Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: E. V. K. Fitzgerald
Author-X-Name-First: E. V. K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Title: Editors' introduction
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 5-10
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424119
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:5-10
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Author-Name: Frank Humphreys
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Humphreys
Author-Name: Nick Lea
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Lea
Title: Civil conflict in developing countries over the last quarter of a century: An empirical overview of economic and social consequences
Abstract:
There is a growing number of wars in developing countries and they
are∼ concentrated among the least developed countries. This paper
explores their economic and social consequences by examining the behaviour
of countries worst affected by war from 1970 to 1990. Despite problems
about methodology and data some important conclusions emerge. There were
invariably large economic and social costs in addition to the direct
battle deaths, although the effects varied according to the nature and
duration of the conflict and the state of the economy. The costs are
indicated by losses in GDP, exports and food production per capita
compared with what might have been expected in the absence of conflict. In
most cases, trends in infant mortality rates were significantly worse in
war-affected than comparable economies. The extent of these losses varied,
however, while other effects, such as on savings and investment
propensities, government revenue shares and expenditure on social
services, differed sharply among economies in conflict, reflecting
differences in conditions, in government and donor policy and civil and
private initiatives.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 11-41
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424120
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:11-41
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: E. V. K. Fitzgerald
Author-X-Name-First: E. V. K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald
Title: Paying for the war: Macroeconomic stabilization in poor countries under conflict conditions
Abstract:
Much of the human cost of conflict in developing countries is the result
of economic collapse rather than military casualties as such. This article
examines the way in which the extreme macroeconomic disequilibria that
almost inevitably occur in wartime are generated and what their
consequences are for production, distribution and welfare. The problem is
often exacerbated by misguided policies on the part of both national
governments and aid agencies, based on concepts of structural adjustment
and humanitarian relief designed for use in peacetime. In contrast, it is
argued that a stabilization programme that explicitly takes into account
changes in the behaviour of households and firms under conditions of
fiscal stress, foreign exchange shortages and increased uncertainty might
not only sustain essential economic activity but also protect more
vulnerable groups from unnecessary hardship.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 43-65
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424121
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Keen
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Keen
Title: A rational kind of madness
Abstract:
The paper argues against the notion that wars, whether international or
civil in nature, are essentially irrational and “imposed” on
societies. Rather they should be regarded as emerging from political and
economic processes taking place within such societies—particularly
when “peace” involves violent processes as the corollary of
economic development and political consolidation. The paper examines the
rational nature of warfare, turning to historical examples before the
modern period. This framework is applied to the civil wars in Sudan and
Sierra Leone, leading to a general proposition as to the connection
between “economic war” and the weak state. The paper
concludes that it is essential to look at the functions of war as well as
its costs in order to bring it to an end, and to design appropriate
diplomatic and economic pressures to bring this about.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 67-75
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424122
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Turton
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Turton
Title: War and ethnicity: Global connections and local violence in North East Africa and former Yugoslavia
Abstract:
Many of today's wars are explained (by observers) and justified (by
participants) as the result of deep and ineradicable ethnic differences.
But ethnic differences are not given in nature and the relationship
between ethnicity and war is not a simple matter of cause and effect. Five
questions are considered in the light of recent internal wars in North
East Africa and former Yugoslavia. First, in what historical circumstances
do ethnic differences become salient? Second, by what techniques do
political leaders seek to use ethnic differences as a political resource?
Third, how can we explain the special power of ethnic ideas to move people
to collective acts, sometimes of horrifying brutality? Fourth, how can we
explain the growing importance of local identities in a world which is
also becoming more unified, politically, economically and culturally? And
finally, what can politicians, aid organizations, journalists and
academics do to help prevent and mitigate the terrible consequences of
politicized ethnicity?
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 77-94
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424123
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424123
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:77-94
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meghan O'Sullivan
Author-X-Name-First: Meghan
Author-X-Name-Last: O'Sullivan
Title: Household entitlements during wartime: The experience of Sri Lanka
Abstract:
Conventional ways of viewing conflict as destructive and irrational have
constrained the thinking of policy makers about the possibility of
constructive intervention and development strategies during wartime. This
paper, in looking at the experience of Sri Lanka, considers various policy
choices, as well as their costs, open to some governments during times of
strife. Evidence from Sri Lanka refutes the notion that government
services cannot be effective in wartime while simultaneously drawing
attention to the role that alternative societal structures play in
alleviating human costs. This paper demonstrates that a complex network of
providers of market, public, and civil entitlements can evolve in certain
wartime contexts and identifies how the mode of warfare employed can
create or destroy such a possibility. The study concludes that the
opportunities for constructive policy making during wartime are
greater— and the responsibilities of the agents at war
broader—than is commonly thought.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 95-121
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424124
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:95-121
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sabrina DiAddario
Author-X-Name-First: Sabrina
Author-X-Name-Last: DiAddario
Title: Estimating the economic costs of conflict: An examination of the two-gap estimation model for the case of Nicaragua
Abstract:
A substantial part of the economic cost of conflict arises from the
reduction in potential output consequent upon the sharp decline of foreign
exchange availability caused by the destruction of export capacity and the
interruption of trade channels. This paper examines the
“two-gap” model used by the United Nations to measure the
GDP loss from war in the case of Nicaragua. The theoretical limitations of
this model are discussed, and the implausibility of the assumptions as to
fixed import and consumption coefficients identified. Careful econometric
estimation reveals that there is in fact a structural break in the
consumption function, the use of which results in a more robust method for
estimating the economic cost of conflict, and more figures for the case of
Nicaragua.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 123-141
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424125
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:123-141
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Knight
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Knight
Author-Name: Li Shi
Author-X-Name-First: Li
Author-X-Name-Last: Shi
Title: Cumulative causation and inequality among villages in China
Abstract:
Why are villages that are geographically so close together economically
so far apart? This question is examined using a survey of 1000 households
in seven villages in Hebei province, China. An answer is developed in
terms of factor immobility and processes of cumulative causation. Although
a good natural resource endowment helps to initiate the process, the main
cause of differential village development is non-farm sources of income:
migration and village industry. Both are constrained and the easing of the
constraints involves path-dependent cumulative processes. For instance,
migration requires a village network of information and contacts, and
village industrialization depends on the accumulation of local skills
through a process of learning-by-doing and on the reinvestment of profits.
There is a case for mesoeconomic analysis at the village level in China
and in other poor countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 149-172
Issue: 2
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424127
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:149-172
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Chudnovsky
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Chudnovsky
Author-Name: Andres Lopez
Author-X-Name-First: Andres
Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez
Author-Name: Fernando Porta
Author-X-Name-First: Fernando
Author-X-Name-Last: Porta
Title: Market or policy driven? The Foreign direct investment boom in Argentina
Abstract:
Although the programme of structural reforms and price stabilization has
contributed to a better environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) in
Argentina in the 1990s, FDI flows are mainly explained by the incentives
established in specific policies regulating the privatization of public
services and in the automotive regime. The growth in internal demand has
been the main locational advantage inducing recent FDI into Argentina. In
this context, the impact of trade liberalization, entry of new firms and
the requirements of the specific policies in force have encouraged firms
to apply their human and physical resources in a more efficient way. Thus,
in contrast to what happened in the era of import substituting
industrialization, recent investments have been not only internal market
but also efficiency seeking. However, most FDI has a significant import
content and, except in the automobile industry, has not led to export
growth. Furthermore, resource enhancement activities have been far less
important than efficiency seeking investments and no significant strategic
asset seeking investments have yet been made in the country.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 173-188
Issue: 2
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424128
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424128
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:173-188
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeffrey James
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey
Author-X-Name-Last: James
Author-Name: Henny Romijn
Author-X-Name-First: Henny
Author-X-Name-Last: Romijn
Title: The determinants of technological capability: A cross-country analysis
Abstract:
Existing studies aimed at explaining cross-country differences in
technological capabilities among developing countries have tended to use
crude and unrealistic proxies—such as expenditure on R&D or the
number of registered patents—which bear little or no relation to
the findings from firm-level studies. This paper introduces a more
realistic measure of technological capability based on an index developed
by UNIDO, which is related to the complexity involved in the manufacture
of engineering goods. The significance of this measure derives from the
fact that in developing countries, the mastery of known technologies is
far more important than the ability to generate new technologies through
formal R&D. A regression analysis carried out with this measure points to
the significance of market size, the stock of scientists and engineers and
trade policy orientation as important determinants of cross-country
differences in this measure of production capability.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 189-207
Issue: 2
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424129
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424129
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:189-207
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ben Rogaly
Author-X-Name-First: Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Rogaly
Title: Embedded markets: Hired labour arrangements in west Bengal agriculture
Abstract:
This paper analyses why agricultural workers in West Bengal sell their
labour via different types of institutional arrangements. The aim is to
contribute towards explanation of the coexistence of diverse hired labour
arrangements. While neo-classical institutionalist models have been found
wanting in this regard (not least because of their tendency to focus on
employers' choices alone), they offer important insights. However, the
embeddedness approach taken here suggests that social and economic
structures need to be specified prior to the analysis of labour market
choice. Using microstudy data collected in 1991-92, it is shown that hired
labour arrangements are embedded in the structure of asset ownership, and
in ideologies of caste and gender.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 209-223
Issue: 2
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424130
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:209-223
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christopher Barrett
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Barrett
Title: Heteroscedastic price forecasting for food security management in developing countries
Abstract:
Price forecasting systems are of considerable importance to food security
management by governments' and non-governmental organizations. Sparse data
availability in low-income economies, however, generally necessitates
reliance on reduced form forecasting methods. Relatively recent
innovations in heteroscedasticity-consistent time series techniques offer
price forecasting tools that are feasible given available data and
analysis technologies in low-income economies. Moreover, extended GARCH
models exhibit superior out-of-sample forecast accuracy using monthly food
price data from Madagascar. These techniques also permit cost reduction in
food security operations by more precise estimation of the risk of hitting
a critical price level.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 225-236
Issue: 2
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424131
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:225-236
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pan-Long Tsai
Author-X-Name-First: Pan-Long
Author-X-Name-Last: Tsai
Title: 'Paradigms of development: The East Asian debate': A comment
Abstract:
Sanjaya Lall's contribution to the debate on the role of industrial
policy in economic development (Oxford Development Studies, 24, pp.
111-131,1996) is criticized. Part of the argument concerns the nature of
development experience in Hong Kong, where deindustrialization is not
regarded as a sign of lack of industrial policy, as argued by Lall. More
generally, the article contends that selective intervention is not
necessarily the key to capturing the benefits of dynamic comparative
advantage, that intervention costs can be large, and that governments can
have difficulty in devising and implementing plans for the development of
technological capability.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 237-243
Issue: 2
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424132
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:237-243
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanjaya Lall
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya
Author-X-Name-Last: Lall
Title: Paradigms of development: A Rejoinder
Abstract:
The comments by Tsai illustrate some important points in the industrial
policy debate, though they also reflect a misconception of the purposes of
my paper. My rejoinder describes briefly the 'revisionist' case, noting
that it provides grounds for careful government policies to overcome
market failures and not for wholesale, inefficient intervention. It
discusses why Tsai's critique of my interpretation of the Asian Tigers is
misplaced, and goes on to argue that the 'revisionist' case does not
underestimate the costs of government failure. It does, however, hold that
selective interventions are feasible in certain circumstances, and that
other developing country governments can leant from the East Asian
experience.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 245-253
Issue: 2
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424133
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:245-253
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jose Miguel Benavente
Author-X-Name-First: Jose Miguel
Author-X-Name-Last: Benavente
Author-Name: Gustavo Crespi
Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Crespi
Author-Name: Jorge Katz
Author-X-Name-First: Jorge
Author-X-Name-Last: Katz
Author-Name: Giovanni Stumpo
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni
Author-X-Name-Last: Stumpo
Title: New problems and opportunities for industrial development in Latin America
Abstract:
The paper considers the extent to which trade liberalization,
de-regulation of economic activity, privatization of public assets and
more careful management of macroeco-nomic aggregates, are affecting Latin
America. The background, set in import substituting industrialization, has
given way to transition towards a new productive structure and new methods
of organization of manufacturing activity. Part of that is the relative
rise of industries based on the processing of resources. Industrial labour
productivity improved in the early 1990s after a long period of
stagnation, which became very apparent in the 1980s, though the
achievement of an 8% per annum rate, and much shedding of labour, has been
insufficient to close the gap which exists with the US. The paper comments
on the difficulties of understanding transition in the context of economic
theory.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 261-277
Issue: 3
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424135
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:261-277
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan Temple
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Temple
Title: St Adam and the Dragons: Neo-classical economics and the East Asian miracle
Abstract:
This paper addresses recent explanations for the East Asian miracle. The
argument that growth is entirely due to the accumulation of inputs is
assessed and found wanting. There is still a place for the view that
attributes success to activist policy. This is especially so, since the
other explanations of East Asian success are rarely wholly convincing. The
paper demonstrates that popular cross-country models of growth usually
fail to explain the East Asian experience, but presents evidence
supporting emphasis on favourable initial conditions, including early
specialization in manufacturing.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 279-300
Issue: 3
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424136
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:279-300
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha
Author-X-Name-First: Raghav
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha
Title: Do rural public works influence agricultural wages? The case of the employment guarantee scheme in India
Abstract:
Since growth alone will not make a significant difference to agricultural
wages in an oligopsonistic labour market, a case is made out for special
employment programmes along the lines of the Employment Guarantee Scheme
(EGS) in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The EGS has a substantial effect
on agricultural wages—especially long-term. Diminution of income
supplementation through this scheme, following a sharp reduction in the
share of poor participants, was thus partly offset by higher agricultural
wages. To the extent that this income diminution reflected exclusion of
the poor from the EGS because of deficiencies in its design and
implementation, prompt remedial action would enhance significantly their
bargaining power vis-a-vis that of large landholders.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 301-314
Issue: 3
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424137
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:301-314
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philippa Bevan
Author-X-Name-First: Philippa
Author-X-Name-Last: Bevan
Author-Name: Sandra Fullerton Joireman
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Fullerton
Author-X-Name-Last: Joireman
Title: The perils of measuring poverty: Identifying the 'poor' in rural Ethiopia
Abstract:
The measurement of poverty in Africa has been pioneered by economists
(whose measurements usually apply to income or consumption by households)
and grass-root 'participationists' (who tend to use community definitions
of household wealth/poverty). These measures are often used in arguments
about the causes of poverty and what should be done about it, and these
arguments are often more ideological than scientific. In this paper, which
comes from a sociological tradition, we focus on the meaning and use of
measures of poverty, using data collected in rural Ethiopia from which we
have constructed four different measures of poverty, for three different
localities. We deconstruct the concept of 'poverty', explore the ways in
which the different measures relate to the elements we have isolated,
describe the measurements and consider their advantages and disadvantages,
and compare their different outcomes in terms of identifying 'the poor' in
the three sites. In conclusion, we argue that none of the measures as
applied identifies 'the poor' in a convincing way, that our conceptual
discussion suggests that this may not be possible in principle, that very
great care must be taken in data collection for, and calculation, use and
interpretation of, consumption poverty measures in subsistence economies,
and that poverty measurers of all persuasions should acknowledge the
complexities, reduce the rhetoric, improve the rigour and get 'smart'.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 315-343
Issue: 3
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424138
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:315-343
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi
Author-X-Name-First: Caterina Ruggeri
Author-X-Name-Last: Laderchi
Title: Poverty and its many dimensions: The role of income as an indicator
Abstract:
In this paper we analyse the choice of the dimension in which poverty is
to be measured by reviewing some implications arising from the debate on
the concept of welfare. By discussing Sen's capability approach, in
particular, it is suggested that income or consumption are not necessarily
the only indicators of interest in a poverty analysis. We then explore how
comprehensive a picture of poverty can be gained by focusing on an
income-based measure, using Chilean data from 1992. We analyse the role of
income both as having a direct impact on a set of indicators of well-being
and as proxying the relevant factors affecting them. In both cases the
link is found to be weak. This suggests that poverty analysis is highly
conditional on the indicators chosen and that the approach should be kept
as broad as possible in order to capture more fully the multidimensional
nature of such a complex phenomenon.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 345-360
Issue: 3
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424139
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819708424139
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:345-360
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: P. J. Dawson
Author-X-Name-First: P. J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson
Title: The demand for calories in developing countries
Abstract:
Empirical analyses of calorie intake response to income have produced
strong disagreement with some showing a low and statistically
insignificant effect. Using cross-sectional data for 41 developing
countries in 1992, calorie intake is significantly determined by per
capita income, income distribution, income growth, urbanization, food aid
and socio-cultural factors. The estimated income elasticity is
significant, around 0.07, while that with respect to urbanization is about
0.17. Inadequate calorie intake is caused by low levels of economic
development in general, rather than by low income in particular. Policies
aimed at alleviating inadequate calorie intake should not focus on income
alone.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 361-369
Issue: 3
Volume: 25
Year: 1997
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819708424140
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:361-369
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ngaire Woods
Author-X-Name-First: Ngaire
Author-X-Name-Last: Woods
Title: Editorial introduction. Globalization: Definitions, debates and implications
Abstract:
This introduction contrasts three competing interpretations of
globalization which appear in contributions to this issue. The
market-centred approach is contrasted with a state-centred perspective,
and finally with a people-centred interpretation of the nature and impact
of globalization. The paper then draws together the lessons for developing
countries which follow from the analyses of trade, investment, finance,
policy choices and reactions against globalization.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 5-13
Issue: 1
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424142
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424142
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:5-13
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Biersteker
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Biersteker
Title: Globalization and the modes of operation of major institutional actors
Abstract:
Most scholars writing about globalization define it in terms of a
dramatic increase in international transactions: from economic exchanges
such as trade, finance and investment to cultural ones such as
information, ideas and technology. A more useful way to think about
globalization is as a basic change in the way major institutional actors
think and operate. This article illustrates changes in thinking and modes
of operation in firms, in non-governmental organizations, in international
institutions and in the adaptive reactions of state policies. It also
explores the potential implications of this conception of globalization,
with particular reference to its contradictory consequences for different
types of inequality: between states, within states, and between states and
other institutional entities. The article concludes with an argument about
why globalization is likely to continue and why it is so important to
understand.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 15-31
Issue: 1
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424143
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424143
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:15-31
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diana Tussie
Author-X-Name-First: Diana
Author-X-Name-Last: Tussie
Title: Globalization and world trade: From multilateralism to regionalism
Abstract:
The integration of developing countries into world markets, and very
particularly those in Latin America, is transforming international
economic relations. Increasing economic openness should be a conducive
environment not just for increasing trade opportunities for developing
countries, but also for an invigoration of multilateralism. However, the
new economic “openness” is posing a serious challenge to the
existing international system of governance created under the GATT to
regulate international trade relations. Developing countries have always
felt that the rules and procedures of the GATT discriminated against them,
while developed countries argued that they had excluded themselves from
the benefits of multilateralism by adhering to import substitution. Now
that some developing countries are liberalizing their economies, they are
finding that globalization has not accelerated multilateralism in the
global trading system over the last decade. Rather, multilateralism has
slowed down. The paper attempts to explain this paradox and to point to
the challenges posed to international trade by the widespread adoption of
liberal trade policies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 33-45
Issue: 1
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424144
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424144
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:33-45
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Dunning
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Dunning
Title: Globalization and the new geography of foreign direct investment
Abstract:
This paper first describes the changes in the geography of foreign direct
investment (FDI) over the past two decades. It then goes on to offer some
explanations for the changes identified. Next, it suggests that the new
geography of FDI strongly reflects the sectors in which multinational
enterprises operate, the countries from which they originate, and their
international production and marketing strategies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 47-69
Issue: 1
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424145
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424145
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:47-69
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Geoffrey Garrett
Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey
Author-X-Name-Last: Garrett
Title: Shrinking states? Globalization and national autonomy in the oecd
Abstract:
This article refutes the conventional view that globalization, and most
importantly the international integration of financial markets, has
resulted in a policy race to the bottom among the OECD countries. I
demonstrate that globalization has been associated with increasing
divergence in national economic policy regimes that continue to be heavily
influenced by domestic factors such as the partisan balance of political
power and the strength of organized labor movements. Moreover, countries
that have chosen to react to market integration by expanding their public
economies have not suffered significant macroeconomic costs. Real economic
performance has deteriorated substantially throughout the OECD since the
1960s, but this cannot be attributed to the costs of big government in the
global economy. Governments have a critical role to play in promoting and
maintaining an open international economy. By cushioning the short-term
dislocations of markets, governments can increase popular support for
liberalization. These are important policy lessons for the developing
countries as they become increasingly exposed to global market forces.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 71-97
Issue: 1
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424146
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424146
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:71-97
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Falk
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Falk
Title: Global civil society: Perspectives, initiatives, movements
Abstract:
This article focuses on the efforts of voluntary associations, rooted in
a global consciousness, to address the negative impacts of globalization.
In part, this encounter reflects the extent to which globalization has
been unfolding in recent years in an ideological climate of
neo-liberalism. As a result, there has been steady downward pressure on
the social agenda of governments and international institutions.
Globalization-from-below represents an overall effort to moderate market
logic by reference to the following values embodied in “normative
democracy”, a view of democracy that takes account of the emergence
of global village realities: consent of affected peoples; rule of law in
all arenas of decision; human rights; effective modes of participation;
accountability; support for public goods to address basic needs;
transparency; and non-violence as a principle of public order.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 99-110
Issue: 1
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424147
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424147
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:99-110
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benjamin Cohen
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen
Title: Money in a globalized world: From monopoly to oligopoly
Abstract:
When addressing issues of global finance, we are accustomed to thinking
of money as effectively insular: each currency sovereign within the
territorial frontiers of a single state or monetary union. In fact,
cross-border currency competition has become increasingly prevalent. Money
today is effectively deterritorialized. What does this mean for national
monetary sovereignty? A strictly territorial currency privileges
government in relation to societal actors. Conversely, the benefits of
monetary sovereignty are noticeably compromised by currency
deterritorialization, which gives the private sector a critical degree of
leverage over public policy. So long as governments remain the main source
of money, however, the state still retains a significant role. Monetary
sovereignty has been not so much lost as transformed. Where once existed
monopoly, we now find oligopoly—a finite number of autonomous
suppliers, national governments, all vying ceaselessly to shape and manage
demand. Globalized money, at its most basic, is a political contest for
market loyalty.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 111-125
Issue: 1
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424148
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424148
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:111-125
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francisco Durand
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Durand
Author-Name: Rosemary Thorp
Author-X-Name-First: Rosemary
Author-X-Name-Last: Thorp
Title: Reforming the state: A study of the peruvian tax reform
Abstract:
This paper studies one instance of successful state reform, the Peruvian
tax administration, by looking at the circumstances (economic and
political crises of the 1990s) and the factors (strong presidential
support, ability of policy elites, favourable reaction from civil society)
that made it possible. The administrative reform, together with changes in
tax policies, helped the state increase tax revenues and achieve higher
policy efficacy. A longitudinal analysis indicates that, even if
exceptional conditions to initiate and consolidate state reform were
present, the rhythm and depth of the reform slowed down in the more
advanced stages. Changes in bureaucratic leadership, a tax revolt and
shifting presidential priorities, together with the lack of reform in the
rest of the state, all had a debilitating influence on the tax reform.
Those circumstances and factors did not reverse the institutional
modernization process, but limited its continuing development and
diminished the state's policy efficacy to keep increasing tax revenues.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 133-151
Issue: 2
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424150
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424150
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:133-151
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Prema-Chandra Athukorala
Author-X-Name-First: Prema-Chandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Athukorala
Title: Interest rates, saving and investment: Evidence from India
Abstract:
The role of interest rates in the process of economic development is
examined through an empirical inquiry into the interest
rate-saving-investment nexus in the Indian economy during the period
1955-95. The results are generally in support of the financial
liberalization school of thought. Higher real interest rates seem to
promote both financial and total savings, and stimulate private
investment. On the investment side, the combined salutary effect of
interest rate increases operating through increased debt intermediation
and self-financed capital accumulation outweighs the direct cost effect on
investment. Overall, the study casts doubt on the robustness of results
coming from the vast cross-country literature on the subject and calls for
systematic time-series analyses covering a variety of country situations
to inform the on-going policy debate.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 153-169
Issue: 2
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424151
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424151
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:153-169
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah Cook
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Cook
Title: Who gets what jobs in China's countryside? A multinomial logit analysis
Abstract:
Asset-poor rural households increase their incomes primarily through the
transfer of labour into activities which yield higher returns. This paper
examines the determinants of job status among members of rural households
in China's transitional economy. The objective is to gain a better
understanding of who gains access to higher paying employment, thereby
increasing their incomes, and the constraints which prevent other
individuals or households from improving their economic position. Two
hypotheses are investigated: first, that household demographic composition
affects individual employment decisions, with farm households pursuing a
strategy to allocate labour among different types of employment; and
second, that non-market mechanisms such as political connections play a
role in determining employment outcomes. The results demonstrate the
importance of individual characteristics, particularly age and gender, as
well as a continuing role for non-market mechanisms in the transfer of
labour into more remunerative activities.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 171-190
Issue: 2
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424152
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424152
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:171-190
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dieter Ernst
Author-X-Name-First: Dieter
Author-X-Name-Last: Ernst
Author-Name: Paolo Guerrieri
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrieri
Title: International production networks and changing trade patterns in East Asia: The case of the electronics industry
Abstract:
The concept of an “international production network “
captures the spread of broader systems of international production which
cut across different stages of the value chain but which may, or may not,
involve ownership of equity stakes. The concept allows us to analyse the
globalization strategies of any particular firm with regard to the
following four questions: Where does the firm locate the various stages of
the value chain? To what degree does a firm rely on
“outsourcing”, and hence what is the relationship between
that and the firm's internal production activities? To what degree is
control over transactions exercised in a centralized or in a decentralized
manner? How do the different elements of these networks hang together? The
ideas are applied to the trade links in electronics between firms located
in the USA or Japan and countries of East Asia.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 191-212
Issue: 2
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424153
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424153
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:191-212
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanjaya Lall
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya
Author-X-Name-Last: Lall
Title: Technological capabilities in emerging Asia
Abstract:
Given rapid technological and organizational change it appears,
nevertheless, that the “emerging” economies of Asia are
involved in different ways. Some countries are at the forefront, others on
the fringes, of the new technological “paradigm “. This
paper considers differences in “capability” at what can be
regarded as the national level, as well as looking at the factors
influencing the development of technological capabilities. There is a
focus on investment in upgrading and deepening of capability, which may
not occur easily in the face of market failures. These issues are
approached through the use of various indicators of capability in 10 cases
(Korea stands out as the leader, though none of the new
“tigers” have a significant technological base). Policy
lessons are then considered, a major conclusion being that there are
differences between countries and little sign of a single optimum path to
success.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 213-243
Issue: 2
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424154
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424154
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:213-243
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucia Hanmer
Author-X-Name-First: Lucia
Author-X-Name-Last: Hanmer
Title: Human capital, targeting and social safety nets: An analysis of household data from Zimbabwe
Abstract:
This article considers the issue of targeting social services to the poor
in developing countries. One important, although often neglected,
dimension of poverty is a household's ability to carry out human capital
formation. It is argued that defining poverty with reference to human
capital has conceptual advantages over the more frequently used income
definitions (poverty lines), as well as having practical advantages for
policy makers in poor countries. Analysis of an urban household data set
from Zimbabwe shows that indicators of some aspects of human capital
poverty are strongly correlated with particular household characteristics.
The policy conclusions are that policy makers in Zimbabwe could extend the
targeted provision of free health services from rural areas to certain
wards in urban areas and to urban female headed households and that
existing means tested social benefits should take account of household
size and composition when setting the income criteria that determine
inclusion in the target group. More generally, use of indicators of human
capital poverty, or their correlates, as the criteria for inclusions in
the target group offers a viable alternative to means testing social
benefits in developing countries and they could therefore be used to
increase the effectiveness of targeted poverty alleviation and social
safety net policies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 245-265
Issue: 2
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424155
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424155
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:245-265
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Terence Byres
Author-X-Name-First: Terence
Author-X-Name-Last: Byres
Title: “The tribe of pundits called economists” and economic debate in post-independence India
Abstract:
The rise of an economics profession in post-Independence India is
outlined, and something of the contribution of that profession to economic
debate in India considered. The roots of the economics profession and of
economic debate after 1947 are traced to the colonial era, and the
institutions and the institution-builders essential to its emergence after
1947 discussed. Five “generations” of Indian economists,
active both before and after 1947, are identified. Attention is drawn to
the high quality of debates on the Indian economy, the high level of
theoretical discourse and the quality of political economy traditions.
Particular attention is paid to the remarkable contribution of the
Economic Weekly/Economic and Political Weekly, and there is treatment of
the relationship between the academy, on the one hand, and the state and
its representatives on the other.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 271-286
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424157
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424157
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:271-286
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Harriss
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Harriss
Title: Development studies and the development of India: An awkward case?
Abstract:
The origins of the inter-disciplinary field of “development
studies” are traced to the 1960s. It is argued that Indian scholars
have pursued their own distinctive lines of argument within it, but that
they have also made significant contributions to the general field. The
paper has a section outlining the history of “development
studies”, tracing major strands of thought and the way in which
Indian scholars related to them. It then looks in more detail at Indian
development and the conceptualization of “development”, by
both the “insiders” and “outsiders” who have
had a role to play in the debate, before turning to various
“characterizations” of India from Myrdal onwards.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 287-309
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424158
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424158
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:287-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Surinder Jodhka
Author-X-Name-First: Surinder
Author-X-Name-Last: Jodhka
Title: From “book view” to “field view”: Social anthropological constructions of the Indian village
Abstract:
The “book view” of rural India of the title is that of
Indologists and Orientalists, constructed from Hindu scriptures and the
historical record. In the post-Independence period this was gradually
replaced by the “field view” of sociologists and
anthropologists, based on participant observation. Their studies threw new
light on the nature of the village community, particularly in relation to
caste, gender and political faction. The work is important in the context
of development since traditional society was, and remains, in a state of
flux. One important result of the “field view”, however, is
that India's villages appear to have been well integrated into the broader
economy and society for a very long period of time, rather than being
isolated communities. While recognizing this important contribution, the
problems of participant observation are discussed in this paper, notably
the possibility that the social and economic background of those engaged
might itself induce bias into the results. This is a fundamental issue and
indeed one which has not escaped the attention of the major writers
themselves.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 311-331
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424159
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424159
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:311-331
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vijay Joshi
Author-X-Name-First: Vijay
Author-X-Name-Last: Joshi
Title: India's economic reforms: Progress, problems, prospects
Abstract:
This paper is a review of India's progress in the 50 years of
Independence, which is regarded as a mixture of the impressive and the
disappointing. The country has managed to protect national unity, preserve
democracy and dilute traditional social hierarchies. There has been
economic growth and a reduction in the proportion of people falling below
a standard poverty line. But the main requirement now is a sustained
increase in the growth rate of national income that also increases the
demand for labour. The relative failures of past decades are considered,
and ways in which the reform programme begun in July 1991 could be
strengthened are suggested.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 333-350
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424160
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424160
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:333-350
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ben Peletier
Author-X-Name-First: Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Peletier
Title: Terms of trade effects on endogenous growth rates in LDCs
Abstract:
This paper presents a model in which long-term GDP growth rates of LDCs
are dependent upon world price levels. The model combines an endogenous
growth framework a la Romer (1986, Journal of Political Economy, 94, pp.
1002-1037) with traditional Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson international trade,
while assuming investment in capital to be financed solely by domestic
savings. This relatively strong assumption is justified by the empirical
observation that for most LDCs foreign investment constitutes only a very
small part of gross capital formation. We find that an increase in the
price of capital-intensive goods will raise the long-term growth rate. In
other words, in this model protection of the capital-intensive goods
sector will cause higher economic growth.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 351-373
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424161
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424161
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:351-373
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marjorie Lister
Author-X-Name-First: Marjorie
Author-X-Name-Last: Lister
Title: The European union's green paper on relations with the African, Caribbean and pacific countries
Abstract:
This article critically assesses the European Union's Green Paper on its
relations with the 71 Lome Convention countries after the millenium. It
argues that the Green Paper, which sets out a series of possible options
for the future of EU-African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) relations, in
fact produces no convincing alternatives to the present Lome system. The
European Commission's thinking about EU-ACP relations is neither fully
developed nor clear in its approach to the great modernizing development
project of the post-war period. The political environment in which the
relationship exists is also changing rapidly. Given this situation of
fundamental uncertainty, trying to create a new relationship from first
principles is over-ambitious. Instead, a gradualist or incremental
approach is more likely to succeed.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 375-390
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 1998
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819808424162
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819808424162
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:375-390
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Knight
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Knight
Author-Name: Li Shi
Author-X-Name-First: Li
Author-X-Name-Last: Shi
Title: Fiscal decentralization: Incentives, redistribution and reform in China
Abstract:
China's great size and diversity give rise to serious principal-agent
problems among tiers of government. The fiscal relationships between
central and provincial governments over the period of economic reform are
examined within an agency framework. Provincial governments have been
responsible for most revenue collection and public spending, but they have
done so within the consolidated state budget: central government takes, or
gives, the difference between a province's revenue collection and
expenditure. Five interrelated questions are posed. Does provincial
expenditure depend on provincial revenue collection, i. e. to what extent
are provinces fiscally self-sufficient? How does the pattern of provincial
expenditure relate to provincial revenue and income level? Is fiscal
redistribution equalizing, i.e. to what extent does central government
redistribute revenue from rich to poor provinces? Does central
government's marginal propensity to tax the provinces serve as a deterrent
to their revenue collection? Do the arrangements create greater fiscal
instability for central or provincial governments? The provincial
governments retained an increasing proportion of their revenue collected
over the reform period, and the extent of fiscal redistribution by the
centre from the rich to the poor provinces correspondingly declined. An
important reason for these trends is that revenue effort was sensitive to
the various marginal tax rates—mostly high—imposed by
central government on the provinces: the Laffer curve is alive and well
and living in China. This helps to explain the fiscal reforms of the
mid-1990s, the effects of which are not yet discernible.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 5-32
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424164
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424164
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:5-32
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: W. G. Huff
Author-X-Name-First: W. G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Huff
Title: Singapore's economic development: Four lessons and some doubts
Abstract:
This paper uses a variety of data to take a close look at what lessons
can be adduced from Singapore, often regarded as the world's most
successful economy or even a miracle. There are indeed lessons from
Singapore's remarkable growth, but the most interesting are those rarely,
if ever, identified as such, which stem from government's central role in
the economy. Although Singapore's economic record makes it a model to
which many countries aspire, total factor productivity growth has been
low. That finding, together with the particular nature of Singapore's
state-directed economic growth, create some doubts as to whether an
economy able to sustain high living standards in the long term has yet
been fashioned.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 33-55
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424165
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424165
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:33-55
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marcel Timmer
Author-X-Name-First: Marcel
Author-X-Name-Last: Timmer
Author-Name: Adam Szirmai
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Szirmai
Title: Comparative productivity performance in manufacturing in South and East Asia, 1960-93
Abstract:
This paper focuses on comparative productivity performance in
manufacturing in five major Asian economies: China, India, Indonesia,
Korea and Taiwan. Using conversion factors derived according to an
industry of origin approach, comparisons of real labour productivity are
made, with the world productivity leader, the USA, as reference country in
a star comparison. Benchmark level comparisons are extrapolated with time
series. A distinction is made between Korea and Taiwan, which have
experienced rapid productivity catch-up, and China, India and Indonesia,
where relative productivity showed little change throughout the 1980s.
Besides aggregate comparisons, the paper provides sectoral breakdown for
13 branches of manufacturing. The analysis at branch level reveals similar
patterns and trends to those at the aggregate level. Catch-up accounting
shows that changes in the structure of employment within manufacturing
contributed little to aggregate catch-up. Labour productivity catch-up in
Korea and Taiwan is primarily due to catch-up in capital intensity, but
this process is still far from complete.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 57-79
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424166
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424166
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:57-79
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Khalid Nadvi
Author-X-Name-First: Khalid
Author-X-Name-Last: Nadvi
Title: The cutting Edge: Collective efficiency and international competitiveness in Pakistan
Abstract:
Clustering can provide important benefits for small- and medium-sized
enterprises in the developing world. Yet gaps remain in our understanding
of how such clusters organize, function and compete. This paper draws on
case material from a Pakistani cluster, a global player in the world
market for surgical instruments, to argue that cheap labour is an
insufficient explanation for international success. Instead, it argues
that collective efficiency gams of clustering namely passively acquired
external economies and actively generated joint action benefits, are
central to competitiveness. The paper shows that while all firms in the
cluster gain from agglomeration economies, the extent of inter-firm
co-operation, and the benefits arising from it, are highly differentiated.
It concludes that external economies, while necessary, are not sufficient
to bring about growth. For growth, joint action, particularly in strategic
vertical ties with local subcontractors and external buyers, is critical.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 81-107
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424167
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424167
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:81-107
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jude Howell
Author-X-Name-First: Jude
Author-X-Name-Last: Howell
Author-Name: Uma Kambhampati
Author-X-Name-First: Uma
Author-X-Name-Last: Kambhampati
Title: Liberalization and labour: The fate of retrenched workers in the cotton textile industry in India
Abstract:
In 1991 the Indian government began to tread seriously the path of
liberalization. It started to open up the economy, discuss the
privatization of the public sector, invite foreign investment and reform
the labour market. Liberalization has proved to be highly controversial.
While there has been considerable debate about the consequences for
labour, there have been few empirical studies of the effects so far. This
paper intends to address this lacuna by focusing on the case of retrenched
workers in the cotton textile industry. Our argument is fourfold. First,
it cannot be assumed that the informal sector can readily absorb a sudden
localized surge in unemployment. Second, even where retrenched workers
have found employment in the informal sector, their conditions of
employment in terms of wages, working hours, health and safety and
representation are likely to be worse. Third, the National Renewal Fund
has not been effective as a social safety-net for retrenched workers nor
as a mechanism for regenerating industry. Finally, it cannot be assumed
that the trade unions will be able to negotiate a satisfactory deal for
redundant workers. These points are explored through an investigation into
retrenched workers in the cotton textile mills of Ahmedabad, Gujarat
state.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 109-127
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424168
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424168
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:109-127
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sunil Kanwar
Author-X-Name-First: Sunil
Author-X-Name-Last: Kanwar
Title: The demand for labour in risky agriculture
Abstract:
This paper studies the demand for hired casual labour under production
risk for a sample of Indian cultivators. A simple static household model
under production risk is constructed to yield the demand for hired labour
function. A detailed discussion of the various technological and
non-technological regressors is then presented. Empirical results reveal
that the risk variables do not have a significant influence on hiring-in
behaviour. This result is important since the theoretical literature shows
that a marginal increase in risk would lead to a decline in the demand for
labour. Further, caste factors do not appear to influence hiring-in,
contrary to evidence for eastern India. Land-augmenting technological
factors appear to be the most important in explaining rightward shifts in
the demand curve over time.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 129-144
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424169
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424169
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:129-144
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ashoka Mody
Author-X-Name-First: Ashoka
Author-X-Name-Last: Mody
Author-Name: Susmita Dasgupta
Author-X-Name-First: Susmita
Author-X-Name-Last: Dasgupta
Author-Name: Sarbajit Sinha
Author-X-Name-First: Sarbajit
Author-X-Name-Last: Sinha
Title: Japanese multinationals in Asia: Drivers and attractors
Abstract:
This paper studies the choice by Japanese multinationals of Asia and of
specific Asian countries as investment destinations. High costs in Japan
exert a general push towards investing in Asia. Unlike investment in the
US and Europe, trade barriers do not drive Asian investment. While
domestic markets of host countries are important, conditions for efficient
production in the host country also determine its attractiveness. In Asia,
firms have looked for industrially literate workers, though the new
Japanese investment is being guided more by low wages. Japanese investors
also stake out early positions in growing markets. The inability to
repatriate earnings is the strongest disincentive to Japanese investment.
A favourable foreign direct investment policy is desirable but its
importance declines as a firm gains experience in a country.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 149-164
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424171
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424171
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:149-164
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Holmstrom
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Holmstrom
Title: A new map of Indian industrial society: The cartographer all at sea
Abstract:
What do liberalization, globalization, microelectronics and flexible
labour markets mean for industrial workers and their families? We need
home-made maps, which people use to understand their society, and
observers' maps. Observers superimposed class on homemade caste maps. Now
industrial employment is on everyone's map, including rural people. Until
recently, everyone hoped to climb a mountain, with well-paid secure
employment at the top. A job was property. Now the most valuable property
is knowledge and contacts. There are two mountains, one offering security
(especially in the public sector) at the top, the other greater rewards.
Most people inhabit the lower slopes. Do workers see a trend towards
polarization, into upwardly-mobile workers and those with little chance?
If so, are they right? Where are the barriers to mobility (on their maps,
and on ours)? Should we be more optimistic, or more pessimistic, than they
are?
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 165-186
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424172
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424172
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:165-186
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: K. Seeta Prabhu
Author-X-Name-First: K. Seeta
Author-X-Name-Last: Prabhu
Title: Social sectors during economic reforms: The Indian experience
Abstract:
A range of issues, concerned with both macro and micro dimensions, have
been affecting social sectors in India since economic reforms began in
mid-1991. Given the unsatisfactory performance with respect to social
indicators, the relevant question to be considered is not what the
situation would have been in the absence of reforms, but what it ought to
be and whether the process of reform can enable such goals to be achieved.
The impact of reforms depends on initial conditions, growth rates and
political commitment of state governments towards education, health and
nutrition. Initial conditions showed a wide variation in attainment, lack
of correspondence between economic performance and social conditions, low
government expenditure in low attainment states, a distorted pattern of
expenditure skewed towards tertiary facilities in urban areas, and
under-utilization of existing infrastructure. The increase in real per
capita expenditure on social services between 1986-91 (pre-reform period)
and 1991-96 (reform period) has been lower than that of real per capita
total expenditure. There was generally a reduction in the share of revenue
allocated to social sectors during the reform years. Case studies to
assess the situation in five villages in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
pointed to the poor quality of services rendered in government delivery
systems and to sharp differences in utilization of services across income
groups as well as across villages. Perceptions of households indicated
that quality was particularly poor in health and nutrition. A majority did
not perceive any substantial improvement in quality during the period of
reform.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 187-210
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424173
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424173
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:187-210
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: K. R. Jefferis
Author-X-Name-First: K. R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jefferis
Author-Name: T. F. Kelly
Author-X-Name-First: T. F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly
Title: Botswana: Poverty amid plenty
Abstract:
Botswana has been one of the most rapidly growing economies in the world
over the past three decades, and has avoided most of the economic problems
faced by African countries. However, poverty continues to be a major
economic and social issue. Data from national surveys carried out in
1985/86 and 1993/94 show that although there was a major reduction in
poverty over this period, by the early 1990s over one-third of households
still had incomes below the relevant poverty line. The article uses the
1993/94 household survey data to analyse the causes of poverty. It reports
on the results of cross-section regressions relating household poverty to
various demographic and economic characteristics. Poverty is measured by
the standard binary (poor, non-poor) approach, as well as a poverty status
index. The latter measures a variation on the depth of poverty, through a
weighted ratio of household consumption to its poverty line. The results
show that the probability of poverty is positively related to being
located in a rural area and having a female head of household, and
negatively related to years of schooling and being employed. Employment
appears to have the greatest single impact on poverty, followed by rural
location and female gender with roughly the same effects. The paper
concludes with suggestions for changes in the focus of poverty alleviation
strategies, which should move away from the traditional drought relief
approach to more permanent welfare support for poor households, with a
focus where possible on employment generation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 211-231
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424174
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424174
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:211-231
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rukmani Gounder
Author-X-Name-First: Rukmani
Author-X-Name-Last: Gounder
Title: Modelling of aid motivation using time series data: The case of Papua New Guinea
Abstract:
In 1984 the Jackson Report on Australia's overseas aid programme, in
part, focused attention on objectives and priorities in the aid programme.
There is a unique aid relationship between Australia and Papua New Guinea.
This paper analyses what motivates Australia's provision of aid. The aid
motivation literature addresses this issue by employing cross-section data
to all recipient countries, thus imposing uniformity on them. It is argued
in this study that time series analysis is required to answer the question
of aid motivation. The econometric results obtained by testing the
recipient need and donor interest models provide support for both.
Applications of non-nested tests indicate acceptance of the recipient need
model and rejection of the donor interest model.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 233-250
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424175
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424175
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:233-250
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Ozanne
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Ozanne
Title: Perverse supply response in peasant agriculture: A review
Abstract:
The long-running debate concerning the special characteristics of peasant
production in less developed countries which may lead to perverse supply
responses in their agricultural sectors is explored. Four stages in the
debate are identified. The first was based on casual observation and the
target income or fixity-of-wants hypothesis. The second took account of
peasant own-consumption and focused on the marketed surplus. The third
addressed the possible effect of uncertainty and risk aversion on supply
response. The fourth is embodied in modern farm household models of
peasant behaviour. Although the predictions regarding supply response
derived from these models vary, they all suggest that agricultural supply
response may be negative. The bulk of empirical evidence, however, for
both total production and marketed surplus tends to refute the notion,
whether it is theoretically consistent or not, that supply response in
peasant agriculture is negative.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 251-270
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424176
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424176
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:251-270
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edmund Amann
Author-X-Name-First: Edmund
Author-X-Name-Last: Amann
Title: Special issue introduction: Economic liberalization and the Brazilian industrial sector in the 1990s
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 277-278
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424178
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424178
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:277-278
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joao Carlos Ferraz
Author-X-Name-First: Joao Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Ferraz
Author-Name: David Kupfer
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Kupfer
Author-Name: Franklin Serrano
Author-X-Name-First: Franklin
Author-X-Name-Last: Serrano
Title: Macro/Micro interactions: Economic and institutional uncertainties and structural change in Brazilian industry
Abstract:
This article analyses the ways in which the recent structural evolution
of the Brazilian industrial sector has been profoundly influenced by rapid
sequential changes in the microeconomic and macroeconomic policy
environment. As Brazil moved towards greater openness and macroeconomic
stability in the second half of the 1990s, strategies pursued within the
industrial sector underwent radical change as enterprises sought to
realize badly needed improvements in international competitiveness. This
article argues that this process can be best understood in terms of a
dynamic, two-way interaction between microeconomic and macroeconomic
forces. In particular, it is suggested that ongoing structural change
within Brazilian industry may be exerting a significant influence on the
nature of current and prospective macroeconomic conditions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 279-304
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424179
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424179
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:279-304
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Regis Bonelli
Author-X-Name-First: Regis
Author-X-Name-Last: Bonelli
Title: A note on foreign direct investment and industrial competitiveness in Brazil
Abstract:
This paper addresses aspects of the links between capital inflows through
foreign direct investment (FDI) and industrial competitiveness in Brazil.
It provides an analysis of the two-way theoretical relationship between
FDI and competitiveness, as well as some empirical evidence drawn from the
Brazilian experience in the 1990s. Inflows of FDI to Brazil increased
significantly during the 1990s. Although manufacturing has been losing out
in terms of its share in total FDI, the stock of foreign capital in the
manufacturing sector more than doubled (in current US dollars) between
1990 and 1996. In addition, rapid growth of manufacturing productivity has
been amply documented, in the same period of time. There seems to exist,
therefore, a prima facie case for supposing that foreign investment has
contributed to increased productivity and competitiveness in Brazil. When
looking at data within the manufacturing sector linking the growth of
competitiveness (whether measured by unit labour costs or export
performance) to FDI, however, there does not appear to be a clear-cut
relationship with either the growth of FDI or the share of foreign capital
within different industries. The relationship applies to some industries,
but not to others. In other words, if one interpreted the causation as
running in the opposite direction, this evidence would suggest that there
is no general tendency for FDI to be attracted primarily to industries
where competitiveness is improving most rapidly. This has the implication
that rapid productivity growth might be the result of factors other than
FDI as well—such as trade liberalization, for instance.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 305-327
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424180
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424180
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:305-327
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edmund Amann
Author-X-Name-First: Edmund
Author-X-Name-Last: Amann
Title: Technological self-reliance in Brazil: Achievements and prospects—some evidence from the non-serial capital goods sector
Abstract:
In the course of the 1990s, the Brazilian economy has undergone an
unprecedented programme of liberalization. Barriers to trade have been
lowered, the scope of industrial policy has narrowed and the state has
radically scaled down its role as producer, following the launch of an
ambitious privatization programme. This article traces the impact of these
developments on the technological behaviour of one crucial industrial
sector: the non-serial capital goods sector. While economic liberalization
appears to have had a favourable effect upon technological dynamism in the
field of process innovation, the same cannot be said of product
innovation. Following the onset of liberalization, the intensified pursuit
of short-run cost efficiency served only to reinforce long-established
conservative product innovation strategies. In the main, these have
emphasized the foreign rather than domestic sourcing of technology. Such
strategies, it is argued, are currently preventing the sector from
realizing its full potential as a generator and diffuser of industrial
technology.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 329-357
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424181
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424181
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:329-357
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eduardo Haddad
Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Haddad
Author-Name: Geoffrey Hewings
Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey
Author-X-Name-Last: Hewings
Title: The short-run regional effects of new investments and technological upgrade in the Brazilian automobile industry: An interregional computable general equilibrium analysis
Abstract:
With a greater commitment to market forces in recent years, the Brazilian
federal government is left with fewer options to manipulate growth in the
less developed regions of the country. Thus, private investments play a
key role in the process of regional development. New investments in the
Brazilian automobile industry are being sought by the regions in a strong
competition for incoming capital through fiscal incentives. One of the
issues that concern labor unions surrounds the production technology
embodied in the incoming capital, which is claimed to be accompanied by
sharp reductions in employment levels. In this paper, the regional impact
of the new investments in the automobile industry is evaluated through the
use of an interregional computable general equilibrium model. Attention is
directed to employment estimates and the impacts on regional inequality.
The simulation results for the short-run show that: the employment effects
of the labour-saving technology in the automobile industry are positive
for the economy as a whole; and even though investments in the less
developed region (the Northeast) are more beneficial to the improvement of
regional imbalances in the country, in terms of efficiency, investments in
the Centre-South generate higher national economic growth.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 359-383
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424182
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424182
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:359-383
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Werner Baer
Author-X-Name-First: Werner
Author-X-Name-Last: Baer
Author-Name: Hadi Salehi Esfahani
Author-X-Name-First: Hadi Salehi
Author-X-Name-Last: Esfahani
Author-Name: Salim Rashid
Author-X-Name-First: Salim
Author-X-Name-Last: Rashid
Title: The state and industry in the development process: How universal is the Evans vision?
Abstract:
The debate concerning the role of industrial policy in less developed
economies has recently been invigorated by the contributions of Peter
Evans, with his concept of embedded autonomy receiving particular
attention in the literature. This article critically examines this
concept, aiming to ascertain its global applicability. Drawing on case
studies from Bangladesh, Brazil and Egypt, the strengths, and also the
limitations, of the Evans vision are highlighted. In particular, it is
suggested that the concept of embedded autonomy fails to accommodate
adequately the institutional specificities of individual countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 385-404
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 1999
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600819908424183
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600819908424183
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:385-404
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Lensink
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Lensink
Author-Name: Howard White
Author-X-Name-First: Howard
Author-X-Name-Last: White
Title: Assessing Aid: A Manifesto for Aid in the 21st Century?
Abstract:
The World Bank report Assessing Aid argues that aid can have positive
effects on growth and infant mortality, but only when good policies are
being followed by the recipient. It follows, especially since aid is
fungible, and so cannot be targeted to particular uses, that donors should
focus their aid on low-income countries with good policies (i.e. apply
greater selectivity). This paper explores a number of weaknesses in these
arguments. The growth regressions are not robust, so that different
results can be obtained with relatively minor variations in model
specification. In particular, the argument that aid only works when
policies are right is not supported in other studies - and even the World
Bank's evidence can be interpreted as saying policies work better when
supported by aid inflows. The choice of which policies are good policies
is also problematic, and the analysis in the report ignores the likely
presence of threshold effects and other non-linearities; others would,
anyhow, propose a different set of right policies, especially if the focus
is poverty reduction rather than growth. The importance of fungibility may
be over-stated so that donors can in fact target poverty-reduction
activities, suggesting that the selectivity rules proposed in Assessing
Aid are misleading. Even if the report's proposals are to be accepted it
is silent on a number of important issues-such as whether to use the level
or change in the index-that face the aid manager in practice.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 5-18
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688303
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688303
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:5-18
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: T. G. Arun
Author-X-Name-First: T. G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Arun
Author-Name: F. I. Nixson
Author-X-Name-First: F. I.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nixson
Title: The Disinvestment of Public Sector Enterprises: The Indian Experience
Abstract:
This paper examines the disinvestment of shares of public sector
enterprises (PSEs) in India since 1991. The poor performance of PSEs made
reform increasingly urgent in the context of the broader strategy of the
liberalization of the economy to deal with the perceived weaknesses of
India's development strategy. The paper argues that the main aim of
disinvestment has been to reduce the public sector borrowing requirement,
at the cost of the restructuring and rationalization of PSEs in particular
and the public sector in general. The process of disinvestment has been a
complex one and has not been free of criticism. Alleged under-pricing of
shares sold, lack of transparency, limited public support for
disinvestment and the absence of a common set of objectives between the
Government of India and the Disinvestment Commission have been major
problems. In many respects, India provides a checklist of how not to
disinvest.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 19-32
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688302
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688302
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:19-32
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shujie Yao
Author-X-Name-First: Shujie
Author-X-Name-Last: Yao
Title: How Important is Agriculture in China's Economic Growth?
Abstract:
China has achieved spectacular growth since 1949. Rapid growth in the
nonagricultural sectors has been assisted by massive resource transfers
out of agriculture. Prior to economic reforms before 1978, agriculture was
heavily taxed by the state to subsidize urban and industrial development.
Economic reforms since 1978 have reduced the burden on agriculture, but
lack of state investments still remains a constraint on its development.
