebtedness emerging among microfinance customers, the industry's sustainability and social impact are at risk. Filling a void in the literature, this paper develops a definition of over-indebtedness that is appropriate for customer protection purposes. It provides a framework for the causes of over-indebtedness that highlights the role of external influences and the responsibility of lenders. It recognises the role borrowers play in their own over-indebtedness. This paper challenges several misconceptions and oversimplifications about microfinance over-indebtedness. These include the belief that default-based risk management indicators are sufficient to signal concerns in relation to customer protection. Further misconceptions are the undesirability of consumption loans, as well as the benefits of competition, of regular instalment schedules, of a zero-tolerance policy and of annual percentage rates. By enhancing our understanding of microfinance over-indebtedness and its causes, this paper provides the means for measuring over-indebtedness and tailoring solutions to its root causes. The analysis shows that combating over-indebtedness does not automatically mean reducing access to microcredit. Although a soundevaluation of repayment capacity is essential, tailoring products to clients' needs also reduces over-indebtedness. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: S95-S116 Issue: sup1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.778237 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.778237 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S95-S116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thibaut Dehem Author-X-Name-First: Thibaut Author-X-Name-Last: Dehem Author-Name: Marek Hudon Author-X-Name-First: Marek Author-X-Name-Last: Hudon Title: Microfinance from the Clients' Perspective: An Empirical Enquiry into Transaction Costs in Urban and Rural India Abstract: Inclusive financial sectors are important for development in terms of equity and efficiency. Although microfinance has developed rapidly, little is known about the actual costs for clients to access microfinance services, except for interest rates. The insufficient outreach of microfinance in rural areas remains one of the main challenges for the sector. This paper uses the individual data of 255 clients in India and the data of 48 groups to which they belong to compare the transaction costs (TCs) between urban and rural microfinance clients. The results suggest that the TCs incurred by urban microfinance borrowers are globally higher than those incurred by their rural counterparts (4.81% compared with 3.35%), mainly because of their opportunity expenses and individual costs that are unrelated to microfinance groups. Yet, when considering a household's total monthly expenditure level, the microfinance TCs constitute a much higher relative expenditure for rural households than for their urban counterparts. Total TCs are still relatively low compared with the main cost of loans, i.e., their interest rates. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: S117-S132 Issue: sup1 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.787057 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.787057 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S117-S132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt Author-X-Name-First: Agnes Andersson Author-X-Name-Last: Djurfeldt Author-Name: G�ran Djurfeldt Author-X-Name-First: G�ran Author-X-Name-Last: Djurfeldt Title: Structural Transformation and African Smallholders: Drivers of Mobility within and between the Farm and Non-farm Sectors for Eight Countries Abstract: Using longitudinal data from 2354 smallholder households in 103 villages in eight African countries, three processes of agrarian transformation are analysed for the period 2002 to 2008: intensification of grain production, commercial diversification from staple crops and income diversification out of agriculture. Methodologically, three multi-level, binary logistic models are used. The trends observed provide grounds for some optimism: despite an overall picture of stagnation, intensification in grains (yield per hectare) seems to be increasing. Farmers have, however, raised productivity through the more intense use of labour resources rather than through technological change, while political commitments to agriculture have not improved the production environment. Rather, economic growth and commercialization emerge as strong drivers of intensification, both at country and household levels. Tendencies towards distress-driven income diversification out of agriculture appear to have abated somewhat in the face of more dynamism in the grain sector, with households moving between the farm and non-farm sectors in response to shifts in producer incentives and non-farm opportunities. Diversification processes within agriculture, meanwhile, point to both push- and pull-driven diversification occurring simultaneously. Grain markets, crop diversification and non-farm opportunities complement one another over time. There is little evidence of even incipient processes of structural transformation among the smallholders surveyed. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 281-306 Issue: 3 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.817550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.817550 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:281-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Judith Heyer Author-X-Name-First: Judith Author-X-Name-Last: Heyer Title: Integration into a Global Production Network: Impacts on Labour in Tiruppur's Rural Hinterlands Abstract: This paper focuses on the impact of a global production network on the local economy in which production is located, with a particular focus on labour. The network concerned involves knitwear production in Tiruppur, southern India. This has transformed the region surrounding Tiruppur as well as the town, as knitwear production has spread into the countryside. Many of those previously employed in agriculture have moved into knitwear manufacturing and associated activities. This paper uses data collected over a 30-year period in villages located 25--30 km north-west of Tiruppur to show how the local rural economy has changed as the knitwear sector has expanded. The knitwear industry has provided direct employment to a large number of people from less well-placed households, which now commute to work, and it has also pushed up wages in agriculture and other occupations, including those who are not directly related to the knitwear sector. Importantly, the impacts of the expansion of knitwear production have been highly differentiated: access to new opportunities in knitwear has been structured by gender, caste and age. The state has also played an important role. The paper draws attention to the significant effect on the local economy of welfare measures such as subsidised food and the national rural employment guarantee scheme. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 307-321 Issue: 3 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.805741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.805741 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:307-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tushar Agrawal Author-X-Name-First: Tushar Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal Title: Are There Glass-Ceiling and Sticky-Floor Effects in India? An Empirical Examination Abstract: In this paper, the gender-related wage differentials in the rural and urban sectors of the Indian economy are analysed. The hypotheses that there is a glass-ceiling effect--a greater wage gap at the top end of the wage-distribution range--and a sticky-floor effect--a wider wage gap at the bottom are examined. Findings show evidence of the glass-ceiling effect in the rural sector and evidence of the sticky-floor effect in the urban sector. Using a counterfactual decomposition method, the raw wage gap is decomposed to identify the contributions of characteristics and coefficients. The results reveal the presence of labour--market discrimination against women. Furthermore, women at the lower end of the wage-distribution spectrum face more discrimination than those at the higher end of the range. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 322-342 Issue: 3 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.804499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.804499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:322-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jun Hou Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Hou Author-Name: Pierre Mohnen Author-X-Name-First: Pierre Author-X-Name-Last: Mohnen Title: Complementarity between In-house R&D and Technology Purchasing: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Firms Abstract: In order to catch up with the current technological frontier, firms, especially in developing countries, try to acquire technological advancement through internal R&D efforts, as well as through external technology-sourcing activities. This study tests whether these two sources of technology acquisition are complements or substitutes for each other in small- and medium-sized Chinese manufacturing firms. The evidence that we present shows some signs of complementarity between the two sources of knowledge in reaching a higher unconditional intensity of product innovation for firms with 100--300 employees and, in general, a significant degree of substitutability between them in achieving higher levels of labour productivity. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 343-371 Issue: 3 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.807910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.807910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:343-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jared A. Pincin Author-X-Name-First: Jared A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pincin Title: Political Power and Aid-Tying Practices in the Development Assistance Committee Countries Abstract: This paper uses a panel of 22 OECD Development Assistance Committee countries to examine whether fragmentation of executive power and the degree of competition from the legislative branch of government increased the amount of tied aid over the period 1979--2009. Fragmentation is defined as the degree to which the costs of a dollar of aid expenditure are internalized by decision-makers and is measured as the number of decision-makers in government. Legislative competition is defined as the relative strength of the government in relation to the legislature. Three variables are used to capture this effect. The empirical results show tied aid, both in levels and as a percentage of total aid, increases as the number of decision-makers within the government increases, and decreases as the proportion of excess seats a governing coalition holds above a simple majority increases. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 372-390 Issue: 3 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.812724 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.812724 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:372-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Veto Players and Foreign Aid Inflows Abstract: This paper argues that a larger number of effective veto players within an aid-recipient country tend to reduce its foreign aid inflows. This is because offers of foreign aid often require aid-recipient countries to adopt policy concessions. Since significant policy changes require at least the tacit assent of all effective veto players, countries with more numerous and more diverse veto players are less likely to be able to make aid-for-policy deals with donors. The pattern of aid inflows in 115 aid-recipient countries over the period 1978--2007 is shown to be consistent with this hypothesis. Countries with more effective veto players receive considerably less official development assistance than countries with fewer effective veto players. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 391-408 Issue: 3 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.815708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.815708 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:391-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Florencia Torche Author-X-Name-First: Florencia Author-X-Name-Last: Torche Author-Name: Luis F. Lopez-Calva Author-X-Name-First: Luis F. Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez-Calva Title: Stability and Vulnerability of the Latin American Middle Class Abstract: Using panel data-sets from Mexico and Chile for the first years of the 21st century, the authors examine the determinants of middle-class intra-generational mobility. The middle class is defined by means of a latent index of economic well-being that is less sensitive to short-term fluctuation and measurement error than standard measures of income. The authors find high rates of both upward and downward mobility in Mexico and Chile, indicating that the middle class has opportunities to move to higher levels of well-being but is also vulnerable to falling into poverty. In both countries, labour-market resources (education and occupational status of the household head and number of members in the labour market) are much stronger determinants of mobility than demographic factors, suggesting the importance of policies that foster human capital and protect workers from shocks. Rural middle-class households are substantially more vulnerable to falling into poverty and have little chance of advancing to upper classes than their urban counterparts. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 409-435 Issue: 4 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.831060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.831060 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:409-435 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Goodfellow Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Goodfellow Title: The Institutionalisation of "Noise" and "Silence" in Urban Politics: Riots and Compliance in Uganda and Rwanda Abstract: Amid ongoing debates about institutions and development, the importance of informal institutions (or norms) is widely recognised. Relatively little, however, is known about how informal institutions form and persist over time in particular contexts. This paper combines a concern with the process of informal institutionalisation and a focus on everyday politics in urban areas. Drawing on a comparative study of Kampala (Uganda) and Kigali (Rwanda), it argues that in the former the regular mobilisation of urban social groups into protests and riots has institutionalised what might be termed "noise" as the most meaningful form of political participation. In Kigali, by contrast, comparatively "silent" processes of collective mobilisation that involve structured activities and community "self-policing" have become institutionalised. The paper analyses these differential patterns, considering the tacit norms of negotiation in each case and the incentives for urban social and political actors to adhere to them. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 436-454 Issue: 4 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.807334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.807334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:436-454 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alassane Drabo Author-X-Name-First: Alassane Author-X-Name-Last: Drabo Title: Intra-Country Health Inequalities and Air Pollution in Developing Countries Abstract: In the health economics literature, many studies have assessed the association between environmental degradation and health outcomes. This paper extends this literature by investigating how the presence of air pollution might explain health inequalities both between and within developing countries. We argue that differential exposure to air pollution between asset classes, differential ability to prevent the negative health effects of environment degradation, differential capacity to respond to disease caused by pollutants, and particular susceptibility of some groups to the effects of air pollution are all sufficient reasons for explaining a positive link between air pollution and asset-related health inequality. Using data from developing countries, our econometric results show that sulphur dioxide emissions (SO2) and particulate matter (PM10) partly explain the large disparities in infant and child mortalities between and within developing countries. In addition, we found that the institutions that are based on democratic principles, and which have low levels of corruption and high quality bureaucracy, are the most effective. That is, they are more responsive to the needs of the poor, they promote access to justice and public administration, and they deliver basic services to those most in need. As a result, they are able to more effectively mitigate the mortality effect of pollution for the poorest asset classes compared with that of the richest ones and thus reduce the health inequality it provokes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 455-475 Issue: 4 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.825237 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.825237 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:455-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giovanni Andrea Cornia Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Cornia Author-Name: Stefano Rosignoli Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: Rosignoli Author-Name: Luca Tiberti Author-X-Name-First: Luca Author-X-Name-Last: Tiberti Title: Did the 2008--2009 Food and Financial Crises Affect Child Mortality? The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa Abstract: We estimate an aggregate model of child mortality on a panel of 40 African countries over the period 1995--2007. This model is then used to assess the impact of the 2008--2009 food and financial crises on child mortality, by comparing the number of child deaths computed under a "business-as-usual scenario" with those computed under the actual 2008--2009 "crisis scenario". According to the simulation results, the 2008--2009 food price rise and recession caused a statistically non-significant additional 27,000 child deaths. However, if the 2008--2009 changes in other determinants of child mortality are factored in, the number of child deaths declined by 15,000. This unexpected result is explained by the fact that the effects of the rise in domestic food prices and the recession were offset in most of the region by the protective effect on the under-five mortality rate of a surge in food production, and by a rise in public expenditure on and foreign aid to the health sector. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 476-492 Issue: 4 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.827165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.827165 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:476-492 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tanya Jakimow Author-X-Name-First: Tanya Author-X-Name-Last: Jakimow Title: Unlocking the Black Box of Institutions in Livelihoods Analysis: Case Study from Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract: Weaknesses of sustainable-livelihoods analysis include the neglect of power relations; a focus on the material bases of livelihoods, ignoring social and cultural aspects; and failing to incorporate dynamism. This paper seeks to reinvigorate sustainable-livelihoods frameworks through a broader conceptualisation of institutions which identifies the multiple ways in which they mediate livelihoods. It draws upon Scott's (1995) three pillars of institutions (regulative, normative and cognitive) and the three schools of neo-institutionalism (rational, cultural and historical) to present a more comprehensive approach to understanding the ways in which institutions mediate livelihoods. These approaches are in themselves limited in their understanding of agency and institutional transformation. The paper argues that attention to "complex subjectivities" and contestations over meaning within a broader institutional context can identify entry points for strategic development interventions. The utility of the approach for development practice and research is demonstrated through its application to rural livelihoods in Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 493-516 Issue: 4 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.847078 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.847078 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:493-516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Indrajit Roy Author-X-Name-First: Indrajit Author-X-Name-Last: Roy Title: Development as Dignity: Dissensus, Equality and Contentious Politics in Bihar, India Abstract: This paper makes an analytical case for the understanding of development as a process that enables people to reclaim their dignity and interrogate inegalitarian social relations. It is motivated by the ongoing debate within development studies between those who propound a teleological view of development and those who adopt the opposing view that the process must not obliterate historical and cultural difference. The former view is informed by an assumption that the human condition can and should be improved, and the trajectory of such improvement is predetermined and predictable. The latter view is ambivalent, not only about the possibility of improvement, but also about its desirability. Against this dichotomy, this paper urges scholars of development to consider that people might envisage that the social inequalities they experience could be reduced, irrespective of "improvement". The ethnography on which the paper draws cover show the way in which a group of agricultural labourer households stigmatised as "untouchable" - and alleged to be illegally squatting on public property-stand their ground violent opposition by local elites. While servility to and quiescence with elite opinion would allow them to "improve" their lives by relocating to a less contentious space, community members assert their ethical claims on the disputed property without flinching. They do this not because they like to live in squalid conditions, but because complying with elite diktats is an affront to their dignity. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 517-536 Issue: 4 Volume: 41 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.835392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.835392 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:517-536 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Booth Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Booth Title: Land Taxation in Asia: An Overview of the 19th and 20th Centuries Abstract: Most studies of land taxation in Asia have found that its importance has declined over the 20th century, as a proportion of total government revenues and often in absolute terms. In fact, this decline started well before 1940 in most colonial territories in Asia, as well as in Japan. The paper explores the reasons for this decline in the context of several former colonies in Asia, including British India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Korea. The paper also examines why attempts to revive land taxation, especially in rural areas as a source of revenue for sub-national governments, have often been disappointing, and draws some lessons for future policies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.880413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.880413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zeynep Sezgin Author-X-Name-First: Zeynep Author-X-Name-Last: Sezgin Title: Turkish Migrant Organisations after the 2011 Van Earthquake: Member Interests versus Humanitarian Principles Abstract: This article applies organisational sociology to provide an empirical analysis of the roles that two different types of Turkish migrant organisations, headquartered in Germany, played after the 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey, and their different levels of commitment to the traditional humanitarian principles. It shows that the faith-based organisation, Islamic Community Millî G�r�ş, and the political organisation, Federation of Democratic Workers' Unions, engaged in various activities after the crisis in order to legitimise themselves to their members in Germany. It also demonstrates that their motivations, activities, roles, partners and, most importantly, their commitment to the traditional humanitarian principles diverged due to their different organisational characteristics. Finally, it discusses whether and to what extent humanitarian principles can promote coherence and coordination in the crowded and diverse world of humanitarian actors, especially at a time when the number of humanitarian actors, such as migrant organisations, is rapidly growing and their roles and impacts are becoming increasingly important. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 19-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.875136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.875136 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:19-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Alm Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Alm Author-Name: Yongzheng Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yongzheng Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: China's Tax-for-Fee Reform and Village Inequality Abstract: In the late 1990s, China enacted a rural tax reform known as the "Tax-for-Fee Reform" (TFR), largely driven by a desire to address farmers' complaints about what they perceived as a heavy and regressive tax burden. This study examines the impact of the TFR on inequality in rural villages in China. Our results suggest that the TFR plays an effective role in reducing inequality within villages. Its impact on a consumption-based measure of inequality took effect immediately; its impact on per capita household income inequality took somewhat longer. Our results also suggest that it was "rich" and/or "coastal" villages that exhibited a significant reduction of inequality as a result of the TFR, whereas "poor" and/or "inland" villages experienced no significant changes in inequality from the reform. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 38-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.833180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.833180 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:38-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katsushi S. Imai Author-X-Name-First: Katsushi S. Author-X-Name-Last: Imai Author-Name: Takahiro Sato Author-X-Name-First: Takahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Recent Changes in Micro-Level Determinants of Fertility in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey Data Abstract: This paper investigates the determinants of fertility and their changes in recent years, empirically, drawing upon large household data-sets in India, namely National Family Health Survey data over the period 1992--2006. It is found that there is a negative and significant association between the number of children and levels of parental education when we apply OLS, ordered logit and pseudo panel models, while in the case of IV model only mother's literacy is negatively associated with the number of children. The results of OLS and ordered logit models imply that households belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs) tend to have more children than other social groups. Our results suggest that policies of national and state governments to support social infrastructure, such as the provision of education at various levels, and its promotion for both males and females, particularly for households belonging to SCs, would make a significant contribution to efforts to reduce fertility and decelerate population growth. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 65-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.855717 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.855717 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:65-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacinta Nwachukwu Author-X-Name-First: Jacinta Author-X-Name-Last: Nwachukwu Title: Interest Rates, Target Markets and Sustainability in Microfinance Abstract: This paper presents evidence on the reliability of claims in the literature on microfinance institutions (MFIs) regarding the role of interest rates and institutional design in helping MFIs to realize financial self-sufficiency. It pools data from 426 institutions in 41 developing countries from 2004 to 2008. Contrary to expectations, the results of an ordered-logistic regression strongly support an inverted U-shaped function for the relationship between interest rates and sustainability, irrespective of customer orientation. Additionally, a shift away from the poorest borrowers in the low-end market does not significantly improve the likelihood of being more profitable after controlling for other relevant covariates. MFIs may not, therefore, be forced to drift away from their original goal of serving the underprivileged in pursuit of financial viability. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 86-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.827164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.827164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:86-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey Carpenter Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Carpenter Author-Name: Tyler Williams Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Peer Monitoring and Microcredit: Field Experimental Evidence from Paraguay Abstract: Given the substantial amount of resources currently invested in microcredit programmes, it is more important than ever to accurately assess the extent to which peer monitoring actually reduces moral hazard among borrowers faced with group liability. We conduct a field experiment with women about to enter a group loan programme in Paraguay and then gather administrative data on their repayment behaviour in the 6-month period after the experiment. In addition to the experiment, which is designed to measure individual propensities to monitor one's peers, we collect a variety of other potential correlates of behaviour and repayment. Controlling for other factors, we find a very strong causal relationship between the average monitoring propensity of a person's loan group and repayment. Our most conservative estimate suggests that borrowers in highly monitored groups are 36% less likely to have problems repaying their portions of the loan. In addition, confirming previous results, we also find some evidence that risk preferences, social preferences and cognitive skills affect repayment. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 111-135 Issue: 1 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.887061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.887061 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:111-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khalid Nadvi Author-X-Name-First: Khalid Author-X-Name-Last: Nadvi Title: "Rising Powers" and Labour and Environmental Standards Abstract: There is a growing recognition that the "Rising Powers", namely the emerging economies, in particular, but not only, China, India and Brazil, whose economic dynamism has begun to transform the contours of the global economy, will bring about radical shifts in global governance. A critical question that arises is how might these countries influence the "rules of the game" that pertain to international trade, particularly those relating to process standards associated with labour conditions and environmental impacts. This special issue provides an initial attempt to address this agenda. This article defines the concept of "Rising Powers" and considers how these economies might challenge the governance of labour and environmental standards. It outlines the objectives of this collection, provides an overview of individual contributions and suggests areas for further research. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 137-150 Issue: 2 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.909400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.909400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:137-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Guar�n Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Guar�n Author-Name: Peter Knorringa Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Knorringa Title: New Middle-Class Consumers in Rising Powers: Responsible Consumption and Private Standards Abstract: In this paper, we explore how the unprecedented expansion of new middle-class consumers in Rising Powers is likely to influence the extent and meaning of responsible consumption through private standards. We find that these middle-class consumers are likely to engage in discretionary spending, even at relatively low levels of income. Unfortunately, existing research does not allow us to predict the extent to which this discretionary spending will be used for responsible consumption. We develop a simple matrix to explore where and when private standards are more likely to stimulate responsible consumption effectively, and we put forward some hypotheses for future research. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 151-171 Issue: 2 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.864757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.864757 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:151-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clara Brandi Author-X-Name-First: Clara Author-X-Name-Last: Brandi Title: Low-Carbon Standards and Labels in China Abstract: This article examines the emergence of carbon standards and labels, with a focus on China as one of the key drivers of the future global economy. The article attempts to answer two questions. First, as Chinese firms take on more substantive roles in global production networks, how do they deal with environmental and sustainability standards, especially those which concern carbon footprints and emission reduction in production and supply chains? Second, to what extent and how is China likely to become active in setting sustainability standards in tomorrow's markets? The underlying question is: what strategies do Chinese actors follow in response to carbon standards? The core argument of the article is that China cannot choose whether, but only how, to react to the emergence of international carbon standards. Ignoring and/or mitigating such standards are not viable options, at least in the short run. The most promising pathway for Chinese actors is to leverage either their own standards, i.e. ones tailored to their needs and preferences, or standards which they have already helped to transform in favour of their interests by engaging in international standard-setting processes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 172-189 Issue: 2 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.885938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.885938 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:172-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salo V. Coslovsky Author-X-Name-First: Salo V. Author-X-Name-Last: Coslovsky Title: Flying Under the Radar? The State and the Enforcement of Labour Laws in Brazil Abstract: Over the past three decades, developing countries have deregulated, privatized and liberalized their economies. Paradoxically, they have also retained or even strengthened their labour laws and regulations. This compromise has created enormous political tension, which manifests itself as recurrent calls for either a rollback or a deepening of reforms. Few of these calls have been heeded, so the burden of reconciling the conflicting policies ends up being transferred to those public agents who enforce the regulations on the ground. To understand how these agents act, the latitude they have, the limits they face and the results they accomplish, this paper examines how labour inspectors and prosecutors intervened in four beleaguered industries in Brazil. It finds that enforcement agents often do more than just impose fines or teach infringers about the law. Rather, they use their discretion and legal powers to realign incentives, reshape interests and redistribute the risks, costs and benefits of compliance across a tailor-made assemblage of public, private and non-profit enterprises in a way that makes compliance easier for all involved. On a broader canvas, regulatory enforcement agents who perform this role can be characterized as the foot soldiers of a post-neoliberal or neo-developmental state. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 190-216 Issue: 2 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.875135 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.875135 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:190-216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Milc�ades Pe�a Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Milc�ades Author-X-Name-Last: Pe�a Title: Rising Powers, Rising Networks: Brazilian Actors in Private Governance Abstract: This article analyses Brazilian involvement in private labour and environmental governance. It does so by mapping the local actors participating in three recent international initiatives-the UN Global Compact, the Global Reporting Initiative, and the ISO 26000 Working Group-and exploring the activities of a central group around the Ethos Institute for Business and Social Responsibility. The article argues that the privileged position of this group of actors is supported by the lasting association between a sector of Brazilian business and influential political players, in particular the ruling Workers' Party. On this basis, the article discusses the model of institutional complementarity, suggesting that both the local network and the global initiatives benefited from the narrow state-society relations pervading Brazilian politics. The article contests the claim that emerging economies are necessarily disadvantaged newcomers to private governance, and calls for greater attention to the interface between international initiatives and local political institutions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 217-237 Issue: 2 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.905524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.905524 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:217-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alessandra Mezzadri Author-X-Name-First: Alessandra Author-X-Name-Last: Mezzadri Title: Indian Garment Clusters and CSR Norms: Incompatible Agendas at the Bottom of the Garment Commodity Chain Abstract: Today, India is an important player in garment export. Production is highly "localised" and scattered across the subcontinent. It is organised in industrial clusters, with distinct production and labour practices and product specialisations. Product cycles involve numerous ancillary activities, and are often decentralised from main urban tailoring hubs. They connect different realms and spaces of production and labour, and different clusters. This paper explores how this organisational layout severely limits the impact of old and new corporate social responsibility (CSR) labour projects and regulations. It does so by looking at the case of the National Capital Region and one of its satellite embroidery centres, Bareilly, in Uttar Pradesh. In particular, it reveals the contradictory nature of new CSR projects focusing on homeworkers. The arguments developed here are not only a criticism of global buyers' approaches to labour standards. They also more broadly question the ability to elaborate meaningful standards within decentralised production regimes, deconstructing over-optimistic images of India as a "rising power". Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 238-258 Issue: 2 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.885939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.885939 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:238-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeroen Merk Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen Author-X-Name-Last: Merk Title: The Rise of Tier 1 Firms in the Global Garment Industry: Challenges for Labour Rights Advocates Abstract: The garment industry can be considered an archetypal global sector in which production processes have been transnationalized since the late 1960s. The possibility of fragmenting and outsourcing production across a spatially dispersed network of manufacturers has "freed" lead companies from surveillance of their production processes, helped reduce costs and, ultimately, relieves them of the organizational requirements associated with mass labour processes. The role of branded companies and retailers in the garment industry has been studied extensively over the last two decades. However, much less attention has been paid to those companies that have appeared as their mirror image, namely to the emergence of Asian garment manufacturers-or tier 1 firms-that have also expanded their businesses significantly over the last few decades, but have little or no control over end-consumer markets. This paper seeks to map and discuss the importance of, and commonalities between, tier 1 companies in the actual production of garments, and discusses their main characteristics. Special attention is paid to the consequences for labour strategies focused on improving working conditions at these companies' factories. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 259-277 Issue: 2 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.908177 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.908177 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:259-277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dev Nathan Author-X-Name-First: Dev Author-X-Name-Last: Nathan Author-Name: Sandip Sarkar Author-X-Name-First: Sandip Author-X-Name-Last: Sarkar Title: Global Inequality, Rising Powers, and Labour Standards Abstract: The paper analyses growing inequality in the rising powers, concentrating on the situation in China and India. It describes the various processes that are currently underway to reduce inequality in these economies. These processes include a combination of tightening the labour market, as best seen in China, increasing rural productivity and implementing government measures to boost basic rural incomes in all such countries. Reductions in inequality in the emerging economies have a global macro-economic effect of increasing consumption, thus counteracting the current global slowdown. They also have the benefit of creating more space at the bottom for poorer economies to take up more of the world's low-skill production, as the emerging economies themselves move up to higher skill production and exports. This sequential upgrading is being driven by the growth of emerging economy markets and by wage increases in these economies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 278-295 Issue: 2 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.856397 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.856397 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:278-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sripad Motiram Author-X-Name-First: Sripad Author-X-Name-Last: Motiram Author-Name: Nayantara Sarma Author-X-Name-First: Nayantara Author-X-Name-Last: Sarma Title: Polarization, Inequality, and Growth: The Indian Experience Abstract: One issue that has attracted considerable attention recently among scholars interested in inequality and conflict is polarization. We analyze polarization in India over roughly the past three decades using consumption expenditure data. We show that both bipolarization and multidimensional polarization (on several dimensions: rural-urban, state, region) have increased since the 1990s. In the case of bipolarization, this is a reversal from an earlier trend (in the 1980s). Overall, our results suggest that the high growth that India has witnessed since the 1990s has been associated with widening disparities. Comparing polarization and inequality trends, we find similarities, but also some differences; we also show how the study of polarization can provide different insights. Our results therefore underscore the importance of studying polarization as distinct from traditional inequality. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 297-318 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.897319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.897319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:297-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terra Lawson-Remer Author-X-Name-First: Terra Author-X-Name-Last: Lawson-Remer Title: Security of Property Rights for Whom? Abstract: Property insecurity of non-elites can be compatible with or even enhance economic growth, but it also encourages conflict-which can undermine long-term growth and economic development. Using a new set of indicators which measure the property insecurity of marginalized ethno-cultural minority groups, this article demonstrates that the severity of property insecurity for the worst-off group in a country is strongly associated with the onset of armed conflict, and-once civil war is controlled for-property insecurity for marginalized minorities corresponds with higher growth rates. Economic growth can occur when the property rights of elites are secure but marginalized minorities face a high risk of expropriation, as land may be reallocated into the hands of investors with skills and access to capital. However, the potentially growth-enhancing effect of forced displacement and resettlement is reduced, because the property insecurity of minorities also increases the likelihood of armed conflict. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 319-342 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.878327 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.878327 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:319-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Burchi Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Burchi Author-Name: Sara Vicari Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Vicari Title: To Be or Not to Be a Member of a Primary Co-operative in Brazil: Any Difference in Household Decision-Making and Gender Equality? Abstract: The paper investigates the effect of co-operative membership on people's capability to participate in household decision-making and on domestic gender relations. Our hypothesis is that the democratisation process activated in genuine co-operatives, authentic member-owned forms of business, may then be transferred to the household. We tested this in the "Coppalj" co-operative in Brazil, where we collected primary data. Both the techniques employed, regression and propensity score matching, support our hypotheses in a number of life domains. Though results vary slightly according to the domain and the outcome indicator, they show that members of the co-operative have a statistically significant higher capability to participate in decision-making and to share their decisions with partners than non-members (the control group). We then triangulated these quantitative outcomes with qualitative ones: the latter confirm an improvement in gender relations between co-operators and their partners, highlighting the fundamental role of Coppalj in fostering gender equality. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 343-364 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.905523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.905523 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:343-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas Bergh Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Bergh Author-Name: Irina Mirkina Author-X-Name-First: Irina Author-X-Name-Last: Mirkina Author-Name: Therese Nilsson Author-X-Name-First: Therese Author-X-Name-Last: Nilsson Title: Globalization and Institutional Quality-A Panel Data Analysis Abstract: Using data on institutional quality and the KOF Globalization Index, we examine over 100 countries from 1992 to 2010 to analyse the relationship between economic and social globalization and six measures of institutional quality, thereby testing Montesquieu's doux commerce thesis, that economic and social interaction lead to improved institutional quality. Results suggest that increasing economic flows and social globalization associate with improving institutions in rich countries, while correlations are negative in poor countries. Our findings also indicate that the negative relationship in poor countries relates to the abundance of natural resources, and should not be interpreted as a causal effect. In summary, results are consistent with the doux commerce thesis but also suggest that the previous findings of positive effects of trade on institutional quality are driven by the relationship in rich countries. We should not expect globalization alone to mitigate the adverse effects of the resource curse in developing countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 365-394 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.884555 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.884555 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:365-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rhys Jenkins Author-X-Name-First: Rhys Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins Title: Chinese Competition and Brazilian Exports of Manufactures Abstract: In recent years concerns have been raised over the impact of Chinese competition on Latin American exports, particularly those from Mexico. This article shows that Brazilian manufactured exports too have been negatively affected, and that this has been reflected in the "primarization" of Brazilian exports and a declining share in the import markets of its major customers. A variety of different indicators were used to analyse the extent to which Brazilian exports have faced competition from China. Constant Market Share analysis was then applied to estimate the quantitative significance of Chinese competition for Brazilian exports. This shows that Brazil has lost markets to China in the USA, in the EU and in its major Latin American markets, particularly since 2004. This has occurred not only in low-technology products but also increasingly in high-technology products, and Brazil has not been able to compensate for losses to China through increasing exports of more sophisticated products. It was also found that Chinese competition intensified in the Latin American market following the global financial crisis. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 395-418 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.881989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.881989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:395-418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate Meagher Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Meagher Title: Disempowerment from Below: Informal Enterprise Networks and the Limits of Political Voice in Nigeria Abstract: Decentralized governance has enjoyed limited success in promoting popular livelihoods and political voice among informal actors. Explanations have tended to focus on sources of disempowerment from above, where informal collective action is overwhelmed or sidelined by more powerful government or private-sector interests. This article will focus on the ways in which prolonged crisis and informality can also generate processes of disempowerment from below by disrupting and warping informal organizational dynamics. In addition to the divergent interests of more powerful actors, informal associational initiatives have to contend with disruptive effects of poverty, intense competition and social and legal marginalization which constrain popular organization from within. Through a micro-politics of organizational networks in three informal enterprise associations in Nigeria, this article explores the ways in which prolonged economic and social stress combines with political marginalization to turn even economically dynamic and highly organized informal activities from a terrain of collective agency to an uneven playing field of volatile strategies, social fragmentation and pervasive exclusion. A realistic assessment of the obstacles to informal collective action is used to explore more effective forms of informal mobilization and political engagement in the context of African informal economies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 419-438 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.900005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.900005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:419-438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kamal Lamichhane Author-X-Name-First: Kamal Author-X-Name-Last: Lamichhane Author-Name: Tomoo Okubo Author-X-Name-First: Tomoo Author-X-Name-Last: Okubo Title: The Nexus between Disability, Education, and Employment: Evidence from Nepal Abstract: The links between disability, education, and employment remain unclear in developing countries due to the lack of credible data. This paper identifies and compares the effect of education on employability, employment status (full-time or part-time), job type (white collar or blue collar), and job satisfaction among persons with disabilities using a unique data-set of over 400 respondents with hearing, physical, and visual impairments in Nepal. The analysis also utilizes nationally representative survey data from the Nepal Living Standard Survey 2010/2011 (NLSS III) for a robustness test. Results show a positive correlation between years of schooling and the likelihood of obtaining a full-time and white-collar job. Regarding the type of impairment, those with physical impairments are less likely to be employed when individual characteristics are controlled, but report higher levels of job satisfaction when they are employed. Results thus suggest the need to invest further in education for persons with disabilities, in order to increase their participation within the labor market. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 439-453 Issue: 3 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.927843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.927843 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:439-453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kaushik Basu Author-X-Name-First: Kaushik Author-X-Name-Last: Basu Title: Randomisation, Causality and the Role of Reasoned Intuition Abstract: The method of randomisation has been a major driver in the recent rise to prominence of empirical development economics. It has helped uncover patterns and facts that had earlier escaped attention. But it has also given rise to debate and controversy. This paper evaluates the method of randomisation and concludes that while the method of randomisation is the gold standard for description, and does uncover what is here called "circumstantial causality", it is not able to demonstrate generalised causality. Nor does it, in itself, lead to policy conclusions, as is often claimed by its advocates. To get to policy conclusions requires combining the findings of randomised experiments with human intuition, which, being founded in evolution, has innate strengths. Moreover, even non-randomised empirical methods combined with reasoned intuition can help in crafting a development policy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 455-472 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.961414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.961414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:455-472 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gaoussou Diarra Author-X-Name-First: Gaoussou Author-X-Name-Last: Diarra Author-Name: Patrick Plane Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Plane Title: Assessing the World Bank's Influence on the Good Governance Paradigm Abstract: What does "good governance" mean for the World Bank and to what extent has the organisation been successful in diffusing the paradigm worldwide? The Bank focused primarily on economic aspects of governance in the 1980s and progressively moved to emphasise its political dimensions towards the end of the 1990s. In this paper, the soft power of the Bank is analysed in relation to this specific issue through bibliometric methods and by examining the role of governance indicators, especially within the donor community. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 473-487 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.949651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.949651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:473-487 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesus Felipe Author-X-Name-First: Jesus Author-X-Name-Last: Felipe Author-Name: Utsav Kumar Author-X-Name-First: Utsav Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar Author-Name: Arnelyn Abdon Author-X-Name-First: Arnelyn Author-X-Name-Last: Abdon Title: As You Sow So Shall You Reap: From Capabilities to Opportunities Abstract: Long-run growth is about the structural transformation (diversification and upgrading) of the economy, itself a function of the accumulation of capabilities that allows a country to produce new and more unique products. In this paper, we develop an "Index of Opportunities" for 96 non-high-income countries. This Index summarises countries' capabilities to undergo structural transformation, as captured by their export baskets. It has four dimensions-sophistication, diversification, "standardness" and possibilities for exporting new products with revealed comparative advantage. We find that China, India, Poland, Thailand, Mexico and Brazil rank high in the index. This means that these countries have accumulated significant capabilities (as reflected in their export baskets) and hence are well positioned for further economic transformation. At the other extreme, Guinea, Malawi, Benin, Mauritania and Haiti score very poorly. While both groups of countries need to focus policy on the development of capabilities that facilitate structural transformation, the nature and degree of policy support required are very different. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 488-515 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.950560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.950560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:488-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Swagato Sarkar Author-X-Name-First: Swagato Author-X-Name-Last: Sarkar Title: The Unique Identity (UID) Project, Biometrics and Re-Imagining Governance in India Abstract: At various points in its existence, the Indian state has deployed technologies to govern the nation. Recently, the state has undertaken a number of large-scale projects to make use of digital technology. The most controversial of these is the Unique Identity (UID) project, which is registering biometric, along with demographic, information about residents. This paper seeks to understand what is at stake politically in this technological intervention. It aims to explore the political logics and consequences of such a biometric system. It argues that UID re-imagines the economy and the state-citizen relationship as a series of transactions. Theoretically, the main thrust of this paper is to understand the "general economy of power", as Michel Foucault calls it, which is unfolding in India around the issues of capitalist growth, inequality, social protection and terrorism-and UID signals the technological potential for the convergence of these concerns. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 516-533 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.924493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.924493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:516-533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mathias Kuepie Author-X-Name-First: Mathias Author-X-Name-Last: Kuepie Author-Name: Michel Tenikue Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Tenikue Author-Name: Samuel Nouetagni Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Nouetagni Author-Name: Nicaise Misangumukini Author-X-Name-First: Nicaise Author-X-Name-Last: Misangumukini Title: Number, Age Composition and School Achievements of Siblings in Two African Capital Cities Abstract: This paper uses biographical data from Dakar and Yaound�, two large African cities, to study the link between number of siblings and school attainment. The data describe all fertility events experienced by parents and the number of siblings of each child over time. The average family size effect is estimated first. The family size effect at different ages is then estimated. The results show that, in Dakar, both the overall and age-specific effect of family size on education are negative and statistically significant. In Yaound�, the overall effect is not significant, but negative effects at some schooling ages (between 14 and 17) are observed in this study. Finally, the negative impact of family size on school achievement seems to be driven more by elder siblings than by younger ones. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 534-552 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.902046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.902046 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:534-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raymundo Miguel Campos-Vazquez Author-X-Name-First: Raymundo Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Campos-Vazquez Author-Name: Roberto Velez-Grajales Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Velez-Grajales Title: Female Labour Supply and Intergenerational Preference Formation: Evidence for Mexico Abstract: Using a nationally representative sample for Mexico, we analyse the effect of a husband having a working mother on the probability that he has a working wife. Our results show that labour force participation by a husband's mother increases the probability of the labour force participation of his wife by 15 percentage points. The effect is mainly driven by males with less than high school education. One possible confounding factor is the effect of labour force participation of the wife's mother on the wife's labour participation decision. However, in a different sample, we do not find any effect of work force participation of wives' mothers on wives' decisions to join the labour force. Finally, we test the effect of work force participation by a husband's mother on the husband's preferences regarding child-rearing practices. We find that having a working mother strongly reduces the probability that daughters will be tasked to care for siblings and fosters preferences for a more egalitarian allocation of educational resources among children. Hence, promoting female labour force participation can have important dynamic implications, especially for developing countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 553-569 Issue: 4 Volume: 42 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.900006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.900006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:553-569 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maritza Paredes Author-X-Name-First: Maritza Author-X-Name-Last: Paredes Author-Name: Rosemary Thorp Author-X-Name-First: Rosemary Author-X-Name-Last: Thorp Title: The Persistence of Horizontal Inequalities and the Role of Policy: The Case of Peru Abstract: The paper studies a case of deeply embedded group or "horizontal" inequalities, and asks why part of the reason for this persistence of inequality appears to be that even well-intentioned policies that attempt to improve the position of the most disadvantaged often fail to achieve their goals. The paper investigates the role of the institutions underpinning the implementation of policy and the responses of the different actors, and explores how these often produce perverse results. The case studied is Peru and the paper explores two instances of social policy and one of land reform. The paper explores the relationships between policy failure and group inequality. The paper concludes that if policy failures left group inequalities even more deeply embedded, while the embedding increased the likelihood of further failure, this would be a significant vicious circle of underdevelopment. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.975787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.975787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:1-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yonas Alem Author-X-Name-First: Yonas Author-X-Name-Last: Alem Title: Poverty Persistence and Intra-Household Heterogeneity in Occupations: Evidence from Urban Ethiopia Abstract: Previous studies of poverty in developing countries have to a great extent focussed on the characteristics of the household head and used these as proxies for the underlying ability of the household to generate income. This paper uses five rounds of panel data to investigate the persistence of poverty in urban Ethiopia, with a particular focus on the role of intra-household heterogeneity in occupations. Dynamic probit and system generalised method of moments regression results suggest that international remittances and labour market status of non-head household members are important determinants of households' poverty status. Results also show that controlling for these variables and the "initial conditions problem" encountered in nonlinear dynamic probit models reduces the magnitude of estimated poverty persistence significantly for urban Ethiopia. These findings have important implications for identifying the poor and formulating effective poverty reduction and targeting strategies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 20-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.944123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.944123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:20-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Augustin Kwasi Fosu Author-X-Name-First: Augustin Kwasi Author-X-Name-Last: Fosu Title: Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent Progress in a Global Context Abstract: The present study employs recent World Bank data to shed light, in a global context, on the transformation of changes in income and inequality into poverty reduction for a large number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The study begins by discussing SSA's progress on poverty. Next, it presents data on how various African countries have fared in terms of the incidence of poverty relative to other countries, with special emphasis on the period since the mid-1990s, when SSA generally experienced a growth resurgence. The paper then decomposes performance on poverty into changes in income and inequality for a sample of SSA countries that have the requisite data. The paper finds that recent progress on poverty has been considerable, in contrast to the earlier, 1980-early 1990s, period. Compared with the progress in a global sample of countries, however, progress has been mixed: nonetheless, although African countries lag behind the Brazil, India, China and Russia group of countries as a whole, many of them have outperformed India. Furthermore, while income growth is found to be the main engine for poverty reduction in SSA in general, the role of inequality is crucial in certain countries. Viewed in a global context, moreover, the low levels of income have inhibited the effectiveness of income and inequality improvements in reducing poverty in many African countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 44-59 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.964195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.964195 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:44-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ann-Sofie Isaksson Author-X-Name-First: Ann-Sofie Author-X-Name-Last: Isaksson Title: Unequal Property Rights: A Study of Land Right Inequalities in Rwanda Abstract: Most measures of inequality focus on the distribution of income and resources. A potentially important additional source of inequality stems from unequal property rights protection. The aim of the present paper was to examine the existence and patterns of systematic within-country inequalities in effective land rights in Rwanda. While a large qualitative literature discusses the comparative land rights of different groups, there is a lack of systematic quantitative evidence on the existence of land right inequalities. The results of estimations drawing on data on the land tenure arrangements of over 17000 Rwandan households do indeed suggest within-country inequalities in land rights. In particular, despite recent reform efforts to improve women's land rights, a gender gap in land rights was observed that persisted throughout the 2005-2011 period studied, highlighting that institutional development takes time and that changes in de jure legislation do not automatically translate into changes in effective rights. Moreover, conflict-displaced households and households resettled to newly constructed village settlements all report weaker land rights than their respective comparison groups. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 60-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.955466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.955466 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:60-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asad K. Ghalib Author-X-Name-First: Asad K. Author-X-Name-Last: Ghalib Author-Name: Issam Malki Author-X-Name-First: Issam Author-X-Name-Last: Malki Author-Name: Katsushi S. Imai Author-X-Name-First: Katsushi S. Author-X-Name-Last: Imai Title: Microfinance and Household Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence from Rural Pakistan Abstract: This study examines whether household access to microfinance reduces poverty in Pakistan and, if so, how and to what extent. It draws on primary empirical data gathered by interviewing 1132 households, including both borrower and non-borrower households, in 2008-2009. Sample selection biases have been partially controlled for by using propensity score matching. The study reveals that microfinance programmes had a positive impact on the participating households. Poverty-reducing effects were observed on a number of indicators, including expenditure on healthcare, clothing and household income, and on certain dwelling characteristics, such as water supply and the quality of roofing and walls. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 84-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.980228 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.980228 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:84-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Chandrasekhar Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Chandrasekhar Author-Name: Mousumi Das Author-X-Name-First: Mousumi Author-X-Name-Last: Das Author-Name: Ajay Sharma Author-X-Name-First: Ajay Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma Title: Short-term Migration and Consumption Expenditure of Households in Rural India Abstract: In 2007-2008, short-term migrants (STMs) constituted 4.35% of the rural workforce in India and a total of 9.25 million rural households included STMs. Using nationally representative data for rural India, this paper examines differences in consumption expenditure across households with and without a household member who is a STM. We use an instrumental variable approach to control for the presence of a STM in a household. We find that households with a STM have lower monthly per capita consumption expenditure and monthly per capita food expenditure compared to households without a STM. STMs are not unionised, they work in the unorganised sector, they do not have written job contracts, and state governments are yet to ensure that the legislation protecting them is properly enforced. This could be one of the reasons why we do not observe higher levels of expenditure in households with such migrants. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 105-122 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.964194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.964194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:105-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rajesh S. N. Raj Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh S. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Raj Author-Name: Kunal Sen Author-X-Name-First: Kunal Author-X-Name-Last: Sen Title: Finance Constraints and Firm Transition in the Informal Sector: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Abstract: This paper focuses on the role of finance constraints in determining the lack of transition of firms in India from very small family firms, which are the predominant type of firms in the informal sector, into larger informal firms that employ non-family labour. Using a rich firm-level data-set drawn from nationally representative surveys of the Indian informal manufacturing sector, this paper tests for the role played by finance constraints in firm transition in the informal sector at the firm and district level. There is evidence that the difficulty that firms face in accessing external finance acts as a significant constraint to small firm growth in the informal sector. Looking at data from India's districts, it is found that the financial development in a given district increases the likelihood that firms in the district will make the transition from household enterprises into non-household enterprises. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 123-143 Issue: 1 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.972352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.972352 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:123-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sripad Motiram Author-X-Name-First: Sripad Author-X-Name-Last: Motiram Author-Name: Karthikeya Naraparaju Author-X-Name-First: Karthikeya Author-X-Name-Last: Naraparaju Title: Growth and Deprivation in India: What does Recent Evidence Suggest on "Inclusiveness"? Abstract: We investigate the relationship between growth and deprivation in India, an issue of immense interest. Given that there is continuing controversy over poverty lines, we use a framework that rigorously addresses this issue over a range of poverty lines. Using National Sample Surveys on consumption expenditure, we show that while growth has "trickled down", it has not benefited the poor sufficiently. Extending this framework, we show that growth has not benefited the poor among disadvantaged caste groups and lower classes adequately. Our findings raise concerns about the "inclusiveness" of Indian growth. We discuss plausible explanations for our findings and policy implications. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 145-164 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.988693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.988693 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:145-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarthak Gaurav Author-X-Name-First: Sarthak Author-X-Name-Last: Gaurav Author-Name: Srijit Mishra Author-X-Name-First: Srijit Author-X-Name-Last: Mishra Title: Farm Size and Returns to Cultivation in India: Revisiting an Old Debate Abstract: This paper revisits the long-debated question of the relationship between farm size and productivity by studying the relationship between area cultivated and net returns to cultivation in India using a nationally representative data-set. The analysis is carried out separately for the two major agricultural seasons, kharif and rabi, and for both the seasons pooled together. Our findings suggest the existence of an inverse relationship, even when we control for a number of household and farm characteristics and even when we treat factors such as household type (occupation), social group (caste), agro-climatic zone (region) and agricultural season as fixed effects. The result is also robust to correction for selection bias. However, the efficiency of the smallholder as a result of this greater productivity has to be treated with some caution as it ignores the low absolute levels of their returns, which raise questions about the sustainability of their livelihoods. This is further aggravated by the fact that they pay relatively higher unit costs and because of their greater dependence on purchased inputs. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 165-193 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.982081 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.982081 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:165-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heather Plumridge Bedi Author-X-Name-First: Heather Plumridge Author-X-Name-Last: Bedi Author-Name: Louise Tillin Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Tillin Title: Inter-state Competition, Land Conflicts and Resistance in India Abstract: Literature on fiscal federalism has long debated whether inter-jurisdictional competition between subnational units encourages a "race to the bottom", with competition to attract mobile capital leading to lower taxation and expenditure, and, consequently, the under-provision of public goods. The principal concerns of this literature have been taxation and expenditure, but the ability of state governments to acquire land for industry is also critical in the context of subnational competition. In this article, the authors ask how Indian state governments resolve the tensions arising from their dual role as both wooer and regulator of capital, as they simultaneously facilitate land acquisition and engage with movements that challenge it. The authors demonstrate that there is no simple "race to the bottom". Inter-state competition has not produced a simple equation in favour of capital and a side-lining of the concerns of those displaced. Subnational approaches to land acquisition must be understood within local political, social and economic contexts. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 194-211 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1035246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1035246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:194-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruno Martorano Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Martorano Author-Name: Marco Sanfilippo Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Sanfilippo Title: Structural Change and Wage Inequality in the Manufacturing Sector: Long Run Evidence from East Asia Abstract: This paper analyses the long run determinants of wage inequality in the manufacturing sector for a group of East Asian countries that have experienced rapid structural transformations in recent decades. In line with the skill biased technological change hypothesis, our results show that within manufacturing structural change which fosters the participation of higher skilled workers is a strong determinant of the wage premium. However, the paper also highlights an unusual feature of the East Asian model, showing how well-designed education policies, prudent macroeconomic management and selective policies towards foreign capital can help to buffer the pressure of structural change on wage inequality, even in an open economy context. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 212-231 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1028914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1028914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:212-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eva Yamila Catela Author-X-Name-First: Eva Yamila Author-X-Name-Last: Catela Author-Name: Mario Cimoli Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Cimoli Author-Name: Gabriel Porcile Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Porcile Title: Productivity and Structural Heterogeneity in the Brazilian Manufacturing Sector: Trends and Determinants Abstract: Structural heterogeneity (SH)--i.e. the existence of marked asymmetries in labour productivity among firms, along with low-productivity firms forming a large share of total employment--plays an important role in development theory. But only recently has the availability of micro data made the rigorous measuring of SH possible. This paper makes compatible different databases on manufacturing production, innovation and micro-social data for Brazil--PIA, RAIS, Secex and PINTEC--for 2000-2008 in order to measure SH and analyse its determinants. First, productivity groups are formed out of the universe of Brazilian manufacturing firms using a k-mean cluster methodology. Second, the variables affecting the productivity group to which each firm belongs are tested using an ordered probit model. The results indicate that increasing returns (captured by the firm's market share, the number of employees in innovative activities, workers' years of schooling and the accumulation of workers' experience), the technological intensity of the industry, learning by exporting and public support to R&D have driven productivity growth and reproduced SH through time, as predicted by development and evolutionary theories. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 232-252 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1020939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1020939 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:232-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robin Grier Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Grier Author-Name: Beatriz Maldonado Author-X-Name-First: Beatriz Author-X-Name-Last: Maldonado Title: Electoral Experience, Institutional Quality and Economic Development in Latin America Abstract: In a panel of 18 Latin American countries from 1900 to 2007, we test the degree to which institutions and geography affect country income. Using a new instrument, we find strong evidence that both institutions and geography are important determinants of country income. However, the penalty for economically unfavourable geography is much smaller than the potential benefits from good institutions. The coefficient estimates do not vary significantly when there are changes in the number of countries included in the analysis; the results for institutions are robust to the inclusion of country-fixed effects. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 253-280 Issue: 2 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1025734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1025734 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:253-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Kroll Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Kroll Title: Global Development and Happiness: How Can Data on Subjective Well-Being Inform Development Theory and Practice? Abstract: While research on subjective well-being (SWB) has recently attracted much attention in richer nations, its potential in a development context remains underexploited. This paper, therefore, considers conventional development theory through an SWB lens. The Human Development approach with its three key elements of material conditions, health and education is re-assessed by examining to what extent these factors actually matter for people's life satisfaction in different nations. Using data from the World Values Survey for 100 000 people from 70 nations, considerable heterogeneity is identified and a new country ranking in the form of an SWB-adjusted Human Development Index, or 'Happy Development Index', is devised. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 281-309 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1067293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1067293 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:281-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergio Tezanos V�zquez Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Tezanos V�zquez Title: Distributive Justice in Aid for Development Abstract: How should the aid financial burden be distributed across donor governments? This article discusses the "distributive justice" of the current aid-financing pattern, and advocates a progressive modality in which citizens from donor countries with higher living standards contribute proportionally more than citizens from countries with lower living standards. For this purpose, we conceive public foreign aid as a tax mechanism for redistributing income on a worldwide scale. The progressivity analysis for 45 bilateral donors (28 DAC countries and 17 non-DAC donors) using concentration curves and Suits indexes between 2000 and 2012 shows that the current distribution of the aid burden is insufficiently progressive (mainly due to the limited contributions of the richer donors). Finally, we argue that a progressive exaction scheme will improve the distributive justice of the aid system. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 310-329 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1043180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1043180 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:310-329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salim Lakha Author-X-Name-First: Salim Author-X-Name-Last: Lakha Author-Name: Durgam Rajasekhar Author-X-Name-First: Durgam Author-X-Name-Last: Rajasekhar Author-Name: Ramachandra Manjula Author-X-Name-First: Ramachandra Author-X-Name-Last: Manjula Title: Collusion, Co-option and Capture: Social Accountability and Social Audits in Karnataka, India Abstract: The concept of accountability has generated extensive discussion in studies of international development, linking it with good governance, democratisation, participatory development and empowerment. India's national rural employment guarantee scheme, which aims to improve the rural infrastructure and reduce poverty by providing wage work to the rural poor, involves mandatory social audit by the beneficiaries of the scheme, in order to ensure accountability of those implementing the scheme. In this paper, we examine the social audit process in a district in the state of Karnataka to ascertain the role played by the beneficiaries in achieving such accountability. We find that Vigilance and Monitoring Committees, entrusted to spearhead the social audit process in villages, consist mainly of males and cultivators, some of whom are large landowners. We also find that social audits are dominated by the local elite who stifle "voices" from below. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 330-348 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1049136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1049136 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:330-348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gonne Beekman Author-X-Name-First: Gonne Author-X-Name-Last: Beekman Author-Name: Erwin Bulte Author-X-Name-First: Erwin Author-X-Name-Last: Bulte Title: A Note on Targeting by Predatory Leaders: Evidence from Rural Liberia Abstract: We consider the impact of rice-thieving chiefs on investments by smallholder farmers in Liberia. In an earlier study, we found that chiefs who steal reduce aggregate investment levels by villagers. In this paper, we refine this result, and establish that predatory leadership only matters for households with a different ethnic identity from the chief. Co-ethnics of the chief are much less responsive to a context of predation, suggesting that thieving leaders target individuals along ethnic lines. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 349-360 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1030379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1030379 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:349-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Upasak Das Author-X-Name-First: Upasak Author-X-Name-Last: Das Title: Rationing and Accuracy of Targeting in India: The Case of the Rural Employment Guarantee Act Abstract: Rationing and its implication on accuracy of targeting of benefits to the intended beneficiaries in an anti-poverty programme is an essential component of its evaluation. Taking nationally representative data for 2009-2010 and 2011-2012, this paper evaluates the performance of the Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India in terms of targeting of benefits to the poorer households. It attempts to find if households, which did not get work after demanding are poorer than the ones, who got work and then explores, if the non-poor households got work for higher number of days under the programme in comparison to the poorer ones. Findings from the regressions, which control for the potential sample selection bias show that the poorer households in terms of monthly consumption expenditure have lesser probability of getting work in both the years, though traces of improvement in targeting is observed in 2011-2012. Poorer households are also found to be significantly associated with lower days of work in 2009-2010 compared to the relatively better-off ones. The results lay emphasis on the need to reduce rationing and generate awareness on the basic entitlements of the programme along with higher accountability and vigilance for better targeting. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 361-378 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1042445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1042445 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:361-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anindita Chakrabarti Author-X-Name-First: Anindita Author-X-Name-Last: Chakrabarti Author-Name: Anand Shankar Author-X-Name-First: Anand Author-X-Name-Last: Shankar Title: Determinants of Health Insurance Penetration in India: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: Insufficient participation of the government in the provision of health care services to the people puts tremendous pressure on households financing their health care expenditure from private sources. Health insurance can be seen as an effective measure to circumvent this problem. However, penetration of health insurance in India is very low. This article seeks to explore the effect of household assets, access to media demographic and caste profile of households in explaining the use of health insurance in India using data from the National Family Health Survey-III. Results suggest that richer households have a higher probability of enrolling into health insurance and access to media exerts a positive significant impact on health insurance enrolment. Particularly vulnerable are those from the scheduled tribe background in both rural and urban region and the Muslim community residing in urban area. Non-profit insurance scheme such as community-based health insurance (CBHI) has limited success in drawing people from the poorest economic status into their safety nets. Considerable regional disparity exists in terms of health insurance enrolment pattern. Odds of enrolling in private health insurance and public health insurance in comparison to no insurance are significantly higher for urban region. The opposite result holds for CBHI scheme. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 379-401 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1057116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1057116 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:379-401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Astghik Mavisakalyan Author-X-Name-First: Astghik Author-X-Name-Last: Mavisakalyan Title: Gender in Language and Gender in Employment Abstract: Women lag behind men in many domains. Feminist scholars have proposed that sex-based grammatical systems in languages reinforce traditional conceptions of gender roles, which in turn contribute to disadvantaging women. This article evaluates the empirical plausibility of this claim in the context of women's labour market outcomes. Based on a sample of over 100 countries, the analysis shows that places where the majority language is gender-intensive have lower participation of women in the labour force. Individual-level estimates further underscore this finding and indicate a higher prevalence of gender-discriminatory attitudes among speakers of gender-intensive languages. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 403-424 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1045857 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1045857 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:403-424 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mrittika Shamsuddin Author-X-Name-First: Mrittika Author-X-Name-Last: Shamsuddin Title: Labour Market Effects of a Female Stipend Programme in Bangladesh Abstract: Bangladesh's female secondary education stipend programme was one of the first conditional cash transfer programmes in the world. While numerous studies have investigated the impacts of such programmes on school enrolment, attendance and learning, less attention has been paid to their long-term labour market effects. This article extends the literature by studying the effects of Bangladesh's programme on earnings and the sector of employment, as well as on labour force participation and education outcomes, using repeated cross-sectional data in a difference-in-difference framework. We find that exposure to 5 years of the programme is be associated with a 1-year increase in education level completed and an increase in female labour force participation by six percentage points. However, we find that wages decrease by about 17% because the women have difficulties in finding a good job and end up in low productivity self-employment work. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 425-447 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1056133 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1056133 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:425-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sharmistha Self Author-X-Name-First: Sharmistha Author-X-Name-Last: Self Title: Boys' versus Girls' Schooling in Nepal: Does It Vary by the Extent of Mothers' Autonomy? Abstract: This paper hypothesises that resource allocation affecting the decisions relating to sons' versus daughters' schooling in Nepalese households is dependent on the extent of the mother's autonomy. Here, we posit that women's autonomy is a relative concept as a woman has degrees of decision-making power within her household. The results indicate that daughters' education is more likely to benefit when mothers solely make the decisions, but when decisions are made jointly with her spouse then the decisions are more likely to be in favour of sons' education. Our results indicate a marked gender difference in parental decisions over children's education, in the direction posited above, and less than 10% of mothers in the sample have complete autonomy over such decision-making. These results are important for policy-makers wishing to decrease gender bias in children's educational outcomes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 448-465 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1044512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1044512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:448-465 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arindam Nandi Author-X-Name-First: Arindam Author-X-Name-Last: Nandi Title: The Unintended Effects of a Ban on Sex-Selective Abortion on Infant Mortality: Evidence from India Abstract: India has long struggled with persistent problems of sex-selective abortions and the neglect of female children. In 1996, the Pre-Natal Diagnostics Techniques Act was implemented to stop the practices of prenatal sex determination and selective abortions. This paper examines whether the law has been effective in reducing gender imbalance, and in turn potentially exacerbated post-natal discrimination against newborn girls. Using retrospective birth history data from the Indian District Level Household Survey (2002-2004), we exploit a natural experiment involving a variation in the timing of the law across states. We analyse the differential impact of the law on newborn sex ratios and infant mortality rates. Our findings indicate that the law significantly increased the likelihood of a female birth, improving female-to-male sex ratios at birth. We also find that it was generally associated with no change in the relative mortality of infant girls. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 466-482 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.973390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.973390 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:466-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Indunil De Silva Author-X-Name-First: Indunil Author-X-Name-Last: De Silva Author-Name: Sudarno Sumarto Author-X-Name-First: Sudarno Author-X-Name-Last: Sumarto Title: How do Educational Transfers Affect Child Labour Supply and Expenditures? Evidence from Indonesia of Impact and Flypaper Effects Abstract: This study utilises a large nationally representative household survey of unusual scope and richness from Indonesia to analyse how the receipt of educational transfers, scholarships and related assistance programmes affects the labour supply of children and the marginal spending behaviour of households on children's educational goods. We found strong evidence of educational cash transfers and related assistance programmes significantly decreasing the time spent by children in income-generating activities in Indonesia. Households receiving educational transfers, scholarships and assistance were also found to spend more at the margin on voluntary educational goods. These results were stronger for children living in poor families. Our results are particularly relevant for understanding the role of cash transfers and educational assistance in middle-income countries where enrolment rates are already at satisfactory levels, but the challenge is to keep the students in school at post-primary levels. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 483-507 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1032232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1032232 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:483-507 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Mussa Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Mussa Title: The Effects of Educational Externalities on Maize Production in Rural Malawi Abstract: The paper looks at the existence, nature and form of intra- and inter-household externalities of education on productivity, efficiency and uncertainty of maize production in rural Malawi. Data from the Third Integrated Household Survey are used. I find statistically and economically significant positive intra- and inter-household externalities from education on all three elements, and that intra-household externality effects are larger than inter-household externality ones. Community-level schooling is found to substitute for household-level schooling in the sense that farmers who reside in households where members are not educated nevertheless have relatively higher production and lower production uncertainty, on account of living in communities where some inhabitants are educated. The paper also finds that the intra- and inter-household externality effects are more pronounced for the least efficient farmers, that they are monotonic and that they are largest when average household schooling is relatively low. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 508-532 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1046826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1046826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:508-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maryann Bylander Author-X-Name-First: Maryann Author-X-Name-Last: Bylander Title: Credit as Coping: Rethinking Microcredit in the Cambodian Context Abstract: This article explores the uses and meanings of microcredit in one Cambodian community, drawing on qualitative research to argue that what it is claimed that microcredit provides is substantively different from what it means in practice for many rural Cambodian borrowers. In particular, my findings suggest three key disconnects between the rhetoric and reality of microlending. First, while microfinance institutions (MFIs) assert that loans are used for and repaid via microenterprise, my data suggest that loans are primarily used for a variety of non-productive purposes, and are most frequently repaid through wage labour both within and outside the country. Second, whereas MFIs assert that microcredit offers a substitute for high-interest informal loans, in practice microcredit is often used alongside informal credit and drives the need for higher-interest informal borrowing. Third, whereas loans are argued to offer proactive ways of livelihood improvement, in practice borrowers often struggle to repay loans, and debt can substantively heighten vulnerabilities. These findings challenge the primary goals and stated expectations of microcredit, and raise questions about the potential of microcredit as a development strategy in the Cambodian context. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 533-553 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1064880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1064880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:533-553 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valerie Mueller Author-X-Name-First: Valerie Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller Author-Name: Lucy Billings Author-X-Name-First: Lucy Author-X-Name-Last: Billings Author-Name: Tewodaj Mogues Author-X-Name-First: Tewodaj Author-X-Name-Last: Mogues Author-Name: Amber Peterman Author-X-Name-First: Amber Author-X-Name-Last: Peterman Author-Name: Ayala Wineman Author-X-Name-First: Ayala Author-X-Name-Last: Wineman Title: Filling the legal void? Impacts of a community-based legal aid program on women’s land-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices Abstract: Securing women’s property rights improves overall welfare. While governments in Africa often make provisions for gender-equal legal rights, the dichotomy between de jure and customary practices remains. Community-based legal aid (CBLA) has been promoted to address this chasm through provision of free legal aid and education. We evaluate a one-year CBLA program in Tanzania using a randomized controlled trial. Results show women in treatment communities had higher exposure to legal services and increased their legal knowledge. Women who had access to a trained voluntary paralegal experienced a 0.31 standard deviation increase in a legal service index, and a 0.20 standard deviation increase in an index documenting their knowledge of land-related regulations. These changes were, however, insufficient to shift women’s attitudes or result in more favorable gendered land practices. Estimates by village size and progressiveness reveal that transaction costs and social context influence program success. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 453-469 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1414174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1414174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:453-469 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra F. Joireman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra F. Author-X-Name-Last: Joireman Title: Protecting future rights for future citizens: children’s property rights in fragile environments Abstract: The property rights of children is an understudied area that straddles the development/humanitarian divide. Access to assets is important to the livelihood choices and economic well-being of adults. Yet, adults’ ability to claim property can be significantly impaired by humanitarian emergencies that occurred in their youth. We typically do not think of children as economic actors because of their age; their property rights are future rights not yet realized. This paper addresses the future rights to property held by children and examines how fragile environments, characterized by conflict, displacement and disease, can undermine their ability to claim those rights when they become adults, thus depriving them of assets. We identify two types of responses that can begin to address this problem: (1) legal changes to protect children’s assets when guardianship is lost; and (2) actions that can be taken by humanitarian organizations to identify children’s assets and protect them through conflict and displacement. This is a particularly salient topic at the current time when the numbers of displaced people are higher than any time previously recorded, and half of the displaced are children. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 470-482 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1416073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1416073 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:470-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ling Yee Khor Author-X-Name-First: Ling Yee Author-X-Name-Last: Khor Author-Name: Susanne Ufer Author-X-Name-First: Susanne Author-X-Name-Last: Ufer Author-Name: Thea Nielsen Author-X-Name-First: Thea Author-X-Name-Last: Nielsen Author-Name: Manfred Zeller Author-X-Name-First: Manfred Author-X-Name-Last: Zeller Title: Impact of risk aversion on fertiliser use: evidence from Vietnam Abstract: Fake or substandard fertiliser is a growing concern in many countries. Even in places not affected by fertiliser quality problems, uncertainty could arise due to weather variability, soil quality, or doubts about the effectiveness of fertiliser in general. Past literature has shown that risk aversion leads to lower fertiliser use and farmers become less risk averse as they become wealthier. We build upon this literature by showing that the marginal effect itself might not be the same for farmers of different wealth levels either. In our study, the measures of risk aversion were elicited from two different techniques: a self-assessment question and a lottery game. Results from regression analysis show that the marginal effect of risk aversion on fertiliser use depends on the wealth levels of farmers. Low-wealth farmers reduce their fertiliser intensity when their risk aversion increases. The marginal effect for high-wealth farmers is insignificant. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 483-496 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1445212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1445212 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:483-496 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thiagu Ranganathan Author-X-Name-First: Thiagu Author-X-Name-Last: Ranganathan Author-Name: Ram Ranjan Author-X-Name-First: Ram Author-X-Name-Last: Ranjan Author-Name: Deepa Pradhan Author-X-Name-First: Deepa Author-X-Name-Last: Pradhan Title: Water scarcity and livelihoods in Bihar and West Bengal, India Abstract: Through a cross-sectional survey of 1600 households, we analyse the impact of water scarcity on livelihood patterns of rural households in three districts of Bihar and West Bengal. We find significant correlation between water scarcity and livelihood profiles. Households involved in farming and rural labour, or a mix of farming, rural labour and enterprises, earn 30–50% less than what they would have earned through alternative livelihoods. Yet, 50% of the sampled households were engaged in farming and rural labour. When accounting for endogeneity, urban migration provides much higher returns compared to rural labour supply or entrepreneurship. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 497-518 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1447097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1447097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:497-518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Verónica Amarante Author-X-Name-First: Verónica Author-X-Name-Last: Amarante Author-Name: Nincen Figueroa Author-X-Name-First: Nincen Author-X-Name-Last: Figueroa Author-Name: Heidi Ullman Author-X-Name-First: Heidi Author-X-Name-Last: Ullman Title: Inequalities in the reduction of child stunting over time in Latin America: evidence from the DHS 2000–2010 Abstract: This article analyses the evolution of child stunting in seven Latin American countries during the 2000s, based on repeated cross-sections of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). The incidence of stunting differs from country to country, ranging from 27% in the Plurinational State of Bolivia to 6% in Brazil. The largest reduction in stunting took place in Peru, where it declined from 28% in 2007 to 18% in 2012. The decrease in Haiti is also noteworthy, from 29% in 2006 to 21% in 2012. Although all countries were able to reduce the incidence of child stunting, inequalities in child stunting evolved differently. Whereas in Brazil and Colombia inequality in child stunting decreased, in Peru and Bolivia it rose. In the rest of the countries, improvements in child stunting took place jointly with no statistically significant change in its inequality. Results from the decomposition analysis indicate that the unequal distribution in stunting is accounted mainly by the wealth index, and to a lesser extent, by maternal characteristics such as weight, education, and children ever born. Factors such as breastfeeding and diarrhoea exert smaller effects. In all countries, inequality in wealth was the main contributor to changes in stunting inequality, with equalizing or un-equalizing effects depending on the country. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 519-535 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1461821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1461821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:519-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Maiorano Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Maiorano Author-Name: Upasak Das Author-X-Name-First: Upasak Author-X-Name-Last: Das Author-Name: Silvia Masiero Author-X-Name-First: Silvia Author-X-Name-Last: Masiero Title: Decentralisation, clientelism and social protection programmes: a study of India’s MGNREGA Abstract: Does decentralisation promote clientelism? If yes, through which mechanisms? We answer these questions through an analysis of India’s (and the world’s) largest workfare programme, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), in two Indian states: Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh (AP). The two states adopted radically different implementation models: Rajasthan’s decentralised one stands in contrast with Andhra Pradesh’s centralised and bureaucracy-led model. Using a mixed method approach, we find that in both states local implementers have incentives to distribute MGNREGA work in a clientelistic fashion. However, in Rajasthan, these incentives are stronger, because of the decentralised implementation model. Accordingly, our quantitative evidence shows that clientelism is more serious a problem in Rajasthan than in AP. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 536-549 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1467391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1467391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:536-549 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: The Sanjaya Lall Prize 2015 Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: (iii)-(iii) Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1169015 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1169015 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:(iii)-(iii) Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tony Castleman Author-X-Name-First: Tony Author-X-Name-Last: Castleman Title: The role of human recognition in development Abstract: This paper introduces the concept of human recognition and examines its role in development. Human recognition is defined as the extent to which an individual is acknowledged by others to be of inherent value by virtue of being a fellow human being. A review of literature in various disciplines on related concepts helps to establish the foundation for the study of human recognition and to distinguish it from other concepts. The paper describes human recognition, the domains in which individuals receive it, and its psychic and material effects on well-being. Human recognition influences development outcomes and, conversely, development programmes and policies can influence human recognition through the content of interventions and through how interventions are implemented. By defining human recognition and analyzing its role in economic development, the paper identifies and examines an aspect of development that has not been directly studied before. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 135-151 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1109615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1109615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:135-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Niaz Asadullah Author-X-Name-First: M. Niaz Author-X-Name-Last: Asadullah Title: Trust, trustworthiness, and traditional Islamic education Abstract: This paper examines traditional Islamic school (i.e. madrasah) attendance as a determinant of social attitudes among secondary-schooled adolescents in rural Bangladesh. Although both recognized and traditional madrasah-enrolled adolescents show greater support for charity, we find no evidence that traditional madrasah attendance promotes “trust in others”. Attendance at recognized madrasahs, which use a state-approved curriculum, however, significantly increases social trust. The madrasah–trust connection is not explained by the role of teachers’ attitudes towards trust or professional background. Nor do we find evidence that the absence of an effect of traditional madrasah attendance on social trust is driven by their geographic locations. Given the differences between the two groups in terms of stated social preferences, our analysis warns against the practice of lumping state-recognized madrasahs and traditional madrasahs into one category. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 152-166 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1104294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1104294 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:152-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iris Goensch Author-X-Name-First: Iris Author-X-Name-Last: Goensch Title: Formal school or Koranic school? Determinants of school type choice in Senegal Abstract: This paper uses data from a novel household survey from the northernmost region of Senegal, Saint-Louis, in order to jointly analyse enrolment in formal and Koranic schools. The data-set includes detailed information on the education and current enrolment status of all household members. In the sample, 20% of children aged 6–14 are not enrolled in any type of school, while the majority (43%) are enrolled in both a formal and a Koranic school. Multinomial logit techniques are employed to jointly analyse enrolment in formal and Koranic schools. Specifically, these models allow for the possibility that a child combines formal and Koranic schooling. Results indicate that younger children and boys seem to favour Koranic schools, while older children and girls are more likely to attend a formal school. These results contribute towards explaining gender equality in Senegalese primary education that stands in sharp contrast to a general disadvantage of girls in other West African countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 167-188 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1119262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1119262 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:167-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ronald U. Mendoza Author-X-Name-First: Ronald U. Author-X-Name-Last: Mendoza Author-Name: Edsel L. Beja Author-X-Name-First: Edsel L. Author-X-Name-Last: Beja Author-Name: Victor S. Venida Author-X-Name-First: Victor S. Author-X-Name-Last: Venida Author-Name: David B. Yap Author-X-Name-First: David B. Author-X-Name-Last: Yap Title: Political dynasties and poverty: measurement and evidence of linkages in the Philippines Abstract: Political dynasty refers to a situation in which an incumbent official has at least one relative in elected office in the past or the present government. In the Philippines, for example, political dynasties comprise over 70% of its Congress. The impact of political dynasties on socioeconomic outcomes such as poverty is an important empirical question (do political dynasties exacerbate poverty?), and this paper presents some evidence. The analysis of data from the Philippines finds a worsening effect of political dynasties on poverty in provinces outside Luzon. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 189-201 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1169264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1169264 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:189-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mathias Kuépié Author-X-Name-First: Mathias Author-X-Name-Last: Kuépié Author-Name: Michel Tenikue Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Tenikue Author-Name: Olivier J. Walther Author-X-Name-First: Olivier J. Author-X-Name-Last: Walther Title: Social networks and small business performance in West African border regions Abstract: This paper studies the links between economic performance and social networks in West Africa. Using data collected on 358 small-scale traders in five border markets, we show that social networks can be simultaneously a resource which positively contributes to labour market outcomes and a social burden that has a negative economic impact. Testing the effect of social networks between small traders and three categories of actors, we find that the most well-connected actors are also the most successful in terms of monthly profit. The effects of social networks are, however, dependent on the type of persons with whom traders are connected. We show that support received from state representatives and politicians is converted into economic performance, while the impact of law enforcement officers on the monthly profits of traders is not significant. We also find that interacting with traditional religious leaders has a negative effect on economic performance. Our work has two implications: Firstly, collecting data on social networks remains challenging due to endogeneity. Secondly, network-enhancing policies should aim at improving both the internal connectivity of economic actors at the local level and their external connectivity with the rest of the world. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 202-219 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1082540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1082540 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:202-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jean-Francois Trani Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Francois Author-X-Name-Last: Trani Author-Name: Jill Kuhlberg Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Kuhlberg Author-Name: Timothy Cannings Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Cannings Author-Name: Dilbal Chakkal Author-X-Name-First: Dilbal Author-X-Name-Last: Chakkal Title: Multidimensional poverty in Afghanistan: who are the poorest of the poor? Abstract: Taking a capability approach perspective, our paper aims at advancing our understanding of poverty in Afghanistan, and at identifying the most deprived, including persons with disabilities, in order to address the first Sustainable Development Goal to eradicate poverty in all its forms. We used data from a national survey carried out in Afghanistan in 2005. We calculated one index using two weights structures, the adjusted headcount ratio, part of the multidimensional poverty measures. Following a participatory process, we identified and validated 13 indicators clustered in seven dimensions of poverty, including three usually neglected dimensions. Findings suggest that exploring various domains of deprivation would better inform poverty eradication policies than an approach focused only on income. Our results also demonstrate that nearly all Afghan adults are deprived in at least one dimension and those residing in rural areas, from minority ethnic groups, women, elderly people and persons disabled at birth or of an unknown cause are the poorest of the poor. Efforts to improve well-being must acknowledge these inequalities so that public policies in Afghanistan aiming at alleviating poverty take these disparities into account, when facing a reduction in available resources. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 220-245 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1160042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1160042 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:220-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monica Jain Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Jain Title: Public pre-schooling and maternal labour force participation in rural India Abstract: Mothers from poor families in India have a compelling need to work, but childcare for their young children is a constraint. Public day-care implicit in pre-schooling is provided by India’s largest child development programme, which also provides other services, including supplementary feeding, immunisation and health check-ups. Using logit, covariate matching and village-fixed effects methods, I find that in rural India a mother whose child is receiving any of the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) services intensely is 15% more likely to work. Among the various pathways, it seems that this effect is driven mainly by the day-care implicit in pre-schooling for their children. There is also some evidence of child health benefits through immunisation and health check-ups received at the ICDS centre which affect mothers’ likelihood to work. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 246-263 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1082998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1082998 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:246-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jo Boyce Author-X-Name-First: Jo Author-X-Name-Last: Boyce Title: New Editor for Oxford Development Studies Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1276269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1276269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peggy Levitt Author-X-Name-First: Peggy Author-X-Name-Last: Levitt Author-Name: Jocelyn Viterna Author-X-Name-First: Jocelyn Author-X-Name-Last: Viterna Author-Name: Armin Mueller Author-X-Name-First: Armin Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller Author-Name: Charlotte Lloyd Author-X-Name-First: Charlotte Author-X-Name-Last: Lloyd Title: Transnational social protection: setting the agenda Abstract: Social welfare has long been considered something which states provide to its citizens. Yet today 220 million people live in a country in which they do not hold citizenship. How are people on the move protected and provided for in the contemporary global context? Have institutional sources of social welfare begun to cross borders to meet the needs of individuals who live transnational lives? This introductory paper proposes a transnational social protection (TSP) research agenda designed to map the kinds of protections which exist for people on the move, determine how these protections travel across borders, and analyze variations in access to these protections. We define TSP; introduce the heuristic tool of a ‘resource environment’ to map and analyze variations in TSP over time, through space, and across individuals; and provide empirical examples demonstrating the centrality of TSP for scholars of states, social welfare, development, and migration. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 2-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1239702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1239702 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:2-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Faist Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Faist Title: Transnational social protection in Europe: a social inequality perspective Abstract: The provision of social protection, especially among migrants, often occurs across the borders of nation-states. More generally, cross-border migration is itself a strategy to reduce risks and threats and may lead to additional employment and social protection. Examining migration is particularly important because it links the disparate, fragmented worlds of unequal life chances and social protection. This analysis asks how efforts to provide social protection for cross-border migrants in the European Union (EU) reinforce existing inequalities (e.g. between regions or within households), and lead to new types of inequalities. Social protection in the EU falls predominantly under the purview of individual member states; hence, frictions between different protection systems and informal social protection are particularly apparent in the case of cross-border flows of people and resources. In order to understand the social protection process, we consider various realms of provision together – state, markets, civil society and families, and formal and informal types of social protection. Using this grid we detail the social mechanisms operative in cross-border forms of social protection, in particular, exclusion, opportunity hoarding, hierarchization, and exploitation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 20-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1193128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1193128 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:20-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruxandra Paul Author-X-Name-First: Ruxandra Author-X-Name-Last: Paul Title: Welfare without borders: unpacking the bases of transnational social protection for international migrants Abstract: Hannah Arendt famously defined citizenship as ‘the right to have rights.’ While states have special obligations towards citizens, which typically include some level of social protection, their general obligations towards non-citizens derive from the international human rights regime and do not include social security access. Yet, many countries provide social protection to non-citizens, including welfare benefits. Others extend coverage to extra-territorial citizens. What explains this puzzling expansion of social protection for international migrants? This article investigates the bases upon which states establish and legitimize transnational social protection (TSP). Findings suggest that, despite international norms, states have not extended social rights to non-citizens on the basis of personhood and non-discrimination. Instead, formal resource environments depend on migrant worker status within regions with integrated economies. TSP develops as countries establish supranational labour markets. Within these, migrants rely on their rights-conferring worker status (economic rather than political membership) to prove eligibility and access benefits. By increasing intra-market labour migration, which produces new development opportunities as well as new risks, economic integration becomes the catalyst for TSP. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 33-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1271868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1271868 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:33-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erica Dobbs Author-X-Name-First: Erica Author-X-Name-Last: Dobbs Author-Name: Peggy Levitt Author-X-Name-First: Peggy Author-X-Name-Last: Levitt Title: The missing link? The role of sub-national governance in transnational social protections Abstract: Much of the existing literature on social protection for immigrants focuses on what people do as individuals and households or on national policy. However, there is a third set of actors which deserves attention: sub-national and local governments. Drawing comparisons both within and between the United States and Spain, this article analyzes the extent to which sub-national governments step in when national policies block immigrant access to healthcare. Using cross-national surveys, national and sub-national data, we find that sub-national governments often provide some level of social protection, even in the case of undocumented immigrants. However, their responses vary significantly and are not easily explained by left-right political divides, changes in levels of diversity, or the relative political power of immigrants. Future work is needed not only to explain variations in non-citizen health coverage policies at the sub-national level in receiving countries, but also to offer a more complete picture of immigrant resource environments through a parallel analysis of sending-state social protection policies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 47-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1271867 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1271867 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:47-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amiya Bhatia Author-X-Name-First: Amiya Author-X-Name-Last: Bhatia Author-Name: Jacqueline Bhabha Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline Author-X-Name-Last: Bhabha Title: India’s Aadhaar scheme and the promise of inclusive social protection Abstract: This paper examines the promise of inclusive social protection central to India’s Aadhaar scheme, a national initiative using biometric information to allocate unique identification numbers to Indian residents. Aadhaar has reached over one billion people and promises to expand access to basic identification, improve enrolment in social protection and financial inclusion schemes, curb leakages, reduce corruption and address other gaps in India’s social protection architecture. However, the establishment of a national identification scheme does not of itself guarantee social protection. This paper assesses Aadhaar’s aims to achieve inclusive social protection through personal, civic, functional and entrepreneurial inclusion, and explores whether Aadhaar indeed fulfils these goals. Although it is too early conclusively to evaluate Aadhaar as a transformative contributor to social protection in India, there is much to be learned for transnational social protection from the scheme’s efforts to create a more inclusive system and to address the critical questions of privacy and state surveillance at stake. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 64-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1263726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1263726 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:64-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ernestina Dankyi Author-X-Name-First: Ernestina Author-X-Name-Last: Dankyi Author-Name: Valentina Mazzucato Author-X-Name-First: Valentina Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzucato Author-Name: Takyiwaa Manuh Author-X-Name-First: Takyiwaa Author-X-Name-Last: Manuh Title: Reciprocity in global social protection: providing care for migrants’ children Abstract: Migration research tends to conceptualize migrants as providers of social protection for people back home. Yet the care conducted within transnational families and the way it is organized is an integral part of a global social protection system which is based on reciprocity between migrants and their families in their home countries. This system relies on the work of people back home just as much as on the remittances of migrants overseas. Drawing on ethnographic data from 34 caregivers, we provide a detailed description of the work conducted by people in Ghana to care for migrants’ children and analyze what caregivers do to make this work possible. We find that caregivers have small networks of support they can rely on and identify the strategies they develop when remittances are not forthcoming or enough to cater for the material needs of migrants’ children. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 80-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1124078 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1124078 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:80-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen Sexsmith Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: Sexsmith Title: ‘But we can’t call 911’: undocumented immigrant farmworkers and access to social protection in New York Abstract: This paper analyzes access to healthcare for undocumented Mexican and Central American immigrant farmworkers who live and work in New York dairies. It assesses the regulatory framework – the conjuncture of immigration, employment, and occupational safety and health laws – which results in workers’ exposure to workplace safety and health risks. It also analyzes their healthcare resource environments, meaning whether and how they gain access to medical services from actors in the public, private, third-party, and informal sectors. The paper finds that there exist significant gaps and contingencies in undocumented dairy farmworkers’ resource environments, and that informal networks largely shape their access to the limited available public and third-party healthcare services available. Findings are based on 43 semi-structured interviews with undocumented dairy farmworkers and participant observation on farms. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 96-111 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1193130 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1193130 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:96-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erika Bockstael Author-X-Name-First: Erika Author-X-Name-Last: Bockstael Author-Name: Krushil Watene Author-X-Name-First: Krushil Author-X-Name-Last: Watene Title: Indigenous peoples and the capability approach: taking stock Abstract: Ideas about how development is conceived, designed and implemented play an important role in determining whether and how indigenous peoples are able to pursue and realize self-determination. According to the human development and capability approach, people are the ends and means of development, understood as the expansion of capabilities people have reason to value. While conversations between the capability approach and indigenous communities are growing, the literature remains disparate and (largely) unpublished. The papers included in the first section of this special issue explore indigenous values as they apply to nature, the concept of indigenous autonomy in international law, as well as the realities of indigenous communities in Latin America, New Zealand and Australia. The second group of papers explores the usefulness of the human development and capability approach for indigenous peoples. The conclusions in this special issue range from the contention that the capability approach has severe limitations, to the contention that the approach provides helpful tools and insights. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 265-270 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1204435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1204435 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:265-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Merino Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Merino Title: An alternative to ‘alternative development’?: and human development in Andean countries Abstract: In Bolivia and Ecuador the concept of Buen vivir, based on indigenous cosmologies, has been formulated by indigenous organisations as an alternative paradigm to mainstream development theory. It has also inspired environmentalist movements in their struggle for a different environmental governance beyond extractivism, and it has been appropriated by national governments to justify economic and social policies and their political agendas. In Peru, Buen vivir is emerging as a political project to express ecological concerns, as well as self-determination, territoriality and cultural rights of indigenous peoples. In these experiences the formulation and implementation of Buen vivir is a complex and contentious process which expresses the tensions and dynamics between indigenous politics and the political economy of extraction. This article explores the different meanings of Buen vivir in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru and the struggle of indigenous peoples to re-appropriate the concept which has been co-opted by the state using conventional views of development. We argue that Buen vivir serves as a political platform on the basis of which different social movements articulate social and ecological demands based on indigenous principles, in order to challenge the economic and political fundamentals of the state and the current theory, politics and policy-making of development. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 271-286 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1144733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1144733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:271-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Krushil Watene Author-X-Name-First: Krushil Author-X-Name-Last: Watene Title: Valuing nature: Māori philosophy and the capability approach Abstract: Can the capability approach to well-being and development capture the way nature is valued within “Mātauranga Māori” (the philosophies of the indigenous peoples of Aotearoa/New Zealand)? This paper argues that current articulations of the capability approach, despite encouraging and requiring cross-cultural dialogue, are unable to include Māori values as they apply to nature. Māori values express a relationship with nature grounded in the physical and spiritual dimensions of “whakapapa” (genealogy). Such an approach differs markedly from that which values nature in light of human agency (as Amartya Sen’s theory does) or dignity (as Martha Nussbaum’s theory does). For the purposes of this paper, this difference highlights the need to create space for cross-cultural conversations which open up real opportunities for new ways forward. The capability approach helps to create the space needed for these conversations, but is unable to cover the ground required for their full expression. There is not enough breadth to guarantee a Māori voice within current articulations of the capability approach. There is a need for proponents of the capability approach to think beyond its limits in order to fully engage with those values yet to be fully considered within the capability framework. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 287-296 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1124077 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1124077 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:287-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Binder Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Binder Author-Name: Constanze Binder Author-X-Name-First: Constanze Author-X-Name-Last: Binder Title: A capability perspective on indigenous autonomy Abstract: This paper argues that the capability approach can add to the concept of autonomy (as defined in international law) as a means to provide larger freedoms to indigenous peoples. We show that autonomous regimes established within nation-states – by opening up a space for self-governance – provide a means to facilitate indigenous peoples’ pursuit of their own paths of development. However, such regimes frequently face, and their effectiveness can be reduced by, various problems such as tensions between individual and collective rights, the definition of the ideal scope of autonomies, and the lack of proper implementation. This is illustrated with case studies from Colombia, Mexico and Nicaragua. We argue that the capability approach, and in particular its focus on the freedom to choose a life path one has reason to value, can be used to address such problems confronting autonomous regimes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 297-314 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1167178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1167178 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:297-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mandy Yap Author-X-Name-First: Mandy Author-X-Name-Last: Yap Author-Name: Eunice Yu Author-X-Name-First: Eunice Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Title: Operationalising the capability approach: developing culturally relevant indicators of indigenous wellbeing – an Australian example Abstract: The tension that exists between the worldviews of Indigenous peoples and government reporting frameworks is what Taylor has termed ‘the recognition or translation space’. The meaningful operation of the ‘recognition space’ hinges on four key points – firstly, why measure wellbeing, secondly, how wellbeing is conceptualised, thirdly, by what process the wellbeing measures are decided, and finally, who makes those decisions. Sen’s capability approach is concerned with development as a process of expanding people’s freedoms to live the life they have reason to value. It is in this spirit of freedom that Sen has not prescribed a fixed list of functioning and capabilities. The open-ended nature of this approach, in letting the identification of important capabilities be dependent on specific contexts and people’s own values, aligns with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples which asserts that Indigenous people must be agents of their own development. This paper contributes to the understanding of what a good life means by augmenting the capability approach to incorporate Indigenous worldviews. Through participatory research methodologies we define and select indicators of wellbeing which are grounded in the lived experiences of the Yawuru people in Broome, Western Australia. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 315-331 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1178223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1178223 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:315-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah C. White Author-X-Name-First: Sarah C. Author-X-Name-Last: White Author-Name: Antonia Fernandez Author-X-Name-First: Antonia Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez Author-Name: Shreya Jha Author-X-Name-First: Shreya Author-X-Name-Last: Jha Title: Beyond the grumpy rich man and the happy peasant: mixed methods and the impact of food security on subjective dimensions of wellbeing in India Abstract: This paper responds to the recent advocacy of subjective wellbeing in policy evaluation with an investigation of food security in rural Chhattisgarh, India, in 2010–2013. Conceptually, it suggests the need to move beyond a primary focus on happiness to consider a broader-based investigation into people’s subjective perceptions. In particular, it introduces a multi-domain model with some affinities to the capability approach, which asks what people think and feel themselves able to be and do. Methodologically, it suggests that the primary reliance on quantitative measures should be complemented by more qualitative approaches to give a more rounded appreciation of how people view their lives. Three approaches are presented: qualitative analysis of interview text; statistical analysis comparing a single measure of happiness with a broader, domain-based approach; and mixed qualitative and quantitative data generated from an individual case. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 332-348 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1120278 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1120278 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:332-348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Martin Eckersley Author-X-Name-First: Richard Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Eckersley Title: Is the West really the best? Modernisation and the psychosocial dynamics of human progress and development Abstract: Scientific and political interest in measures of human progress and development is increasing, but the indicators are far from capturing all we need to know. They place Western liberal democracies at the leading edge of progress, and present them as models of development; Western nations typically occupy all but a few of the top 20 places in progress indices. However, indicators are measuring modernisation rather than optimal quality of life or well-being; modernity’s benefits are counted but its costs are underestimated. In particular, the measures do not adequately acknowledge the ‘psychosocial dynamics’ of human societies: the complex interactions and relationships between the subjective and objective worlds. Unless we pay more attention to these dynamics, we will not develop solutions which match in scale the problems they are intended to address. Indicators need to allow a transformation in our worldview and beliefs as profound as that which gave rise to modernity. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 349-365 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1166197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1166197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:349-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lena Morgon Banks Author-X-Name-First: Lena Morgon Author-X-Name-Last: Banks Author-Name: Rachel Mearkle Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Mearkle Author-Name: Islay Mactaggart Author-X-Name-First: Islay Author-X-Name-Last: Mactaggart Author-Name: Matthew Walsham Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Walsham Author-Name: Hannah Kuper Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Kuper Author-Name: Karl Blanchet Author-X-Name-First: Karl Author-X-Name-Last: Blanchet Title: Disability and social protection programmes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review Abstract: This paper systematically reviews the evidence on whether persons with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries are adequately included in social protection programmes, and assesses the financial and non-financial impacts of participation. Overall, we found that access to social protection appears to fall far below need. Benefits from participation are mostly limited to maintaining minimum living standards and do not appear to fulfil the potential of long-term individual and societal social and economic development. However, the most notable finding of this review is that there is a dearth of high-quality, robust evidence in this area, indicating a need for further research. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 223-239 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1142960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1142960 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:223-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saumik Paul Author-X-Name-First: Saumik Author-X-Name-Last: Paul Author-Name: Vengadeshvaran Sarma Author-X-Name-First: Vengadeshvaran Author-X-Name-Last: Sarma Title: Industrialisation-led displacement and long-term welfare: evidence from West Bengal Abstract: This study identifies whether people evicted for industrialisation purposes are worse-off in the long-run. The study focuses on the establishment of the Falta special economic zone in 1984 in West Bengal, India. Using household survey data, the results indicate that the displaced are not worse-off three decades after their displacement and resettlement. There is, however, some evidence that the displaced did not receive adequate land compensation or property rights on their new land and dwellings. There is also evidence that cash compensation policies were skewed, to the disadvantage of large landowners. We also identify three factors which possibly led to resilience among the displaced households: the creation of employment opportunities at the industrial park, gradual erosion of the gender gap in education and labour market participation, and large(r) household size. Overall, we do not find that the adverse effects of displacement and inadequate compensation persist in the long run. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 240-259 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1159670 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1159670 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:240-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohamed Arouri Author-X-Name-First: Mohamed Author-X-Name-Last: Arouri Author-Name: Adel Ben-Youssef Author-X-Name-First: Adel Author-X-Name-Last: Ben-Youssef Author-Name: Cuong Nguyen Viet Author-X-Name-First: Cuong Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Viet Title: Does having more children increase the likelihood of parental smoking? Evidence from Vietnam Abstract: Evidence has shown that parental smoking can cause health problems for children. It might be expected that parents who are aware of the harmful effects of second-hand smoke will reduce their smoking, especially as they have more children. However, based on instrumental variable regressions using data from the 2006 and 2008 Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys, we find a strongly positive and significant effect of the number of children on the probability of tobacco smoking in households in Vietnam. An additional child increases the probability of tobacco consumption in the household by approximately 15%. These findings imply low levels of awareness of the harmful effects of second-hand smoke on children’s health in Vietnam, and indicate the need for policy action to disseminate knowledge on the harmful effects of smoking. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 260-275 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1193129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1193129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:260-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lina M. Sánchez-Céspedes Author-X-Name-First: Lina M. Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Céspedes Title: The consequences of armed conflict on household composition Abstract: We evaluate the effect of large-scale violent conflict on the household composition of internally displaced persons using quantitative data from Colombia. We use a panel database of migrants constructed with the Sisben database (used to target social programmes in Colombia) for 2006–2009. We follow migrant mothers and children who belong to nuclear-biparental households before migration, and analyse the changes in the composition of their households after migration through multilevel multinomial logistic models. We do this separately for rural and urban migrants because they exhibit differences in household composition traditions and exposure to armed conflict. We find that urban and rural migrants have different migration strategies in both peaceful and armed conflict circumstances. We conclude that the household compositions of mothers and children are differently affected by violence, which might be caused by family separation; for example, rural children have a higher probability than mothers of belonging to households which are not nuclear biparental. We also find that exposure to violence can increase or decrease the effects of individual variables; for instance, in peaceful situations it is more likely that a household remains intact during migration when the number of children per adult increases; however, this effect is attenuated in violence situations. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 276-302 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1213798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1213798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:276-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Morris Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Morris Author-Name: Cornelia Staritz Author-X-Name-First: Cornelia Author-X-Name-Last: Staritz Title: Industrial upgrading and development in Lesotho’s apparel industry: global value chains, foreign direct investment, and market diversification Abstract: Many low-income countries are integrated into apparel global value chains through foreign direct investment (FDI), including Lesotho, which has become the largest Sub-Saharan African apparel exporter to the US under the African Growth and Opportunity Act. More recently, South Africa has emerged as a new apparel export market in Lesotho. The two markets are supplied by different types of FDI firms – affiliates of Taiwanese transnational producers and South African manufacturers – which are part of different value chain variants. The paper assesses the implications for industrial upgrading and development of integration into these two value chain variants in Lesotho, drawing on firm-level and institutional interviews. We show that their different characteristics in terms of investors’ motivation, governance structure, end markets, firm set up and most importantly and causally, ownership and embeddedness have crucial impacts on functional, product and process upgrading, local linkages, and skill development. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 303-320 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1237624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1237624 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:303-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc Labie Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Labie Author-Name: Carolina Laureti Author-X-Name-First: Carolina Author-X-Name-Last: Laureti Author-Name: Ariane Szafarz Author-X-Name-First: Ariane Author-X-Name-Last: Szafarz Title: Discipline and flexibility: a behavioural perspective on microfinance product design Abstract: The success of both microcredit and micro-savings products rests upon simplicity and standardization in order to stimulate client discipline. However, these products lack flexibility. This paper attempts to make sense of behavioural product design in microfinance. We focus on the potential trade-offs between discipline and flexibility. While discipline devices encourage clients to make payments on time, microfinance product flexibility improves clients’ day-to-day money management and helps them cope with shocks. Our contribution is twofold. Firstly, we highlight the evidence-based advantages and disadvantages of flexible products in microfinance. Secondly, we present best-practice examples of flexible products offered by microfinance institutions worldwide. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 321-337 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1239701 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1239701 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:321-337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivar Kolstad Author-X-Name-First: Ivar Author-X-Name-Last: Kolstad Author-Name: Armando J. Garcia Pires Author-X-Name-First: Armando J. Garcia Author-X-Name-Last: Pires Author-Name: Arne Wiig Author-X-Name-First: Arne Author-X-Name-Last: Wiig Title: Within-group heterogeneity and group dynamics: analyzing exit of microcredit groups in Angola Abstract: The effect of within-group heterogeneity on the survival of social groups is theoretically ambiguous. A greater diversity of ideas, experience, and networks can have a positive effect on members’ benefits from group membership, but diversity also creates a potential for conflict. This paper analyzes the relation between heterogeneity and exit of microcredit groups, using data from Angola. The results suggest that the form of group heterogeneity matters. Fragmentation in terms of social identities, or more specifically religious-linguistic fractionalization, is associated with a greater probability of group exit. Within-group economic inequality, however, is associated with a decrease in the probability of exit, but at a diminishing rate. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 338-351 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1243237 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1243237 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:338-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Morten Fibieger Byskov Author-X-Name-First: Morten Author-X-Name-Last: Fibieger Byskov Title: Third wave development expertise Abstract: In this paper I offer a normative account of development expertise. Although extending expertise beyond the traditional development experts to include local stakeholders, this normative account aims to delimit legitimate forms of expertise. I label this normative view third wave development expertise. Third wave expertise is distinguished from both the technocratic and the social constructivist views of development expertise. In particular, I discuss the notions of contributory and interactional expertise. Contributory expertise denotes the extent to which a group of agents possesses (tacit, embodied, or explicit) knowledge which can make a significant contribution to development decision-making, while interactional expertise denotes the extent to which they are able to communicate this knowledge meaningfully. While local stakeholders may possess contributory expertise in matters of their own development, they may lack interactional expertise to communicate this knowledge. Resolving this issue, I argue, requires a mediator who can interact with and between external experts and local stakeholders. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 352-365 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1276547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1276547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:352-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stijn Broecke Author-X-Name-First: Stijn Author-X-Name-Last: Broecke Author-Name: Alessia Forti Author-X-Name-First: Alessia Author-X-Name-Last: Forti Author-Name: Marieke Vandeweyer Author-X-Name-First: Marieke Author-X-Name-Last: Vandeweyer Title: The effect of minimum wages on employment in emerging economies: a survey and meta-analysis Abstract: Using both qualitative and quantitative (meta-analysis) methods, this paper reviews the growing evidence on the impact of minimum wages on employment in 14 major emerging economies (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, the Philippines, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Thailand and Turkey). Overall, minimum wages are found to have only a minimal impact on employment, and there is evidence of reporting bias towards statistically significant negative results. More vulnerable groups (e.g. youth and the low-skilled) are marginally more negatively affected, and there is some indication that higher minimum wages lead to more informal employment. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 366-391 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1279134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1279134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:366-391 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katarzyna Cieslik Author-X-Name-First: Katarzyna Author-X-Name-Last: Cieslik Author-Name: Marek Hudon Author-X-Name-First: Marek Author-X-Name-Last: Hudon Author-Name: Philip Verwimp Author-X-Name-First: Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Verwimp Title: Unruly entrepreneurs – investigating value creation by microfinance clients in rural Burundi Abstract: This study explores the entrepreneurial potential of the rule-breaking practices of microfinance programs’ beneficiaries. Using the storyboard methodology, we examine the strategies employed by the poor in Burundi to bypass institutional rules. Based on 66 short interviews conducted in seven rural provinces of Burundi, our exploratory study analyzes the entrepreneurial potential in four instances of rule-evasion: consumption spending, illegitimate investment, loan juggling and loan arrogation. We argue that some of the unruly practices are in fact entrepreneurial, as they create tangible and intangible value for the rural poor at both household and community levels. These include strengthening social ties through gift exchange and ceremonies, which then help poor households to self-insure against shocks through social networks. By analyzing the push and pull factors for unruly behavior, we show that rule-breaking practices are often necessitated by the microfinance industry itself and call for increased flexibility and adaptability of microfinance products. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 373-390 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1597034 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1597034 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:373-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandip Datta Author-X-Name-First: Sandip Author-X-Name-Last: Datta Title: Competition to Save Lives: Political competition and health outcomes in India Abstract: The literature argues that intense political competition may resultin a nation’s potential for increased welfare. We theoretically andempirically examine this proposition by linking political competitionto health outcomes in the Indian context. Theoretical analysissuggests that political competitiveness increases the probabilityof having better health outcomes. This analysis also identifiesthat rural areas benefit from more from political competition thanurban areas. In India, the majority of the population (around 70%)resides in rural areas and, therefore, the diversity of ex-ante viewsabout political parties is higher in rural areas compared to urbanareas. In such situations, as competition intensifies, the governmentallocates greater amounts of resources to rural areas to win theelection. Thus, as political competition increases, the probability ofhaving better health outcomes rise in rural areas at a higher rate ascompared to urban areas. Our empirical analysis also exhibits the same. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 391-405 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1645823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1645823 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:391-405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaivir Singh Author-X-Name-First: Jaivir Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Author-Name: Deb Kusum Das Author-X-Name-First: Deb Kusum Author-X-Name-Last: Das Author-Name: Kumar Abhishek Author-X-Name-First: Kumar Author-X-Name-Last: Abhishek Author-Name: Prateek Kukreja Author-X-Name-First: Prateek Author-X-Name-Last: Kukreja Title: Factors influencing the decision to hire contract labour by Indian manufacturing firms Abstract: Over a third of workers employed in the Indian formal manufacturing sector are ‘contract’ workers – hired through the services of labour contractors, facing lower wages and no job security in relation to regular workers. We investigate the role of a variety of factors that influence the decision of employers to hire in contract workers, using information from a specially commissioned survey of manufacturing firms. While there are immediate cost advantages that tilt firms towards hiring in contract labour, a counterforce has employers favouring regular workers in firms that have a large proportion of their workforce concentrating on production activity – probably instances where long-term human capital investment by regular workers is important for the firm.Abbreviation: CLA: Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 ASI: Annual Survey of Industries NIC: National Industrial Classification MSME: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises SEZ: Special Economic Zone ICRIER: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 406-419 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1624705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1624705 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:406-419 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luisa R. Blanco Author-X-Name-First: Luisa R. Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco Author-Name: Isabel Ruiz Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz Author-Name: Rossitza B. Wooster Author-X-Name-First: Rossitza B. Author-X-Name-Last: Wooster Title: The effect of violent crime on sector-specific FDI in Latin America Abstract: This article looks at the impact of violent crime on FDI into Latin America and the Caribbean during the 1996–2010 period. FDI is disaggregated into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and three variables related to violent crime are used: homicides, crime victimization and organized crime. Controlling for institutions and the traditional determinants of FDI, we find that the impact of crime on FDI depends on the sector and types of crime considered. Higher homicide rates are associated with less FDI in the secondary sector while organized crime reduces tertiary sector FDI. Crime victimization has a robust significant negative impact on the tertiary sector and in some estimations of the secondary sector. Crime has no impact on primary sector FDI. Our study highlights the need to continue efforts to decrease crime as we show in our analysis that crime has a negative effect on FDI in the secondary and tertiary sector. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 420-434 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1611754 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1611754 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:420-434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sena Kimm Gnangnon Author-X-Name-First: Sena Kimm Author-X-Name-Last: Gnangnon Title: Does multilateral trade liberalization help reduce poverty in developing countries? Abstract: This article investigates the impact of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty in developing countries from a macroeconomic perspective. The empirical analysis suggests that multilateral trade liberalization is conducive to poverty reduction in developing countries. This outcome therefore suggests that greater multilateral cooperation on trade matters among countries, in particular the Members of the World Trade Organization, would allow further trade liberalization at the multilateral level to the benefit of poor people in developing countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 435-451 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1612866 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1612866 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:435-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Carolina Garriga Author-X-Name-First: Ana Carolina Author-X-Name-Last: Garriga Author-Name: Covadonga Meseguer Author-X-Name-First: Covadonga Author-X-Name-Last: Meseguer Title: Remittances, monetary institutions, and autocracies Abstract: How do remittances affect the choice of exchange rate regimes? Previous research shows that remittances, by easing the ‘impossible trinity’, increase the probability of governments adopting fixed exchange rates. However, that research overlooks the conditioning effect of monetary and political institutions. We argue that remittances, by altering recipient governments’ incentives to use monetary policy counter-cyclically, make central bank independence a credible anti-inflationary tool in less credible regimes; that is, autocracies. Thus, autocracies that receive remittances do not need to rely on fixed exchange rates. In this way, remittances open policy alternatives for developing autocracies. Statistical tests on a sample of 87 developing and transitional countries between 1980 and 2010 support our argument. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 452-467 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1649382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1649382 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:452-467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Sánchez-Ancochea Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Ancochea Title: Conflict, inequalities and development: celebrating the work of Valpy FitzGerald Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 113-115 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1311853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1311853 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:113-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Toye Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Toye Title: Valpy FitzGerald: radical macroeconomist of development Abstract: This article traces the education and career trajectory of Valpy FitzGerald, from his upbringing within the culturally distinguished Knox family, his education at Oxford and Cambridge and his career as a radical macroeconomist of development at Cambridge, The Hague and the Oxford Department of Development (ODID). It highlights his work with the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua, his advisory role with the British Labour Government after 1997 and his contributions to the reform of ODID. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 116-124 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1311851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1311851 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:116-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Çağatay Bircan Author-X-Name-First: Çağatay Author-X-Name-Last: Bircan Author-Name: Tilman Brück Author-X-Name-First: Tilman Author-X-Name-Last: Brück Author-Name: Marc Vothknecht Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Vothknecht Title: Violent conflict and inequality Abstract: This paper analyses the distributive impacts of internal violent conflicts, in contrast to previous literature which has focused on the effects of inequality on conflict. We use cross-country panel data for the time period 1960–2014 to estimate war-related changes in income inequality. Our results indicate rising levels of inequality during war and especially in the early period of post-war reconstruction. The return of inequality to pre-war levels may take up to four decades after the end of conflict. However, we find that this rise in income inequality is not permanent. While inequality peaks around 5 years after the end of a conflict, it declines again to pre-war levels within the end of the first post-war period. Lagged effects of conflict and only subsequent adjustments of redistributive policies in the period of post-war reconstruction seem to be valid explanations for these patterns of inequality. A series of alternative specifications confirms the main findings of the analysis. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 125-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1213227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1213227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:125-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Rachita Daga Author-X-Name-First: Rachita Author-X-Name-Last: Daga Title: Does the way civil wars end affect the pattern of post-conflict development? Abstract: This paper explores whether the way a conflict ends affects the pattern of post-conflict development. It investigates all major conflicts which ended after 1990, and the development patterns which ensued for five years after the conflict ended. Three categories of conflict-ending are explored: a victory by one side (V), a Peace Agreement (PA) and a cease-fire agreement (CFA). The paper explores case studies of three sets of paired comparisons, and investigates statistical relationships in the sample as a whole. Paired comparisons are of Guatemala and Peru, Nepal and Sri Lanka, and Burundi and Rwanda. Broadly, V countries are shown to have higher growth and a greater reduction in infant mortality than the other countries, and a lower index of civil liberties. PA countries receive more aid and spend more on the social sectors. CFA countries tend to have the most civil liberties. The paired comparisons confirm these findings and also suggest that post-conflict developments in PA countries are more inclusive than those in V countries. These are exploratory findings, handicapped by data deficiencies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 145-170 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1263727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1263727 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:145-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas Van Hear Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Van Hear Author-Name: Robin Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Title: Diasporas and conflict: distance, contiguity and spheres of engagement Abstract: Diasporas are now well-established players in the global political economy, yet their role in conflict and post-conflict settings remains controversial. Diasporas have variously been described as war-mongers, peace-builders, or ambivalent in their influence on conflict. We suggest that this variety of characterizations might be explained by disaggregating forms of diaspora engagement and the public and private spaces in which they occur into three ‘spheres of engagement’. We then go on to consider two variants of conflict-related diasporas: ‘distant diasporas’, alluding particularly to Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Somalia, and ‘contiguous diasporas’, referring mainly to the Russian-speaking peoples in the former Soviet Union but also to groups like the Kurds spread across several nation-states. We show that different forms and levels of engagement generate varying levels of demand on diasporan households. Differences of wealth, resources, social capital and class also influence the capacity of diasporas to engage in conflict and post-conflict roles. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 171-184 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1160043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1160043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:171-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rosemary Thorp Author-X-Name-First: Rosemary Author-X-Name-Last: Thorp Title: The political economy of managing extractives: insights from the Peruvian case Abstract: The paper is a concept piece reflecting on the political economy of management of a growing extractives sector, drawing on a particular instance of perverse political economy of management. The argument is that in regard to narrow issues of macro management, much progress has been made, but meso, micro, and sub-national issues need far more attention. A framework for analysing the different levels of decision-making is developed and the case of Peru is used to explore the decisions taken. In the analysis the relevance of history emerges clearly, in particular the role of a weak state, a business class accustomed to a close relationship with foreign capital, and the neglect over time of the regions where mining is situated today. The numerous ways in which conflict is generated and poorly handled also emerge, and the paper shows how conflict in turn contributes to the perversities of policies and their effects. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 185-203 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1293019 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1293019 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:185-203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Székely Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Székely Author-Name: Pamela Mendoza Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Mendoza Title: Declining inequality in Latin America: structural shift or temporary phenomenon? Abstract: Latin America has been traditionally characterized as a region with high levels of income inequality. Since the early 2000s, however, inequality has started to decline in most countries, basically due to an expansion of the income share of the poorest deciles at the expense of the richest 10%. This paper addresses the question of whether the improvements are driven by long-term secular trends or structural changes which could be expected to continue to generate inequality-reducing effects for years to come; or alternatively, if the changes are driven by short-term variables which could move unexpectedly in the opposite direction and reverse the gains observed so far. From our statistical analysis, we conclude that the improvements are associated with both long- and short-term factors – with the short-term factors recently having greater inequality-reducing changes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 204-221 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1140134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1140134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:204-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: The Sanjaya Lall Prize 2016 Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 222-222 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1324598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1324598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:222-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mathias Kuepié Author-X-Name-First: Mathias Author-X-Name-Last: Kuepié Author-Name: Christophe J. Nordman Author-X-Name-First: Christophe J. Author-X-Name-Last: Nordman Title: Where Does Education Pay Off in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Two Cities of the Republic of Congo Abstract: Using first-hand data from the 2009 Employment and Informal Sector Survey (EESIC) in the two largest cities of the Republic of Congo, Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire, we analyze the impact of education on labour market outcomes, and identify the segments where education pays off the most. Multivariate analyses of the risk of unemployment and sectoral choice indicate that young people face serious difficulties in the labour market: for most of them, their only choice is to remain unemployed or to join the informal sector. To measure the specific impact of schooling on earnings, we address issues related to sample selection and endogeneity of education in the earnings function. The results shed light on heterogeneity in the returns to schooling across the two main cities and institutional sectors. An important finding is that the informal sector does not systematically lag behind the formal sectors in terms of returns to education. We emphasize convex returns to education, meaning that the last years in secondary and tertiary schooling yield the highest returns, while those of primary education are generally lower. This convexity is also apparent in the informal sector, where education (albeit on another scale) again appears as an important determinant of earnings. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1110568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1110568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:1-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sylvia Szabo Author-X-Name-First: Sylvia Author-X-Name-Last: Szabo Title: Urbanisation and Food Insecurity Risks: Assessing the Role of Human Development Abstract: The phenomenon of rapid urbanisation across the world has become a topic of increased scholarly inquiry. Yet, little attention has been paid to how urban growth affects countries’ food security and whether this association is modified by a country's level of development. The present study aims to fill this lacuna by examining the association between urbanisation and food security applying statistical modelling. The analysis uses country-level data, from the World Development Indicators and the United Nations’ World Urbanization Prospects. Using a Food Insecurity Risk Index (FIRI) as the outcome variable, the results confirm a significant negative impact of urban growth on food security at the country level. It further finds that rapidly urbanising countries with the lowest levels of human development are most at risk of food insecurity. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 28-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1067292 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1067292 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:28-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristie Drucza Author-X-Name-First: Kristie Author-X-Name-Last: Drucza Title: Cash Transfers in Nepal: Do They Contribute to Social Inclusion? Abstract: It is often assumed that social protection leads to social inclusion and other well-being indicators. Yet evidence of this impact is weak. Cash transfers are a social protection tool designed to reduce poverty which can also have an impact on human development indicators such as health and education. In the district of Sarlahi, Nepal, cash transfer amounts are too low to improve health and education opportunities or productive pursuits and thus to break the inter-generational cycle of poverty. However, the transfer allows beneficiaries to participate more in community activities, increases their access to information and social networks, and enhances the social contract and people's relationship with the state. This breaks down some of the invisible barriers that perpetuate exclusion. Paying cash transfers in Nepal kick-starts other processes of inclusion and well-being that are hard to overcome by other means because they are invisible, denied and relational. The findings reveal that universal transfers generate perceptions of equality for beneficiaries who value receiving the same thing from the state as the rich. Yet being treated the same as the well-off will not necessarily lead to equal opportunities, poverty reduction or improved local governance. Cash transfers can facilitate social inclusion but are not enough alone to achieve substantive inclusion. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 49-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1065313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1065313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:49-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patricia Augier Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Augier Author-Name: Marion Dovis Author-X-Name-First: Marion Author-X-Name-Last: Dovis Author-Name: Charles Lai-Tong Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Lai-Tong Title: Better Access to Water, Better Children's Health: A Mirage? Abstract: In Egypt, diarrhoeal diseases remain the main cause of mortality among young children, although the percentage of households with an “improved” access to water, according to the definition used by the World Health Organisation (WHO), is very high. This article seeks to shed light on this paradox, by better identifying the populations affected by problems of access to water, taking into account three dimensions—the time it takes to access a source of water, daily cut-offs and behaviour with respect to storage—and by applying alternative matching estimators to estimate the effects of defective water access on child diarrhoea. It is found that children whose families are identified as having a water access problem through the use of broader-based definitions have a greater likelihood of contracting diarrhoeal diseases. This article, thus, shows that the mortality of children in Egypt could be further reduced by improving households' access to water. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 70-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1064101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1064101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:70-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magnus Hatlebakk Author-X-Name-First: Magnus Author-X-Name-Last: Hatlebakk Title: Inter-generational Determinants of Migration Decisions: The Case of International Labour Migration from Nepal Abstract: The article explores the deep determinants of migration decisions, with a focus on what appears to be a particularly profitable pathway out of poverty: overseas labour migration. To what extent is this choice constrained by access to economic resources, in contrast to variations in preferences or perceived costs of migration? We use previous migration choices as an indicator of preferences for migration. We find that households of early in-migrants to the frontier area we study in Nepal are more likely to have international labour migrants today than late in-migrants. This indicates that in-migrants need a generation, or more, to settle in the new location before sending household members to work overseas. Present migration decisions are also restricted by the household's land ownership, which in turn is a function of the land owned by the previous generation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 93-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1056132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1056132 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:93-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vicky Long Author-X-Name-First: Vicky Author-X-Name-Last: Long Author-Name: Staffan Laestadius Author-X-Name-First: Staffan Author-X-Name-Last: Laestadius Title: An Indigenous Innovation: An Example from Mobile Communication Technology Abstract: This paper explores the processes of indigenous (global South) innovation, particularly of the “high-tech” and “radical” kind, which have spurred technological catch-up, using the example of a third-generation (3G) Chinese mobile communications technology standard. Three hypotheses were generated from this study: (a) modularity-in-design opens new windows of opportunity for technological catching-up; (b) the lack of essential intellectual property rights acts as a key inducement, or a factor-saving bias, that influences the rate and direction of indigenous innovation in the global South; and (c) the long tail of an old technology affects the take-off of a new indigenous innovation, essentially by shortening the technological distance to be covered. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 113-133 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1111319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1111319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:113-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Isabel López García Author-X-Name-First: Ana Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: López García Author-Name: Pedro P. Orraca-Romano Author-X-Name-First: Pedro P. Author-X-Name-Last: Orraca-Romano Title: International migration and universal healthcare access: evidence from Mexico’s ‘Seguro Popular’ Abstract: Although ‘Seguro Popular’ (SP), a healthcare programme for the uninsured, has been in place in Mexico for more than a decade, its consequences for international migration both to and from the country have received little scholarly attention. Using the spatial variation in the programme’s coverage generated through the rollout over time, this paper examines the effects of SP on the number of emigrants and return migrants per household. Based on data from Mexico’s National Survey on Demographic Dynamics for 1997–2014, the analysis confirms that being affiliated to SP does not reduce the number of emigrants per household, but such affiliation is, however, positively related to the number of returnees per household. These results are valid across different subsamples of the population and time periods and are robust to omitted variable bias. Our findings have important implications for understanding the effects of social protection policies on international migration patterns. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 171-187 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1527896 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1527896 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:171-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Kucera Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Kucera Author-Name: Xiao Jiang Author-X-Name-First: Xiao Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang Title: Structural transformation in emerging economies: leading sectors and the balanced growth hypothesis Abstract: The paper uses the World Input-Output Database to address patterns of structural transformation in BRIC countries, Indonesia, South Korea, Mexico and Turkey. Sectoral drivers of aggregate labour productivity growth, and the relative importance of within-sector versus employment reallocation effects on aggregate labour productivity growth, are evaluated using growth accounting decomposition methods. Decomposition results are used to assess how patterns of structural transformation relate to macroeconomic performance in terms of aggregate labour productivity, output and employment growth. Together with the construction of ‘Hirschman compliance indices’, decomposition results are also used to shed light on the balanced versus unbalanced growth debates. The paper goes on to assess the extent of complementarities between manufacturing and information and communications technology-intensive advanced services through intermediate inputs, comparing the eight emerging countries with G7 countries over time. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 188-204 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1533934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1533934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:188-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Udayan Rathore Author-X-Name-First: Udayan Author-X-Name-Last: Rathore Author-Name: Upasak Das Author-X-Name-First: Upasak Author-X-Name-Last: Das Title: Explaining the Superior Education Outcomes of Kerala: The Role of State Activism and Historical Endowment Abstract: Over time, the state of Kerala has systematically outperformed the rest of India in terms of literacy outcomes, establishing a strong positive record in this respect. Two main, explanations exist for this phenomenon. The first being the unique historical endowment inherited from the pro-education and social policies from the nineteenth century kingdom of Travancore and Cochin (South-Central Kerala) and secondly state activism initiated with the social reforms movement in the late 1950s. Using historical Census data and Employment-Unemployment rounds of the National Sample Survey, we find state activism was critical in achieving mass literacy in Kerala. Though historical endowment established a tradition of competitive demand for education across certain communities which largely explains the existing differences in higher education indicators between the Travancore-Cochin and the Non Travancore-Cochin regions, its contribution to improve education metrics of Scheduled Castes (vulnerable segment) was minimal. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 205-221 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1539471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1539471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:205-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justin Whetten Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Whetten Author-Name: Matías Fontenla Author-X-Name-First: Matías Author-X-Name-Last: Fontenla Author-Name: Kira Villa Author-X-Name-First: Kira Author-X-Name-Last: Villa Title: Opportunities for higher education: the ten-year effects of conditional cash transfers on upper-secondary and tertiary enrollments Abstract: This article investigates the effect of the conditional cash transfer program Oportunidades on rural enrollment/completion in higher education, ten years after the initiation of the program in Mexico. We use data from the International Food Policy Research Institute and employ a Regression Discontinuity approach. We find that Oportunidades eligible households had higher 2007 technical school (14–18 year olds) and college (39+) enrollment/completion relative to comparable non-eligible households. However, the program benefits are heterogeneous depending on school access. Accounting for access to schools, we find that the program also had positive effects for school enrollment/completion for upper secondary (14–18) and college (19–28, 29–38). Further, we find positive tertiary education benefits for individuals in treated households who were too old to qualify for benefits directly, indicating either positive externalities or complementarities for individuals residing in eligible households. Possible mechanisms are relaxing budget constraints, and changes in educational aspirations. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 222-237 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1539472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1539472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:222-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Prathi Seneviratne Author-X-Name-First: Prathi Author-X-Name-Last: Seneviratne Title: Explaining changes in Sri Lanka’s wage distribution, 1992-2014: a quantile regression analysis Abstract: Sri Lanka experienced robust economic growth during the period 1992–2014 and had a decline in inequality due to wages rising fastest among low earners. The decline in inequality came almost entirely from rising rewards to low-skill labor, consistent with Sri Lanka’s comparative advantage in the global economy. However, educational and occupational upgrading served to widen wage gaps between the highest earners and the rest of the workforce. Using quantile regression analysis, this study also finds that selection bias overestimates average wages and underestimates the level of inequality, while exaggerating the extent to which women’s wages grew. It concludes with a discussion of the negative implications of persistent inequities across education, occupation, and gender, and recommends policies to address them. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 238-256 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1551525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1551525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:238-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miranda Worthen Author-X-Name-First: Miranda Author-X-Name-Last: Worthen Author-Name: Angela Veale Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Veale Author-Name: Susan McKay Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: McKay Author-Name: Michael Wessells Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Wessells Title: The transformative and emancipatory potential of participatory evaluation: reflections from a participatory action research study with war-affected young mothers Abstract: The Participatory Action Research (PAR) study with Young Mothers in Liberia, Sierra Leone and northern Uganda which took place from 2006 to 2009 aimed to understand what ‘reintegration’ meant to young mothers formerly associated with armed groups. It also implemented social action initiatives designed by study participants to promote their wellbeing and achieve reintegration. We evaluated the study using multiple participatory evaluation methods, situating evaluation as part of the cycle of research and action. This approach facilitated young mothers’ participation in developing the criteria by which the study and its reintegration outcomes would be judged. We describe each method and what we uniquely learned from using a participatory evaluation approach. We discuss how this approach is well-suited for complex studies, can enhance data quality, increases capacity of all involved in the evaluation and supports the critical reflexivity necessary for participatory studies to succeed. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 154-170 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1584282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1584282 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:154-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: The Human Development Approach: An Overview Abstract: The human development (HD) approach puts the improvement of people’s lives as the central objective of development. This paper provides an overview of major aspects of the approach. It shows how it emerged with the evolution of development thought and a widening of development objectives The paper explores the two-way relationship between HD and the rival objective, economic growth, is explored and broad characteristics of countries that have been exceptionally successful or unsuccessful , countries with three country cases considered in greater depth. The paper identifies major dimensions of HD, beyond the three elements included in the Human Development Index (HDI) and shows they are poorly captured by the HDI. An overview of global change on HD dimensions from 1980 to 2015 gives a mixed picture with progress on basic HD, uneven trends in some areas, and notable worsening on the environmental dimension. In conclusion, the paper discusses some outstanding issues which need more attention. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 135-153 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1585793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1585793 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:135-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jayne Whiffin Author-X-Name-First: Jayne Author-X-Name-Last: Whiffin Title: The Sanjaya Lall prize 2018 Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 257-257 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1594038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1594038 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:257-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emma Mawdsley Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Mawdsley Title: South–South Cooperation 3.0? Managing the consequences of success in the decade ahead Abstract: This paper examines the consequences of the hugely successful expansion of South-South Cooperation since the new millennium. For all the achievements, variations and change over the 1950s-late 1990s, ‘SSC 1.0’ was characterised by relative neglect within the 'international' development community, and by many orthodox and critical scholars. In the chronological schema of the paper, ‘SSC 2.0’ refers to the period of remarkable expansion from the early 2000s to the present. The emergence of ‘SSC 3.0’, I suggest, is currently revealed by a discernible set of shifts driven in large part by the expansionary successes of SSC 2.0, as well as other turns in the global political economy. Three contemporary trends are identified: cooperation narratives that are increasingly ‘muscular’, nationalistic and pragmatic; difficulties sustaining claims to ‘non-interference’ in partner countries; and the further erosion of ideational and operational distinctiveness. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 259-274 Issue: 3 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1585792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1585792 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:259-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Natalie Simeu Author-X-Name-First: Natalie Author-X-Name-Last: Simeu Author-Name: Sophie Mitra Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Mitra Title: Disability and household economic wellbeing: evidence from Indonesian longitudinal data Abstract: A health shock in general, and a disability in particular, may expose households to material insecurity due to out-of-pocket health expenditures and reduced earnings. Studies on the impact of disability on household welfare in developing countries are scarce, although the expected impact is large given the absence of social protection programmes. Using a unique Indonesian longitudinal dataset with individuals followed over a 17-year period, this study analyses the economic impact and coping mechanisms adopted by households following a physical disability. Fixed effects estimations reveal that households experience rising health expenditures and reduced labour income. Households cope by reducing their food, non-food and education expenditures, selling assets and receiving more remittances. While all household groups are affected by disability, only the poorest households become significantly more likely to cut their food expenditures. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 275-288 Issue: 3 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1575348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1575348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:275-288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lena Morgon Banks Author-X-Name-First: Lena Morgon Author-X-Name-Last: Banks Author-Name: Maria Zuurmond Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Zuurmond Author-Name: Adrienne Monteath–Van Dok Author-X-Name-First: Adrienne Author-X-Name-Last: Monteath–Van Dok Author-Name: Jaquelline Gallinetti Author-X-Name-First: Jaquelline Author-X-Name-Last: Gallinetti Author-Name: Nidhi Singal Author-X-Name-First: Nidhi Author-X-Name-Last: Singal Title: Perspectives of children with disabilities and their guardians on factors affecting inclusion in education in rural Nepal: “I feel sad that I can’t go to school” Abstract: Globally, children with disabilities are significantly less likely to attend school compared to their peers without disabilities and, even if they do attend, have poorer educational outcomes. In order to understand why these inequalities persist, this study explores the barriers and enablers to accessing education. We focus on the perspectives of guardians and children with disabilities – voices that have thus far been underrepresented – complemented by perspectives from local and national level stakeholders. Data was collected in three rural districts in Nepal, using semi-structured interviews; data was analysed thematically. Overall, the research found that challenges to inclusion are complex, involving a mixture of individual, family, school, community and policy level factors. Notable barriers were attitudes towards education for children with disabilities, the low capacity of schools to provide an inclusive education, as well as the interplay of additional ‘push factors’ such as poor health and poverty. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 289-303 Issue: 3 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1593341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1593341 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:289-303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hyeseon Na Author-X-Name-First: Hyeseon Author-X-Name-Last: Na Title: Is intraregional trade an opportunity for industrial upgrading in East Africa? Abstract: Regional integration has been promoted in Africa for decades. However, the potential effects of regional integration on Africa are still contested. To analyse whether intraregional trade can be an opportunity to stimulate product or intersectoral upgrading in East Africa, this paper compares the technological level of goods in intraregional and extra-regional trade of five East Africa countries. It finds that the five East Africa countries have performed better in exporting technology-based products to intraregional trading partners than to extra-regional ones. This result suggests the continued expansion of intraregional trade will be helpful for these nations to upgrade their existing industrial base through the growth of technology-based sectors. In addition, because they import larger amounts of technology-based products from extra-regional partners, gradual import substitution could be also an effective strategy to further diversify and upgrade industries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 304-318 Issue: 3 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1570105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1570105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:304-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Boniface Ajefu Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Boniface Author-X-Name-Last: Ajefu Author-Name: Joseph O. Ogebe Author-X-Name-First: Joseph O. Author-X-Name-Last: Ogebe Title: Migrant remittances and financial inclusion among households in Nigeria Abstract: This article investigates the impact of remittances on financial inclusion, using the 2009 World Bank’s Migration and Remittances Household Survey data for Nigeria. An instrumental variable estimation technique was used to estimate the impact of remittances on financial inclusion, and migrant network effect was used as an instrument to control for potential endogeneity between remittance and financial inclusion. This article finds that the receipt of remittances increases the probability of using formal financial services, such as deposit accounts and Internet/mobile banking. This article concludes that reducing barriers and costs to remittance inflows can improve the access to and use of formal financial services in Nigeria, which can lead to an increase in funds for investments and the economic growth of the country. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 319-335 Issue: 3 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1575349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1575349 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:319-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hoolda Kim Author-X-Name-First: Hoolda Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: In the wake of conflict: the long-term effect on child nutrition in Uganda Abstract: The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency from 1986 to 2006 is one of the longest conflicts in Uganda. This paper examines the effect of the LRA insurgency on child nutrition using the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. The distance from each village to the border of South Sudan is used as an instrument for identifying the intensity of the conflict. We find that each conflict event in a village lowers weight-for-age z-scores and weight-for-height z-scores for children born after the conflict. We further investigate a possible heterogeneous conflict effect on child nutrition in terms of gender, region, and maternal education. Low household wealth, limited access to healthcare, and poor maternal nutrition appear to be channels through which the conflict inhibits the growth and development of children 5 years after the end of the conflict. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 336-355 Issue: 3 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1578877 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1578877 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:336-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacopo Bonan Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo Author-X-Name-Last: Bonan Author-Name: Philippe LeMay-Boucher Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: LeMay-Boucher Author-Name: Kyle McNabb Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Author-X-Name-Last: McNabb Author-Name: Charlemagne Codjo Tomavo Author-X-Name-First: Charlemagne Codjo Author-X-Name-Last: Tomavo Title: Time preferences and commitment devices: evidence from ROSCAs and funeral groups in Benin Abstract: Drawing on first-hand data collected from a household survey in urban Benin, we examine membership in two types of informal groups that display the characteristics of a commitment device: Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) and funeral groups. We investigate whether agents displaying time preferences with a present bias are more likely to commit themselves through participation in such groups. Our results provide evidence indicating that women who display such preferences are more likely to join funeral groups, but not ROSCAs, and to save more through them. These results hold for women but not for men. We also ensure that our results cannot be explained by intra-household conflict issues. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 356-372 Issue: 3 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1588958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1588958 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:356-372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kim Samuel Author-X-Name-First: Kim Author-X-Name-Last: Samuel Author-Name: Sabina Alkire Author-X-Name-First: Sabina Author-X-Name-Last: Alkire Author-Name: Diego Zavaleta Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Zavaleta Author-Name: China Mills Author-X-Name-First: China Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Author-Name: John Hammock Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Hammock Title: Social isolation and its relationship to multidimensional poverty Abstract: While the multidimensionality of poverty is well-recognised, one dimension of poverty which has been often overlooked is weak social connectedness. This paper draws on conceptual, participatory and measurement literatures to show that social connectedness appears to be an important missing ingredient of multidimensional poverty analyses, with social isolation being a feature which exacerbates the condition of poor persons. To provide contextual detail as to its impact on persons in marginalized communities, we present qualitative primary data from South Africa and Mozambique and review pertinent studies of the First Nations of Canada and among persons with disability. A policy challenge for social isolation is that it is often seen as stemming from an individuals’ capacity rather than resulting from the broader social context. The closing section outlines areas for policy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 83-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1311852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1311852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:83-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Weiss Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss Title: Implementing industrial policy: How to choose? Abstract: There has been a resurgence of interest in industrial policy in higher income as well as in emerging and still developing economies, in part due to a renewed interest in the role of economic structure, with industrial policy interpreted as interventions designed to shift resources into higher return, higher growth activities. Dialogue with the private sector is critical but central to policy choice is how far policy should be applied on a vertical as opposed to a horizontal basis. This paper surveys the techniques available to guide selectivity, focusing in particular on trade-based indicators. It concludes that whilst in practice some selectivity is necessary, there is a limit as to how far this can be guided by objective indicators and flexibility and experimentation will be required in the application of policy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 71-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1313399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1313399 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:71-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marco J. Haenssgen Author-X-Name-First: Marco J. Author-X-Name-Last: Haenssgen Author-Name: Proochista Ariana Author-X-Name-First: Proochista Author-X-Name-Last: Ariana Title: The place of technology in the Capability Approach Abstract: Increasing scholarly attention has focussed on how to integrate technology within the Capability Approach (CA), yet without a consistent solution. Some describe technology as a special kind of capability input, but others consider the concept of technology to be fundamentally different from that of an ordinary input. We aim to contribute to the theoretical development of the CA by offering a consistent justification for the explicit inclusion of technology in this framework. We propose that technical objects have a ‘generative’ and a ‘transformative’ dimension through which they enable capabilities directly and affect other inputs in the attainment of valued capabilities. The objects acquire the transformative dimension from the broader technological context, which we propose as a new class of conversion factors. Using the example of mobile phones and their role in healthcare access, we demonstrate that our proposal helps to frame the analysis of the development impact of technology. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 98-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1325456 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1325456 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:98-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gaël Giraud Author-X-Name-First: Gaël Author-X-Name-Last: Giraud Author-Name: Hélène L’Huillier Author-X-Name-First: Hélène Author-X-Name-Last: L’Huillier Author-Name: Cécile Renouard Author-X-Name-First: Cécile Author-X-Name-Last: Renouard Title: Crisis and relief in the Niger Delta (2012–13): assessment of the effects of a flood on relational capabilities Abstract: In September 2012, the Niger Delta (Nigeria) experienced a severe flood. By conducting a differences-in-differences estimation (as well as qualitative interviews), this paper studies the effects of the flood and of relief aid provided by an oil company on relational capability, a concept which covers bonding, bridging, and linking aspects of social capital (SC). We find that the flood increased bonding SC, measured as trust in the community, but reduced bridging SC, measured as participation together with unknown people in common-interest projects. The aid distributed to some people, on the other hand, was associated with higher bridging SC. The aid was not distributed according to flood damages but mostly according to social status. Our findings emphasize how a disaster can affect the repartition of bonding and bridging SC in the short term. They also highlight the need to build social cohesion in vulnerable communities from a longer-term and institutional perspective. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 113-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1328046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1328046 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:113-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro de la Fuente Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: de la Fuente Author-Name: Eduardo Ortiz-Juárez Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Ortiz-Juárez Author-Name: Carlos Rodríguez-Castelán Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Castelán Title: Living on the edge: vulnerability to poverty and public transfers in Mexico Abstract: Social policy in Mexico has focused on identifying and supporting households in extreme poverty. Yet, the country has a significant number of households just above the poverty line who are not eligible, by definition, for antipoverty programmes and are at risk of falling into poverty in the event of adverse shocks without appropriate social safety nets. This study uses cross-section and longitudinal data to understand better the profile of those ‘vulnerable’ households, their risk exposure, and the extent to which they are covered by public transfers and insurance mechanisms. The analysis shows that until 2010 most social programmes, including the few with productive components, barely covered the vulnerable. The study calls for public policies to pay attention to the vulnerable and find a policy mix on the continuum between targeted interventions and universal insurance schemes to serve this income group. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 10-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1328047 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1328047 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:10-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jon Altman Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Altman Author-Name: Elise Klein Author-X-Name-First: Elise Author-X-Name-Last: Klein Title: Lessons from a basic income programme for Indigenous Australians Abstract: This article examines the importance of basic income in supporting development and economic security in remote Australian Indigenous communities. Specifically we draw on the case of the Community Development Employment Programme (CDEP) and examine its significant basic income features: it provided economic security, flexible definitions of work, community control and a means to establish community development initiatives. We find that CDEP suited the economic and cultural circumstances of remote-living Aboriginal people whose livelihoods depend on a hybrid form of economy inclusive of customary (non-market) practices rather than market capitalism. We then trace shifts in Indigenous policy in recent times which saw the dismantling of CDEP in the name of ‘real’ employment, and we examine the consequences of this for Aboriginal people. We end by proposing the reinstatement of a more complete basic income scheme, initially for people in remote Indigenous communities in Australia who are in deepest poverty. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 132-146 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1329413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1329413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:132-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eduardo Lépore Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Lépore Author-Name: Simca Simpson Lapp Author-X-Name-First: Simca Author-X-Name-Last: Simpson Lapp Title: Concentrated poverty and neighbourhood effects: youth marginalisation in Buenos Aires’ informal settlements Abstract: This paper provides evidence for the relationship between concentrated poverty as manifested in the informal settlements and the labour market in the city of Buenos Aires. It also examines the consequences that these have on the social marginalisation of young people. First, it analyses the effects of residential location in informal settlements on labour market access. Secondly, it examines the results of multivariate analyses which measure the net effect of living in informal settlements on key indicators of youth marginalisation, as well as the interrelation of the effects of family educational and occupational status. The results demonstrate that the spatial concentration of poverty in informal settlements is linked to labour market segmentation, and is a central determinant of urban marginality. For young people, the very fact of living in informal settlements, in households with highly precarious employment status, significantly increases their risk of marginalisation in a cumulative manner. These findings point to the importance of adopting an integral approach that addresses the dynamics of deprivation in a multi-dimensional and multi-level setting. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 28-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1357690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1357690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:28-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Séverine Deneulin Author-X-Name-First: Séverine Author-X-Name-Last: Deneulin Author-Name: Diego Sánchez-Ancochea Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Ancochea Title: Urban inequality, youth and social policy in Latin America: introduction to special section Abstract: This special section discusses some of the challenges of inequality in the Latin American urban context and its consequences for the lives of young people. The four papers provide an in-depth analysis, from different methodological and disciplinary perspectives, of the interaction between social policy and multiple dimensions of inequality in Mexico, Argentina and Nicaragua. Each seeks to shed some light on the ways social policy operates at the micro- and meso-level to reduce (or fail to reduce) socio-economic inequality and promote human development for young people. This introduction provides a short overview of macro trends on social policy and inequality in Latin America. It raises some questions and discusses challenges regarding their ‘trickling down’ in the lives of the young who live at the urban margins. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 3-9 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1383375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1383375 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:3-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ann Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Author-Name: Pablo Del Monte Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Del Monte Author-Name: Séverine Deneulin Author-X-Name-First: Séverine Author-X-Name-Last: Deneulin Title: School completion in urban Latin America: the voices of young people from an informal settlement Abstract: Despite progress in improving secondary school completion in Latin America, a high proportion of young people from urban marginalised neighbourhoods continue to drop out. On the basis of in-depth interviews with young people in an informal settlement of the City of Buenos Aires, the paper aims to broaden the understanding of the processes that lead to school dropout in these neighbourhoods. It does so by examining what young people value being and doing, and how they interpret the value of secondary school in their own lives and contexts. The results point to the critical importance of the family in young peoples’ processes of reasoning and decision-making, the complex interaction between capabilities, and the benefits of schools that provide social and emotional support to students and families. The paper argues that listening to the voices of young people can give significant insights for the design of policies to close the gap in education outcomes in segregated urban contexts. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 45-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1387242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1387242 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:45-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julienne Weegels Author-X-Name-First: Julienne Author-X-Name-Last: Weegels Title: Implementing social policy through the criminal justice system: youth, prisons, and community-oriented policing in Nicaragua Abstract: Nicaragua has implemented a community-oriented policing model in addition to providing a prison system that is based on the premise of prisoners’ re-education. Though these are part of the criminal justice system, they are also presented as social policies with the objective of social (re)insertion of marginalised urban youth particularly. On the premise that detention is temporary and beneficial, these policies claim to prevent (youth) criminality and to reform its perpetrators. Yet they mostly push these youths into a spiral of continued state interventions. Through an analysis of youth-oriented public policy and an examination of the expansion of criminal justice services, complemented by ethnographic research material collected with young (former) prisoners, this article demonstrates how and why social policy for youth is being carried out by the criminal justice system. This development is underpinned by the securitisation of social policy and a political culture of social conservatism that renders marginalised youth unworthy of social protection. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 57-70 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1391192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1391192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:57-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ami V. Shah Author-X-Name-First: Ami V. Author-X-Name-Last: Shah Author-Name: David Ehrhardt Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Ehrhardt Author-Name: Oliver Owen Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Owen Title: Obituary: Professor Abdul Raufu Mustapha, 1954–2017 Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1436430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1436430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Silvia Masiero Author-X-Name-First: Silvia Author-X-Name-Last: Masiero Title: Digital governance and the reconstruction of the Indian anti-poverty system Abstract: On a global scale, programmes of social protection for the poor are becoming increasingly computerised, and architectures of biometric recognition are being widely used in this respect. I research how these architectures, adopted in anti-poverty systems, structure ways to ‘see the state’ for citizens living in poverty. To do so I study India’s Public Distribution System (PDS) in Kerala, which is augmenting its main food security scheme with the computerised recognition of its users. In the government’s narrative, biometric technology is depicted as an optimal solution to the illicit diversion of PDS goods on the market. Nevertheless, according to the multiple narratives collected across the state, beneficiaries dispute this view in different ways because of the mixed effects of the new technology on their entitlements under the PDS. The government’s capability to reconstruct its image through digital innovation is thus found to be constrained by citizens’ perceptions derived from their encounters with the new technology of governance. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 393-408 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1258050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1258050 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:393-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivar Kolstad Author-X-Name-First: Ivar Author-X-Name-Last: Kolstad Author-Name: Abel Kinyondo Author-X-Name-First: Abel Author-X-Name-Last: Kinyondo Title: Alternatives to local content requirements in resource-rich countries Abstract: This paper discusses whether and to what extent resource-rich developing countries should introduce local content policies, i.e. requirements to include local inputs in petroleum extraction activities of multinational corporations. We argue that local content needs to be seen as a public expenditure question, since local content requirements increase multinational costs, and hence reduce the taxes which can be extracted from these companies. This implies that there are opportunity costs in imposing local content requirements, since the forgone taxes can be used in others ways which could potentially do more to improve development prospects. Moreover, past experiences of resource-rich developing countries suggest that local content policies can exacerbate key problems of patronage and rent-seeking which resource rents generate, increasing the chance that the resource wealth will prevent rather than help development. These arguments suggest that an optimal local content policy in the context of flawed institutions is a more limited one than those typically pursued by developing countries with recently discovered petroleum reserves. Using qualitative data from Tanzania, a country with recent discoveries of substantial natural gas deposits, we analyze why local content tends to become such a central issue in debates and policy processes, despite its potentially problematic aspects. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 409-423 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1262836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1262836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:409-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rajesh Venugopal Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh Author-X-Name-Last: Venugopal Author-Name: Sameer Yasir Author-X-Name-First: Sameer Author-X-Name-Last: Yasir Title: The politics of natural disasters in protracted conflict: the 2014 flood in Kashmir Abstract: This paper explores the politics of the 2014 floods in the contentious and conflict-prone Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The September 2014 floods were the most serious natural disaster in the state in the past 60 years, and affected some two million people in the Kashmir valley. Drawing on qualitative interview evidence from 50 flood victims in south, central and north Kashmir, the paper examines the extent to which the disaster transformed existing political narratives. In doing so, it examines the role of the state and central governments, the army, local volunteers, and the media. The paper engages with the politics of disaster literature, exploring how disasters can serve as a lens rather than as a catalyst, and stressing the relevance of understanding the social construction of disaster narratives. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 424-442 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1276160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1276160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:424-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Knoerich Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Knoerich Title: How does outward foreign direct investment contribute to economic development in less advanced home countries? Abstract: In view of the rapid increase of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from emerging economies in recent years, this study examines how OFDI supports economic development in the world’s less advanced home countries. Drawing on theories of FDI, available literature of relevance and some recent evidence from emerging economies, this study finds that the objective of multinational enterprises to pursue assets and advantages abroad through OFDI can yield financial, intangible capability and tangible capacity returns. In the right circumstances, these returns generate important macroeconomic gains, mitigate some of the typical problems of economic development and provide broader benefits to societies. Despite some limitations, OFDI complements, sometimes in distinct ways, the development benefits many countries already realise through trade, migration and inward FDI. Emerging economies are best placed to benefit from the returns generated by OFDI. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 443-459 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1283009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1283009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:443-459 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bina Agarwal Author-X-Name-First: Bina Author-X-Name-Last: Agarwal Author-Name: Ankush Agrawal Author-X-Name-First: Ankush Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal Title: Do farmers really like farming? Indian farmers in transition Abstract: Few studies of agrarian transition examine what farmers themselves feel about farming. Are they cultivating out of choice or a lack of options? What distinguishes farmers who like farming from those who do not: their personal/household characteristics and endowments? The local ecology and regional economy? Or a mix of these and other factors? Understanding farmer satisfaction is important not only for assessing citizen wellbeing but also for agricultural productivity, since occupational satisfaction can affect a farmer’s incentive to invest and reveal production constraints. Using a unique all-India data-set which asked farmers, ‘Do you like farming?’ this paper provides answers and policy pointers, contributing a little-studied dimension to debates on the smallholder’s future and subjective wellbeing. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 460-478 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1283010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1283010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:460-478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terry-Ann Craigie Author-X-Name-First: Terry-Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Craigie Author-Name: Shatanjaya Dasgupta Author-X-Name-First: Shatanjaya Author-X-Name-Last: Dasgupta Title: The gender pay gap and son preference: evidence from India Abstract: This study explores the role of the gender pay gap in explaining the downward trend in son preference in India. This hypothesis is based on the underlying theory that parents allocate more resources to male children because the expected returns are higher for male relative to female children. However, rising relative earnings of women in India may increase the expected returns to investing in girls, and ultimately help to lower son preference in general. Using data from the 2005–2006 National Family and Health Survey (NFHS) and the 2004 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series-International (IPUMS-International), we construct a gender pay gap measure from exogenous labor demand to identify the effect on reported son preference among men and women. Regression results confirm that reducing the gender pay gap helps lower son preference among men and women. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 479-498 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1293629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1293629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:479-498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Priebe Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Priebe Title: Political reservation and female empowerment: evidence from Maharashtra, India Abstract: This paper studies the impact of political reservation for women on political participation and empowerment of women living in areas where gender quotas are mandated. Following the 1992 passage of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment in India, one-third of village government head positions are reserved for women. Utilizing the random allocation of reserved seats and a unique individual level data-set which captures a large set of measures on political participation of women, we find that women residing in areas with a female village government head show significantly higher levels of political participation and empowerment. Overall, the observed effect can be entirely attributed to improved outcomes of women from a lower socio-economic strata, while no effect is found for economically better-off women. The results suggest that the imposed gender quotas are an effective means of overcoming inequalities and contributed to giving disadvantaged women more voice and opportunity for political empowerment. We further investigate the role that the level of women’s political participation plays on the type and quality of public services delivered. Our results indicate that the level of women’s political participation and empowerment is an important channel through which public service delivery is influenced. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 499-521 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1298740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1298740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:499-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shirin Madon Author-X-Name-First: Shirin Author-X-Name-Last: Madon Author-Name: S. Krishna Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Krishna Title: Challenges of accountability in resource-poor contexts: lessons about invited spaces from Karnataka’s village health committees Abstract: Invited spaces have been discussed by development scholars and policymakers as a new and important means of promoting accountability in primary healthcare. Although numerous experiments have been initiated to establish such spaces in resource-poor contexts, we still have little understanding of how they are used and their effectiveness. Based on our longitudinal study of the Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees in Karnataka, we trace changes that have occurred in the frequency and quality of interactions between state, political and civil society committee participants as they come to understand the possibilities afforded to them, work out tactics and develop a set of practices that make them accountable to each other for improving village health. Our findings suggest that strengthening accountability within invited spaces can form an important basis for improving the primary healthcare system with implications for research and policy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 522-541 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1313397 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1313397 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:522-541 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sèna Kimm Gnangnon Author-X-Name-First: Sèna Kimm Author-X-Name-Last: Gnangnon Author-Name: Jean-François Brun Author-X-Name-First: Jean-François Author-X-Name-Last: Brun Title: Impact of export upgrading on tax revenue in developing and high-income countries Abstract: Empirical studies usually analyse the relationship between an economy’s trade sector and tax revenue in developing countries through the effect of trade liberalization on tax revenue. This paper takes a different angle by examining the impact of export upgrading strategies (export diversification and improvement in export quality) on non-resource tax revenue. The panel data-set covers a sample of 172 countries, including both developed and developing countries, spanning the period 1980–2010. The analysis is conducted both on the entire sample and sub-samples. The findings indicate that export product upgrading exerts a positive and significant effect on non-resource tax revenue, including for the sub-samples considered, with the exception of low-income countries for which we observe mixed results. Moreover, countries which upgrade their export products in a context of trade openness consistently experience higher non-resource tax revenue, both in the short and long term. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 542-561 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1313398 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1313398 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:542-561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sreeraj A. P Author-X-Name-First: Sreeraj Author-X-Name-Last: A. P Author-Name: Vamsi Vakulabharanam Author-X-Name-First: Vamsi Author-X-Name-Last: Vakulabharanam Title: High growth and rising inequality in Kerala since the 1980s Abstract: Over the last three decades, the state of Kerala in South India has witnessed fast-paced growth, with the highest recorded inequality (in 2009–2010) among all the states in India; however, its human development indicators remain the highest in India. This marks a departure from the well-known development trajectory of Kerala – famously known as the Kerala model – of low growth and moderate inequality with high human development indicators. We conduct GDP and growth decomposition, inequality decomposition and a Marxian class analysis of the National Sample Survey data from Kerala in order to understand these recent phenomena. While the notion that economic liberalization adopted by the state and central governments is the main cause of this new state of affairs is generally valid, we provide a more nuanced account of the causal structures based on class analysis and the impact of outward labour migration to the Persian Gulf. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 367-383 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1111320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1111320 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:367-383 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Author-X-Name-First: Juan Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno-Brid Author-Name: Stefanie Garry Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: Garry Title: Economic performance in Latin America in the 2000s: recession, recovery, and resilience? Abstract: This paper examines Latin America’s economic performance in the last three decades with the objective of assessing whether it entered a new phase of strong and persistent growth with stabilization in the 2000s. Our analysis pays special attention to the changing roles of exports and investment as drivers of growth and to the region’s performance in the fiscal area, the composition and dynamics of foreign trade, investment and labour productivity. Our results indicate that, in general, the region has achieved important progress in macroeconomic matters, but it has failed to overcome major structural, long-term constraints linked to its balance of payments and to a lesser extent its fiscal performance. Unless these challenges are resolved, the region’s long-term growth will hardly be favourable. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 384-400 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1127907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1127907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:384-400 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christie Lam Author-X-Name-First: Christie Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Saumik Paul Author-X-Name-First: Saumik Author-X-Name-Last: Paul Author-Name: Vengadeshvaran Sarma Author-X-Name-First: Vengadeshvaran Author-X-Name-Last: Sarma Title: Reversal of fortune? The long-term effect of conservation-led displacement in Nepal Abstract: Building on a panel data-set using two rounds of self-administered surveys, this study assesses the long-term welfare effects of conservation-led displacement in Nepal. Empirical findings indicate that while displaced households suffered from poor land productivity and food insecurity in the first five years after displacement, they appear to be better off today, a decade since displacement, compared to non-displaced households. However, this has come at the expense of loosening social ties, increased strain on human capital and, most importantly, an overall deterioration in people’s socio-cultural wellbeing. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 401-419 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1149158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1149158 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:401-419 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saswati Das Author-X-Name-First: Saswati Author-X-Name-Last: Das Title: Impact of MGNREGA on the livelihood security of rural poor in India: a study using national sample survey data Abstract: This paper studies the impact of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA) at the all-India level utilizing nationally representative data from the national sample survey (NSS). We propose an alternative methodology for the proper identification of target households in the baseline period using a secondary data source such as the NSS. The programme is assessed in terms of whether it has been successful in ensuring livelihood security for beneficiary households. The study found that the increase in spending capacity of non-beneficiary households was greater than MGNREGA beneficiary households. Moreover, the overall growth trend in spending capacity over time had a greater effect in improving the livelihood security of the target households than the estimated effect of the programme. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 420-440 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1246658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1246658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:420-440 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannah Kuper Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Kuper Author-Name: Matthew Walsham Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Walsham Author-Name: Flora Myamba Author-X-Name-First: Flora Author-X-Name-Last: Myamba Author-Name: Simeon Mesaki Author-X-Name-First: Simeon Author-X-Name-Last: Mesaki Author-Name: Islay Mactaggart Author-X-Name-First: Islay Author-X-Name-Last: Mactaggart Author-Name: Morgon Banks Author-X-Name-First: Morgon Author-X-Name-Last: Banks Author-Name: Karl Blanchet Author-X-Name-First: Karl Author-X-Name-Last: Blanchet Title: Social protection for people with disabilities in Tanzania: a mixed methods study Abstract: People with disabilities are more vulnerable than others to poverty and exclusion from key services, such as health and education. Consequently, they particularly need social protection, yet may have difficulties accessing these programmes. This study aims to assess the need for, and inclusion in, social protection programmes among people with disabilities compared to those without, in three districts in Tanzania. Using a mixed methods approach, our study finds that although the need for social protection programmes was higher among people with disabilities compared to the general population, this was not matched by higher enrolment. People with disabilities were aware of social protection programmes in their area but were not targeted specifically, and benefit packages offered by the programmes were not adapted to their needs. Modifying mainstream social protection schemes to be inclusive of people with disabilities may therefore be an important step towards addressing poverty alleviation goals, including those set out in the recently adopted sustainable development goals (Goal 1, target 3). Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 441-457 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1213228 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1213228 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:441-457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arusha Cooray Author-X-Name-First: Arusha Author-X-Name-Last: Cooray Author-Name: Nabamita Dutta Author-X-Name-First: Nabamita Author-X-Name-Last: Dutta Author-Name: Sushanta Mallick Author-X-Name-First: Sushanta Author-X-Name-Last: Mallick Title: Does female human capital formation matter for the income effect of remittances? Evidence from developing countries Abstract: The existing literature has focussed extensively on the development outcomes resulting from international migrant remittances. Yet, the human capital channel promoting remittance effectiveness has received little attention. Given the multilateral policy drive to promote female literacy in recent decades, it is relevant to examine whether female human capital formation improves the effectiveness of remittances in terms of its impact on per capita income. Using a panel of 103 developing economies over the period 1970–2012, this paper attempts to answer this question empirically. The paper finds that female human capital affects the remittance-growth relationship differently according to whether it is the primary, secondary or tertiary level of human capital. Our estimates of the marginal impacts of remittances show that while higher levels of skilled human capital (secondary and tertiary enrolments) enhance the marginal impact of remittances on per capita income, low-skilled human capital (primary enrolments) fails to do so. Our conclusion stresses the need to encourage female human capital beyond the promotion of literacy rates in developing countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 458-478 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1194970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1194970 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:458-478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laetitia Duval Author-X-Name-First: Laetitia Author-X-Name-Last: Duval Author-Name: François-Charles Wolff Author-X-Name-First: François-Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Wolff Title: Do remittances support consumption during crisis? Evidence from Kosovo Abstract: This paper focuses on the effect of remittances on per capita consumption over time in a context of conflict, war-to-peace transition and crisis. We use two household surveys from Kosovo with unique timing, one collected immediately after the civil war in 2000 and the other during the economic crisis in 2010. This territory, in which the tension among ethnic groups is the focus of international concern, is one of the top remittance-receiving countries in the world. We examine the effect of remittances not only at the average level of consumption, but also at various parts of the distribution of consumption using quantile regressions. We find that remittances alleviate poverty by enhancing the consumption level of the most vulnerable households, and the positive effect of remittances on consumption has remained constant between 2000 and 2010. This result may be connected with the resilience of remittances. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 479-492 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1156080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1156080 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:479-492 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kwadwo Afriyie Author-X-Name-First: Kwadwo Author-X-Name-Last: Afriyie Author-Name: John Kuumuori Ganle Author-X-Name-First: John Kuumuori Author-X-Name-Last: Ganle Author-Name: Janet Afua Abrafi Adomako Author-X-Name-First: Janet Afua Abrafi Author-X-Name-Last: Adomako Title: The good in evil: a discourse analysis of the industry in Ghana Abstract: Galamsey, a low-tech, labour-intensive, small-scale mining activity in Ghana, has recently come under intense criticism and state policing despite being an important livelihood source. Based on empirical research, this paper uses discourse analysis to re-examine galamsey politics in Ghana, focusing on why people are engaged in galamsey despite attempts to curtail it. Findings suggest that for most individuals and communities, poverty, displacement from agricultural lands and unemployment explain their initial entry into the industry. However, the legal, regulatory and policing regimes, together with complex, ambivalent relationships between government, large-scale mining companies, traditional authorities and galamsey operators, all help to perpetuate galamsey. These findings provide a counter-narrative to the dominant discourse of opportunism and demonisation which often characterises public discussions on Ghana’s galamsey industry. Rather than the combative approach taken by the state towards the galamsey phenomenon, urgent legislative and policy reforms are needed in order to streamline the licensing regime and address the drivers of galamsey. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 493-508 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1217984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1217984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:493-508 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chan Hang Saing Author-X-Name-First: Chan Hang Author-X-Name-Last: Saing Title: Rural electrification in Cambodia: does it improve the welfare of households? Abstract: This study uses subsamples of socio-economic surveys from 2004 and 2011 to construct village panel data and apply the difference-in-differences (DID) method to examine the impact of rural electrification on household consumption and children’s education in Cambodia at the village level. Conditional on the DID assumption and observed village and household characteristics, rural electrification increased household consumption by approximately 16.6%. This study also finds that higher-quintile households benefited more. Additionally, rural electrification increased boys’ years of schooling completed by 0.85 and girls’ years of schooling completed by 0.62. It also increased the probability of having ever been enrolled in primary school for boys by approximately 9.7% but did not increase the probability of having ever been enrolled for girls. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 147-163 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1340443 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1340443 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:147-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shiri Noy Author-X-Name-First: Shiri Author-X-Name-Last: Noy Title: Healthy targets? World Bank projects and targeted health programmes and policies in Costa Rica, Argentina, and Peru, 1980–2005 Abstract: Despite its central role in diffusing neoliberal policies and its status as an important external funder of health, the World Bank’s effect on health policies in developing countries has been little explored. I examine how the World Bank framed and funded targeting in healthcare in Costa Rica, Argentina, and Peru. Results indicate that the World Bank and national governments pursue targeting and justify its implementation differently across countries. While both national government and the World Bank cite efficiency and equity concerns as a rationale for targeting, the World Bank is more likely to invoke efficiency and cost-cutting measures. Targeting also happens against the backdrop of very different policies across these countries: coexisting with universalism in Costa Rica, growing public insurance in Peru, and a federally managed health system in Argentina. Domestic factors associated with countries’ existing health systems, in particular coverage and segmentation in the health sector, helps account for variation in both the groups/areas targeted and the discourse and rationale in national and World Bank documents. I conclude by discussing the implications of these results for our understanding of the World Bank’s influence on health policies in developing countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 164-183 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1346068 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1346068 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:164-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos A. Torres-Vitolas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos A. Author-X-Name-Last: Torres-Vitolas Title: Effects of social capital building on social network formation among the rural poor: a case-study from Peru Abstract: Although building social capital through participatory interventions is widely recommended in the development literature, limited attention has been paid to the process of social network expansion taking place in such contexts. This article empirically examines Putnam- and Bourdieu-based approaches to examine actors’ investments in social relations. Beneficiaries of a full-participatory intervention were followed over a four-year period using mixed-methods data. Results showed that, despite the existence of substantive social cohesion and promising levels of trust, actors’ capacity to benefit from project-sponsored bonding, bridging and linking social capital activities were affected by their capital endowments, lifestyles and (non)material interests. Over time, social capital building efforts appeared to have mostly favoured the emergence of village-level network structures unfavourable to the poorest, female, and non-politically active residents. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are also discussed. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 184-198 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1347255 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1347255 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:184-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anindita Chakrabarti Author-X-Name-First: Anindita Author-X-Name-Last: Chakrabarti Author-Name: Kausik Chaudhuri Author-X-Name-First: Kausik Author-X-Name-Last: Chaudhuri Title: Does employment before marriage exert autonomy after marriage? Evidence on female autonomy from India Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of female autonomy using data from India. We model female autonomy for movement as well as economic decision-making using a summative index approach. Our contributions to the literature include a careful examination of the regional differences, tests of economic and sociological hypotheses on female autonomy and the use of pre-marriage autonomy measures in terms of employment status to determine post-marriage autonomy. Our results suggest that economic, sociological and pre-marriage autonomy factors explain female autonomy. Regional differences regarding the economic, sociological and pre-marriage autonomy factors play a role in determining female autonomy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 199-214 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1354980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1354980 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:199-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandrine Michel Author-X-Name-First: Sandrine Author-X-Name-Last: Michel Author-Name: Holimalala Randriamanampisoa Author-X-Name-First: Holimalala Author-X-Name-Last: Randriamanampisoa Title: The capability approach as a framework for assessing the role of microcredit in resource conversion: the case of rural households in the Madagascar highlands Abstract: This article applies the capability approach in order to analyse microcredit as a tool for resource conversion, which permits poor households to take advantage of latent opportunities. This approach calls for linking microcredit with the choices of the poor themselves. A sample of 290 rural households from the Madagascar highlands was surveyed over two consecutive years. To identify the most relevant dimensions of poverty available for a conversion process, data were processed using factor analysis. A hierarchical classification then permitted the distribution of the households over three capability levels. Finally, an ordered multinomial logit brings out how microcredit influences the likelihood that a household receiving such a loan will reach a higher capability level. The main findings indicate that microcredit represents a robust means to obtain a higher level of capability. Moreover, when the process of borrowing endures, poor households enter into a learning process that increases the effect of microcredit. Regardless of the gender of the household head, microcredit increases the probability of reaching an enhanced level of capability, except for the poorest households headed by a woman. The head of household’s level of education only improves the effect of microcredit if the productive system implemented needs specific competencies related to educational attainment. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 215-235 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1368471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1368471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:215-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Élisé Wendlassida Miningou Author-X-Name-First: Élisé Wendlassida Author-X-Name-Last: Miningou Author-Name: Valérie Vierstraete Author-X-Name-First: Valérie Author-X-Name-Last: Vierstraete Title: Performance of primary education in Burkina Faso: a multi-output stochastic frontier analysis Abstract: Primary education plays an important role in the development of human capital in developing countries. Consequently, Burkina Faso has taken steps to ensure both access to, and better quality of, primary education. However, comparisons between the different provinces of Burkina Faso reveal that there is a greater disparity between provinces in terms of access to, and the quality of, education, than there is in the provision of resources. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the efficiency of the resources used in providing primary education in Burkina Faso. We apply a stochastic frontier model in order to estimate the efficiency with which the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso provide primary education. The proposed model not only allows two outputs for primary education to be included, but also provides for an assessment of the factors that may affect inefficiency. Our results indicate that, overall, the primary education system in Burkina Faso operates at an efficiency level of approximately 63%. In addition, the living conditions of the population, as well as some factors internal to the education system, appear to have a relationship with the efficiency of primary education in the various provinces of Burkina Faso. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 236-249 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1378316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1378316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:236-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Teresia Kaulihowa Author-X-Name-First: Teresia Author-X-Name-Last: Kaulihowa Author-Name: Charles Adjasi Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Adjasi Title: FDI and income inequality in Africa Abstract: This paper tests the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on income inequality in a panel of 16 African countries from 1980 to 2013. We controlled for both non-linear effects and heterogeneity by using a Pooled Mean Group estimator. There is robust evidence that the relationship is non-linear and we document a U-shaped effect of FDI on inequality. The results reveal that FDI increases equality of distribution of income in the countries examined. However, this effect diminishes with further increases in FDI. Policy implications emanating from this study suggest that although FDI may be growth enhancing, FDI-induced growth may not necessarily translate into a reduction in inequality. FDI has to be structured in such way that the resulting skill-biased employed is mitigated. To address inequality, policy implications from this study imply that FDI has to target both ends of the labour market. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 250-265 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1381233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1381233 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:250-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Heintz Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Heintz Author-Name: Naila Kabeer Author-X-Name-First: Naila Author-X-Name-Last: Kabeer Author-Name: Simeen Mahmud Author-X-Name-First: Simeen Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmud Title: Cultural norms, economic incentives and women’s labour market behaviour: empirical insights from Bangladesh Abstract: This paper sets out to explore a seeming puzzle in the context of Bangladesh. There is a considerable body of evidence from the country pointing to the positive impact of paid work on women’s position within family and community. Yet, according to official statistics, not only has women’s labour force participation risen very slowly over the years, but also a sizeable majority of women in the labour force are in unpaid family labour. We draw on an original survey of over 5000 women from eight different districts in Bangladesh to explore some of the factors that lead to women’s selection into the labour force, and into different categories of labour market activity, with a view to gaining a better understanding of the combination of cultural norms and economic considerations that explain these findings. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 266-289 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1382464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1382464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:266-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Blair Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Blair Author-Name: Andrea K. Chareunsy Author-X-Name-First: Andrea K. Author-X-Name-Last: Chareunsy Title: Modelling guanxi with a games network approach Abstract: Rapid economic growth in East Asia has often been attributed to cultural preconditions. In the case of China, high economic growth has been attributed to Confucian emphases on loyalty, reciprocal social obligations, and the pre-eminence of the group over the individual. These cultural attributes are said to be manifested especially in the practice of guanxi, a distinctive style of inter-firm networking based on trust and mutual obligations. We suggest that cultural explanations of guanxi networking behaviour appear to conflict with standard economic assumptions of rationality and utility maximisation. We argue that guanxi networks can be better understood if modelled on these standard economic assumptions. For this purpose we use a network games approach. We find that guanxi-type behaviour can be generated by the model, such that culture-based explanations appear unnecessary. Thus, we argue, guanxi behaviour can be explained in a way more consistent with rational agents and maximising behaviour. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 290-303 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1397619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1397619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:290-303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Corrigendum Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 304-304 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1426514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1426514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:304-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sophia Kan Author-X-Name-First: Sophia Author-X-Name-Last: Kan Author-Name: R. Emre Aytimur Author-X-Name-First: R. Emre Author-X-Name-Last: Aytimur Title: Labor force participation of women left behind in Tajikistan Abstract: This paper examines the impact of male migration on the labor force participation of the women left behind in Tajikistan. Studies from many countries show that when men migrate, female labor force participation decreases and this is largely explained by the income effect from remittances. Our study challenges this finding. Using panel data from 2007, 2009 and 2011, we find that, in Tajikistan, migration has no significant effect on the number of hours that women work. We use panel data which allow us to control for unobservable heterogeneity, rather than the cross-sectional data used by others. We analyze several countervailing factors that may have neutralized the income effect, such as the need to substitute for the missing labor in the household. We also find that women work more when the household has a farm, regardless of the presence of a migrant in the household. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1484899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1484899 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:1-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rafael Novella Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Novella Title: Parental education, gender preferences and child nutritional status in Peru Abstract: This paper examines whether the distribution of bargaining power between parents affects nutritional indicators in the early stages of a child’s life, giving evidence that the allocation of household resources varies by the gender of the child and the parents. After accounting for the potential endogeneity of the indicator of power distribution within the household, related to assortative mating in the marriage market, this paper shows that maternal power is more positively associated with girls’ nutrition than boys’. Among households located in rural areas, resource allocation between girls and boys seems to differ. Similarly, some evidence of competition for household resources affecting girls’ nutrition is found. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 29-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1495703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1495703 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:29-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmed Shoukry Rashad Author-X-Name-First: Ahmed Shoukry Author-X-Name-Last: Rashad Author-Name: Mesbah Fathy Sharaf Author-X-Name-First: Mesbah Fathy Author-X-Name-Last: Sharaf Title: Does maternal employment affect child nutrition status? New evidence from Egypt Abstract: Even though maternal employment can increase family income, several studies suggest that it could have adverse consequences on children’s health. In this study, we use a nationally representative sample of 12,888 children, aged 0–5 years from Egypt to examine the impact of maternal employment on child nutritional indicators, namely: stunting, wasting, and being underweight and overweight. We adopted various estimation methods to control for observable and unobservable household characteristics in order to identify the causal effect of maternal employment. These different techniques include, propensity score matching (PSM), OLS regression with controlling for a wide range of individual characteristics, and an instrumental variable two-stage least squares (IV 2SLS) approach. Results of the PSM and OLS suggest that maternal employment is weakly associated with having a malnourished child. On the other hand, the IV 2SLS suggests a stronger and significant association between maternal employment and poor nutritional status among children. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 48-62 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1497589 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1497589 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:48-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marya Hillesland Author-X-Name-First: Marya Author-X-Name-Last: Hillesland Title: Investigating the gender wealth gap in Ghana Abstract: This article explores the determinants of the substantial wealth gap between married men and women in Ghana across the wealth distribution. The data is part of the multi-country project, The Gender Asset Gap Project, and is unique in that it contains information on asset ownership at the level of the individuals within households. The study finds a large gender wealth gap at the top of the wealth distribution and that gender differences in inheritance and educational attainment contribute to a substantial part of the gap. While several studies have explored gender earning gaps, few have looked at the composition of the gender wealth gap across the distribution at the national level. This is the first study of its kind to investigate the components of the gender wealth gap within an African country context. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 63-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1498473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1498473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:63-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marta Favara Author-X-Name-First: Marta Author-X-Name-Last: Favara Author-Name: Catherine Porter Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Porter Author-Name: Tassew Woldehanna Author-X-Name-First: Tassew Author-X-Name-Last: Woldehanna Title: Smarter through social protection? Evaluating the impact of Ethiopia’s safety-net on child cognitive abilities Abstract: Ethiopia’s productive safety net is the second largest Social Protection Program in sub-Saharan Africa and has been rolled out to almost 10 million beneficiaries since 2005; its effects are therefore of general interest. We provide the first estimates of its impact on children’s cognitive abilities. To identify impacts of this program, we exploit four rounds of data on a cohort of children surveyed repeatedly between 2002 and 2013. We find a small but significant positive effect of the programme on both numeracy skills and vocabulary. This is driven mainly by children in households that had graduated (left) the programme just before 2013. We argue that this is at least partially related to time allocation: graduates of the programme spent more time in school than continuing beneficiaries. We also find evidence that the maths (though not language) improvement is more pronounced for boys. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 79-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1499884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1499884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:79-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Walsham Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Walsham Author-Name: Hannah Kuper Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Kuper Author-Name: Lena Morgon Banks Author-X-Name-First: Lena Morgon Author-X-Name-Last: Banks Author-Name: Karl Blanchet Author-X-Name-First: Karl Author-X-Name-Last: Blanchet Title: Social protection for people with disabilities in Africa and Asia: a review of programmes for low- and middle-income countries Abstract: Despite a greater need for social protection among people with disabilities, there is limited evidence of their inclusion into social protection programmes in low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents the findings from a review of regional and global data sources for Asia-Pacific and Africa to identify social protection programmes that aim to include people with disabilities. It finds a substantial number of programmes in both regions, although there is considerable variation in the quantity and types of programmes within and between regions and countries, as well as between low- and middle-income countries. Further, the quality of data is not sufficient to assess the degree to which these programmes are genuinely inclusive of people with disabilities. As such, it highlights important limitations in the way data is currently being collected that require further attention in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals and the commitment to ‘Leave No-one Behind’ Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 97-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1515903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1515903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:97-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dennis Wesselbaum Author-X-Name-First: Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Wesselbaum Title: Happiness over the financial crisis Abstract: This paper adds to the literature on the macroeconomic driving forces of happiness. Using data for 106 countries over the financial crisis (2006–2013), we estimate a dynamic panel data model. We find that there is a strong relation between income and happiness. Further, individuals have a stronger aversion against unemployment than against inflation. We perform various robustness checks including cultural differences and additional driving forces such as gender inequality and macroeconomic policies. Finally, we identify happiness shocks using the performance of ones’ country at the FIFA World Cups. We show that movements in happiness can generate business cycles. Interestingly, happiness shocks increase income on impact but decrease it after 1 year. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 113-133 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1524862 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1524862 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:113-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Erratum Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 134-134 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1490567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1490567 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:134-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carla Canelas Author-X-Name-First: Carla Author-X-Name-Last: Canelas Author-Name: Rachel M. Gisselquist Author-X-Name-First: Rachel M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gisselquist Title: Human capital, labour market outcomes, and horizontal inequality in Guatemala Abstract: With the second largest indigenous population by percentage in Latin America, Guatemala is an important case for understanding horizontal inequality and indigenous politics. This paper presents new analysis of survey data, allowing for consideration both of indigenous and ladino populations, as well as of ethno-linguistic diversity within the indigenous population. Our analysis illustrates both the depth and persistence of horizontal inequalities in educational and labour market outcomes, and a broad trend towards greater equality. Earnings gaps have been reduced by, among other factors, improved educational outcomes. Ethnic groups also show distinct patterns of wages and wage gaps, and there is evidence of ‘sticky floors’ affecting some groups more than others. Our findings suggest that the focus on the indigenous/non-indigenous divide found in much of the economic literature on Latin America obscures meaningful diversity within the indigenous population. We posit that further consideration of such within-group diversity has implications for broader theories of ethnic politics, and in particular for understanding the comparative weakness of indigenous political mobilisation in Guatemala. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 378-397 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1388360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1388360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:378-397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pedro Henrique Soares Leivas Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Henrique Soares Author-X-Name-Last: Leivas Author-Name: Anderson Moreira Aristides dos Santos Author-X-Name-First: Anderson Moreira Aristides Author-X-Name-Last: dos Santos Title: Horizontal inequality and ethnic diversity in Brazil: patterns, trends, and their impacts on institutions Abstract: In this paper, we analyse the patterns and trends of horizontal inequality and ethnic diversity in Brazil in the past 30 years and their effect on the quality of the country’s institutions. Using data from the last four demographic censuses (1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010), we estimate numerous measures to analyse inequalities between different ‘ethnic’ groups. Our results show that, in Brazil between 1980 and 2010, the trend toward greater equality shown in other analyses of vertical inequality, is also found in terms of horizontal inequalities along racial, gender, and regional lines. Nevertheless, horizontal inequalities in terms of race and gender, in particular, remain pronounced. Ethnic diversity regarding race and religion has increased since 1980. Through our regression analysis, we note that both horizontal inequality and ethnic diversity negatively affect the institutional quality of Brazilian municipalities. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 348-362 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1394450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1394450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:348-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria C. Lo Bue Author-X-Name-First: Maria C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lo Bue Author-Name: Jan Priebe Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Priebe Title: Revisiting the socioeconomic determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practices: evidence from Eastern Indonesia Abstract: This paper attempts to fill several important research gaps on the socioeconomic determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practices. In contrast to previous studies that have focused on the timely initiation and duration of breastfeeding, this article examines exclusive breastfeeding practices. Using data on 1138 children from the Indonesian Family Life Survey East 2012, we revisited to what extent mothers’ education levels and work in non-traditional sectors influence exclusive breastfeeding patterns. Furthermore, we investigated to what extent health-care demand and supply factors influence exclusive breastfeeding practices. Controlling for a wide range of individual, household, and community characteristics, our findings suggest that exclusive breastfeeding practices are affected positively by mothers’ education and negatively by mothers’ labour market participation in non-traditional employment contracts. Moreover, our results indicate that a higher availability and quality of health-care supply does not necessarily lead to better exclusive breastfeeding practices. Only when health-care supply was matched with a significant demand for such services, did we observe a higher chance for optimal exclusive breastfeeding. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 398-410 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1397620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1397620 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:398-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Maria Peredo Author-X-Name-First: Ana Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Peredo Author-Name: Nick Montgomery Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Montgomery Author-Name: Murdith McLean Author-X-Name-First: Murdith Author-X-Name-Last: McLean Title: The BoP business paradigm: what it promotes and what it conceals Abstract: The Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) is a popular paradigm within management circles concerning those in poverty. In this paper, we develop a critical analysis of BoP discourse and practice, drawing particularly on the works of Laclau and Mouffe, and enriched by post-development thinking as expressed in the works of Esteva and Escobar, among others. We argue that the BoP paradigm functions to reinforce market capitalist hegemony and – vitally – to conceal economic alternatives. Using the concepts of ‘discourse’, ‘hegemony’ and ‘performativity’, we analyse the politics of language and representation in the BoP discourse. Finally, we point to modes of scholarship that contribute to the nurturing and performance of diverse, non-capitalist economic worlds. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 411-429 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1399998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1399998 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:411-429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Belinda Archibong Author-X-Name-First: Belinda Author-X-Name-Last: Archibong Title: Historical origins of persistent inequality in Nigeria Abstract: Horizontal inequality by ethnic group has remained remarkably persistent for wealth, education and access to certain public services in Nigeria. While there has been notable progress made towards improving access to, and reducing ethnic inequality in access to locally administered services like some sanitation services and potable water, outcomes are stickier for wealth, education and historically federally administered services like grid-based power access in the country. Populations in the Northwest and Northeast ethnic and geopolitical zones consistently report below national mean levels of wealth, education and electricity, while there have been significant gains made in closing the ethnic gap in access to water and sanitation over time. This paper explores different explanations for the patterns observed and puts forth the thesis that persistent ethnic inequality in access to federally administered services is partly driven by historical heterogeneous federal government policy towards different groups in Nigeria. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 325-347 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1416072 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1416072 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:325-347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Reichert Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Reichert Title: A meta-analysis examining the nature of trade-offs in microfinance Abstract: This meta-analysis reviews existing evidence on the ability of microfinance institutions (MFI) to achieve social and financial goals simultaneously. Through an initial screen of 3088 articles covering empirical tests on microfinance performance trade-offs, I synthesize 623 empirical findings from 61 studies to identify the dimensions of MFI performance, and study characteristics associated with trade-offs between financial and social objectives Overall, findings suggest that depth of outreach, cost of outreach, and efficiency indicators increase the prevalence of trade-offs, while risk indicators are associated with fewer trade-offs. Profitability indicators and outreach to women are found to have no significant effect on performance trade-offs. Additionally, study characteristics suggest that using an economic frontier methodology or publishing in development journals increases the incidence of trade-offs, while time trends reveal that trade-offs become less acute as the industry matures. Consequently, MFIs face difficult decisions in relation to the possibility that social goals need be sacrificed to achieve financial sustainability. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 430-452 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1427223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1427223 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:430-452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nishant Chadha Author-X-Name-First: Nishant Author-X-Name-Last: Chadha Author-Name: Bharti Nandwani Author-X-Name-First: Bharti Author-X-Name-Last: Nandwani Title: Ethnic fragmentation, public good provision and inequality in India, 1988–2012 Abstract: We study how ethnic fragmentation in Indian districts influences the distribution of consumption, both overall and between social groups. In the absence of systematic evidence on inequality between social groups (horizontal inequality) during the sample period, we construct estimates of horizontal and overall inequality, and find that horizontal inequality is a small proportion of overall inequality, as well as that both overall and horizontal inequality have increased over time. Our empirical results indicate that more fragmented districts have higher inequality, but the relationship between fragmentation and horizontal inequality is weak. Additionally, we show that fragmentation increases inequality by lowering public good provision. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 363-377 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1434498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1434498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:363-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carla Canelas Author-X-Name-First: Carla Author-X-Name-Last: Canelas Author-Name: Rachel M. Gisselquist Author-X-Name-First: Rachel M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gisselquist Title: Horizontal inequality as an outcome Abstract: A considerable body of research suggests that horizontal inequality between ethnic groups has major socioeconomic implications, in particular for peace and economic development. Much of this work focuses on horizontal inequality as an independent causal variable, rather than an outcome of various processes. We offer conceptual, theoretical, and empirical reasons for treating horizontal inequality as an outcome and challenging assumptions of fixity. We first consider explanations for variation drawing on the literature on horizontal inequality, as well as on ethnicity more broadly. We then explore how horizontal inequality can be measured using survey and census data, and present analysis based on two datasets providing information on inequality in terms of educational attainment (HI-E) for the 1960s to 2000s. These data suggest both a general trend toward decline in HI-E over time and considerable regional variation. This article serves also to introduce and frame the contributions to this special section. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 305-324 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1508565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1508565 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:305-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: New directions for ODS Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1727608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1727608 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Marie Goetz Author-X-Name-First: Anne Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz Title: The politics of preserving gender inequality: de-institutionalisation and re-privatisation Abstract: A backlash against gender equality is a core component of the contemporary tilt away from liberal democracy in some contexts. The backlash has been enabled by two developments that can de-institutionalise women’s rights. First, the privatisation associated with neoliberalism, and the austerity imposed by financial crises, have hollowed-out public provision of social services. The loss or erosion of public social protection systems reinforces the demand for unpaid care work, imposing a partial re-privatisation of women in their mothering roles. Second, security and immigration crises have inflamed nationalist right-wing populist movements that make the de-institutionalisationof liberal equality protections – including attacks on women’s rights provisions – a core signifier of anti-establishment credentials. The result is a stagnation at the global level since 2016 in the rate at which the gender gap is closing. Today, the active construction of inequality by gender – and its contestation – are more explicit features of national and global politics than ever before. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 2-17 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1672144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1672144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:2-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew S. Park Author-X-Name-First: Andrew S. Author-X-Name-Last: Park Title: Vital capabilities: a development framework for sexual and gender minorities Abstract: Recent empirical research has revealed that sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) in all parts of the world face discrimination and disparities in important dimensions of development such as employment, income, education, violence and health. Yet, global human development policy largely overlooks SGMs. This paper seeks to advance the inclusion of SGMs in development discussions by formulating a capabilities approach applicable to SGMs. The paper first proposes a definitional scheme to identify precisely the population at stake, it then reviews psychological frameworks used to understand how sexuality and gender develop in ways that are positive and healthy, as well frameworks used to understand how law and culture restrict the choices and opportunities available to SGMs. Three themes emerge from each of these discussions, each of which underpin a capability vital to freedoms and positive development for SGMs: the capability to form one’s own identity, to engage in expression and expressive activity and to form and participate in relationships. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 18-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1599336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1599336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:18-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivica Petrikova Author-X-Name-First: Ivica Author-X-Name-Last: Petrikova Title: Perpetuating poverty through exclusion from social programmes: lessons from Andhra Pradesh Abstract: What factors underlie the exclusion of some poor households from welfare programmes? This article analyses the question through a comparative examination of households’ demographic characteristics, social capital and communities’ spatial (dis)advantage as determinants of enrolment in three social programmes in Andhra Pradesh, India. The main findings indicate that traditionally marginalised demographic groups do not experience programme exclusion significantly more than other groups, but that households’ social-network capital and communities’ spatial advantage increase households’ programme inclusion. The importance of social capital for programme inclusion wanes, however, in spatially more advantaged communities. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 33-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1601173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1601173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:33-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melanie Walker Author-X-Name-First: Melanie Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: The well-being of South African university students from low-income households Abstract: The role of higher education in development and social mobility is now widely acknowledged and globally recognised. In South Africa in particular, graduates have greatly increased employment prospects. This paper takes up the importance of addressing South African university students’ multi-dimensional well-being in the light of global higher education development agendas. Considering poverty and development in the space of higher education – specifically in the lives of youth from low-income households in South Africa – I draw on two waves of life history data from undergraduate students at five universities. Material-cultural conditions for a threshold of well-being emerged powerfully in every single student narrative, indicating a need for some rethinking of capability deprivation and poverty. This paper conceptualises three broad hardship categories specific to higher education, considering the multiplicity of factors and complexity of low-income in student experiences and achievements. Even though the theoretical framing draws on Sen’s capability approach and its attractive moral perspective, the paper also foregrounds students’ material well-being as significant in understanding how education can advance change, and not only reproduce social inequalities. The challenge remains, how do we reconcile resources and capabilities, and to link freedoms to financial analysis in evaluating the lives that students value? Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 56-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1672143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1672143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:56-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eskander Alvi Author-X-Name-First: Eskander Author-X-Name-Last: Alvi Author-Name: Seife Dendir Author-X-Name-First: Seife Author-X-Name-Last: Dendir Title: Wage returns to education in Ethiopia Abstract: In this paper, we aim to provide robust estimates of wage returns to education in Ethiopia. Previous estimates vary widely based on the scope and size of the study sample, variables employed, and estimation method. We use two recent rounds of national labour force survey data and a pseudo- (or synthetic) panel framework to address the well-known potential endogeneity of schooling in wage regressions. Birth-year cohort based pseudo-panel estimate of the return to an additional year of education is between 14 percent and 16 percent, 4 to 5 percentage points higher than that from ordinary least squares (OLS). The significant downward bias in OLS is further confirmed by two-year pseudo-panel estimates and remains robust, to a large extent, as we use an alternate model, change the estimation sample, and address selection bias concurrently with endogenous schooling using a novel approach. We discuss some possible explanations in the context of Ethiopia. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 70-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1672145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1672145 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:70-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fayaz Ahmad Sheikh Author-X-Name-First: Fayaz Ahmad Author-X-Name-Last: Sheikh Author-Name: Saradindu Bhaduri Author-X-Name-First: Saradindu Author-X-Name-Last: Bhaduri Title: Grassroots innovations in the informal economy: insights from value theory Abstract: The scholarship on innovation hitherto has prioritized exchange value, scalability and large scale commercialization, overlooking the other significant human centric values discussed in 'value theory'. Consequently, innovations in the informal economy are often undermined due to their inability to generate exchange values. This paper identifies and examines the suitability of the nuanced set of values discussed in value theory for informal sector grassroots innovations. Based on ten years of ethnographic research in different parts of Jammu and Kashmir in India, we find that  these innovations generate a diverse set of values, ranging from use value to socially embedded reciprocal exchange value to different forms of relational and non-relational intrinsic values. At a juncture when strengthening alternative innovation approaches occupies a priority, these findings have important bearing on innovation policy scholarship. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 85-99 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1717453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1717453 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:85-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua Greenstein Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Greenstein Title: Narratives of global convergence and the power of choosing a measure Abstract: Research into the use of indicators in global governance emphasises the importance of which types of quantitative measurements of social phenomena are chosen, how they are chosen, and by whom. I contribute to this literature by applying these concepts to inequality measurements in the context of global income distribution. Any discussion of inequality includes an implicit normative comparison of distributions and the choice of measure will affect these comparisons. I argue that these seemingly technical methodological choices are actually value-laden, and may have effects on public perceptions and even policy outcomes. In particular, I focus on some influential research results concerning global income distribution and illustrate how a change in measurement choice can put these familiar findings in a new light. I also make a contribution by applying the concepts used to evaluate pro-poor growth – usually reserved for within country studies – to the question of global between-country convergence. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 100-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1672636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1672636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:100-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose Cuesta Author-X-Name-First: Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Cuesta Author-Name: Mario Biggeri Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Biggeri Author-Name: Gonzalo Hernandez-Licona Author-X-Name-First: Gonzalo Author-X-Name-Last: Hernandez-Licona Author-Name: Ricardo Aparicio Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Aparicio Author-Name: Yedith Guillén-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Yedith Author-X-Name-Last: Guillén-Fernández Title: The political economy of multidimensional child poverty measurement: a comparative analysis of Mexico and Uganda Abstract: As part of the 2030 Agenda, much effort has been exerted in comparing multidimensional child poverty measures both technically and conceptually. Yet, few countries have adopted and used any of these measures in policymaking. This paper explores the reasons for this absence from a political economy perspective. It develops an innovative political economy framework for poverty measurement and a hypothesis whereby a country will only produce and use reliable and sustainable multidimensional child poverty (MDCP) measures if and only if three conditions coalesce: consensus, capacity and polity. We explore this framework with two relevant case studies, Mexico and Uganda. Both countries satisfy the capacity condition required to measure MDCP but only Mexico satisfies the other two conditions. Our proposed political economy framework is normatively relevant because it identifies the conditions that need to change across multiple contexts before the effective adoption and use of an MDCP measure becomes more likely. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 117-134 Issue: 2 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1739261 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1739261 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:117-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Van Jaarsveld Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Van Jaarsveld Title: Nussbaum’s capability approach and African environmental ethics: is the African voice heard? Abstract: Martha Nussbaum’s capability approach (CA) offers a framework for a universal conception of human development. This paper interrogates Nussbaum’s approach using African environmental ethics (AEE) to see if it captures African ways of valuing nature. It looks at two ways in which Nussbaum’s approach considers the value of the natural environment: a) by applying her list of capabilities to non-human animals and b) by including, what is here termed, an environmental capability in Nussbaum's list of ten central capabilities she deems necessary for a person to flourish. The author argues that, despite limitations and need for further exploration, the second way of ‘environment capability’ aligns well with how nature is valued in AEE. The author also shows that both Nussbaum and AEE value nature in a way that, while not necessarily intrinsic, goes beyond material instrumentality and opens avenues for further discussion of the capabilities approach in traditional value systems Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 135-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1759037 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1759037 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:135-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Felipe B. Larraín Author-X-Name-First: Felipe B. Author-X-Name-Last: Larraín Author-Name: Oscar P. Perelló Author-X-Name-First: Oscar P. Author-X-Name-Last: Perelló Title: Can mining countries take advantage of their mining rents? A question of abundance, concentration and institutions Abstract: A common puzzle in economics is whether natural resources are a ‘curse’ or a ‘blessing’ for economic development. Previous studies have suggested that resource booms can promote growth, but private rent-seeking can turn these booms into a curse if institutions are weak. We argue that private incentives differ depending on whether rents are diversified across different commodities or concentrated in a few of them, because greater diversification implies higher appropriation costs. By using SITC-4 level of export disaggregation to measure within-sector concentration in 131 countries during 1991–2015, we show that the effect of mining rents on economic growth is conditional on the level of concentration within the mining sector. Mining rents enhance growth for economies with low concentration and strong institutions but reduce growth for economies with high-concentration and extremely weak institutions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 148-165 Issue: 2 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1732898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1732898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:148-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ninon Sirdey Author-X-Name-First: Ninon Author-X-Name-Last: Sirdey Author-Name: Benoit Lallau Author-X-Name-First: Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Lallau Title: How do producer organisations enhance farmers’ empowerment in the context of fair trade certification? Abstract: In the fair trade (FT) coffee sector, collective dynamics are viewed as a prerequisite for empowerment. The question of whether and how collective organisations empower farmers in the context of FT has yet to be fully explored. Using the concepts of collective agency and empowerment, this paper analyses the case of four farmers’ groups involved in two FT certified producer organisations in Peru. The results show that collective dynamics are drivers of change in this context oand help provide a ‘power to’ change coffee-related activities. They also generate a sense of ‘power with’, which improves group visibility and capacity to build new partnerships. Farmers gain the opportunity to develop their livelihood activities and women farmers develop ‘power from within’. TDespite that, collective action still focuses primarily on coffee and members-only projects. Inclusive rural development depends on extending ‘power with’ to other agricultural domains and to networks in the social and economic spheres. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 166-180 Issue: 2 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1725962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1725962 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:166-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Solène Morvant-Roux Author-X-Name-First: Solène Author-X-Name-Last: Morvant-Roux Author-Name: Anna Peixoto-Charles Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Peixoto-Charles Title: Here and there? Mobile money and the politics of transnational living patterns in West Africa Abstract: The authors examine the use of mobile money in the context of cross-border remittances in West Africa. Relying on mixed methods and a multi-sited empirical strategy they look at both the sending and receiving conditions of mobile money transfers. By looking at money as socially embedded and the role of migrants in the production of a transnational space, their results highlight that uptake and usage of mobile money for remittances are shaped by a transnational living pattern. At the same time, mobile money also contributes to strengthening and reshaping this pattern. By showing that conversion of virtual money to cash may be performed by brokers that live far away from the end recipient, the paper highlights an important gap between spatial distribution of mobile money infrastructure and the social mediation that supports e-money flows. Cash-based transactions, in turn, are shown to play a key role in the social mediation dynamic. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 181-194 Issue: 2 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1770208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1770208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:181-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lauren Cahalan Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: Cahalan Author-Name: Seth R. Gitter Author-X-Name-First: Seth R. Author-X-Name-Last: Gitter Author-Name: Erin K. Fletcher Author-X-Name-First: Erin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher Title: Terrorism and women’s employment in Afghanistan Abstract: Afghanistan is one of the most dangerous countries for women and has the sixth lowest women’s employment rate globally. Evidence shows that security concerns prevent women from working, but there is little work estimating the magnitude of or mechanism behind these effects. We address this gap in the literature by estimating the relationship between increased terrorist attacks and women’s employment using the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and the 2015 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). We find the number of attacks is negatively associated with men’s and women’s employment, yet the relative magnitude is larger for women due to their low employment rate. Conversely, we find that an increase in fatalities is associated with higher women’s employment, suggesting that women replace men that have died from attacks. This research illuminates a potential link between women’s employment and terrorism, thus adding to the ever-increasing knowledge of the costs of conflict. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 195-208 Issue: 2 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1760813 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1760813 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:195-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: The Sanjaya Lall Prize 2011 Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: iii-iii Issue: 2 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.677629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.677629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:iii-iii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eskander Alvi Author-X-Name-First: Eskander Author-X-Name-Last: Alvi Author-Name: Aberra Senbeta Author-X-Name-First: Aberra Author-X-Name-Last: Senbeta Title: Foreign Aid: Good for Investment, Bad for Productivity Abstract: This paper examines the effects of aid on sources of growth: capital accumulation and total factor productivity (TFP) growth; the latter captures the effect on growth after removing the contribution of factor accumulation. Given the role of TFP in explaining cross-country differences in income levels and growth rates, the productivity effect can play a significant role in explaining the impact of aid on growth. Contradictory effects of aid were found: aid boosts investment but adversely affects TFP, suggesting that efficiency losses may undermine the overall effects of aid on growth. It was also found that aid reduces the efficacy of financial institutions in supporting productivity growth, a surprising result that possibly illuminates the nature of aid distribution in receiving countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 139-161 Issue: 2 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.675053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.675053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:139-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fiona Tregenna Author-X-Name-First: Fiona Author-X-Name-Last: Tregenna Title: Sources of Subsectoral Growth in South Africa Abstract: Although South Africa's growth performance has improved somewhat in recent years, it has generally been poor over the last few decades. This article uses Chenery's factor decomposition method to analyse the sources of growth in South Africa from 1970 to 2007. Using input–output data, the growth of each subsector is decomposed into components associated with export growth, import substitution, growth in domestic demand and growth in intermediate demand. The results highlight a dependence on domestic demand expansion as a source of growth since 2000, especially for manufacturing. Subsectors that relied primarily on domestic demand expansion generally performed relatively poorly. Technological change is the only component of growth with a consistently positive and statistically significant correlation with subsectoral growth. The analysis contributes to a better understanding of growth in South Africa, particularly in terms of subsectoral dynamics. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 162-189 Issue: 2 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.677422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.677422 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:162-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Madhusudan Ghosh Author-X-Name-First: Madhusudan Author-X-Name-Last: Ghosh Title: Regional Economic Growth and Inequality in India during the Pre- and Post-reform Periods Abstract: This paper evaluates the economic performance of 15 major states in India, and examines whether initially disparate states displayed any tendency towards convergence in real per capita income during the period 1960/61–2006/07. Though the growth performance of the states has improved in the post-reform period, since 1991 the states have diverged in per capita income. The states following different steady-state paths are classified into three clubs—one convergent and two non-convergent. The regional divergence and club convergence are explained in terms of interstate variations in physical and social infrastructures, state-level policy reforms, foreign direct investment flows and economic structure. The poorly performing states could improve their relative economic position by undertaking investments in physical and social infrastructures, and speeding up the reform process by liberalizing investment and infrastructure policies. As industry and services are the major sources of regional divergence, any effort to reduce regional imbalance must focus primarily on these two sectors. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 190-212 Issue: 2 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.677818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.677818 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:190-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monia Ghazali Author-X-Name-First: Monia Author-X-Name-Last: Ghazali Title: Trade, Technology and the Demand for Skills in Tunisia, 1998–2002 Abstract: Although many developing countries have experienced an increase in the relative demand for skilled workers leading to a rise in wage inequality, the role played by trade in this trend remains a matter of debate. Using a firm-level database covering manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors in Tunisia over the period 1998–2002, this paper investigates whether trade-induced technological change could explain the increase in the relative demand for skilled workers. The empirical analysis is based on the estimation of an employment-share equation. Controlling for potential endogeneity issues, the results confirm that trade-induced technology adoption was a channel through which openness to trade raised the relative demand for skilled workers in Tunisia. Unlike trade, however, foreign investment in Tunisia did not appear to increase the demand for skills. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 213-230 Issue: 2 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.677023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.677023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:213-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Archanun Kohpaiboon Author-X-Name-First: Archanun Author-X-Name-Last: Kohpaiboon Author-Name: Pisut Kulthanavit Author-X-Name-First: Pisut Author-X-Name-Last: Kulthanavit Author-Name: Juthathip Jongwanich Author-X-Name-First: Juthathip Author-X-Name-Last: Jongwanich Title: Structural Adjustment and International Migration: An Analysis of the Thai Clothing Industry Abstract: This paper examines the structural adjustment process using evidence from the Thai clothing industry, with a view to informing the policy debate about international migration. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews with 50 clothing firms in Thailand during November 2009–February 2010. The key finding is that not all firms opt to hire unskilled foreign workers. The differences in company characteristics between firms that hire foreign workers and those that do not are clear. The latter are likely to be relatively large in size (in terms of both employees and sales), perform better and actively undertake upgrading activities. The former are typically struggling to maintain their profit margins, are relatively small and do not adequately invest in upgrading activities. Interestingly, hiring foreign workers is not the first response of firms, but reflects a tightening in the labour market and the fact that these companies have not yet successfully undertaken process upgrading. Allowing unskilled foreign workers in on a temporary basis with appropriately designed measures would be a win–win solution for labour-importing and exporting countries, as well as for the migrants themselves. The paper raises concerns about imposing one-size-fits-all policy measures in managing the flows of unskilled foreign workers. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 231-260 Issue: 2 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.678322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.678322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:231-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rossana Patron Author-X-Name-First: Rossana Author-X-Name-Last: Patron Author-Name: Marcel Vaillant Author-X-Name-First: Marcel Author-X-Name-Last: Vaillant Title: Public Expenditure on Education and Skill Formation: Is There a Simple Rule to Maximize Skills? Abstract: The ratio of skilled-to-unskilled labour stocks in the economy is widely acknowledged to have an important role for development. Can education policy affect the evolution of this ratio? This paper shows that it can: it also shows that the effect of education policy, for a given budget size, depends on the allocation rule across educational levels, particularly in the presence of systemic inefficiency. Using a stylized hierarchical education model, the theoretical conditions under which the allocation rule would favour the accumulation of skills are determined. The analysis has implication for policymakers in developing countries, where skill formation is much needed, because it shows that their allocation rules usually violate the maximization condition by assigning higher-than-optimal resources to higher education. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 261-271 Issue: 2 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.678323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.678323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:261-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Kelleher Richter Author-X-Name-First: Brian Kelleher Author-X-Name-Last: Richter Author-Name: Jeffrey F. Timmons Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey F. Author-X-Name-Last: Timmons Title: Why Not Adopt Better Institutions? Abstract: How much growth do (economic and legal) institutions cause? To quantify this effect, we adapted the baseline regression in Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson's (2002, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), pp. 1231–1294) seminal work on the causal relationship between the quality of institutions and differences in modern-day income levels was adapted. We found that improving institutional quality by one standard deviation increased a country's average annual growth rate by only 0.4% from 1820 to 1995. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 272-281 Issue: 2 Volume: 40 Year: 2012 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.677819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.677819 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:272-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingo Rohrer Author-X-Name-First: Ingo Author-X-Name-Last: Rohrer Title: Informal accountability. Street-level bureaucrats’ tactics to defy bad reputation in agencies of the Argentinian justice system Abstract: This article illustrates how employees of the Argentinian Territorial Agency for Access to Justice fear being perceived as lazy bureaucrats involved in clientelist networks. In order to improve their image, they fulfil requirements for formal accountability, but use additional, informal modes of accountability to underline the agency’s performance, impact and relevance. I illustrate that employees identify with the agency they are working for and are inspired in their accountability by methods that have proven to be effective in human rights movements and NGOs. Thus, my ethnographic example invites discussions in the overlapping fields of accountability and political activism. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 209-221 Issue: 3 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1787368 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1787368 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:209-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aiko Kikkawa Author-X-Name-First: Aiko Author-X-Name-Last: Kikkawa Author-Name: Keijiro Otsuka Author-X-Name-First: Keijiro Author-X-Name-Last: Otsuka Title: The changing landscape of international migration: evidence from rural households in Bangladesh, 2000–2014 Abstract: Evidence suggests that the poor cannot readily take part in overseas employment, largely because of high placement costs and poor access to job information. Using unique data on rural households in Bangladesh for 2000, 2008 and 2014, this study explores the socioeconomic characteristics of households which decide to send family members to work abroad and evaluates their changes over time. Analysis shows that the education of household members, asset holdings and social networks have been positive correlates of migration, particularly in the past. More recently, however, less educated and poorer households with weak social networks have begun taking part slowly as entry barriers have decreased. The possible causes for such change include the strong presence of recruitment agencies, persistent demand for low-skilled workers in major destination countries, growing domestic labor demand favoring educated workers, and better access to non-collateral loans and grants to finance migration. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 222-239 Issue: 3 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1790509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1790509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:222-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nkechi S. Owoo Author-X-Name-First: Nkechi S. Author-X-Name-Last: Owoo Author-Name: Monica Puoma Lambon-Quayefio Author-X-Name-First: Monica Puoma Author-X-Name-Last: Lambon-Quayefio Author-Name: Jorge Dávalos Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Dávalos Author-Name: Samuel B. Manu Author-X-Name-First: Samuel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Manu Title: Union ‘facilitation effect’ and access to non-wage benefits in the Ghanaian labour market Abstract: Effective access to mandatory non-wage benefits is key to workers achieving decent working conditions. This paper investigates the effects of union presence on workers’ access to non-wage benefits in the Ghanaian labor market. The study draws its data from the 2012–2013 Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 6) and specifies a multivariate model that simultaneously controls for endogeneity and potential sample-selection biases. We find that unions have a significant effect on facilitation among workers by improving awareness of and access to work benefits. Other factors that affect benefit entitlements in Ghana include the gender of a worker, urbanization, firm size, sector formality, public v.s. private sector jobs, type of occupation, and the presence of work contracts amongst others. Results presented here indicate that workers from formal-sector firms with union presence are more likely to have access to non-wage benefits. It is also found that despite the statutory nature of these non-wage benefits, non-compliance was common, predominantly in the informal sector but also in the formal sector. This is particularly the case with respect to maternity leave benefits and indicates a need for greater enforcement of these laws. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 240-255 Issue: 3 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1808603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1808603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:240-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose Cuesta Author-X-Name-First: Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Cuesta Author-Name: Mario Negre Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Negre Author-Name: Ana Revenga Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Revenga Author-Name: Carlos Silva-Jauregui Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Silva-Jauregui Title: Is it really possible for countries to simultaneously grow and reduce poverty and inequality? Going beyond global narratives Abstract: Global narratives underscore that economic growth can often coincide with reductions in poverty and inequality. However, the experiences of several countries over recent decades confirm that inequality can widen or narrow in response to policy choices and independent of economic growth. This paper analyses five country cases, Brazil, Cambodia, Mali, Peru and Tanzania. These countries are the most successful in reducing inequality and poverty while growing robustly for at least a decade since the early 2000 s. The paper assesses how good macroeconomic management, sectoral reform, the strengthening of safety nets, responses to external shocks, and initial conditions all chip away at inequality and support broad growth. Sustained and robust economic growth with strong poverty and inequality reductions are possible across very different contexts and policy choices. The comparative analysis also identifies common building blocks toward success and warns that hard-earned achievements can be easily overturned. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 256-270 Issue: 3 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1784864 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1784864 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:256-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mariel Bedoya Author-X-Name-First: Mariel Author-X-Name-Last: Bedoya Author-Name: Karen Espinoza Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Espinoza Author-Name: Alan Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez Title: Alcohol-induced physical intimate partner violence and child development in Peru Abstract: There is limited evidence of the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and child development in developing countries. Alcohol-induced physical IPV (AIPIPV) is one of the main forms of IPV. We use longitudinal data from a cohort of Peruvian children, tracked from the age of 1 year old, to test the association between AIPIPV against the mother during the child’s first two years of life, and the child’s test scores (vocabulary and math), socio-emotional competencies (self-efficacy and self-esteem, as measured by agency and pride indexes), and delayed school enrolment. Using multivariate regression techniques to estimate the relationship of interest and control for child, household, and community characteristics, we find that early-life exposure to AIPIPV is associated with lower test scores in vocabulary and math, and with lower self-efficacy. No association with self-esteem and with delayed school enrolment is observed. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 271-286 Issue: 3 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1790510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1790510 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:271-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Phanwin Yokying Author-X-Name-First: Phanwin Author-X-Name-Last: Yokying Author-Name: Maria S. Floro Author-X-Name-First: Maria S. Author-X-Name-Last: Floro Title: Parents’ labour force participation and children’s involvement in work activities: evidence from Thailand Abstract: This study provides a better understanding of children’s engagement in economic work and housework by examining its relationship with parents’ labour force participation. It also explores how parents’ employment type is associated with children’s involvement in work activities. Using Thailand’s Labour Force and Time Use Surveys, our multivariate probit regression results show that girls actively participate in economic activities when their mothers are employed, while boys’ involvement in such work is positively correlated to both parents’ employment. Girls’ housework participation is also positively associated with parents’ employment, suggesting that their assistance in household chores enable their parents to stay in the labour market. These positive relationships are prevalent particularly among children with either mothers or fathers working informally. Hence, the findings suggest that anti-poverty or expansionary policies aimed at increasing labour force participation without attention to job quality, social protection and care needs can adversely affect children by increasing their need to work. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 287-303 Issue: 3 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1792431 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1792431 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:287-303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Ehrhardt Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Ehrhardt Author-Name: Ami V. Shah Author-X-Name-First: Ami Author-X-Name-Last: V. Shah Title: Introduction: Abdul Raufu Mustapha and the study of difference and power in African states Abstract: This special issue is dedicated to celebrating the intellectual life and legacy of Abdul Raufu Mustapha (1954-2017). In this introduction, we highlight three themes that permeate his work on social divisions within the African state: the everyday experiences of identity and difference; the dynamics of conflict and violence; and ‘whole-of-society’ governance and statecraft. Notable within Mustapha’s work on these themes, and within the papers that comprise this Special Issue, are interdisciplinary connections and deep, historically-informed empirical work. Using this empirical work, Mustapha frequently challenged theoretical framings of African states that pathologized them; instead, he forced us to understand African states on African terms, and argued that we could learn much from them. In this way, his legacy contains invaluable lessons about governance in complex and divided societies, on the African continent and elsewhere; and it demonstrates a practical method for the decolonisation of scholarship on Africa. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 307-314 Issue: 4 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1825660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1825660 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:307-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leila Demarest Author-X-Name-First: Leila Author-X-Name-Last: Demarest Author-Name: Arnim Langer Author-X-Name-First: Arnim Author-X-Name-Last: Langer Author-Name: Ukoha Ukiwo Author-X-Name-First: Ukoha Author-X-Name-Last: Ukiwo Title: Nigeria’s Federal Character Commission (FCC): a critical appraisal Abstract: Since attaining independence, Nigeria has experienced recurrent tensions due to the severe horizontal inequalities that exist between different regions and ethnic groups. After the end of the Biafran civil war, consecutive regimes embarked on a reform process intended to address the sensitive issues of inequality and ethnic domination. Key reforms included the adoption of the federal character principle to ensure the equitable representation of different groups in all tiers of government, and the formation of the Federal Character Commission (FCC) to monitor and enforce its implementation. While the FCC has raised hopes on redressing historical imbalances in Nigeria’s civil service, this paper finds that little progress has been made over time. The workings of the FCC remain plagued by legal and administrative constraints, chronic underfunding, and political dependence. These issues will need to be addressed if the FCC wants to gain the legitimacy and power needed to fulfil its mandate. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 315-328 Issue: 4 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1727427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1727427 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:315-328 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nelson Oppong Author-X-Name-First: Nelson Author-X-Name-Last: Oppong Title: Between elite reflexes and deliberative impulses: oil and the landscape of contentious politics in Ghana Abstract: From the vested interests that have held back the promulgation of Nigeria’s petroleum industry for more than 17 years, to the sporadic stoppages that often frustrate attempts by the Kenyan government and Tullow Oil to truck oil from the Turkana region; grand schemes for  petroleum resources often get entangled in a complex web of contentious politics. Nonetheless, the basic instinct of the predominant literature on oil governance has been to confine these contentious processes to the ‘black box’ of elite consolidation. Based on an in-depth account of the distinctive political economy drivers of reform in Ghana’s oil industry and the complement of Abdul Raufu Mustapha’s interpretation of the ‘multiple publics’ governing Africa’s public sphere, this article offers a pushback against this dominant narrative. It argues that the constitutive processes that drive institutional and policy reform reflect the impulses of contentious politics, instead of elite reflexes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 329-344 Issue: 4 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1844879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1844879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:329-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ini Dele-Adedeji Author-X-Name-First: Ini Author-X-Name-Last: Dele-Adedeji Title: Rationalising the appeal of the Boko Haram sect in Northern Nigeria before July 2009 Abstract: In recent years, academic researchers and commentators have devoted a great deal of attention to the question of why some sections of the Muslim population in northern Nigeria sympathise with the Boko Haram sect. This article elaborates on original accounts of imprisoned Boko Haram members, former members of the sect, their relatives, and other categories of informants to draw out the dynamics which foregrounded the relative success of the Boko Haram sect in attracting members before July 2009. More specifically, I analyse the dynamics of the relationship between the Muslim public in northern Nigeria and the Nigerian state, in order to contextualise Boko Haram’s emergence and appeal as existing on that spectrum. I focus on both the healthcare sector and police force as case studies, to demonstrate how the perceived failure of successive Nigerian administrations in both areas has engendered gaps which alternative providers of social services have attempted to fill. The sect’s ability to provide social services helped in adding to Boko Haram’s appeal and local legitimacy. In doing so, it becomes clear that before July 2009 the Boko Haram sect took advantage of failures in governance, particularly at the local level, to attract a section of the Muslim public in northern Nigeria. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 345-359 Issue: 4 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1826418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1826418 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:345-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Egiegba Agbiboa Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Egiegba Author-X-Name-Last: Agbiboa Title: Vigilante youths and counterinsurgency in Northeastern Nigeria: the civilian joint task force Abstract: Building on the broader literature on vigilantism, communal war and conflict, this paper examines why and how the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) in northeastern Nigeria mobilized into a pro-government militia with the aim of extirpating Boko Haram insurgents, sponsors and supporters from their communities. It provides a rich and diverse empirical evidence and analysis of why and how local youths joined the CJTF, its modus operandi, and the nature of its relationship to the military and local populations. The participation of people from a variety of religious and ethno-linguistic groups in the CJTF’s counterinsurgent vigilantism point to a collective sense of duty that transcends popular narratives of ethnicity and religion as central to the politics of protection in contemporary Nigeria. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 360-372 Issue: 4 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1837093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1837093 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:360-372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Portia Roelofs Author-X-Name-First: Portia Author-X-Name-Last: Roelofs Title: Contesting localisation in interfaith peacebuilding in Northern Nigeria Abstract: Amidst a ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding, donors have seized on the idea of ‘localising’ peacebuilding programmes. Donors have sought to include actors who have local knowledge and connections in order to make interventions more context-sensitive. Yet programmes premised on the fractiousness of Muslim-Christian relations, as many in northern Nigeria are, are inevitably absorbed into over-arching narratives of global civilisational encounter. How does the local turn play out in this context of heightened international sensitivities? Drawing on the critical peacebuilding literature, this article analyses the origins of USAID’s push to localise its interfaith peace-building efforts in northern Nigeria, and the ambivalence of categorises like ‘local’ and ‘international’ in its subsequent partnership with the Kaduna-based Interfaith Mediation Centre on the TOLERANCE programme. While the categories of local and international are indeed contested and fluid, there are limits to how far local partners can successfully leverage these ideas in the context of unequal power relations. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 373-386 Issue: 4 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1787366 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1787366 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:373-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luisa Enria Author-X-Name-First: Luisa Author-X-Name-Last: Enria Title: Unsettled authority and humanitarian practice: reflections on local Iegitimacy from Sierra Leone’s borderlands Abstract: Calls to localise humanitarian practice and to engage communities in emergency responses have gained prominence in recent years. Using the case study of the response to the 2014–16 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone, this article probes into the assumptions underlying efforts to mobilise ‘community stakeholders’ to legitimise emergency measures, revealing how they envision authority within communities as static and independent of experiences of humanitarian intervention. Drawing inspiration from Raufu Mustapha’s intellectual legacy, it shows the limitations of these assumptions by paying attention to structural factors, historical legacies, and the empirical workings of power. Through an ethnographic account of how the Ebola response was experienced and remembered in a remote border town, the article proposes instead the concept of unsettled authority. Stories from these borderlands show how the legitimacy of local authority was dynamically negotiated, made and unmade, through encounters with humanitarian interventions as these became intertwined with longer-term contestations of power with unpredictable consequences. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 387-399 Issue: 4 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1828325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1828325 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:387-399 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Michael Clough Author-X-Name-First: Paul Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Clough Title: The moral economy of rural Hausaland: a perspective from long-term field research Abstract: This essay explores a model for inequality in Nigerian rural Hausaland based on fieldwork carried out from 1977 to 1979, with follow-up visits in 1996 and from 1997 to 1998. In the model, rural differentiation in areas of high population density and intensive market networks is theorized as resulting from a trajectory of non-capitalist accumulation. Capital accumulation in such areas is limited by ‘polygynous accumulation’ and ‘cliental accumulation’. Three accumulative forms are integrated by a culturally specific Islamic morality of hidima (social responsibility for others). This morality prevents the emergence of capitalist class differences. Case studies of accumulators from the summers of 2017 and 2018 show that rural accumulators continue to build polygynous households of extraordinary size. At the same time, economic growth in the national capital, Abuja, and to a lesser extent in other northern cities, has maintained high real labour rates. Rural accumulators continue to follow the trajectory of non-capitalist accumulation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 400-412 Issue: 4 Volume: 48 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1787367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1787367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:400-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Sanjaya Lall Prize announcement Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1884350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1884350 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vanya Slavchevska Author-X-Name-First: Vanya Author-X-Name-Last: Slavchevska Author-Name: Cheryl R. Doss Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl R. Author-X-Name-Last: Doss Author-Name: Ana Paula de la O Campos Author-X-Name-First: Ana Paula Author-X-Name-Last: de la O Campos Author-Name: Chiara Brunelli Author-X-Name-First: Chiara Author-X-Name-Last: Brunelli Title: Beyond ownership: women’s and men’s land rights in Sub-Saharan Africa Abstract: Advancing women’s land rights is a priority for the international development agenda. Little consensus exists, however, on which rights should be monitored and reported, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where individual property rights and customary tenure regimes coexist and where much agricultural land remains unregistered. In such contexts, land ownership statistics may provide only a limited picture of women’s and men’s land rights. While some surveys collect information on women’s land ownership, others collect information on women’s management of land or control over the output produced. Using recent waves of the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) for six African countries, we examine who holds the different rights on each plot of agricultural land and the extent to which these rights are held by the same person. We focus on (a) reported ownership, (b) who decides and manages the agricultural activities, and (c) who controls the output of land. We find that these rights over land do not always overlap, indicating that concepts of ownership, management and economic rights should not be used interchangeably. Consistent measures of women’s and men’s land rights are fundamental for the development of policies to empower rural women and to contribute to poverty reduction. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 2-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1818714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1818714 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:2-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Louisa Roos Author-X-Name-First: Louisa Author-X-Name-Last: Roos Title: Room for empowerment Abstract: The South African National Housing Program has sought to address housing insecurity by subsidising millions of low-cost housing units. The policy uses a gender-sensitive approach, by mandating joint titling and prioritising women-headed households as subsidy recipients. This paper examines the extent to which the policy has succeeded at empowering women through housing ownership. The paper finds limited evidence on the policy’s impact as a mechanism for women’s empowerment. No significant change is detected in women’s labour supply or well-being. Women who are co-owners appear to participate less in primary decision-making, but more so in joint decision-making. For women who are sole-owners however, the subsidy seems to increase primary decision-making and decrease joint decision-making. Moreover, the subsidy appears to decrease consensus within in the household about the identity of the decision-makers. Despite ambiguous results, the distribution of housing to women should not be abandoned and remains a pressing policy objective. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 23-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1856355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1856355 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:23-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucia Aline Rost Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Aline Author-X-Name-Last: Rost Title: ‘By sharing work we are moving forward’:change in social norms around men’s participation in unpaid care work in Northern Uganda Abstract: There has been increasing interest in understanding gendered social norms and how they change. This paper explores change in social norms relating to men’s participation in unpaid care work in Northern Uganda, where mixed-methods data from adults, children and adolescents was collected. Socio-cultural changes, related to a civil war and other influences, have been observed in this region. This paper finds that some men took on more responsibility for care work and described this as socially acceptable where it involved ‘masculine tools’, was perceived to be ‘modern’ or to bring financial benefits. These subtle adjustments do not cause radical change but are important because, over time, they can shift social norms in a more permanent way. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 39-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1869926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1869926 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:39-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charlotte Nussey Author-X-Name-First: Charlotte Author-X-Name-Last: Nussey Title: ‘A long way from earning’: (re)producing violence at the nexus of shame and blame Abstract: Symbolic violence is (re)produced within families at the nexus of blame and shame. This paper presents an understanding of symbolic violence that extends beyond processes of internalisation, in which shame is directed against the self, to questions of processes of reproduction within families, in which shame is externalised through blame. Drawing on mother-tongue life-history interviews with mothers and grandmothers in rural KwaZulu-Natal, the paper explores how this nexus of blame and shame is situated at the intersect of race and gender. It is bound by intergenerational poverty and educational exclusion that span the apartheid and post-apartheid eras in South Africa. Our understandings of gendered poverty thus need to attend to these intergenerational processes of shaming, in which pervasive neoliberal discourses around individual effort and success mask structural constraints, potentially damaging relationships within families and across social networks. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 53-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1864311 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1864311 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:53-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yonatan Dinku Author-X-Name-First: Yonatan Author-X-Name-Last: Dinku Author-Name: David Fielding Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Fielding Title: The long-term association between child labour and cognitive development Abstract: Child labour can deprive children of the right to a normal childhood and impair their productivity and earning capacity in later life. The relationship between child labour and cognitive development is central to these effects but has not yet been a focus of empirical research. Using panel data from Ethiopia and applying an instrumental variables estimator, we find a strong association of cognitive development with the amount of time previously spent by children on income-generating work, and with the amount of time spent on household chores. Existing levels of child labour in Ethiopia are thus demonstrably harmful. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 66-87 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1836141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1836141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:66-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Basile Boulay Author-X-Name-First: Basile Author-X-Name-Last: Boulay Author-Name: Rumman Khan Author-X-Name-First: Rumman Author-X-Name-Last: Khan Author-Name: Oliver Morrissey Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Morrissey Title: Under-utilised crops and rural livelihoods: Bambara groundnut in Tanzania Abstract: Indigenous crops are often neglected in development research, largely because they are grown in particular localities and only account for modest shares of agricultural production at a national level. This article aims to rectify this neglect with respect to the Bambara groundnut using a mixed methods study of farmers in Mtwara, Tanzania. The interest is in determining the importance of the crop in local production patterns and livelihoods, as well as potential levers for improved utilisation. Using the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods framework, we show that the crop is popular and recognised for its agronomic and nutritional properties. It is grown as an additional (or marginal) rather than main crop, with most growers reporting meeting consumption and food security needs as their primary motivation. The absence of markets constitutes a strong barrier towards sales of Bambara, and many farmers report being deterred from growing it for that reason. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 88-103 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1839040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1839040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:88-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshimichi Murakami Author-X-Name-First: Yoshimichi Author-X-Name-Last: Murakami Author-Name: Nobuaki Hamaguchi Author-X-Name-First: Nobuaki Author-X-Name-Last: Hamaguchi Title: Peripherality, income inequality, and economic development in Latin American countries Abstract: Following a neo-structuralist perspective, this study presents a development puzzle for Latin American countries (LACs): a triangular relation amongst peripherality (increased terms-of-trade volatility and technological backwardness), income inequality, and per-capita income. We employ a simultaneous equation model using three-stage least squares (3SLS) to analyse this triangular relation. We find that a decrease in income inequality and an increase in per-capita income were mutually reinforcing in 14 LACs between 1995 and 2014. Although technological progress increases per-capita income, it partly mitigates this increase by increasing income inequality. Additionally, the increasing effects of foreign sources of technology, including foreign direct investment (FDI), on income inequality are mitigated in countries with higher technological capabilities. While an improvement in commodity terms-of-trade expectedly increases per-capita income and decreases income inequality in South American countries, their volatility is mostly insignificant. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 133-148 Issue: 2 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1880559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1880559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:133-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benedikte Bjerge Author-X-Name-First: Benedikte Author-X-Name-Last: Bjerge Author-Name: Nina Torm Author-X-Name-First: Nina Author-X-Name-Last: Torm Author-Name: Neda Trifkovic Author-X-Name-First: Neda Author-X-Name-Last: Trifkovic Title: Can training close the gender wage gap? Evidence from Vietnamese SMEs Abstract: Firm-provided training is generally seen as an important tool for bridging the skills gap between the labour force and what the private sector demands. Little is known about how successful such training can be in closing the gender wage gap. We use a matched employer-employee panel dataset to assess why firms train and whether formal training affects wage outcomes in Vietnamese SMEs. Training is generally found to be firm-sponsored and specific in nature. We find that training is associated with higher wages for trained women as compared to both untrained women and men. However, we do not find a statistically significant wage difference between trained women and men. Furthermore, the wage increase is only associated with on-the-job training. Our findings indicate that, at least in Vietnam, firm-sponsored on-the-job training could help increase women’s labour productivity and thus contribute to closing the gender wage gap. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 119-132 Issue: 2 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1883572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1883572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:119-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Landry Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Landry Title: Under a money tree? Comparing the determinants of Western and Chinese development finance flows to Africa Abstract: China’s breakneck economic growth has been accompanied by  an expanding development finance agenda. Many have hypothesized that China is undermining the West’s drive to promote good governance globally, and in Africa in particular, by predominantly distributing money to poorly governed countries. This paper explores whether the determinants of Chinese development finance in Africa differ from those of Western countries. It finds that Western countries send more development finance than China to better governed African countries—those with lower corruption levels, better democratic outcomes, and a better human rights track record (though only the latter two have a negative relationship with Chinese development finance in absolute terms). This paper also finds that bilateral trade and UN voting alignment have a stronger impact on China’s development finance than that of Western countries and that China allocates more development finance than the West to richer and more resource-dependent African countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 149-168 Issue: 2 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1865901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1865901 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:149-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luisa Blanco Author-X-Name-First: Luisa Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco Author-Name: Nabamita Dutta Author-X-Name-First: Nabamita Author-X-Name-Last: Dutta Title: Do financial development and political institutions act as substitutes or complements? Abstract: This paper examines the interactive impact of financial development and political institutions on a specific development outcome: gross domestic investment. We explore whether financial development and political institutions act as substitutes or complements in the context of domestic investment. Using data from the period 1975–2017 for 131 countries to construct annual and five-year interval panels, we employ Fixed Effect (FE) and Dynamic Panel estimators (System GMM) to test our hypothesis. We find a significant interactive impact of political institutions and financial development on domestic investment. More specifically, we find a substitution effect among these factors. In the presence of inefficient institutions, financial development mitigates the negative impact of political institutions on domestic investment, and vice-versa. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 184-199 Issue: 2 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1849593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1849593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:184-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sabina Alkire Author-X-Name-First: Sabina Author-X-Name-Last: Alkire Author-Name: Usha Kanagaratnam Author-X-Name-First: Usha Author-X-Name-Last: Kanagaratnam Title: Revisions of the global multidimensional poverty index: indicator options and their empirical assessment Abstract: This paper examines how normative reasoning was applied to empirical applications of different indicator options in order to revise the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) indicators in 2018, to better align with the SDGs. Given the emphasis in the SDGs on leaving no one behind, the household surveys used to estimate the global MPI were explored to see which could create individual-level MPIs, however this sharply reduced country coverage by half. Consistent criteria is applied to assess whether 33 potential additional indicators could be added to strengthen the global MPI. A certain set of criteria applied rules out new indicators. Finally, the paper both illustrates and describes the iterative interplay of normative and technical considerations underlying adjustments in three original indicators – child mortality, nutrition, and housing – which involves considering the joint distribution of alternative indicators across twenty trial measures for all countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 169-183 Issue: 2 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1854209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1854209 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:169-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jinhee Lim Author-X-Name-First: Jinhee Author-X-Name-Last: Lim Author-Name: Taekyoon Kim Author-X-Name-First: Taekyoon Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Bringing drugs into light: embedded governance and opium production in Myanmar’s Shan State Abstract: Instead of criminalizing the opium economy or seeing it as a natural occurrence, opium production must be acknowledged as a basis for political and economic exchanges, which either unites or divides relevant stakeholders. This study employs an analytical framework called embedded governance to analyze opium production in Shan State, Myanmar in a new light. An alternative reading reveals a tripartite interdependency between the central government, ethnic armed groups and rural poppy growers; and marks a significant contribution to existing research which is largely focused on the elite-bargaining between armed actors and the government. We demonstrate that the opium economy delivers basic services and higher income for rural households, expands business conglomerates and civil society, and provides incentives for ceasefire negotiations. Nevertheless, the opium economy is also a basis for land-grabbing, forced taxation and public health crisis arising from drug addiction. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 105-118 Issue: 2 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1867088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1867088 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:105-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nayana Bose Author-X-Name-First: Nayana Author-X-Name-Last: Bose Author-Name: Shreyasee Das Author-X-Name-First: Shreyasee Author-X-Name-Last: Das Title: Intergenerational effects of improving women’s property rights: evidence from India Abstract: This paper analyzes the intergenerational effects following the positive changes in women’s inheritance rights in India. Using the Indian Human Development Survey data for rural India and a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that the property rights reform significantly empowered women through increased education. However, we find no intergenerational effect of the reform on children’s education. We explore two potential mechanisms to explain these results: the role of status conflict among spouses and that of a child’s birth-order and gender. Given that a woman’s bargaining power may depend on her relative position to that of her husband, we investigate this channel and find a significant decrease in children’s education in households where fathers are less educated than mothers. Accounting for a child’s birth-order and gender, we find no evidence of son-preference through the education channel. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 277-290 Issue: 3 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1899154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1899154 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:277-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Rougier Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Rougier Author-Name: Claire Gondard-Delcroix Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Gondard-Delcroix Author-Name: Jérôme Ballet Author-X-Name-First: Jérôme Author-X-Name-Last: Ballet Title: ‘Just out of reach’: examining the link between subjective wealth, aspirations gaps and empowerment in Central African Republic Abstract: “What explains the feeling of being disempowered? The literature on aspirations suggests subjectively deprived people may feel disempowered because they consider that any improvement to their lot is simply out of their reach. The present paper provides original and robust evidence that, alongside the well-known objective capabilities related to skills, assets and opportunities, psychological capabilities linked to aspirations also matter. Based on a Central African household survey and tackling endogeneity issues, we show that: (i) feeling subjectively more deprived decreases the probability of reporting a high level of empowerment, defined as power from within, that is the power to change one’s life; (ii) the probability of reporting empowerment decreases with the size of the aspirations gap, defined as the negative gap between one’s level of subjective wealth and the locality’s mean level; (iii) the capability framework is a relevant one to address the complex links between aspirations and empowerment.” Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 245-260 Issue: 3 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1864312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1864312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:245-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dao Thi Hong Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Dao Thi Hong Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Title: Foreign entry in the services sector and gender workforce composition Abstract: The services sector and multinational corporations have played an increasingly essential role in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment in labour markets. This paper examines whether the entry of foreign firms into the services sector can affect the gender workforce composition of their domestic counterparts, and to what extent. The empirical analyses utilise a large panel dataset of firms in the labour-abundant economy of Vietnam. The data show a higher proportion of women employed in foreign firms than local ones across two-digit industries and regions. The estimations indicate that foreign entry induces domestic firms to hire women more intensively. Large, state-owned and less capital-intensive firms tend to employ men at a higher rate. Further analyses reveal divergent effects of foreign affiliates. While increased foreign entry strongly stimulates the hiring of women among local firms in male-intensive industries, it exerts an insignificant impact on gender workforce composition in the female-intensive group. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 261-275 Issue: 3 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1890706 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1890706 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:261-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Agamile Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Agamile Author-Name: David Lawson Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Lawson Title: Rainfall shocks and children’s school attendance: evidence from Uganda Abstract: The increasing frequency of negative rainfall shocks presents households with the challenging choice of whether to send their children to school or to withdraw them in order for them to provide support in the household. We use high-resolution spatial rainfall data matched with the georeferenced Uganda National Panel Survey data to estimate the effect of negative rainfall shocks on children’s school attendance. We find that exposure to negative rainfall shocks significantly reduces children’s school attendance by almost 10%. These results have important policy implications for improving children’s schooling, particularly in geographical areas that receive particularly erratic rainfalls, in Uganda. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 291-309 Issue: 3 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1895979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1895979 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:291-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Panman Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Panman Title: How effective are informal property rights in cities? Reexamining the relationship between informality and housing quality in Dar es Salaam Abstract: Improving access to adequate housing is a global development priority. Formalisation of property rights occupies a central role in this agenda, based on long-held ideas about the weaknesses of informal arrangements in cities. In practice, however, we know remarkably little about how informal property markets in urban areas work. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data, this paper demonstrates that informal institutional arrangements in Dar es Salaam are surprisingly effective in securing ownership and addressing transaction costs – in other words, in the key dimensions of property rights targeted by formalisation projects. It also reveals, however, that the system is ineffective at upholding the third yet often-overlooked component of property rights: land use rights. This results in a social dilemma that traps housing in a low-quality equilibrium. The findings have direct implications for policy in Dar es Salaam and across the world and open new avenues for comparative research. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 230-244 Issue: 3 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1869927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1869927 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:230-244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Gledhill Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Gledhill Author-Name: Richard Caplan Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Caplan Author-Name: Maline Meiske Author-X-Name-First: Maline Author-X-Name-Last: Meiske Title: Developing peace: the evolution of development goals and activities in United Nations peacekeeping Abstract: Peacekeeping and development assistance are two of the United Nations’ (UN) defining activities. While there have been extensive studies of UN engagement in each of these areas, respectively, less attention has been given to the relationship between peacekeeping and development. We examine that relationship in this article. We do so by first considering whether concepts and principles that underpin peacekeeping and development cohere. We then combine original quantitative data with qualitative analyses in order to document the degree to which development goals and activities have been incorporated into UN peacekeeping operations since their inception over 70 years ago. While we observe a steady increase in the level of engagement of peacekeeping with development over time, we argue that short-term security goals have been prioritized over longer-term development objectives in a number of recent UN peacekeeping operations, as peacekeepers have been deployed to contexts of ongoing conflict. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 201-229 Issue: 3 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1924126 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1924126 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:201-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lena Morgon Banks Author-X-Name-First: Lena Morgon Author-X-Name-Last: Banks Author-Name: Monica Pinilla-Roncancio Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Pinilla-Roncancio Author-Name: Matthew Walsham Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Walsham Author-Name: Hoang Van Minh Author-X-Name-First: Hoang Author-X-Name-Last: Van Minh Author-Name: Shailes Neupane Author-X-Name-First: Shailes Author-X-Name-Last: Neupane Author-Name: Vu Quynh Mai Author-X-Name-First: Vu Quynh Author-X-Name-Last: Mai Author-Name: Saurav Neupane Author-X-Name-First: Saurav Author-X-Name-Last: Neupane Author-Name: Karl Blanchet Author-X-Name-First: Karl Author-X-Name-Last: Blanchet Author-Name: Hannah Kuper Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Kuper Title: Does disability increase the risk of poverty ‘in all its forms’? Comparing monetary and multidimensional poverty in Vietnam and Nepal Abstract: To meet the Sustainable Development Goals target of ending poverty “in all its forms”, it is critical to monitor progress towards poverty alleviation, including amongst people with disabilities. This research used data from a population-based nested case control studies (n=667) and compares monetary and multidimensional poverty levels amongst people with and without disabilities in the districts of Cam Le, Vietnam and Tanahun, Nepal. Overall, there were no significant differences in incidence of monetary poverty between people with and without disabilities. However, approximately half of people with disabilities were multidimensionally poor in both settings, twice as frequent as compared to people without disabilities. Amongst people with disabilities, multidimensional poverty was associated with having a functional limitation affecting cognition and self-care, disability severity and younger age. The high incidence of multidimensional poverty amongst people with disabilities even in the absence of monetary poverty indicates a need for social protection and other interventions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 386-400 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1985988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1985988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:386-400 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raka Ray Author-X-Name-First: Raka Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Title: The politics of masculinity in the absence of work Abstract: This paper is an attempt to draw attention to subaltern men – to the costs they are paying in a new global economy, and to the costs that society may well pay for misrecognizing those costs. With a specific focus on India, it highlights the creation of the powerful relationship of masculinity to breadwinning, the range of individual and collective responses to the loss of the ability to be a breadwinner, and ends with pointing to the possibility of different political outcomes and possibilities of ethical existence for these men in these uncertain times. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 311-323 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1996556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1996556 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:311-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magda Tsaneva Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Tsaneva Author-Name: Ashley O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: The effect of a large-scale workfare program on child marriage in India Abstract: This paper examines the impact of a large-scale workfare program, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), on child marriage in India. We use two rounds of data from the District Level Household & Facility Surveys and estimate a difference-in-differences model by comparing changes in child marriage rates between a cohort of young women and a cohort of older women before and after program implementation. We find that NREGS is associated with an increase in the probability of marriage before 18 of 2.7 percentage points, or 10.6%. Our results are similar when using different definitions of child marriage and are also robust to using a hazard model and a model with program intensity at the district level. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 337-350 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1945020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1945020 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:337-350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aisha Abubakar Author-X-Name-First: Aisha Author-X-Name-Last: Abubakar Author-Name: Sarah Bridges Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Bridges Author-Name: Alessio Gaggero Author-X-Name-First: Alessio Author-X-Name-Last: Gaggero Author-Name: Trudy Owens Author-X-Name-First: Trudy Author-X-Name-Last: Owens Title: Disability in Uganda: a medical intervention to measure gendered impacts on functional independence and labour-market outcomes Abstract: Using data from an orthotic intervention in Kampala, Uganda, this paper estimates the health and economic impacts of providing orthotic equipment to adults with lower limb disabilities. We examine changes to: (i) functional mobility and (ii) labour market outcomes, including type of employment and monthly earnings. One year after the intervention, the effects are noticeably gendered; men exhibit an improvement in their level of functional mobility, while women face little change or a reduction in their levels. In terms of labour market outcomes, for men the intervention leads to an increase in monthly earnings, which is partly due to a switch from self- to wage employment. Effects on female labour market outcomes generate more nuanced results. Earnings increase for women, although the overall effect is much smaller. Taking into account the intensity of equipment use, our Wald estimates reveal larger marginal effects on both mobility and earnings. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 324-336 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1959539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1959539 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:324-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pippa Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Pippa Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Title: ‘Many Chinas?’ Provincial internationalization and Chinese foreign direct investment in Africa Abstract: Chinese provincial firms are a major and growing source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa, yet there has thus far been little systematic analysis of their motives and behaviour. Based on statistical analysis of a panel of mainland China’s 31 provinces from 2000 to 2015 and a study of three diverse provincial cases, and modifying the classic Organization-Location-Internalization theory of FDI, this article uncovers a three-stage ‘inverted-U’ shaped pathway linking home province internationalization and investment in Africa. Firms from provinces with very low levels of integration in the global economy lack the experience needed to invest in Africa, while those in highly globalized provinces face fewer push factors driving them to (comparatively risky) countries of the developing world. These findings suggest that Chinese provincial FDI in Africa may be driven by a ‘logic of escapism’ alongside conventional FDI motives. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 351-367 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1965977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1965977 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:351-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pritish Behuria Author-X-Name-First: Pritish Author-X-Name-Last: Behuria Title: The political economy of reviving industrial policy in Uganda Abstract: Industrial policy is enjoying a resurgence. Though the revival of industrial policies has been generally associated with the prioritisation of increasing exports, several African countries have introduced domestically oriented industrial policies. Despite their increased adoption, domestically oriented industrial policies have had limited success. This paper deepens our understanding of contemporary constraints to industrialization by analysing Uganda’s failed attempts at banning used clothes and using public procurement to promote domestic consumption of locally produced goods. Despite acknowledgment of the political constraints of industrial policy in academic and policy circles, the Ugandan government has replicated domestically oriented industrial policies implemented elsewhere, without adapting them to local political realities. This has resulted in significant resistance to industrial policies, which showcase the salience of the legacies of past policies. In particular, the paper highlights how resistance exists within government (from powerful budgetary ministries) and through the competing interests of industrial firms.  Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 368-385 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1960296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1960296 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:368-385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asmita Kabra Author-X-Name-First: Asmita Author-X-Name-Last: Kabra Author-Name: Budhaditya Das Author-X-Name-First: Budhaditya Author-X-Name-Last: Das Title: Aye for the tiger: hegemony, authority, and volition in India’s regime of dispossession for conservation Abstract: Dispossession of rural populations to create inviolate Protected Areas for biodiversity conservation is a shared concern in BRICS countries. This article explores the distinctive ideology, institutions, and actors that constitute the regime of dispossession for conservation (DfC) in India’s tiger reserves. It investigates the reasons for the regime’s continued stability and resilience in the neoliberal era, when land-taking for industrial development has become highly contentious. India’s conservationist state has effectively denied resource rights to the inhabitants of Tiger Reserves and displaced them through its Voluntary Relocation Scheme, which is posited as a win-win solution for tigers and tribals. The historically unequal relationship between the state and forest dwellers necessitates closely examining hegemonic processes through which volition for relocation is assembled. This article argues that the Dispossession for Conservation regime assembles volition through a complex interplay of its hegemony and authority with the unfulfilled development aspirations of India’s forest dwellers. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 44-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2028134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2028134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:44-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Zajontz Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Zajontz Title: The Chinese infrastructural fix in Africa: lessons from the Sino-Zambian ‘road bonanza’ Abstract: This article scrutinises the surge in Chinese-funded road development in Zambia with the help of David Harvey’s theory of spatio-temporal fixes. The ‘moving out’ of Chinese surplus capital and material to Africa has been facilitated by an extensive disbursement of loans and export credits for infrastructure projects. Transcending Harvey’s analytical ‘imperio-centrism’, the article shows that the actualisation of the Chinese infrastructural fix has been contingent upon Zambia’s ambitious, debt-financed infrastructure development agenda. Particularities of Chinese loan financing have thereby fostered ‘not so public’ procurement processes and accelerated Zambia’s rapid debt accumulation. As rising debt has imposed structural constraints, the recent shift in the financial governance of road development towards private project finance is analysed with reference to the Lusaka-Ndola dual carriageway. The renaissance of public-private partnerships and the gradual privatisation of Zambian roads signify new rounds of accumulation by dispossession, as the Chinese infrastructural fix enters its next stage. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 14-29 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1861230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1861230 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:14-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mihika Chatterjee Author-X-Name-First: Mihika Author-X-Name-Last: Chatterjee Author-Name: Ikuno Naka Author-X-Name-First: Ikuno Author-X-Name-Last: Naka Title: Twenty years of BRICS: political and economic transformations through the lens of land Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 2-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:2-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniele Barbosa Author-X-Name-First: Daniele Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa Author-Name: Edmundo Oderich Author-X-Name-First: Edmundo Author-X-Name-Last: Oderich Author-Name: Angela Camana Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Camana Title: Kaingang indigenous, family farmers and soy in southern Brazil: new old conflicts over land Abstract: Over the past two decades, the expansion of agriculture in Brazil, along with indigenous peoples’ growing claims for land, has increased the tension between indigenous groups and farmers. This paper addresses the dispute for land between Kaingangs and family farmers in southern Brazil, aiming to reveal tensions, disagreements and coalitions – that is, the frictions – demonstrated by these subjects when they narrate their current experiences and practices. Our proposal is to look at these conflicts from a cosmopolitical perspective. The research is inspired by multilocal ethnographies, using open interviews with Kaingangs, farmers and local authorities as its main methodological procedure. We also discuss the main historical-political characteristics of recent decades, situating the action of the State regarding conflicts involving indigenous peoples, as well as how this situation may develop in the current context. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 30-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1956446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1956446 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:30-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucey Grainne Author-X-Name-First: Lucey Author-X-Name-Last: Grainne Title: The Sanjaya Lall prize for 2021 Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2064412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2064412 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yimin Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Yimin Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Title: The performativity of the state in China’s land transformation: a case study of Dahongmen, Beijing Abstract: The micropolitics involved in urbanising land is yet to be well illustrated in urban and development studies. With the case of Dahongmen in Beijing, this paper explores the governing techniques for dealing with land transformation to uncover the nature and conduct of the state in weaving together land and urban questions. Recognising the power of discourses in enacting actions, this paper focuses on two performative moments of the state in reassembling land for the urban process, corresponding to social (re)ordering and economic mechanisms respectively. Both moments are critical since new ideas, concepts, and calculative rationales are invented to reassemble land into the intermediator of the urban process, whereby the state renews its identity and authority. The state, seen from the perspective of performativity, is more like a process (with structural effects) where certain utterances are made and repeated to incorporate multiple actors in land assemblages for the urban political economy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 62-77 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2025770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2025770 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:62-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Corneliu Bjola Author-X-Name-First: Corneliu Author-X-Name-Last: Bjola Title: AI for development: implications for theory and practice Abstract: The arrival of AI technology promises to add a fascinating new chapter to development theory and practice. Current studies have made good progress in examining the potential contributions of AI to achieving sustainable development goals and addressing challenges in specific development areas (poverty, global health, human rights, environment etc.). However, four lessons stand out when considering the impact of future research on the AI/development nexus: learning how to access and combine data from multiple sources, how to master AI techniques to extract analytical insight, how to build socially impactful AI solutions, and how to apply AI to development in an ethically responsible fashion. This paper makes the argument that AI could radically transform development theory and practice by prompting a rethinking of how data and algorithms come together to generate insights into the way in which development challenges are identified, studied, and managed. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 78-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1960960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1960960 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:78-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juliana Siwale Author-X-Name-First: Juliana Author-X-Name-Last: Siwale Author-Name: Cécile Godfroid Author-X-Name-First: Cécile Author-X-Name-Last: Godfroid Title: Digitising microfinance: on the route to losing the traditional ‘human face’ of microfinance institutions Abstract: Digitising how financial services are accessed in the microfinance industry is considered a magical pathway to increasing financial inclusion. This paper argues that beyond the numerous advantages digitisation is supposed to bring, it may also hinder financial inclusion if it completely replaces the loan officer-client relationship that has been a hallmark of microfinance. Based on questionnaires and on 21 semi-structured interviews with managers and loan officers of four microfinance institutions in Zambia, our research highlights the trade-offs that need to be considered when digitising the lending process. The study argues for a blended approach between digital technologies and flexibility through human touch if microfinance institutions are to retain the competitive advantage, as well as enhance the production and quality of soft information for financial inclusion in less mature markets. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 177-191 Issue: 2 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1998409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1998409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:177-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ece Kocabicak Author-X-Name-First: Ece Author-X-Name-Last: Kocabicak Title: Gendered property and labour relations in agriculture: implications for social change in Turkey Abstract: By investigating the implications of gendered property and labour relations in agriculture for socio-economic transformation, this article extends development theories and contributes to feminist analysis of unpaid family labour. Drawing on the case of Turkey, it demonstrates that gendered patterns of agriculture limit women’s mobility, access to education, and paid employment in non-agricultural sectors. Using the qualitative and quantitative methods, the paper finds that patriarchal property and labour relations prevent the movement of labour from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors, constrain labour supply, and increase subsistence earnings thereby putting upward pressure on urban wages. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 91-113 Issue: 2 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1929914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1929914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:91-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Grace Carswell Author-X-Name-First: Grace Author-X-Name-Last: Carswell Author-Name: Geert De Neve Author-X-Name-First: Geert Author-X-Name-Last: De Neve Title: Transparency, exclusion and mediation: how digital and biometric technologies are transforming social protection in Tamil Nadu, India Abstract: What are the effects of biometric and digital technologies on social protection for the poor in India? Drawing on ethnographic research from rural Tamil Nadu, this paper presents evidence of how new technologies are experienced by beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System (PDS), and analyses the impacts of technology innovations on transparency, exclusion and mediation. The authors focus on the implementation of ‘smartcards,’ new digitised and Aadhaar-enabled ration cards, introduced in ration shops across Tamil Nadu in 2017. They first document how digitised smartcards and mobile text messages transform transparency for beneficiaries by introducing new opacities and information gaps. They then demonstrate how a lack of transparency (re)produces forms of exclusion that remain a challenge under the automated PDS. Finally, the paper highlights how novel forms of kin and non-kin mediation play a mitigating role in accessing PDS, and constitute a vital part of the infrastructure underpinning social welfare delivery. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 126-141 Issue: 2 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1904866 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1904866 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:126-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ankita Pandey Author-X-Name-First: Ankita Author-X-Name-Last: Pandey Title: Movement allies: towards an analytical re-classification of civil rights groups in India Abstract: In this paper, I propose a different classificatory lens to analyse the collective action of civil rights groups in India. To date, this collective action has been variously classified as ‘non-party groups,’ ‘macro initiatives’ for grassroots groups, ‘action groups or support groups,’ as part of an emergent new left citizen’s initiatives, but mostly as a ‘social movement’ or ‘human rights movement.’ These differences in classification are not due to a considered disagreement; but because this activism is acutely understudied. Examining the history of such groups and the activist interviews I conducted, I argue for a re-classification of civil rights activism as ally activism i.e. they are allies of several, rather than a party to any particular social movement. Ally activism needs to be understood on its own terms to reveal their role in democratic deepening within South Asia. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 114-125 Issue: 2 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1982885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1982885 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:114-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ram Prasad Dhital Author-X-Name-First: Ram Prasad Author-X-Name-Last: Dhital Author-Name: Takahiro Ito Author-X-Name-First: Takahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Ito Author-Name: Shinji Kaneko Author-X-Name-First: Shinji Author-X-Name-Last: Kaneko Author-Name: Satoru Komatsu Author-X-Name-First: Satoru Author-X-Name-Last: Komatsu Author-Name: Yuichiro Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Yuichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Title: Household access to water and education for girls: The case of villages in hilly and mountainous areas of Nepal Abstract: This study examines the effect of household water accessibility on children’s educational attainment in villages situated in the remote hilly and mountainous areas of Nepal. Educational attainment was measured based on school attendance, grade repetition, and completion of primary and lower-secondary schooling. The estimation results show that a one-hour increase in the time spent on a water-fetching trip will decrease the probability of girls completing primary school by about 17 percentage points (in the age group of 14–16 years). Although boys’ completion rate is less affected, they are more likely to repeat a grade. Additional analyses indicate that these results are driven by the increased participation of older boys and younger girls in household duties. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 142-157 Issue: 2 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1965978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1965978 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:142-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monica Shandal Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Shandal Author-Name: Sandeep Mohapatra Author-X-Name-First: Sandeep Author-X-Name-Last: Mohapatra Author-Name: Prakashan Chellattan Veettil Author-X-Name-First: Prakashan Author-X-Name-Last: Chellattan Veettil Title: Pareto efficiency in intrahousehold allocations: evidence from rice farming households in India Abstract: Intrahousehold models assume that plots farmed by women are as productive as plots farmed by men within the same household. Using a large plot-level dataset on rice farming households in India, we find evidence of significant Pareto inefficiency: women’s plots produce lower yields compared to their spouse’s plots, conditional on crop, plot and other attributes. The inefficiency is larger in the left tail of the rice yield distribution and primarily attributed to child-care burdens and social-norms faced by women. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 158-176 Issue: 2 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2020741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2020741 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:158-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2004393_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Roy Maconachie Author-X-Name-First: Roy Author-X-Name-Last: Maconachie Author-Name: Neil Howard Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Howard Author-Name: Rosilin Bock Author-X-Name-First: Rosilin Author-X-Name-Last: Bock Title: Re-thinking ‘harm’ in relation to children’s work: a ‘situated,’ multi-disciplinary perspective Abstract: The UN calls for the elimination of child labour by 2030, and its ‘worst forms’ by 2025. Implicit in this mandate is the assumption that children’s work is harmful, yet no coherent theory of harm exists within the child labour field. Moreover, evidence suggests that simply removing children from supposedly harmful work is often damaging. This paper explores how harm may be understood and identified in the context of children’s work. It reviews and synthesises literature from multiple disciplines, pointing towards a more situated and nuanced approach to harm that incorporates both ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ dimensions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 259-271 Issue: 3 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2004393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2004393 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:259-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2008892_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: M. Smale Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Smale Author-Name: V. Thériault Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Thériault Title: Input subsidy effects on crops grown by smallholder farm women: The example of cowpea in Mali Abstract: We examine the effects of fertilizer subsidies in Mali on the non-staple crop cowpea, often described as a women’s legume crop. We utilize a 2017/2018 dataset including both men and women plot managers in 2400 households. We find that women manage cowpea plots, as a primary and a secondary crop, less frequently relative to men. Yet, women also labor on male-managed fields where cowpea is grown as an intercrop. Results from the control function approach indicate that subsidized fertilizer received by the farming household reduces areas, and area shares, planted with cowpea as an intercrop. Subsidized fertilizer received by the household is negatively associated with the women’s cowpea harvests and revenues, with the opposite effect on men’s revenues. Findings raise questions regarding the subsidy program design, and its gender-differentiated effects, on production of underutilized crops with potential agronomic and nutritional benefits, such as cowpea. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 244-258 Issue: 3 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2008892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2008892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:244-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2033190_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Augusta Raiher Author-X-Name-First: Augusta Author-X-Name-Last: Raiher Title: Criminality and socioeconomic disadvantage: a spatial analysis throughout Brazilian municipalities Abstract: This study uses situational action theory (SAT) to analyse the effects of socioeconomic disadvantages on criminality rates (namely, robbery) in Brazilian municipalities. To achieve this objective, the variation of robberies per thousand inhabitants was used as a proxy for criminality, estimating its determinants using a spatial panel data set. As a result, we identified social disadvantage greater effect (i.e. variation of the mean Education and Health Firjan indices) when compared to economic disadvantage on the criminality in Brazilian municipalities. This effect was more noticeable in regions with poorer social infrastructure. Moreover, the crime environment to which individuals are exposed has a positive association in the determination of illegal acts, confirming arguments made by SAT. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 225-243 Issue: 3 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2033190 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2033190 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:225-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2007232_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Alexandra Peralta Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Peralta Author-Name: Robert Shupp Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Shupp Author-Name: Cansin Arslan Author-X-Name-First: Cansin Author-X-Name-Last: Arslan Title: The grower-trader relationship: experiments with coffee value chain actors in Uganda Abstract: In this study, we explore the nature of the relationship between smallholder growers and local traders in the coffee value chain in Eastern Uganda. Analysing the results of two lab-in-the-field experiments (trust and dictator games), we highlight the complex relationship between these two value chain actors. We develop three competing hypotheses: (1) coffee growers will send more to fellow growers than local traders due to social identity and fairness motives as well as because of past opportunistic behaviour of traders (2) coffee growers will send more to traders to curry favour, and (3) growers will send growers and traders the same amount because in a relatively competitive market setting there is little room for opportunistic trader behaviour. We fail to reject our third hypothesis. Our results highlight the importance of fully understanding value chain actor relationships and contexts to better design interventions to improve rural markets. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 193-208 Issue: 3 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2007232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2007232 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:193-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2004392_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Wahid Abdallah Author-X-Name-First: Wahid Author-X-Name-Last: Abdallah Author-Name: Shyamal Chowdhury Author-X-Name-First: Shyamal Author-X-Name-Last: Chowdhury Author-Name: Kazi Iqbal Author-X-Name-First: Kazi Author-X-Name-Last: Iqbal Title: Access and fees in public health care services for the poor: Bangladesh as a case study Abstract: The redistributive objective of public services critically hinges on the extent to which the poor can avail themselves of such services. We investigate two factors that can compromise redistribution: unequal access and illegal fees. Using a nationally representative survey (a data source less prone to reporting bias), we find that poor patients in Bangladesh are 8–10% less likely to consult public health care services than non-poor patients. Moreover, a large number of patients visiting public health facilities pay ‘consultation fees’ which are higher than the official rates, indicative of underlying corruption. Taken together, we find that the poor not only visit public health care facilities less frequently, they also pay a larger share of their non-food expenditure as bribes when they do access these facilities. Our results offer important insights into how the redistributive goal of public health care services can be hampered by misgovernance and corruption. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 209-224 Issue: 3 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2004392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2004392 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:209-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2008891_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Alicia Bárcena Author-X-Name-First: Alicia Author-X-Name-Last: Bárcena Author-Name: Gabriel Porcile Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Porcile Title: Globalization, international asymmetries and democracy: a structuralist perspective Abstract: International cooperation, especially on a multilateral basis, has lost ground in recent years. This process has been accompanied by the erosion of core democratic values in many developing and developed countries. Taking Rodrik’s trilemma in international political economy as a point of departure, we analyze the relationship between international regime, international cooperation and democracy using a center-periphery structuralist model, which acknowledges the existence of asymmetries in technological and productive capabilities across countries. We discuss the outcomes of the structuralist model in terms of growth and income distribution under different international regimes, namely the Bretton Woods regime and the hyperglobalization regime. We argue that hyperglobalization gives rise to a recessive bias that compromises income distribution and the stability of the international system. In addition, hyperglobalization has a negative effect on democracy stemming from the reproduction of inequality and specialization in sectors intensive in natural resources or unskilled labor. We present some empirical evidence supporting these results based on the Asian and Latin American experiences in growth and structural change, and on the positive association between democracy and more complex economic structures. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 272-287 Issue: 3 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2008891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2008891 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:272-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2088718_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Remya Tressa Jacob Author-X-Name-First: Remya Tressa Author-X-Name-Last: Jacob Author-Name: Rudra Sensarma Author-X-Name-First: Rudra Author-X-Name-Last: Sensarma Author-Name: Gopakumaran Nair Author-X-Name-First: Gopakumaran Author-X-Name-Last: Nair Title: Is rural household debt sustainable in a financially included region? Evidence from three districts of Kerala, India Abstract: This paper explores whether institutional change brought about by financial inclusion results in sustainable debt management by households. We analyze household indebtedness and its various dimensions using primary data collected from 600 households across 3 districts of rural Kerala in India. We find that more than half of the sample households are indebted. Using flow and stock analysis, we assess the repayment capacity of households. While the flow analysis based on interest and income comparison shows that debt is sustainable, the stock analysis indicates an alarming debt situation considering the illiquid nature of land assets. Both agricultural and non-agricultural households appeared to be caught in a debt trap. Our econometric analyses show that socio-economic factors like education and age of the household head, main source of household income and household asset value without land, are significant determinants of household level indebtedness. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 389-405 Issue: 4 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2088718 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2088718 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:4:p:389-405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2080812_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: David Olusegun Sotola Author-X-Name-First: David Olusegun Author-X-Name-Last: Sotola Author-Name: Pregala Solosh Pillay Author-X-Name-First: Pregala Solosh Author-X-Name-Last: Pillay Title: Thick concept but thin theories: a case for sector-based anti-corruption strategy Abstract: The anti-corruption industry has grown phenomenally in the last three decades with the proliferation of anti-corruption agencies in developing countries. However, there are limited success stories because corruption remains pervasive despite the establishment of these specialised agencies. This article thematically discuss the mismatch between corruption theories and anti-corruption strategies within an African context. We argue that the failing of anti-corruption efforts is rooted in a theoretical insufficiency which does not provide strong enough intellectual resources to battle corruption. Using qualitative thematic analysis techniques, we carried out an extensive review of anticorruption strategies across selected African countries and also dissected sectoral case studies across 12 sectors. Building on this, the article argues that sectorally demarcated anti-corruption strategies would be a better target for anti-corruption. We argue that sector-based anti-corruption strategies would provide a better reflection of corruption realities and help to reduce the conceptual ambiguities around corruption by bridging its theories and reality gap. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 372-388 Issue: 4 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2080812 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2080812 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:4:p:372-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2038118_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Annabel Dulhunty Author-X-Name-First: Annabel Author-X-Name-Last: Dulhunty Title: Examining microcredit self-help groups through the lens of feminist dignity Abstract: Despite decades of controversy, microcredit initiatives continue to be championed by government aid agencies as a ‘win-win’ for both international development and women’s empowerment, bolstered by ideas of ‘smart economics.’ Most scholarship critiques these programs from a Marxist or poststructuralist perspective. This article instead investigates microcredit programming through the lens of feminist dignity and demonstrates the use of a framework founded on this idea. By using this framework to interrogate evidence from in-depth qualitative field research in West Bengal, India, this article argues that a focus on feminist dignity can improve women’s agency and wellbeing. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 307-320 Issue: 4 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2038118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2038118 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:4:p:307-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2077924_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Eric Akobeng Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Akobeng Title: Migrant remittances and consumption expenditure under rain-fed agricultural income: micro-level evidence from Ghana Abstract: Using a repeated cross-section data set from Ghana for 1991/1992, 1998/1999, 2005/2006, 2012/2013 and 2016/17, and a Two-Stage Least Squares estimator, this paper investigates the effect of agricultural income on remittances and consumption expenditure. It is found that households in Ghana use remittances to protect themselves from decline in agricultural income due to rainfall failure. The results suggest that a 100 Ghana Cedis decrease in agricultural income leads to a 30 Ghana Cedis increase in remittances. The results further posit that rainfall-induced agricultural income changes affect total consumption and food expenditures of rural households. A 100 Ghana Cedis decrease in agricultural income due to rainfall failure leads to a 60 Ghana Cedis fall in total consumption expenditure, and 36 Ghana Cedis fall in food expenditure of rural households. Very poor households in rural areas are found to be more vulnerable to such rainfall-driven agricultural income changes. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 352-371 Issue: 4 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2077924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2077924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:4:p:352-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2072448_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Joseph B. Ajefu Author-X-Name-First: Joseph B. Author-X-Name-Last: Ajefu Author-Name: Soazic Elise Wang Sonne Author-X-Name-First: Soazic Elise Wang Author-X-Name-Last: Sonne Title: The association between terrorist attacks and mental health: evidence from Nigeria Abstract: This study examines the relationship between the Boko Haram conflict in Northeast Nigeria and the mental health of heads of households. The information on depressive symptoms (as a proxy for mental health) of household heads was collected using the Centre of Epidemiological Studies Short Depression Scale (CESD-10). The information on household coordinates provided in the 2015 wave of the Nigerian General Household Survey (GHS) was used to measure households’ exposure to violent conflict through the number of conflict attacks as well as the number of fatalities within a local government area. To explore the pathways of the association between conflict and depressive symptoms, we employed mediation analysis to unpack mechanisms such as unemployment, illness or injury, and food security as potential channels through which violent conflict is associated with depressive symptoms. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 336-351 Issue: 4 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2072448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2072448 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:4:p:336-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2039606_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Smriti Tiwari Author-X-Name-First: Smriti Author-X-Name-Last: Tiwari Author-Name: Sara Savastano Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Savastano Author-Name: Paul Winters Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Winters Author-Name: Martina Improta Author-X-Name-First: Martina Author-X-Name-Last: Improta Title: Rural economic activities of persons with disabilities in Sub-Saharan Africa Abstract: Despite the high prevalence of disabilities and evidence that persons with disabilities are marginalised in rural areas of developing countries, little is known about their economic lives. The literature is limited to studying how disability affects participation in labour markets and hours worked. This paper extends the current literature by exploring the extent to which disability is associated with participation in, and income generated from, different types of rural activities, such as agriculture, non-agriculture, and wage labour, in three of the most populous Sub-Saharan African countries (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania). Findings based on panel data and a split first-difference model demonstrate that correlations between changes in disability and changes in economic activities and outcomes are highly contextual. A disaggregated look at various rural economic activities provides a more nuanced understanding of ways in which households cope with changing disability status within a given context. Analyses of disability severity and physical disabilities provide consistent results. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 321-335 Issue: 4 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2039606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2039606 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:4:p:321-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2039607_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Katarzyna Cieslik Author-X-Name-First: Katarzyna Author-X-Name-Last: Cieslik Author-Name: Art Dewulf Author-X-Name-First: Art Author-X-Name-Last: Dewulf Author-Name: J. Marc Foggin Author-X-Name-First: J. Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Foggin Title: Investigating project sustainability: technology as a development object in a community-based project in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan Abstract: The imperative of project sustainability has become explicit policy within development. This is especially true for technology transfer: ‘development objects’ are to be used by prospective beneficiaries long after the project’s closure. We argue that the link between project sustainability, technology and ‘success’ requires deeper scrutiny. We investigate a community-based project in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan, which included the transfer of smartphones, weather stations and camera traps. Upon the project’s closure, we compare the stakeholders’ viewpoints regarding the future use of the equipment, showing how technological objects attract new actors into the project’s network, change its course and enhance its impact. We use actor-network theory to explain how development objects shape development processes by generating own networks and transforming social relations of power. We propose a dynamic view of sustainability as: (i) continuation of delivery of project’s goods and services, (ii) durability of the achieved changes and (iii) feasibility of independent growth.. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 289-306 Issue: 4 Volume: 50 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2039607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2039607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:4:p:289-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2176862_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: William E. Rees Author-X-Name-First: William E. Author-X-Name-Last: Rees Title: Cities, energy and the uncertain future of urban civilization Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 11-17 Issue: 1 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2176862 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2176862 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:1:p:11-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2104238_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Louis Olié Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Olié Title: Under pressure: assessing the cost of forced solidarity in Côte d’Ivoire Abstract: Despite the extensive literature on forced solidarity – especially its substantial disincentive effects – some fundamental questions remain unanswered. How many households face pressure to share in a given country? How much does it cost to satisfy it? Which income group is the most impacted? What are the correlates of complying with strong sharing norms? This paper provides a novel measure of the pressure to share to answer these questions. Using nationally representative data from Côte d’Ivoire, I find that one in five Ivorian households faces social pressure to share income. They devoted 10% and 17% of household expenditure and income, respectively, to fulfill their social obligations. This social taxation concerns both the richest and poorest households. Overall, this study offers new insights into the economic cost of such practices and calls attention to targeting households in public cash transfer policies. Implications for policy and research are spelled out. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 33-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2104238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2104238 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:1:p:33-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2176861_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jo Beall Author-X-Name-First: Jo Author-X-Name-Last: Beall Title: Urbanising futures and sustainability: ODS sponsored plenary panel discussion, DSA 2022 Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2176861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2176861 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:1:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2176863_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Aromar Revi Author-X-Name-First: Aromar Author-X-Name-Last: Revi Title: The interconnection with climate crisis and inequality in the future of urbanization Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 6-10 Issue: 1 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2176863 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2176863 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:1:p:6-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2104239_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Tsiry Andrianampiarivo Author-X-Name-First: Tsiry Author-X-Name-Last: Andrianampiarivo Author-Name: Claire Gondard-Delcroix Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Gondard-Delcroix Title: Rural Classes and Credit Participation: The Itasy Livelihood Classes (Madagascar) Between Risk-aversion and Debt Capacity Abstract: While technical and economic factors are traditionally advanced to explain the failures of microfinance, a growing literature explores how moral factors and socioeconomic norms help to shape financial behaviors. In order to examine this issue in more depth, we conducted an empirical analysis of the links between socioeconomic stratification and financial behaviors. This original perspective enriches the literature on financial inclusion in the under-explored Malagasy context. Using data from the 2008 Itasy Observatory survey, we conducted a cluster analysis to identify five classes of rural households, ranging from a very poor and insecure group to an upper group of educated farming and non-farming households. Using a multinomial treatment-effects model, we established distinct ‘class-based’ credit behaviors showing that financial needs vary according to the users’ socioeconomic profile. What is more, such financial behaviours can be explained by taking social factors into account in addition to economic ones. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 18-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2104239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2104239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:1:p:18-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2092609_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Deborah S. DeGraff Author-X-Name-First: Deborah S. Author-X-Name-Last: DeGraff Author-Name: Deborah Levison Author-X-Name-First: Deborah Author-X-Name-Last: Levison Author-Name: Esther Dungumaro Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Dungumaro Title: Children’s work in environmental chores: ‘says who?’ Abstract: The standard approach for collecting sociodemographic data about children in developing countries is to elicit information from adults. While using proxy respondents is appropriate for very young children or for questions likely beyond children’s knowledge, it is less clear that it is better for older children and topics within their experience. Several arguments can be made that children could provide better or equally valid information on their activities than proxy respondents. We explore this question in the context of children’s work on environmental chores in rural Tanzania, using data that include parallel questions to children ages 10–17 and to proxy respondents about those children. Given the paucity of research on this issue, we offer exploratory evidence suggesting that efforts to collect data directly from children are fruitful and should be vigorously pursued, in keeping with Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 50-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2092609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2092609 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:1:p:50-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2091124_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Noman Ahmad Author-X-Name-First: Noman Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmad Author-Name: Faiz Ur Rehman Author-X-Name-First: Faiz Ur Author-X-Name-Last: Rehman Author-Name: Nasir Sarwar Author-X-Name-First: Nasir Author-X-Name-Last: Sarwar Title: COVID-19 induced national lockdown and income inequality: evidence from Pakistan Abstract: COVID-19 posits two risks to developing countries. On the one hand, growing COVID-19 cases exposed the vulnerabilities of the already debilitating health sector, while, on the other hand, policies to control the spread of COVID-19 can exasperate economic disparities. In this article, we examine one such policy response to control the spread of COVID-19 by the Government of Pakistan, the National Lockdown. This study assesses a plausible impact of this policy response on income equality across Pakistan. By exploiting a nationally representative household survey, it is observed that COVID-19 induced national lockdown is associated with increased income inequality in Pakistan. Our estimates show that about a 16 percent increase in income differences between the top 10 and the bottom 10 percent of the population could be associated with national lockdowns. Gini Coefficient also indicates an up to 3 percent increase in inequality after lockdown. At the disaggregated level, the suggestive evidence shows that inequality has increased within the urban population. Interestingly, the lockdown has also increased the inequality within occupations that can be managed remotely from home. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 66-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2091124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2091124 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:1:p:66-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2124241_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: David Landry Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Landry Title: A torrent or a trickle? The local economic impacts of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Abstract: Chinese mammoth investment projects abroad, and especially those under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) umbrella, are receiving heavy scrutiny in academic and policy circles. However, there is insufficient empirical evidence to evaluate their impact. This paper employs a difference- in-differences approach and a pair of new datasets on government spending and economic activity compiled by the World Bank to examine the local impacts of the Chinese-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan. It finds that the 2013 announcement of CPEC was accompanied by a disproportionate increase in government spending in CPEC districts. However, in the six years after it was first announced, CPEC has not directly contributed a significant increase in economic activity in the districts along its path. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 145-162 Issue: 2 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2124241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2124241 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:2:p:145-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2177264_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Daniel Hicks Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hicks Author-Name: Huiqiong Duan Author-X-Name-First: Huiqiong Author-X-Name-Last: Duan Title: Education as opportunity? The causal effect of education on labor market outcomes in Jordan Abstract: This paper studies the impact of the 1988/1989 educational reform in Jordan which extended mandatory schooling from nine to ten years and restructured secondary schooling. Despite weakness in the Jordanian labor market, our estimates suggest that an additional year of required schooling in the late 1980s was sufficient to improve labor force participation, employment, and wages. These effects were initially largest for women, while males with more education were also slightly more likely to be self-employed, work longer hours, and earn higher wages. We show that the extensive margin gains we observe for women persist over the life cycle, while intensive margin gains materialize only later in life. In contrast, the impacts for men strengthen over the life-cycle. These patterns are consistent with a persistent influence of traditional gender norms in Jordanian society influencing labor market decision making. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 179-197 Issue: 2 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2177264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2177264 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:2:p:179-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2177265_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Muhammad A. Kavesh Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kavesh Author-Name: Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt Author-X-Name-First: Kuntala Author-X-Name-Last: Lahiri-Dutt Author-Name: Rajendra Adhikari Author-X-Name-First: Rajendra Author-X-Name-Last: Adhikari Title: Women and plant entanglements: pulses commercialization and care relations in Punjab, Pakistan Abstract: Commercialization of agriculture in patriarchal rural Pakistan has transformed women’s critical roles in pulses production and has re-organised the gendered division of labour in what used to be widely known as a ‘women’s crop’. Pulses are grown in the marginal and arid lands by small-holder farming families where women care for the crops as an extension of their other caring roles for the households. Based on an ethnographic study of women pulse farmers in Pakistan, this paper examines the complex relations of women with the crop and the challenges they face. It argues that the restoration of a caring relationship between women and the pulses crop through a re-animation of multispecies contact zones may be a way to ensure everyday food provisioning in rural Punjab, maintain traditional socio-cultural and ecological relationships, understand the masculinity that has pushed women to the margins, and value women’s contribution, experience, and knowledge in agriculture. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 84-96 Issue: 2 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2177265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2177265 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:2:p:84-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2096210_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Saja Al Zoubi Author-X-Name-First: Saja Author-X-Name-Last: Al Zoubi Title: When coping strategies become a way of life: a gendered analysis of Syrian refugees in Lebanon Abstract: Using a field survey in informal Syrian refugee camps in Lebanon, this paper analyses refugee coping strategies and demonstrates how severe strategies become a way of life. It addresses how each refugee’s strategic choices are determined by an environment that is conceptualized via four dimensions of displacement: the civil host community, national and international policy, and humanitarian aid, in addition to individual characteristics such as gender. The findings show that the gender of the household head influences the severity of coping strategies, both directly and indirectly. The likelihood of using child labour and reducing the number of daily meals is higher for female-headed households. To categorise coping strategies among refugees, a new framework is proposed based on three categorisations: survival strategies, enhancing strategies and improving strategies. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 126-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2096210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2096210 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:2:p:126-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2115474_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Mohammed Iddrisu Kambala Author-X-Name-First: Mohammed Author-X-Name-Last: Iddrisu Kambala Title: The impact of precolonial political centralisation on local development: Ghana’s paradox Abstract: I investigate the impact of precolonial political centralisation (PPC) on local development in Ghana. Accounting for the potential endogeneity associated with the emergence of political centralisation, I find that PPC has a strong negative impact on local development. Further, PPC does not significantly correlate with the provision of local public goods. These results are robust to a battery of sensitivity checks and a wealth of controls at a fine unit. Two mechanisms plausibly explain these findings. First, I show that past colonial public investments, which still significantly determine contemporary development outcomes in Ghana, disfavoured politically centralised regions. Second, I argue that in centralised areas colonial rule might have empowered despotic local patrons who served the interest of the colonial state at the expense of local development. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 163-178 Issue: 2 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2115474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2115474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:2:p:163-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2208448_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: The Editors Title: The Sanjaya Lall Prize for 2022 Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 83-83 Issue: 2 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2208448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2208448 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:2:p:83-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2156491_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Maria Franco Gavonel Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Franco Gavonel Title: Are young internal migrants ‘favourably’ selected? Evidence from four developing countries11 Abstract: Young people2 are more likely to migrate than older people. During the transition to adulthood, they make important choices regarding education, labour force participation, and family formation. Using a unique panel dataset on youth born in 1994–95 in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, this paper investigates whether young migrants are ‘positively’ self-selected in observable characteristics, specifically on educational attainment. First, I document patterns on prevalence, frequency, timing, reasons and streams of migration. Second, I describe the factors associated with young people’s reasons for migrating. Results suggest that ‘favourable’ self-selection only holds for those moving for education: a year of schooling is associated with a higher probability of moving for studies, while an extra year of education is correlated with a lower probability of moving for family formation. In sum, migrants are a heterogeneous group: there are systematic differences in the characteristics across them depending on their reasons for moving. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 97-125 Issue: 2 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2156491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2156491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:2:p:97-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2162493_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Zuhairan Yunmi Yunan Author-X-Name-First: Zuhairan Yunmi Author-X-Name-Last: Yunan Author-Name: Ben Freyens Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Freyens Author-Name: Yogi Vidyattama Author-X-Name-First: Yogi Author-X-Name-Last: Vidyattama Author-Name: Itismita Mohanty Author-X-Name-First: Itismita Author-X-Name-Last: Mohanty Title: Spread of corruption in Indonesia after decentralisation: a spatiotemporal analysis Abstract: The end of the Suharto era in 1998 brought two prominent reforms to Indonesia: (i) a raft of anti-corruption policies and (ii) decentralisation of administrative and fiscal functions. District-level reported corruption swelled in following years and the role of decentralisation came under scrutiny, but data limitations prevented direct examination of a contributing role. This paper combines perceived and reported (observed) regional measures of corruption to examine spatiotemporal corruption patterns across Indonesian districts post-decentralisation. That period saw both improvements in perceptions measures and increases in the reported number of convicted perpetrators and in the reported value of financial loss. Cross-sectional comparisons show corruption perceptions (i) were milder in districts with less reported incidents of corruption, and (ii) responded positively to efforts by the judiciary and law enforcement agencies to curb corruption. These findings suggest that increased capability and resources allocated to combatting corruption play a large role in determining corruption perceptions. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 198-215 Issue: 2 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2162493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2162493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:2:p:198-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2204423_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ridho Al Izzati Author-X-Name-First: Ridho Author-X-Name-Last: Al Izzati Author-Name: Daniel Suryadarma Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Suryadarma Author-Name: Asep Suryahadi Author-X-Name-First: Asep Author-X-Name-Last: Suryahadi Title: Do short-term unconditional cash transfers change behaviour and preferences? evidence from Indonesia Abstract: Short-term unconditional cash transfers are used as a temporary mitigation strategy during adverse economic shocks. They can however, cause adverse unintended impacts on behaviour and preferences. We estimate the effect of receiving short-term unconditional cash transfers on behaviour, risk aversion, and intertemporal choice in Indonesia. The country first introduced the program in 2005 and continues to use it whenever adverse economic shocks occur. With 15.5 million beneficiary households, the program remains one of the largest in the world. We use an individual-level longitudinal dataset spanning 1997 – 2014. To identify a causal relationship, we combine coarsened exact matching with difference-in-differences. We find no evidence that the short-term unconditional cash transfer affected beneficiaries’ behaviour or preferences. Together with evidence of its positive impact in mitigating the impact of adverse economic shocks, our findings show that short-term unconditional cash transfers should continue to be part of the government’s portfolio of social protection programs. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 291-306 Issue: 3 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2204423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2204423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:3:p:291-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2202384_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Rita K. Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Rita K. Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Author-Name: Mariana Viollaz Author-X-Name-First: Mariana Author-X-Name-Last: Viollaz Title: Women in paid employment: a role for public policies and social norms in Guatemala Abstract: With only 32% of women in the labor market, Guatemala has one of the lowest rates of female labor force participation (FLFP) in the Latin America and Caribbean region and in the world. We explore information from different micro data sets, including the most recent population censuses (2002 and 2018) to assess the drivers of recent progress. Between 2002 and 2018, FLFP increased from an average of 26% to 32% nationwide. This increase was partly explained by increases in the school attainment of women, reduction in fertility and the country’s structural transformation towards services. However, a large part of the increase remains unexplained. Exploring 2018 data, we show that social norms, attitudes towards women and public policies are important determinants of FLFP. The analysis suggests that, taken together, these factors can all become an important source of increased participation of women in the labor market moving forward1. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 252-279 Issue: 3 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2202384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2202384 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:3:p:252-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2168259_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Lila Rabinovich Author-X-Name-First: Lila Author-X-Name-Last: Rabinovich Title: Using solicited audio-recorded diaries to explore the financial lives of low-income women in Kenya during COVID-19: perspectives, challenges, and lessons Abstract: Solicited diaries in audio, written and online forms are increasingly used in qualitative data collection. However, most studies using this approach are set in high-income, high-literacy country settings. This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges of this approach in a low-income, low-resource, low-literacy setting. We used solicited audio-recorded diaries to explore the financial lives of low-income women in Kenya during the COVID-19 pandemic. We enrolled 24 women to submit diary entries every day for seven days. We found that the audio-recorded diaries worked well with low-income women in Kenya, which has high penetration of cell phone ownership. The diaries provided textured, detailed insights into participants’ day-to-day challenges, fluctuations, and coping strategies while relying less on recall. Nevertheless, the approach required two pilots to perfect, which may be challenging when research resources and time are limited. This study provides timely evidence on the use of audio-recorded solicited diaries in low-income settings. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 280-290 Issue: 3 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2168259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2168259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:3:p:280-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2218640_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: T M Tonmoy Islam Author-X-Name-First: T M Tonmoy Author-X-Name-Last: Islam Author-Name: Shabana Mitra Author-X-Name-First: Shabana Author-X-Name-Last: Mitra Title: Military dictatorship and the provision of public goods Abstract: Non-democracies, particularly dictatorships, provide local public goods differently when compared to democracies. We use the Partition of the Indian sub-continent in 1947 to examine how similar ethnic groups living in similar agro-climatic conditions obtain substantially different configurations of public goods when exposed to different governance regimes. Our methodology draws upon the shifts in the central regime in Pakistan, between popularly elected governments and military dictatorships while using India as a benchmark, which had democratic governments throughout. We create and utilize a novel dataset for our district-level analyses from various census rounds in India and Pakistan. Our regression results consistently show that there is a significant under-provision of various public goods under dictatorships, while controlling for a host of time-varying local factors. Our results survive a battery of robustness checks and are particularly, not driven by large cities, or specific provinces. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 307-321 Issue: 3 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2218640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2218640 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:3:p:307-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2183943_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Zakaria Zoundi Author-X-Name-First: Zakaria Author-X-Name-Last: Zoundi Author-Name: Yuichiro Uchida Author-X-Name-First: Yuichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Uchida Title: Fuel–food nexus in urban areas: evidence from Burkina Faso Abstract: This study examines the transmission of fuel prices to food security among households with motorcycles in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, combining quantitative and behavioural analyses. The results indicate that approximately 61.3% of households were affected by food insecurity between 2018 and 2019. This share comprises those experiencing meagre forms of food insecurity (24.8%), moderate food insecurity (28.3%), and the most severely affected (8.2%). One of the chief reasons for food insecurity is households’ high reliance on motorcycles as a primary means of transportation. Low-income levels and unproductive rides can reinforce exposure to such vulnerability. Besides, households react differently and asymmetrically to fuel price changes. Reactions to hypothetical fluctuations in fuel prices suggest a positive association between gradual increases in fuel prices and food insecurity. Households’ exposure to food insecurity is further bolstered when the head is a female, non-salaried, less educated, of low income, or from a large household. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 322-338 Issue: 3 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2183943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2183943 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:3:p:322-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2195623_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Reidar Staupe-Delgado Author-X-Name-First: Reidar Author-X-Name-Last: Staupe-Delgado Author-Name: Luis Eduardo Díaz Villarreal Author-X-Name-First: Luis Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Díaz Villarreal Title: Bracing for turmoil: temporalities of livelihood adaptation among informal workers in Facatativá, Colombia Abstract: This study considers temporal aspects of livelihood adaptation in times of turmoil by drawing on interviews with informal street vendors in Facatativá, Colombia. By engaging a ‘time stories’ perspective, this article aims to provide a better understanding of how livelihood responses to shocks emerge from (and are constrained by) individuals’ initial and changing assumptions about the continued onset of a crisis. We found that livelihood adaptation to shock, in some cases, involves adopting a new livelihood that appears more durable. In other cases, adaptation is temporary with individuals returning to prior livelihoods when conditions allow. Many individuals had limited livelihood options. In such cases adaptation was more precarious generally, implying drastic consumption cuts or relying on neighborly networks. Also, changing one’s livelihood is a high-risk decision for people who are often already struggling to survive in a context of declining overall demand and falling incomes as a crisis hits. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 233-251 Issue: 3 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2195623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2195623 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:3:p:233-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2190087_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Anirudh Krishna Author-X-Name-First: Anirudh Author-X-Name-Last: Krishna Author-Name: Tushar Agrawal Author-X-Name-First: Tushar Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal Title: The impact of Covid-19 on household poverty: examining impacts and resilience in a 40-year timeframe in rural Rajasthan (India) Abstract: To what extent has chronic poverty increased during the pandemic? In July and August 2021, we revisited seven villages of southern Rajasthan (India), where we had studied household poverty dynamics in 2002. We find that in the two decades before the pandemic (2002–2020), people’s structural positions improved vastly, chronic poverty fell from nearly half to less than 20% of households. These gains in resilience helped people cope with the pandemic. The majority suffered deep income losses between February 2020 and August 2021, but there is no evidence of any substantive rise in chronic poverty. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 217-232 Issue: 3 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2190087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2190087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:3:p:217-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2279665_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: George Alessandria Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Alessandria Author-Name: Robert C. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Robert C. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Kei-Mu Yi Author-X-Name-First: Kei-Mu Author-X-Name-Last: Yi Title: Perspectives on trade and structural transformation Abstract: This paper surveys macroeconomic and microeconomic perspectives on the role of international trade in structural transformation. We start by describing canonical frameworks that have been used to quantify how trade influences sectoral shares of employment and value added. We then pivot to survey micro-empirical evidence on the impact of changes in trade on the allocation of labor across sectors and productivity at the firm level. In this, we put special emphasis on the role of participation in global value chains and inward foreign direct investment in mediating these effects. Next, we evaluate evidence on the barriers to trade faced by low-income countries, with special attention to recent work that measures these costs taking firm dynamics into account. We conclude by discussing how these micro-perspectives can be integrated into macro models to advance our understanding of structural change. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 455-475 Issue: 4 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2279665 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2279665 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:4:p:455-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2276702_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Kevin Donovan Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Donovan Author-Name: Todd Schoellman Author-X-Name-First: Todd Author-X-Name-Last: Schoellman Title: The role of labor market frictions in structural transformation* Abstract: Growth is closely related to structural transformation, the reallocation of economic activity among sectors. A well-functioning labor market plays an important role in this process by enabling workers to find employment in the growing, more productive sectors. We review the literature on labor market frictions that limit worker flows, slow structural transformation, and trap workers in poverty. The three main areas of focus are the extent of sectoral wage gaps, labor market dynamics, and evidence on specific frictions. Evidence in each area points to the presence of frictions that hinder worker reallocation. The literature also suggests policies that may help remediate frictions and improve worker mobility. We conclude by noting several open questions that provide promising avenues for future work. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 362-374 Issue: 4 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2276702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2276702 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:4:p:362-374 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2280748_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Douglas Gollin Author-X-Name-First: Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Gollin Author-Name: Joseph P. Kaboski Author-X-Name-First: Joseph P. Author-X-Name-Last: Kaboski Title: New views of structural transformation: insights from recent literature Abstract: This paper describes an emerging literature in economics that aims to merge macro issues of structural change and growth with micro data and analysis. This literature focuses on a set of related patterns of change that accompany the processes of growth and development. Traditionally, the focus has been on industrialization – and more broadly the reallocation of employment and economic activity from agriculture to manufacturing and services. The new literature considers a broader set of transformations: from rural to urban, from home to market (and from market to home), from informal to formal, and from self-employment to wage work. Drawing on new data sources, including micro data and administrative records, the literature tries to understand the complex interactions of a broad set of market failures, policy distortions, and impediments to the growth process. In broadening the understanding of structural transformation – to encompass processes beyond industrialization – this literature opens the door to a richer understanding of the processes of growth and a wider set of potential levers for policy. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 339-361 Issue: 4 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2280748 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2280748 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:4:p:339-361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2280638_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Douglas Gollin Author-X-Name-First: Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Gollin Title: Agricultural productivity and structural transformation: evidence and questions for African development Abstract: This paper summarizes key findings from the recent literature on agricultural productivity and structural transformation and then identifies priority areas for further research. The paper discusses the macro relevance of agricultural productivity for growth and structural transformation. New theory and data have underscored the importance of agricultural productivity as a proximate cause of low aggregate productivity in the world’s poorest countries, including many in sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence has also emerged on the importance of agricultural productivity growth as a driver of development and growth in the past. But micro evidence and changes in the global context suggest that today’s low-income countries may face a different set of challenges in the years ahead. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 375-396 Issue: 4 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2280638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2280638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:4:p:375-396 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2281590_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Monica Martinez-Bravo Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Martinez-Bravo Author-Name: Leonard Wantchekon Author-X-Name-First: Leonard Author-X-Name-Last: Wantchekon Title: Political economy and structural transformation: democracy, regulation and public investment Abstract: Technological progress is widely recognized as a fundamental driver of economic development and structural transformation. Nevertheless, substantial variations in productivity persist both within and across countries. While the literature on misallocation has made important progress, we still have a limited understanding of the extent to which these misallocations are driven by political factors and the actions (or inactions) of governments. This paper reviews the literature on various political distortions, including state capture, patronage, and firm-political connections, and their impacts on economic outcomes. The review emphasizes empirical research, especially in low- and middle-income countries, highlighting the need for coherent theoretical frameworks and policy interventions to address political distortions. The paper also provides suggestions for future research, aiming to advance our understanding of the complex interplay between political dynamics and structural transformation. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 417-435 Issue: 4 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2281590 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2281590 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:4:p:417-435 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2283106_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Joseph P. Kaboski Author-X-Name-First: Joseph P. Author-X-Name-Last: Kaboski Title: Financial frictions, financial market development, and macroeconomic development Abstract: This paper reviews the state of knowledge on the impact of financial frictions and financial underdevelopment on firms. The focus is on their aggregate and distributional consequences for the macroeconomies of developing countries. It then reviews available data and data needs for future progress and proposes an agenda of important but unanswered questions for informing our understanding of growth and policy. Various questions involve ways to promote financial development itself, guide second-best policies in the face of financial frictions that enable macro development, and develop an inclusive financial system that benefits all. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 397-416 Issue: 4 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2283106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2283106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:4:p:397-416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2278601_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: David Lagakos Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Lagakos Author-Name: Martin Shu Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Shu Title: The role of micro data in understanding structural transformation Abstract: This paper reviews the use of micro-level data for research on structural transformation. We survey the literature on the topics of cross-country productivity gaps, within-country gaps, labor markets, land markets, and infrastructure, and summarize how the use of micro-level data enhances our understanding of structural transformation that is otherwise hard to achieve with aggregate-level data. We suggest several areas that may benefit from more use of micro-level data. Our recommendations on data effort include collecting more panel data over longer years, especially from developing countries, complementing current time use surveys with data from developing countries, and improving the measurement of non-agricultural output. Relatedly, better measurement of physical and business capital is desired. Lastly, we note the rising trend of joining experimental data with structural models and encourage more studies to take advantage of exploiting the strength of both approaches. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 436-454 Issue: 4 Volume: 51 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2278601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2278601 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:4:p:436-454 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2270437_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Natalie Naïri Quinn Author-X-Name-First: Natalie Naïri Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn Author-Name: Simone Lombardini Author-X-Name-First: Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Lombardini Title: The Participatory Index of Women’s Empowerment: development and an application in Tunisia Abstract: In this paper we develop the Participatory Index of Women’s Empowerment, an innovative measurement tool that reflects its subjects’ own perceptions of empowerment. Participatory measurement is a response to the paradoxical potential for measurement of empowerment to disempower. A simple stated choice experiment allows participants to implicitly reveal the trade-offs that they make between different indicators of empowerment. This permits participatory determination of the relative weights for each indicator in a composite index, through estimation of a random utility model. We demonstrate the implementation of PIWE through a pilot application in the context of a quasi-experimental impact evaluation of an Oxfam project in Tunisia. Despite a relatively small sample size, we can reject the hypothesis that participants’ perceptions of empowerment are consistent with equal weights. We find that the project had a significant positive impact on participants’ empowerment and find suggestive evidence of impact on their perceptions of empowerment. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 54-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 52 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2270437 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2270437 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:52:y:2024:i:1:p:54-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2245363_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Momoe Makino Author-X-Name-First: Momoe Author-X-Name-Last: Makino Author-Name: Abu S. Shonchoy Author-X-Name-First: Abu S. Author-X-Name-Last: Shonchoy Author-Name: Zaki Wahhaj Author-X-Name-First: Zaki Author-X-Name-Last: Wahhaj Title: Early effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on children in north-western Bangladesh Abstract: Using data collected through a structured telephone-based survey in north-western Bangladesh during the height of the pandemic, we present evidence on the effects of household specific shocks on rural children induced by the COVID-19 lockdowns. We focus on three child-related outcomes: time use of children during school closures, plans regarding children’s future schooling, and the incidence of child marriages. We find that respiratory illness and job loss experienced in the household lowered expectations of a child’s future school continuation and increased the probability of marriage-related discussions for girls. The return of a male migrant led to a reduction of children’s time spent doing paid work, while the return of a female migrant led to a reduction in children’s time spent caring for others and doing household chores. Our findings offer a cautionary tale regarding the potential long-term effects of the pandemic and school closures on girls in developing countries. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 34-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 52 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2245363 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2245363 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:52:y:2024:i:1:p:34-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2313216_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Theresa Beltramo Author-X-Name-First: Theresa Author-X-Name-Last: Beltramo Author-Name: Hai-Anh Dang Author-X-Name-First: Hai-Anh Author-X-Name-Last: Dang Author-Name: Ibrahima Sarr Author-X-Name-First: Ibrahima Author-X-Name-Last: Sarr Author-Name: Paolo Verme Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Verme Title: Estimating poverty among refugee populations: a cross-survey imputation exercise for Chad Abstract: Household consumption surveys do not typically offer poverty estimates for refugees. We test the performance of a recently developed cross-survey imputation method to estimate poverty for a sample of refugees in Chad, combining survey and administrative data collected by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). We find the imputed poverty rates are not statistically different from the poverty rates obtained directly from the survey consumption data. This result is robust to different model specifications, varying poverty lines, and assumptions of the error terms. Targeting results based on the imputed poverty estimates also outperform common targeting methods, such as proxy means tests and the current targeting method used by humanitarian organizations in Chad. Replicating this approach in at least some of the 122 other countries currently using UNHCR administrative data could help address data gaps and provide much-needed estimates to effectively respond to forcibly displaced crises. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 94-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 52 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2024.2313216 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2024.2313216 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:52:y:2024:i:1:p:94-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2318556_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Michael Ehis Odijie Author-X-Name-First: Michael Ehis Author-X-Name-Last: Odijie Title: The AfCFTA and the entrepôt economy: a clash of free trade and political realities Abstract: This article uses the case of Benin to explore the tension between the political realities of African countries and the objectives of the AfCFTA. For most of the country’s independence, Benin’s political economy has been based primarily on informal and/or illegal entrepôt trade with Nigeria. Benin’s entrepôt system creates a loophole around trade barriers for products that are stringently regulated in Nigeria by enabling their importation to Benin, and then in turn, re-exporting or smuggling them into Nigeria. This article argues that informal and/or illegal entrepôt trade with Nigeria is so ingrained in Benin’s political economy that regional and continental free trade (which is incompatible with entrepôt trade) is all but impossible from Benin’s perspective. The entrepôt system is one of the main sources of government revenue, which ruling elites are not willing to surrender. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 114-127 Issue: 1 Volume: 52 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2024.2318556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2024.2318556 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:52:y:2024:i:1:p:114-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2334669_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Coleen Vogel Author-X-Name-First: Coleen Author-X-Name-Last: Vogel Author-Name: Nadia Shah Naidoo Author-X-Name-First: Nadia Shah Author-X-Name-Last: Naidoo Title: Stories from the Global South: the interplay of climate science, ‘action’ and the implications for development Abstract: Calls for humanity to act on environmental changes are becoming increasingly critical. The growing polycrisis including the impact of ongoing conflicts in contested geopolitical spaces and the struggles for ways to sustain a livelihood in areas of precarity and poverty, are just some of the intersecting challenges which have given rise to a Code Red alarm by the United Nations surrounding issues related to climate change. Rich narratives and stories of climate actions from Africa offer examples of potential paths. This paper explores how such narratives inform local development and climate action. A key message is that stories and narratives, created by various peoples, disciplines, and systems of knowledge, can all be powerful genres and sources for agentic change that can inspire and embolden development practice and action. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 4-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 52 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2024.2334669 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2024.2334669 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:52:y:2024:i:1:p:4-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2316506_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Jo Beall Author-X-Name-First: Jo Author-X-Name-Last: Beall Title: Editorial Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 52 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2024.2316506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2024.2316506 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:52:y:2024:i:1:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2225429_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Francesco Savoia Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Savoia Author-Name: Ioannis Bournakis Author-X-Name-First: Ioannis Author-X-Name-Last: Bournakis Author-Name: Mona Said Author-X-Name-First: Mona Author-X-Name-Last: Said Author-Name: Antonio Savoia Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Savoia Title: Regional income inequality in Egypt: evolution and implications for Sustainable Development Goal 10 Abstract: Research on income inequality in developing economies has scarcely looked at the regional dimension. This is important, as progress in reducing income inequality at national level can only be partially successful if a country consists of very unequal regions alongside relatively equal ones. Using newly assembled Luxembourg Income Study data, we study the evolution of income inequality within Egyptian regions during 1999–2015. The analysis offers three findings. First, income inequality has generally increased. Second, regional differences in income inequality tended to decrease, but less unequal regions are converging to similar levels of inequality of more unequal regions. Third, there has been a decrease in the income share of the bottom 40% and an increase in the proportion of people living below 50% of median income. Hence, geographically diffused progress on the first two targets of SDG 10 depends on reversing these trends. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 17-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 52 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2225429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2225429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:52:y:2024:i:1:p:17-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: CODS_A_2289196_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Fred Mawunyo Dzanku Author-X-Name-First: Fred Mawunyo Author-X-Name-Last: Dzanku Author-Name: Kofi Takyi Asante Author-X-Name-First: Kofi Takyi Author-X-Name-Last: Asante Author-Name: Louis Sitsofe Hodey Author-X-Name-First: Louis Sitsofe Author-X-Name-Last: Hodey Title: Heterogeneous market participation channels and household welfare Abstract: This paper uses panel data and qualitative interviews from southwestern Ghana to analyse farmers’ heterogeneous oil palm marketing decisions and the effect on household welfare. We show that despite the supposed benefits that smallholders could derive from participation in global agribusiness value chains via formal contracts, such arrangements are rare although two of Ghana’s ‘big four’ industrial oil palm companies are located in the study area. In the absence of formal contracts, farmers self-select into four main oil palm marketing channels (OPMCs). These OPMCs are associated with varying levels of welfare, with processing households and those connected to industrial companies by verbal contracts being better off. Furthermore, own-processing of palm fruits is shown to reduce gender gaps in household welfare. We also unearth community and household level factors that hamper or facilitate participation in remunerative OPMCs. These results have implications for development policy and practice related to inclusive agricultural commercialization. Journal: Oxford Development Studies Pages: 74-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 52 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2289196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2289196 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:52:y:2024:i:1:p:74-93