This paper demonstrates how agriculture has contributed to China's
economic development using both empirical data and a cointegration
analysis. Two important conclusions are drawn. First, although
agriculture's share in GDP declined sharply over time, it is still an
important force for the growth of other sectors. Second, the growth of
non-agricultural sectors had little effect on agricultural growth. This
was largely due to government policies biased against agriculture and
restriction on rural-urban migration.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 33-49
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688306
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688306
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:33-49
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jesus Felipe
Author-X-Name-First: Jesus
Author-X-Name-Last: Felipe
Title: Convergence, Catch-up and Growth Sustainability in Asia: Some Pitfalls
Abstract:
This paper takes a sample of 16 Asian countries and shows that: (i)
Income levels in Asia have not tended to converge during the last 30
years, (ii) There has not been a catch-up process with the US: the
initially more advanced Asian countries have reduced the income gap with
the US faster. (iii) The catch-up variable does not explain labour
productivity growth in Asia. The most important explanatory variables are
the growth of demand and the level of human capital. (iv) The amount of
time it will take most Asian countries to catch up with the US in terms of
per capita income, under reasonable assumptions, is so long that the
notion that Asia is almost, or soon will be, wholly on its own and join
the ranks of (or more likely will compete with) the developed economies
should be dispelled. Only a technological revolution, which would allow
the developing countries to jump above and beyond today's developed
nations, would reverse the situation. This, however, does not seem to be a
realistic scenario. (v) The effect of the recent financial crisis in East
and Southeast Asia will be to lose at least one decade in the development
race.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 51-69
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688304
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688304
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:51-69
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha
Author-X-Name-First: Raghav
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha
Title: Do Anti-poverty Programmes Reach the Rural Poor in India?
Abstract:
This paper argues for a shift of emphasis from larger outlays on two
major anti-poverty schemes - the rural public works (RPW) and integrated
rural development (IRDP) programmes - to improvements in their design and
implementation. Enhanced outlays do not matter much, as they tend to be
mistargeted. More specifically, based on National Sample Survey data for
1987-88, neither RPW nor IRDP covered a large segment of the rural poor,
while among their beneficiaries the shares of the (relatively) well-off
were not negligible. However, the RPW was more effective in excluding the
non-poor rather than attracting the poor. There has been a progressive
weakening of targeting in both schemes as leakages to the non-poor rose.
More of the poor are likely to benefit from RPW if the wage rate is
lowered (relative to the agricultural wage), if a combination of piece and
time rates is used and if wages in kind are discontinued. On the other
hand, in the context of IRDP, there is a need to eliminate the interest
subsidy, place greater emphasis on the reduction of transaction costs and
to vest rights of land in women. Given the key role of the Village
Panchayat in poverty alleviation, it is imperative that it is accountable
to the village community. But above all, benefits to the poor from
anti-poverty programmes depend ultimately on whether they have the
collective strength to affirm their interests.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 71-95
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688307
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688307
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:71-95
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Dunham
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Dunham
Author-Name: Sisira Jayasuriya
Author-X-Name-First: Sisira
Author-X-Name-Last: Jayasuriya
Title: Equity, Growth and Insurrection: Liberalization and the Welfare Debate in Contemporary Sri Lanka
Abstract:
Protagonists in the 1980s' debate on equity and growth in Sri Lanka
claimed to show that economic liberalization could deliver growth without
jeopardizing equity, and the main lesson that they drew from the Sri
Lankan experience - that welfarism should be abandoned - helped to
reinforce neoliberal policy reforms of the Washington institutions. This
paper shows that their conclusions were heavily dependent on the time
frame employed and on the concept of welfare and inequality that was
utilized, and that they seriously underestimated the importance of state
welfare expenditure in buying social peace. Perceived relative inequality
is seen to have increased remarkably, perceptions magnifying objective
changes in distribution that coincided with the withdrawal of public
support systems.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 97-110
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688305
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688305
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:97-110
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hal Hill
Author-X-Name-First: Hal
Author-X-Name-Last: Hill
Title: Indonesia: The Strange and Sudden Death of a Tiger Economy
Abstract:
Among the East Asian crisis economies, Indonesia has been by far the
worst affected. Its economic contraction has been about twice as great as
the next most affected economy, Thailand. It is the only crisis economy to
experience serious inflation. Its political turmoil and social tension
have also obviously been much deeper than elsewhere. Finally, unlike
Thailand, the early warning indicators of a looming crisis were much less
obvious. This paper seeks to explain why Indonesia's crisis has been so
much worse than its neighbours.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 117-139
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688310
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688310
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:117-139
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rajneesh Narula
Author-X-Name-First: Rajneesh
Author-X-Name-Last: Narula
Author-Name: John Dunning
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Dunning
Title: Industrial Development, Globalization and Multinational Enterprises: New Realities for Developing Countries
Abstract:
Globalization has changed economic realities. First, the competences of
multinational enterprises (MNEs) are becoming increasingly mobile and
knowledge-intensive. MNEs thus give more attention to the availability and
quality of the created assets of alternative locations. Second, among
developing countries there are now considerable differences between the
catching-up countries (e.g. newly industrialized countries) and falling
behind , less developed countries. These developments have helped change
the opportunity sets of both MNEs and host countries. Foreign direct
investment (FDI)-based development strategies are now commonplace among
less developed countries, but there is also increased competition for the
right kinds of investment. In general, the balance in bargaining power has
shifted in favour of the MNE, and less developed countries increasingly
need to provide unique, non-replicable created assets to maintain a
successful FDI-assisted development strategy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 141-167
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688313
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688313
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:141-167
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Awudu Abdulai
Author-X-Name-First: Awudu
Author-X-Name-Last: Abdulai
Author-Name: Christopher Delgado
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Delgado
Title: An Empirical Investigation of Short- and Long-run Agricultural Wage Formation in Ghana
Abstract:
This paper investigates the factors that influence real agricultural wage
rates in Ghana, a critical issue in that country for promoting successful
macroeconomic adjustment to structural changes in incentives. It is based
on 1957-91 data. The Johansen cointegration framework is used to quantify
and to examine the stability following major shocks of new long-run
relationships among agricultural and urban wage rates, the domestic terms
of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture, urban unemployment,
capital stock in agriculture and the size of the rural population. An
error correction model is then used to investigate short-run dynamic
relationships among the variables. Results show that: (1) there is only
one stable equilibrium relationship among agricultural wage rates and
their determinants in the long run; (2) a 1% change in the domestic terms
of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture leads to a 0.48% change
in the real agricultural wage rate in the short run and a 0.83% change in
the long run; and (3) the analysis suggests a one-time and one-way upwards
structural shift of 3.6% in real agricultural wages during the 1980s.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 169-185
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688312
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688312
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:169-185
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J. M. Albala-Bertrand
Author-X-Name-First: J. M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Albala-Bertrand
Title: Complex Emergencies versus Natural Disasters: An Analytical Comparison of Causes and Effects
Abstract:
This paper compares complex humanitarian emergencies with natural
disasters. The key feature of a complex emergency is the
societal/institutional weakness that fails to accommodate competing
identity groups, while the key characteristic of a natural disaster is the
physical weakness of structures and processes that fail to compensate for
extreme natural events. The main difference between complex emergencies
and natural disasters is the degree of societal endogeneity of causes and
effects, the former being fully endogenous, the latter being only
partially so. A subordinated difference between them is the way in which
the key concepts of vulnerability, proneness and the unleashing event
relate to one another. In natural disasters these three concepts are
mostly constant and can normally be analysed with a good deal of
independence from each other, while in complex emergencies they exhibit a
strong interdependency and derived variability. Finally, in complex
emergencies most effects are deliberately institutional, while in natural
disasters most effects are random and the institutional ones are mostly
incidental and not normally important.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 187-204
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688308
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688308
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:187-204
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kishor Sharma
Author-X-Name-First: Kishor
Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma
Author-Name: Sisira Jayasuriya
Author-X-Name-First: Sisira
Author-X-Name-Last: Jayasuriya
Author-Name: Edward Oczkowski
Author-X-Name-First: Edward
Author-X-Name-Last: Oczkowski
Title: Liberalization and Productivity Growth: The Case of Manufacturing Industry in Nepal
Abstract:
The proposition that liberalization improves productivity growth is
examined using data from Nepalese manufacturing-a least developed country
that implemented trade liberalization during the 1980s. Productivity
growth in general was negative in both the preand post-liberalization
periods, but a marginal improvement was detected in the latter period in
that the decline in productivity growth was arrested. Higher productivity
growth took place in industries with relatively large-scale production and
foreign investment. The magnitude of the impact of foreign investment,
however, depends on the incentive environment. The analysis suggests that,
while trade and exchange rate policy reforms may be a necessary condition
for improving productivity growth in least developing countries, they are
not sufficient. Shortages of human capital and physical infrastructure
need to be redressed if potential productivity improvements are to be
fully achieved.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 205-222
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688311
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688311
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:205-222
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gertrud Schrieder
Author-X-Name-First: Gertrud
Author-X-Name-Last: Schrieder
Author-Name: Beatrice Knerr
Author-X-Name-First: Beatrice
Author-X-Name-Last: Knerr
Title: Labour Migration as a Social Security Mechanism for Smallholder Households in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Cameroon
Abstract:
Labour migration is traditionally considered to be a way of protecting
household members at the migrant's place of origin from economic pitfalls
by receipt of remittances. More recently, young urban migrants from rural
regions have been observed to neglect their traditional obligations to
support their elderly parents, especially if they do not intend to return
to their native village, do not expect any sizeable inheritance and have
no reciprocal insurance commitment with their parents. Under such
circumstances, rural people are exposed to the risk of staying without
support in times of economic crises or during their old age. This paper
analyses the potential of migration with remittance strategies in
stabilizing the income of rural households. The analytical results are
based on a microeconomic survey from Cameroon in 1991/92. A Probit model
is applied to analyse access to remittances and a Tobit model to look into
their extent. A major result of this analysis is that migration with
remittance strategies fails as a social security mechanism when the
potential remitter does not expect any sizeable inheritance.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 223-236
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688309
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688309
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:223-236
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Title: Crisis Prevention: Tackling Horizontal Inequalities
Abstract:
This paper analyses the economic and social causes of conflict, drawing
conclusions for conflict prevention. Civil wars normally occur when groups
mobilize against each other, on the basis of some cultural characteristic
like ethnicity or religion. It is suggested that horizontal inequalities,
i.e. inequalities among groups in political, economic and social
dimensions, provide the basis for inter-group animosity. Policies to limit
excessive horizontal inequalities are needed in all vulnerable countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 245-262
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688319
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688319
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:245-262
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vani Borooah
Author-X-Name-First: Vani
Author-X-Name-Last: Borooah
Title: The Welfare of Children in Central India: Econometric Analysis and Policy Simulation
Abstract:
Among the many indicators of child welfare, rates of child and infant
mortality and the prevalance of child labour are especially important,
particularly in the context of developing countries. This paper estimates
and simulates a model of child welfare based on recently released data for
the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The results show that some policies,
like raising female literacy rates or reducing inequality in land
holdings, could have unexpected effects, while the effects of other
policies, like reducing poverty or improving infrastructure, are more
predictable.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 263-287
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688315
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688315
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:263-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rena Dela Cruz-Dona
Author-X-Name-First: Rena Dela
Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz-Dona
Author-Name: Alan Martina
Author-X-Name-First: Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Martina
Title: Some Links Between Education, Household Well-being and Credit Markets: Evidence from Rural Philippines
Abstract:
Two diverse Filipino village communities were intensively surveyed and
then focus-group discussions were held among their members. These
discussions indicated that members of the less well-off community,
compared with the one which was better-off, see fewer benefits to be
derived from investing in education. This information has implications for
determining how the level of community well-being should be measured. In
addition, those households with better access to credit and basic
infrastructure invested more in the education of children. This insight
suggests how the design of poverty-alleviation expenditure programmes
might be improved in rural Philippines at least.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 289-308
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688316
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688316
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:289-308
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Homi Katrak
Author-X-Name-First: Homi
Author-X-Name-Last: Katrak
Title: Economic Liberalization and the Vintages of Machinery Imports in Developing Countries: An Empirical Test for India's Imports from the United Kingdom
Abstract:
This paper examines whether India's liberalization of machinery and
machine tools since the mid-1980s has led to the use of more recent
vintages and/or better quality equipment. Empirical tests compare the
weight-adjusted unit values of India's imports with those of China, and
also of the USA and Germany. Regression analyses use the five-digit and
eight-digit SITC data of imports of those countries from the UK. For each
of three years (1987, 1994 and 1996), India's weight-adjusted unit values
were lower than those of the other countries. Further, over that 9-year
period, the gap between India's unit values and those of the others did
not decrease. A possible explanation is that India's reforms have not yet
had sufficient time to have an effect and that this may require that
enterprises undertake a greater effort to search for more recent vintages
and also develop the technological capabilities and skills required for
their use.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 309-322
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688317
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688317
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:309-322
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hubert Schmitz
Author-X-Name-First: Hubert
Author-X-Name-Last: Schmitz
Title: Does Local Co-operation Matter? Evidence from Industrial Clusters in South Asia and Latin America
Abstract:
Inter-firm co-operation has been a major theme in the industrial cluster
debate but has rarely been investigated systematically. Does it matter?
What kind is most relevant? When is it most important? This paper draws
together the results of four cluster studies from South Asia and Latin
America. It shows that, while local external economies accrue clusterwide
co-operation tends to be selective. In spite of considerable variations in
the extent and type of co-operation, some clear results emerge from the
four studies. First, co-operating enterprises tend to perform better.
Second, recent competitive pressures have led to increases in vertical
rather than horizontal co-operation. Third, vertical co-operation
increases most when major improvements in quality and speed are required
but diminishes subsequently. The paper concludes with two suggestions for
further research, one concerned with the role of public mediators in
private conflicts and one concerned with shifting the attention from
(cluster) internal to external relationships.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 323-336
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688314
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688314
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:323-336
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanjaya Lall
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya
Author-X-Name-Last: Lall
Title: The Technological Structure and Performance of Developing Country Manufactured Exports, 1985-98
Abstract:
This paper maps out the recent manufactured export patterns of developing
countries, using a new and detailed classification by technological
levels. It argues that export structures, being path-dependent and
difficult to change, have important implications for growth and
development. Low-technology products (which have the least beneficial
learning and spillover effects) tend to grow the slowest, and
technology-intensive products (which have the most beneficial effects) the
fastest in world trade. East Asia dominates the developing country scene,
with 70% of total manufactured exports, and its role rises over time.
There is also high and rising concentration at the national level. The
technological specialization of different regions and the leading
exporters differ greatly, as do the strategies used to achieve
competitiveness. Received trade theory cannot explain these patterns
without considering learning processes and the policies used to promote
them.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 337-369
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2000
X-DOI: 10.1080/713688318
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713688318
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:337-369
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jorg Mayer
Author-X-Name-First: Jorg
Author-X-Name-Last: Mayer
Author-Name: Adrian Wood
Author-X-Name-First: Adrian
Author-X-Name-Last: Wood
Title: South Asia's Export Structure in a Comparative Perspective
Abstract:
World-wide cross-country regressions are used to examine South Asia's
export structure through the lens of Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory. By
comparison with other regions, South Asia's exports are unusually
concentrated on labour-intensive manufactures. This distinctive export
structure is shown to be the result mainly of South Asia's distinctive
combination of resources: by comparison with other regions, it has a low
level of education and few natural resources, relative to its supply of
labour. This basic economic fact must be recognized in the design of trade
and development strategy for South Asia over the next few decades.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 5-29
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810124897
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810124897
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:5-29
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Niranjan Chipalkatti
Author-X-Name-First: Niranjan
Author-X-Name-Last: Chipalkatti
Author-Name: Meenakshi Rishi
Author-X-Name-First: Meenakshi
Author-X-Name-Last: Rishi
Title: External Debt and Capital Flight in the Indian Economy
Abstract:
This paper estimates Indian capital flight at US $88 billion (in 1997
dollars) over the 1971-97 period, a sum that is roughly 20% of the US $448
billion real external debt disbursed to the country over the same time
period. There is also evidence of a strong year-to-year correlation
between debt inflows and flight-capital outflows. The paper explores the
nature of this association between capital flight and external debt in the
Indian economy. An analysis by Boyce (1992, World Development, 20, pp.
335-349) for the Philippines revealed the presence of contemporaneous
bi-directional causality, in other words, a financial revolving door
relationship between external debt and capital flight in that economy. The
research question addressed by this paper is whether such a financial
revolving door relationship exists in India, given its higher level of
external indebtedness and lower debt-to-GNP ratio as compared with the
Philippines. Utilizing a simultaneous equation model to examine the
association between capital flight and external debt in the Indian
economy, the paper confirms the existence of a financial revolving door
relationship between the two endogenous variables.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 31-44
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810124596
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810124596
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:31-44
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: K. P. Kalirajan
Author-X-Name-First: K. P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalirajan
Author-Name: Yiping Huang
Author-X-Name-First: Yiping
Author-X-Name-Last: Huang
Title: Does China Have a Grain Problem? An Empirical Analysis
Abstract:
It has been acknowledged in the literature that productive efficiency in
grain production in China has substantially improved in the post-reform
period, particularly in the early 1980s. Since then, there have been
several policy changes in China, which have affected the growth of the
sector. Specifically, the spectacular growth of rural industries has
attracted significant physical and human capital from agriculture. It is
in this context that Brown's warning of China soon becoming the world's
number one importer of grain has raised an important question of whether
China has reached its grain production potential. Analysis of the 1994
farm household survey data indicates that the majority of the sample
farmers is reasonably technically efficient in grain production but that
productivity can be increased further even with the existing technology.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 45-55
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810123894
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810123894
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:45-55
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Henny Romijn
Author-X-Name-First: Henny
Author-X-Name-Last: Romijn
Title: Technology Support for Small-scale Industry in Developing Countries: A Review of Concepts and Project Practices
Abstract:
The paper is a review of approaches towards institutional technology
support for small-scale manufacturing enterprises in developing countries
since the early 1970s. Early programmes tended to suffer from a number of
weaknesses, stemming from a limited conceptualization of technology and an
inadequate understanding of the role of the small-scale sector in
industrial development more broadly. There was also a lack of practical
experience with project implementation. However, in recent years important
advances have been made on all these fronts. Four features of recent
technology assistance programmes that have tended to be associated with
success are discussed, and illustrated with evidence from different
projects. Broadly, successful projects: (a) embrace the notion that
durable competitiveness of small producers in a competitive economic
environment requires that they develop internal capabilities to
effectively assimilate, use and adapt product and process technologies;
(b) are demand-driven; (c) target the assistance to groups of producers
with common interests and problems, and help them to organize themselves
in collective bodies that can evolve into self-help institutions; and (d)
include appropriate incentive structures based on market principles.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 57-76
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810124790
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810124790
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:57-76
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ludovico Alcorta
Author-X-Name-First: Ludovico
Author-X-Name-Last: Alcorta
Title: Technical and Organizational Change and Economies of Scale and Scope in Developing Countries
Abstract:
This article examines the impact of flexible automation (FA) and
associated organizational techniques on scale and scope economies and
optimal scale. It is based on an in-depth survey of 62 engineering firms
in Brazil, India, Mexico, Thailand, Turkey and Venezuela. The paper finds
that the replacement of old, mainly conventional, machine tools and
transfer lines by new computer-numerically-controlled machine tools and
related FA has resulted in lower economical batch sizes and the
manufacturing of growing variety, making it possible to reap economies of
scope. Scale and scope economies at product level have, however,
reinforced scale economies at plant level, resulting in higher levels of
optimal output. The main factors accounting for such impact are the
reduction in the number of operations required, the improved efficiency
and accuracy of the new technologies and the much higher capital fixed
costs vis-a ¤ -vis the technologies that were replaced. Higher plant
scales could limit the potential for industrialization in developing
countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 77-100
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810123207
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810123207
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:77-100
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sonali Deraniyagala
Author-X-Name-First: Sonali
Author-X-Name-Last: Deraniyagala
Title: The Impact of Technology Accumulation on Technical Efficiency: An Analysis of the Sri Lankan Clothing and Agricultural Machinery Industries
Abstract:
This paper examines the effects of technology accumulation on firm-level
technical efficiency in the Sri Lankan clothing and agricultural machinery
industries, using cross-section survey data. Econometric analysis of the
economic effects of technology development in developing countries is
limited and this paper seeks to address this gap in the literature. The
analysis shows simple adaptive technical change to have a significant and
positive effect on efficiency in both industries. In addition, variables
relating to technological skills and training also emerge as significant
determinants of firm-level efficiency.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 101-114
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810125542
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810125542
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:101-114
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert Berry
Author-X-Name-First: Albert
Author-X-Name-Last: Berry
Title: When do Agricultural Exports Help the Rural Poor? A Political-economy Approach
Abstract:
Many economists have argued that agricultural exports should be one of
the best ways to reduce rural poverty in developing countries, through the
creation of productive employment in the rural areas. Non-economists have
tended to be sceptical, often seeing such exports as competitive with food
crops and thus potentially threatening to an adequate supply of food. The
historical record includes many cases in which the prospect of profitable
agricultural exports prompted the rich/powerful to appropriate land
formerly occupied by lower income agricultural workers, often squatters or
people with traditional land rights. That record, as currently understood,
leaves it unclear whether such exports have more frequently brought
benefits to the rural poor or hurt them. An adequate model of the poverty
effects of agricultural exports must thus take account of how control of
land (and labour as well) may be shifted among groups without compensation
as it becomes more valuable. Two major issues/questions are of current
interest. First, have the unjust mechanisms whereby the rich wrested
valuable resources from the poor in the past become less common? Second,
is there evidence that the sort of labour-intensive agricultural exports
most likely to benefit the poor are growing fast enough to suggest an
important poverty effect at present and in the future? More in-depth
research is needed to clarify both points. For the present, it appears
unlikely that agricultural exports will be a major source of poverty
reduction for the rural poor in the Third World taken as a whole.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 125-144
Issue: 2
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120059770
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120059770
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:125-144
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Dunning
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Dunning
Author-Name: Chang-Su Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Chang-Su
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Author-Name: Jyh-Der Lin
Author-X-Name-First: Jyh-Der
Author-X-Name-Last: Lin
Title: Incorporating Trade into the Investment Development Path: A Case Study of Korea and Taiwan
Abstract:
We suggest that there is some interface between the investment
development path (IDP) and the trade development path (TDP)-with both
trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) of created asset-intensive
products increasing their significance relative to gross national product
(GNP) of countries. The proportion of intra-industry trade and FDI to
total trade and FDI also increases as an economy develops, particularly so
for created asset-intensive products. We have taken the FDI intensity of
manufacturing sectors as a proxy for a created asset intensity, and
classified it into three categories, viz. above, average and below created
asset intensities. Trade and FDI data from the Korean and Taiwan economies
between 1968 and 1997 generally support the idea of an integrated TDP and
IDP. The growth of trade and FDI tends to be positively correlated with
GNP per capita and with the created asset intensity of products.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 145-154
Issue: 2
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810123926
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810123926
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:145-154
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amit Ray
Author-X-Name-First: Amit
Author-X-Name-Last: Ray
Author-Name: Saradindu Bhaduri
Author-X-Name-First: Saradindu
Author-X-Name-Last: Bhaduri
Title: R&D and Technological Learning in Indian Industry: Econometric Estimation of the Research Production Function
Abstract:
Estimation of research production functions has produced rich and useful
results for developed countries in the past. This paper makes a pioneering
attempt to estimate the same in the context of a less-developed country
(LDC) (India). The objective is to examine the process of technology
generation and learning in Indian industry. The existing literature
recognizes two principal characteristics of technological activities in
LDCs. First, their R&D effort is geared towards "minor" as opposed to
"major" innovations. Second, technological learning constitutes an
integral part of their research thrust. This paper attempts to capture
these characteristics in a rigorous econometric framework by estimating a
comprehensive research production function incorporating the role of
learning. We use Indian firm-level in-house R&D data for two sectors:
pharmaceuticals and electronics. Our study not only captures the role of
learning in determining research effort and research output, but also
re-examines some of the existing hypotheses relating to the effects of
firm size, technology import and ownership. We find that the two sectors
display two distinct learning trajectories, but in both cases learning
proves to be crucially important in technology generation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 155-171
Issue: 2
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120059306
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120059306
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susmita Dasgupta
Author-X-Name-First: Susmita
Author-X-Name-Last: Dasgupta
Author-Name: Ashoka Mody
Author-X-Name-First: Ashoka
Author-X-Name-Last: Mody
Author-Name: Subhendu Roy
Author-X-Name-First: Subhendu
Author-X-Name-Last: Roy
Author-Name: David Wheeler
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Wheeler
Title: Environmental Regulation and Development: A Cross-country Empirical Analysis
Abstract:
This paper develops comparative indices of environmental policy and
performance for 31 countries, using a quantified analysis of reports
prepared for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED). In cross-country regressions, we find a very strong, positive
association between our indicators and the level of economic development,
particularly when the latter is adjusted for purchasing power parity. Our
results suggest a characteristic progression in the development process,
from protection of natural resources to regulation of water pollution and,
finally, air pollution control. They also highlight the importance of
institutional development, with significant roles for degree of private
property protection, effectiveness of the legal/judicial system and
efficiency of public administration. Controlling for these variables,
"Green" sector indices should be positively correlated with: (1) rural
population density; and (2) agricultural and forest production share of
national output. "Brown" sector indices should be positively correlated
with: (1) particular focus on public health, indexed by life expectancy;
(2) urban share of total population; (3) urban population density; and (4)
manufacturing share of national output. Our analysis of overall regulatory
performance reveals strong cross-country associations with income per
capita, security of property rights, and general development of the legal
and regulatory system. Surprisingly, however, we find only insignificant
or perverse associations with degree of popular representation and freedom
of information. For both the Green and Brown indices, performance is again
strongly associated with income per capita, freedom of property and (in
small samples) measures of regulatory efficiency. The two specifically
rural sector variables (population density; proportion of GDP in
agriculture and forestry) are only weakly associated with the Green index.
The fit is much better for the Brown index: degree of urbanization,
population density and manufacturing share in GDP all have the expected
signs and relatively high significance. Life expectancy as a proxy for
public health priority has no independent effect. In summary, our findings
suggest that a detailed, quantified analysis of the UNCED reports can
yield comparable and plausible indices of environmental policy performance
across countries. Cross-country variations in our environmental index are
explained well by variations in income per capita, degree of urbanization
and industrialization, security of property rights and general
administrative efficiency.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 173-187
Issue: 2
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810125568
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810125568
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:173-187
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Niek Koning
Author-X-Name-First: Niek
Author-X-Name-Last: Koning
Author-Name: Nico Heerink
Author-X-Name-First: Nico
Author-X-Name-Last: Heerink
Author-Name: Sjef Kauffman
Author-X-Name-First: Sjef
Author-X-Name-Last: Kauffman
Title: Food Insecurity, Soil Degradation and Agricultural Markets in West Africa: Why Current Policy Approaches Fail
Abstract:
The agricultural sector in West Africa is not at present capable of
meeting the growing demand for food for its population and of reversing
unfavourable trends in soil degradation. We argue that integrated soil
management is an essential condition for sustainable agricultural
development in the many regions in West Africa where population pressure
forces an intensification of land use. Such an approach combines improved
soil-moisture storage measures, and the use of organic and inorganic
fertilizers and soil amendments. The synergetic effects which could result
from this combination are indispensable for achieving the productivity
increases needed to cope with the pressure of population. Current
(neo-liberal and ecological-participationist) policy approaches are unable
to realize the transition towards integrated soil management technologies.
The time lags involved in learning to use new technologies, in the
adaptation of technologies to local circumstances, and in reaping the
benefits of soil fertility investments call for (at least temporary)
support of agricultural incomes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 189-207
Issue: 2
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810124747
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810124747
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:189-207
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meghnad Desai
Author-X-Name-First: Meghnad
Author-X-Name-Last: Desai
Title: Amartya Sen's Contribution to Development Economics
Abstract:
Amartya Sen has been writing about development issues since the
mid-1950s, most notably, but far from exclusively, in the 1960s. As a
young man he was influenced by Tagore, by Nehru and by his teachers in
Calcutta and Cambridge. He generally adopted an anti-market,
anti-neoclassical stance. In the period 1957-76 Sen worked on choice of
techniques, surplus labour in Indian agriculture and the rationale for
import substitution in Indian planning; a group of issues relating to
"pervasive suboptimality", which led to development of the concept of
shadow pricing. The second phase came from 1976 onwards when there was a
shift from suboptimality to what can be termed "humane economics", which
challenges conventional utility theory. It began with applied work on the
Bengal famine, leading to the concept of "entitlement", and branched
outwards into intensive studies of poverty and deprivation. The end result
is the creation of a new set of concepts in economics and philosophy with
human concerns at the centre. This by passes many central preoccupations
of economists and shifts work on development on to new ground.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 213-223
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088831
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088831
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:213-223
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elisabeth Croll
Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Croll
Title: Amartya Sen's 100 Million Missing Women
Abstract:
Amartya Sen has claimed that women were "missing" in millions from the
population totals of Asian countries, in particular. On the basis of
various assumptions he calculated that excessive female mortality
accounted for a 6-11% deficiency in the total number of women, thus
revealing what he called a "terrible story of inequality and neglect". The
aim of this paper, written over 10 years later, is to examine the latest
trends of female birth and survival in South and East Asia, consider the
influences on the situation of economic and cultural factors and to
appraise policies aiming to counter excess female mortality. It is
suggested that major problems still remain amid what amounts to
continent-wide denial by governments, donors, communities and families of
excessive female mortality, discrimination and disadvantage.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 225-244
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088840
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088840
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:225-244
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen Devereux
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Devereux
Title: Sen's Entitlement Approach: Critiques and Counter-critiques
Abstract:
Twenty years after Poverty and Famines elaborated the entitlement
approach as an innovative and holistic approach to famine analysis,
debates about some of its fundamental assertions remain unresolved. This
paper examines four limitations acknowledged by Sen himself: starvation by
choice, disease-driven rather than starvation-driven mortality,
ambiguities in entitlement specification and extra-legal entitlement
transfers. It concludes that Sen's approach is significantly weakened,
both conceptually and empirically, by its methodological individualism and
by its privileging of economic aspects of famine above sociopolitical
determinants. A complementary analysis is required, one that recognizes
the importance of non-market institutions in determining entitlements,
famine as social process and epidemiological crisis, and violations of
entitlement rules in the complex emergencies that typify most contemporary
famines.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 245-263
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088859
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088859
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:245-263
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mozaffar Qizilbash
Author-X-Name-First: Mozaffar
Author-X-Name-Last: Qizilbash
Title: Corruption and Human Development: A Conceptual Discussion
Abstract:
This paper is concerned with how the corruption and development debate
changes if the focus shifts to notions of "human" development. There are
many senses of corruption, but the literature has focused on the public
office conception and consequentialist evaluation. While it looks as if
corruption clearly does not promote human development, the case needs to
be made carefully, since arguments can be made to the effect that
corruption can promote human development. The discussion highlights the
limits of consequentialist evaluation and helps us to think about the
policy implications of various conceptions of human development. Finally,
while the diversity of norms and the possibility of Western bias do not
undermine either anti-corruption or human development agendas, they do set
limits on the extent to which specific moral norms can be embodied in
conceptions of human development.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 265-278
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088868
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088868
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:265-278
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Manabi Majumdar
Author-X-Name-First: Manabi
Author-X-Name-Last: Majumdar
Title: Child Labour as a Human Security Problem: Evidence from India
Abstract:
Contemporary economists and demographers have discussed the phenomenon of
child labour using a family strategy approach, focusing their attention
primarily on family resources, family constraints and the cost-benefit
calculus of the family head. Diverging somewhat from this conventional
path and starting from the vantage point of human security and
development, this study makes a case for considering child well-being as a
separate problem of its own, much as it is related to family welfare. The
paper argues that non-schooling and work of children reflect not only
parental income constraints but also, more importantly, the paucity of
publicly provided educational opportunities; they are the products of not
just parental utilitarian calculus but of deficiencies in public policy
and social institutions. With a particular empirical focus on India, it
demonstrates that the burden of child labour as well as the onus of
educational deprivation are disproportionately borne by different
population groups in the country. The paper concludes that in considering
strategies to combat child labour, the school reform point of view and
correlatively the expansion of an educational opportunities perspective
should enter the current political and policy consciousness in a
significant way.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 279-304
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088877
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088877
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:279-304
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vijay Joshi
Author-X-Name-First: Vijay
Author-X-Name-Last: Joshi
Title: Capital Controls and the National Advantage: India in the 1990s and Beyond
Abstract:
Capital controls played a crucial role in insulating India from the East
Asian crisis and from volatile capital flows in the 1990s more generally.
In the near future, India would be well advised to continue its cautious
approach to capital account convertibility. India's experience holds some
lessons for other developing countries and for the redesign of the
international financial architecture.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 305-320
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2001
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810120088886
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810120088886
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:305-320
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Title: Professor George Peters: Born September 1934: Died November, 2001
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 3-5
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810210335
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810210335
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Augustin Kwasi Fosu
Author-X-Name-First: Augustin Kwasi
Author-X-Name-Last: Fosu
Title: Transforming Economic Growth to Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Elite Political Instability
Abstract:
In the light of the increasing attention on human development (HD) as
well as the importance of political instability (PI) in economic
performance, this paper examines the role of PI in the transformation of
economic growth to HD. It finds that elite PI—the frequency of
coups d'etat in sub-Saharan Africa—adversely affected the
transformation of economic growth to HD, measured as the change in an
index of life expectancy and literacy, between 1970 and 1985. Coupled with
an additional indirect negative effect on GDP growth, elite PI is found to
have engendered a significant adverse impact on HD.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 9-19
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114877
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114877
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ingrid Yngstrom
Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid
Author-X-Name-Last: Yngstrom
Title: Women, Wives and Land Rights in Africa: Situating Gender Beyond the Household in the Debate Over Land Policy and Changing Tenure Systems
Abstract:
The debate over land reform in Africa is embedded in evolutionary models,
in which it is assumed landholding systems are evolving into
individualized systems of ownership with greater market integration. This
process is seen to be occurring even without state protection of private
land rights through titling. Gender as an analytical category is excluded
in evolutionary models. Women are accommodated only in their dependent
position as the wives of landholders in idealized 'households'. This paper
argues that gender relations are central to the organization and
transformation of landholding systems. Women have faced different forms of
tenure insecurity, both as wives and in their relations with wider kin, as
landholding systems have been integrated into wider markets. These cannot
be addressed while evolutionary models dominate the policy debate. The
paper draws out these arguments from experience of tenure reform in
Tanzania and asks how policy-makers might address these issues
differently.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 21-40
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114886
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114886
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:21-40
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pushkar Maitra
Author-X-Name-First: Pushkar
Author-X-Name-Last: Maitra
Author-Name: Ranjan Ray
Author-X-Name-First: Ranjan
Author-X-Name-Last: Ray
Title: The Joint Estimation of Child Participation in Schooling and Employment: Comparative Evidence from Three Continents
Abstract:
This paper uses data from Peru, Pakistan and Ghana to analyse
simultaneously child labour and child schooling, and compares them between
these countries. We use a multinomial logit estimation procedure that
analyses the participation and non-participation of children in schooling
and in employment and, in particular, allows the possibility that a child
combines schooling with employment or does neither. We also use an ordered
probit estimation procedure based on a ranking of the various child
schooling/employment/non-schooling/non-employment outcomes. The results
point to both similarities and striking dissimilarities in the nature of
child labour and child schooling between the chosen countries. For
example, in Pakistan, but not in Peru, the girl child's ordering of
schooling/employment outcomes shows her at a position of extreme
disadvantage. Household poverty discourages a child from achieving
superior outcomes, but the effect varies markedly across the three
countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 41-62
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114895
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114895
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:41-62
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Werner Baer
Author-X-Name-First: Werner
Author-X-Name-Last: Baer
Author-Name: Pedro Elosegui
Author-X-Name-First: Pedro
Author-X-Name-Last: Elosegui
Author-Name: Andres Gallo
Author-X-Name-First: Andres
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallo
Title: The Achievements and Failures of Argentina's Neo-liberal Economic Policies
Abstract:
The stability of an economic policy regime depends in large measure on
either its successful authoritarian imposition or on the general
acceptance by society of the distributional status quo of assets and/or
income. Although Argentina's Convertibility Plan ("Currency Board" system)
brought price stability and growth to the country, the inability or
unwillingness of the government to attain a fiscal adjustment threatened
its survival. The "fight for shares" in this "conflict society" was
inherited from previous regimes. We show that this fight, previously left
unresolved through inflationary finance, was subsequently left unresolved
through the rapid growth of indebtedness under the Convertibility Plan.
From 1999 onwards, the contradictions of the Plan became increasingly
obvious and it was clear that the key to future stable economic growth was
dependent on finding a way to turn the "conflict society" into a
"consensus society". The construction of such a society is still a pending
task for Argentina.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 63-85
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114903
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114903
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:63-85
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ganeshan Wignaraja
Author-X-Name-First: Ganeshan
Author-X-Name-Last: Wignaraja
Title: Firm Size, Technological Capabilities and Market-oriented Policies in Mauritius
Abstract:
Mauritius is an outlier in sub-Saharan Africa in terms of its impressive
growth in garment exports since it adopted outward-oriented policies in
the early 1980s. Little, however, is known about the role of technological
factors in the behaviour of Mauritian garment exporters. Using recent
methodological developments in the literature on technological
capabilities, this paper explores this issue. It constructs a "technology
index" and conducts econometric analysis on factors affecting
enterprise-level technological development and export performance in a
sample of enterprises. Firm size, technical manpower, training
expenditures and external technical assistance are positively related to
the technology index, suggesting that investments in human capital and
information (both facilitated by size) improve technological performance.
The technology index and foreign ownership have positive and significant
effects on export performance. The technology index is a robust tool of
empirical research and can be used to analyse the technological record of
enterprises in adjusting countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 87-104
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114912
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114912
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:87-104
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J. G. M. Hoogeveen
Author-X-Name-First: J. G. M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoogeveen
Title: Income Risk, Consumption Security and the Poor
Abstract:
Households in developing countries have to deal with large fluctuations
in income without being able to rely on formal insurance and credit
markets. This paper presents an overview of the ways in which poor
households attain consumption security and shows that doing so in the
absence of security enhancing institutions is costly, especially for the
poor.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 105-121
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/136008101200114921
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136008101200114921
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:105-121
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cathie Lloyd
Author-X-Name-First: Cathie
Author-X-Name-Last: Lloyd
Author-Name: Sandra Dudley
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Dudley
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Title: The Global and the Local; The Cultural Interfaces of Self-determination Movements
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 133-136
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138249
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138249
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:133-136
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Eade
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Eade
Author-Name: David Garbin
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Garbin
Title: Changing Narratives of Violence, Struggle and Resistance: Bangladeshis and the Competition for Resources in the Global City
Abstract:
Tower Hamlets contains the largest concentration of Bangladeshis in the
UK and they have been very successful in campaigning for resources in a
borough which has high poverty levels in the north, while to the south it
has been radically transformed by global capital and new white middle
class "immigrants" employed in the service sector. A debate concerning
poverty, social exclusion and the growing incidence of criminality among
third generation Bangladeshis was dominated during the 1980s by
secularists whose hegemony was challenged during the 1990s by Islamist
groups. This struggle between secularist and Islamist leaders is not just
a local phenomenon since it is shaped by ideological, political and social
ties with Bangladesh and with other Muslim-majority countries. It raises
the issue of how leaders seek to represent their "community"--variously
defined--in a non-Muslim nation where state institutions (locally and
nationally) attempt to co-opt community leaders through multiculturalist
strategies. So far, the struggle has not been overshadowed by the kind of
urban violence seen in other areas of substantial Bangladeshi population.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 137-149
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138258
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138258
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:137-149
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cathie Lloyd
Author-X-Name-First: Cathie
Author-X-Name-Last: Lloyd
Title: Thinking about the Local and the Global in the Algerian Context
Abstract:
This article poses questions arising from research on local and the
global cultural flows in struggles for self-determination to draw
attention to some complexities. While we may think in terms of a
relationship between the local and the global, rather than a
uni-directional flow from the global to the local, it is important to hold
on to the way in which other relations, notably those of power, also
impact on the way this relationship is constructed. In different contexts
there are trends or hierarchies which may affect how the local relates to
the global and the global impacts on the local. After briefly surveying
theoretical debates about the local and the global, I ask whether our work
on conflict and self-determination is suggesting any new ways of looking
at this relationship. The argument is illustrated throughout with
materials from a case study of Algeria drawing particularly on the media
and migration.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 151-163
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138267
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138267
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:151-163
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Dudley
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Dudley
Title: Local Identities and Global Flows of Objects and Images
Abstract:
This is a theoretical exploration of an approach to cultural aspects of
external dimensions of self-determination movements (SDMs) and their
relationship to economic aspects. An underlying theme is the possible
relationships between "identity" and global flows of objects, information
and images. This general theme connects exiles and diasporas, new global
media, material culture and the politics of identity. In the context of
global cultural influences on SDMs, we draw attention to the significance
of the relationships between people and objects, images and ideas, in the
sense of the pathways via which these are spread and exchanged, and in the
sense of the symbolic values and meanings attributed to them. Not only
ideas but also material objects, images and experience, and the global and
local processes via which they are acquired, imbued with value and
exchanged, play a major part in reinforcing and/or altering people's sense
of who they are, of the world beyond them, their place in it, and the
ideology and practice of a SDM. Global processes by which objects, images
and experience move do not necessarily imply a unidirectional flow of
objects and images of global mass consumption towards and into the SDM and
its people. Local objects and images can also go out, potentially
influencing not only diasporic and the outside world's views of and
policies towards the SDM, but also its view of the outside world and, in
turn, its course of action. In sum, the flow of objects and images--as
things with meaning and as commodities--is, like diaspora and new media,
an important mechanism by which the global and local interact. The paper
outlines one route for analysis and indicates possible themes for further
research, drawing on empirical data from the author's study of SDMs in
Burma.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 165-176
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138276
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138276
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joshua Kaldor-Robinson
Author-X-Name-First: Joshua
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaldor-Robinson
Title: The Virtual and the Imaginary: The Role of Diasphoric New Media in the Construction of a National Identity during the Break-up of Yugoslavia
Abstract:
In the conflicts of the last decade within ex-Yugoslavia, diasphoric
communities have played a significant role, on the practical level of
providing remittances, arms and often even fighters in the various
conflicts, and on a cultural and ideological level in helping to
(re)construct a national narrative amongst the various ethnic groups and
in helping to spread the viewpoints of these groups into a wider
international sphere. New media, particularly the Internet, video and
satellite television have transformed the way diasphoric communities
relate to their "homelands". These new media make possible a dramatic
increase in information flows both to and from the homeland. This in turn
helps to increase the fluidity of identity construction and conceptions of
collective identity, among diasporas and to a lesser extent among those
remaining in the homeland. This article examines the impact of these new
information flows on constructions of "the other" within national
narratives at a theoretical level and more generally the role of diasporas
in participating in the national discourse, despite the distance between
them and the homeland. At an empirical level, we focus on the use of
videotape among the Croatian community in Australia and the use of the
Internet by Croatian and Kosovar Albanian communities around the world.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 177-187
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138285
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138285
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:177-187
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: S. Eben Kirksey
Author-X-Name-First: S. Eben
Author-X-Name-Last: Kirksey
Author-Name: J. A. D. Roemajauw
Author-X-Name-First: J. A. D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Roemajauw
Title: The Wild Terrorist Gang: The Semantics of Violence and Self-determination in West Papua
Abstract:
The Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) is the most important force uniting
resistance in West Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, against Indonesian
occupation. Rather than being a Weberian organization, the OPM can be
conceived of as a cultural world view. A variety of distinct organizations
are united by the principles of the OPM, but are autonomous in action. The
media have depicted the OPM as dangerous insurgents who threaten the
unitary state of Indonesia with violence. By employing acronyms such as
GPL (Gerombolan Pengacau Liar or the "Wild Terrorist Gang") to refer to
the OPM, the media has glossed over distinctions between different groups.
Labelling the OPM as terrorists has serious political, economic and
military implications. Media representations of the OPM are open to
divergent readings by Papuans and their international network of
supporters. Competing emic (local) accounts about the OPM are distributed
on a global scale by new communications technologies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 189-203
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138294
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138294
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:189-203
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J. P. Linstroth
Author-X-Name-First: J. P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Linstroth
Title: The Basque Conflict Globally Speaking: Material Culture, Media and Basque Identity in the Wider World
Abstract:
This article explores the interplay between global and local determinants
through the Basque conflict. It demonstrates that self-determination
movements among the Palestinians and Irish Republicans are comparatively
similar to the Basque cause in material expressions of political identity
and by conveying their nationalist sentiments through the agencies of
different mediums. In addition, the impact of 11 September on separatist
struggles like the Basque one is discussed. Throughout it is argued that
material culture as much as media are significant conduits to political
relationships between objects and sentiment, as well as images and reality
whereby these associations become modes of "political consumption" by
political actors. As a result, political images and objects have "value
potential" to transform society and are projected as material products in
banners, posters, graffiti, jewellery and clothing or through varying
mediums of communication such as the Internet, television broadcasts,
video testimonies and other forms, in order to reinforce political
ideology.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 205-222
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810220138302
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810220138302
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:205-222
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Graham Bird
Author-X-Name-First: Graham
Author-X-Name-Last: Bird
Author-Name: Dane Rowlands
Author-X-Name-First: Dane
Author-X-Name-Last: Rowlands
Title: Do IMF Programmes Have a Catalytic Effect on Other International Capital Flows?
Abstract:
It has frequently been assumed that the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
plays an important catalysing role in mobilizing international capital for
developing countries and countries in transition. The Fund has
conventionally been depicted as a "gatekeeper" that unlocks financial
flows from other sources, particularly private international capital
markets. However, more recently, international financial crises have
highlighted the problem of capital volatility and have led to calls for
reform of the international financial architecture and, as part of this,
the IMF. Unfortunately, basic questions about the interaction between
current institutional arrangements and international capital markets have
yet to be answered. How do international capital markets react to the
activities of the IMF? Do the reactions of private and public lenders
differ? Have their reactions changed over time? Do market responses depend
on country characteristics and on the type of IMF involvement and, if so,
how? This paper addresses these questions and goes on to discuss the
policy implications that arise.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 229-249
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012671
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012671
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:229-249
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valpy Fitzgerald
Author-X-Name-First: Valpy
Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald
Title: International Tax Co-operation and Capital Mobility
Abstract:
The international mobility of capital and the geographical dispersion of
firms have clear advantages for the growth and modernization of developing
countries. They also create fundamental challenges for national tax
authorities. Modern principles of capital taxation for the open developing
economy indicate the need to find the correct balance between the
encouragement of private investment and the finance of social
infrastructure, both of which are necessary for sustainable growth. This
balance can be sub-optimal where countries compete for inward investment
by granting tax incentives or exercise conflicting principles in
determining the tax base. The current practice of international taxation
indicates that fiscal authorities in Latin America and the Caribbean could
attain a more equitable share of capital tax revenue without depressing
investment and growth. This might be achieved through more effective
regional tax rules, double taxation treaties, information sharing and
treatment of offshore financial centres along the lines already promoted
for OECD members. These findings have wider implications for developing
countries as a whole.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 251-266
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012680
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012680
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:251-266
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Flore Gubert
Author-X-Name-First: Flore
Author-X-Name-Last: Gubert
Title: Do Migrants Insure Those who Stay Behind? Evidence from the Kayes Area (Western Mali)
Abstract:
This article uses recent household survey data from the Kayes area
(western Mali) to analyse the determinants of remittances from both
internal and international migration. The underlying assumption is that
remittances are part of an insurance contract between the migrant and his
family. Although this idea is not new, few tests have appeared in the
recent literature. After a discussion of various measures of crop income
shocks, we employ Powell's censored least absolute deviation (CLAD)
estimators in addition to more standard parametric estimators to assess
the influence of shocks on remittance behaviour. In contrast to Heckman's
two-step or the Tobit estimator, Powell's estimator is consistent in the
presence of heteroscedasticity and is robust to violations of the
normality assumption for the residuals. Regression results bring some
support for the view that insurance is an important motivation for
remittances. This welfare function should be taken into account by
policy-makers in the design of migration policies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 267-287
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012699
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012699
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:267-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Haider Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Haider
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Title: Innovation and Growth: A Schumpeterian Model of Innovation Applied to Taiwan
Abstract:
Following Schumpeter, we assume that innovation in specific firms, or
groups of firms, can have economy-wide effects. Models based on this idea
can be shown to have multiple equilibria. The idea of a positive feedback
loop innovation system, or POLIS, is formalized by picking an appropriate
sequence of equilibria over time. It is shown that POLIS has empirical
relevance by applying the formal model to an actual economy. The 1997-98
financial crisis in many Asian countries, most notably South Korea, seemed
to have reversed the conventional wisdom regarding the "East Asian
miracle". This paper applies the concept of a POLIS to the case of Taiwan
to show that, at least in this case, neither the view that the miracle was
a mirage nor the view that the growth was a result of factor accumulation
only is correct. Ultimately, technological transformation--in particular
the creation of a positive feedback loop innovation system--is what makes
the difference between sustained growth and gradual or sudden decline.
Although problems remain in both the real and the financial sectors, the
successes of Taiwan in building the preconditions for an innovation system
are worth examining. Upon careful examination of Taiwan's system of
innovation within the above Schumpeterian model it is found that Taiwan
has a fighting chance of building a POLIS in the near future.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 289-306
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012707
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012707
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:289-306
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shyam Nath
Author-X-Name-First: Shyam
Author-X-Name-Last: Nath
Author-Name: Sanjeev Sobhee
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjeev
Author-X-Name-Last: Sobhee
Title: Is External Development Assistance Fungible? The Case of Mauritius
Abstract:
External and internal development funds may be substitutes or
complementary in financing development projects. We construct a
welfare-maximizing model of a community, explicitly incorporating the
decision-makers' choice between internal and external resources for
development purposes. The model is estimated with Mauritian data, which
include periods of rising foreign aid and substantial repayment. The
computed values of substitution elasticity between the two sources of
funds, derived from the social choice process, indicate that internal and
external funds are complementary and therefore external funds do not seem
to be fungible.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 307-315
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012716
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012716
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:307-315
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kunal Sen
Author-X-Name-First: Kunal
Author-X-Name-Last: Sen
Title: Trade Policy, Equipment Investment and Growth in India
Abstract:
The relationship between trade policy and economic performance is one of
the oldest controversies in economic development. In this paper, we
examine an alternative mechanism through which trade reforms may impact on
economic growth to those commonly discussed in the literature. This
mechanism builds on the link between equipment investment and growth that
has been observed in cross-country data. We argue that that in countries
which have had highly restrictive trade policies with respect to capital
goods, liberalization measures that specifically target capital goods
imports may bring about a fall in the relative price of capital goods,
leading to an increase in the rate of investment in equipment. Quantifying
the link between trade policy, equipment investment and economic growth in
the Indian case, we find strong support for this mechanism.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 317-331
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2002
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081022000012725
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081022000012725
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:317-331
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ha-Joon Chang
Author-X-Name-First: Ha-Joon
Author-X-Name-Last: Chang
Title: Kicking Away the Ladder: Infant Industry Promotion in Historical Perspective 1
Abstract:
This article introduces a new dimension in the debate on infant industry
promotion by pointing out that, historically, the developed countries
themselves did not develop on the basis of free trade policy and
laissez-faire industrial policy that they currently recommend to, or even
force upon, the developing countries. It first critically examines the
"official history of capitalism", which sees the last few centuries as a
continuous, if sometimes disrupted, advance of the free trade system. Then
it shows how virtually all of today's developed countries, especially the
UK and the USA, the supposed homes of free trade, used tariff protection
and subsidies to develop their industries when they were in catching-up
positions. It then criticizes the orthodox counter-argument that, while
using protection in the early days of their economic development, today's
developed countries never used it as much as today's developing countries
have done. Finally, pointing out that the supposedly "good" policies of
free trade and laissez-faire industrial policy have led to a collapse in
growth in the developing countries during the last two decades, the
article argues for a total rethink on trade policy and, more broadly,
development strategy, for developing countries. Above all, it recommends
that the global rules need to be rewritten in such a way that developing
countries are allowed more actively to use tariffs and subsidies for
infant industry promotion in accordance with their development strategy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 21-32
Issue: 1
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047168
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047168
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:21-32
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Author-Name: Gustav Ranis
Author-X-Name-First: Gustav
Author-X-Name-Last: Ranis
Title: Symposium on Infant Industries: A Comment
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 33-35
Issue: 1
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047177
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047177
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:33-35
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gavin Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Gavin
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Title: Studying Development and Explaining Policies
Abstract:
Development is an ideological project. It originated in the need to
address the negative consequences of capitalism in metropolitan countries
and was integral to the project of imperialism, whose legacy it bears.
Development policies and development studies both confound the intention
to develop with the process of development. Theorists of development and
of state-directed development, and most of their critics, share dualist
assumptions. They have been concerned to explain how to modernize backward
and rural economies and to transfer resources to create modern industrial
economies. They have drawn on and influenced commu nist, state-led and
market-oriented development strategies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 37-58
Issue: 1
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047186
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047186
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha
Author-X-Name-First: Raghav
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha
Title: Are Millennium Goals of Poverty Reduction Useful?
Abstract:
Millennium goals aim to halve poverty in developing countries by 2015. As
a distinction is not drawn between the persistently and transiently poor,
there is a risk that strategies designed to accelerate growth to achieve
the desired reduction in an overall index of poverty may be preferred to
those that benefit the persistently poor. Besides, in the absence of a
disaggregation of these goals into rural and urban components, rural
poverty reduction may not get the priority it deserves. Finally, the
feasibility of the millennium goals is not plausible. While the growth
rates required for achieving these goals do not differ much from those
recorded in recent years, their sustainability is not self-evident.
Moreover, as income inequality has increased in recent years, the poverty
reduction due to a given growth rate is lower. But these goals are
nevertheless useful in drawing attention to pervasive deprivation in
developing countries, and to the need for a determined and co-ordinated
effort by the development community in reducing it substantially in the
not-too-distant future.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 59-84
Issue: 1
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047195
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047195
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:59-84
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ruhul Amin Salim
Author-X-Name-First: Ruhul Amin
Author-X-Name-Last: Salim
Title: Economic Liberalization and Productivity Growth: Further Evidence From Bangladesh
Abstract:
The impact of economic liberalization reforms on the productive
performances of manufacturing firms remains a contentious issue in the
literature. This paper attempts to contribute to the debate by empirically
estimating productivity growth of Bangladesh food manufacturing using firm
level data before and after reform. Empirical results show that the share
of output growth was accounted for by input growth in most sectors of this
industry. In some sectors, the estimated rate of total factor productivity
(TFP) growth is negligible or even negative. Decomposition of the TFP
growth shows that technological progress plays a significant role in TFP
growth across firms within the sub-sectors of this industry. Empirical
results also show that the relative contribution of capacity realization
to TFP growth is not substantial in inhibiting the industry's high and
sustained growth. These dismal performances indicate that the industries
responded a little to the implementation of economic reforms.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 85-98
Issue: 1
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047203
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047203
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:85-98
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Charles Kenny
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Kenny
Title: The Internet and Economic Growth in Less-developed Countries: A Case of Managing Expectations? 1
Abstract:
A discussion of the theory of technology and economic growth suggests
potentially negative implications for the impact of the Internet on
developing countries. Technology in general is undoubtedly central to the
growth process, but economists define technology in very broad terms. The
impact of any particular, invented, technology is likely to be small. This
theoretical perspective is supported by the empirical evidence on the
limited impact of past "information revolutions" on less-developed
countries (LDCs) and the present impact of the Internet on advanced
economies. Furthermore, LDCs appear ill-prepared to benefit from the
opportunities that the Internet does present--they lack the physical and
human capital, along with the institutions required, to exploit the
e-economy. Finally, even optimistic forecasts of the Internet's global
economic impact are small in scale compared with the challenge of
development. This has significant implications for development policy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 99-113
Issue: 1
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000047212
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000047212
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:99-113
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Knight
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Knight
Author-Name: Lina Song
Author-X-Name-First: Lina
Author-X-Name-Last: Song
Title: Chinese Peasant Choices: Migration, Rural Industry or Farming
Abstract:
A nationally representative rural labour force survey of China is
analysed to explore the allocation of labour among farming, local
non-farming and temporary migration activities. Various tests of labour
market segmentation are conducted. The estimated returns to labour off the
farm greatly exceed those on the farm. The personal and household
determinants of activities, and of days worked in them, are examined for
demand or supply constraints on employment; some results are consistent
with the former. The relationship between days worked off and on the farm
suggests that the opportunity cost to households of non-farm work is very
low. The evidence is consistent with there being rationing of non-farm
employment. However, tastes, imperfect information, imperfect capital
markets, risk-aversion and transaction costs are also relevant. The
overcoming of the obstacles to diversification away from farming is
important for rural development in China.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 123-148
Issue: 2
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307427
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307427
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:123-148
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Howard White
Author-X-Name-First: Howard
Author-X-Name-Last: White
Title: Social Organization, Civic Responsibility and Collective Action: Game Theory Models of Community Participation in Development Projects
Abstract:
Why do people participate in community projects? Game theory approaches
based on the prisoners' dilemma suggest that people will not participate
even if they would have been better off had they all done so. This paper
adapts an argument of Bates to show how a system of enforceable fines can
ensure full participation. It then goes on to present a model in which
individuals have differing degrees of civic responsibility, so that some
will participate whilst others free-ride. Other idiosyncratic elements in
the individual cost-benefit calculation for community projects, such as
unequal benefits, can also explain why some participate but others do not.
But the size of the initiating group has to be above a threshold level for
the project to take place at all. External agents can encourage collective
action by lowering the cost-benefit ratio facing individuals.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 149-158
Issue: 2
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307425
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307425
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:149-158
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Madhusudan Ghosh
Author-X-Name-First: Madhusudan
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghosh
Title: Spatial Integration of Wheat Markets in India: Evidence from Cointegration Tests
Abstract:
Using the maximum likelihood method of cointegration, this paper
empirically evaluates intra-state and inter-state spatial integration of
wheat markets in India. The cointegration tests provide strong evidence in
favour of spatial integration of the regional wheat markets. Even though
the regional markets are geographically dispersed, the prices across
different market centres within and across the selected states have
exhibited long-run spatial linkages, suggesting that all the exchange
locations are integrated and the prices provide relevant market signals.
There are several implications of these results for agricultural price
policy and food market liberalization programmes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 159-171
Issue: 2
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307426
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307426
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:159-171
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Clark
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Clark
Title: Concepts and Perceptions of Human Well-being: Some Evidence from South Africa
Abstract:
This paper presents the results of two surveys, which explored how
ordinary people in a rural village and urban township view human
development. These findings are used to evaluate some abstract concepts of
human well-being and development, and constitute the foundation for
constructing a more realistic development ethic to guide public policy.
Perhaps the most significant finding is that most people appear to share a
common vision of development, which is not fundamentally at odds with most
of the capabilities advocated by scholars like Nussbaum and Sen. Most
development ethics, however, need to say more about: (1) the practical
side of survival and development in poor countries; (2) the psychology of
human well-being, i.e. mental functioning; and (3) some of the "better
things" in life such as recreation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 173-196
Issue: 2
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307428
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:173-196
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos Jose Caetano Bacha
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Jose Caetano
Author-X-Name-Last: Bacha
Title: The Evolution of Wood-based Industries in Brazil and their Means of Securing Wood
Abstract:
This paper analyses the evolution of wood-based industries in Brazil and
evaluates the methods they use to secure wood. Only industries that
consume roundwood are analysed. These industries are grouped into three
categories: charcoal-based industries; paper and pulp industries; and
lumber and panels industries. The structure-conduct-performance paradigm
together with transaction cost theory and game theory are used in the
analysis. Special attention is paid to historic changes in the wood-based
industries' structures, technologies, locations and market orientations
brought on by changing wood availability. This paper also analyses the
different ways that a predicted wood scarcity will affect each wood-based
industry. The paper ends by suggesting an alternative policy to increase
the supply of roundwood in the market and, consequently, support the
continued viability and expansion of wood-based industries in Brazil.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 197-217
Issue: 2
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307430
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307430
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:197-217
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Uma Kambhampati
Author-X-Name-First: Uma
Author-X-Name-Last: Kambhampati
Title: Trade Reforms and the Efficiency of Firms in India
Abstract:
In this paper, we analyse the impact of reforms on manufacturing
efficiency in India. The sector chosen--the cotton textile industry in
India--is a very large employer and exporter and also has considerable
historical significance. Its response to the reforms therefore is being
watched with some concern. The paper concludes that while there was
considerable dispersion in efficiency levels before the reforms, this
dispersion has decreased since the reforms. To analyse this, we estimate a
best practice frontier for the industry and then measure efficiency as the
distance from this frontier. We find that efficiency has increased because
the reforms have influenced other factors such as market shares, exports
and imports and capital-labour ratios. Our results also indicate that
geography--the location of the firm within a state and its proximity to a
major urban centre--influences the efficiency levels of firms within it.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 219-233
Issue: 2
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810307429
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810307429
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:219-233
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi
Author-X-Name-First: Caterina Ruggeri
Author-X-Name-Last: Laderchi
Author-Name: Ruhi Saith
Author-X-Name-First: Ruhi
Author-X-Name-Last: Saith
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Title: Does it Matter that we do not Agree on the Definition of Poverty? A Comparison of Four Approaches
Abstract:
While there is world-wide agreement on poverty reduction as an overriding
goal of development policy, there is little agreement on the definition of
poverty. Four approaches to the definition and measurement of poverty are
reviewed in this paper: the monetary, capability, social exclusion and
participatory approaches. The theoretical underpinnings of the various
measures and problems of operationalizing them are pointed out. It is
argued that each is a construction of reality, involving numerous
judgements, which are often not transparent. The different methods have
different implications for policy, and also, to the extent that they point
to different people as being poor, for targeting. Empirical work in Peru
and India shows that there is significant lack of overlap between the
methods with, for example, nearly half the population identified as in
poverty according to monetary poverty but not in capability poverty, and
conversely. This confirms similar findings elsewhere. Hence, the
definition of poverty does matter for poverty eradication strategies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 243-274
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111698
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111698
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:243-274
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marjolein Canie¨ls
Author-X-Name-First: Marjolein
Author-X-Name-Last: Canie¨ls
Author-Name: Henny Romijn
Author-X-Name-First: Henny
Author-X-Name-Last: Romijn
Title: Dynamic Clusters in Developing Countries: Collective Efficiency and Beyond
Abstract:
The alleged beneficial effects of regional industrial clusters for
competitiveness and growth in developing countries have been subject to
intensive study. A prominent place in the debate has been occupied by the
collective efficiency approach. In this paper we extend that approach by
incorporating insights from the literature on firm-level technological
learning in development. The resulting framework is applied to the
software cluster of Bangalore (India), to illustrate the ways in which
spatial proximity of firms and other parties interacts with cluster
knowledge creation in a dynamic environment. A number of new insights
emerge, including the importance of "old economy" factors such as high
demand for innovation, international technology transfer, low wages and
strong technology and education institutions. To the extent that "new
economy" regional factors also matter, spontaneous agglomeration
advantages appear to be important alongside active collective efficiency.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 275-292
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111706
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111706
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:275-292
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mike Hobday
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Hobday
Title: Innovation in Asian Industrialization: A Gerschenkronian Perspective
Abstract:
This paper interprets the experience of the East and South East Asian
electronics industry from a "Gerschenkronian" perspective in order to draw
lessons for other developing countries. Following Gerschenkron, the paper
argues that it is diversity, rather than unifor mity, in the
institutional, technological and development policy arenas (called here
"strategic innovation") that characterizes the experience of the Asian
newly industrializing economies (NIEs). The experience of the leading
export industry shows that the progress of the NIEs can be interpreted as
a pattern of substitution of missing prerequisites, in line with
Gerschenkron's view of European latecomer industrialization. More broadly,
the progress of the NIEs should not be viewed as repetitions of earlier
industrialization experiences as they involve significant deviations from
the latter, usually entailing distinctive strategic innovations. This
interpret ation presents a difficult challenge for those wishing to draw
lessons from the Asian NIEs. There are few direct lessons from East and
South East Asia for other countries and certainly no transferable or
standardized "model" of development. Other paths and patterns of develop
ment need to be identified and created that build upon the distinctive
resources of individual developing countries. Strategic innovation,
trial-and-error learning and variety are likely to continue to
characterize successful industrial development in the future.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 293-314
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111715
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111715
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:293-314
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeff Dayton-Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Jeff
Author-X-Name-Last: Dayton-Johnson
Title: Small-holders and Water Resources: A Review Essay on the Economics of Locally-managed Irrigation
Abstract:
A vast literature on locally-managed irrigation systems provides
important lessons regarding the experience of irrigators with community
management. This review draws upon research in sociology, anthropology,
political science, engineering and economic theory to suggest a framework
for understanding institutions for governing irrigation systems. The
review assesses measures of irrigation system performance, the importance
of co-operation, the impact of heterogeneity among the water users on
performance and co-operation, and the breadth of institutional forms
observed in the field study literature. The review closes with a call for
more structured qualitative measures of group performance and for more
large-scale research of many irrigation systems to complement the case
study focus of the existing literature.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 315-339
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111724
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111724
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:315-339
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anja Heuft
Author-X-Name-First: Anja
Author-X-Name-Last: Heuft
Author-Name: Gertrud Buchenrieder
Author-X-Name-First: Gertrud
Author-X-Name-Last: Buchenrieder
Title: Decentralization in Peru's Agricultural Policy: A Critical Review from 1993 to 1998
Abstract:
In 1983 decentralization was already being described as the latest
fashion in development administration and it has been gaining in
popularity ever since. This theoretical concept has been embraced
world-wide and incorporated into economic and political reform plans. In
this paper, the proclaimed desire for decentralization in Peru's public
administration is tested by reviewing the example of its agricultural
policy and in particular its strategy with regard to public agricultural
subsidies. The objectives of the paper are: (1) to illustrate the
discrepancies between the theoretical objectives of decentralization and
how it is implemented in practice; (2) to analyse the structure of Peru's
agricultural support policies, evaluate the process of decentralization in
this sector and subsequently identify possible problem areas and make
policy recommendations; and (3) using the regionally differentiated public
expenditures for the agricultural sector in the period from 1993 to 1998,
to cross-check the lip-service paid to decentralizing agricultural policy
in Peru.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 341-363
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111733
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111733
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:341-363
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Renuka Mahadevan
Author-X-Name-First: Renuka
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahadevan
Title: To Measure or Not To Measure Total Factor Productivity Growth?
Abstract:
To date, the concept, measurement and interpretation of total factor
productivity (TFP) growth remains highly discussed but poorly understood.
This paper attempts to provide a review of these issues. First, the
definition of TFP growth and the related concepts of embodied and
disembodied technical change are discussed. Second, a brief overview and
critique of TFP growth measuring techniques is provided. Third, the debate
surrounding the accounting identity underlying the estimation of a
production function for TFP growth is highlighted. Fourth, the usefulness
of TFP growth is evaluated (and maintained) in the light of the criticisms
hurled at this measure. Finally, some direction for future work on TFP
growth is suggested.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 365-378
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111742
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111742
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:365-378
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lindsay Whitfield
Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay
Author-X-Name-Last: Whitfield
Title: Civil Society as Idea and Civil Society as Process: The Case of Ghana
Abstract:
The concept of civil society is ubiquitous in debates about democracy in
Africa. This article distinguishes civil society as idea from civil
society as process. The idea of civil society provides a shared language,
which obscures fundamental differences. The process of civil society
refers to the complex interactions of historically generated social
structures, political issues, personal networks, material incentives,
state resources and international linkages. In Ghana, there are
continuities in the centralization of national decision-making, reinforced
by international agencies, and the mobilisation, demobilisation and
selective exclusion of social groups. 'Civil society' is the outcome of
the process in which the idea of civil society is discursively constructed
and used by donor agencies, international NGOs, the Ghanaian government
and Ghanaian social organizations to legitimate their actions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 379-400
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000111751
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000111751
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:3:p:379-400
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Abdul Raufu Mustapha
Author-X-Name-First: Abdul Raufu
Author-X-Name-Last: Mustapha
Title: Editor's introduction
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 403-404
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146591
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146591
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:403-404
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Abdul Raufu Mustapha
Author-X-Name-First: Abdul Raufu
Author-X-Name-Last: Mustapha
Title: Colonialism and environmental perception in Northern Nigeria
Abstract:
Concern about the environment in colonial northern Nigeria developed out
of a series of controversies and practices, particularly those relating to
agriculture. Increasingly, local practices that have sustained the
population and the environment for centuries are subjected to
“scientific” scrutiny. Though many of these practices were
either misunderstood or not understood at all, this did not stop the
subjugation of local practices to “science”. However, this
“scientific” enterprise was often conflict-ridden, with
important questions being resolved only after the intervention of
political authorities. The resulting colonial practices in the fields of
irrigation, forest management and the application of chemical fertilizer
continue to dominate the thinking of state officials in post-colonial
Nigeria, leading to unsustainable policies. An earlier colonial tradition
of investigating the practices of local farmers and the constraints
therein would have been a more appropriate basis for post-colonial policy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 405-425
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146609
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146609
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:405-425
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Fairhead
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Fairhead
Author-Name: Melissa Leach
Author-X-Name-First: Melissa
Author-X-Name-Last: Leach
Title: Practising “biodiversity” in Guinea: nature, nation and an international convention
Abstract:
Biodiversity has become a central organizing concept both in
international environmental debate and among government departments,
donors and non-governmental organizations in the Republic of Guinea. This
article explores how international imperatives around biodiversity are
articulating with existing and historically-shaped practices of science
and policy in Guinea, and the extent to which villagers' perspectives gain
or fail to gain influence and authority. At least four sets of science and
policy practices currently characterize biodiversity conservation
practices, including: (1) the listing of plant and animal species; (2) the
exploration of ecosystem dynamics through “cutting edge”
computer modelling techniques; (3) the harnessing of traditional plant
medicines, linked with discussion of biopiracy; and (4) the promotion of
“semi-wild” plants, such as oil palm. Each set of practices
involves different social relations and funding of science, different
international networks and different political discourses, while each also
carries wider importance in shaping national and local social categories
and identities. A common feature is that the framing and
institutional/funding imperatives linked to international biodiversity
debates have promoted practices that reproduce western, colonial
distinctions between nature and culture in ways which compromise attempts
at “participatory” conservation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 427-439
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146618
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146618
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:427-439
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Sneath
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Sneath
Title: Land use, the environment and development in post-socialist Mongolia
Abstract:
This paper describes the economic policies that have transformed the
pastoral sector in post-socialist Mongolia, and their impact on pastoral
land use. These policies reflect the influence of development economists
from the Asian Development Bank who have been advising the Mongolian
government, and their conviction that exclusive private rights to land are
a necessary precondition of an efficient rural market economy. These
assumptions stand in marked contrast to indigenous Mongolian conceptions
of rights over land, and the policy debate reflects the contested nature
of knowledge of the Mongolian environment. However, far from preventing
damage to the resource base, evidence suggests that these policies of land
allocations may actually be exacerbating problems of pasture degradation.
This paper argues that policies of this kind reveal a misunderstanding of
the nature of Mongolian pastoralism and the conditions that have made it
viable in the past. Although international development agencies lionize a
romanticized notion of Mongolian “traditions” as reflecting
a “respect for nature”, there is little appreciation of the
actual institutions that successfully conducted pastoralism until
recently, the concrete embodiment of Mongolian pastoral knowledge.
Environmentalist agendas reflect a familiar western interest in promoting
western conservationist ideology and establishing and expanding protected
areas to harbour wildlife and biodiversity. Mongolian practices tend to be
cast as “traditions” to be utilized for the greater goal of
conservation as conceived of in western terms, rather than seen as part of
wider social and political institutions of land use.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 441-459
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146627
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146627
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:441-459
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Data Dea
Author-X-Name-First: Data
Author-X-Name-Last: Dea
Author-Name: Ian Scoones
Author-X-Name-First: Ian
Author-X-Name-Last: Scoones
Title: Networks of knowledge: how farmers and scientists understand soils and their fertility. a case study from Ethiopia
Abstract:
This paper explores knowledge about soils and their fertility from the
perspective of different players, including both scientists and farmers.
Different understandings of soils and their management are seen to be
bound up with the contexts within which knowledges about soils are
created—the networks of players engaged in building knowledge, the
settings within which ideas about soils are tested and examined, and the
wider assumptions and beliefs that different people carry with them. The
contrasting, and sometimes overlapping, understanding of soils by farmers,
scientists and development practitioners in Ethiopia is focused on.
Drawing on a range of documentary material and detailed fieldwork carried
out in Wolayta, southern Ethiopia, over a number of years, the paper
argues that a focus on the contexts for the generation of different
knowledges helps avoid the unhelpful distinctions often made between
indigenous and scientific knowledges, and moves analytical attention
towards an assessment of who is involved in knowledge creation and the
power relations implied. The paper concludes with a discussion of how
multiple knowledges about soils and their fertility might interact in the
context of meeting agricultural development challenges and the potential
for a productive engagement between different actors and networks.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 461-478
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146636
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146636
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:461-478
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Rival
Author-X-Name-First: Laura
Author-X-Name-Last: Rival
Title: The meanings of forest governance in Esmeraldas, Ecuador
Abstract:
Participatory forestry has become the most accepted way of exploiting
timber resources in tropical rain forests. This paper shows the links
between participatory forestry, sustainable forest management and the
continuing objective of reconciling conservation with commercial
development in the province of Esmeraldas, one of the poorest and most
rapidly deforested regions of South America. I describe and contextualize
the evolving logging programme of a leading Ecuadorian wood-processing
group to show that the decentralization of the development process, the
recognition of local communities as legal entities in the management of
natural resources, and the active involvement of profit-oriented firms in
biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation all contribute to the
emergence of new alliances between the Ecuadorian government, the logging
companies, conservation and human rights organizations, and local Black
and indigenous communities. My central argument is that devolution in this
context leads to conflictive interpretations of regulation. I end with a
discussion of the multi-scalar nature of “forest
governance”, and highlight the contribution it makes to our
understanding of control, regulation and management in new contexts of
privatization and decentralization.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 479-501
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146645
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146645
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:479-501
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Mortimore
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Mortimore
Title: Long-term change in African drylands: can recent history point towards development pathways?
Abstract:
The problem of poverty in Africa was often discussed in terms of the
agro-ecological specifics and the internal social relations of societies,
production systems and economies. It appeared necessary, therefore, for
states and international organizations to intervene. Because poverty was
identified with production constraints, such interventions took the form
of technological transfer in agriculture. Later, as agro-ecological
constraints became more widely perceived, and supposedly
“fragile” ecosystems were believed to be under threat from
population growth and other factors, emphasis shifted to
“environmental sustainability”. As with the new
technologies, so with sustainable natural resource management, it was
often assumed that the new knowledge must come from outside, or from
“science”, and must be promoted against the natural
“conservatism” of smallholders by whatever means
necessary—from coercion at one extreme to
“participation” at the other. Recently there has been much
movement away from such stereotypical positions towards more subtle and
varied statements of the problem. However, I believe there is still a
lacuna with respect to the autonomy of the smallholder in the
“fight against poverty”. Intervention is still the name of
the game, and receives far more attention than the resources or
achievements of poor people themselves. Analyses of long-term trends in
the management of resources at the village, regional and national levels
in dryland Africa suggest that African farmers have made considerable
achievements in the face of a trying environment. An understanding of this
long-term trend may provide a better framework for the diagnosis of
current problems and the formulation of future policy on poverty and
livelihoods in the drylands.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 503-518
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146654
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146654
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:503-518
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valentina Mazzucato
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina
Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzucato
Author-Name: David Niemeijer
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Niemeijer
Title: Why do savings institutions differ within the same region? The role of environment and social capital in the creation of savings arrangements in Eastern Burkina Faso
Abstract:
The paper describes two different savings arrangements around cattle that
have been developed in two villages in the eastern region of Burkina Faso
and raises the question of why two forms have evolved in the same region,
populated by the same ethnic groups, and where crop and livestock
production systems are similar. It is argued that while the general system
of keeping savings in cattle developed out of specific social, economic
and environmental trends within the 20th Century, the difference between
the two systems is due to social capital endowments and environmental
characteristics. The paper is based on 3 years of fieldwork between 1995
and 1998 and makes use of observation, key informant interviews and a
budget study of 35 married individuals over a 2-year period.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 519-529
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2003
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081032000146663
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081032000146663
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:31:y:2003:i:4:p:519-529
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martha Nussbaum
Author-X-Name-First: Martha
Author-X-Name-Last: Nussbaum
Title: Beyond the social contract: capabilities and global justice. an Olaf Palme lecture, delivered in Oxford on 19 June 2003
Abstract:
The dominant theory of justice in the western tradition of political
philosophy is the social contract theory, which sees principles of justice
as the outcome of a contract people make, for mutual advantage, to leave
the state of nature and govern themselves by law. Such theories have
recently been influential in thinking about global justice. I examine that
tradition, focusing on Rawls, its greatest modern exponent; I shall find
it wanting. Despite their great strengths in thinking about justice,
contractarian theories have some structural defects that make them yield
very imperfect results when we apply them to the world stage. More
promising results are given by a version of the capabilities approach,
which suggests a set of basic human entitlements, similar to human rights,
as a minimum of what justice requires for all. But among the traits
characteristic of the human being is an impelling desire for fellowship,
that is for common life, not of just any kind, but a peaceful life, and
organized according to the measure of his intelligence, with those who are
of his kind … Stated as a universal truth, therefore, the assertion
that every animal is impelled by nature to seek only its own good cannot
be conceded. (Grotius, On the Law of War and Peace) Global inequalities in
income increased in the 20th century by orders of magnitude out of
proportion to anything experienced before. The distance between the
incomes of the richest and poorest country was about 3 to 1 in 1820, 35 to
1 in 1950, 44 to 1 in 1973 and 72 to 1 in 1992. (Human Development Report
2000, United Nations Development Programme)
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 3-18
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184093
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184093
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne Booth
Author-X-Name-First: Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Booth
Title: Africa in Asia? the development challenges facing Eastern Indonesia and East Timor
Abstract:
In recent years a distinction has been made in the development literature
between “Asian” poverty, which is thought to be the result
of high rural population densities and high rates of landlessness, and
“African” poverty, which is more the result of sparse
populations farming poor quality land and cut off by inadequate
infrastructure from markets for goods, labour and credit. This paper
pursues this distinction in the context of Indonesia and points out that
in recent years the highest incidence of poverty has been found not in the
densely settled islands of Java and Bali, but in the more remote and less
populated provinces in the eastern part of the archipelago. This paper
explores the correlates of poverty by province in Indonesia in 1996 and
finds support for the view that the poorest provinces are those
characterized by low population densities, undeveloped markets, low road
densities and low educational attainment. The policy implications of these
findings are examined in the final part of the paper.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 19-35
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184101
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184101
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:19-35
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan Kydd
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Kydd
Author-Name: Andrew Dorward
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Dorward
Author-Name: Jamie Morrison
Author-X-Name-First: Jamie
Author-X-Name-Last: Morrison
Author-Name: Georg Cadisch
Author-X-Name-First: Georg
Author-X-Name-Last: Cadisch
Title: Agricultural development and pro-poor economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: potential and policy
Abstract:
There is widespread concern at continuing and deepening poverty and food
insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and the lack of broad-based economic
growth. There is also debate about agriculture's role in driving pro-poor
economic growth, some arguing it has a critical role while others see it
is as largely irrelevant. We suggest that both sets of arguments pay
insufficient attention to important institutional issues, and that
agriculture has a critical role to play, largely by default, as there are
few other candidates with the same potential for supporting broad-based
pro-poor growth. There are, however, immense challenges to agricultural
growth. In considering the costs and benefits of investment in
agricultural growth, however, regard must also be given to the economic
and social costs of rural stagnation and to providing safety nets in
situations of enduring poverty. Policy needs to focus more on agriculture,
and recognize and address the diversity of institutional, trade,
technological and governance challenges to poverty-reducing growth in
Africa.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 37-57
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184110
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diana Alarcon
Author-X-Name-First: Diana
Author-X-Name-Last: Alarcon
Author-Name: Eduardo Zepeda
Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Zepeda
Title: Economic reform or social development? the challenges of a period of reform in Latin America: case study of Mexico
Abstract:
>The paper argues that 20 years of development have produced very mixed
results in the economies and societies of Latin America. While the region
was successful in reversing the large macroeconomic disequilibria of the
1980s, economic volatility persists, mainly associated with greater
integration to the world economy. More importantly, the social impact of
the long period of reform remains controversial. Through a review of
comparable economic and social data for the region, it is suggested in
this paper that such inconsistency—between economic and social
performance—may be the result of deep flaws in the design of
development policies. Over-concern for macroeconomic stability, fast
growth and rapid integration to the international economy has resulted in
insufficient attention being given to the social cost of adjustment and
structural change. Social policies have been mainly concerned with the
administration of scarce resources and the creation of safety nets to
counter the negative social impact of economic policy. Less attention has
been given, however, to resolving long-entrenched inequalities in society,
to improving the productivity of labour and broad-based access to
productive capital. We illustrate one aspect of this discussion through a
review of employment trends in the manufacturing sector in Mexico to show
that, in spite of rapid job creation, lack of integration with the rest of
the economy has generated overall poor employment results, partly a result
of the failure of industrial policies to provide a timely response to the
many challenges faced by opening up international competition. This case
study helps us to support the claim that what is probably lacking in Latin
America is a strategic approach to policy design to bring consistency
between rapid changes in the economy and longer term development
objectives, between the short and the long term, between stability and
growth, and between rising productivity and improvement of welfare in the
largest developmental sense.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 59-86
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184129
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184129
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saradindu Bhaduri
Author-X-Name-First: Saradindu
Author-X-Name-Last: Bhaduri
Author-Name: Amit Ray
Author-X-Name-First: Amit
Author-X-Name-Last: Ray
Title: Exporting through technological capability: econometric evidence from India's pharmaceutical and electrical/electronics firms
Abstract:
Contrary to conventional wisdom based on the product cycle and technology
gap models, this paper argues that the technology factor can prove to be a
key determinant of manufactured exports from less-developed countries
(LDCs). The technological advantages enjoyed by LDCs rest on a very
different foundation, technological capability, rather than on major
technological advancements or breakthroughs. This paper attempts to
capture and analyse how technological capability augments export
competitiveness of LDC enterprises by introducing quantifiable concepts of
technological capability and estimating econometric models of firm-level
export performance for two R&D-intensive industries in India,
pharmaceuticals and electronics/electricals. The results of our
econometric analysis provide new insights into the relationship between
technological capability and export performance, highlighting significant
inter-industry differences. We find that simple production engineering
capabilities augment exports of both sectors, while efficiency of reverse
engineering proves to be particularly important for pharmaceutical exports
only.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 87-100
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184138
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184138
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:87-100
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Simon Feeny
Author-X-Name-First: Simon
Author-X-Name-Last: Feeny
Author-Name: Mark Mcgillivray
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Mcgillivray
Title: Modelling inter-temporal aid allocation: a new application with an emphasis on Papua New Guinea
Abstract:
This paper models the inter-temporal allocation of foreign development
aid to Papua New Guinea (PNG). A formal theoretical model of aid
allocation is developed, in which aid to any one country is determined
jointly with aid to all other recipient countries. This is recognized in
the econometric application of this model, which involves simultaneously
modelling aid to a number of countries in addition to PNG. Results based
on data for the period 1969-99 indicate that both recipient need and donor
interest variables determine the amount of foreign aid to PNG and most
other countries under consideration.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 101-118
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184147
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184147
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:101-118
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kaliappa Kalirajan
Author-X-Name-First: Kaliappa
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalirajan
Title: An analysis of India's reform dynamics
Abstract:
One important area of development that needs urgent attention in
developing countries is poverty alleviation. Urban poverty in India, as in
some other countries, is a spillover of rural poverty and about 65% of the
labour force is still working in the agricultural sector. To that extent,
this paper, though it does not provide a numerical magnitude of poverty
per se, advocates policies directly targeting the agricultural sector to
reduce poverty. The policy conclusion is that promoting investment and
technological progress, along with efficient use of technology in
agriculture, are central to reducing poverty.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 119-134
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184156
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000184156
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:119-134
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Downes
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Downes
Author-Name: Rafael Gomez
Author-X-Name-First: Rafael
Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez
Author-Name: Morley Gunderson
Author-X-Name-First: Morley
Author-X-Name-Last: Gunderson
Title: The two-way interaction between globalization and labour market policies
Abstract:
Labour market and social policies both affect and are affected by the
process of trade liberalization and globalization. This two-way
interaction and the feedback effects are the focus of this paper. The
analysis is mainly conceptual—but examples are illustrated
throughout, based mainly in the context of labour markets in North
America, Latin America and the Caribbean basin. Attention is paid to
outlining the mechanisms whereby globalization and trade liberalization
affect labour market and social policy initiatives, and the extent to
which these pressures will lead to a harmonization of legislative and
policy initiatives, and if that harmonization will necessarily be downward
to the lowest common denominator. The paper concludes that: (1) the
pressures will lead towards policy harmonization; (2) the harmonization
generally will be downwards; (3) such harmonization is not always negative
as generally perceived; (4) efficient regulatory and social policy
initiatives will survive and indeed expand, with the
“rent-protecting” ones under most pressure to dissipate; and
(5) pure distributional or equity-oriented initiatives that have no
positive feedback effect on efficiency, unfortunately, will also be under
jeopardy to dissipate, and this is a serious policy concern. Alternatives
for addressing this concern are discussed, as are their associated
problems.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 135-152
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000184165
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:135-152
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sagren Moodley
Author-X-Name-First: Sagren
Author-X-Name-Last: Moodley
Author-Name: Mike Morris
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Morris
Title: Does e-commerce fulfil its promise for developing country (South African) garment export producers?
Abstract:
The adoption of e-commerce applications is promoted in the developing
world as a systemic innovation offering producer firms new exchange
mechanisms that enable them to compete on a more equal basis in world
markets. It promises a radical shift in the way in which international
buyers and sellers trade with one another. Empirical evidence obtained
from researching leading garment exporting firms in South Africa suggests
that B2B e-commerce is not as effective in reducing transaction costs or
in opening up new global market opportunities as claimed by the
“optimists”. It has only marginally altered trading and
business patterns between international buyers and sellers in the garment
industry. The findings indicate that trading relationships in this sector
are fostered over extended periods of time, depend on non-contract based
activities and on complex information requirements and tend to be highly
personalized. If B2B e-commerce implementation is to become more
widespread, much greater attention will need to be given to the tight and
complex interdependencies between buyers and sellers, technological
opportunities and constraints, related institutional issues, and the
specific characteristics and positioning of South African garment
producers within global value chains.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 155-178
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699939
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699939
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:155-178
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arjun Sengupta
Author-X-Name-First: Arjun
Author-X-Name-Last: Sengupta
Title: The human right to development
Abstract:
This paper examines the content of the right to development in the light
of human rights as recognized in international law and interprets it in an
operational manner. The right to development is the right to a development
where all rights can be progressively realized. Both the process of
development and the outcomes of the process can be regarded as human
rights claimed by the people of a country for the benefit of all
individuals. The right is exercised collectively but enjoyed individually.
The related obligation is appropriate development policy by the state (the
primary duty-bearer) and co-operation by other states and international
institutions. The international community that recognizes this right has
to support its implementation by co-operating in trade, debt, finance,
technology transfer and development assistance. This paper provides
illustrative mechanisms for implementing the right, complemented by
programmes of international co-operation
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 179-203
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699948
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699948
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:179-203
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luuk Van Kempen
Author-X-Name-First: Luuk
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Kempen
Title: Are the poor willing to pay a premium for designer labels? a field experiment in Bolivia
Abstract:
This paper provides an empirical test of whether consumers in developing
countries who live under conditions of poverty are prepared to pay a
premium for products that feature a designer label, not because these are
perceived as being of higher quality but for symbolic reasons. For this
purpose a field experiment was conducted among urban, low-income consumers
in Bolivia. An incentive-compatible procedure was used to elicit
willingness-to-pay for designer brand perfume and an intrinsically
equivalent non-branded perfume. After correcting for possible
“quality illusion”, we find that poor consumers, as a group,
are willing to pay a premium for the designer label as a symbol. This
willingness to pay for a designer logo depends on respondents' relative
economic situation, education level and the frequency of watching soaps on
television.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 205-224
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699957
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699957
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:205-224
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amy Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Amy
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Title: Sectoral gender wage gap in Vietnam
Abstract:
Vietnam is under pressure to reduce the size of the state sector. Using
the Vietnam Living Standards Survey 1997-98, the paper examines the impact
of this change on the gender earnings gap. Women have traditionally been
over-represented in the state sector. After exiting the state sector, some
seek jobs in the private sector. Estimation of separate earnings equations
by sector suggests that the gender pay gaps in the state-owned enterprises
and the private sector are comparable. One may then conclude that women's
relative economic position may not have worsened significantly. However,
Appleton's decomposition (1999) has demonstrated that the gender pay gap
would be much wider if men and women were equally distributed between
state and private sectors. Given that further downsizing is planned, it is
important to increase women's human capital to reduce their vulnerability.
Equal pay legislation and paid maternity leave are some policies that can
reduce within-sector earnings inequality.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 225-239
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699966
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699966
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:225-239
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Inge Ivarsson
Author-X-Name-First: Inge
Author-X-Name-Last: Ivarsson
Author-Name: Claes Goran Alvstam
Author-X-Name-First: Claes Goran
Author-X-Name-Last: Alvstam
Title: International technology transfer through local business linkages: the case of Volvo Trucks and their domestic suppliers in India
Abstract:
Using unique firm-level data from Volvo Trucks and their 64 manufacturing
suppliers in India, this paper focuses on the significance of technology
transfer from transnational corporations (TNCs) to their domestic
suppliers in developing countries. Our case study shows that a relatively
small number of international follow-source suppliers have captured a
dominant part of Volvo's local purchases of components, reducing the
opportunities for domestic suppliers to forge business linkages with this
foreign TNC. At the same time, the domestic suppliers, as well as the
follow-source suppliers, seem to improve their internal capabilities from
the technological assistance given by Volvo as part of their business
relationships. Even a simple assembly operation by a TNC seems to generate
important linkages and technological upgrading among domestic suppliers,
thus enhancing their domestic and international market positions. Volvo's
technological assistance to domestic suppliers was also transferred down
in the supply chain, contributing to long-term improvements among the
smaller companies that make up the lower tiers of the Indian
auto-component sector.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 241-260
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699975
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699975
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:241-260
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha
Author-X-Name-First: Raghav
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha
Author-Name: Katsushi Imai
Author-X-Name-First: Katsushi
Author-X-Name-Last: Imai
Title: Vulnerability, shocks and persistence of poverty: estimates for semi-arid rural South India
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the vulnerability of rural households to poverty
when a negative crop shock occurs. The analysis is based on the ICRISAT
panel survey of households in a semi-arid region in south India during
1975-84. Using a dynamic panel data model that takes into account effects
of crop shocks, an assessment of vulnerability of different groups of
households is carried out. What is somewhat surprising is that even
sections of relatively affluent households are highly vulnerable to long
spells of poverty when severe crop shocks occur. As such crop shocks are
frequent in a harsh production environment, there must be a shift of
emphasis in anti-poverty measures from meeting income shortfalls among the
poor to enabling the vulnerable to protect themselves better against these
shocks.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 261-281
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699984
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699984
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:261-281
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Weiss
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss
Author-Name: Hossein Jalilian
Author-X-Name-First: Hossein
Author-X-Name-Last: Jalilian
Title: Industrialization in an age of globalization: some comparisons between East and South East Asia and Latin America
Abstract:
The contrast between industrial experience in East and South East Asia
and Latin America is dramatic. Whilst a first generation of newly
industrialized economies in East Asia grew rapidly on the basis of
manufacturing expansion, the longer-established industries of Latin
America have performed relatively poorly by most indicators. This paper
utilizes data from UN and World Bank databases to assess relative
performance since the early 1980s. It shows that whilst there is some
evidence of modest catch-up in efficiency terms for Latin America in the
1990s, this is not enough to make serious inroads into the loss of
international competitiveness experienced by the region in earlier
decades.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 283-307
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001699993
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001699993
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:283-307
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Kingston
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Kingston
Title: Removing some harm from the World Trade Organization
Abstract:
Poor countries were induced to enact the strong intellectual property
rights required for membership of the World Trade Organization by empty
promises of better access to markets and reductions in US farm and EU
export subsidies. Patents have prevented access to cheap generic versions
of drugs which such countries badly need, such as for the HIV/AIDS
pandemic. Registered Trade Mark protection could be equally serious in
future, as this will enable tobacco firms to build up their brands through
mass advertising. This must cause rapid growth in related diseases. One
palliative could be to use some aid funding to buy in the intellectual
property of western firms in these countries. In the drugs case, this
would allow development of local capacity to produce inexpensive copies,
without diminishing global investment in R&D. Success in this could lead
to allocation of the much larger amounts that would be needed to
extinguish tobacco branding.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 309-320
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001700008
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001700008
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:309-320
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jesus Felipe
Author-X-Name-First: Jesus
Author-X-Name-Last: Felipe
Author-Name: J. S. L. McCombie
Author-X-Name-First: J. S. L.
Author-X-Name-Last: McCombie
Title: To measure or not to measure TFP growth? A reply to Mahadevan
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 321-327
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001700017
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001700017
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:321-327
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Renuka Mahadevan
Author-X-Name-First: Renuka
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahadevan
Title: To measure or not to measure TFP growth? Comment on "unequivocal no" reply
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 329-330
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810410001700026
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810410001700026
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:329-330
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lynn Mytelka
Author-X-Name-First: Lynn
Author-X-Name-Last: Mytelka
Title: Learning, capability building and innovation at the firm level: An introduction
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 339-339
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260557
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260557
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:339-339
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Linsu Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Linsu
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: The multifaceted evolution of Korean technological capabilities and its implications for contemporary policy
Abstract:
This paper is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the impact and
relevance of intellectual property to development. It confirms the finding
of recent studies: the effects of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on
technology transfer will vary by levels of economic development. The
Korean experience offers four lessons. First, strong IPR protection will
hinder rather than facilitate technology transfer and indigenous learning
in the early stage of industrialization when learning takes place through
reverse engineering and duplicative imitation of mature foreign products.
Second, only after countries have accumulated sufficient indigenous
capabilities with extensive science and technology infrastructure to
undertake creative imitation IPR protection becomes an important element
in technology transfer and industrial activities. Third, if adequate
protection and enforcement of IPRs is genuinely intended to enhance
development, policy-makers should seriously consider differentiation in
terms of the level of economic development and industrial sectors. Fourth,
developing countries should co-operate to change current trends towards a
standardized all-encompassing multilateral IPR system. They should strive
to make IPR policies more favourable to them in the short term. But they
should also strengthen their own absorptive capacity for a long-term
solution.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 341-363
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260566
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260566
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:341-363
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Title: The challenge of building an effective innovation system for catch-up
Abstract:
Catching up is not a process of exact copying but reflects deliberate and
often creative modifications to tailor practice to national conditions,
especially those practices associated with institutions and norms within
which the physical technologies embodied in productive economic activities
and their operation are embedded. These "social technologies" are more
difficult to acquire than the physical. This paper demonstrates these
propositions by looking historically at changes in legal, research and
training institutions. It concludes by questioning the extent to which
current practices of extensive patenting and licensing activities of US
universities have been the key to their effectiveness in contributing to
economic development and the relevance of copying such practices in the
broad institutional context of other nations.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 365-374
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260575
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260575
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:365-374
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jorge Katz
Author-X-Name-First: Jorge
Author-X-Name-Last: Katz
Title: Market-oriented reforms, globalization and the recent transformation of Latin American innovation systems
Abstract:
Market-oriented structural reforms were implemented in Latin America
under the expectation that the transition from an "inward-oriented",
"state-led" growth strategy to one which was more "market-led" and
"outward-oriented" was going to be rewarded by a sustainable long-term
improvement in the region's rate of economic expansion and productivity
growth. The competitive discipline imposed by a more open and deregulated
economic regime was expected to induce faster innovation and technological
modernization efforts from firms and individuals and, thereafter, a
gradual but steady "convergence" to world-wide income and productivity
standards. A global look at the region's performance throughout the 1980s
and 1990s tells us that such a priori expectation was far from realistic.
The paper examines why this has been so.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 375-387
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260584
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260584
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:375-387
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lynn Mytelka
Author-X-Name-First: Lynn
Author-X-Name-Last: Mytelka
Title: Catching up in new wave technologies
Abstract:
In the last quarter of the 20th Century, new technologies and competitive
practices challenged earlier opportunities for entry from a low skill base
and the pursuit of an incremental process of catching up. In traditional
manufacturing industries, these changes pose few problems at the entry
level, though they render catch-up processes more difficult to sustain. In
"new wave technologies", such as those growing out of biotechnology, the
science base, patent intensity and systems' embeddedness have raised the
barriers to entry and narrowed opportunities for incremental catching up
from a low skill base. This paper explores these changes and their
implications for traditional entry and catch-up strategies in developing
countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 389-405
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260593
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260593
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:389-405
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanjaya Lall
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya
Author-X-Name-Last: Lall
Author-Name: Manuel Albaladejo
Author-X-Name-First: Manuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Albaladejo
Author-Name: Jinkang Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Jinkang
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Title: Mapping fragmentation: Electronics and automobiles in East Asia and Latin America
Abstract:
"Fragmentation", the relocation of processes or functions across
countries in response to cost and other differences, has important
implications for development. We discuss the drivers of fragmentation and
map it for electronics and automotives in East Asia (EA) and Latin
America. For technical reasons, electronics is fragmenting faster
world-wide than the auto industry. Electronics networks are more advanced,
widespread and integrated in EA than Latin America and the Caribbean
(LAC), and are largely responsible for EA's rapid export growth. The auto
network is more advanced in LAC but is slower growing and is not
integrated into a regional system. Apart from Mexico, LAC lacks an
electronics network, partly accounting for the region's weak export
performance. We offer insights into the following: Why do industries
fragment differently? How can fragmentation be measured? Why does
fragmentation in developing countries concentrate on EA and LAC? Why has
fragmentation evolved differently in these two regions? Can other
developing regions attract and benefit from fragmentation?
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 407-432
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260601
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260601
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:407-432
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rajah Rasiah
Author-X-Name-First: Rajah
Author-X-Name-Last: Rasiah
Title: Technological intensities in East and Southeast Asian electronics firms: Does network strength matter?
Abstract:
This paper examines the importance of network strength (NS) on the
technological intensities (TI) of electronics firms. TI was disentangled
into the categories of human resource (HR), process technology (PT) and
R&D (RD) intensities, and the differences between foreign and local firms.
The results show that firms in Korea and Taiwan endowed with superior NS
enjoy significantly higher skill intensity, TI and RD than firms in
Malaysia and Thailand, which have inferior NS. There were no obvious
differences in HR practices between foreign and local firms in the four
countries. Local firms enjoyed higher TI and RD than foreign firms in
Taiwan. There was no statistical difference involving all the
technological categories between foreign and local firms in Korea. Foreign
firms in Malaysia enjoyed statistically superior TI compared with local
firms. Local firms in Thailand showed higher TI and PT than foreign firms.
TI and RD of firms are strongly correlated with NS, which showed a
stronger impact on TI and RD among local rather than foreign firms. The
superior NS of Korea and Taiwan has helped firms participate in higher
technological activities and pay higher wages than firms in Malaysia and
Thailand.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 433-455
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000260610
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000260610
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:433-455
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Pottebaum
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Pottebaum
Author-Name: Ravi Kanbur
Author-X-Name-First: Ravi
Author-X-Name-Last: Kanbur
Title: Civil war, public goods and the social wealth of nations
Abstract:
This paper establishes and explores the implications of a somewhat
surprising empirical finding. Although civil war adversely affects the
performance of social indicators in general, poorer countries lose less,
in absolute and relative terms, than richer countries. It is argued that
the explanation may lie in the extent to which richer countries have
better social (and economic) indicators because of more public goods, and
adaptation of economic and social mechanisms to the greater abundance of
public goods such as physical infrastructure. Civil war destroys public
goods, and therefore damages disproportionately the countries most
dependent on them. A further implication of this framework is that the
post-conflict rebound in social indicators should be relatively stronger
in poorer countries. The data bear out this prediction. Our results should
not of course be read as implying that poorer countries need less support
to avoid civil war and to cope with its aftermath. Although their losses
are less, they start from a lower base; so even small declines severely
impact human well-being. Properly understood, our results highlight the
central role that public goods play in underpinning the social (and
economic) wealth of nations.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 459-484
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293308
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293308
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:459-484
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lou Anne Barclay
Author-X-Name-First: Lou Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Barclay
Title: Foreign direct investment-facilitated development: the case of the natural gas industry of Trinidad and Tobago
Abstract:
Since the last decade, governments in less-developed countries have
increasingly viewed foreign direct investment (FDI) as a catalyst for
economic growth and transformation. The early literature argues that
FDI-facilitated development occurs when a less-developed country
assimilates, adapts and diffuses the positive externalities arising from
the interaction of the multinational enterprise's (MNE) ownership
advantage with its locational attributes. This paper, however, posits that
FDI-facilitated development is not an effortless process. It occurs only
when host developing-country governments implement intervention policies
that are aimed at increasing indigenous technological capabilities. These
policies enhance the absorptive capacity of host countries, allowing them
to capture the spillovers arising from the MNE activities. The paper
explores this for Trinidad and Tobago, a recipient of substantial FDI
inflows in its natural gas industry for the last decade. It shows that
FDI-facilitated development only occurs when governments in less-developed
countries pursue credible intervention policies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 485-505
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293317
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293317
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:485-505
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Ellerman
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Ellerman
Title: Jane Jacobs on development
Abstract:
Jane Jacobs is best known as a writer about cities and as a vigorous
critic of urban planning. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that she
should be read as a writer on economic development who focuses on cities
as the principal sites of development. The recent upsurge of interest in
migration policies and development is taken as the entry point into her
work, e.g. to explain why “poverty reduction” through
remittances will tend to be non-developmental. Her ecologically inspired
“tangled bank” conception of development as growth through
differentiation is used to elucidate a number of developmental issues. It
also shows how the “spin-off conundrum” of multiproduct
diversification is important to industrial development policies. Several
examples are outlined of how that problem has been approached.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 507-521
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293326
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293326
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:507-521
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miguel Szekely
Author-X-Name-First: Miguel
Author-X-Name-Last: Szekely
Author-Name: Nora Lustig
Author-X-Name-First: Nora
Author-X-Name-Last: Lustig
Author-Name: Martin Cumpa
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Cumpa
Author-Name: Jose Antonio Mejia
Author-X-Name-First: Jose Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Mejia
Title: Do we know how much poverty there is?
Abstract:
This paper tests the sensitivity of poverty indexes to the choice of
adult equivalence scales, assumptions about the existence of economies of
scale in consumption, methods for treating missing and zero incomes, and
different adjustments to handle income misreporting. The sensitivity
analysis is applied to household survey data from 17 Latin American
countries, which include 92% of the population in the region. By varying
these parameters within reasonable boundaries we found that the proportion
of poor could be said to be either 20% or 66%. Furthermore, the ranking of
countries with respect to poverty is highly sensitive to the underlying
choices for poverty measurement. We also perform sensitivity analysis to
the use of different poverty lines and poverty indexes, which are issues
that have been explored much more in the literature. Even after
considering these elements, the most sensitive choice appears to be the
method used to adjust for misreporting. These findings point, first, to
the need to be explicit about the underlying assumptions behind poverty
statistics, second, to the need to perform sensitivity analysis when
estimating levels and trends in poverty, and third, to the importance of
establishing a set of conventions that would be accepted as “best
practices” in estimating poverty indexes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 523-558
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293335
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293335
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:523-558
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Norlela Ariffin
Author-X-Name-First: Norlela
Author-X-Name-Last: Ariffin
Author-Name: Paulo Figueiredo
Author-X-Name-First: Paulo
Author-X-Name-Last: Figueiredo
Title: Internationalization of innovative capabilities: counter-evidence from the electronics industry in Malaysia and Brazil
Abstract:
The focus of this paper is the extent to which firms in the electronics
industry in Malaysia and Brazil (Manaus) developed significant innovative
technological capabilities. By examining whether innovative capabilities
have spread to these two late-industrializing countries, the paper seeks
to add new evidence to the debate over internationalization of innovative
capabilities and to argue against existing generalizations.
Internationalization of innovative capabilities is measured here by the
technological capability types and levels built within firms. The
framework for capability-building identifies types and levels of
technological capabilities. The paper draws on empirical evidence from 82
electronics firms—transnational corporation subsidiaries and local
firms: 53 in Malaysia (25 in Penang and 28 in Klang Valley) and 29 in
Manaus (Northern Brazil). Empirical evidence was collected during
extensive fieldwork based on different data-gathering strategies. Both
qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods were used. Contrary to
common generalizations, the study found that the capabilities of most
sampled firms had been upgraded to carry out diverse innovative
technological activities. Additionally, these capability-building efforts
were strongly associated with higher capabilities for local
decision-making and control, automation level and efforts to increase
exports. The study found firms that innovated to be competitive by
reducing costs, being more productive, reducing lead time and producing
better products—regardless of whether they were in a domestic
market-oriented country or in an export-oriented country. Finally, the
analysis and framework in this study challenge some existing perspectives
on the internationalization of innovative capabilities to the
late-industrializing context.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 559-583
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293344
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293344
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:559-583
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Marangos
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Marangos
Title: Modelling the privatization process in transition economies
Abstract:
Alternative economic paradigms give rise to alternative models of
transition, which give rise to alternative privatization processes for
transition economies. This is because each transition model is associated
with a unique privatization process compatible with the predetermined
assumptions and value judgements of the paradigm in question. As a result,
five alternative models of transition that give rise to five alternative
privatization processes are considered: the shock therapy model of
transition; the neoclassical gradualist model of transition; the Post
Keynesian model of transition; the pluralistic market socialist model of
transition; and the Chinese model of transition. The privatization method
adopted is directly linked with the value judgements associated by the
economic paradigm in question. Comparisons of privatization processes that
ignored the value judgements of economic paradigms were meaningless.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 585-604
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293353
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293353
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:32:y:2004:i:4:p:585-604
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Charles Ukeje
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Ukeje
Title: From Aba to Ugborodo: gender identity and alternative discourse of social protest among women in the oil delta of Nigeria
Abstract:
From the outset of the 1990s, the Niger Delta became a hotbed of communal
rivalries and violent protests by deprived oil communities against the
alliance of the Nigerian State and multinational oil companies. Community
grievances mostly revolved around issues such as ecological degradation,
unemployment and dearth of basic social amenities. In 2002 a wave of
protests by women from different ethnic groups led to the occupation of
major oil platforms. This paper contextualizes the separate protests
against the background of crude oil-induced violent conflicts in the Niger
Delta. It explores the various dimensions of the revolts, drawing on
historical antecedents of gender-specific social actions in Nigeria.
Finally, it examines how the protests and occupation of oil platforms by
women challenge orthodox wisdom about the autonomous agency of women in
stimulating alternative social and political discourses and actions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 605-617
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293362
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360081042000293362
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jaya Prakash Pradhan
Author-X-Name-First: Jaya Prakash
Author-X-Name-Last: Pradhan
Title: The determinants of outward foreign direct investment: a firm-level analysis of Indian manufacturing
Abstract:
This paper analyses the determinants of the overseas direct investment
activity of Indian manufacturing enterprises. In general, several
firm-specific characteristics such as age, size, R&D intensity, skill
intensity and export orientation are observed to be important explanatory
factors in the outward foreign direct investment (O-FDI) activity of
Indian firms. The impact of age and size on O-FDI has been observed to be
non-linear. The product differentiation activities and the productivity of
firms are other useful factors in overseas production expansion in certain
industries. The study reveals that the performance of these firm-specific
variables is subject to sectoral dynamics. Internationalization of
production activities of Indian firms has been observed to be partly
fuelled by policy liberalization during the 1990s.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 619-639
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2004
X-DOI: 10.1080/1360081042000293371
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Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Author-Name: Rajesh Venugopal
Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh
Author-X-Name-Last: Venugopal
Title: Introduction
Abstract:
This paper introduces the special issue of Oxford Development Studies on
violent conflict in developing countries. The nine papers in this issue
fall broadly into two parts—the first on horizontal inequalities
and the management of ethnic conflicts in multiethnic states, and the
second on multinational corporations in conflicts.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-5
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099550
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Author-Name: Ukoha Ukiwo
Author-X-Name-First: Ukoha
Author-X-Name-Last: Ukiwo
Title: The Study of Ethnicity in Nigeria
Abstract:
In this article it is argued that, although the study of ethnicity in
Nigeria bears the imprint of almost all the different perspectives that
have been deployed towards the study of ethnicity; perspectives that
privilege the role of the state and critical elites in ethnic mobilization
have dominated the literature. Apart from the tenuous explanation of false
consciousness, a lot remains to be known about why, when and how followers
enlist (or do not enlist) in ethnic conflicts. Moreover, analysts have
paid more attention to inter-ethnic than intra-ethnic conflicts because
the cohesion of ethnic groups is often taken for granted. The literature
is also very thin on the phenomenon of inter-ethnic accommodation and
co-operation. It is suggested in this paper that a systematic examination
of horizontal inequalities, that is, inequalities that arise from the
differential access members of different ethnic groups have to lucrative
political, economic and social resources, will provide insights into the
often neglected popular basis of ethnic conflicts. Explanations will also
be offered as to why some inter-ethnic relations are marked by violent
conflict while others have been more peaceful.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 7-23
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099592
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Author-Name: Arnim Langer
Author-X-Name-First: Arnim
Author-X-Name-Last: Langer
Title: Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Group Mobilization in Cote d'Ivoire
Abstract:
In order to explain the emergence of ethnic violence, scholars from
different disciplines have focused on different factors, such as the role
of ethnicity, the individual gain from civil war, the relative deprivation
explanations and the role of ethnic elites, and proposed different
conflict narratives. Although these approaches focus on different aspects
and use different explanatory variables to explain the emergence of
violent group mobilization, they are complementary and overlapping in many
important ways. In order to explain the descent of Cote d'Ivoire into
violence at the end of the 1990s, this article focuses on the relationship
between inter-ethnic or horizontal inequalities and the emergence of
violent group mobilization. The central focus of the proposed analytical
framework is on the interaction between the evolution of the political
horizontal inequalities at the elite level and socio-economic horizontal
inequalities at the mass level. The evidence presented regarding the
Ivorian case demonstrates that the simultaneous presence of severe
political horizontal inequalities at the elite level and socio-economic
horizontal inequalities at the mass level forms an extremely explosive
socio-political situation because in these situations the excluded
political elites not only have strong incentives to mobilize their
supporters for violent conflict along ethnic lines, but also are likely to
gain support among their ethnic constituencies quite easily.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 25-45
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099634
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Author-Name: Sonali Deraniyagala
Author-X-Name-First: Sonali
Author-X-Name-Last: Deraniyagala
Title: The Political Economy of Civil Conflict in Nepal
Abstract:
Nepal, the poorest country in South Asia with a high incidence of income
poverty and markedly low levels of human development, has experienced
violent civil conflict over the past 7 years. The “People's
war” launched by Maoist guerrillas against the state has led to
widespread loss of lives and livelihoods and has had serious negative
effects on the country's development prospects. This paper examines the
economic causes of the civil conflict in Nepal. We show that relative
deprivation and related economic grievances are key causal factors of the
conflict. However, our analysis also goes beyond demonstrating the links
between economic deprivation and conflict and attempts to locate the
conflict within the political economy of the country. We, therefore, show
deprivation and conflict to have been the outcome of an uneven process of
development that led to the social and economic exclusion of large
segments of the population. Given that the conflict in Nepal began during
a period of economic liberalization, we also examine the links between
economic reform and conflict and argue that reform is likely to have had
some negative distributional effects that may have intensified the
conditions for violent insurrection against the state.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 47-62
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099659
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099659
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Author-Name: Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah
Author-X-Name-First: Dhananjayan
Author-X-Name-Last: Sriskandarajah
Title: Development, Inequality and Ethnic Accommodation: Clues from Malaysia, Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago
Abstract:
This article examines the relationship between economic development and
ethnopolitical conflict in three developing countries: Malaysia, Mauritius
and Trinidad and Tobago. Each of these countries has been relatively
successful in achieving rapid economic development and accommodation
amongst constituent ethnic groups. The article explores two particular
questions that the experience of these three countries raises: does rapid
economic development make ethnic accommodation easier and how important is
inter-ethnic inequality? It is suggested that economic development alone
cannot prevent ethnopolitical conflict. What matter just as much, if not
more, are real and perceived inter-ethnic disparities in access to key
economic and political resources. Importantly, each of these countries
pursued a hegemonic “one nation” strategy in the early
decades following independence that involved strategic partnerships
between the major constituent ethnic groups and negotiated economic
redistribution. As a result, inter-ethnic inequality has been kept in
check. However, there are emerging signs of disruptive ethnopolitical
mobilization in each country, based in part on ethnic grievances about
discrimination in the distribution of resources. The article concludes
that, even in these relatively successful and harmonious cases, the
management of socio-economic inequality remains important.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 63-79
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099675
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Author-Name: Christian Webersik
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Webersik
Title: Fighting for the Plenty: The Banana Trade in Southern Somalia
Abstract:
In this paper it is argued that economic interests by multinational
corporations, local businessmen and faction leaders are significant
elements in the perpetuation of civil violence in Somalia. This study
examines the banana trade regime in southern Somalia in relation to
conflict over export levies at the national level and farm land and water
at the regional level. Small but influential groups come to have an
economic interest in prolonged conflict. This viewpoint affirms that it
can be misleading to associate war with complete collapse or breakdown of
an economy—although it may certainly skew the development of an
economy. Two further points arise in respect of such analyses. First, are
the initial causes of violent conflict necessarily the same as the factors
perpetuating this situation? Second, to what extent are more conventional
explanations of conflict in Africa, such as ethnicity, religion and
economic inequality, of relevance in this case?
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 81-97
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099683
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:81-97
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jared Lawyer
Author-X-Name-First: Jared
Author-X-Name-Last: Lawyer
Title: Military Effectiveness and Economic Efficiency in Peacekeeping: Public Versus Private
Abstract:
The main question addressed by this research is whether or not there is a
measurable difference in the use of private or public peacekeepers. The
article examines differences in military effectiveness and economic
efficiency as evidenced from four major civil wars that occurred in the
countries of Somalia, Sierra Leone, Angola and Liberia from 1993 to 2003.
Two different methods of conflict cessation are contrasted: Private
Military Corporation forces (PMC) and United Nation Peacekeeping forces
(UNPK). A further distinction is made between peacekeeping and peace
enforcement, arguing that the UN, by using a neutral approach, may be more
costly in the long run than a coercive approach that would enforce peace
and allow social and economic development to begin. This analysis also
shows that policy-makers need to think seriously about the ability of the
UN either to enforce peace coercively through military engagement or to
move to private enforcers.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 99-106
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099709
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:99-106
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Author-Name: Xavier Renou
Author-X-Name-First: Xavier
Author-X-Name-Last: Renou
Title: Private Military Companies Against Development
Abstract:
The post-cold war emergence of Private Military Companies (PMCs) is part
of a larger phenomenon, the privatization of violence in general and
warfare in particular. While a minority of scholars argue that once
legalized and regulated, PMCs could turn into facilitators of development
through the restoration of peace in war-torn countries, this paper argues
that such a position misunderstands certain basic aspects of PMCs and
highlights the issues of accountability and transparency that prevent
corporate mercenaries from being actors for peace and development.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 107-115
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099717
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:107-115
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Author-Name: Salil Tripathi
Author-X-Name-First: Salil
Author-X-Name-Last: Tripathi
Title: International Regulation of Multinational Corporations
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of multinational
companies in zones of conflict. This issue has become increasingly
sensitive over the last several years, particularly due to the issue of
“conflict diamonds” coming from Angola and Sierra Leone, the
proceeds from whose sales served to fund insurgency in these countries.
The role and responsibilities of international corporations in this area
have been studied. Do they initiate conflict? Do they prolong conflict?
Can they play a role in mitigating or ending conflict? Where do gaps exist
in the current international regulatory and policy framework? Are the
tools that companies currently deploy sufficient? Are they necessary? How
can we find ways forward to fill these crucial gaps? This paper seeks to
provide a blueprint for tackling such questions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 117-131
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099741
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:117-131
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jessica Banfield
Author-X-Name-First: Jessica
Author-X-Name-Last: Banfield
Author-Name: Virginia Haufler
Author-X-Name-First: Virginia
Author-X-Name-Last: Haufler
Author-Name: Damian Lilly
Author-X-Name-First: Damian
Author-X-Name-Last: Lilly
Title: Transnational Corporations in Conflict-prone Zones: Public Policy Responses and a Framework for Action
Abstract:
Private sector activity—including both licit and illicit trade and
business—is a significant factor influencing the shape and
intensity of many conflicts. With a few significant exceptions, however,
there has, to date, been little effort (from public, private and civil
society sectors alike) to engage different types of private sector actors
systematically in conflict prevention. The basic thesis of this paper is
that conflict-sensitive business and its promotion of public policy-making
institutions could become an important part of a collective and
multi-actor effort to create a more peaceful world.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 133-147
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500099766
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500099766
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Author-Name: Manuel Agosin
Author-X-Name-First: Manuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Agosin
Author-Name: Roberto Machado
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Machado
Title: Foreign Investment in Developing Countries: Does it Crowd in Domestic Investment?
Abstract:
This paper assesses the extent to which foreign direct investment (FDI)
in developing countries crowds in or crowds out domestic investment. The
core of the paper is the development of a theoretical model for investment
that includes a FDI variable and its estimation and testing with panel
data for the period 1971-2000 and the three decades involved. The model is
run for 12 countries in each of three developing regions (Africa, Asia and
Latin America). The results indicate that, in all three developing
regions, FDI has, at best, left domestic investment unchanged, and that
there are several sub-periods for specific regions where FDI displaces
domestic investment. In particular, there seems to be crowding out of
domestic investment by FDI in Latin America. If these results are in fact
correct, they suggests the need for policies to make FDI more effective in
enhancing domestic investment in developing countries. The conclusion is
that the effects of FDI on domestic investment are by no means always
favourable, that simplistic policies towards FDI are unlikely to be
optimal and, foremost, that more attention needs to be paid to economic
policies that foster the domestic component of total investment.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 149-162
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137749
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Author-Name: Sanjaya Lall
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya
Author-X-Name-Last: Lall
Author-Name: John Weiss
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss
Author-Name: Hiroshi Oikawa
Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi
Author-X-Name-Last: Oikawa
Title: China's Competitive Threat to Latin America: An Analysis for 1990-2002
Abstract:
This paper explores China's competitive threat to Latin America in trade
in manufactured goods. The direct threat to exports to third country
markets appears small: Latin America and the Caribbean's (LAC's) trade
structure is largely complementary to that of China. In bilateral trade,
several LAC countries are increasing primary and resource-based exports to
China. However, the pattern of trade, with LAC specializing increasingly
in resource-based products and China in manufactured goods, seems
worrying. Given cumulative capability building, China's success in
increasingly technology-based products with strong learning externalities
can place it on a higher growth path than specialization in
“simpler” goods, as in LAC. China may thus affect LAC's
technological upgrading in exports and industrial production. The issue is
not so much current competition as the “spaces” open for LAC
in the emerging technology-based world.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 163-194
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137764
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:163-194
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meltem Dayioğlu
Author-X-Name-First: Meltem
Author-X-Name-Last: Dayioğlu
Title: Patterns of Change in Child Labour and Schooling in Turkey: The Impact of Compulsory Schooling
Abstract:
Substantial improvements have taken place in the employment and schooling
of children in Turkey. Decomposition analysis based on data from two time
periods shows that a substantial part of the drop in child labour and over
half of the increase in school enrolment can be attributed to the changing
cost and benefit structures of work and schooling rather than to changing
population characteristics. This paper establishes that work and schooling
are incompatible activities and that the negative association between them
has increased over time. The observed changes are attributed to the
extension of compulsory schooling and the ban on child labour.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 195-210
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137798
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:195-210
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Author-Name: Rajah Rasiah
Author-X-Name-First: Rajah
Author-X-Name-Last: Rasiah
Author-Name: Geoffrey Gachino
Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey
Author-X-Name-Last: Gachino
Title: Are Foreign Firms More Productive and Export- and Technology-intensive than Local Firms in Kenyan Manufacturing?
Abstract:
This paper uses the technological capabilities framework for examining
differences in technological intensities and economic performance between
foreign and local food and beverage, and textile and garment firms and
metal engineering firms in Kenya. Foreign firms had statistically
significant higher labour productivity means than local firms in textile
and garment manufacturing. Foreign firms were also more export- and
technology-intensive than local firms in textile and garment (process
technology and R&D) and metal engineering (HR). Foreign firms had higher
and statistically significant skills and overall technology (TI) means
than local firms in food and beverages. The econometric exercise showed
that foreign ownership had a statistically significant and positive
relationship with overall technological and HR intensities. In labour
productivity, the coefficient of TI was higher in the foreign firms'
sample than in the local firms' sample. Local firms had higher value added
in domestic than export markets. Export intensity had a positive
relationship in the process technology regressions, but an inverse
relationship in the HR regressions in the foreign firms' sample. Overall,
the statistically significant results suggest that foreign firms'
technology, productivity and export intensity levels in economies with
weak institutions tend to be superior to local firms.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 211-227
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137855
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:211-227
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Author-Name: Susmita Dasgupta
Author-X-Name-First: Susmita
Author-X-Name-Last: Dasgupta
Author-Name: Somik Lall
Author-X-Name-First: Somik
Author-X-Name-Last: Lall
Author-Name: David Wheeler
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Wheeler
Title: Policy Reform, Economic Growth and the Digital Divide
Abstract:
Rapid growth of internet use in high-income economies has raised the
spectre of a “digital divide” that will marginalize
developing countries because they can neither afford internet access nor
use it effectively when it is available. Using a new cross-country data
set, this paper investigates two proximate determinants of the digital
divide: internet intensity (internet subscriptions per telephone
mainline); and access to telecom services. Surprisingly, no gap in
internet intensity was found. When differences in urbanization and
competition policy are controlled for, low-income countries have
intensities as high as those of industrial countries. While income does
not seem to matter in this context, competition policy matters a great
deal. Low-income countries with high World Bank ratings for competition
policy have significantly higher internet intensities. The paper's finding
on internet intensity implies that the digital divide is not really new,
but reflects a persistent gap in the availability of mainline telephone
services. After identifying mobile telephones as a promising new platform
for internet access, the paper uses panel data to study the determinants
of mobile telephone diffusion during the past decade. The results show
that income explains part of the diffusion lag for the poor countries, but
they also highlight the critical role of policy. Developing countries
whose policies promote economic growth and private sector competition have
experienced much more rapid diffusion of mobile phone service. Simulations
based on the econometric results suggest that feasible reforms could
sharply narrow the digital divide during the next decade for many
countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 229-243
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137889
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:229-243
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meenu Tewari
Author-X-Name-First: Meenu
Author-X-Name-Last: Tewari
Author-Name: Poonam Pillai
Author-X-Name-First: Poonam
Author-X-Name-Last: Pillai
Title: Global Standards and the Dynamics of Environmental Compliance in India's Leather Industry
Abstract:
Under what conditions can small suppliers and small-firm-dominated
industries comply with stringent standards without compromising their
trade competitiveness? This question is at the heart of a controversial
debate about the emergence of environmental standards as a new variable in
global trade and market access. There are few documented cases of success
and the literature remains sceptical about the ability of small supplier
firms to comply with stringent environmental regulations. This paper draws
on the Indian leather industry's relatively effective compliance with two
German bans on Azo dyes and PCPs to argue that the supposed trade-off
between environmental compliance and export competitiveness is not
inevitable. Critical to India's compliance with the PCP and Azo dye ban
was not merely private governance mediated by lead firms and global buyers
but also the institutionalization of compliance by the Indian state, which
became deeply involved in diffusing the new standards. The paper examines
how and why the state got involved in ways that generated—and
sustained—a process of negotiated collective action and broad-based
environmental compliance by a small-firm-dominated sector.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 245-267
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137947
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500137947
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:245-267
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Magda Kandil
Author-X-Name-First: Magda
Author-X-Name-Last: Kandil
Title: On the Effects of Government Spending Shocks in Developing Countries
Abstract:
Time series analysis of annual data for a sample of developing countries
shows the allocation of government spending shocks, both positive and
negative, between price inflation and output growth. Cross-country
regressions evaluate determinants of the difference in the real effects of
government spending shocks. If the real effects decrease, capacity
constraints are more binding and if they increase, the elasticity of
aggregate demand is larger with respect to the change in government
spending. Cross-country regressions also evaluate the implications of
government spending shocks on the difference in trend price inflation and
output growth. The variability of government spending shocks decreases
trend real output growth and increases trend price inflation across
countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 269-304
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500137970
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:269-304
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kei Kajisa
Author-X-Name-First: Kei
Author-X-Name-Last: Kajisa
Author-Name: Takamasa Akiyama
Author-X-Name-First: Takamasa
Author-X-Name-Last: Akiyama
Title: The Evolution of Rice Price Policies over Four Decades: Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines
Abstract:
Using time series data over the past four decades, the 1960s to 1990s,
this paper examines rice pricing policies in Thailand, Indonesia and the
Philippines. It analyses the determinants of the paths along which these
policies have moved. While it confirms the findings of previous analyses,
that price stabilization has been a major policy achievement, it also
reveals that stabilization was not necessarily sustained over the entire
survey period. It finds that politico-economic factors—such as
entry into the GATT, increase in per capita GDP and achievement of rice
self-sufficiency—have been among the determinants of rice pricing
policy, but the ways in which these factors have affected policy vary
among these countries. Such variation, which previous cross-country
studies have not analysed, is a reflection of variations in the roles of
rice and in the attitudes of policy-makers in these economies. In its
conclusion, this study draws policy implications for each country, taking
into account differences in the impact.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 305-329
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500138085
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500138085
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:305-329
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raphael Kaplinsky
Author-X-Name-First: Raphael
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaplinsky
Author-Name: Amelia Santos Paulino
Author-X-Name-First: Amelia Santos
Author-X-Name-Last: Paulino
Title: Innovation and Competitiveness: Trends in Unit Prices in Global Trade
Abstract:
This paper seeks to build on theory, to develop new methods for
understanding the nature and basis of sectoral and national competitive
advantage, and to do so with a temporal perspective. Neo-Schumpeterian and
evolutionary economics perspectives (which place innovation at the
forefront of accumulation) highlight the importance of economic rents,
barriers to entry and core competencies. There is no one measure that
adequately reflects these barriers to entry, and much of the research has
been concerned to generate proxies, each of which is in itself partial,
but which together provide a comprehensive picture. During the late 1970s,
preliminary work was undertaken on the unit price of UK trade as an
indicator of relative technological competence. However, this approach has
largely been neglected since then, receiving only sporadic attention in US
literature, and at high levels of product aggregation. This paper utilizes
this approach to try and reflect the dynamic process of shifting
competitive advantage in the global economy. Its distinctive feature is
the level of detail—six-digit trade classifications—and its
breadth of coverage, being applied to seven sets of sectoral
classifications involving more than 12 000 product groups. The data set
relates to EU imports of manufactured goods between 1988 and 2001. It
concludes that there is a strong correlation between unit price
performance and innovation intensity, and provides data to show that
low-income economies tend to be located in low-innovation niches in
sectoral groupings. This has important implications for the conventional
wisdom that high incomes will result from a specialization in
manufactures.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 333-355
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500317762
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500317762
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:333-355
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson
Title: Fragmentation and Embeddedness: An Alternative Approach to the Analysis of Rural Financial Markets
Abstract:
Political economy approaches to analysing the efficiency of rural
financial markets have focused on the role of power and social relations.
Neo-classical institutional economics, on the other hand, has used
information and transaction costs to explain performance. Recognizing the
limitations of both approaches, this paper presents an alternative that
focuses on the institutional form of financial intermediaries, that is,
the governance structure of rules, monitoring and enforcement mechanisms
that enable them to operate. This structure is supported by both formal
and informal rules, norms and sanctions. As a result, the ways in which
transaction costs are affected by governance structures can be identified
and the embeddedness of financial intermediaries in social relations can
be theorized. The application of this approach in Central Kenya
demonstrates the insights that it offers into explaining borrower
preferences in the financial market.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 357-375
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199152
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199152
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:357-375
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kenneth Mitchell
Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth
Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell
Title: Building State Capacity: Reforming Mexican State Food Aid Programmes in the 1990 s
Abstract:
Recent studies of state food aid to poor households in Mexico by the
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Food First point
to a rare case of successful second-generation reform in the social
sector. This article analyses a critical juncture at the start of the
1990 s in which policy-makers predisposed to reform gained an upper
hand and over time improved state capacity in an area in which prolific
corruption, middle class and urban favouritism and pervasive partisan
clientelism reigned for decades. Across Latin America, crisis-inspired
state downsizing (“first-generation reform”) has given way
to a desire to build state capacity (“second-generation
reform”). To date, the regional record is mixed; however, one thing
is certain, the context for first-generation reform—macroeconomic
instability and foreign lender conditionality—offers an
unsatisfactory guide to why and under what circumstances governments
embrace, delay or reject second-generation reform.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 377-389
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199194
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199194
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:377-389
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Weiss
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss
Author-Name: Heather Montgomery
Author-X-Name-First: Heather
Author-X-Name-Last: Montgomery
Title: Great Expectations: Microfinance and Poverty Reduction in Asia and Latin America
Abstract:
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are often seen by aid practitioners as a
manifestly effective means of improving the position of the poor. Despite
this widely held view, detailed research studies have been much more
guarded about the impact of MFIs. In particular, several studies have
raised doubts about the effectiveness of MFIs in reaching the “core
poor”. This paper surveys the evidence from Asia and Latin America
and contrasts experiences in the two regions. Studies on the former have
been carried out more “rigorously”, but in both regions the
evidence that microfinance is reaching the core poor is very limited.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 391-416
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199210
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199210
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:391-416
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicolas Couderc
Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas
Author-X-Name-Last: Couderc
Author-Name: Bruno Ventelou
Author-X-Name-First: Bruno
Author-X-Name-Last: Ventelou
Title: AIDS, Economic Growth and the Epidemic Trap in Africa
Abstract:
Most studies find that AIDS has a relatively weak impact on economic
growth because they assume that it affects only one flow variable and only
in the short term (the flow of labour available and capable of working at
a time t in the economy). But AIDS also has a long-term impact on stock
variables that existing models do not take into account, specifically, on
both human and physical capital. Integrating these two impacts in a growth
model with multiple accumulation factors reverses the findings of standard
impact evaluations. A fairly wide range of epidemic effects modifies the
economy's long-term growth regime, creating what we might call an epidemic
or regressive “trap”. Government action should be designed
in view of this risk and should intervene preferentially in favour of
human capital, through health and educational spending. Finally, this
model changes the cost-efficiency calculations about expanding
antiretroviral therapies to a large part of the working population and
indicates that such treatment is substantially more cost-efficient than
initially thought.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 417-426
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199236
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199236
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:417-426
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jojo Jacob
Author-X-Name-First: Jojo
Author-X-Name-Last: Jacob
Title: Late Industrialization and Structural Change: Indonesia, 1975-2000
Abstract:
This paper examines economic growth and structural change in Indonesia
during the period 1975-2000 using an input-output-based structural change
decomposition method. The analysis focuses on the sources and pattern of
growth during three phases of economic development: the inward-oriented
phase from 1975 to 1985; the outward-oriented phase from 1985 to 1995; and
the recent phase of crisis and recovery from 1995 to 2000. Growth during
the first phase, although impressive, was moderate in comparison with the
export-led manufacturing-driven growth during the second phase. During
both these phases, the Indonesian economy witnessed significant structural
changes, especially within manufacturing. However, the dynamics underlying
growth and structural change showed important differences. Although growth
under the first two policy regimes was assisted by favourable economic
circumstances, selective industrial policies may also have played a
significant role. The results suggest that the long neglect of the
technological foundations and human capital base of the economy could be
holding back recovery and sustained growth in the present phase.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 427-451
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500317820
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500317820
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:427-451
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fahim Al-Marhubi
Author-X-Name-First: Fahim
Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Marhubi
Title: Openness and Governance: Evidence Across Countries
Abstract:
The trade and governance literature suggest a link between the openness
of an economy to international trade and the quality of its governance.
The paper tests this link using a data set on governance that is
multidimensional and broad in cross-country coverage. The results provide
evidence that the quality of governance is significantly related to
openness in international trade. This association is robust to alternative
specifications, different indicators of openness and governance, and
prevails for different sub-samples.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 453-471
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199269
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199269
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:453-471
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Farhad Noorbakhsh
Author-X-Name-First: Farhad
Author-X-Name-Last: Noorbakhsh
Title: Spatial Inequality, Polarization and its Dimensions in Iran: New Empirical Evidence
Abstract:
This paper analyses the extent and dynamics of inequality amongst the
provinces of Iran. It reviews theoretical propositions for possible
convergence and divergence and argues that, while the evidence from the
more developed countries supports the case of convergence, the empirical
evidence for developing countries is ambiguous at best. Straight and
population weighted measures of inequality are used to see the evolvement
of inequality amongst the provinces of Iran with respect to two indicators
of income and consumption with a rural and urban break up. Polarization in
distribution depicts a disturbing picture for urban areas and this is
traced around a few proposed dimensions. The results reveal a close
cluster of the provinces in Iran drifting behind the rest of the
provinces.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 473-491
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199293
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199293
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:473-491
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Severine Deneulin
Author-X-Name-First: Severine
Author-X-Name-Last: Deneulin
Title: Development as Freedom and the Costa Rican Human Development Story
Abstract:
Amartya Sen's capability approach to development considers individual
agency as central in promoting human well-being. The paper argues that the
capability approach would need to include more explicitly collective and
historical dimensions in order to offer better insights for understanding
the process of development. The paper begins by briefly discussing Amartya
Sen's conception of development as freedom and the role it grants to
individual agency. It then proposes a hermeneutical approach to
development. This approach emphasizes that actions are to be interpreted
in order to uncover the meaning for which they have been carried out. It
suggests that a methodology for such interpretation can be found in a
dialectic process between the socio-historical reality and the way
individuals appropriate that reality. The Costa Rican case study
illustrates that it is the outcome of that dialectic which sets the
background against which people exercise their individual agency, and the
extent to which this leads to the promotion of human well-being.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 493-510
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199327
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199327
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:493-510
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nguyen Ngoc Thanh
Author-X-Name-First: Nguyen Ngoc
Author-X-Name-Last: Thanh
Author-Name: Kaliappa Kalirajan
Author-X-Name-First: Kaliappa
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalirajan
Title: The Importance of Exchange Rate Policy in Promoting Vietnam's Exports
Abstract:
The analysis in this paper shows that, during the 1990s, the use of
tariffs, quotas and export price policy by the State Bank of Vietnam was
more effective than devaluation in controlling imports in both the short
term and long term, but encouraged Vietnamese exports only in the short
term. Given the need for Vietnam to integrate with other economies,
particularly with the ASEAN countries, the results suggest an appropriate
exchange rate policy should be instituted to achieve export growth
consistently in the long run rather than depending on tariffs and quotas.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 511-529
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2005
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500199335
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500199335
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:33:y:2005:i:3-4:p:511-529
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Author-Name: David Mosse
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Mosse
Title: Encountering Order and Disjuncture: Contemporary Anthropological Perspectives on the Organization of Development
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-13
Issue: 1
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500495907
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500495907
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:1-13
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elizabeth Harrison
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison
Title: Unpacking the Anti-corruption Agenda: Dilemmas for Anthropologists
Abstract:
This paper explores the dilemmas involved in an anthropological
examination of both corruption and the international anti-corruption
agenda, arguing that the two must be seen as closely related. The dilemma
for anthropologists is that in either unpacking the
“meaning” of corruption at a local level, or deconstructing
the anti-corruption agenda, the realities of power involved in the
attribution of corruption may be overlooked. It is concluded that, to a
large extent, the solution lies in the ethnographic focus. Rather than
simply examining meanings at a local level, or the international
discourse, it is important to see how particular accounts of corruption
develop and are translated from international to national and local policy
contexts.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 15-29
Issue: 1
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500495915
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500495915
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:15-29
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dik Roth
Author-X-Name-First: Dik
Author-X-Name-Last: Roth
Title: Which Order? Whose Order? Balinese Irrigation Management in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract:
This paper deals with irrigation management among Balinese migrant
settlers in Sulawesi, Indonesia. As settlers in the command area of a
state-built irrigation system, they have become part of its blueprinted
managerial structure. However, many settlers derived their experience from
subak, the Balinese irrigators' institution. This paper explores the
technical, organizational and normative complexity hidden behind claims of
order, manageability and control of a “modern” irrigation
system, examining three issues that illustrate the tension between order
and disjuncture. First, it criticizes conceptualizations of local
management as cycles of degradation by farmer neglect and rehabilitation
by government attention. Second, it traces the local history of irrigation
development by putting into perspective the assumption of normative,
technical and organizational uniformity on which the management structure
is based. Third, differences are discussed between engineering approaches
to management and Balinese conceptualizations of management, and their
consequences for management practices.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 31-46
Issue: 1
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500495956
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500495956
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:31-46
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benedikt Korf
Author-X-Name-First: Benedikt
Author-X-Name-Last: Korf
Title: Dining with Devils? Ethnographic Enquiries into the Conflict-Development Nexus in Sri Lanka
Abstract:
This paper traces the ethnographies of conflict and development in Sri
Lanka on two levels of analysis. First, it examines two related discourses
in the policy arena of Sri Lanka, one looking at the peace-development
nexus, the other at the paradox of welfarism and clientelism in Sri
Lanka's polity. Second, it analyses the political field of relief and
development practice—its order and disjuncture—as it
presented itself during times of ongoing warfare. The empirical studies
build on ethnographies of a bilateral German-Sri Lankan development
project operating in the war-affected areas of Sri Lanka. Four
trajectories of politics and practices in aid and conflict are discussed
to illustrate the ambiguities and complexities of multiple perceptions,
rules and discourses, which influence the work of aid agencies operating
in spaces of military contestation. The analyses suggest that clientelism
as a deeply embedded system of ordering and meaning production can be
found in both the peaceful areas and the war zones, though in different
manifestations. Aid agencies operating in the context of clientelism and
ethnicism may need to engage with combatant parties—to “dine
with the devils” as it has been named—to build space for
bringing aid to needy people in war-affected areas.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 47-64
Issue: 1
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500495998
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500495998
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rebecca Marsland
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Marsland
Title: Community Participation the Tanzanian Way: Conceptual Contiguity or Power Struggle?
Abstract:
In Tanzania, at least two contradictory meanings of participation are
circulating amongst development workers. One, concerning
“empowerment” and the facilitation of local decision-making,
is associated with international development discourse; the other,
concerning the obligation of Tanzanian citizens to contribute to the
development of the nation, can be traced back to the philosophy of Julius
Nyerere. This article explores these meanings through an ethnographic
study of a community malaria control project in the south-west of
Tanzania. The practices of Tanzanian and expatriate development workers
are distanced enough for these disparate versions of participation to run
together without difficulty; but, when the two versions were brought
together, tensions between community and local politics resulted, as there
was competition to gain control and take the credit for the commodities
associated with development. Nevertheless, this fissure did not prevent
the project volunteers from taking on the locally prevailing discourse of
development experts, which disparages local knowledge.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 65-79
Issue: 1
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500496053
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500496053
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:65-79
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jo Beall
Author-X-Name-First: Jo
Author-X-Name-Last: Beall
Title: Dealing with Dirt and the Disorder of Development: Managing Rubbish in Urban Pakistan
Abstract:
This article unveils the different “thought worlds” that
inform urban development policy and the reality of urban service delivery
in Faisalabad, Pakistan's third largest city. Focusing on changing
patterns of residential waste removal and based on ethnographic work among
minority Christian street sweepers, the “little sub-worlds”
involved in domestic rubbish collection are explored, showing how these
articulate with larger “thought worlds” about dirt and
disorder. The symbolic meanings of dirt across public and private spheres
are examined alongside efforts by development practitioners and donors to
impose generic policy solutions related to privatized delivery. Drawing on
Mary Douglas's insights about how ritual pollution or danger-beliefs serve
generally to maintain social categories and hierarchies, the article
nevertheless points to the historically contingent specificities of
caste-like relations in urban Pakistan and how these have been
constructed. It shows how, under increasing competition for scarce jobs,
entitlements associated with hereditary status-based occupations are once
more appealed to and reconstructed by these vulnerable waste workers,
shaping in the process urban service delivery and the relations that
underpin it. The disjuncture born of diverse logics about dirt and
disorder reveals an institutional multiplicity and messy social reality
that sits uneasily with development as an ordering and unidirectional
process.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 81-97
Issue: 1
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500496087
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500496087
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:81-97
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alan Rew
Author-X-Name-First: Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Rew
Author-Name: Shahzad Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Shahzad
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Title: The Moral Setting for Governance in Keonjhar: The Cultural Framing of Public Episodes and Development Processes in Northern Orissa, India
Abstract:
Classic ethnographic monographs on eastern India had pinpointed profound
changes in political organization. In recent decades, ethnography has
avoided policy-relevant research in line with a general narrowing of
research. Current donor interests in governance reform have created new
opportunities. In Orissa, the authors have researched trends in governance
and can confirm a major disjuncture between community structures and
government rule, so supporting a trend and social analysis that others
have too readily dismissed as “anarcho-communitarian”. The
tribal villagers studied were wary of all rule, and experienced the state
as a site of humiliation rather than of empowerment. They were expected to
respect the officials as “proxy parents” but would not, as
uncouth aborigines, be treated in turn as “sons”. The type
of governance reform envisaged by donors depends on officialdom with a
lighter touch. This will require ethnographic understanding and intensive
inputs to counter tenacious ideas of rule over non-equivalent citizens.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 99-115
Issue: 1
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810500496152
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810500496152
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:1:p:99-115
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Magda Kandil
Author-X-Name-First: Magda
Author-X-Name-Last: Kandil
Title: On the Transmission Mechanism of Policy Shocks in Developing Countries
Abstract:
The debate over the effectiveness of demand-side stabilizing policies has
often centred over the relative effectiveness of monetary and fiscal
policies. Demand- and supply-side constraints are both relevant. On the
supply side, price flexibility may be the result of structural and/or
institutional constraints that warrant a larger degree of price adjustment
in the face of demand fluctuations. On the demand side, structural
constraints may hinder the transmission mechanism of demand fluctuations,
resulting in an inelastic aggregate demand in the face of policy
adjustments. Using data for 50 developing countries, supply-side
constraints do not differentiate the transmission mechanism of policy
shocks to price inflation and output growth. In contrast, a larger demand
shift in the face of monetary and government spending shocks increases the
real and inflationary effects of policy shocks. The pronounced evidence of
upward price flexibility points to the importance of addressing
supply-side capacity constraints to counter inflationary pressures in
developing countries. Equally important is to analyse determinants of
private spending to identify channels for influencing aggregate spending
and maximizing the effectiveness of stabilization policies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 117-149
Issue: 2
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600704984
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600704984
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:117-149
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: S. M. Ali Abbas
Author-X-Name-First: S. M. Ali
Author-X-Name-Last: Abbas
Author-Name: Raphael Espinoza
Author-X-Name-First: Raphael
Author-X-Name-Last: Espinoza
Title: Evaluating the Success of Malaysia's Exchange Controls (1998-99)
Abstract:
This paper offers an original survey of the Malaysian crisis and the
effects of the consequent imposition of capital controls by authorities in
September 1998 and of their subsequent relaxation in February and
September 1999. We identify Malaysia's unique strengths and weaknesses
before the crisis, appreciate the differential timing and nature of the
Malaysian crisis vis-a-vis the other neighbouring crisis countries, and
distinguish carefully between the restrictive and incentive components of
the imposed controls. Against this backdrop, we analyse both the
“level” (first-order) effects and the
“volatility” (second-order) effects of controls on key
macroeconomic, banking and financial market variables. On the level
effects, we found the Malaysian recovery (starting late 1998) to be at
least as quick, strong and lasting as that of the other crisis countries,
and discovered important channels of influence from controls to interest
rates (which were lowered) and stock markets (which recovered
dramatically). These results on the effectiveness of controls are
consistent with earlier studies by Edison & Reinhart (2001, Journal of
Development Economics, 66, pp. 533-553) and Kaplan & Rodrik (2001, NBER
Working Paper 8142 (Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research)).
However, due to the longer time period used here, a stronger restatement
of their conclusions is now possible. We study the second-order effects of
controls by introducing a Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)-based
portfolio choice model and show how controls, especially when they work as
an asymmetric tax on short-term investment, reduce both the volume of
speculative flows and the associated interest rate volatility. To test
these theoretical results, we set up a standard Generalized Autoregressive
Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model of interest rate and stock
market volatility where capital control dummies are introduced in the
variance equation. Our model is an improvement over earlier studies in two
ways: a more sophisticated capital control dummy was used to take account
of the relaxation of controls in February 1999; and we dealt with the
problem of endogeneity in the mean equation by using regressors that are
not Granger-caused by the regressand (Malaysian interest rate and stock
returns). The model shows that controls did limit interest rate volatility
in line with the theoretical prior, but worsened stock market volatility.
The latter result lends credence to the view that controls shifted the
burden of adjustment from quantity to prices.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 151-191
Issue: 2
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600705049
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600705049
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:151-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andres Gallo
Author-X-Name-First: Andres
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallo
Author-Name: Juan Pablo Stegmann
Author-X-Name-First: Juan Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Stegmann
Author-Name: Jeffrey Steagall
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey
Author-X-Name-Last: Steagall
Title: The Role of Political Institutions in the Resolution of Economic Crises: The Case of Argentina 2001-05
Abstract:
Many financial crises during the last decade have derived more directly
from political than purely economic problems. When democratic
institutions, government transparency, regulatory oversight or the rule of
law break down, the likelihood that politicians will implement
unsustainable economic policies rises. The economics literature analyses
the role of poorly functioning government institutions in allowing a
nation to slip into financial crisis. However, the literature on the
effectiveness of post-crisis reforms focuses almost exclusively on whether
the stated post-crisis policies are appropriate from an economic
viewpoint. Oddly, that literature fails to examine the status of the
underlying governmental deficiencies, assuming implicitly that they have
been remedied. Because economic reforms are feasible only with wide
political and social consensus, two important post-crisis issues are
essential to the success of such reforms; namely, the political situation
and politicians' management of economic policy. Political failures are
particularly relevant to the Argentine financial crisis that began in
December 2001. This paper identifies those political issues, which derived
from an unstable political structure characterized by corruption and
fragmented power between provinces and the federal government. Critically,
the rule of law had been undermined in 1991. Interestingly, these same
shortcomings still pervaded Argentina in 2004. The resultant lack of
political consensus continues to delay implementation of the structural
reforms necessary to return to sustainable economic growth. Social
confidence in the government is low; the independence of the Supreme Court
has been shattered; and the rule of law continues to be eroded, as the
government tramples on the property rights of private firms and public
debt-holders. Because it seems unlikely that Argentina can overcome its
political deficiencies in the near future, its prospects for full economic
recovery are limited, regardless of which economic reforms it implements.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 193-217
Issue: 2
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600705098
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600705098
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:193-217
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edmund Amann
Author-X-Name-First: Edmund
Author-X-Name-Last: Amann
Author-Name: Werner Baer
Author-X-Name-First: Werner
Author-X-Name-Last: Baer
Title: Economic Orthodoxy Versus Social Development? The Dilemmas Facing Brazil's Labour Government
Abstract:
It has often been suggested that the trade-off between equity and
efficiency can be overcome by achieving both goals sequentially. This
article shows how the government of President Lula has tried to follow
this rule, by first emphasizing economic orthodoxy, to be followed by
measures to achieve more socio-economic equity. With President Lula's
administration in the second half of its mandate, our analysis suggests
that such a sequence may be difficult to achieve.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 219-241
Issue: 2
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600705148
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600705148
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:219-241
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos Jose Caetano Bacha
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Jose Caetano
Author-X-Name-Last: Bacha
Title: The Evolution of Reforestation in Brazil
Abstract:
This paper analyses the evolution of reforestation in Brazil and
evaluates the federal government's previous programmes to stimulate that
activity, focusing on the discontinued Programme of Fiscal Incentives for
Afforestation and Reforestation (PIFFR). Despite the great increase in
reforested area in Brazil since the 1970s, the country will suffer a
scarcity of roundwood from reforested areas over the first decade of the
21st Century. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the Brazilian federal
government supported programmes to foster reforestation; however, no
stimulus programmes were implemented in the 1990s when roundwood demand
increased and production stagnated. Today, the government recognizes the
need to stimulate reforestation. The PIFFR, the most important of those
earlier programmes, is evaluated using a traditional cost-benefit
approach. The evaluation shows that a reinstatement of this programme
would now be inappropriate. The conclusion suggests a direction for new
federal policies that seek to foster the enlargement of reforestation in
segments where the price mechanism has not worked well.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 243-263
Issue: 2
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600705189
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600705189
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:243-263
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adebayo Aromolaran
Author-X-Name-First: Adebayo
Author-X-Name-Last: Aromolaran
Title: Estimates of Mincerian Returns to Schooling in Nigeria
Abstract:
In the face of declining rates of primary and secondary school enrolment
and increasing post-secondary school enrolment rates, the Nigerian
government introduced the free universal basic education programme in
1999. To understand better the economic forces underlying the recent
trends in school enrolment rates and appraise the new education policy
from the perspective of private efficiency returns, I estimate the private
returns to schooling associated with levels of educational attainment for
wage and self-employed workers using data from the General Household
Survey. The estimates for both men and women are small at primary and
secondary levels, 2-3% and 4%, respectively, but are substantial at
post-secondary education level, 10-15%. Inter-generational returns to
schooling decline for primary education but rise for post-secondary
education. These schooling return estimates may account for the recent
trends in school enrolments. Thus, increasing public investment to
encourage increased attendance in basic education is not justifiable on
grounds of private efficiency, unless investments to increase school
quality have higher private returns. With high private returns to
post-secondary schooling, students at this level should pay tuition to
recoup more of the public costs of schooling, which may be redistributed
to poor families through scholarships.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 265-292
Issue: 2
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600707433
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600707433
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:2:p:265-292
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Toye
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Toye
Title: Alfred Maizels (1917-2006): Challenging Economic Dependence on Commodities
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 293-298
Issue: 3
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600921794
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600921794
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:3:p:293-298
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rhys Jenkins
Author-X-Name-First: Rhys
Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins
Author-Name: Kunal Sen
Author-X-Name-First: Kunal
Author-X-Name-Last: Sen
Title: International Trade and Manufacturing Employment in the South: Four Country Case Studies
Abstract:
This paper investigates the impact of international trade on
manufacturing employment in developing countries, by undertaking a
comparative study of four countries—Bangladesh, Kenya, South Africa
and Vietnam. It does so by employing a variety of methodological
approaches: factor content; growth accounting; and econometric modelling.
The main empirical finding is that international trade seems to be
associated with the net creation of jobs in Bangladesh and Vietnam, with
female workers being the key beneficiaries. In contrast, international
trade has been associated with adverse employment outcomes in Kenya, and
possibly in South Africa. This suggests that there may be crucial
differences between Asia and Africa in terms of the impact of
globalization on employment opportunities in manufacturing. Some
alternative explanations for such differences are offered in the paper.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 299-322
Issue: 3
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600921802
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600921802
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:3:p:299-322
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giulio Guarini
Author-X-Name-First: Giulio
Author-X-Name-Last: Guarini
Author-Name: Vasco Molini
Author-X-Name-First: Vasco
Author-X-Name-Last: Molini
Author-Name: Roberta Rabellotti
Author-X-Name-First: Roberta
Author-X-Name-Last: Rabellotti
Title: Is Korea Catching Up? An Analysis of the Labour Productivity Growth in South Korea
Abstract:
Comparing the Korean labour productivity growth in the last two decades
with the Japanese and US labour productivity growth, data confirm a
process of catching up in several important manufacturing sectors. The
paper investigates its determinants using a non-neoclassical model.
Investments in skills and capabilities are found to be crucial in
explaining this trend. Important policy implications for developing
countries are then discussed. In the long run, a targeted education policy
with government intervention and a strong emphasis on technical education
can give high pay-offs. This conclusion holds in particular when the aim
of the country is to compete in the international markets, not along the
low road to competitiveness, based on squeezing wages and profit margins,
but along the high road (i.e. improving productivity, wages and profits).
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 323-339
Issue: 3
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600921836
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600921836
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:3:p:323-339
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Budy Resosudarmo
Author-X-Name-First: Budy
Author-X-Name-Last: Resosudarmo
Author-Name: Ari Kuncoro
Author-X-Name-First: Ari
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuncoro
Title: The Political Economy of Indonesian Economic Reforms: 1983-2000
Abstract:
This paper investigates the political economy behind the three economic
reforms in Indonesia, in 1983-91, 1994-97 and the reform under the IMF
umbrella immediately after the 1997-98 economic crisis. The prevailing
belief is that the Indonesian political economy scenario during those
periods closely matched that of Weberian patrimonialism, in which the
patron-client system was managed personally by Soeharto. Our findings
indicate that, whereas economic reform was possible within the
patron-client system in the initial stages of economic reform, this was
not the case in later stages.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 341-355
Issue: 3
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600921893
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600921893
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:3:p:341-355
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: A. Damodaran
Author-X-Name-First: A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Damodaran
Title: Tribals, Forests and Resource Conflicts in Kerala, India: The Status Quo of Policy Change
Abstract:
One of the constraints in policy analysis of tribal issues in India has
been the lack of analytical approaches that have looked at the existential
problem of tribal communities in an integrated manner. While restrictive
forest policies have played a major role in fomenting tribal unrest in
India and other parts of the world, the part played by “poorly
designed” development programmes in creating the impasse cannot be
ignored. With reference to the District of Wayanad in north Kerala, India,
it is argued that natural resource conflicts involving tribal communities
have their roots in both restrictive forest policies and misplaced
development strategies. While it is true that, in recent times, there has
been a serious effort in India to open forests to tribal communities, this
has not been accompanied by a change in basic development thinking. It is
argued that, for a paradigm change in policy to occur, tribal communities
need to be nurtured in forest settings. This is particularly relevant at
this juncture, when the ideal of “biodiversity conservation”
is considered to be the defining mark of sustainable development in the
“natural resource-rich” countries of the South.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 357-371
Issue: 3
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810600921976
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810600921976
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:3:p:357-371
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roger Goodman
Author-X-Name-First: Roger
Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman
Author-Name: Sarah Harper
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Harper
Title: Introduction: Asia's Position in the New Global Demography
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 373-385
Issue: 4
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045593
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045593
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:373-385
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Charlotte Ikels
Author-X-Name-First: Charlotte
Author-X-Name-Last: Ikels
Title: Economic Reform and Intergenerational Relationships in China
Abstract:
The process of modernization in China is occurring in a context of rapid
population ageing—the reverse of the sequence in the
West—and presents serious challenges to the tradition of reliance
on family and work unit support. This paper examines the impact of
post-Mao economic reform, including the de-collectivization of
agriculture, the loosening of restrictions on migration, and housing and
enterprise reform, on the support systems of China's elderly. Delivering
family support has become increasingly problematic, and researchers and
policy-makers have begun urging the Chinese government to take practical
steps to alleviate the situation. They point out that most children are
doing whatever they can, but that the financial and opportunity costs of
providing care exceed what is possible. They urge the government to
address problems of elderly poverty by developing rural pension schemes,
major illness insurance and long-term care insurance, by increasing
hospital and community health services for the elderly, and by training
basic-level workers in the special needs of the elderly.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 387-400
Issue: 4
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045619
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045619
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:387-400
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anna Boermel
Author-X-Name-First: Anna
Author-X-Name-Last: Boermel
Title: “No Wasting” and “Empty Nesters”: “Old Age” in Beijing
Abstract:
This paper explores the meaning of “old age” in reform-era
Beijing from complementary perspectives. Based on extensive, multi-sited
anthropological fieldwork and document analysis, it contrasts the
experiences of older people in Beijing with a critical investigation of
public debates about “old age”. The paper examines older
people's narratives about their gains and losses in the reform era and
analyses several of their strategies to deal with rapid social change. It
is argued that current debates about “old age” in Beijing
tend to view older people as a collective, quantitative threat to the
social structure or as pitiful recipients of rapid social change. Older
people as active agents of social change are largely absent from these
debates. It is suggested that the tension between public portrayals of
“old age” by younger and middle-aged people and the
experiences of older people is indicative of different, generation-based
judgements of continuity and change in the reform era.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 401-418
Issue: 4
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045643
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045643
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:401-418
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: CHRISTOPHER MARK DAVIS
Author-X-Name-First: CHRISTOPHER MARK
Author-X-Name-Last: DAVIS
Title: Political and Economic Influences on the Health and Welfare of the Elderly in the USSR and Russia: 1955-2005
Abstract:
The study of the elderly in Russia is important because they constitute a
significant social group in a country that is the world's biggest in
geographic terms, has a large population (144 million in 2005), is part of
both Asia and Europe, and has been transformed from a backward feudal one
to an industrial and military superpower. This topic is of additional
interest due to the fact that unusual political and economic forces have
strongly affected the ageing process in Russia, the health and welfare
needs of the elderly, and the provision to them of social and medical
services. The politico-economic systems in Russia (communist dictatorship
and a planned economy during 1955-91 and authoritarianism with a
chaotically evolving capitalist economy in the transition period) have
contributed to distortions in the demographic transition, notably
sustained increases in age-specific deaths rates. Russian governments have
developed comprehensive welfare and medical systems for the elderly that
promise much but have had low priority status and scarce resources, and
therefore have had many deficiencies. The objectives of this article are
to describe the situation of the elderly in Russia in detail and to
explain how political, social and economic factors have combined to
generate their unique circumstances. This case study can help to place in
comparative perspective the features and conditions of the elderly in both
developing countries experiencing demographic transition and advanced
countries interested in reforms of their welfare and medical programmes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 419-440
Issue: 4
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045700
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045700
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:419-440
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Round
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Round
Title: The Economic Marginalization of Post-Soviet Russia's Elderly Population and the Failure of State Ageing Policy: A Case Study of Magadan City
Abstract:
This paper explores how senior citizens in the far north-eastern Russian
city of Magadan have restructured their lives in order to ensure their
survival in the face of enduring post-Soviet marginalization. While this
is an extreme example of the problems Russia's senior citizens must now
face, due to the city's remoteness, climate and high cost of living, the
discussions have resonance for the rest of the country. To enable the
analysis of this group's survival strategies the paper will first examine
the reasons why they are needed, looking at the “creation”
of poverty at the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fragmented response
of the state to these issues. The paper's final section examines the
worrying trends that can be identified in the Russian government's
attempts to restructure its social policy with regards to ageing. These
reforms, it is argued, will further destabilize the everyday lives of
Russia's senior citizens.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 441-456
Issue: 4
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045791
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045791
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:441-456
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Penny Vera-Sanso
Author-X-Name-First: Penny
Author-X-Name-Last: Vera-Sanso
Title: Experiences in Old Age: A South Indian Example of how Functional Age is Socially Structured
Abstract:
Research on chronologically older people approaches “the
old” as a category of people sharing common problems and
experiences that are rooted in the functional disparities between old and
younger people. These functional disparities are seen as impinging on
social and economic positioning, leading to asymmetries in dependence and
vulnerability. The argument here is that, rather than simply being an
objective functional condition, old age is a deeply contested, socially
structured condition precisely because the definition of
“old” does not merely denote diverging abilities, but
confers differential needs, rights and obligations on both the
“old” and on younger people. Drawing on research in rural
and urban South India, the article illustrates how definitions of
“old age” are shaped by class position within local
economies. These definitions pattern older people's access to work and,
consequently, not only the extent to which people can remain
self-supporting in old age, but also the degree to which younger people
expect downward resource flows.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 457-472
Issue: 4
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045817
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045817
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:457-472
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: ELISABETH J. CROLL
Author-X-Name-First: ELISABETH J.
Author-X-Name-Last: CROLL
Title: The Intergenerational Contract in the Changing Asian Family
Abstract:
A contemporary Asia-wide concern is the common fear that modernization or
urbanization, migration, the demographic transition, new lifestyle
aspirations and the spread of Western values have emphasized individual
rather than collective familial interests and thus eroded filial
obligations. This paper, based on ethnographic studies across East,
South-East and South Asia, suggests that far from being eroded, the
generations have taken new steps to invest in the intergenerational
contract, which has been renegotiated and reinterpreted by both
generations in support of a robust and reciprocated cycle of care. The
paper concludes that this is a pragmatic, necessary and far-sighted
response to the development strategies and social policies supported by
Asian states. It can be argued that, in Asian societies, it is the
familial contract and familial exclusion rather than a social contract and
social exclusion that are more pertinent to individual well-being, and
that intergenerational resource flows significantly subsidize contemporary
Asian development strategies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 473-491
Issue: 4
Volume: 34
Year: 2006
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601045833
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601045833
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:473-491
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Edward
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Author-Name: Hugh Waddington
Author-X-Name-First: Hugh
Author-X-Name-Last: Waddington
Title: Aid and the Millennium Development Goal Poverty Target: How Much is Required and How Should it be Allocated?
Abstract:
This paper uses econometric estimates of the link between aid and
economic growth to ask how much additional aid is required to meet the
Millennium Development Goal of halving global poverty by 2015, and how
this aid should be allocated across countries. It first shows that a large
increase in existing aid levels can be justified to halve $1-a-day poverty
by 2015, on a country-by-country basis, under the econometric estimates
obtained by Hansen & Tarp (2001, Journal of Development Economics, 64, pp.
547-570) and Lensink & White (2001, Journal of Development Studies, 37,
pp. 42-65), but not those of Collier & Dollar (2002, European Economic
Review, 46, pp. 1475-1500). The paper then shows that, even where an
increase in existing aid levels can be justified, a much larger number of
people—up to around 70 million—could be lifted out of
poverty by 2015 if aid was instead allocated on a poverty-efficient basis.
This cautions against the use of a country-by-country target approach when
allocating aid across recipient countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-31
Issue: 1
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601167561
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601167561
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:1-31
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bazoumana Ouattara
Author-X-Name-First: Bazoumana
Author-X-Name-Last: Ouattara
Title: Foreign Aid, Public Savings Displacement and Aid Dependency in Cote d'Ivoire: An Aid Disaggregation Approach
Abstract:
This paper uses the fiscal response framework to investigate the extent
to which different categories of foreign aid flows, namely project aid,
programme aid, technical assistance and food aid, displace public savings
and affect the recipient country's dependence on aid, using time series
data for Cote d'Ivoire for the period 1975-99.The results indicate that,
in general, project aid flows tend to reduce public savings and worsen
Cote d'Ivoire's dependence on aid more than the other categories of aid
flows. This finding therefore suggests that accounting for aid
heterogeneity in aid studies as well as aid policies design and
implementation could be crucial in improving aid effectiveness to achieve
the Millennium Development Goals.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 33-46
Issue: 1
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601167579
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601167579
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:33-46
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefano Paternostro
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano
Author-X-Name-Last: Paternostro
Author-Name: Anand Rajaram
Author-X-Name-First: Anand
Author-X-Name-Last: Rajaram
Author-Name: Erwin R. Tiongson
Author-X-Name-First: Erwin R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Tiongson
Title: How Does the Composition of Public Spending Matter?
Abstract:
Public spending has effects on growth and distribution that are complex
to trace and difficult to quantify. But the composition of public
expenditure has become the key instrument by which development agencies
seek to promote economic development. In recent years, the development
assistance to heavily indebted poor countries has been made conditional on
increased expenditure on categories that are thought to be
“pro-poor”. This paper investigates the conceptual
foundations and the empirical basis for the belief that poverty can be
reduced through targeted public spending. While it is widely accepted that
growth and redistribution are important sources of reduction in absolute
poverty, a review of the literature confirms the lack of an appropriate
theoretical framework for assessing the impact of public spending on
growth as well as poverty. The dangers of policy decisions that are not
well grounded in theory and supported by empirical evidence are indicated.
With regard to the impact of any given type of public spending, policy
recommendations must be tailored to countries and be based on empirical
analysis that takes account of the lags and leads in their effects on
equity and growth and ultimately on poverty. The paper sketches out such a
framework and provides some evidence as the first step in what will have
to be a longer-term research agenda to provide theoretically and
empirically robust and verifiable guidance to public spending policy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 47-82
Issue: 1
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601167595
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601167595
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:47-82
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dirk Willem Te Velde
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Willem Te
Author-X-Name-Last: Velde
Author-Name: Theodora Xenogiani
Author-X-Name-First: Theodora
Author-X-Name-Last: Xenogiani
Title: Foreign Direct Investment and International Skill Inequality
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on
skill inequality amongst countries. New growth models and international
business studies predict that when countries liberalize their trade and
investment regime in an environment of imperfect technology transfers,
they will specialize in activities depending on the initial conditions
such as skill endowments. Countries with few skills tend to specialize in
low-skill intensive production, while countries with a high innovation
rate and skill endowment tend to specialize in the production of
high-skill intensive goods. The econometric evidence, based on an
unbalanced panel for 111 countries over seven 5-year time periods from
1970 to 2000, confirms that FDI enhances skill development (particularly
secondary and tertiary enrolment) in countries that are relatively well
endowed with skills to start with. There are important policy conclusions
for national governments when FDI tends to raise international skill
inequalities. In particular, developing countries with low-skill
endowments that attract investors would do well to co-ordinate actively
their human resources policies with investor needs in order to bring the
country to a higher skill path.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 83-104
Issue: 1
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601167603
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601167603
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:83-104
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mahrukh Doctor
Author-X-Name-First: Mahrukh
Author-X-Name-Last: Doctor
Title: Boosting Investment and Growth: The Role of Social Pacts in the Brazilian Automotive Industry
Abstract:
The article examines why the automotive industry invested over US$20
billion in Brazil in the second half of the 1990s, focusing on how
political economy factors influenced investment decisions. It is argued
that, in a context of economic and policy uncertainty, when the state
creates appropriate institutional mechanisms to communicate effectively
with business and build a consensus for reform, in the process it also
reduces investment risks. The argument is illustrated with the example of
the Sectoral Chamber of the Automotive Industry (1991-95), and shows the
impact of social concertation in neo-corporatist institutions on foreign
direct investment.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 105-130
Issue: 1
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810601167629
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810601167629
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:1:p:105-130
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nikita Sud
Author-X-Name-First: Nikita
Author-X-Name-Last: Sud
Title: Constructing and Contesting a Gujarati-Hindu Ethno-religious Identity Through Development Programmes in an Indian Province
Abstract:
Through a case study of Hindu nationalism in India, this paper explores
how development programmes serve as the site of construction of, as well
as contestation over, religious identity. The participation of low-caste
Dalits and tribal Adivasis in the mass violence perpetrated against
Muslims in the Indian province of Gujarat in 2002 conveyed the impression
that Hindu nationalists had achieved one of their key objectives of
creating “Hindu unity”. Cutting across social and status
divisions in the local Hindu population, the Hindu nationalist party's
constituency today includes its traditional upper-caste supporters, as
well as lower castes. While “the other” in the Hindu
nationalist conception of community included Dalits and Adivasis as well
as Muslims and Christians until the mid-1980s, the recent “Hindu
unity” agenda has seen the boundaries of “the other”
closing in around Muslims and Christians only. Despite these developments,
this paper argues, continuing attempts at the construction of a unified
ethno-religious identity are circumscribed and complicated by processes of
contestation. Through village-level research, it shows how government
actors are involved in simultaneous processes of construction as well as
contestation over a Gujarati-Hindu identity through development
programmes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 131-148
Issue: 2
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701321951
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701321951
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:2:p:131-148
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michiel Van Dijk
Author-X-Name-First: Michiel
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Dijk
Author-Name: Martin Bell
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bell
Title: Rapid Growth with Limited Learning: Industrial Policy and Indonesia's Pulp and Paper Industry
Abstract:
This paper contributes to the debate on the role of technical change and
industrial policy in Indonesian economic growth using the pulp and paper
industry as a case study. The analysis indicates that industry and trade
policies had a positive influence on growth and capital accumulation, but
gave Indonesian pulp and paper companies few incentives to create or
deepen their technological capabilities, resulting in fragmented and
limited technology assimilation. The findings also raise questions about
common interpretations of total factor productivity growth in Indonesia in
terms of inspiration versus perspiration.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 149-169
Issue: 2
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701322017
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701322017
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:2:p:149-169
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diane Dancer
Author-X-Name-First: Diane
Author-X-Name-Last: Dancer
Author-Name: Anu Rammohan
Author-X-Name-First: Anu
Author-X-Name-Last: Rammohan
Title: Determinants of Schooling in Egypt: The Role of Gender and Rural/Urban Residence
Abstract:
In this paper, we examine if there are gender differences in schooling
attainment and the extent to which these differences are exacerbated for
rural children in Egypt. Using a nationally representative cross-sectional
survey, our estimation results find strong support for the hypothesis that
being male and living in urban areas significantly improves child
schooling. We show that relative to a female child who is “never
enrolled” in school, a male child is over twice as likely to be
currently attending school, and over two-and-a-half times more likely to
have some schooling. These positive effects are particularly strong for
rural male children. There are also regional variations, with a child
(male or female) living in Upper Rural Egypt having a significantly lower
likelihood of being currently enrolled. Finally, our estimation results
point to large positive effects of father's education on the probability
of current enrolment for all children. Mother's education, however,
improves only the likelihood of current enrolment for female children,
with no significant effect on male children.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 171-195
Issue: 2
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701322041
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701322041
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:2:p:171-195
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miguel SzEkely
Author-X-Name-First: Miguel
Author-X-Name-Last: SzEkely
Author-Name: Marianne Hilgert
Author-X-Name-First: Marianne
Author-X-Name-Last: Hilgert
Title: What's Behind the Inequality We Measure? An Investigation Using Latin American Data
Abstract:
The use of income distribution indicators in the economics literature has
increased considerably in recent years. Using household surveys from 18
Latin American and Caribbean countries, this article seeks to explore what
is behind the numbers, and what information they convey. We find that the
way in which countries rank according to inequality measured in a
conventional way is, to a large extent, an illusion created by differences
in characteristics of the data and on the particular ways in which the
data are treated. Our main conclusion is that there is an important story
behind each number. This story influences our judgment about how unequal
countries are, but it is seldom told or understood. Perhaps other
statistics commonly used in economics also have their own interesting
story, and it might be worth trying to find out what it is.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 197-217
Issue: 2
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701427626
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701427626
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:2:p:197-217
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kevin P. Gallagher
Author-X-Name-First: Kevin P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallagher
Author-Name: Roberto Porzecanski
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Porzecanski
Title: What a Difference a Few Years Makes: China and the Competitiveness of Mexican Exports
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 219-223
Issue: 2
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701322058
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701322058
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:2:p:219-223
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Polly Vizard
Author-X-Name-First: Polly
Author-X-Name-Last: Vizard
Title: Specifying and Justifying a Basic Capability Set: Should the International Human Rights Framework be given a more Direct Role?
Abstract:
The paper considers the role that the international human rights
framework should play in the extension and application of Sen's capability
approach. It discusses how emerging international standards in the field
of human rights, supported by international human rights law, provide a
basis for the specification and justification of lists of central and
basic capabilities, and associated lists of duties on governments,
international organizations and other international obligation-holders
(both at the individual level, and collectively—through
international co-operation). The idea of combining the capability
framework with a background or supplementary theory of international
obligation in the field of human rights is examined in the light of
broader theoretical debates about the extension and application of the
capability approach. The notion of a “human rights-based capability
list” is then introduced. Finally, the paper suggests some possible
applications of “human rights-based capability lists” in
human rights advocacy and international poverty analysis.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 225-250
Issue: 3
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701514787
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701514787
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:3:p:225-250
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nandini Gooptu
Author-X-Name-First: Nandini
Author-X-Name-Last: Gooptu
Author-Name: Nandinee Bandyopadhyay
Author-X-Name-First: Nandinee
Author-X-Name-Last: Bandyopadhyay
Title: “Rights to Stop the Wrong”: Cultural Change and Collective Mobilization—The Case of Kolkata Sex Workers
Abstract:
In the past decade-and-a-half, sex workers in Kolkata (India) red-light
districts have involved themselves in a STD-HIV health project and, at the
same time, formed an autonomous organization to protest against
exploitation and to challenge social norms that ostracize them. This paper
examines how this marginalized group, who previously saw themselves as
socially alienated victims, came to reinvent themselves as social actors,
endowed with a sense of collective rights and capacity. The analytical
focus is on the transformation of the worldview and self-perception of sex
workers, and on the specific aspects of the development intervention that
facilitated this transition. The following elements were found to be most
significant: (a) the establishment of an egalitarian organizational
culture in the health project; (b) the introduction of a dialogic
educational programme; and (c) the development of a culture of political
activism among sex workers, animated by a notion of their right to protest
against injustice and inequality. The study draws attention to the change
of attitudes and identity as the key factor propelling the engagement of
the socially excluded and the poor in development processes and public
action. By analysing this largely neglected theme in development
literature, this paper contributes to debates on the question of
participation from a hitherto under-explored perspective.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 251-272
Issue: 3
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701514811
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701514811
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:3:p:251-272
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mariano Rojas
Author-X-Name-First: Mariano
Author-X-Name-Last: Rojas
Title: A Subjective Well-being Equivalence Scale for Mexico: Estimation and Poverty and Income-distribution Implications
Abstract:
The estimation of equivalence scales is crucial in cases where a
well-being comparison of persons living under different household
arrangements is needed: for example, to identify the poor, to calculate
poverty rates and to estimate income inequality. In spite of the
importance of equivalence scales for economic policy, there is little
theoretical guidance on their estimation, and most empirical studies have
been carried out in developed countries. Traditional estimation methods
have been criticized because of their limitations for making welfare
comparisons. This paper uses a subjective well-being approach to estimate
equivalence scales. The approach provides an equivalence scale founded on
economic satisfaction, which can be used to make welfare comparisons for
persons living under different household arrangements—for example,
in households of different sizes and with different age composition of
household members. The empirical study has been carried out for Mexico
using a large database. The implications of the subjective well-being
scale for the assessment of poverty and income inequality in Mexico are
shown on the basis of a national survey and by comparison with alternative
scales.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 273-293
Issue: 3
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701514845
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701514845
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:3:p:273-293
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan Di John
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Di
Author-X-Name-Last: John
Title: Albert Hirschman's Exit-voice Framework and its Relevance to Problems of Public Education Performance in Latin America
Abstract:
This paper applies Albert Hirschman's exit-voice framework to the
problems of education coverage and quality in Latin America. It argues
that the combination of low direct taxation and high levels of private
primary enrolment provides exit options for the wealthy and reduces their
incentive to exercise their “voice”, or protest mechanisms,
in the face of poor education performance. It also argues that fragmented
and clientelist political party structures limit the provision and
monitoring of public education, and also reduce the political capacity of
the poor to exercise their voice regarding public education coverage and
quality. The main policy implication of the paper is that good governance
in education cannot realistically be addressed without analysing how the
structure of power and voice, and of conflicts of interest within civil
society, affect the actual political pressures that state institutions
face.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 295-327
Issue: 3
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701514860
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701514860
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:3:p:295-327
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alberto Chong
Author-X-Name-First: Alberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Chong
Author-Name: Jesko Hentschel
Author-X-Name-First: Jesko
Author-X-Name-Last: Hentschel
Author-Name: Jaime Saavedra
Author-X-Name-First: Jaime
Author-X-Name-Last: Saavedra
Title: Bundling of Basic Public Services and Household Welfare in Developing Countries: An Empirical Exploration for the Case of Peru
Abstract:
Using panel data for Peru for the period 1994-2000, we found that
increases in household welfare, as measured by changes in consumption, are
larger when households receive two or more services jointly than when
services are provided separately. Such increases appear to be more than
proportional, as F-tests on the coefficients of the corresponding
regressors confirm. Thus, we found that bundling of services may help
realize welfare effects. This finding is particularly robust in the case
of urban areas.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 329-346
Issue: 3
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701514894
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701514894
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:3:p:329-346
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sabina Alkire
Author-X-Name-First: Sabina
Author-X-Name-Last: Alkire
Title: The Missing Dimensions of Poverty Data: Introduction to the Special Issue
Abstract:
The aim of this special issue is to draw attention to “missing
dimensions” of poverty data—dimensions that are of value to
poor people, but for which we have scant or no data. Amartya Sen frames
development as the process of expanding the freedoms that people value and
have reason to value. Although the most widely known measure of human
development includes income, longevity and education, many have argued
that people's values, and consequently multidimensional poverty, extend
beyond these domains. In order to advance these multiple areas, it is at
times necessary to conduct empirical studies using individual or
household-level data on multiple dimensions of poverty. A critical barrier
for international analyses of multidimensional poverty is that few or no
high-quality indicators are available across countries and respondents in
key domains that are deeply important to poor people and of potentially
critical instrumental importance.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 347-359
Issue: 4
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701863
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701863
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:347-359
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria Ana Lugo
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Ana
Author-X-Name-Last: Lugo
Title: Employment: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators
Abstract:
Employment is the main source of income for most families in the world.
While it is certainly not a new dimension of well-being, it is sometimes
forgotten in human development studies and poverty reduction policies or,
at least, not considered in the depth it deserves. This paper proposes
seven indicators of employment to be added to multi-purpose household
surveys that, we argue, are crucial to a comprehensive understanding of
causes and implications of poverty around the world. Traditional
approaches to labour market indicators present two main weaknesses. First,
in most cases, they are not as relevant in the developing world as they
are in developed economies, and hence do not provide an accurate picture
of labour markets in these countries. Second, surveys that collect a
broader set of questions on employment do not always include extensive
questions on the household and its members. The indicators proposed are:
informal employment; income from employment (including self-employment
earnings); occupational hazard; under/over-employment; multiple
activities; and discouraged unemployment. The aim is to complement
“traditional” indicators to provide a deeper understanding
of both the quantity and quality of employment.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 361-378
Issue: 4
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701889
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701889
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:361-378
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Solava Ibrahim
Author-X-Name-First: Solava
Author-X-Name-Last: Ibrahim
Author-Name: Sabina Alkire
Author-X-Name-First: Sabina
Author-X-Name-Last: Alkire
Title: Agency and Empowerment: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators
Abstract:
This article proposes a short list of internationally comparable
indicators of individual agency and empowerment (and the corresponding
survey questions). Data from these indicators would enable researchers to
explore research and policy issues such as the interconnections between
empowerment and economic or human development. The paper surveys
definitions of agency and empowerment and adopts the definition from
Amartya Sen, supplemented by Rowlands' typology. The proposed
“shortlist” of indicators includes: control over personal
decisions; domain-specific autonomy; household decision-making; and the
ability to change aspects in one's life at the individual and communal
levels. The strengths and weaknesses of each indicator are discussed, as
is the need to supplement this shortlist with other variables. To ensure
the feasibility of the proposal, we rely on previously fielded questions
wherever possible.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 379-403
Issue: 4
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701897
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701897
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:379-403
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diego Zavaleta Reyles
Author-X-Name-First: Diego Zavaleta
Author-X-Name-Last: Reyles
Title: The Ability to go about Without Shame: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators of Shame and Humiliation
Abstract:
Shame and humiliation are central to the understanding of poverty yet
internationally comparable data on this dimension are missing. Based on
existing indicators from related fields, this article suggests eight
indicators to measure specific aspects of shame and humiliation that could
start an in-depth debate around this topic. The indicators are the
following: whether respondents would feel shame if they were poor; levels
of shame proneness; perceptions of respectful treatment, unfair treatment
and prejudiced treatment; whether respondents perceive that their ethnic,
racial or cultural background affects their chances of getting jobs,
public services and education; whether respondents perceive that economic
conditions affect their chances of getting jobs, services and education;
and levels of accumulated humiliation. This is not to argue against the
need to articulate abstract principles, but rather to suggest that they
may best emerge from the clash of interpretations and arguments around
less abstract questions. (Lukes, 1997, p. 4)
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 405-430
Issue: 4
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701905
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701905
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:405-430
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rachael Diprose
Author-X-Name-First: Rachael
Author-X-Name-Last: Diprose
Title: Physical Safety and Security: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators of Violence
Abstract:
Violence impedes human freedom to live safely and securely, and can
sustain poverty traps in many communities. A key challenge for academics,
policy-makers and practitioners working broadly in programmes aimed at
poverty alleviation, including violence prevention, is the lack of
reliable and comparable data on the incidence and nature of violence. This
paper proposes a household survey module for a multidimensional poverty
questionnaire that can be used to complement the available data on the
incidence of violence against property and the person, as well as
perceptions of security and safety. Violence and poverty are inextricably
linked, although the direction of causality is contested if not circular.
The module uses standardized definitions that are clear, can be translated
cross-culturally and clearly disaggregate different types of interpersonal
violence, thereby bridging the crime-conflict nexus.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 431-458
Issue: 4
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701913
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701913
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:431-458
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emma Samman
Author-X-Name-First: Emma
Author-X-Name-Last: Samman
Title: Psychological and Subjective Well-being: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators
Abstract:
This article sets out a proposal to measure psychological and subjective
states of well-being in individual and household surveys. In particular,
it proposes a shortlist of seven indicators, and a module containing the
relevant questions needed to construct them. The indicators address both
eudaimonic and hedonic criteria, and cover four aspects of well-being: (1)
meaning in life; (2) relatedness, following self-determination theory; the
three “basic psychological needs” of autonomy, competence
and relatedness; (3) domain-specific and overall life satisfaction; and
(4) happiness. The article recommends that further research explore the
connections between these indicators, as well as their relationship with
objective measures of disadvantage. While reaffirming that perceptual
states should not be treated as aims of government policy, it is argued
that they may provide a richer understanding of peoples' values and
behavior—and therefore that further research on the subject could
deepen our understanding of capability poverty.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 459-486
Issue: 4
Volume: 35
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701939
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701939
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:35:y:2007:i:4:p:459-486
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Pietrobelli
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Pietrobelli
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Title: Introduction
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-8
Issue: 1
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701858572
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701858572
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:1-8
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Title: Economic Development from the Perspective of Evolutionary Economic Theory
Abstract:
Sanjaya Lall saw economic development as an evolutionary process, with
technological learning at its heart. This essay lays out the key
differences between an evolutionary theory of economic activity and
change, and the neoclassical theory as articulated in economic textbooks.
It argues that only an evolutionary theory fits what is known about how
technological learning progresses. It also argues for recognition, right
at the basis of economic theorizing, that modern economic systems contain
a rich mix of institutions, not simply the firms, households and markets
that are in neoclassical theory, and that the roles of government cannot
be adequately understood as simply responses to “market
failures”. It develops a view that long-run economic change must be
understood as involving the co-evolution of technologies in use and the
institutional structures supporting and regulating these.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 9-21
Issue: 1
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848037
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848037
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:9-21
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wolfram Latsch
Author-X-Name-First: Wolfram
Author-X-Name-Last: Latsch
Title: The Possibility of Industrial Policy
Abstract:
In this paper I shall outline and analyse the case for employing
industrial policy in the pursuit of economic development, in the
particular context of Sanjaya Lall's contributions in this area. The case
for industrial policy rests on both a positive vision (the nature of
technological knowledge and technological capabilities) and a normative
vision (government capacity and the promotion of competitiveness). The
case for industrial policy depends on establishing both its necessity and
its possibility. Necessity is defined in terms of the nature of knowledge
and technology, and its implications in terms of market failure;
possibility is defined in the context of political economy, and in terms
of the costs of discretionary policy interventions. The broader debate on
industrial policy is framed in terms of these two dimensions. In
particular, the possibility of a welfare-enhancing industrial policy is
circumscribed by the ability to control the potential costs of
discretionary government intervention. This ability is in turn a function
of the political process and of “social capital”, a late
concern of Lall's.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 23-37
Issue: 1
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848086
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848086
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:23-37
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Morrison
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Morrison
Author-Name: Carlo Pietrobelli
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Pietrobelli
Author-Name: Roberta Rabellotti
Author-X-Name-First: Roberta
Author-X-Name-Last: Rabellotti
Title: Global Value Chains and Technological Capabilities: A Framework to Study Learning and Innovation in Developing Countries
Abstract:
This paper presents a critical review of the global value chain (GVC)
literature in light of the “technological capabilities”
approach to innovation in less-developed countries (LDCs). Participation
in GVC is beneficial for firms in LDCs, which are bound to source
technology internationally. However, the issues of learning and
technological efforts at the firm level remain largely hidden in the GVC
literature. We propose a shift in the empirical and theoretical agenda,
arguing that research should integrate the analysis of the endogenous
process of technological capability development, including specific
firm-level efforts, and of the mechanisms allowing knowledge to flow
within and between different global value chains into the GVC literature.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 39-58
Issue: 1
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848144
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848144
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:39-58
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paulo Figueiredo
Author-X-Name-First: Paulo
Author-X-Name-Last: Figueiredo
Title: Government Policies and Sources of Latecomer Firms' Capability Building: A Learning Story from Brazil
Abstract:
Although much has been written about the implications of the structural
reforms of the 1990s for industrial progress in developing countries,
especially in Latin America, less attention has been given to the role of
meso and micro factors in sector and firm-level technological capability
building. Most existing studies are based on aggregate analyses that argue
either for or against such reforms. Seeking to offer an alternative
perspective on this debate, this paper examines sources of firms'
technological capability accumulation in the light of changes in
government policies. It draws on first-hand empirical evidence from 75
organizations in Northern Brazil. The evidence suggests that policies and
factors at the meso and micro level do matter in understanding the
learning strategies underlying firms' capability-building processes. The
latter do not take place in a vacuum or just on the back of sound,
market-oriented macroeconomic policies. A combination of different kinds
of government policies, foreign competition and firm-level learning
efforts has been proving essential for firms to develop innovative
capability. However, the move into more advanced capability levels in the
sampled firms will not just involve a “discontinuity” in
their existing learning strategies; it will also entail a redesign of the
related government policies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 59-88
Issue: 1
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848177
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848177
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:59-88
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xiaolan Fu
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaolan
Author-X-Name-Last: Fu
Title: Foreign Direct Investment, Absorptive Capacity and Regional Innovation Capabilities: Evidence from China
Abstract:
Innovation has widely been regarded as one of the main drivers of
economic growth in the knowledge economy. This paper investigates the
impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the development of regional
innovation capabilities using a panel data set from China. It finds that
FDI has a significant positive impact on the overall regional innovation
capacity. FDI intensity is also positively associated with innovation
efficiency in the host region. The strength of this positive effect
depends, however, on the availability of the absorptive capacity and the
presence of innovation-complementary assets in the host region. The
increased regional innovation and technological capabilities have
contributed further to regional economic growth in China's coastal regions
but not in the inland regions. It concludes that the type and quality of
FDI inflows and the strength of local absorptive capacity and
complementary assets in the host regions are crucial for FDI to serve as a
driver of knowledge-based development. Policy implications are discussed.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 89-110
Issue: 1
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848193
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848193
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:89-110
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deepak Nayyar
Author-X-Name-First: Deepak
Author-X-Name-Last: Nayyar
Title: The Internationalization of Firms From India: Investment, Mergers and Acquisitions
Abstract:
This paper analyses the rapid expansion in outflows of foreign direct
investment from India and the spurt in foreign acquisitions by Indian
firms, during the past decade, situated in the wider context of
international investment from developing countries. Much of the investment
was in manufacturing activities and most of the acquisitions were in
industrialized countries. The economic stimulus and the strategic motive
for the internationalization of firms from India were provided by a range
of underlying factors driving the process, which differed across sectors
and firms. The rapid growth in investment and acquisitions by Indian firms
were partly attributable to factors implicit in the liberalization of the
policy regime and the greater access to financial markets; but it must be
recognized that Indian firms could not have become international without
the capacity and the ability to compete in the world market. The
attributes of Indian firms, which created such capacities and abilities,
are embedded in the past and have emerged over a much longer period of
time.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 111-131
Issue: 1
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701848219
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701848219
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:1:p:111-131
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Geoffrey Lancaster
Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey
Author-X-Name-Last: Lancaster
Author-Name: Pushkar Maitra
Author-X-Name-First: Pushkar
Author-X-Name-Last: Maitra
Author-Name: Ranjan Ray
Author-X-Name-First: Ranjan
Author-X-Name-Last: Ray
Title: Household Expenditure Patterns and Gender Bias: Evidence from Selected Indian States
Abstract:
This paper uses Indian data to investigate the existence and nature of
gender bias in the intra-household allocation of expenditure. An extended
version of the collective household model is estimated where the welfare
weights, i.e. the bargaining power of the adult decision-makers, are
simultaneously determined with the household's expenditure outcomes.
Significant gender bias is detected in some items, most notably in
education, and it is found that the bias is considerably stronger in the
more economically backward regions of the country. It is also found that
the results of the test of gender bias vary sharply between households at
different levels of adult literacy. This is particularly true of household
spending on education. The gender bias in the case of this item is,
generally, more likely to prevail in households with low levels of adult
educational attainment than in more literate households. This result is of
considerable policy importance given the strong role that education plays
in human capital formation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 133-157
Issue: 2
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802037803
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802037803
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:2:p:133-157
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dorothee Boccanfuso
Author-X-Name-First: Dorothee
Author-X-Name-Last: Boccanfuso
Author-Name: Luc Savard
Author-X-Name-First: Luc
Author-X-Name-Last: Savard
Title: Groundnut Sector Liberalization in Senegal: A Multi-household CGE Analysis
Abstract:
In Senegal, the poverty reduction strategy is taking place in a context
where international trade liberalization impacts the agricultural sector
as a whole, and the groundnut sector in particular. Against this backdrop,
we have developed a micro-simulated multiple-household computable general
equilibrium model similar to the one proposed by Decaluwe et al. (1999b,
How to Measure Poverty and Inequfality in General Equilibrium Framework,
CREFA Working Paper No. 9920, Universite Laval, Quebec). Five simulations
have been carried out in order to assess their impact on several
levels—namely the macroeconomic, sector-based and household levels.
The first two simulations concern tariff reforms, whereas the last three
examine the external shocks resulting from a change in export prices on
the world market (namely, for groundnuts and groundnut oil). The point of
these simulations is to assess how the liberalization of the groundnut
industry and the privatization of the Societe Nationale de
Commercialisation des Oleagineux du Senegal—two major elements in
the Framework Agreement—may impact households, and thus to see in
what ways these economic reforms relate to poverty and income
distribution. The results show that reducing the special tax on edible
oils is positive in terms of poverty effects and the reduction of world
prices of groundnut has relatively strong negative effects on poor
households if farmers are not protected via a fixed price.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 159-186
Issue: 2
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802037845
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802037845
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:2:p:159-186
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hakim Ben Hammouda
Author-X-Name-First: Hakim Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Hammouda
Author-Name: Stephen Karingi
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Karingi
Author-Name: Nassim Oulmane
Author-X-Name-First: Nassim
Author-X-Name-Last: Oulmane
Author-Name: Mustapha Sadni Jallab
Author-X-Name-First: Mustapha Sadni
Author-X-Name-Last: Jallab
Title: The Impact of Industrial Market Access Negotiations on African Economies
Abstract:
This paper proposes an extensive data simulation exercise on the likely
impact of non-agricultural market access liberalization. The paper
analyses real options for tariff cut reduction, special and differential
treatment and the treatment of unbound tariffs. This paper also gives
indications concerning the likely economic impact of this trade round of
industrial market access negotiations on African economies. It shows that
an ambitious tariff cut reduction formula would provide greater access to
developed country markets for African producers. However, this kind of
formula has a major drawback for African countries in the sense that it
could accelerate the de-industrialization of African countries and limit
incentives to diversify their economies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 187-208
Issue: 2
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802040898
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802040898
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:2:p:187-208
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: KATSUSHI IMAI
Author-X-Name-First: KATSUSHI
Author-X-Name-Last: IMAI
Author-Name: PER A. EKLUND
Author-X-Name-First: PER A.
Author-X-Name-Last: EKLUND
Title: Women's Organizations and Social Capital to Reduce Prevalence of Child Malnutrition in Papua New Guinea
Abstract:
Drawing upon survey data in 2000, this article analyses the maturity of
women's community-based organizations in Papua New Guinea (PNG), comparing
autonomous organizations with those that receive external support. The
results of applying the Heckman model suggest that: (1) autonomous
Mothers' Groups are more efficient in improving child nutritional status
in the weight-for-age measure than those externally supported; and (2)
higher maturity of these groups is associated with lower occurrence of
underweight. Support for existing autonomous women's organizations is a
particularly relevant intervention in PNG; governance with limited trust
in formal institutions and modest outreach of services remain issues for
large segments of the rural population.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 209-233
Issue: 2
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701701996
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701996
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:2:p:209-233
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gordon Crawford
Author-X-Name-First: Gordon
Author-X-Name-Last: Crawford
Title: Decentralization and the Limits to Poverty Reduction: Findings from Ghana
Abstract:
Decentralization has been widely implemented throughout the developing
world. Its proponents, notably international donor agencies, claim that
democratic local government is more responsive to local citizens' needs,
inclusive of those of the majority poor, thus resulting in poverty
reduction. Yet evidence remains far from conclusive and this paper
challenges such claims. After reviewing recent surveys of the linkage
between decentralization and poverty reduction, this paper undertakes a
case study of Ghana. Findings from primary data indicate that the impact
of the District Assembly system on local poverty has been limited, at
best. In seeking to explain such limits to poverty reduction, attention is
focused on the national context of decentralization where structural
constraints are identified, which are largely intended to maintain central
government control. Such obstacles challenge some of the assumptions and
expectations of decentralization advocates. It is concluded that the
notion of “decentralization from above” is paradoxical, with
genuine devolution of power and local poverty reduction likely to require
political struggles from below.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 235-258
Issue: 2
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810701702002
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701702002
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:2:p:235-258
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deepak Nayyar
Author-X-Name-First: Deepak
Author-X-Name-Last: Nayyar
Title: Learning to Unlearn from Development
Abstract:
This paper sketches a picture, with broad strokes on a wide canvas, of
thinking about, and outcomes in, development during the second half of the
20th Century, to stress the importance of learning and
“unlearning” from experience. In doing so, it questions the
caricature distinctions between success and failure at development, in a
world where outcomes were mixed. This is illustrated vividly by a tale of
two countries: China and India. In this time span, thinking about
development witnessed a complete swing of the pendulum, from the
Development Consensus to the Washington Consensus. These shifts in
paradigm, which reshaped strategies of development, were influenced
strongly by history and conjuncture, reinforced by the dominant political
ideology of the times. However, changes in development strategies did not
lead to the expected outcomes. In fact, there was a discernible mismatch
between turning points in thinking and performance. Of course, experience
of the past 50 years did lead to some rethinking about development. This
learning from experience, however, was selective; and it differed across
schools of thought, for it was shaped only in part by outcomes. It was
also influenced significantly by priors in thinking and ideology in
perspectives. Thus, attempts to unlearn from development, which questioned
beliefs or changed previous beliefs embedded in ideologies, were few and
far between.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 259-280
Issue: 3
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802264407
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802264407
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:3:p:259-280
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dries Lesage
Author-X-Name-First: Dries
Author-X-Name-Last: Lesage
Title: Global Taxation Governance after the 2002 UN Monterrey Conference
Abstract:
Over the past 10 years, global tax issues, such as inter-state tax
competition, tax havens and the case for “global taxes”,
have been receiving more attention than ever. During the preparation for
the 2002 United Nations (UN) conference in Monterrey on Financing for
Development, the UN considered international and domestic taxation as a
vital component. The conference itself, however, did not yield many
results on this point. In this context, some circles have made a case for
an “International Tax Organization” (ITO). Our discussion of
global taxation governance will be centred upon the ITO proposal. The most
important argument put forward to support such a proposal is that it gives
the South a real seat at the table in global tax governance. After having
outlined the current architecture of global tax governance, four questions
will be addressed. First, wherein lies the possible value-added of an ITO?
Second, how has the idea thus far been received internationally? Third,
what are the prospects for an ITO? Fourth, does the South really need an
ITO to advance its fiscal interests? The paper analyses the political
obstacles to the idea of an ITO, but also points at politically feasible
alternative forms of South-South and North-South co-operation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 281-294
Issue: 3
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802264415
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802264415
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:3:p:281-294
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Virginie Vial
Author-X-Name-First: Virginie
Author-X-Name-Last: Vial
Title: How Much Does Turnover Matter? Evidence from Indonesian Manufacturing Total Factor Productivity Growth, 1975-95
Abstract:
Indonesian manufacturing exhibits a dual structure, with a sector
composed of a few dominant large and long-lived companies, along with a
sector composed of numerous small and medium enterprises and displaying
dynamic turnover. Using manufacturing plant-level panel data (1975-95), we
decompose total factor productivity (TFP) growth into intra-plant TFP
growth, market share reallocation among incumbents and plant turnover
effect. Both market share reallocation from low to high productivity
growth plants, and the process of turnover among small- and medium-scale
plants offer a high and positive contribution to aggregate TFP growth.
This is, however, cancelled out both by the reallocation of market shares
from high to low productivity level plants, and incumbents' intra-plant
productivity losses. This suggests that the turnover process in the small-
and medium-scale sector is essential to aggregate TFP growth, but that the
process of catching up within manufacturing is not yet advanced enough to
provide the full benefits.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 295-322
Issue: 3
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802264431
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802264431
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:3:p:295-322
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Werner Baer
Author-X-Name-First: Werner
Author-X-Name-Last: Baer
Author-Name: Gabriel Montes-Rojas
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel
Author-X-Name-Last: Montes-Rojas
Title: From Privatization to Re-nationalization: What went Wrong with Privatizations in Argentina?
Abstract:
The privatization process in Argentina is analysed. Beginning with a very
ambitious programme, a weak regulatory environment was created because of
lack of experience and as a result of the lobbying power of the newly
created enterprises. Numerous exclusive privileges were assigned to these
sectors, making them the most profitable industries during the 1990s. As
the economy crashed in 2001 and the local currency was devalued, a new
government took office, which renegotiated all contracts. This resulted in
re-privatization and re-nationalization of many services. The pro- and
anti-privatization arguments are reviewed, using empirical evidence from
Argentina. An in-depth study is also provided of the three sectors where
this negotiation was most intense: the railways, water and sewerage and
postal services.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 323-337
Issue: 3
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802264456
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802264456
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:3:p:323-337
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gregory Ponthiere
Author-X-Name-First: Gregory
Author-X-Name-Last: Ponthiere
Title: A Study of the Sensitivity of Longevity-adjusted Income Measures
Abstract:
This paper aims to explore the sensitivity of longevity-adjusted measures
of income, which have become increasingly popular as indicators of basic
standards of living. For that purpose, longevity-adjusted income measures
are computed for post-war Japan under various sets of postulates,
concerning the temporal horizon regarded as relevant for the measurement
of welfare, the ethical treatment of age structures, the degree of
endogeneity of longevity, the value of a statistical life (VSL) used in
the calibration of preference parameters, and preference parameters
themselves (for a given VSL). Pictures of Japan's development are
significantly sensitive to those postulates, suggesting that
longevity-adjusted income measures should be computed under not
one—as is usually done—but several assumption sets, to
account for the difficulty of solving the income/longevity weighting
problem. Hence, this study casts new light on the trade-offs raised by the
aggregation of economic and demographic achievements into a
preferences-based composite indicator.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 339-361
Issue: 3
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802264464
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802264464
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:3:p:339-361
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Augustin Kwasi Fosu
Author-X-Name-First: Augustin Kwasi
Author-X-Name-Last: Fosu
Title: Implications of the External Debt-servicing Constraint for Public Health Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract:
The paper explores the implications of the external debt-servicing
constraint for public health spending in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where
the health challenges have been great and debt servicing particularly
burdensome. Using 1975-94 5-year panel data for 35 African countries, the
study finds that although actual debt servicing has little impact, a
binding debt-servicing constraint that reflects the debt burden would
shift expenditure away from health. Although increases in external aid and
constraints on the government executive tend to divert spending in favour
of health, the debt-burden effect is dominant. The paper also uncovers an
upward trend in public health spending, a result that appears to
contradict the popular belief that the structural adjustment programmes
undertaken in many SSA countries as of the 1980s may have reduced
government expenditure on health.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 363-377
Issue: 4
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802455112
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802455112
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:4:p:363-377
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matt Andrews
Author-X-Name-First: Matt
Author-X-Name-Last: Andrews
Title: The Good Governance Agenda: Beyond Indicators without Theory
Abstract:
Effective government matters, but what is it? Good governance indicators
go some way to provide a definition, but how much do they say about what
effectiveness is, why this is so, and how it matters to development? This
article argues that much work on the good governance agenda suggests a
one-best-way model, ostensibly of an idyllic, developed country
government: Sweden or Denmark on a good day, perhaps. The implied model
lacks consistency, however, seems inappropriate for use in the development
dialogue and is not easily replicated. In short, it resembles a set of
well meaning but problematic proverbs. The good governance picture of
effective government is not only of limited use in development policy but
also threatens to promote dangerous isomorphism, institutional dualism and
“flailing states”. It imposes an inappropriate model of
government that “kicks away the ladder” that today's
effective governments climbed to reach their current states. The model's
major weakness lies in the lack of an effective underlying theoretical
framework to assist in understanding government roles and structures in
development. A framework is needed before we measure government
effectiveness or propose specific models of what government should look
like. Given the evidence of multiple states of development, the idea of a
one-best-way model actually seems very problematic.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 379-407
Issue: 4
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802455120
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802455120
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:4:p:379-407
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sergio Tezanos Vazquez
Author-X-Name-First: Sergio
Author-X-Name-Last: Tezanos Vazquez
Title: Aiding Middle-income Countries? The Case of Spain
Abstract:
The geographical allocation of Spanish aid has been little studied,
despite its unusual concentration on middle-income countries. This paper
develops a theoretical model in which aid allocation depends on a
combination of recipient needs, donor interests and performance criteria,
and estimates it econometrically for Spain. The results show that the
allocation of Spanish aid has been influenced both by Spain's own foreign
policy interests and by recipient needs for poverty reduction and
development (although not by the quality of recipient governance or
recipient absorptive capacity). Former Spanish colonies received a
disproportionate share of Spain's aid (as is true mutatis mutandis for
other European countries), but aid is allocated among them with greater
regard to recipient need than is Spain's aid to other developing
countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 409-438
Issue: 4
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802455104
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802455104
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:4:p:409-438
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Wilson
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson
Author-Name: Jean Boncoeur
Author-X-Name-First: Jean
Author-X-Name-Last: Boncoeur
Title: Microeconomic Efficiencies and Macroeconomic Inefficiencies: On Sustainable Fisheries Policies in Very Poor Countries
Abstract:
Simple macro-models are used in a two good output spaces to show that,
under certain conditions that occur in very poor countries, fisheries
policies aimed at concentrating rent and rationalizing excess capacity may
result in declines in economic growth. In cases where displaced labour has
nowhere else to go, such policies may be welfare decreasing for the
country as a whole. The second best policy in these cases would be to
encourage open access fishing with controls on overall output. An example
based upon information gathered on the shrimp fishery in Madagascar
describes the relations between the relative price between artisanal and
industrial fishing sectors, and differential effects of the leakage of
rents through the net exports equation due to policies favouring capacity
rationalization.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 439-460
Issue: 4
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802495688
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802495688
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:4:p:439-460
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Leonardo Gasparini
Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Gasparini
Author-Name: Matias Horenstein
Author-X-Name-First: Matias
Author-X-Name-Last: Horenstein
Author-Name: Ezequiel Molina
Author-X-Name-First: Ezequiel
Author-X-Name-Last: Molina
Author-Name: Sergio Olivieri
Author-X-Name-First: Sergio
Author-X-Name-Last: Olivieri
Title: Income Polarization in Latin America: Patterns and Links with Institutions and Conflict
Abstract:
This paper presents a set of statistics that characterize the degree of
income polarization in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The study is
based on a dataset of household surveys from 21 LAC countries in the
period 1989-2004. Latin America is characterized by a high level of income
polarization. On average, income polarization mildly increased in the
region in the period under analysis. The paper suggests that institutions
and conflict interact in different ways with the various characteristics
of the income distribution. In particular, countries with high income
polarization and inequality are more likely to have high levels of social
conflict.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 461-484
Issue: 4
Volume: 36
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802457365
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802457365
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:36:y:2008:i:4:p:461-484
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Selin Ozyurt
Author-X-Name-First: Selin
Author-X-Name-Last: Ozyurt
Title: Total Factor Productivity Growth in Chinese Industry: 1952-2005
Abstract:
This paper presents new estimates of total factor productivity (TFP)
growth in Chinese industry over the past half century that seek to improve
on earlier estimates in several respects: better data series are developed
for capital and labour; the production function is estimated with fewer
restrictive assumptions and corrected for serial correlation; and the TFP
estimates are adjusted for cyclical fluctuations. The paper also offers a
broader than usual interpretation of TFP growth. Its main findings are:
(i) that over the whole period 1952-2005 the main source of industrial
output growth was capital accumulation; (ii) that during the period since
1980 TFP growth also contributed significantly to industrial output
growth; and (iii) that TFP growth in Chinese industry accelerated from the
late 1980s, probably as a result of changes in the pattern of ownership
and increased integration into the world economy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-17
Issue: 1
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802660836
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802660836
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:1-17
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vladimir Dvoracek
Author-X-Name-First: Vladimir
Author-X-Name-Last: Dvoracek
Title: Vertical Integration and Sunk Capital in Transition Economies
Abstract:
Agency problems in inter-firm trading relationships are severe in
developing and transitional economies because of the limited decentralized
information that can support contract enforcement and because the timing
of intermediate goods production and payment differ. The consequences are
derived for the equilibrium distribution of firm structures, production,
prices, profits and trade in developing and transitional economies. Within
a multi-market setting, equilibrium outcomes are characterized both for
firms that are directly affected by contracting problems and for those
that are not. The equilibrium features both excessive vertical integration
and excessive development of small-scale retail enterprises, and
insufficient, inefficient inter-firm trade. Average profits of vertically
integrated firms are higher and those of small-scale retail enterprises
and intermediate suppliers are lower than they would be were enduring
trading relationships more easily established.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 19-32
Issue: 1
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802695972
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802695972
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:19-32
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rosalind Levacic
Author-X-Name-First: Rosalind
Author-X-Name-Last: Levacic
Title: Teacher Incentives and Performance: An Application of Principal-Agent Theory
Abstract:
The paper summarizes principal-agent (P-A) theory and applies it to the
teaching profession, arguing that it provides a strong framework for
analysing institutional arrangements governing the work of teachers. P-A
theory proposes factors that determine whether or not paying teachers in
relation to measures of performance improves teacher productivity.
Teachers' work is characterized by moral hazard, risk aversion, multiple
principals and multiple objectives, which make the design of an optimal
performance pay system complex, especially as it needs to be context
specific. A crucial factor is the extent to which teacher motivation is
altruistic or opportunistic. International evidence on teacher rewards
systems and their relation to teacher performance is summarized. In many
developing countries, such as India, teacher contracts fail to provide
sanctions for poor performance or rewards for effective teaching. In such
contexts, improved incentives for teacher performance are an essential
component of reforms to raise the quality of education.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 33-46
Issue: 1
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802660844
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802660844
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:33-46
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adil Suliman
Author-X-Name-First: Adil
Author-X-Name-Last: Suliman
Author-Name: Andre Varella Mollick
Author-X-Name-First: Andre Varella
Author-X-Name-Last: Mollick
Title: Human Capital Development, War and Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract:
The authors use a panel data fixed effect model to identify the
determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) for a large sample of 29
sub-Saharan African countries from 1980 to 2003. They test whether human
capital development, defined by either literacy rates or economic freedom,
and the incidence of war affect FDI flows to these countries. Combining
these explanatory variables to several widely used control variables, it
was found that the literacy rate (human capital), freedom (political
rights and civil rights) and the incidence of war are important FDI
determinants. The results confirm our expected signs: FDI inflows respond
positively to the literacy rate and to improvements in political rights
and civil liberties; war events, by contrast, exert strong negative
effects on FDI. For robustness, the model is estimated for religious
groupings of sub-Saharan African countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 47-61
Issue: 1
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802660828
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802660828
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:47-61
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eva-Lotta Hedman
Author-X-Name-First: Eva-Lotta
Author-X-Name-Last: Hedman
Title: Deconstructing Reconstruction in Post-tsunami Aceh: Governmentality, Displacement and Politics
Abstract:
Rolled out as a solution to the problem of displacement in the new
post-tsunami context of sudden natural disaster and unprecedented
international humanitarian assistance, so-called “barracks
camps”, it is argued here, must be understood against the backdrop
of pre-tsunami militarized conflict, internal displacement, forced
relocation and involuntary return. However, this analysis also shows that,
once introduced, barracks camps also emerged as (contested) sites for the
further elaboration of the problem of displacement in the wider context of
the far-reaching transformations underway in post-tsunami Aceh. That is,
the materialization of barracks as a preferred mode of governmentality of
displacement in post-tsunami Aceh anticipated the (in this context novel)
institutionalization of (international) humanitarian needs assessments and
aid delivery targeting such camp-like relocation complexes. In this way,
the barracks camps also contributed to the making of new experiences of
displacement, which, in turn, came to shape the orientation and practice
of barracks populations. As such populations have mobilized in collective
protest, this article seeks to show, they have also rendered visible the
political effects of the very governmentality that has formed such an
integral part of the conceptualization and implementation of the
reconstruction of displaced communities in post-tsunami Aceh.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 63-76
Issue: 1
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810802695964
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810802695964
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:63-76
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rodney Bruce Hall
Author-X-Name-First: Rodney Bruce
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall
Title: Book Review
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 77-80
Issue: 1
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902717239
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902717239
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:1:p:77-80
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emma Tomalin
Author-X-Name-First: Emma
Author-X-Name-Last: Tomalin
Title: Buddhist Feminist Transnational Networks, Female Ordination and Women's Empowerment
Abstract:
Consideration of the role that religion plays in women's lives in
developing contexts can be important in understanding ways of approaching
their “strategic gender needs”. Rather than rejecting
religion for its inherent patriarchy, styles of “religious
feminism” have emerged across the globe. These argue for
reinterpretations of religious systems that are consistent with the
“core” values of the tradition as well as various types of
feminist thinking. The aim of this paper is to discuss the emergence of a
transnational movement across Buddhist traditions and countries that is
concerned to make full ordination an available option to women in contexts
where it is currently prohibited. While becoming fully ordained is
considered to be the most suitable way of becoming enlightened and
escaping future rebirths, a strong theme within the movement is the
argument that gender hierarchies within Buddhism have a broader cultural
impact upon social attitudes that disempower women and limit their
development. Dialogue between members of Buddhist communities across the
world has encouraged reflection upon and a challenge to unequal and
oppressive gender hierarchies within the Buddhist tradition and within
Buddhist societies. This paper explores four “international”
events/examples that enable information exchange as well as the flow of
material support between women from different traditions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 81-100
Issue: 2
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902859510
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902859510
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:2:p:81-100
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: K. Sandar Kyaw
Author-X-Name-First: K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandar Kyaw
Author-Name: Ronald Macdonald
Author-X-Name-First: Ronald
Author-X-Name-Last: Macdonald
Title: Capital Flows and Growth in Developing Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis
Abstract:
This paper unravels the capital flow-growth nexus by employing a model
that incorporates contemporaneous influences and contemporaneous
expectations. Using an unbalanced panel data set, the paper considers and
highlights the role of indirect effects, through the spillover or
interaction channel, in influencing economic development. Rigorous
tests—incorporating tertiary education, alternative capital flow
types and an interaction term—confirm the hypothesis that private
capital flows are growth promoting in general, and upper middle-income
countries appear to gain more from such flows than low-income countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 101-122
Issue: 2
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902859536
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902859536
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:2:p:101-122
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Geeta Kingdon
Author-X-Name-First: Geeta
Author-X-Name-Last: Kingdon
Author-Name: Mohd. Muzammil
Author-X-Name-First: Mohd.
Author-X-Name-Last: Muzammil
Title: A Political Economy of Education in India: The Case of Uttar Pradesh
Abstract:
The effectiveness of the arrangements governing an educational system
depends on the motivations of key actors. This paper analyses the state of
education in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and the role that teachers
have played in the political process. It describes how teachers have
become embedded in the political system and the way teacher associations
and unions have actively pursued demands through various strikes and other
forms of action. Although teachers have been successful in improving pay,
job security and service benefits, less progress has been made on broader
improvements in the schooling system such as the promotion of education in
general or improving equity and efficiency in the system.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 123-144
Issue: 2
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902874626
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902874626
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:2:p:123-144
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Savita Bhat
Author-X-Name-First: Savita
Author-X-Name-Last: Bhat
Author-Name: K. Narayanan
Author-X-Name-First: K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Narayanan
Title: Technological Efforts, Firm Size and Exports in the Basic Chemical Industry in India
Abstract:
This paper attempts to examine the role of technological efforts and firm
size in determining the export behaviour of firms belonging to the basic
chemical industry in India. The basic chemical industry is an important
industry that provides intermediate chemicals to firms operating in
diverse industries in both India and abroad. In this study technological
efforts have been considered in terms of in-house R&D, import of embodied
technology, and import of disembodied technology. Three different
econometric models, namely, the Tobit, the two-part (Probit + Truncation)
and the sample selection (Heckman), have been used for estimation and the
results have been compared. The authors find evidence in support of the
view that export behaviour of the firm can be modelled in a more
appropriate manner using a two-part or a sample selection model rather
than the popular Tobit model. The results of the econometric exercise
confirm that technological efforts, firm size and other firm-specific
characteristics are important in explaining the export behaviour of the
firms.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 145-169
Issue: 2
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902859528
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902859528
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:2:p:145-169
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Toye
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Toye
Title: Herbert Frankel: From Colonial Economics to Development Economics
Abstract:
Herbert Frankel (1903-96) was an economist of long and varied
achievement, who, after a distinguished career in South Africa, served as
Oxford University's first Professor of Colonial Economic Affairs (later
Professor of the Economics of Under-developed Countries) from 1946 to
1971. His professional route took him from colonial economics to
development economics, making a significant contribution to each. His
intellectual trajectory took him from being a critic of colonial economic
policies to being a champion of the efficacy of free market liberalism to
deliver development. In this he was a true precursor of the
counter-revolution in development economics of the 1980s. In a number of
ways his writings were prophetic, but it was a younger colleague, Peter
Bauer, who became the main standard-bearer of neo-liberalism in
development economics.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 171-182
Issue: 2
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810902887636
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810902887636
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:2:p:171-182
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wim Naude
Author-X-Name-First: Wim
Author-X-Name-Last: Naude
Author-Name: Amelia Santos-Paulino
Author-X-Name-First: Amelia
Author-X-Name-Last: Santos-Paulino
Author-Name: Mark McGillivray
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: McGillivray
Title: Measuring Vulnerability: An Overview and Introduction
Abstract:
This paper provides an introduction to this special issue of Oxford
Development Studies. It starts by contextualizing the measurement of
vulnerability, pointing to the need to take risks on the level of
households, regions and countries into account in designing
poverty-reduction strategies. It then summarizes the papers in this
special issue, highlighting the ways in which they advance the
conceptualization and measurement of vulnerability, and noting directions
for future research.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 183-191
Issue: 3
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903085792
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903085792
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:183-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Guillaumont
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Guillaumont
Title: An Economic Vulnerability Index: Its Design and Use for International Development Policy
Abstract:
In response to a need expressed by the UN General Assembly, an Economic
Vulnerability index (EVI) has been defined by the Committee for
Development Policy. The present paper, which refers to this index, first
examines how a structural EVI can be designed for low-income countries in
particular. It recapitulates the conceptual and empirical grounds of the
index, considers the structure of the present EVI, its sensitivity to
methodological choices with respect to averaging, as well as possible
improvements in this regard, and briefly compares the levels and trends of
EVI in various country groups, using a new database from a
“retrospective EVI”. The paper examines how the EVI can be
used for international development policy, underlining two main purposes.
The first—the purpose for which the EVI was initially
designed—is the identification of the least-developed countries
(LDCs) that are eligible to receive some preferential treatment in aid and
trade matters. The EVI, in addition to income per capita and human
capital, is one of three complementary criteria a country needs to meet in
order to be designated as an LDC, and consequently it cannot be the sole
criterion for countries wishing to avoid graduating from the LDC list.
Second, the EVI can be used, in addition to other traditional measures, as
a criterion for aid allocation between developing countries. It is argued
that such an inclusion is legitimate for reasons of both effectiveness and
equity. The two purposes are presented as complementary.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 193-228
Issue: 3
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903089901
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903089901
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:193-228
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lino Briguglio
Author-X-Name-First: Lino
Author-X-Name-Last: Briguglio
Author-Name: Gordon Cordina
Author-X-Name-First: Gordon
Author-X-Name-Last: Cordina
Author-Name: Nadia Farrugia
Author-X-Name-First: Nadia
Author-X-Name-Last: Farrugia
Author-Name: Stephanie Vella
Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie
Author-X-Name-Last: Vella
Title: Economic Vulnerability and Resilience: Concepts and Measurements
Abstract:
In this paper, economic vulnerability is defined as the exposure of an
economy to exogenous shocks, arising out of economic openness, while
economic resilience is defined as the policy-induced ability of an economy
to withstand or recover from the effects of such shocks. The paper briefly
reviews the work already carried out on economic vulnerability and extends
the research towards the development of a conceptual and methodological
framework for the definition and measurement of economic resilience.
Towards this end, the paper proposes an index of economic resilience
gauging the adequacy of policy in four broad areas, namely macroeconomic
stability, microeconomic market efficiency, good governance and social
development. The analysis of economic resilience explains how small
economies can attain a relatively high level of gross domestic product per
capita if they adopt appropriate policy stances. In other words, the
relatively good economic performance of a number of small states is not
because, but in spite of, their small size and inherent economic
vulnerability. The results of this study can be used as a tool towards the
formulation of policies aimed at overcoming the adverse consequences of
economic vulnerability.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 229-247
Issue: 3
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903089893
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903089893
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:229-247
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wim Naude
Author-X-Name-First: Wim
Author-X-Name-Last: Naude
Author-Name: Mark McGillivray
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: McGillivray
Author-Name: Stephanie Rossouw
Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie
Author-X-Name-Last: Rossouw
Title: Measuring the Vulnerability of Subnational Regions in South Africa
Abstract:
A small but growing literature has been concerned about the economic (and
environmental) vulnerability on the level of countries. Less attention is
paid to the economic vulnerability of different regions within countries.
By focusing on the vulnerability of subnational regions, this paper
contributes to the small literature on the “vulnerability of
place”. They authors see the vulnerability of place as being due to
vulnerability in various domains, such as economic vulnerability,
vulnerability of environment, and governance, demographic and health
fragilities. They use a subnational data set on 354 magisterial districts
from South Africa, recognize the potential relevance of measuring
vulnerability on a subnational level, and construct a Local Vulnerability
Index for the various districts. They condition this index on district per
capita income and term this a Vulnerability Intervention Index,
interpreting this as an indicator of where higher income per capita, often
seen in the literature as a measure of resilience, will in itself be
unlikely to reduce vulnerability.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 249-276
Issue: 3
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903085800
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903085800
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:249-276
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yuan Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Yuan
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Author-Name: Guanghua Wan
Author-X-Name-First: Guanghua
Author-X-Name-Last: Wan
Title: How Precisely Can We Estimate Vulnerability to Poverty?
Abstract:
There are alternative definitions of vulnerability to poverty. Most
researchers prefer to define vulnerability to poverty as the probability
of a household or individual falling into poverty in the future. Based on
this definition and using household survey panel data from rural China,
this paper attempts to assess the extent to which we can measure
vulnerability to poverty. The assessment is based on comparisons between
estimated vulnerability and actually observed poverty. The authors find
that the precision of estimation, first, varies depending on the
vulnerability line; their results suggest setting the line at 50% in order
to improve predictive power. Second, precision depends on how permanent
income is estimated. Assuming log-normal distribution of future income, it
is preferable to use past weighted average income as an estimate of
permanent income rather than using regressions to gauge permanent income.
Third, estimation precision depends on the chosen poverty line. The
percentage of overlap between households estimated to be vulnerable and
those actually poor rises when a higher poverty line of US$2 is used
instead of US$1.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 277-287
Issue: 3
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903094471
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903094471
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:277-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tilman Bruck
Author-X-Name-First: Tilman
Author-X-Name-Last: Bruck
Author-Name: Kati Schindler
Author-X-Name-First: Kati
Author-X-Name-Last: Schindler
Title: The Impact of Violent Conflicts on Households: What Do We Know and What Should We Know about War Widows?
Abstract:
This paper analyses how mass violent conflict and the legacy of conflict
affect households in developing countries. It does so by pointing out how
violent conflict impairs a household's core functions, its boundaries, its
choice of coping strategies and its well-being. The paper contributes to
the literature on the economics of conflict, reconstruction and
vulnerability in three ways. First, it addresses explicitly the level of
analysis in the context of conflict by contrasting strengths and
weaknesses of a unitary approach to the household and extending it to
intra-household and group issues. Second, it identifies important research
gaps in this field. Third, it highlights the economic situation of war
widows in conflict-affected countries and discusses a case study of widows
of the Rwandan genocide.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 289-309
Issue: 3
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903108321
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903108321
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:3:p:289-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Knight
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Knight
Author-Name: Li Shi
Author-X-Name-First: Li
Author-X-Name-Last: Shi
Author-Name: Deng Quheng
Author-X-Name-First: Deng
Author-X-Name-Last: Quheng
Title: Education and the Poverty Trap in Rural China: Setting the Trap
Abstract:
Together with a companion paper to be published in the March 2010 issue,
this is an ambitious attempt to view the relationships involving education
and income as forming a system, and one that can generate a poverty trap.
The setting is rural China, and the data are from a national household
survey for 2002, designed with research hypotheses in mind. Enrolment is
high in rural China in comparison with most poor rural societies, but the
quality of education varies greatly. The paper analyses the determinants
of drop-out from middle school and of continuation to high school. It also
examines the determinants of pupil performance, time spent learning, and
educational expenditure. Poverty is found to have an adverse effect on
both the quantity and quality of education—so contributing to a
poverty trap.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 311-332
Issue: 4
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305232
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305232
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:311-332
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edmund Amann
Author-X-Name-First: Edmund
Author-X-Name-Last: Amann
Author-Name: Barry Lau
Author-X-Name-First: Barry
Author-X-Name-Last: Lau
Author-Name: Frederick Nixson
Author-X-Name-First: Frederick
Author-X-Name-Last: Nixson
Title: Did China Hurt the Textiles and Clothing Exports of Other Asian Economies, 1990-2005?
Abstract:
Employing a gravity model, this article examines the impact of the rise
of China's textile and clothing (T&C) sector on the exports of its Asian
counterparts. It was established that China's textile exports posed a
greater competitive threat than its clothing exports to the T&C exports of
other Asian economies. It was also found that higher-income Asian
economies fared better than their lower-income counterparts. This is
because the higher-income Asian economies tended to be specialized in
segments of the T&C sector less exposed to Chinese competition.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 333-362
Issue: 4
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305190
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305190
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:333-362
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kenjiro Yagura
Author-X-Name-First: Kenjiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Yagura
Title: Safety Net Perception and its Effects on Household Investment in Developing Countries: Chemical Fertilizer Input by Cambodian Farmers
Abstract:
Farmers in developing countries are reluctant to make investments for
fear of failure and the economic distress resulting from this, but the
perception of protection by a safety net may induce farmers to invest by
reducing that fear. Using Cambodian farm household data, this paper
examines factors affecting the perception of protection by a safety net
and then assesses the effect of this perception on farmers' investment.
For empirical analyses, perceived credit availability from relatives
represents this perceived safety net; and chemical fertilizer input
signifies the investment size. The results of the econometric analysis
demonstrate that farm households with higher economic status, who are able
to repay a loan or favour, are more likely to perceive such a safety net.
It is also shown that the safety net perception positively affects
chemical fertilizer input, implying that farmers accept risk when they
perceive a safety net. These findings suggest that it is not only a lack
of capital that deters poor households from investment, but also the
perceived lack of a safety net.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 363-395
Issue: 4
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305216
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305216
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:363-395
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Syed Mansoob Murshed
Author-X-Name-First: Syed
Author-X-Name-Last: Mansoob Murshed
Author-Name: Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Zulfan Tadjoeddin
Author-Name: Anis Chowdhury
Author-X-Name-First: Anis
Author-X-Name-Last: Chowdhury
Title: Is Fiscal Decentralization Conflict Abating? Routine Violence and District Level Government in Java, Indonesia
Abstract:
Utilizing a newly created data set the authors examine the relationship
between routine/everyday violence and fiscal decentralization in 98
districts of the Indonesian island of Java. By examining possible
relationships between fiscal decentralization and routine violence, this
paper fills a gap in the literature where the analysis of the relation
between fiscal decentralization and violence is relatively scant. Routine
violence, which is different from both civil war and ethno-communal
conflict, centres around group brawls, popular justice or vigilante
violence. Despite the uniform implementation of fiscal decentralization,
subnational entities exhibit varying experiences with decentralization,
but a common consequence is the increased size of local government. Fiscal
decentralization, and the increased size of local government, can
alleviate pent-up frustrations with a centralized state, as local
government expenditure is seen to satisfy the needs of communities with
which people identify more closely. The authors also find that the greater
the share of locally generated revenues, the lower the number of violent
incidents; but this capacity to generate more local revenues mainly lies
in richer districts. Therefore, richer districts are likely to have a
lower incidence of violence.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 397-421
Issue: 4
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305224
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305224
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:397-421
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christopher Hearle
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Hearle
Author-Name: Kanchana Ruwanpura
Author-X-Name-First: Kanchana
Author-X-Name-Last: Ruwanpura
Title: Contentious Care: Foster Care Grants and the Caregiver-Orphan Relationship in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
Abstract:
It is widely recognized that HIV/AIDS has devastating but also uneven
effects on afflicted communities. While much research has rightly focused
on the impact of HIV/AIDS on families, communities and countries, less
attention has been paid to foster carers' experiences and to the network
of care. Based on qualitative fieldwork carried out over a 3-month period
in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, this study analyses the
experiences of those caring for orphans who receive a state-funded Foster
Care Grant. Conversations with caregivers suggest the contentious nature
of care; this is worth exploring further, as it can cast light on how such
macro-level interventions are shifting what it means to be an orphan at
the community level. The main reason for bringing these issues to the fore
is to make development interventions better informed and therefore better
able to address those factors giving rise to the challenges faced by
caregivers.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 423-437
Issue: 4
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305240
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305240
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:423-437
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Armando Barrientos
Author-X-Name-First: Armando
Author-X-Name-Last: Barrientos
Author-Name: David Hulme
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Hulme
Title: Social Protection for the Poor and Poorest in Developing Countries: Reflections on a Quiet Revolution
Abstract:
The theory and practice of social protection in developing countries has
advanced at a rapid pace over the last decade or so. There is a growing
consensus around the view that social protection constitutes an effective
response to poverty and vulnerability in developing countries, and an
essential component of economic and social development strategies. This
paper argues that the rise of social protection constitutes a response to
global trends, but with considerable regional diversity. It examines the
factors determining the future course of social protection and identifies
urgent research needs.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 439-456
Issue: 4
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305257
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305257
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:439-456
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alastair Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Alastair
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Title: Fair Trade, Diversification and Structural Change: Towards a Broader Theoretical Framework of Analysis
Abstract:
This paper responds to the argument that while Fair Trade governance
might increase short-term welfare, it reduces long-term development
prospects by discouraging diversification and structural change. Even
though it is agreed that lower-value sectors, such as commodity
agriculture, are unlikely to offer a long-term solution to global income
inequalities, the importance of their short- and medium-term contributions
cannot be ignored. Furthermore, critics have evaluated Fair Trade
governance against the benchmark of perfect market organization. However,
given the realities of the developing world, dismantling Fair Trade
abandons poor producers not to theoretical free markets and successful
diversification, but to market failures, capability constraints, and risk
management issues—all of which present serious obstacles to
beneficial change. In light of this, analysis of the Fairtrade Labelling
Organizations International is used to argue that, far from being
detrimental, Fair Trade might actively contribute to diversification by
alleviating some of the real-world obstacles that otherwise retard
development.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 457-478
Issue: 4
Volume: 37
Year: 2009
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903305208
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903305208
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:37:y:2009:i:4:p:457-478
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Knight
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Knight
Author-Name: Li Shi
Author-X-Name-First: Li
Author-X-Name-Last: Shi
Author-Name: Deng Quheng
Author-X-Name-First: Deng
Author-X-Name-Last: Quheng
Title: Education and the Poverty Trap in Rural China: Closing the Trap
Abstract:
This is an ambitious attempt to view the relationships involving
education and income as forming a system, and one that can generate a
poverty trap. The setting is rural China, and the data are from a national
household survey for 2002, designed with research hypotheses in mind. The
paper shows how and why the returns to education vary according to
household and community income. It examines the effects of education on
income, innovation, health and happiness, and shows how education can be
important in helping people to escape from various dimensions of poverty.
The results are brought together to form an empirical model of a poverty
trap, and the implications for poverty analysis and for educational policy
are considered.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-24
Issue: 1
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903551595
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903551595
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:1-24
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Narendar Pani
Author-X-Name-First: Narendar
Author-X-Name-Last: Pani
Author-Name: K. Jafar
Author-X-Name-First: K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jafar
Title: Mass Education-led Growth and Non-agrarian Villages: Long-term Results of the Kerala Model
Abstract:
The advance of the human development perspective has seen education being
established not just as a means of development but as an end in itself.
This has created a case for focusing on mass education, even if it implies
lower growth rates in the initial years. Such an approach is bound to
influence the very pattern of development over the long run. For one, a
sustained emphasis on mass education within a framework that assures
adequate social security could increase the well-being of workers to a
point where it affects the choices they make. In this paper a combination
of a simple mathematical model and the experience of the south Indian
state of Kerala is used to suggest some patterns of development over the
long term that this approach throws up. It argues that the effects of this
approach could be wide-ranging, including contributing to the creation of
non-agrarian villages.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 25-42
Issue: 1
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903548997
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903548997
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:25-42
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hein de Haas
Author-X-Name-First: Hein
Author-X-Name-Last: de Haas
Author-Name: Aleida van Rooij
Author-X-Name-First: Aleida
Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooij
Title: Migration as Emancipation? The Impact of Internal and International Migration on the Position of Women Left Behind in Rural Morocco
Abstract:
Based on quantitative and qualitative fieldwork, this paper analyses how
internal and international out-migration of men has affected the position
of women left behind in a rural area in southern Morocco. The results
generally refute the hypothesis that migration changes gender roles.
Although international migration and remittances enable women and their
families to live more comfortable and secure lives, internal migration
often coincides with increasing workloads and uncertainty. Although their
husbands' migration leads to a temporary increase in the tasks and
responsibilities of women, this new role is generally perceived as a
burden and should therefore not be equated with emancipation in the
meaning of making independent choices against prevailing gender norms. In
a classical “patriarchal bargain”, women prefer to avoid
overt rule-breaking in order to secure their social position. Significant
improvements in the position of rural women are primarily the result of
general social and cultural change, although migration might have played
an indirect, accelerating role in these processes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 43-62
Issue: 1
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903551603
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903551603
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:43-62
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marian Burchardt
Author-X-Name-First: Marian
Author-X-Name-Last: Burchardt
Title: Ironies of Subordination: Ambivalences of Gender in Religious AIDS Interventions in South Africa
Abstract:
Situated at the interface between the sociology of religion and gender
studies, this article explores the complex relationships between
faith-based activities and gendered arrangements of domination in the
context of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. It argues that the linkages between
religion and gender work in two directions: existing gender relations
affect the shape of religious AIDS interventions just as these
interventions influence dominant models of femininity and masculinity, and
provide alternative models. Drawing on two case studies from the fields of
sexual education and AIDS support, the article explains how emerging
religious spaces mediate the ways in which female subordination is
partially transformed into a gendered asset in successfully managing
everyday life in an environment of bio-social risks.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 63-82
Issue: 1
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903548708
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903548708
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:63-82
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Salma Ahmed
Author-X-Name-First: Salma
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmed
Author-Name: Pushkar Maitra
Author-X-Name-First: Pushkar
Author-X-Name-Last: Maitra
Title: Gender Wage Discrimination in Rural and Urban Labour Markets of Bangladesh
Abstract:
Female wages in Bangladesh are significantly lower than male wages. This
paper quantifies the extent to which discrimination can explain this
gender wage gap across the rural and urban labour markets of Bangladesh,
using unit record data from the 1999-2000 Labour Force Survey. The gender
wage differential is decomposed into a component that can be explained by
differences in productive characteristics and a component not explained by
observable productive differences, which is attributed to discrimination.
An attempt is also made to improve on the standard methodology by
implementing a wage-gap decomposition method that accounts for selectivity
bias, on top of the usual “explained” and
“unexplained” components. Analytical results from this paper
show that gender wage differentials are considerably larger in urban areas
than in rural areas and a significant portion of this wage differential
can be attributed to discrimination against women. The results also show
that selectivity bias is an important component of total discrimination.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 83-112
Issue: 1
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903551611
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903551611
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:83-112
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Quarles van Ufford
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Quarles van Ufford
Title: Book Review
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 113-115
Issue: 1
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600810903549276
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810903549276
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:1:p:113-115
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kelly Bird
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly
Author-X-Name-Last: Bird
Author-Name: Hal Hill
Author-X-Name-First: Hal
Author-X-Name-Last: Hill
Title: Tiny, Poor, Land-locked, Indebted, but Growing: Lessons for Late Reforming Transition Economies from Laos
Abstract:
There are few countries where “initial conditions” are as
unfavourable as those of Laos. It is a very poor, least developed country.
It is land-locked, sharing its international borders with five neighbours.
It has the world's highest per capita stock of unexploded ordinance, a
legacy of the Indo China war. It has yet to recover from the loss of most
of its entrepreneurial class and over half of its tertiary educated
population in the aftermath of that war. It is heavily indebted, with
substantial Soviet era obligations still outstanding. Its institutions are
weak and property rights ill defined. Yet, its reform efforts over the
past two decades have been largely successful, with accelerating growth
and the beginnings of a relatively smooth transition from plan to market.
This examination of the Lao reform programme and the subsequent outcomes
suggests that, contrary to some of the prevailing pessimism, late-comers
can engage with the international economy, providing their reforms are
reasonably effective and credible. Neighbourhood effects have obviously
been supportive in the Lao case, but their importance should not be
overstated.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 117-143
Issue: 2
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003753776
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003753776
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:117-143
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vinish Kathuria
Author-X-Name-First: Vinish
Author-X-Name-Last: Kathuria
Title: Does the Technology Gap Influence Spillovers? A Post-liberalization Analysis of Indian Manufacturing Industries
Abstract:
The purpose of this article is twofold: first to examine spillovers from
existing foreign firms in India to local firms and whether the technology
gap between foreign and domestic firms has any role to play in influencing
spillovers; and second, to investigate whether the liberalization of the
1990s resulting in increased inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has
had any influence in increasing the productivity of Indian firms. Using
panel data for 1840 firms from 1995 to 2005, this study finds that in a
large number of industries domestic firms are more productive than foreign
firms, thereby precluding the possibility of spillovers to all the
sectors. Even in the sectors where foreign firms are more productive and
the technology gap is accounted for, there is no evidence of spillovers
resulting from the presence of foreign firms. Similarly, FDI inflow seems
to have no impact on productivity once industries are divided according to
the size of the technology gap.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 145-170
Issue: 2
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003793079
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003793079
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:145-170
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alex Warren-Rodriguez
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Warren-Rodriguez
Title: Uncovering Trends in the Accumulation of Technological Capabilities and Skills in the Mozambican Manufacturing Sector
Abstract:
This paper examines the formation and accumulation of skills and
technological capabilities in the Mozambican metalworking and light
chemical sectors. To this end, it deploys Sanjaya Lall's technology
capabilities framework to examine these processes in the context of
historical dynamics taking place in Mozambique in the economic and
industrial policy spheres. This analysis shows that these two industries
are experiencing a process of gradual technological obsolescence combined
with a progressive simplification of production processes that is leading
to a weakening of their technology capability and skill base. In this
context, neither foreign direct investment nor other technology transfer
mechanisms appears to have been able to reverse these trends. In light of
available evidence, this paper argues that this process can be seen as a
response to a deteriorating policy and economic environment that in the
past two decades has undermined investments in industrial technological
development in Mozambique.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 171-198
Issue: 2
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003753388
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003753388
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:171-198
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Celine Nauges
Author-X-Name-First: Celine
Author-X-Name-Last: Nauges
Author-Name: Caroline van den Berg
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: van den Berg
Title: Heterogeneity in the Cost Structure of Water and Sanitation Services: A Cross-country Comparison of Conditions for Scale Economies
Abstract:
The main purpose of this article is to compare the cost structure of
water utilities across a set of 14 countries with different levels of
economic development. As far as is known, the cross-country perspective is
novel in this literature. This article first provides new measures of
returns to scale in the water and sanitation sector for a set of
countries, most of them from the developing world. It is then shown that
the probability of a utility operating under decreasing, constant, or
increasing returns to scale depends not only on its characteristics (the
volume of water produced in particular), but also on the country's level
of economic development (gross national income) and business environment
as measured by investor protection, the cost of enforcing contracts and
perceptions of corruption.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 199-217
Issue: 2
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003753768
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003753768
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:199-217
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arnaud Reynaud
Author-X-Name-First: Arnaud
Author-X-Name-Last: Reynaud
Title: Private Sector Participation, Regulation and Social Policies in Water Supply in France
Abstract:
This paper contributes to the literature on social water policies by
clarifying the definition of water affordability and water poverty and by
providing the first empirical analysis of water affordability in France.
Using quantitative analyses of French household microeconomic surveys, it
is shown that 4.31% of households in France (representing around 1.16
million households) were obliged to spend more than 3% of their income on
water charges in 2001. The results also demonstrate that single parent
families (especially if the head of the household is a woman) or,
conversely, large families for which social aid represents a large
proportion of total income are the most vulnerable groups in terms of
water affordability. The econometric results also suggest that private
participation in the water sector has not helped the poor in terms of
affordability and that the type of delegation contract matters.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 219-239
Issue: 2
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003753362
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003753362
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:219-239
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rebecca Schaaf
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Schaaf
Title: Do Groups Matter? Using a Wellbeing Framework to Understand Collective Activities in Northeast Thailand
Abstract:
This paper is motivated by two key themes in international development:
the recent surge of interest in wellbeing as the desired outcome of
development, and the continuing promotion of group-based activities within
development policy and practice. Drawing on findings from research
conducted in Northeast Thailand, this paper discusses the development and
implementation of a multidimensional framework, which was used to
investigate how groups affect the wellbeing of individuals and the
community. The research highlights the problematic nature of community
groups, as there were often large gaps between aspirations and
satisfaction with group membership. Through analysis of these findings,
the value of using a wellbeing-focused framework is illustrated, as it
provides a more comprehensive way of analysing the diverse and dynamic
motivations, experiences and outcomes of group membership. Overall, the
wellbeing approach results in greater understanding of the role of groups
within the community and the development process.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 241-257
Issue: 2
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003753370
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003753370
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:241-257
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jorg Friedrichs
Author-X-Name-First: Jorg
Author-X-Name-Last: Friedrichs
Title: Book Review
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 259-260
Issue: 2
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600811003768642
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600811003768642
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:2:p:259-260
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xiaolan Fu
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaolan
Author-X-Name-Last: Fu
Author-Name: John Toye
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Toye
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Title: John H. Dunning (1927-2009)
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 261-262
Issue: 3
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505724
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505724
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:261-262
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rajneesh Narula
Author-X-Name-First: Rajneesh
Author-X-Name-Last: Narula
Author-Name: John Dunning
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Dunning
Title: Multinational Enterprises, Development and Globalization: Some Clarifications and a Research Agenda
Abstract:
This paper considers how economic globalization has affected
opportunities and challenges for developing countries in following a
multinational enterprise (MNE)-assisted development strategy, revisiting
an earlier article by the authors. The growing share of industrial
activity owned and/or controlled by MNEs has not—by and
large—led to a proportional increase in sustainable domestic
industrial growth. Particular attention is paid to how MNEs have responded
proactively to globalization by modifying their strategies, spatial
organization and the modalities by which they interact with host economic
actors, and how these changes alter our understanding of MNEs and
development. What has been learnt over the last decade about embeddedness,
institutions, inertia, absorptive capacity, spillovers and linkages, and
how they can explain the success of some countries (or regions) in
promoting growth, and the failure of others, is examined. The need to link
MNE and industrial policies systematically is highlighted. Attracting the
“right kinds” of MNE activity remains important, but greater
heterogeneity of MNE activity and host locations requires greater
customization of policy tools.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 263-287
Issue: 3
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505684
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505684
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:263-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fabian Scholtes
Author-X-Name-First: Fabian
Author-X-Name-Last: Scholtes
Title: Whose Sustainability? Environmental Domination and Sen's Capability Approach
Abstract:
Dealing with nature according to a concept of sustainability extends
contingent, particular valuations of nature into the space of the options
of others, especially those of future generations. When such an imposition
of valuations circumscribes the options of others in a definitive way,
sustainability—despite any contrary intentions—implies
“environmental domination”. This article asks how concepts
of sustainability may respond to this problem. It suggests three criteria.
These are: the accessibility as well as reflectiveness of reasons for
dealing with nature; the acceptability of the valuational reference of
these reasons; and openness towards fundamentally different ideas of
“the good”. Based on these criteria, the article then
analyses how Sen's Capability Approach to development conceives of
sustainability and valuations of nature. It suggests that the approach
responds to the first two criteria and thus seems a promising base for
conceptualizing sustainability. With respect to the third, doubts remain
and this is taken to be a challenge to the approach.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 289-307
Issue: 3
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505683
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505683
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:289-307
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katsushi Imai
Author-X-Name-First: Katsushi
Author-X-Name-Last: Imai
Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha
Author-X-Name-First: Raghav
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha
Author-Name: Ganesh Thapa
Author-X-Name-First: Ganesh
Author-X-Name-Last: Thapa
Title: Is the Millennium Development Goal on Poverty Still Achievable? The Role of Institutions, Finance and Openness
Abstract:
Drawing upon new World Bank poverty data, the analysis examines the
feasibility of attaining the Millennium Development Goal of halving
extreme poverty (MDG1) when the interrelationships between finance,
institutions, trade liberalization, growth and poverty are taken into
account. The authors' econometric results suggest a slowing down of
poverty reduction in the more recent years since 2000. They also confirm:
the role of better institutions in income growth, poverty reduction, trade
openness and financial development; the role of financial development in
economic growth; and the positive effect of capital liberalization on
financial development. Simulations for different regions show that MDG1 is
attainable in most regions if the historical growth rate is maintained
over 2006-15. However, improvements in institutional quality are crucial
for halving extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 309-337
Issue: 3
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505685
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505685
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:309-337
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lopamudra Banerjee
Author-X-Name-First: Lopamudra
Author-X-Name-Last: Banerjee
Title: Effects of Flood on Agricultural Productivity in Bangladesh
Abstract:
This article examines the impact of floods on agriculture in Bangladesh
and argues that, although severe inundation destroys crops in the monsoon
flood months, monsoon floods act as an open-access resource in supplying
irrigational input to agriculture. District-level rice and jute
productivity data for the period 1978-2000 are analyzed to investigate the
long-term impacts of floods in terms of agricultural performance,
comparing “more” flood-prone districts with
“less” flood-prone districts. In addition, the short-term
impacts of floods are analyzed on crops grown in the flood months and in
subsequent, post-flood months. The results show that the area under
cultivation and agricultural productivity are higher in the
“more” flood-prone districts of Bangladesh. They also show
that, while yield rates decline when floods assume “extreme”
proportions, productivity increases during “normal” floods
and in the post-flood months.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 339-356
Issue: 3
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505681
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505681
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:339-356
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miwa Kana
Author-X-Name-First: Miwa
Author-X-Name-Last: Kana
Author-Name: Han Phoumin
Author-X-Name-First: Han
Author-X-Name-Last: Phoumin
Author-Name: Fukui Seiichi
Author-X-Name-First: Fukui
Author-X-Name-Last: Seiichi
Title: Does Child Labour Have a Negative Impact on Child Education and Health? A Case Study in Rural Cambodia
Abstract:
This paper examines whether child labour affects the acquisition of a
child's human capital. For this purpose, a behavioural model in which
child labour is itself a choice and simultaneous equation models with
limited dependent variables are employed to examine the determinants of
human capital formation and its relationship with child labour. No
trade-off relationship could be found between child labour and child
schooling attainment. However, it was found that child labour is not
detrimental to a child's health and nutritional status; rather, it
improves these if children work within a critical threshold level.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 357-382
Issue: 3
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505682
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505682
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:357-382
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Severine Deneulin
Author-X-Name-First: Severine
Author-X-Name-Last: Deneulin
Title: Book Review
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 383-388
Issue: 3
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.505726
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.505726
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:3:p:383-388
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alex Duncan
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan
Author-Name: Martin Evans
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Evans
Author-Name: Simon Hunt
Author-X-Name-First: Simon
Author-X-Name-Last: Hunt
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Title: Roger Hay (1940-2010)
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 389-389
Issue: 4
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.531616
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.531616
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:389-389
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matt Andrews
Author-X-Name-First: Matt
Author-X-Name-Last: Andrews
Author-Name: Roger Hay
Author-X-Name-First: Roger
Author-X-Name-Last: Hay
Author-Name: Jerrett Myers
Author-X-Name-First: Jerrett
Author-X-Name-Last: Myers
Title: Can Governance Indicators Make Sense? Towards a New Approach to Sector-Specific Measures of Governance
Abstract:
Governance indicators have come under fire in recent years, especially
the World Governance Indicators. Critics present these indicators as
atheoretical and biased. Critics of the critics counter that no better
alternatives exist. The authors suggest otherwise, arguing that more
appropriate “governance” indicators will: have theoretical
grounding; focus on specific fields of engagement; emphasize outcomes; and
control for key contextual differences in comparing countries. Such
constructs can help indicate where countries seem to have governance
problems, allowing second-stage analyses of where and what these problems
are; they do not directly point to the presence or nature of problems or
provide a measure of the governance concept. Under-5 mortality rates
adjusted for country income groups are shown as an example of such a
measure, and data presented for contextually compared outcomes in this
specific field to show where governance seems better and worse. The USA is
shown up as relatively weak, whereas a country such as Pakistan seems to
have better governance in this sector than other low-income countries. The
indicator has its weaknesses and is partly presented as an illustrative
example of a new approach, but also allows questions about why governance
of this sector might be problematic in certain contexts and easier in
others.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 391-410
Issue: 4
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.524696
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.524696
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:391-410
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Graham Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Graham
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown
Author-Name: Arnim Langer
Author-X-Name-First: Arnim
Author-X-Name-Last: Langer
Title: Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnicity
Abstract:
This paper critically reviews the ontological debates over the nature of
ethnicity and the different ways in which it is operationalized and
“measured” for quantitative research. It is argued that
while moving away from a “primordealist” position on
ethnicity renders measurement of the social diversity more difficult,
conceptually and practically it does not invalidate this exercise. A
second problem, however, is also identified with the measurement of
ethnicity: when information on ethnic diversity is incorporated with other
socio-economic information, a range of measures can be derived that
purport to pick up very different distributions, but that are in reality
often very highly correlated. These two problems combined present a
significant challenge for the quantitative study of the relationship
between ethnic diversity and political and economic outcomes such as
conflict and growth patterns. The authors do not assert that these
problems invalidate the exercise of investigating these relationships
econometrically entirely, but they suggest the problems do warn us to be
more guarded and modest in the claims made on the basis of such analyses.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 411-436
Issue: 4
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.525629
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.525629
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:411-436
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Constanza Tabbush
Author-X-Name-First: Constanza
Author-X-Name-Last: Tabbush
Title: Latin American Women's Protection after Adjustment: A Feminist Critique of Conditional Cash Transfers in Chile and Argentina
Abstract:
This paper analyses conditional cash transfer (CCT) policies in Argentina
and Chile from a gender perspective. Policy advocates maintain that,
through the income provided by CCTs, women acquire some economic autonomy
and empowerment within the household. This positive analysis is, however,
tempered by gender-based concerns about the developmental value of
conservative appeals to women as “mothers”, founded on
traditional cultural norms, in regional policy design. Drawing on these
two country examples, the objective of the paper is to assess the terms
and conditions of women's inclusion as “conduits of policy”
in CCTs in the Southern Cone. Findings indicate that the continuity of
policy in Chile's anti-poverty strategies locates women as being
accountable for family well-being within a multidimensional and
psychological vision of poverty. Chile constitutes a radical example of
the extension of women's individual responsibilities in managing household
poverty with no collective component. By contrast, in Argentina the role
of women appears to be dictated more by continuous changes in the state's
definition of poverty alleviation, rather than the developmental objective
of empowering women. Women's positioning in CCTs could be labelled as
bearers of politics, in a context that transfers to women the duty of
socially assisting others while rendering their personal needs
progressively less visible.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 437-459
Issue: 4
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.525327
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.525327
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:437-459
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mohammad Hajizadeh
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Hajizadeh
Author-Name: Luke Connelly
Author-X-Name-First: Luke
Author-X-Name-Last: Connelly
Title: Equity of Health Care Financing in Iran: The Effect of Extending Health Insurance to the Uninsured
Abstract:
This paper examines the progressivity of health insurance premiums and
consumer co-payments in Iran by calculating Kakwani Progressivity Indices
using data from annual national household surveys between 1995/96 and
2006/07. During this period, the Urban Inpatient Insurance Scheme in 2000
and the Rural Health Insurance Scheme in 2005 extended health insurance
coverage in urban and rural areas. Unexpectedly, the results suggest that
both of these initiatives had regressive impacts on the distribution of
health care financing in Iran, which could be explained by public sector
activity having crowded out private sector charitable activity. Although
this study does not address changes in the distribution of health care
utilization, these results for health care financing suggest the need for
caution in the implementation of such programmes in low-income and
middle-income countries. If charitable activity already results in the
provision of health care to the poor at zero or low prices, public
intervention may not improve the progressivity of health care financing.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 461-476
Issue: 4
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.524697
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.524697
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:461-476
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jesus Felipe
Author-X-Name-First: Jesus
Author-X-Name-Last: Felipe
Author-Name: J. S. L. McCombie
Author-X-Name-First: J. S. L.
Author-X-Name-Last: McCombie
Author-Name: Kaukab Naqvi
Author-X-Name-First: Kaukab
Author-X-Name-Last: Naqvi
Title: Is Pakistan's Growth Rate Balance-of-Payments Constrained? Policies and Implications for Development and Growth
Abstract:
This paper examines the extent to which Pakistan's growth has been, or is
likely to be, constrained by its balance of payments. Evidence presented
suggests that Pakistan's maximum growth rate consistent with equilibrium
on the basic balance is approximately 5% per annum. This is below the
long-term target GDP growth rate of 7-8% per annum. This
balance-of-payments constrained growth approach provides some important
implications for Pakistan's development policy. Real exchange rate
depreciations will not lead to an improvement in the current account.
Pakistan must lift the constraints that impede higher growth in exports.
In particular, it must shift its export structure towards more
sophisticated products with a higher income elasticity of demand.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 477-496
Issue: 4
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.525351
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.525351
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:477-496
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rabin Hattari
Author-X-Name-First: Rabin
Author-X-Name-Last: Hattari
Author-Name: Ramkishen Rajan
Author-X-Name-First: Ramkishen
Author-X-Name-Last: Rajan
Title: India as a Source of Outward Foreign Direct Investment
Abstract:
While India is an increasingly attractive destination for foreign
capital, the country is also becoming a significant source of outflows.
Many Indian enterprises view outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) as
an important dimension of their corporate strategies. This paper presents
some data on the magnitude and composition of Indian OFDI. It also
discusses the rationale for and empirical determinants of overseas
acquisitions by Indian companies. The empirical findings suggest that OFDI
from India is not entirely different from that of other countries in that
they are motivated by many common factors. There is evidence, however,
that Indian OFDI is more market- and resource-seeking than OFDI from most
other countries. The paper concludes with a broader discussion of the
impact of the global rise of Indian companies on the Indian economy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 497-518
Issue: 4
Volume: 38
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.524695
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.524695
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:38:y:2010:i:4:p:497-518
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Knight
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Knight
Author-Name: Ramani Gunatilaka
Author-X-Name-First: Ramani
Author-X-Name-Last: Gunatilaka
Title: Does Economic Growth Raise Happiness in China?
Abstract:
Various measures of satisfaction with life or happiness in China appear
not to have risen in recent years, despite China's remarkable growth of
income per capita. The paper brings together and integrates the results of
four papers by the authors to provide a methodologically and substantively
innovative explanation for this paradox. The four papers are based on a
cross-section national household survey relating to 2002 and containing
questions on subjective well-being. Their findings help to explain the
time-series evidence: they highlight the importance of relative income,
rising urban insecurity, rapid urbanization, and changing reference groups
in preventing happiness from rising with income.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-24
Issue: 1
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.551006
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.551006
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:1:p:1-24
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria Emma Santos
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Emma
Author-X-Name-Last: Santos
Title: Human Capital and the Quality of Education in a Poverty Trap Model
Abstract:
This paper presents a model of a poverty trap that is caused by an
unequal initial income and human capital distribution and differences in
the quality of education between children from more and less advantaged
social sectors. Under certain conditions, the economy converges to a
situation with three stable and simultaneous equilibria, two of which
constitute poverty traps, lowering the economy's current and steady-state
aggregate output level as well as its growth rate. The model suggests that
a policy oriented towards equalizing the quality of education would, in
the long run, have the potential to reduce initial inequalities.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 25-47
Issue: 1
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.551003
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.551003
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Firdu Gemech
Author-X-Name-First: Firdu
Author-X-Name-Last: Gemech
Author-Name: Sushil Mohan
Author-X-Name-First: Sushil
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohan
Author-Name: Alan Reeves
Author-X-Name-First: Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Reeves
Author-Name: John Struthers
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Struthers
Title: Market-Based Price-Risk Management: Welfare Gains for Coffee Producers from Efficient Allocation of Resources
Abstract:
The volatility of coffee prices exposes coffee producers to price risk.
Price risk is one of many risks faced by commodity producers in developing
countries. Coffee is widely traded in the international commodity
derivative markets. This offers scope for coffee producers to manage their
price risk by hedging on these markets. The hedging mechanism recommended
is based on the use of coffee futures and options. The mechanism involves
costs, so the benefits of hedging need to be evaluated in order to assess
its usefulness for producers. It emerges that the main benefit lies in
producers being able to allocate resources more efficiently in the
production of coffee. An analysis of theoretical and field evidence shows
that this benefit can potentially be quite high, especially for
risk-averse producers. This underlines the need to provide producers with
access to suitable price-risk hedging mechanisms.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 49-68
Issue: 1
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.550399
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.550399
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Author-Name: Shylashri Shankar
Author-X-Name-First: Shylashri
Author-X-Name-Last: Shankar
Author-Name: Raghav Gaiha
Author-X-Name-First: Raghav
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaiha
Author-Name: Raghbendra Jha
Author-X-Name-First: Raghbendra
Author-X-Name-Last: Jha
Title: Information, Access and Targeting: The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India
Abstract:
In this paper, the relationship is assessed between possessing
information on, gaining access to and the efficacy of delivery of India's
national rural employment guarantee scheme (NREGA) in three states. The
results suggest that the link between information, access and the delivery
of the scheme is not straightforward. Information can increase the
propensity for the programme to be accessed by those who are not its
primary target population, and can enhance efficacy of delivery to such
beneficiaries. Lack of information, on the other hand, decreases the
ability of citizens, particularly the acutely poor, to benefit from the
scheme.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 69-95
Issue: 1
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.551005
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.551005
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yoshito Takasaki
Author-X-Name-First: Yoshito
Author-X-Name-Last: Takasaki
Title: Groups, Networks and Hierarchy in Household Private Transfers: Evidence from Fiji
Abstract:
While economists have studied private transfers exchanged among
households within a network extensively, those exchanged directly with
groups to which the household belongs—such as ritual gifts,
communal work and church donations—in developing countries have
received very limited attention. Using original household survey data
gathered in rural Fiji, this paper demonstrates that: the group-based
transfers are much greater than the network-based transfers, probably
because of significant household contributions to groups for the provision
of local public goods; and group-based transfers influence network-based
transfers through the social hierarchy. A comparison of various groups
(e.g. kin and church groups) and social ranks (e.g. those determined by
gender, disability, kin elite and religious elite) indicates that
network-based transfers adjust to hierarchy bias in group-based transfers,
depending on the physical and social connections of groups and networks.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 97-130
Issue: 1
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2010.551004
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2010.551004
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:1:p:97-130
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Corinne Caumartin
Author-X-Name-First: Corinne
Author-X-Name-Last: Caumartin
Title: Introduction
Abstract:
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 131-138
Issue: 2
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.570536
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.570536
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:131-138
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Catherine Albertyn
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Albertyn
Title: Law, Gender and Inequality in South Africa
Abstract:
Post-apartheid South Africa has seen the extensive use of law to address
the inequalities of the past. This article looks at the role of law in
addressing gender-based inequalities, considering how it has addressed
“recognition” in terms of women's status and social
subordination, as well as questions of redistribution and economic
inequality. South Africa has been particularly successful at extending
legal rights and benefits of recognition, and at entrenching in law
powerful normative frameworks that challenge traditional gender roles.
Redistribution, on the other hand, has been primarily race-based, with
limited policies and substantive rights that address gendered economic
inequalities. The law and courts have played a lesser role here. The
ability of law to redress inequality through transformative social and
economic change is limited. However, it can be an important site of
struggle in the engagement of cultural norms and social attitudes, as well
as economic policy. The article concludes that, apart from concrete rights
and benefits, the normative frameworks of law offer significant strategic
opportunities for pushing at the boundaries of inequality and exclusion in
the public and private spheres.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 139-162
Issue: 2
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.568610
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.568610
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:139-162
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Galina Kostadinova
Author-X-Name-First: Galina
Author-X-Name-Last: Kostadinova
Title: Minority Rights as a Normative Framework for Addressing the Situation of Roma in Europe
Abstract:
Roma are the largest and most marginalized ethnic group in Europe,
suffering from severe poverty, racial hostility, the obliteration of their
culture and exclusion from public life. This study argues that the various
types of injustice faced by the Roma in terms of agency and socio-economic
conditions are interdependent and need to be tackled in a single normative
framework. The aim of the paper is to examine how well the international
system of minority rights protection is suited to dealing with these
multifaceted disadvantages. It sets aside the question of whether
governments are honouring their commitments under minority rights law.
Instead it investigates whether and how minority rights law meets the
recognition and redistribution issues faced by Roma, so that it might be
used as a normative paradigm for policy-makers facing different approaches
to the Roma question. To this end, it examines the substantive content of
minority rights and concludes that they address Roma recognition issues
via provisions related to: minority physical existence; cultural existence
and identity; and participation in public affairs. Unlike other normative
paradigms, such as socio-economic rights, minority rights law lacks
redistribution provisions per se. Yet, it deals with Roma welfare issues
through a rich concept of substantial equality. Minority rights law
captures the group dimension of Roma disadvantage and puts forward
positive duties so that societal structures generating social exclusion
and discrimination are transformed.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 163-183
Issue: 2
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.570864
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.570864
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Author-Name: Niraja Gopal Jayal
Author-X-Name-First: Niraja Gopal
Author-X-Name-Last: Jayal
Title: A False Dichotomy? The Unresolved Tension between Universal and Differentiated Citizenship in India
Abstract:
Group-differentiated citizenship has become a widely accepted way of
addressing the dissatisfaction with difference-blind liberal universal
accounts of citizenship. This article interprets Indian arguments for and
against quotas, across the 20th century, in terms of a contest between the
powerful rival claims of universalist and differentiated citizenship. The
Indian experience, it argues, instantiates many of the normative
complexities that theorists of group-differentiated citizenship have
identified, in particular its implications for the construction of a civic
community; the prospects of weakening social cohesion; and the
difficulties of properly determining which groups are deserving of
differentiated citizenship rights. The article offers an argument against
positing universalist and group-differentiated citizenship in mutual
opposition, a false dichotomy in a complex and diverse world.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 185-204
Issue: 2
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.569087
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.569087
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:185-204
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roddy Brett
Author-X-Name-First: Roddy
Author-X-Name-Last: Brett
Title: Confronting Racism from within the Guatemalan State: The Challenges Faced by the Defender of Indigenous Rights of Guatemala's Human Rights Ombudsman's Office
Abstract:
This paper analyzes the development of legal mechanisms and micro-level
institutional reforms aimed at consolidating the rights of indigenous
peoples in post-conflict Guatemala. The research is based on prolonged
fieldwork carried out with the Office of the Defender of Indigenous
Peoples' Rights of the Guatemalan Human Rights Ombudsman's Office (PDH),
established in 1998. The paper argues that the establishment of state
institutions and institutional reforms oriented towards the protection of
indigenous peoples' rights since the end of hostilities in Guatemala's
internal armed conflict in 1996 represent important advances, although
they occurred within a broader context in which the peace process failed
to tackle structural inequalities effectively or enduringly. On the
surface, the PDH and related reforms appear to provide indigenous people
with unprecedented access to forms of legal redress for human rights
violations, including both individual and collective rights. However,
given the structural, interpersonal and institutional racism that plagues
Guatemalan state and society, such measures remain little more than
symbolic, as inadequate funding, racist attitudes within PDH mid- to
high-level functionaries, and a lack of institutional will to train
functionaries to understand, identify and process systematic violations of
indigenous peoples' rights sufficiently impede the effective addressing of
profound structural inequalities. The norms and behavior within state
institutions and the attitudes of state functionaries operating from
within Guatemala's post-conflict multicultural state are today, then,
shaped by more subtle forms of exclusion and marginalization of indigenous
populations, leading us to question the impact of institutional change on
transformations in the political culture.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 205-228
Issue: 2
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.568612
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.568612
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:205-228
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Pegram
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Pegram
Title: Weak Institutions, Rights Claims and Pathways to Compliance: The Transformative Role of the Peruvian Human Rights Ombudsman
Abstract:
This article examines the contribution of the Peruvian human rights
ombudsman towards upholding a stable and enforceable rights framework, an
important component of an inclusive democratic political regime. It argues
that the human rights ombudsman may play a significant role in advancing
social transformation through the articulation and facilitation of rights
claims in an institutional terrain informed by the politically contested
nature of formal rules. The analysis goes beyond formal legal channels of
redress to consider innovative mechanisms to increase social
accountability, including a variety of non-judicial remedies such as
policy initiatives, media advocacy and conflict mediation. The article
suggests the human rights ombudsman is well placed to advance rights
claims through legal, institutional and social pathways, with particular
focus on the question of compliance—understood as a matter of both
enforcement and management.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 229-251
Issue: 2
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.568611
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600818.2011.568611
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:2:p:229-251
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sharada Srinivasan
Author-X-Name-First: Sharada
Author-X-Name-Last: Srinivasan
Author-Name: Arjun S. Bedi
Author-X-Name-First: Arjun S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bedi
Title: Ensuring Daughter Survival in Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract:
The South Indian state of Tamil Nadu is a relatively recent addition to
the list of Indian states to experience the phenomenon of “missing
girls”. Nonetheless, the government and non-governmental
organizations in the state have been active for some time in collecting
data to track gender differences in survival and in introducing
interventions to prevent daughter elimination. Against this background,
this article has two aims. First, it provides a temporal and spatial
analysis of patterns of daughter deficits in Tamil Nadu over the period
1996--2003. Second, it undertakes an examination of the modus operandi,
underlying assumptions, strengths and weaknesses of various interventions
and assesses their effect on daughter elimination.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 253-283
Issue: 3
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.594500
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.594500
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:3:p:253-283
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eskander Alvi
Author-X-Name-First: Eskander
Author-X-Name-Last: Alvi
Author-Name: Seife Dendir
Author-X-Name-First: Seife
Author-X-Name-Last: Dendir
Title: Sibling Differences in School Attendance and Child Labour in Ethiopia
Abstract:
This paper examines the effects of sibling composition on children's
school attendance and participation in market and domestic work in
Ethiopia. The major finding is that earlier-born males in rural areas are
more likely to attend school than their younger siblings. A similar effect
is apparent for rural females and urban children as well, though it is not
as robust to varying estimation methods and sensitivity tests. In both
areas, the chances of participation in market work are higher for older
children, particularly males, while in domestic work, which remains
largely the domain of female children, being an earlier-born girl also
increases the odds of working. These effects of birth order on work are
largely unaffected by the gender of the younger siblings or by the age
difference with the last child.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 285-313
Issue: 3
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.598923
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.598923
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:3:p:285-313
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sharmistha Self
Author-X-Name-First: Sharmistha
Author-X-Name-Last: Self
Title: Market and Non-market Child Labour in Rural India: The Role of the Mother's Participation in the Labour Force
Abstract:
The main purpose of this paper is to study market (outside the home) and
non-market (domestic) child labour in rural India and see how this is
influenced by a mother's participation in the labour force. The paper also
investigates whether this participation has a different impact on sons as
compared with daughters. The empirical analysis is based on household
survey data from rural households in northern and eastern India. The
results show that a mother's labour is not a substitute for, but a
complement to, market and non-market child labour, while a mother's
education, along with the father's education, reduces the likelihood of
child labour. Gender-based analysis lends support to existing literature
regarding the gender bias in domestic child labour. Additionally, a
mother's participation in the labour force is found to increase the
likelihood of daughters working outside the home as well. Thus, an
increase in the opportunity for mothers to work in the labour-intensive
agricultural sector makes child labour more likely. The results of this
paper have important policy implications.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 315-338
Issue: 3
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.599490
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.599490
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:3:p:315-338
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Linh Vu
Author-X-Name-First: Linh
Author-X-Name-Last: Vu
Author-Name: Bob Baulch
Author-X-Name-First: Bob
Author-X-Name-Last: Baulch
Title: Assessing Alternative Poverty Proxy Methods in Rural Vietnam
Abstract:
This paper compares and contrasts the use of four
“short-cut” methods for identifying poor households: the
poverty probability method; ordinary least squares regressions; principal
components analysis; and quantile regressions. After evaluating these four
methods using two alternative criteria (total and balanced poverty
accuracy) and representative household survey data from rural Vietnam, it
is concluded that the poverty probability method—which can
correctly identify around four-fifths of poor and non-poor
households—is the most accurate “short-cut” method
for measuring poverty for specific subpopulations, or in years when
household surveys are not available. The performance of the poverty
probability method was then tested with different poverty lines and using
an alternative household survey, and found to be robust.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 339-367
Issue: 3
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.599207
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.599207
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:3:p:339-367
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gurleen K. Popli
Author-X-Name-First: Gurleen K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Popli
Title: Changes in Human Capital and Wage Inequality in Mexico
Abstract:
Over the last two decades, Mexico has witnessed a significant increase in
wage inequality, typically attributed to the increase in relative demand
for skilled labour. Over this period, educational achievements and their
distribution across the labour force have also changed substantially. In
this paper, the impact of changes in human capital on wage inequality in
Mexico is analysed. The analysis focuses on decomposing the level of
inequality in any given year and the change in inequality over time into
observable (e.g. age, education, etc.) and unobservable differences across
workers. The main findings of this paper are that unobservable factors
account for most of the inequality in any given year; among the observable
factors, human capital emerges as the most important variable explaining
the level of inequality in any given year, and, further, it is the changes
in human capital, specifically the returns to education, that are mainly
responsible for the observed changes in inequality.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 369-387
Issue: 3
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.596276
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.596276
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:3:p:369-387
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria Costanza Torri
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Costanza
Author-X-Name-Last: Torri
Title: Illness and Healing in Urban Areas in Chile: Between Tradition and Cultural Adaptation
Abstract:
The Mapuche communities living in the urban areas of Chile have undergone
radical cultural change as a result of modernization and urbanization.
This article analyzes the influence of these changes on the ideas and
practices of traditional Mapuche healers (machi) and patients in Temuco in
Chile, and examines any changes or adaptations in perceptions of healing
practices and rituals. The paper shows how an encounter with another
culture, such as the dominant Chilean one, can under some conditions
reinforce indigenous medicine by updating its practices and pushing it
towards increased specialization in psychotherapeutic treatments.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 389-402
Issue: 4
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620084
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620084
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:389-402
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jean-Francois Trani
Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Francois
Author-X-Name-Last: Trani
Author-Name: Parul Bakhshi
Author-X-Name-First: Parul
Author-X-Name-Last: Bakhshi
Author-Name: C�cile Rolland
Author-X-Name-First: C�cile
Author-X-Name-Last: Rolland
Title: Capabilities, Perception of Well-being and Development Effort: Some Evidence from Afghanistan
Abstract:
This paper examines the relationship between capabilities, well-being and
the impact of development efforts in Afghanistan. Using data from a
nationally representative survey, it is argued that very vulnerable groups
maintain a positive perception of well-being by referring to collective
values and practices. The data suggest that deprivation of individual
basic capabilities does not systematically lead to a low perception of
well-being if individuals have access to other capabilities such as love,
care and participation in community affairs. Nevertheless, access to basic
capabilities remains crucial in order to ensure that social norms and
expectations cease to constitute constraints and become factors through
which agency and empowerment are enhanced. The results also show the
dangers of tackling inequalities by designing policies that target
individuals isolated from the group.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 403-426
Issue: 4
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620089
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620089
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:403-426
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tamgid Ahmed Chowdhury
Author-X-Name-First: Tamgid Ahmed
Author-X-Name-Last: Chowdhury
Author-Name: Pundarik Mukhopadhaya
Author-X-Name-First: Pundarik
Author-X-Name-Last: Mukhopadhaya
Title: Poverty Alleviation and Service Delivery: Government and Non-government Organizations in Rural Bangladesh
Abstract:
This paper develops and validates a two-dimensional multi-item scale that
captures features related to “credibility” and “focus
towards beneficiaries” of government organizations (GO) and
non-government organizations (NGO) in the service delivery process of
poverty alleviation programmes in rural Bangladesh. The methodology is
based on 562 samples collected by the authors from 78 randomly chosen
villages in Bangladesh during September--December 2009. Various
demographic variables were used to validate the scale by incorporating a
new set of data consisting of 368 respondents from an additional 29
randomly selected villages. Significant differences were found to exist
between the opinions of beneficiaries of the programmes of both GOs and
NGOs after evaluating scale items through discriminant analysis. The study
suggests that GO agencies need to concentrate more on items belonging to
the “Beneficiary Focus Dimension”, and that NGOs need to
devote more attention to the items grouped under the “Credibility
Dimension”. Regional analysis suggests that GO agencies are more
efficient than NGOs in delivering services to the rural poor.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 427-452
Issue: 4
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620087
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620087
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:427-452
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexander Cotte Poveda
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Cotte
Author-X-Name-Last: Poveda
Title: Economic Development, Inequality and Poverty: An Analysis of Urban Violence in Colombia
Abstract:
This paper analyses some determinants of urban violence in seven major
Colombian cities. The empirical research is intended to explore variations
in violence across these Colombian cities and the influence of these
variations on Colombia's economic development. In this study, several
econometric data panel models and various estimate types are applied to
control heterogeneity across the cities and to address endogeneity
problems among the explanatory variables. The results show that education,
poverty, inequality and the labour market are strong predictors of
homicide rates in the seven Colombian cities. The results also demonstrate
that city-level homicide rates depend on the city's level of development
and the tendency of urban violence to persist over time. The findings thus
demonstrate that factors such as inequality, poverty, education and the
labour market influence urban violence, thereby generating negative
effects on Colombia's economic and social development.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 453-468
Issue: 4
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620085
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620085
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:453-468
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elodie Ma�tre D'H�tel
Author-X-Name-First: Elodie Ma�tre
Author-X-Name-Last: D'H�tel
Author-Name: Pierre-Marie Bosc
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-Marie
Author-X-Name-Last: Bosc
Title: Neither State nor Market: The Influence of Farmers' Organizations on Agricultural Policies in Costa Rica
Abstract:
In recent decades, policies in many countries have been shaped by the
implementation of economic liberalization, characterized by state
withdrawal from marketing operations and control of trade. In this era of
liberalization, policies regulating commodity marketing and trade were
expected to disappear, but, in fact, this has hardly occurred. A
comparative study is carried out of three farm sectors in Costa Rica,
based on a dynamic analysis of behaviour in the context of the
institutional change brought about by liberalization. The capacity of
farmers' organizations to adapt and contribute to institutional change
through their control over economic activity and their participation in
policymaking processes is highlighted. In so doing, it is shown that, even
in a liberalized era, policies regulating marketing and trade still exist
and affect the functioning of agricultural markets. These policies differ
according to the farm sector and can be linked directly to the influence
of farmers' organizations within these sectors. It is shown that
organizations play a key role in the regulation of farm sectors, and that
their success depends on the institutional and organizational
“thickness” to which they have contributed in each sector.
Differences in historical trajectories can explain differences in the
capacity of organizations to influence policymaking and to gain market
share.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 469-485
Issue: 4
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620086
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620086
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:469-485
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luc D�sir� Omgba
Author-X-Name-First: Luc D�sir�
Author-X-Name-Last: Omgba
Title: Oil Wealth and Non-oil Sector Performance in a Developing Country: Evidence from Cameroon
Abstract:
This paper provides the first econometric evidence on the impact of oil
wealth on Cameroon's economy. In contrast to previous descriptive
analyses, this paper reports that the oil boom had a positive effect on
the traditional, non-oil sector in Cameroon and that the oil sector does
not appear to have been responsible for the country's economic crisis or
its consequences. In fact, oil wealth helped halt the decline in the
non-oil sector that began before the oil boom. However, subsequent falls
in oil production and oil prices were highly damaging to the economy.
Consequently, the entire structure of Cameroon's economy, which is
supported by growth in natural resources, comes into question, not
management of the oil boom per se. This paper questions the timing of
economic reforms in a resource-based country. It concludes that these
reforms should be made during boom periods, when a country has enough
resources to overcome the social problems that occur during structural
reforms and when the country is in a position gradually to undertake such
reforms.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 487-503
Issue: 4
Volume: 39
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.620088
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.620088
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:39:y:2011:i:4:p:487-503
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Annie Voy
Author-X-Name-First: Annie
Author-X-Name-Last: Voy
Title: Globalization, Gender and Child Work
Abstract:
This paper evaluates the impact of globalization on two sorts of child
work: child labour and household chores. Using newly available survey data
on gender-specific participation rates in child labour and household
chores, results are estimated separately for boys and girls to determine
whether globalization affects the activities of these children
differently. A negative and robust impact of foreign direct investment and
trade openness on child labour was found, but no evidence that this
relationship varies by gender. Foreign direct investment inflows were also
found to be correlated with lower participation by children in household
chores, even after controlling for endogeneity.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-19
Issue: 1
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.646977
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.646977
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:1-19
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arusha Cooray
Author-X-Name-First: Arusha
Author-X-Name-Last: Cooray
Title: Suffrage, Democracy and Gender Equality in Education
Abstract:
Examining the influence of women's suffrage and democracy on gender
equality in education in a sample of 80 countries, covering Asia, Africa,
the Middle East, South America and Eastern Europe, this study shows that
countries with a longer duration of suffrage tend on average to perform
better in terms of gender equality in education. The empirical association
between democracy and gender equality in education disappears when
religion is controlled for. In Asia and Africa, other factors, including
income, employment in agriculture and colonialism, also help explain the
under-representation of girls in education.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 21-47
Issue: 1
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.646976
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.646976
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:21-47
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mirtha R. Muñiz Castillo
Author-X-Name-First: Mirtha R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Muñiz Castillo
Author-Name: Des Gasper
Author-X-Name-First: Des
Author-X-Name-Last: Gasper
Title: Human Autonomy Effectiveness and Development Projects
Abstract:
This article calls for a new focus in the design, implementation and
evaluation of projects, moving away from an abstract conception of
“the project” and the goods it is intended to deliver, to a
more meaningful concept of people as agents of change. Participation in a
project leads to empowerment when people are self-motivated and involved
in processes that they value, which achieve outcomes that they value. The
article proposes a “human autonomy effectiveness” criterion
relevant for sustainable human development; and then develops an
analytical approach to assess a project's influence on human autonomy,
with reference to changes in the determinants of autonomy (agency powers,
access to resources and socio-structural contexts) and to relevant
decision-making practices during the project.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 49-67
Issue: 1
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.646975
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.646975
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:49-67
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meera Tiwari
Author-X-Name-First: Meera
Author-X-Name-Last: Tiwari
Author-Name: Solava Ibrahim
Author-X-Name-First: Solava
Author-X-Name-Last: Ibrahim
Title: Sustainable Human Development at the Grass Roots: Different Contexts, Similar Ingredients?
Abstract:
This article explores the conceptualization of sustainable human
development within the Capability Approach. It goes beyond replacing
“human needs” with “human capabilities” to
extend the sustainable development premise into a sustainable human
development discourse. In so doing, the article first presents an in-depth
discussion of the meaning of sustainable human development using the
Capability Approach and theorizes the dynamics of capabilities that maybe
necessary for sustainable human development. It then grounds this
theoretical framework in two self-help group models of grass-roots
development from India and Egypt. These case studies provide a common
conceptual platform within different contexts to explore the
“genre” of capabilities being deployed towards achieving
sustainable human development. The paper concludes by identifying the
determinants and “lubricants” of human agency as well as
their impact on sustainable human development.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 69-85
Issue: 1
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.650161
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.650161
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:69-85
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bob Baulch
Author-X-Name-First: Bob
Author-X-Name-Last: Baulch
Author-Name: Hung T. Pham
Author-X-Name-First: Hung T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pham
Author-Name: Barry Reilly
Author-X-Name-First: Barry
Author-X-Name-Last: Reilly
Title: Decomposing the Ethnic Gap in Rural Vietnam, 1993--2004
Abstract:
This paper examines and decomposes the gap in per capita expenditures
between majority and minority ethnic groups in rural Vietnam between 1993
and 2004. Over this period, the real expenditure gap between rural Kinh
and Chinese-headed households and those headed by ethnic minorities
increased by 14.6%. Approximately two-fifths of the mean gap is found to
be due to differences in household endowments (in particular demographic
structure and education), and at least half due to differences in returns
to these endowments. Geographic variables explain less than one-fifth of
the gap. Over half of the increase in the mean gap is linked to temporal
changes in unobservable factors, and less than a quarter to the majority's
endowments improving more rapidly than those of the minorities. Broadly
similar findings are detected using quantile regression analysis. These
findings raise important questions concerning the drivers of the
disadvantage faced by Vietnam's ethnic minorities.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 87-117
Issue: 1
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.646441
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.646441
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:87-117
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mehrene Larudee
Author-X-Name-First: Mehrene
Author-X-Name-Last: Larudee
Title: Measuring Openness: VADE, Not Trade
Abstract:
The ratio of trade (exports plus imports) to GDP is often used to gauge
the orientation of a country's economic activity to the world market; but
GDP measures value added, whereas trade is measured as gross value and
double-counts imported inputs embodied in exports. High trade/GDP ratios
can thus mislead policymakers, especially when low domestic-content (DC)
assembly production displaces high DC traditional exports, as in Mexico
and the Caribbean in the 1980s and 1990s. This paper proposes a better
measure of openness, which is the ratio of value added destined for
exports (VADE) to GDP. It outlines methods for making both rough and more
precise estimates of VADE, and presents illustrative results for China,
the Dominican Republic and Mexico. In all of these cases VADE/GDP is no
more than one-third, and probably closer to one-quarter, of trade/GDP.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 119-137
Issue: 1
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2011.648372
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2011.648372
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:1:p:119-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anu Rammohan
Author-X-Name-First: Anu
Author-X-Name-Last: Rammohan
Author-Name: Peter Robertson
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson
Title: Do Kinship Norms Influence Female Education? Evidence from Indonesia
Abstract:
Anthropologists have argued that patrilocal exogamy and patrilineal
descent systems are associated with poor education and health outcomes for
women. In this paper, we use the nationally representative Indonesian
Family Life Survey to examine the links between female educational
outcomes and kinship norm variables. Using an ordered probit model, our
analysis shows that post-marital migration is associated with poorer
educational outcomes for females, and that variables relating to a
respondent's province of origin and the ethnicity of the respondent's
parents are influential in schooling outcomes for females. Our findings
accord with the anthropological literature, which finds that there is a
link between gender-differentiated outcomes, kinship norms and ethnicity.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 283-304
Issue: 3
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.711303
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.711303
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:283-304
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sharmistha Self
Author-X-Name-First: Sharmistha
Author-X-Name-Last: Self
Author-Name: Richard Grabowski
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Grabowski
Title: Son Preference, Autonomy and Maternal Health in Rural India
Abstract:
The primary objective of this paper is to identify factors that affect
maternal health in rural India. This is important given the high maternal
and infant mortality rates in India, particularly rural India. The paper
will focus particularly on whether and how the culture and practice of son
preference (which is well documented in South Asia) has had an impact on
maternal health. Assuming parents do not have access to knowledge about
the sex of their unborn child, this paper examines whether a pregnant
mother's maternal care (prior to giving birth) is affected by the presence
of son(s) from earlier pregnancies. Additionally, the paper will analyze
the impact of mothers' autonomy on their maternal health. The results show
that existence of sons reduces the likelihood of receiving maternal care
for successive pregnancies. Maternal autonomy, especially the mother's
education, increases the likelihood of receiving maternal care. The
results have meaningful policy implications.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 305-323
Issue: 3
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.706274
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.706274
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:305-323
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Penny Vera-Sanso
Author-X-Name-First: Penny
Author-X-Name-Last: Vera-Sanso
Title: Gender, Poverty and Old-Age Livelihoods in Urban South India in an Era of Globalisation
Abstract:
This article examines how older women's work in the informal economy
contributes to family, national and global economies. It is argued here
that protecting and promoting older women's livelihoods will not only
serve the interests of older women, but will also have much wider social
and economic significance. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken over the past
two decades in urban South India, this article demonstrates that among the
poorest families, rather than being dependent on spouse or family, older
women are often self-supporting, support husbands and subsidise the
incomes of younger relatives. Older women's work not only helps reduce
family poverty, but is also critical to the distribution of agricultural
produce in urban areas and supports India's global competitiveness. This
article identifies how state and market responses to liberalisation and
globalisation are threatening older women's livelihoods while failing to
provide adequate safety nets for older women or their families.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 324-340
Issue: 3
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.710322
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.710322
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:324-340
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raghbendra Jha
Author-X-Name-First: Raghbendra
Author-X-Name-Last: Jha
Author-Name: Tu Dang
Author-X-Name-First: Tu
Author-X-Name-Last: Dang
Title: Education and the Vulnerability to Food Inadequacy in Timor-Leste
Abstract:
This paper adopts a simple empirical approach to estimate vulnerability
to food inadequacy using cross-section data from the 2001 Timor-Leste
Living Standard Measurement Survey. This measurement is based on the
assumption that households are exposed to the same kind of shock. It is
found that the distribution of vulnerability to food inadequacy to the
education of household head is more significant than that to observed food
poverty. The results support the argument that senior primary and tertiary
education can help reduce the food risk that households face, in
particular the risk that a household is undernourished. Thus, in
Timor-Leste public spending on these forms of education can provide a form
of support that favours the poor.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 341-357
Issue: 3
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.706275
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.706275
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:341-357
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarthak Gaurav
Author-X-Name-First: Sarthak
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaurav
Author-Name: Ashish Singh
Author-X-Name-First: Ashish
Author-X-Name-Last: Singh
Title: An Inquiry into the Financial Literacy and Cognitive Ability of Farmers: Evidence from Rural India
Abstract:
Poor understanding of financial products and an inability to process
financial information prevent millions of rural households in the
developing world from making informed financial decisions. This article
assesses the financial literacy and cognitive ability of farmers using
data from a unique field experiment in the Indian state of Gujarat. Using
ordered response models, the effect of farmers' education on cognitive
ability and financial literacy is estimated on the one hand, and the
relationship between cognitive ability and financial literacy is analysed
on the other. Farmers' education and financial experience are shown to be
significantly correlated with achievements in customized tests for ability
in mathematics and probability, which are taken as the two components of
cognitive ability. Cognitive ability, in turn, predicts financial aptitude
and debt literacy, the two components of financial literacy. By focusing
on farmers in a developing country, the findings contribute to an improved
understanding of financial literacy in such settings and can inform the
design of inclusive financial systems that are sensitive to the cognitive
and informational limitations of rural households.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 358-380
Issue: 3
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.703319
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.703319
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:358-380
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Florencia L�pez B�o
Author-X-Name-First: Florencia
Author-X-Name-Last: L�pez B�o
Title: In School or at Work? Evidence from a Crisis
Abstract:
This paper makes use of the income variability generated by the
macroeconomic crisis of 2001/2002 to examine schooling outcomes in
Argentina. The effect of this macroeconomic swing is examined with a focus
on whether the income or substitution effect dominates in the
decision-making of young people. It is demonstrated that the probability
of being in school was 6.5--10 percentage points higher in May 2002 than
in 2001 for 15--18-year-olds. This is probably the largest (positive)
effect found in the developing country literature so far and is comparable
to the effect of a 10% increase in household income. For 19--25-year-olds,
the probability is between 2 and 6 percentage points higher. Results are
robust to a wide range of controls and specification checks.
Difference-in-difference panel estimation corroborates these findings and
shows that the increase in schooling seems to be driven by a decrease in
school exits during the crisis.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 381-404
Issue: 3
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.689276
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.689276
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:381-404
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Proochista Ariana
Author-X-Name-First: Proochista
Author-X-Name-Last: Ariana
Title: Challenging Our Understanding of Health: Indigenous Perspectives from the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico
Abstract:
In the context of development, considerable attention is paid to
population health, usually interpreted according to mortality rates or
burden of disease estimates. However, health is more complex than such
physical indices can convey. This is particularly evident among many
contemporary indigenous communities whose concepts of well-being extend
well beyond conventional biomedical measures. Such misalignment of
perspectives can have implications for how the health effects of
development are determined. To gauge the relevance of alternative
perspectives, indigenous notions of health among Highland communities in
Chiapas, Mexico are examined. This paper begins with a historical account
of health and healing rituals in the region, then describes current
beliefs and practices among a set of Highland communities.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 405-421
Issue: 3
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.713098
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.713098
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:405-421
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mathias Czaika
Author-X-Name-First: Mathias
Author-X-Name-Last: Czaika
Author-Name: Hein de Haas
Author-X-Name-First: Hein
Author-X-Name-Last: de Haas
Title: The Role of Internal and International Relative Deprivation in Global Migration
Abstract:
This paper explores the role of internal (within country) and
international (bilateral and global) relative and absolute deprivation in
international migration. It is argued that these three forms of relative
deprivation need to be taken into account simultaneously to advance our
theoretical understanding of the complex drivers of migration processes.
Empirical analysis based on a large sample of bilateral migrant stock data
suggests that absolute deprivation constrains emigration, while
international relative deprivation and internal relative deprivation in
destination countries may increase migration. The effect of internal
relative deprivation in origin countries seems small and somewhat
ambiguous. The results highlight the complex and potentially
counter-intuitive ways in which relative and absolute deprivation may
affect migration. This paper suggests that it would be unfounded to expect
that decreases in international and internal relative deprivation combined
with reductions in absolute deprivation would lead to a significant
decline in the volume of international migration.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 423-442
Issue: 4
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.728581
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.728581
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:4:p:423-442
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wiebke Meyer
Author-X-Name-First: Wiebke
Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer
Author-Name: Judith M�llers
Author-X-Name-First: Judith
Author-X-Name-Last: M�llers
Author-Name: Gertrud Buchenrieder
Author-X-Name-First: Gertrud
Author-X-Name-Last: Buchenrieder
Title: Who Remits More? Who Remits Less? Evidence from Kosovar Migrants in Germany and Their Households of Origin
Abstract:
The prevalence of subsistence-oriented farming and the
scarcity of non-farm employment make migration a common livelihood
strategy in rural Kosovo. Consequently, many households rely heavily on
remittances. Although migrants themselves often struggle to finance their
everyday lives in their host countries, remittances continue to flow. As
almost all migrants remit, it is required that the level of remittances be
monitored and the factors determining the absolute amount of remittances
to the home country be known. There are three overarching determinants:
the connection between the migrant and the household of origin, the need
for financial support of the household of origin and the financial means
of the migrant. This contribution draws on an original, detailed and very
recent database collected using an innovative survey design. It provides
significant insights into the country- and culture-specific driving forces
behind remittances from Germany to Kosovo.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 443-466
Issue: 4
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.729816
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.729816
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:4:p:443-466
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matloob Piracha
Author-X-Name-First: Matloob
Author-X-Name-Last: Piracha
Author-Name: Amrita Saraogi
Author-X-Name-First: Amrita
Author-X-Name-Last: Saraogi
Title: The Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from Moldova
Abstract:
This article explores the factors that account for the
receipt of remittances by households in Moldova that have members who have
migrated abroad, mostly temporarily. We approach our research question
from the perspective of the recipient household and use it to interpret
the econometric findings on the determinants of remittances. Our results
show that a combination of household and migrant characteristics and some
community-level variables are the key elements in explaining remittance
behaviour. Drawing on these estimates, we argue that the results point
towards altruism and investment as the two possible motives behind
remittance flows to Moldova, which significantly affect the country's
development prospects.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 467-491
Issue: 4
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.729573
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.729573
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:4:p:467-491
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marek Hanusch
Author-X-Name-First: Marek
Author-X-Name-Last: Hanusch
Title: African Perspectives on China-Africa: Modelling Popular Perceptions and their Economic and Political Determinants
Abstract:
China's recent political and economic inroads into Africa
have generated much interest in the current literature, with scholars and
policymakers endeavouring to assess the merits and risks implicit in this
renewed engagement. Absent from the literature, however, are systematic
analyses of African perceptions of these rapidly growing China-Africa
links, and what determines these perceptions. This article fills this void
by examining not only African attitudes towards China's African presence,
but also investigating the considerations that inform these views. Using
multi-level modelling techniques, this article estimates the effects of
Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI), Sino-African trade and notions of
democracy and human rights on African attitudes towards "China-in-Africa".
The results suggest that Africans' views of China are nearly equivalent to
those that they hold vis-�-vis Western countries. The perceived impact of
imports from China has a negative effect. However, this effect is
counter-balanced by perceptions of China's impact on poverty
alleviation-in line with its greater focus on economic, social and
cultural, as opposed to civic and political human rights-in particular
through FDI. Among those who value civic and political human rights, in
contrast, attitudes towards China are less favourable. This finding is
echoed with respect to democratic governance, though the effect is less
stable. The results are derived from Afrobarometer data covering 20
African countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 492-516
Issue: 4
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.728580
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.728580
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:4:p:492-516
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ernesto R. Gantman
Author-X-Name-First: Ernesto R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gantman
Author-Name: Marcelo P. Dab�s
Author-X-Name-First: Marcelo P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dab�s
Title: A Fragile Link? A New Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth
Abstract:
This article contributes to the literature on the
finance-growth link by presenting new findings based on a new, larger
dataset that is an improvement on earlier studies due to its greater
coverage in terms of time periods and countries, as well as the
incorporation of additional control variables such as institutional
quality and the investment rate. Our results demonstrate that financial
development does not have a statistically significant effect on economic
growth, a finding that is robust to different model specification and
estimation techniques. This suggests that the finance-growth link is not
as strong as portrayed in the literature, being dependent on the sample of
countries and time periods considered.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 517-532
Issue: 4
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.728582
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.728582
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rafael E. De Hoyos
Author-X-Name-First: Rafael E.
Author-X-Name-Last: De Hoyos
Author-Name: Maurizio Bussolo
Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio
Author-X-Name-Last: Bussolo
Author-Name: Oscar Nú�ez
Author-X-Name-First: Oscar
Author-X-Name-Last: Nú�ez
Title: Exports, Gender Wage Gaps, and Poverty in Honduras
Abstract:
This paper identifies and estimates the reduction in poverty
attributable to the improved opportunities that international trade
integration offered to women in Honduras. The expansion of the
export-oriented maquila sector has brought gender
equality both in terms of employment and labour earnings. A simulation
exercise shows that, at a given point in time, poverty in Honduras would
have been 1.5 percentage points higher had the maquila
sector not existed. Of this increase in poverty, 0.35 percentage points is
attributable to the wage premium paid to maquila workers,
0.1 percentage points to the wage premium received by women in the
maquila sector, and 1 percentage point to employment
creation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 533-551
Issue: 4
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.732562
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.732562
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Shaffer
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Shaffer
Author-Name: Trung Dang Le
Author-X-Name-First: Trung Dang
Author-X-Name-Last: Le
Title: Pro-Poor Growth and Firm Size: Evidence from Vietnam
Abstract:
This article examines the relationship between pro-poor growth and the
size distribution of manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam. Analysis
focuses on the consequences for both efficiency and equity of the
predominance of very large firms in the size distribution, i.e. the
“rightward skew”. The evidence suggests that the rightward
skew may have adverse consequences for efficiency, but less so for equity.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-28
Issue: 1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.719866
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.719866
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lili Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Lili
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Adam Szirmai
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Szirmai
Title: The Unexpected Convergence of Regional Productivity in Chinese Industry, 1978--2005
Abstract:
It is widely believed that the acceleration of growth since reforms began
in 1978 has increased regional disparities in China. This paper examines
whether this is the case for GDP per capita, labour productivity and
technical efficiency in industry in 30 regions from 1978 to 2005. The
unexpected conclusion is that over the whole period, there has been
convergence rather than divergence: more backward regions have caught up
with leading regions. The process of regional convergence was especially
strong from 1978 to 1990. In the 1990s, there was divergence, but
convergence resumed after 2000, leaving regional inequalities in 2005 much
smaller than in 1978. Possible theoretical and policy explanations for the
observed pattern are considered.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 29-53
Issue: 1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.756464
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.756464
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Dufhues
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Dufhues
Author-Name: Gertrud Buchenrieder
Author-X-Name-First: Gertrud
Author-X-Name-Last: Buchenrieder
Author-Name: Nuchanata Munkung
Author-X-Name-First: Nuchanata
Author-X-Name-Last: Munkung
Title: Social Capital and Market Imperfections: Accessing Formal Credit in Thailand
Abstract:
Social capital matters in the economy. This study shows how different
forms of individual social capital affect access to formal credit in rural
Thailand. Social capital is defined as interpersonal network (ties)
resources. A data collection approach is used that originates in the field
of sociology and is innovative in the context of development economics:
the personal network survey. Four social capital variables are defined
according to the tie strength and social distance between the respondent
and his/her network members, resulting in four different social capital
variables: (1) bonding (strong ties to persons of similar social
standing); (2) bridging (weak ties to persons of similar social standing);
(3) bondinglink (strong ties to persons of higher social
standing); and (4) bridginglink (weak ties to persons of higher
social standing). It has been found that bondinglink social
capital reduces the chances of being credit access-constrained. Political
patronage or nepotism as the driving force behind the result is ruled out.
Nevertheless, some evidence for elite capture was found.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 54-75
Issue: 1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.753999
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.753999
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard U. Agesa
Author-X-Name-First: Richard U.
Author-X-Name-Last: Agesa
Author-Name: Jacqueline Agesa
Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline
Author-X-Name-Last: Agesa
Author-Name: Andrew Dabalen
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Dabalen
Title: Sources of the Persistent Gender Wage Gap along the Unconditional Earnings Distribution: Findings from Kenya
Abstract:
Past studies on gender wage inequality in Africa typically attribute the
gender pay gap either to gender differences in characteristics or in the
return to characteristics. The authors suggest, however, that this
understanding of the two sources may be far too general and possibly
overlook the underlying covariates that drive the gender wage gap.
Moreover, past studies focus on the gender wage gap exclusively at the
conditional mean. The authors go further to evaluate the partial
contribution of each wage-determining covariate to the magnitude of the
gender pay gap along the unconditional earnings distribution. The authors'
data are from Kenya, and their empirical technique mirrors re-centered
influence function regressions. The authors' results are novel and suggest
that while gender differences in characteristics and the return to
characteristics widen the gender pay gap at the lower end of the wage
distributions, gender differences in characteristics widen the gender wage
gap at the upper end of the wage distributions. Importantly, the authors
find that the underlying covariates driving gender differences in
characteristics and the return to characteristics are the industry,
occupation, higher education and region covariates. In the middle of the
distributions, however, the authors find that gender differences in the
return to characteristics, fueled by education and experience covariates,
exert the strongest influence on the magnitude of the gender pay gap.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 76-103
Issue: 1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.770304
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.770304
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:1:p:76-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luisa Blanco
Author-X-Name-First: Luisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco
Author-Name: Fidel Gonzalez
Author-X-Name-First: Fidel
Author-X-Name-Last: Gonzalez
Author-Name: Isabel Ruiz
Author-X-Name-First: Isabel
Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz
Title: The Impact of FDI on CO2 Emissions in Latin America
Abstract:
This paper uses panel Granger causality tests to study the relationship
between sector-specific foreign direct investment (FDI) and CO2
emissions. Using a sample of 18 Latin American countries for the period
1980--2007, we find causality running from FDI in pollution-intensive
industries (“the dirty sector”) to CO2 emissions
per capita. This result is robust to controlling for other factors
associated with CO2 emissions and using the ratio of
CO2 emissions to GDP. For other sectors, we find no robust
evidence that FDI causes CO2 emissions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 104-121
Issue: 1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.732055
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.732055
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:1:p:104-121
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dominik Zaum
Author-X-Name-First: Dominik
Author-X-Name-Last: Zaum
Author-Name: Jos� Antonio Ocampo
Author-X-Name-First: Jos� Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Ocampo
Author-Name: Rosalind Eyben
Author-X-Name-First: Rosalind
Author-X-Name-Last: Eyben
Title: Book Reviews: The United Nations Intellectual History Project
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 122-137
Issue: 1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.767649
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.767649
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:1:p:122-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Palmer
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer
Title: Social Protection and Disability: A Call for Action
Abstract:
This article reviews the relationship between social
protection and disability in theory and practice. Persons with
disabilities and their families may be considered among the most worthy
recipients of social protection due to their vulnerability to chronic
poverty and social exclusion. A review of cash transfer programmes for
persons with disabilities reveals positive economic, social and service
access outcomes. However, coverage and benefit levels remain low. This
article calls for the state to play a greater role in the provision of
social assistance for persons with disabilities in developing countries.
Policies and programmes which protect economic security should be combined
with those which promote an enabling environment in which people can
achieve security of livelihood.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 139-154
Issue: 2
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.746295
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.746295
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:139-154
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeroen Adam
Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen
Author-X-Name-Last: Adam
Title: A Comparative Analysis on the Micro-level Genealogies of Conflict in the Philippines' Mindanao Island and Indonesia's Ambon Island
Abstract:
Through a comparative micro-level study of conflicts in the
Indonesian island of Ambon and the Philippine island of Mindanao, the
article will show how the master narrative of a Christian--Muslim cleavage
obscures the prominence of localized sub-identities in shaping the
escalation of conflict in both places. Whilst in Ambon communal violence
erupted between Muslims and Christians from 1999 until 2004, armed
conflict on the island of Mindanao is generally understood as a
decade-long struggle between Muslim armed groups fighting for autonomy
against a Christian-dominated Philippine state. Yet, despite these
different types of armed struggle, in both cases, everyday tensions about
resource access became incorporated in a complex conflict dynamic. These
localized tensions are linked to sub-identities within the general
Christian versus Muslim dichotomy, thereby creating alternative fault
lines and alliances. In conclusion, this article puts forward a renewed
understanding of armed conflict as a dynamic and transformative process,
producing new opportunities, alliances, contradictions and narrative
frameworks.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 155-172
Issue: 2
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.789841
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.789841
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:155-172
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Smriti Agarwal
Author-X-Name-First: Smriti
Author-X-Name-Last: Agarwal
Author-Name: Pedro de Araujo
Author-X-Name-First: Pedro
Author-X-Name-Last: de Araujo
Author-Name: Jayash Paudel
Author-X-Name-First: Jayash
Author-X-Name-Last: Paudel
Title: HIV-Related Knowledge and Risky Sexual Behaviour in Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract:
Using population-based samples of 19 sub-Saharan African
countries, this paper investigates the effects of different levels of
HIV/AIDS knowledge on the sexual behaviour of males with country-specific
effects and controls for socio-economic characteristics and location of
residence. The main findings are that HIV/AIDS knowledge increases the
likelihood of using condoms with and without commercial sex workers, has
no significant effect on the likelihood of paying for sex and increases
the likelihood of having both pre- and extramarital sex. These results
indicate that increased HIV knowledge, on average, is not associated with
safer sexual behaviour among males in sub-Saharan Africa.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 173-189
Issue: 2
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.790950
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.790950
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:173-189
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ina Conradie
Author-X-Name-First: Ina
Author-X-Name-Last: Conradie
Title: Can Deliberate Efforts to Realise Aspirations Increase Capabilities? A South African Case Study
Abstract:
This paper takes up Appadurai's suggestion that aspirations
could be used as a key to unlock development for people who are
economically marginalised, and that their capabilities could be increased
by this approach. The notion of "aspirations" is theoretically and
conceptually framed, and then Amartya Sen's use of the term capabilities
as the space within which development should be assessed is explored. I
subsequently describe a five-year programme in which economically
marginalised women in Khayelitsha near Cape Town were assisted in voicing
and attempting to realise their aspirations, while being assisted with
access to some resources. Capability outcomes and constraints are
described and analysed, and the question of adaptive preferences is
addressed. I conclude that deliberate efforts to realise aspirations,
accompanied by some facilitation, can increase capabilities, but that
there are also structural constraints to capability expansion for these
women that frustrate their aspiration of class mobility.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 189-219
Issue: 2
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.790949
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.790949
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:189-219
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amitava Saha
Author-X-Name-First: Amitava
Author-X-Name-Last: Saha
Title: An Assessment of Gender Discrimination in Household Expenditure on Education in India
Abstract:
Gender discrimination in household expenditure on education
has led to unsatisfactory progress in educational attainment for women in
many countries across the world. It has been observed that households
across different states in rural and urban India prefer to incur more
expenditure on education for male members than for females. Kingdon (2005)
[Where has all the bias gone? Detecting gender bias in the intra-household
allocation of educational expenditure, Economic Development and
Cultural Change, 53(2), 409--452] has observed significant gender
bias in household educational expenditure in a number of Indian states
utilizing the household survey data of the National Council of Applied
Economic Research, New Delhi. Other researchers, such as Chaudhuri & Roy
(2006) [Do parents spread educational expenditure evenly across the two
genders? Evidence from two North Indian states, Economic and
Political Weekly, 41, pp. 5276--5282] and Lancaster et
al. (2008) [Household expenditure patterns and gender bias:
evidence from selected Indian states, Oxford Development
Studies, 36(2), 133--157], have also confirmed the presence of
significant gender bias in the expenses incurred on education by
households in India. However, few of these studies are based on the
analysis of sufficiently large, contemporary datasets, and hence they are
unable to provide a picture of gender discrimination at the disaggregated
level, i.e. at the state level. Since there is wide variation in social,
cultural, anthropometrical, economic and many other factors among Indian
states, it is important to analyse gender disparity in India at the level
of the state. Here, utilizing individual-level data on educational
expenditure from the 64th round of the National Sample Survey, an attempt
is made to assess the current scenario in gender inequality in household
educational expenditure in India at both the national and state level. It
is observed that significant gender disparity exists in intra-household
educational expenses and that this discrimination is not confined to the
"backward" or developing states in India.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 220-238
Issue: 2
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.786694
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.786694
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Joe
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Joe
Author-Name: Udaya S. Mishra
Author-X-Name-First: Udaya S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mishra
Author-Name: K. Navaneetham
Author-X-Name-First: K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Navaneetham
Title: Inter-Group Inequalities in Child Undernutrition in India: Group Analogue of the Gini Coefficient and Atkinson's Index
Abstract:
Studies of undernutrition in India (and elsewhere) have
focused exclusively on interpersonal inequalities, and estimates of the
magnitude of inter-group inequalities are unavailable. A focus on
"horizontal" , or group-based, inequalities offers vital policy insights
that would be lost in an approach based purely on interpersonal
inequalities. We therefore apply the group analogues of Atkinson's index
and the Gini coefficient to shed light on the disproportionate burden of
undernourishment borne by rural and historically vulnerable caste groups.
Furthermore, the prominent determinants of inter-group disparities are
identified through Blinder--Oaxaca decomposition analysis. The paper calls
for explicit targeting of backward castes across the country and improved
inter-sectoral collaboration to ensure equitable access to education,
health care and water and sanitation, particularly across underdeveloped
regions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 239-257
Issue: 2
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.796353
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.796353
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:239-257
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rama Pal
Author-X-Name-First: Rama
Author-X-Name-Last: Pal
Title: Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure: Impact on the Consumption of Indian Households
Abstract:
This paper examines whether out-of-pocket health expenditure
affects the composition of household consumption. Based on Indian data,
conditional Engel curves for 10 broad categories of goods and services,
namely food, intoxicants, fuel, clothing and footwear, education,
entertainment, travel, rent, durables and other goods have been estimated.
Conditional Engel curves show whether the share of a particular good is
increased or decreased in household consumption due to health expenditure.
The findings suggest that poor households decrease the share of clothing
and education and increase the share of food, fuel and travel. It has also
been found that households from less developed states and from states with
lower public health expenditure were more affected.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 258-279
Issue: 2
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.794897
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.794897
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:2:p:258-279
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cyril Fouillet
Author-X-Name-First: Cyril
Author-X-Name-Last: Fouillet
Author-Name: Marek Hudon
Author-X-Name-First: Marek
Author-X-Name-Last: Hudon
Author-Name: Barbara Harriss-White
Author-X-Name-First: Barbara
Author-X-Name-Last: Harriss-White
Author-Name: James Copestake
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Copestake
Title: Microfinance Studies: Introduction and Overview
Abstract:
Microfinance (MF) has grown over the last two decades into an
important sub-field of development studies. This special issue of
Oxford Development Studies explores the contributions of
MF, drawing particularly on research conducted in India. After a brief
overview of the emergence of MF as a research field, this introduction
develops three themes. First, we argue that MF interventions generally
involve, and assume a process of transformation of, financially excluded
people and groups who are not fully dominated by the logic of market
exchange but have histories, culture, social relationships and politics
structured by other kinds of authority and dynamics. Second, we argue that
understanding MF interventions at the local level requires the social and
political analysis of global development architecture, while MF may also
play a role in consolidating or cementing global political economy at its
base. Third, we argue that MF interventions have provided fertile ground
for research into the causes and consequences of poverty. The introduction
ends with summaries of the contents of the special issue.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: S1-S16
Issue: sup1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.790360
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.790360
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Copestake
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Copestake
Title: Research on Microfinance in India: Combining Impact Assessment with a Broader Development Perspective
Abstract:
Microfinance can be researched narrowly as an instrument for
promoting development or more broadly as an endogenous component of
development. This paper sets out a simple well-being regime model
incorporating both views and uses it to review the dynamics of rural
microfinance in India. Four potential drivers of change in the role of
microfinance in India are reviewed: evidence-based policy, rising
political aspirations, new technology and agro-climatic change. The paper
argues for combining more narrowly focused microfinance impact assessment
with broader research into microfinance as one component of wider
well-being regimes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: S17-S34
Issue: sup1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.689818
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.689818
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S17-S34
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson
Title: From Microfinance to Inclusive Financial Markets: The Challenge of Social Regulation
Abstract:
Policy towards microfinance has undergone a shift away from
building financial institutions focused on serving poor people to an
"inclusive" agenda for financial sector development, operationalized by
some donors in an approach entitled "Making Markets Work for the Poor".
This approach is located in New Institutional Economics and the enabling
environment focus of the post-Washington Consensus. Despite the way in
which this inclusion agenda echoes social exclusion discourse, it engages
with a residualist rather than relational understanding of poverty. This
leads to an analytical disjuncture between its discourse and analysis,
overlooking the root causes of poverty and exclusion in relational
processes. Arising from this is the failure to recognize that developing
institutions and "enabling" environments require an understanding of
social institutions and their influence as social regulatory structures.
The author illustrates how analysis can proceed to address this
disjuncture using the example of gender relations.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: S35-S52
Issue: sup1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.734799
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.734799
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S35-S52
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Supriya Garikipati
Author-X-Name-First: Supriya
Author-X-Name-Last: Garikipati
Title: Microcredit and Women's Empowerment: Have We Been Looking at the Wrong Indicators?
Abstract:
The impact that microcredit has on women's empowerment has
been much debated in the literature. Some studies find negative effects;
some find positive effects and others no effect. A reconciliation of these
discrepancies has been attempted by attributing them to the usage of
different measures of empowerment. In particular, it has been argued that
those studies that view empowerment as outcomes for women associated with
their access to loans, find positive effects, and those studies that focus
on processes of loan use find negative effects. These different ways of
measuring empowerment are the focus of this study. Using data collected
from 397 women participants in a microcredit programme in rural India, it
is evident that measuring empowerment in terms of outcomes alone--as most
impact assessments do--is not only insufficient but can actually be
misleading as well. The findings of this study suggest that a more robust
understanding of the linkages between lending to women and their
empowerment can be achieved by focusing on the processes surrounding loan
use and repayment. The findings of this study also caution against the
excessive focus on outcomes as a measure of women's empowerment.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: S53-S75
Issue: sup1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.744387
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.744387
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S53-S75
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Isabelle Gu�rin
Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle
Author-X-Name-Last: Gu�rin
Author-Name: Santhosh Kumar
Author-X-Name-First: Santhosh
Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar
Author-Name: Isabelle Agier
Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle
Author-X-Name-Last: Agier
Title: Women's Empowerment: Power to Act or Power over Other Women? Lessons from Indian Microfinance
Abstract:
In the microfinance industry, "empowerment" is often
described as a means to facilitate female emancipation from male
domination. This paper draws on women's testimonies to highlight the
fundamental importance of women's relationships with one another in this
process. Women continuously negotiate a position between their kinship
groups and neighbours, in a context where dependence on men is considered
natural. Micro-credit uses are shaped by, and embody, relationships
between women, including power relationships. We recommend revising
current understandings of female agency to take into account the complex
relationship between agency and power and challenge the conventional
polarity of power as domination (power over) and power as agency (power
to). In many cases, even where there is solidarity between women, women
having agency require or imply domination over other women.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: S76-S94
Issue: sup1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.781147
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.781147
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S76-S94
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jessica Schicks
Author-X-Name-First: Jessica
Author-X-Name-Last: Schicks
Title: The Definition and Causes of Microfinance Over-Indebtedness: A Customer Protection Point of View
Abstract:
With over-indebtedness emerging among microfinance customers,
the industry's sustainability and social impact are at risk. Filling a
void in the literature, this paper develops a definition of
over-indebtedness that is appropriate for customer protection purposes. It
provides a framework for the causes of over-indebtedness that highlights
the role of external influences and the responsibility of lenders. It
recognises the role borrowers play in their own over-indebtedness. This
paper challenges several misconceptions and oversimplifications about
microfinance over-indebtedness. These include the belief that
default-based risk management indicators are sufficient to signal concerns
in relation to customer protection. Further misconceptions are the
undesirability of consumption loans, as well as the benefits of
competition, of regular instalment schedules, of a zero-tolerance policy
and of annual percentage rates. By enhancing our understanding of
microfinance over-indebtedness and its causes, this paper provides the
means for measuring over-indebtedness and tailoring solutions to its root
causes. The analysis shows that combating over-indebtedness does not
automatically mean reducing access to microcredit. Although a
soundevaluation of repayment capacity is essential, tailoring products to
clients' needs also reduces over-indebtedness.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: S95-S116
Issue: sup1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.778237
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.778237
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S95-S116
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thibaut Dehem
Author-X-Name-First: Thibaut
Author-X-Name-Last: Dehem
Author-Name: Marek Hudon
Author-X-Name-First: Marek
Author-X-Name-Last: Hudon
Title: Microfinance from the Clients' Perspective: An Empirical Enquiry into Transaction Costs in Urban and Rural India
Abstract:
Inclusive financial sectors are important for development in
terms of equity and efficiency. Although microfinance has developed
rapidly, little is known about the actual costs for clients to access
microfinance services, except for interest rates. The insufficient
outreach of microfinance in rural areas remains one of the main challenges
for the sector. This paper uses the individual data of 255 clients in
India and the data of 48 groups to which they belong to compare the
transaction costs (TCs) between urban and rural microfinance clients. The
results suggest that the TCs incurred by urban microfinance borrowers are
globally higher than those incurred by their rural counterparts (4.81%
compared with 3.35%), mainly because of their opportunity expenses and
individual costs that are unrelated to microfinance groups. Yet, when
considering a household's total monthly expenditure level, the
microfinance TCs constitute a much higher relative expenditure for rural
households than for their urban counterparts. Total TCs are still
relatively low compared with the main cost of loans, i.e., their interest
rates.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: S117-S132
Issue: sup1
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.787057
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.787057
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:sup1:p:S117-S132
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt
Author-X-Name-First: Agnes Andersson
Author-X-Name-Last: Djurfeldt
Author-Name: G�ran Djurfeldt
Author-X-Name-First: G�ran
Author-X-Name-Last: Djurfeldt
Title: Structural Transformation and African Smallholders: Drivers of Mobility within and between the Farm and Non-farm Sectors for Eight Countries
Abstract:
Using longitudinal data from 2354 smallholder households in
103 villages in eight African countries, three processes of agrarian
transformation are analysed for the period 2002 to 2008: intensification
of grain production, commercial diversification from staple crops and
income diversification out of agriculture. Methodologically, three
multi-level, binary logistic models are used. The trends observed provide
grounds for some optimism: despite an overall picture of stagnation,
intensification in grains (yield per hectare) seems to be increasing.
Farmers have, however, raised productivity through the more intense use of
labour resources rather than through technological change, while political
commitments to agriculture have not improved the production environment.
Rather, economic growth and commercialization emerge as strong drivers of
intensification, both at country and household levels. Tendencies towards
distress-driven income diversification out of agriculture appear to have
abated somewhat in the face of more dynamism in the grain sector, with
households moving between the farm and non-farm sectors in response to
shifts in producer incentives and non-farm opportunities. Diversification
processes within agriculture, meanwhile, point to both push- and
pull-driven diversification occurring simultaneously. Grain markets, crop
diversification and non-farm opportunities complement one another over
time. There is little evidence of even incipient processes of structural
transformation among the smallholders surveyed.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 281-306
Issue: 3
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.817550
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.817550
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:281-306
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Judith Heyer
Author-X-Name-First: Judith
Author-X-Name-Last: Heyer
Title: Integration into a Global Production Network: Impacts on Labour in Tiruppur's Rural Hinterlands
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the impact of a global production
network on the local economy in which production is located, with a
particular focus on labour. The network concerned involves knitwear
production in Tiruppur, southern India. This has transformed the region
surrounding Tiruppur as well as the town, as knitwear production has
spread into the countryside. Many of those previously employed in
agriculture have moved into knitwear manufacturing and associated
activities. This paper uses data collected over a 30-year period in
villages located 25--30 km north-west of Tiruppur to show how the
local rural economy has changed as the knitwear sector has expanded. The
knitwear industry has provided direct employment to a large number of
people from less well-placed households, which now commute to work, and it
has also pushed up wages in agriculture and other occupations, including
those who are not directly related to the knitwear sector. Importantly,
the impacts of the expansion of knitwear production have been highly
differentiated: access to new opportunities in knitwear has been
structured by gender, caste and age. The state has also played an
important role. The paper draws attention to the significant effect on the
local economy of welfare measures such as subsidised food and the national
rural employment guarantee scheme.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 307-321
Issue: 3
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.805741
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.805741
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:307-321
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tushar Agrawal
Author-X-Name-First: Tushar
Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal
Title: Are There Glass-Ceiling and Sticky-Floor Effects in India? An Empirical Examination
Abstract:
In this paper, the gender-related wage differentials in the
rural and urban sectors of the Indian economy are analysed. The hypotheses
that there is a glass-ceiling effect--a greater wage gap at the top end of
the wage-distribution range--and a sticky-floor effect--a wider wage gap
at the bottom are examined. Findings show evidence of the glass-ceiling
effect in the rural sector and evidence of the sticky-floor effect in the
urban sector. Using a counterfactual decomposition method, the raw wage
gap is decomposed to identify the contributions of characteristics and
coefficients. The results reveal the presence of labour--market
discrimination against women. Furthermore, women at the lower end of the
wage-distribution spectrum face more discrimination than those at the
higher end of the range.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 322-342
Issue: 3
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.804499
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.804499
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:322-342
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jun Hou
Author-X-Name-First: Jun
Author-X-Name-Last: Hou
Author-Name: Pierre Mohnen
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohnen
Title: Complementarity between In-house R&D and Technology Purchasing: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Firms
Abstract:
In order to catch up with the current technological frontier,
firms, especially in developing countries, try to acquire technological
advancement through internal R&D efforts, as well as through external
technology-sourcing activities. This study tests whether these two sources
of technology acquisition are complements or substitutes for each other in
small- and medium-sized Chinese manufacturing firms. The evidence that we
present shows some signs of complementarity between the two sources of
knowledge in reaching a higher unconditional intensity of product
innovation for firms with 100--300 employees and, in general, a
significant degree of substitutability between them in achieving higher
levels of labour productivity.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 343-371
Issue: 3
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.807910
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.807910
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:343-371
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jared A. Pincin
Author-X-Name-First: Jared A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pincin
Title: Political Power and Aid-Tying Practices in the Development Assistance Committee Countries
Abstract:
This paper uses a panel of 22 OECD Development Assistance
Committee countries to examine whether fragmentation of executive power
and the degree of competition from the legislative branch of government
increased the amount of tied aid over the period 1979--2009. Fragmentation
is defined as the degree to which the costs of a dollar of aid expenditure
are internalized by decision-makers and is measured as the number of
decision-makers in government. Legislative competition is defined as the
relative strength of the government in relation to the legislature. Three
variables are used to capture this effect. The empirical results show tied
aid, both in levels and as a percentage of total aid, increases as the
number of decision-makers within the government increases, and decreases
as the proportion of excess seats a governing coalition holds above a
simple majority increases.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 372-390
Issue: 3
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.812724
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.812724
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:372-390
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yu Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Yu
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Title: Veto Players and Foreign Aid Inflows
Abstract:
This paper argues that a larger number of effective veto
players within an aid-recipient country tend to reduce its foreign aid
inflows. This is because offers of foreign aid often require aid-recipient
countries to adopt policy concessions. Since significant policy changes
require at least the tacit assent of all effective veto players, countries
with more numerous and more diverse veto players are less likely to be
able to make aid-for-policy deals with donors. The pattern of aid inflows
in 115 aid-recipient countries over the period 1978--2007 is shown to be
consistent with this hypothesis. Countries with more effective veto
players receive considerably less official development assistance than
countries with fewer effective veto players.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 391-408
Issue: 3
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.815708
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.815708
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:3:p:391-408
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Florencia Torche
Author-X-Name-First: Florencia
Author-X-Name-Last: Torche
Author-Name: Luis F. Lopez-Calva
Author-X-Name-First: Luis F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez-Calva
Title: Stability and Vulnerability of the Latin American Middle Class
Abstract:
Using panel data-sets from Mexico and
Chile for the first years of the 21st century, the authors examine the
determinants of middle-class intra-generational mobility. The middle class
is defined by means of a latent index of economic well-being that is less
sensitive to short-term fluctuation and measurement error than standard
measures of income. The authors find high rates of both upward and
downward mobility in Mexico and Chile, indicating that the middle class
has opportunities to move to higher levels of well-being but is also
vulnerable to falling into poverty. In both countries, labour-market
resources (education and occupational status of the household head and
number of members in the labour market) are much stronger determinants of
mobility than demographic factors, suggesting the importance of policies
that foster human capital and protect workers from shocks. Rural
middle-class households are substantially more vulnerable to falling into
poverty and have little chance of advancing to upper classes than their
urban counterparts.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 409-435
Issue: 4
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.831060
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.831060
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:409-435
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tom Goodfellow
Author-X-Name-First: Tom
Author-X-Name-Last: Goodfellow
Title: The Institutionalisation of "Noise" and "Silence" in Urban Politics: Riots and Compliance in Uganda and Rwanda
Abstract:
Amid ongoing debates about institutions
and development, the importance of informal institutions (or norms) is
widely recognised. Relatively little, however, is known about how informal
institutions form and persist over time in particular contexts. This paper
combines a concern with the process of informal institutionalisation and a
focus on everyday politics in urban areas. Drawing on a comparative study
of Kampala (Uganda) and Kigali (Rwanda), it argues that in the former the
regular mobilisation of urban social groups into protests and riots has
institutionalised what might be termed "noise" as the most meaningful form
of political participation. In Kigali, by contrast, comparatively "silent"
processes of collective mobilisation that involve structured activities
and community "self-policing" have become institutionalised. The paper
analyses these differential patterns, considering the tacit norms of
negotiation in each case and the incentives for urban social and political
actors to adhere to them.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 436-454
Issue: 4
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.807334
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.807334
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:436-454
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alassane Drabo
Author-X-Name-First: Alassane
Author-X-Name-Last: Drabo
Title: Intra-Country Health Inequalities and Air Pollution in Developing Countries
Abstract:
In the health economics literature, many
studies have assessed the association between environmental degradation
and health outcomes. This paper extends this literature by investigating
how the presence of air pollution might explain health inequalities both
between and within developing countries. We argue that differential
exposure to air pollution between asset classes, differential ability to
prevent the negative health effects of environment degradation,
differential capacity to respond to disease caused by pollutants, and
particular susceptibility of some groups to the effects of air pollution
are all sufficient reasons for explaining a positive link between air
pollution and asset-related health inequality. Using data from developing
countries, our econometric results show that sulphur dioxide emissions
(SO2) and particulate matter (PM10) partly explain
the large disparities in infant and child mortalities between and within
developing countries. In addition, we found that the institutions that are
based on democratic principles, and which have low levels of corruption
and high quality bureaucracy, are the most effective. That is, they are
more responsive to the needs of the poor, they promote access to justice
and public administration, and they deliver basic services to those most
in need. As a result, they are able to more effectively mitigate the
mortality effect of pollution for the poorest asset classes compared with
that of the richest ones and thus reduce the health inequality it
provokes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 455-475
Issue: 4
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.825237
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.825237
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:455-475
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni Andrea Cornia
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Cornia
Author-Name: Stefano Rosignoli
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosignoli
Author-Name: Luca Tiberti
Author-X-Name-First: Luca
Author-X-Name-Last: Tiberti
Title: Did the 2008--2009 Food and Financial Crises Affect Child Mortality? The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract:
We estimate an aggregate model of child
mortality on a panel of 40 African countries over the period 1995--2007.
This model is then used to assess the impact of the 2008--2009 food and
financial crises on child mortality, by comparing the number of child
deaths computed under a "business-as-usual scenario" with those computed
under the actual 2008--2009 "crisis scenario". According to the simulation
results, the 2008--2009 food price rise and recession caused a
statistically non-significant additional 27,000 child deaths. However, if
the 2008--2009 changes in other determinants of child mortality are
factored in, the number of child deaths declined by 15,000. This
unexpected result is explained by the fact that the effects of the rise in
domestic food prices and the recession were offset in most of the region
by the protective effect on the under-five mortality rate of a surge in
food production, and by a rise in public expenditure on and foreign aid to
the health sector.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 476-492
Issue: 4
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.827165
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.827165
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:476-492
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tanya Jakimow
Author-X-Name-First: Tanya
Author-X-Name-Last: Jakimow
Title: Unlocking the Black Box of Institutions in Livelihoods Analysis: Case Study from Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract:
Weaknesses of sustainable-livelihoods
analysis include the neglect of power relations; a focus on the material
bases of livelihoods, ignoring social and cultural aspects; and failing to
incorporate dynamism. This paper seeks to reinvigorate
sustainable-livelihoods frameworks through a broader conceptualisation of
institutions which identifies the multiple ways in which they mediate
livelihoods. It draws upon Scott's (1995) three pillars of institutions
(regulative, normative and cognitive) and the three schools of
neo-institutionalism (rational, cultural and historical) to present a more
comprehensive approach to understanding the ways in which institutions
mediate livelihoods. These approaches are in themselves limited in their
understanding of agency and institutional transformation. The paper argues
that attention to "complex subjectivities" and contestations over meaning
within a broader institutional context can identify entry points for
strategic development interventions. The utility of the approach for
development practice and research is demonstrated through its application
to rural livelihoods in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 493-516
Issue: 4
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.847078
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.847078
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:493-516
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Indrajit Roy
Author-X-Name-First: Indrajit
Author-X-Name-Last: Roy
Title: Development as Dignity: Dissensus, Equality and Contentious Politics in Bihar, India
Abstract:
This paper makes an analytical case for
the understanding of development as a process that enables people to
reclaim their dignity and interrogate inegalitarian social relations. It
is motivated by the ongoing debate within development studies between
those who propound a teleological view of development and those who adopt
the opposing view that the process must not obliterate historical and
cultural difference. The former view is informed by an assumption that the
human condition can and should be improved, and the trajectory of such
improvement is predetermined and predictable. The latter view is
ambivalent, not only about the possibility of improvement, but also about
its desirability. Against this dichotomy, this paper urges scholars of
development to consider that people might envisage that the social
inequalities they experience could be reduced, irrespective of
"improvement". The ethnography on which the paper draws cover show the way
in which a group of agricultural labourer households stigmatised as
"untouchable" - and alleged to be illegally squatting on public
property-stand their ground violent opposition by local elites. While
servility to and quiescence with elite opinion would allow them to
"improve" their lives by relocating to a less contentious space, community
members assert their ethical claims on the disputed property without
flinching. They do this not because they like to live in squalid
conditions, but because complying with elite diktats is an affront to
their dignity.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 517-536
Issue: 4
Volume: 41
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.835392
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.835392
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:517-536
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne Booth
Author-X-Name-First: Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Booth
Title: Land Taxation in Asia: An Overview of the 19th and 20th Centuries
Abstract:
Most studies of land taxation in Asia have
found that its importance has declined over the 20th century, as a
proportion of total government revenues and often in absolute terms. In
fact, this decline started well before 1940 in most colonial territories
in Asia, as well as in Japan. The paper explores the reasons for this
decline in the context of several former colonies in Asia, including
British India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Korea. The paper
also examines why attempts to revive land taxation, especially in rural
areas as a source of revenue for sub-national governments, have often been
disappointing, and draws some lessons for future policies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-18
Issue: 1
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.880413
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.880413
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:1-18
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zeynep Sezgin
Author-X-Name-First: Zeynep
Author-X-Name-Last: Sezgin
Title: Turkish Migrant Organisations after the 2011 Van Earthquake: Member Interests versus Humanitarian Principles
Abstract:
This article applies organisational
sociology to provide an empirical analysis of the roles that two different
types of Turkish migrant organisations, headquartered in Germany, played
after the 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey, and their different levels of
commitment to the traditional humanitarian principles. It shows that the
faith-based organisation, Islamic Community Millî G�r�ş, and
the political organisation, Federation of Democratic Workers' Unions,
engaged in various activities after the crisis in order to legitimise
themselves to their members in Germany. It also demonstrates that their
motivations, activities, roles, partners and, most importantly, their
commitment to the traditional humanitarian principles diverged due to
their different organisational characteristics. Finally, it discusses
whether and to what extent humanitarian principles can promote coherence
and coordination in the crowded and diverse world of humanitarian actors,
especially at a time when the number of humanitarian actors, such as
migrant organisations, is rapidly growing and their roles and impacts are
becoming increasingly important.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 19-37
Issue: 1
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.875136
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.875136
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:19-37
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Alm
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Alm
Author-Name: Yongzheng Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Yongzheng
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Title: China's Tax-for-Fee Reform and Village Inequality
Abstract:
In the late 1990s, China enacted a rural
tax reform known as the "Tax-for-Fee Reform" (TFR), largely driven by a
desire to address farmers' complaints about what they perceived as a heavy
and regressive tax burden. This study examines the impact of the TFR on
inequality in rural villages in China. Our results suggest that the TFR
plays an effective role in reducing inequality within villages. Its impact
on a consumption-based measure of inequality took effect immediately; its
impact on per capita household income inequality took somewhat longer. Our
results also suggest that it was "rich" and/or "coastal" villages that
exhibited a significant reduction of inequality as a result of the TFR,
whereas "poor" and/or "inland" villages experienced no significant changes
in inequality from the reform.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 38-64
Issue: 1
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.833180
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.833180
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:38-64
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katsushi S. Imai
Author-X-Name-First: Katsushi S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Imai
Author-Name: Takahiro Sato
Author-X-Name-First: Takahiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Sato
Title: Recent Changes in Micro-Level Determinants of Fertility in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey Data
Abstract:
This paper investigates the determinants
of fertility and their changes in recent years, empirically, drawing upon
large household data-sets in India, namely National Family Health Survey
data over the period 1992--2006. It is found that there is a negative and
significant association between the number of children and levels of
parental education when we apply OLS, ordered logit and pseudo panel
models, while in the case of IV model only mother's literacy is negatively
associated with the number of children. The results of OLS and ordered
logit models imply that households belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs)
tend to have more children than other social groups. Our results suggest
that policies of national and state governments to support social
infrastructure, such as the provision of education at various levels, and
its promotion for both males and females, particularly for households
belonging to SCs, would make a significant contribution to efforts to
reduce fertility and decelerate population growth.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 65-85
Issue: 1
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.855717
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.855717
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:65-85
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jacinta Nwachukwu
Author-X-Name-First: Jacinta
Author-X-Name-Last: Nwachukwu
Title: Interest Rates, Target Markets and Sustainability in Microfinance
Abstract:
This paper presents evidence on the
reliability of claims in the literature on microfinance institutions
(MFIs) regarding the role of interest rates and institutional design in
helping MFIs to realize financial self-sufficiency. It pools data from 426
institutions in 41 developing countries from 2004 to 2008. Contrary to
expectations, the results of an ordered-logistic regression strongly
support an inverted U-shaped function for the relationship between
interest rates and sustainability, irrespective of customer orientation.
Additionally, a shift away from the poorest borrowers in the low-end
market does not significantly improve the likelihood of being more
profitable after controlling for other relevant covariates. MFIs may not,
therefore, be forced to drift away from their original goal of serving the
underprivileged in pursuit of financial viability.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 86-110
Issue: 1
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.827164
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.827164
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:86-110
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeffrey Carpenter
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey
Author-X-Name-Last: Carpenter
Author-Name: Tyler Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Tyler
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Title: Peer Monitoring and Microcredit: Field Experimental Evidence from Paraguay
Abstract:
Given the substantial amount of resources
currently invested in microcredit programmes, it is more important than
ever to accurately assess the extent to which peer monitoring actually
reduces moral hazard among borrowers faced with group liability. We
conduct a field experiment with women about to enter a group loan
programme in Paraguay and then gather administrative data on their
repayment behaviour in the 6-month period after the experiment. In
addition to the experiment, which is designed to measure individual
propensities to monitor one's peers, we collect a variety of other
potential correlates of behaviour and repayment. Controlling for other
factors, we find a very strong causal relationship between the average
monitoring propensity of a person's loan group and repayment. Our most
conservative estimate suggests that borrowers in highly monitored groups
are 36% less likely to have problems repaying their portions of the loan.
In addition, confirming previous results, we also find some evidence that
risk preferences, social preferences and cognitive skills affect
repayment.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 111-135
Issue: 1
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.887061
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.887061
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:1:p:111-135
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Khalid Nadvi
Author-X-Name-First: Khalid
Author-X-Name-Last: Nadvi
Title: "Rising Powers" and Labour and Environmental Standards
Abstract:
There is a growing recognition that the "Rising Powers", namely the
emerging economies, in particular, but not only, China, India and Brazil,
whose economic dynamism has begun to transform the contours of the global
economy, will bring about radical shifts in global governance. A critical
question that arises is how might these countries influence the "rules of
the game" that pertain to international trade, particularly those relating
to process standards associated with labour conditions and environmental
impacts. This special issue provides an initial attempt to address this
agenda. This article defines the concept of "Rising Powers" and considers
how these economies might challenge the governance of labour and
environmental standards. It outlines the objectives of this collection,
provides an overview of individual contributions and suggests areas for
further research.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 137-150
Issue: 2
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.909400
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.909400
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:137-150
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alejandro Guar�n
Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Guar�n
Author-Name: Peter Knorringa
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Knorringa
Title: New Middle-Class Consumers in Rising Powers: Responsible Consumption and Private Standards
Abstract:
In this paper, we explore how the unprecedented expansion of new
middle-class consumers in Rising Powers is likely to influence the extent
and meaning of responsible consumption through private standards. We find
that these middle-class consumers are likely to engage in discretionary
spending, even at relatively low levels of income. Unfortunately, existing
research does not allow us to predict the extent to which this
discretionary spending will be used for responsible consumption. We
develop a simple matrix to explore where and when private standards are
more likely to stimulate responsible consumption effectively, and we put
forward some hypotheses for future research.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 151-171
Issue: 2
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.864757
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.864757
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:151-171
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Clara Brandi
Author-X-Name-First: Clara
Author-X-Name-Last: Brandi
Title: Low-Carbon Standards and Labels in China
Abstract:
This article examines the emergence of carbon standards and labels, with a
focus on China as one of the key drivers of the future global economy. The
article attempts to answer two questions. First, as Chinese firms take on
more substantive roles in global production networks, how do they deal
with environmental and sustainability standards, especially those which
concern carbon footprints and emission reduction in production and supply
chains? Second, to what extent and how is China likely to become active in
setting sustainability standards in tomorrow's markets? The underlying
question is: what strategies do Chinese actors follow in response to
carbon standards? The core argument of the article is that China cannot
choose whether, but only how, to react
to the emergence of international carbon standards. Ignoring and/or
mitigating such standards are not viable options, at least in the short
run. The most promising pathway for Chinese actors is to leverage either
their own standards, i.e. ones tailored to their needs and preferences, or
standards which they have already helped to transform in favour of their
interests by engaging in international standard-setting processes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 172-189
Issue: 2
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.885938
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.885938
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:172-189
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Salo V. Coslovsky
Author-X-Name-First: Salo V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Coslovsky
Title: Flying Under the Radar? The State and the Enforcement of Labour Laws in Brazil
Abstract:
Over the past three decades, developing countries have deregulated,
privatized and liberalized their economies. Paradoxically, they have also
retained or even strengthened their labour laws and regulations. This
compromise has created enormous political tension, which manifests itself
as recurrent calls for either a rollback or a deepening of reforms. Few of
these calls have been heeded, so the burden of reconciling the conflicting
policies ends up being transferred to those public agents who enforce the
regulations on the ground. To understand how these agents act, the
latitude they have, the limits they face and the results they accomplish,
this paper examines how labour inspectors and prosecutors intervened in
four beleaguered industries in Brazil. It finds that enforcement agents
often do more than just impose fines or teach infringers about the law.
Rather, they use their discretion and legal powers to realign incentives,
reshape interests and redistribute the risks, costs and benefits of
compliance across a tailor-made assemblage of public, private and
non-profit enterprises in a way that makes compliance easier for all
involved. On a broader canvas, regulatory enforcement agents who perform
this role can be characterized as the foot soldiers of a post-neoliberal
or neo-developmental state.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 190-216
Issue: 2
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.875135
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.875135
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:190-216
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alejandro Milc�ades Pe�a
Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Milc�ades
Author-X-Name-Last: Pe�a
Title: Rising Powers, Rising Networks: Brazilian Actors in Private Governance
Abstract:
This article analyses Brazilian involvement in private labour and
environmental governance. It does so by mapping the local actors
participating in three recent international initiatives-the UN Global
Compact, the Global Reporting Initiative, and the ISO 26000 Working
Group-and exploring the activities of a central group around the Ethos
Institute for Business and Social Responsibility. The article argues that
the privileged position of this group of actors is supported by the
lasting association between a sector of Brazilian business and influential
political players, in particular the ruling Workers' Party. On this basis,
the article discusses the model of institutional complementarity,
suggesting that both the local network and the global initiatives
benefited from the narrow state-society relations pervading Brazilian
politics. The article contests the claim that emerging economies are
necessarily disadvantaged newcomers to private governance, and calls for
greater attention to the interface between international initiatives and
local political institutions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 217-237
Issue: 2
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.905524
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.905524
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:217-237
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandra Mezzadri
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Mezzadri
Title: Indian Garment Clusters and CSR Norms: Incompatible Agendas at the Bottom of the Garment Commodity Chain
Abstract:
Today, India is an important player in garment export. Production is
highly "localised" and scattered across the subcontinent. It is organised
in industrial clusters, with distinct production and labour practices and
product specialisations. Product cycles involve numerous ancillary
activities, and are often decentralised from main urban tailoring hubs.
They connect different realms and spaces of production and labour, and
different clusters. This paper explores how this organisational layout
severely limits the impact of old and new corporate social responsibility
(CSR) labour projects and regulations. It does so by looking at the case
of the National Capital Region and one of its satellite embroidery
centres, Bareilly, in Uttar Pradesh. In particular, it reveals the
contradictory nature of new CSR projects focusing on homeworkers. The
arguments developed here are not only a criticism of global buyers'
approaches to labour standards. They also more broadly question the
ability to elaborate meaningful standards within decentralised production
regimes, deconstructing over-optimistic images of India as a "rising
power".
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 238-258
Issue: 2
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.885939
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.885939
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:238-258
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeroen Merk
Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen
Author-X-Name-Last: Merk
Title: The Rise of Tier 1 Firms in the Global Garment Industry: Challenges for Labour Rights Advocates
Abstract:
The garment industry can be considered an archetypal global sector in
which production processes have been transnationalized since the late
1960s. The possibility of fragmenting and outsourcing production across a
spatially dispersed network of manufacturers has "freed" lead companies
from surveillance of their production processes, helped reduce costs and,
ultimately, relieves them of the organizational requirements associated
with mass labour processes. The role of branded companies and retailers in
the garment industry has been studied extensively over the last two
decades. However, much less attention has been paid to those companies
that have appeared as their mirror image, namely to the emergence of Asian
garment manufacturers-or tier 1 firms-that have also expanded their
businesses significantly over the last few decades, but have little or no
control over end-consumer markets. This paper seeks to map and discuss the
importance of, and commonalities between, tier 1 companies in the actual
production of garments, and discusses their main characteristics. Special
attention is paid to the consequences for labour strategies focused on
improving working conditions at these companies' factories.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 259-277
Issue: 2
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.908177
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.908177
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:259-277
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dev Nathan
Author-X-Name-First: Dev
Author-X-Name-Last: Nathan
Author-Name: Sandip Sarkar
Author-X-Name-First: Sandip
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarkar
Title: Global Inequality, Rising Powers, and Labour Standards
Abstract:
The paper analyses growing inequality in the rising powers, concentrating
on the situation in China and India. It describes the various processes
that are currently underway to reduce inequality in these economies. These
processes include a combination of tightening the labour market, as best
seen in China, increasing rural productivity and implementing government
measures to boost basic rural incomes in all such countries. Reductions in
inequality in the emerging economies have a global macro-economic effect
of increasing consumption, thus counteracting the current global slowdown.
They also have the benefit of creating more space at the bottom for poorer
economies to take up more of the world's low-skill production, as the
emerging economies themselves move up to higher skill production and
exports. This sequential upgrading is being driven by the growth of
emerging economy markets and by wage increases in these economies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 278-295
Issue: 2
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.856397
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.856397
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:278-295
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sripad Motiram
Author-X-Name-First: Sripad
Author-X-Name-Last: Motiram
Author-Name: Nayantara Sarma
Author-X-Name-First: Nayantara
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarma
Title: Polarization, Inequality, and Growth: The Indian Experience
Abstract:
One issue that has attracted considerable attention recently among
scholars interested in inequality and conflict is polarization. We analyze
polarization in India over roughly the past three decades using
consumption expenditure data. We show that both bipolarization and
multidimensional polarization (on several dimensions: rural-urban, state,
region) have increased since the 1990s. In the case of bipolarization,
this is a reversal from an earlier trend (in the 1980s). Overall, our
results suggest that the high growth that India has witnessed since the
1990s has been associated with widening disparities. Comparing
polarization and inequality trends, we find similarities, but also some
differences; we also show how the study of polarization can provide
different insights. Our results therefore underscore the importance of
studying polarization as distinct from traditional inequality.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 297-318
Issue: 3
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.897319
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.897319
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:297-318
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Terra Lawson-Remer
Author-X-Name-First: Terra
Author-X-Name-Last: Lawson-Remer
Title: Security of Property Rights for Whom?
Abstract:
Property insecurity of non-elites can be compatible with or even enhance
economic growth, but it also encourages conflict-which can undermine
long-term growth and economic development. Using a new set of indicators
which measure the property insecurity of marginalized ethno-cultural
minority groups, this article demonstrates that the severity of property
insecurity for the worst-off group in a country is strongly associated
with the onset of armed conflict, and-once civil war is controlled
for-property insecurity for marginalized minorities corresponds with
higher growth rates. Economic growth can occur when the property rights of
elites are secure but marginalized minorities face a high risk of
expropriation, as land may be reallocated into the hands of investors with
skills and access to capital. However, the potentially growth-enhancing
effect of forced displacement and resettlement is reduced, because the
property insecurity of minorities also increases the likelihood of armed
conflict.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 319-342
Issue: 3
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2013.878327
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2013.878327
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:319-342
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Burchi
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Burchi
Author-Name: Sara Vicari
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Vicari
Title: To Be or Not to Be a Member of a Primary Co-operative in Brazil: Any Difference in Household Decision-Making and Gender Equality?
Abstract:
The paper investigates the effect of co-operative membership on people's
capability to participate in household decision-making and on domestic
gender relations. Our hypothesis is that the democratisation process
activated in genuine co-operatives, authentic member-owned forms of
business, may then be transferred to the household. We tested this in the
"Coppalj" co-operative in Brazil, where we collected primary data. Both
the techniques employed, regression and propensity score matching, support
our hypotheses in a number of life domains. Though results vary slightly
according to the domain and the outcome indicator, they show that members
of the co-operative have a statistically significant higher capability to
participate in decision-making and to share their decisions with partners
than non-members (the control group). We then triangulated these
quantitative outcomes with qualitative ones: the latter confirm an
improvement in gender relations between co-operators and their partners,
highlighting the fundamental role of Coppalj in fostering gender equality.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 343-364
Issue: 3
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.905523
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.905523
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:343-364
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andreas Bergh
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas
Author-X-Name-Last: Bergh
Author-Name: Irina Mirkina
Author-X-Name-First: Irina
Author-X-Name-Last: Mirkina
Author-Name: Therese Nilsson
Author-X-Name-First: Therese
Author-X-Name-Last: Nilsson
Title: Globalization and Institutional Quality-A Panel Data Analysis
Abstract:
Using data on institutional quality and the KOF Globalization Index, we
examine over 100 countries from 1992 to 2010 to analyse the relationship
between economic and social globalization and six measures of
institutional quality, thereby testing Montesquieu's doux commerce thesis,
that economic and social interaction lead to improved institutional
quality. Results suggest that increasing economic flows and social
globalization associate with improving institutions in rich countries,
while correlations are negative in poor countries. Our findings also
indicate that the negative relationship in poor countries relates to the
abundance of natural resources, and should not be interpreted as a causal
effect. In summary, results are consistent with the doux commerce thesis
but also suggest that the previous findings of positive effects of trade
on institutional quality are driven by the relationship in rich countries.
We should not expect globalization alone to mitigate the adverse effects
of the resource curse in developing countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 365-394
Issue: 3
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.884555
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.884555
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:365-394
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rhys Jenkins
Author-X-Name-First: Rhys
Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins
Title: Chinese Competition and Brazilian Exports of Manufactures
Abstract:
In recent years concerns have been raised over the impact of Chinese
competition on Latin American exports, particularly those from Mexico.
This article shows that Brazilian manufactured exports too have been
negatively affected, and that this has been reflected in the
"primarization" of Brazilian exports and a declining share in the import
markets of its major customers. A variety of different indicators were
used to analyse the extent to which Brazilian exports have faced
competition from China. Constant Market Share analysis was then applied to
estimate the quantitative significance of Chinese competition for
Brazilian exports. This shows that Brazil has lost markets to China in the
USA, in the EU and in its major Latin American markets, particularly since
2004. This has occurred not only in low-technology products but also
increasingly in high-technology products, and Brazil has not been able to
compensate for losses to China through increasing exports of more
sophisticated products. It was also found that Chinese competition
intensified in the Latin American market following the global financial
crisis.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 395-418
Issue: 3
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.881989
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.881989
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:395-418
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kate Meagher
Author-X-Name-First: Kate
Author-X-Name-Last: Meagher
Title: Disempowerment from Below: Informal Enterprise Networks and the Limits of Political Voice in Nigeria
Abstract:
Decentralized governance has enjoyed limited success in promoting popular
livelihoods and political voice among informal actors. Explanations have
tended to focus on sources of disempowerment from above,
where informal collective action is overwhelmed or sidelined by more
powerful government or private-sector interests. This article will focus
on the ways in which prolonged crisis and informality can also generate
processes of disempowerment from below by disrupting and
warping informal organizational dynamics. In addition to the divergent
interests of more powerful actors, informal associational initiatives have
to contend with disruptive effects of poverty, intense competition and
social and legal marginalization which constrain popular organization from
within. Through a micro-politics of organizational networks in three
informal enterprise associations in Nigeria, this article explores the
ways in which prolonged economic and social stress combines with political
marginalization to turn even economically dynamic and highly organized
informal activities from a terrain of collective agency to an uneven
playing field of volatile strategies, social fragmentation and pervasive
exclusion. A realistic assessment of the obstacles to informal collective
action is used to explore more effective forms of informal mobilization
and political engagement in the context of African informal economies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 419-438
Issue: 3
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.900005
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.900005
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:419-438
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kamal Lamichhane
Author-X-Name-First: Kamal
Author-X-Name-Last: Lamichhane
Author-Name: Tomoo Okubo
Author-X-Name-First: Tomoo
Author-X-Name-Last: Okubo
Title: The Nexus between Disability, Education, and Employment: Evidence from Nepal
Abstract:
The links between disability, education, and employment remain unclear in
developing countries due to the lack of credible data. This paper
identifies and compares the effect of education on employability,
employment status (full-time or part-time), job type (white collar or blue
collar), and job satisfaction among persons with disabilities using a
unique data-set of over 400 respondents with hearing, physical, and visual
impairments in Nepal. The analysis also utilizes nationally representative
survey data from the Nepal Living Standard Survey 2010/2011 (NLSS III) for
a robustness test. Results show a positive correlation between years of
schooling and the likelihood of obtaining a full-time and white-collar
job. Regarding the type of impairment, those with physical impairments are
less likely to be employed when individual characteristics are controlled,
but report higher levels of job satisfaction when they are employed.
Results thus suggest the need to invest further in education for persons
with disabilities, in order to increase their participation within the
labor market.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 439-453
Issue: 3
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.927843
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.927843
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:3:p:439-453
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kaushik Basu
Author-X-Name-First: Kaushik
Author-X-Name-Last: Basu
Title: Randomisation, Causality and the Role of Reasoned Intuition
Abstract:
The method of randomisation has been a major driver in the recent rise to
prominence of empirical development economics. It has helped uncover
patterns and facts that had earlier escaped attention. But it has also
given rise to debate and controversy. This paper evaluates the method of
randomisation and concludes that while the method of randomisation is the
gold standard for description, and does uncover what is here called
"circumstantial causality", it is not able to demonstrate generalised
causality. Nor does it, in itself, lead to policy conclusions, as is often
claimed by its advocates. To get to policy conclusions requires combining
the findings of randomised experiments with human intuition, which, being
founded in evolution, has innate strengths. Moreover, even non-randomised
empirical methods combined with reasoned intuition can help in crafting a
development policy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 455-472
Issue: 4
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.961414
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.961414
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:455-472
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gaoussou Diarra
Author-X-Name-First: Gaoussou
Author-X-Name-Last: Diarra
Author-Name: Patrick Plane
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Plane
Title: Assessing the World Bank's Influence on the Good Governance Paradigm
Abstract:
What does "good governance" mean for the World Bank and to what extent has
the organisation been successful in diffusing the paradigm worldwide? The
Bank focused primarily on economic aspects of governance in the 1980s and
progressively moved to emphasise its political dimensions towards the end
of the 1990s. In this paper, the soft power of the Bank is analysed in
relation to this specific issue through bibliometric methods and by
examining the role of governance indicators, especially within the donor
community.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 473-487
Issue: 4
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.949651
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.949651
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:473-487
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jesus Felipe
Author-X-Name-First: Jesus
Author-X-Name-Last: Felipe
Author-Name: Utsav Kumar
Author-X-Name-First: Utsav
Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar
Author-Name: Arnelyn Abdon
Author-X-Name-First: Arnelyn
Author-X-Name-Last: Abdon
Title: As You Sow So Shall You Reap: From Capabilities to Opportunities
Abstract:
Long-run growth is about the structural transformation (diversification
and upgrading) of the economy, itself a function of the accumulation of
capabilities that allows a country to produce new and more unique
products. In this paper, we develop an "Index of Opportunities" for 96
non-high-income countries. This Index summarises countries' capabilities
to undergo structural transformation, as captured by their export baskets.
It has four dimensions-sophistication, diversification, "standardness" and
possibilities for exporting new products with revealed comparative
advantage. We find that China, India, Poland, Thailand, Mexico and Brazil
rank high in the index. This means that these countries have accumulated
significant capabilities (as reflected in their export baskets) and hence
are well positioned for further economic transformation. At the other
extreme, Guinea, Malawi, Benin, Mauritania and Haiti score very poorly.
While both groups of countries need to focus policy on the development of
capabilities that facilitate structural transformation, the nature and
degree of policy support required are very different.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 488-515
Issue: 4
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.950560
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.950560
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:488-515
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Swagato Sarkar
Author-X-Name-First: Swagato
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarkar
Title: The Unique Identity (UID) Project, Biometrics and Re-Imagining Governance in India
Abstract:
At various points in its existence, the Indian state has deployed
technologies to govern the nation. Recently, the state has undertaken a
number of large-scale projects to make use of digital technology. The most
controversial of these is the Unique Identity (UID) project, which is
registering biometric, along with demographic, information about
residents. This paper seeks to understand what is at stake politically in
this technological intervention. It aims to explore the political logics
and consequences of such a biometric system. It argues that UID
re-imagines the economy and the state-citizen relationship as a series of
transactions. Theoretically, the main thrust of this paper is to
understand the "general economy of power", as Michel Foucault calls it,
which is unfolding in India around the issues of capitalist growth,
inequality, social protection and terrorism-and UID signals the
technological potential for the convergence of these concerns.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 516-533
Issue: 4
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.924493
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.924493
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:516-533
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mathias Kuepie
Author-X-Name-First: Mathias
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuepie
Author-Name: Michel Tenikue
Author-X-Name-First: Michel
Author-X-Name-Last: Tenikue
Author-Name: Samuel Nouetagni
Author-X-Name-First: Samuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Nouetagni
Author-Name: Nicaise Misangumukini
Author-X-Name-First: Nicaise
Author-X-Name-Last: Misangumukini
Title: Number, Age Composition and School Achievements of Siblings in Two African Capital Cities
Abstract:
This paper uses biographical data from Dakar and Yaound�, two large
African cities, to study the link between number of siblings and school
attainment. The data describe all fertility events experienced by parents
and the number of siblings of each child over time. The average family
size effect is estimated first. The family size effect at different ages
is then estimated. The results show that, in Dakar, both the overall and
age-specific effect of family size on education are negative and
statistically significant. In Yaound�, the overall effect is not
significant, but negative effects at some schooling ages (between 14 and
17) are observed in this study. Finally, the negative impact of family
size on school achievement seems to be driven more by elder siblings than
by younger ones.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 534-552
Issue: 4
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.902046
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.902046
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:534-552
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raymundo Miguel Campos-Vazquez
Author-X-Name-First: Raymundo Miguel
Author-X-Name-Last: Campos-Vazquez
Author-Name: Roberto Velez-Grajales
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Velez-Grajales
Title: Female Labour Supply and Intergenerational Preference Formation: Evidence for Mexico
Abstract:
Using a nationally representative sample for Mexico, we analyse the effect
of a husband having a working mother on the probability that he has a
working wife. Our results show that labour force participation by a
husband's mother increases the probability of the labour force
participation of his wife by 15 percentage points. The effect is mainly
driven by males with less than high school education. One possible
confounding factor is the effect of labour force participation of the
wife's mother on the wife's labour participation decision. However, in a
different sample, we do not find any effect of work force participation of
wives' mothers on wives' decisions to join the labour force. Finally, we
test the effect of work force participation by a husband's mother on the
husband's preferences regarding child-rearing practices. We find that
having a working mother strongly reduces the probability that daughters
will be tasked to care for siblings and fosters preferences for a more
egalitarian allocation of educational resources among children. Hence,
promoting female labour force participation can have important dynamic
implications, especially for developing countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 553-569
Issue: 4
Volume: 42
Year: 2014
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.900006
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.900006
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:42:y:2014:i:4:p:553-569
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maritza Paredes
Author-X-Name-First: Maritza
Author-X-Name-Last: Paredes
Author-Name: Rosemary Thorp
Author-X-Name-First: Rosemary
Author-X-Name-Last: Thorp
Title: The Persistence of Horizontal Inequalities and the Role of Policy: The Case of Peru
Abstract:
The paper studies a case of deeply embedded group or "horizontal"
inequalities, and asks why part of the reason for this persistence of
inequality appears to be that even well-intentioned policies that attempt
to improve the position of the most disadvantaged often fail to achieve
their goals. The paper investigates the role of the institutions
underpinning the implementation of policy and the responses of the
different actors, and explores how these often produce perverse results.
The case studied is Peru and the paper explores two instances of social
policy and one of land reform. The paper explores the relationships
between policy failure and group inequality. The paper concludes that if
policy failures left group inequalities even more deeply embedded, while
the embedding increased the likelihood of further failure, this would be a
significant vicious circle of underdevelopment.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-19
Issue: 1
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.975787
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.975787
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:1-19
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yonas Alem
Author-X-Name-First: Yonas
Author-X-Name-Last: Alem
Title: Poverty Persistence and Intra-Household Heterogeneity in Occupations: Evidence from Urban Ethiopia
Abstract:
Previous studies of poverty in developing countries have to a great extent
focussed on the characteristics of the household head and used these as
proxies for the underlying ability of the household to generate income.
This paper uses five rounds of panel data to investigate the persistence
of poverty in urban Ethiopia, with a particular focus on the role of
intra-household heterogeneity in occupations. Dynamic probit and system
generalised method of moments regression results suggest that
international remittances and labour market status of non-head household
members are important determinants of households' poverty status. Results
also show that controlling for these variables and the "initial conditions
problem" encountered in nonlinear dynamic probit models reduces the
magnitude of estimated poverty persistence significantly for urban
Ethiopia. These findings have important implications for identifying the
poor and formulating effective poverty reduction and targeting strategies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 20-43
Issue: 1
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.944123
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.944123
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:20-43
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Augustin Kwasi Fosu
Author-X-Name-First: Augustin Kwasi
Author-X-Name-Last: Fosu
Title: Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent Progress in a Global Context
Abstract:
The present study employs recent World Bank data to shed light, in a
global context, on the transformation of changes in income and inequality
into poverty reduction for a large number of countries in sub-Saharan
Africa (SSA). The study begins by discussing SSA's progress on poverty.
Next, it presents data on how various African countries have fared in
terms of the incidence of poverty relative to other countries, with
special emphasis on the period since the mid-1990s, when SSA generally
experienced a growth resurgence. The paper then decomposes performance on
poverty into changes in income and inequality for a sample of SSA
countries that have the requisite data. The paper finds that recent
progress on poverty has been considerable, in contrast to the earlier,
1980-early 1990s, period. Compared with the progress in a global sample of
countries, however, progress has been mixed: nonetheless, although African
countries lag behind the Brazil, India, China and Russia group of
countries as a whole, many of them have outperformed India. Furthermore,
while income growth is found to be the main engine for poverty reduction
in SSA in general, the role of inequality is crucial in certain countries.
Viewed in a global context, moreover, the low levels of income have
inhibited the effectiveness of income and inequality improvements in
reducing poverty in many African countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 44-59
Issue: 1
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.964195
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.964195
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:44-59
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann-Sofie Isaksson
Author-X-Name-First: Ann-Sofie
Author-X-Name-Last: Isaksson
Title: Unequal Property Rights: A Study of Land Right Inequalities in Rwanda
Abstract:
Most measures of inequality focus on the distribution of income and
resources. A potentially important additional source of inequality stems
from unequal property rights protection. The aim of the present paper was
to examine the existence and patterns of systematic within-country
inequalities in effective land rights in Rwanda. While a large qualitative
literature discusses the comparative land rights of different groups,
there is a lack of systematic quantitative evidence on the existence of
land right inequalities. The results of estimations drawing on data on the
land tenure arrangements of over 17000 Rwandan households do indeed
suggest within-country inequalities in land rights. In particular, despite
recent reform efforts to improve women's land rights, a gender gap in land
rights was observed that persisted throughout the 2005-2011 period
studied, highlighting that institutional development takes time and that
changes in de jure legislation do not automatically
translate into changes in effective rights. Moreover, conflict-displaced
households and households resettled to newly constructed village
settlements all report weaker land rights than their respective comparison
groups.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 60-83
Issue: 1
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.955466
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.955466
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:60-83
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Asad K. Ghalib
Author-X-Name-First: Asad K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghalib
Author-Name: Issam Malki
Author-X-Name-First: Issam
Author-X-Name-Last: Malki
Author-Name: Katsushi S. Imai
Author-X-Name-First: Katsushi S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Imai
Title: Microfinance and Household Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence from Rural Pakistan
Abstract:
This study examines whether household access to microfinance reduces
poverty in Pakistan and, if so, how and to what extent. It draws on
primary empirical data gathered by interviewing 1132 households, including
both borrower and non-borrower households, in 2008-2009. Sample selection
biases have been partially controlled for by using propensity score
matching. The study reveals that microfinance programmes had a positive
impact on the participating households. Poverty-reducing effects were
observed on a number of indicators, including expenditure on healthcare,
clothing and household income, and on certain dwelling characteristics,
such as water supply and the quality of roofing and walls.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 84-104
Issue: 1
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.980228
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.980228
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:84-104
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: S. Chandrasekhar
Author-X-Name-First: S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandrasekhar
Author-Name: Mousumi Das
Author-X-Name-First: Mousumi
Author-X-Name-Last: Das
Author-Name: Ajay Sharma
Author-X-Name-First: Ajay
Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma
Title: Short-term Migration and Consumption Expenditure of Households in Rural India
Abstract:
In 2007-2008, short-term migrants (STMs) constituted 4.35% of the rural
workforce in India and a total of 9.25 million rural households included
STMs. Using nationally representative data for rural India, this paper
examines differences in consumption expenditure across households with and
without a household member who is a STM. We use an instrumental variable
approach to control for the presence of a STM in a household. We find that
households with a STM have lower monthly per capita consumption
expenditure and monthly per capita food expenditure compared to households
without a STM. STMs are not unionised, they work in the unorganised
sector, they do not have written job contracts, and state governments are
yet to ensure that the legislation protecting them is properly enforced.
This could be one of the reasons why we do not observe higher levels of
expenditure in households with such migrants.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 105-122
Issue: 1
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.964194
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.964194
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:105-122
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rajesh S. N. Raj
Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh S. N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Raj
Author-Name: Kunal Sen
Author-X-Name-First: Kunal
Author-X-Name-Last: Sen
Title: Finance Constraints and Firm Transition in the Informal Sector: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the role of finance constraints in determining the
lack of transition of firms in India from very small family firms, which
are the predominant type of firms in the informal sector, into larger
informal firms that employ non-family labour. Using a rich firm-level
data-set drawn from nationally representative surveys of the Indian
informal manufacturing sector, this paper tests for the role played by
finance constraints in firm transition in the informal sector at the firm
and district level. There is evidence that the difficulty that firms face
in accessing external finance acts as a significant constraint to small
firm growth in the informal sector. Looking at data from India's
districts, it is found that the financial development in a given district
increases the likelihood that firms in the district will make the
transition from household enterprises into non-household enterprises.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 123-143
Issue: 1
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.972352
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.972352
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:1:p:123-143
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sripad Motiram
Author-X-Name-First: Sripad
Author-X-Name-Last: Motiram
Author-Name: Karthikeya Naraparaju
Author-X-Name-First: Karthikeya
Author-X-Name-Last: Naraparaju
Title: Growth and Deprivation in India: What does Recent Evidence Suggest on "Inclusiveness"?
Abstract:
We investigate the relationship between growth and deprivation in India,
an issue of immense interest. Given that there is continuing controversy
over poverty lines, we use a framework that rigorously addresses this
issue over a range of poverty lines. Using National Sample Surveys on
consumption expenditure, we show that while growth has "trickled down", it
has not benefited the poor sufficiently. Extending this framework, we show
that growth has not benefited the poor among disadvantaged caste groups
and lower classes adequately. Our findings raise concerns about the
"inclusiveness" of Indian growth. We discuss plausible explanations for
our findings and policy implications.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 145-164
Issue: 2
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.988693
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.988693
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:145-164
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarthak Gaurav
Author-X-Name-First: Sarthak
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaurav
Author-Name: Srijit Mishra
Author-X-Name-First: Srijit
Author-X-Name-Last: Mishra
Title: Farm Size and Returns to Cultivation in India: Revisiting an Old Debate
Abstract:
This paper revisits the long-debated question of the relationship between
farm size and productivity by studying the relationship between area
cultivated and net returns to cultivation in India using a nationally
representative data-set. The analysis is carried out separately for the
two major agricultural seasons, kharif and
rabi, and for both the seasons pooled together. Our
findings suggest the existence of an inverse relationship, even when we
control for a number of household and farm characteristics and even when
we treat factors such as household type (occupation), social group
(caste), agro-climatic zone (region) and agricultural season as fixed
effects. The result is also robust to correction for selection bias.
However, the efficiency of the smallholder as a result of this greater
productivity has to be treated with some caution as it ignores the low
absolute levels of their returns, which raise questions about the
sustainability of their livelihoods. This is further aggravated by the
fact that they pay relatively higher unit costs and because of their
greater dependence on purchased inputs.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 165-193
Issue: 2
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.982081
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.982081
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:165-193
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heather Plumridge Bedi
Author-X-Name-First: Heather Plumridge
Author-X-Name-Last: Bedi
Author-Name: Louise Tillin
Author-X-Name-First: Louise
Author-X-Name-Last: Tillin
Title: Inter-state Competition, Land Conflicts and Resistance in India
Abstract:
Literature on fiscal federalism has long debated whether
inter-jurisdictional competition between subnational units encourages a
"race to the bottom", with competition to attract mobile capital leading
to lower taxation and expenditure, and, consequently, the under-provision
of public goods. The principal concerns of this literature have been
taxation and expenditure, but the ability of state governments to acquire
land for industry is also critical in the context of subnational
competition. In this article, the authors ask how Indian state governments
resolve the tensions arising from their dual role as both wooer and
regulator of capital, as they simultaneously facilitate land acquisition
and engage with movements that challenge it. The authors demonstrate that
there is no simple "race to the bottom". Inter-state competition has not
produced a simple equation in favour of capital and a side-lining of the
concerns of those displaced. Subnational approaches to land acquisition
must be understood within local political, social and economic contexts.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 194-211
Issue: 2
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1035246
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1035246
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:194-211
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruno Martorano
Author-X-Name-First: Bruno
Author-X-Name-Last: Martorano
Author-Name: Marco Sanfilippo
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanfilippo
Title: Structural Change and Wage Inequality in the Manufacturing Sector: Long Run Evidence from East Asia
Abstract:
This paper analyses the long run determinants of wage inequality in the
manufacturing sector for a group of East Asian countries that have
experienced rapid structural transformations in recent decades. In line
with the skill biased technological change hypothesis, our results show
that within manufacturing structural change which fosters the
participation of higher skilled workers is a strong determinant of the
wage premium. However, the paper also highlights an unusual feature of the
East Asian model, showing how well-designed education policies, prudent
macroeconomic management and selective policies towards foreign capital
can help to buffer the pressure of structural change on wage inequality,
even in an open economy context.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 212-231
Issue: 2
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1028914
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1028914
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:212-231
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eva Yamila Catela
Author-X-Name-First: Eva Yamila
Author-X-Name-Last: Catela
Author-Name: Mario Cimoli
Author-X-Name-First: Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Cimoli
Author-Name: Gabriel Porcile
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel
Author-X-Name-Last: Porcile
Title: Productivity and Structural Heterogeneity in the Brazilian Manufacturing Sector: Trends and Determinants
Abstract:
Structural heterogeneity (SH)--i.e. the existence of marked asymmetries in
labour productivity among firms, along with low-productivity firms forming
a large share of total employment--plays an important role in development
theory. But only recently has the availability of micro data made the
rigorous measuring of SH possible. This paper makes compatible different
databases on manufacturing production, innovation and micro-social data
for Brazil--PIA, RAIS, Secex and PINTEC--for 2000-2008 in order to measure
SH and analyse its determinants. First, productivity groups are formed out
of the universe of Brazilian manufacturing firms using a k-mean cluster
methodology. Second, the variables affecting the productivity group to
which each firm belongs are tested using an ordered probit model. The
results indicate that increasing returns (captured by the firm's market
share, the number of employees in innovative activities, workers' years of
schooling and the accumulation of workers' experience), the technological
intensity of the industry, learning by exporting and public support to R&D
have driven productivity growth and reproduced SH through time, as
predicted by development and evolutionary theories.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 232-252
Issue: 2
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1020939
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1020939
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:232-252
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robin Grier
Author-X-Name-First: Robin
Author-X-Name-Last: Grier
Author-Name: Beatriz Maldonado
Author-X-Name-First: Beatriz
Author-X-Name-Last: Maldonado
Title: Electoral Experience, Institutional Quality and Economic Development in Latin America
Abstract:
In a panel of 18 Latin American countries from 1900 to 2007, we test the
degree to which institutions and geography affect country income. Using a
new instrument, we find strong evidence that both institutions and
geography are important determinants of country income. However, the
penalty for economically unfavourable geography is much smaller than the
potential benefits from good institutions. The coefficient estimates do
not vary significantly when there are changes in the number of countries
included in the analysis; the results for institutions are robust to the
inclusion of country-fixed effects.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 253-280
Issue: 2
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1025734
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1025734
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:2:p:253-280
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Kroll
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Kroll
Title: Global Development and Happiness: How Can Data on Subjective Well-Being Inform Development Theory and Practice?
Abstract:
While research on subjective well-being (SWB) has recently attracted much
attention in richer nations, its potential in a development context
remains underexploited. This paper, therefore, considers conventional
development theory through an SWB lens. The Human Development approach
with its three key elements of material conditions, health and education
is re-assessed by examining to what extent these factors actually matter
for people's life satisfaction in different nations. Using data from the
World Values Survey for 100 000 people from 70 nations, considerable
heterogeneity is identified and a new country ranking in the form of an
SWB-adjusted Human Development Index, or 'Happy Development Index', is
devised.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 281-309
Issue: 3
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1067293
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1067293
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:281-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sergio Tezanos V�zquez
Author-X-Name-First: Sergio
Author-X-Name-Last: Tezanos V�zquez
Title: Distributive Justice in Aid for Development
Abstract:
How should the aid financial burden be distributed across donor
governments? This article discusses the "distributive justice" of the
current aid-financing pattern, and advocates a progressive modality in
which citizens from donor countries with higher living standards
contribute proportionally more than citizens from countries with lower
living standards. For this purpose, we conceive public foreign aid as a
tax mechanism for redistributing income on a worldwide scale. The
progressivity analysis for 45 bilateral donors (28 DAC countries and 17
non-DAC donors) using concentration curves and Suits indexes between 2000
and 2012 shows that the current distribution of the aid burden is
insufficiently progressive (mainly due to the limited contributions of the
richer donors). Finally, we argue that a progressive exaction scheme will
improve the distributive justice of the aid system.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 310-329
Issue: 3
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1043180
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1043180
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:310-329
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Salim Lakha
Author-X-Name-First: Salim
Author-X-Name-Last: Lakha
Author-Name: Durgam Rajasekhar
Author-X-Name-First: Durgam
Author-X-Name-Last: Rajasekhar
Author-Name: Ramachandra Manjula
Author-X-Name-First: Ramachandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Manjula
Title: Collusion, Co-option and Capture: Social Accountability and Social Audits in Karnataka, India
Abstract:
The concept of accountability has generated extensive discussion in
studies of international development, linking it with good governance,
democratisation, participatory development and empowerment. India's
national rural employment guarantee scheme, which aims to improve the
rural infrastructure and reduce poverty by providing wage work to the
rural poor, involves mandatory social audit by the beneficiaries of the
scheme, in order to ensure accountability of those implementing the
scheme. In this paper, we examine the social audit process in a district
in the state of Karnataka to ascertain the role played by the
beneficiaries in achieving such accountability. We find that Vigilance and
Monitoring Committees, entrusted to spearhead the social audit process in
villages, consist mainly of males and cultivators, some of whom are large
landowners. We also find that social audits are dominated by the local
elite who stifle "voices" from below.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 330-348
Issue: 3
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1049136
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1049136
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:330-348
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gonne Beekman
Author-X-Name-First: Gonne
Author-X-Name-Last: Beekman
Author-Name: Erwin Bulte
Author-X-Name-First: Erwin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bulte
Title: A Note on Targeting by Predatory Leaders: Evidence from Rural Liberia
Abstract:
We consider the impact of rice-thieving chiefs on investments by
smallholder farmers in Liberia. In an earlier study, we found that chiefs
who steal reduce aggregate investment levels by villagers. In this paper,
we refine this result, and establish that predatory leadership only
matters for households with a different ethnic identity from the chief.
Co-ethnics of the chief are much less responsive to a context of
predation, suggesting that thieving leaders target individuals along
ethnic lines.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 349-360
Issue: 3
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1030379
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1030379
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:349-360
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Upasak Das
Author-X-Name-First: Upasak
Author-X-Name-Last: Das
Title: Rationing and Accuracy of Targeting in India: The Case of the Rural Employment Guarantee Act
Abstract:
Rationing and its implication on accuracy of targeting of benefits to the
intended beneficiaries in an anti-poverty programme is an essential
component of its evaluation. Taking nationally representative data for
2009-2010 and 2011-2012, this paper evaluates the performance of the Rural
Employment Guarantee Act in India in terms of targeting of benefits to the
poorer households. It attempts to find if households, which did not get
work after demanding are poorer than the ones, who got work and then
explores, if the non-poor households got work for higher number of days
under the programme in comparison to the poorer ones. Findings from the
regressions, which control for the potential sample selection bias show
that the poorer households in terms of monthly consumption expenditure
have lesser probability of getting work in both the years, though traces
of improvement in targeting is observed in 2011-2012. Poorer households
are also found to be significantly associated with lower days of work in
2009-2010 compared to the relatively better-off ones. The results lay
emphasis on the need to reduce rationing and generate awareness on the
basic entitlements of the programme along with higher accountability and
vigilance for better targeting.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 361-378
Issue: 3
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1042445
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1042445
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:361-378
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anindita Chakrabarti
Author-X-Name-First: Anindita
Author-X-Name-Last: Chakrabarti
Author-Name: Anand Shankar
Author-X-Name-First: Anand
Author-X-Name-Last: Shankar
Title: Determinants of Health Insurance Penetration in India: An Empirical Analysis
Abstract:
Insufficient participation of the government in the provision of health
care services to the people puts tremendous pressure on households
financing their health care expenditure from private sources. Health
insurance can be seen as an effective measure to circumvent this problem.
However, penetration of health insurance in India is very low. This
article seeks to explore the effect of household assets, access to media
demographic and caste profile of households in explaining the use of
health insurance in India using data from the National Family Health
Survey-III. Results suggest that richer households have a higher
probability of enrolling into health insurance and access to media exerts
a positive significant impact on health insurance enrolment. Particularly
vulnerable are those from the scheduled tribe background in both rural and
urban region and the Muslim community residing in urban area. Non-profit
insurance scheme such as community-based health insurance (CBHI) has
limited success in drawing people from the poorest economic status into
their safety nets. Considerable regional disparity exists in terms of
health insurance enrolment pattern. Odds of enrolling in private health
insurance and public health insurance in comparison to no insurance are
significantly higher for urban region. The opposite result holds for CBHI
scheme.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 379-401
Issue: 3
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1057116
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1057116
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:3:p:379-401
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Astghik Mavisakalyan
Author-X-Name-First: Astghik
Author-X-Name-Last: Mavisakalyan
Title: Gender in Language and Gender in Employment
Abstract:
Women lag behind men in many domains. Feminist scholars have proposed that
sex-based grammatical systems in languages reinforce traditional
conceptions of gender roles, which in turn contribute to disadvantaging
women. This article evaluates the empirical plausibility of this claim in
the context of women's labour market outcomes. Based on a sample of over
100 countries, the analysis shows that places where the majority language
is gender-intensive have lower participation of women in the labour force.
Individual-level estimates further underscore this finding and indicate a
higher prevalence of gender-discriminatory attitudes among speakers of
gender-intensive languages.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 403-424
Issue: 4
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1045857
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1045857
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:403-424
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mrittika Shamsuddin
Author-X-Name-First: Mrittika
Author-X-Name-Last: Shamsuddin
Title: Labour Market Effects of a Female Stipend Programme in Bangladesh
Abstract:
Bangladesh's female secondary education stipend programme was one of the
first conditional cash transfer programmes in the world. While numerous
studies have investigated the impacts of such programmes on school
enrolment, attendance and learning, less attention has been paid to their
long-term labour market effects. This article extends the literature by
studying the effects of Bangladesh's programme on earnings and the sector
of employment, as well as on labour force participation and education
outcomes, using repeated cross-sectional data in a
difference-in-difference framework. We find that exposure to 5 years of
the programme is be associated with a 1-year increase in education level
completed and an increase in female labour force participation by six
percentage points. However, we find that wages decrease by about 17%
because the women have difficulties in finding a good job and end up in
low productivity self-employment work.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 425-447
Issue: 4
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1056133
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1056133
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:425-447
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sharmistha Self
Author-X-Name-First: Sharmistha
Author-X-Name-Last: Self
Title: Boys' versus Girls' Schooling in Nepal: Does It Vary by the Extent of Mothers' Autonomy?
Abstract:
This paper hypothesises that resource allocation affecting the decisions
relating to sons' versus daughters' schooling in Nepalese households is
dependent on the extent of the mother's autonomy. Here, we posit that
women's autonomy is a relative concept as a woman has degrees of
decision-making power within her household. The results indicate that
daughters' education is more likely to benefit when mothers solely make
the decisions, but when decisions are made jointly with her spouse then
the decisions are more likely to be in favour of sons' education. Our
results indicate a marked gender difference in parental decisions over
children's education, in the direction posited above, and less than 10% of
mothers in the sample have complete autonomy over such decision-making.
These results are important for policy-makers wishing to decrease gender
bias in children's educational outcomes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 448-465
Issue: 4
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1044512
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1044512
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:448-465
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arindam Nandi
Author-X-Name-First: Arindam
Author-X-Name-Last: Nandi
Title: The Unintended Effects of a Ban on Sex-Selective Abortion on Infant Mortality: Evidence from India
Abstract:
India has long struggled with persistent problems of sex-selective
abortions and the neglect of female children. In 1996, the Pre-Natal
Diagnostics Techniques Act was implemented to stop the practices of
prenatal sex determination and selective abortions. This paper examines
whether the law has been effective in reducing gender imbalance, and in
turn potentially exacerbated post-natal discrimination against newborn
girls. Using retrospective birth history data from the Indian District
Level Household Survey (2002-2004), we exploit a natural experiment
involving a variation in the timing of the law across states. We analyse
the differential impact of the law on newborn sex ratios and infant
mortality rates. Our findings indicate that the law significantly
increased the likelihood of a female birth, improving female-to-male sex
ratios at birth. We also find that it was generally associated with no
change in the relative mortality of infant girls.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 466-482
Issue: 4
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2014.973390
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2014.973390
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:466-482
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Indunil De Silva
Author-X-Name-First: Indunil
Author-X-Name-Last: De Silva
Author-Name: Sudarno Sumarto
Author-X-Name-First: Sudarno
Author-X-Name-Last: Sumarto
Title: How do Educational Transfers Affect Child Labour Supply and Expenditures? Evidence from Indonesia of Impact and Flypaper Effects
Abstract:
This study utilises a large nationally representative household survey of
unusual scope and richness from Indonesia to analyse how the receipt of
educational transfers, scholarships and related assistance programmes
affects the labour supply of children and the marginal spending behaviour
of households on children's educational goods. We found strong evidence of
educational cash transfers and related assistance programmes significantly
decreasing the time spent by children in income-generating activities in
Indonesia. Households receiving educational transfers, scholarships and
assistance were also found to spend more at the margin on voluntary
educational goods. These results were stronger for children living in poor
families. Our results are particularly relevant for understanding the role
of cash transfers and educational assistance in middle-income countries
where enrolment rates are already at satisfactory levels, but the
challenge is to keep the students in school at post-primary levels.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 483-507
Issue: 4
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1032232
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1032232
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:483-507
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Mussa
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Mussa
Title: The Effects of Educational Externalities on Maize Production in Rural Malawi
Abstract:
The paper looks at the existence, nature and form of intra- and
inter-household externalities of education on productivity, efficiency and
uncertainty of maize production in rural Malawi. Data from the Third
Integrated Household Survey are used. I find statistically and
economically significant positive intra- and inter-household externalities
from education on all three elements, and that intra-household externality
effects are larger than inter-household externality ones. Community-level
schooling is found to substitute for household-level schooling in the
sense that farmers who reside in households where members are not educated
nevertheless have relatively higher production and lower production
uncertainty, on account of living in communities where some inhabitants
are educated. The paper also finds that the intra- and inter-household
externality effects are more pronounced for the least efficient farmers,
that they are monotonic and that they are largest when average household
schooling is relatively low.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 508-532
Issue: 4
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1046826
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1046826
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:508-532
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maryann Bylander
Author-X-Name-First: Maryann
Author-X-Name-Last: Bylander
Title: Credit as Coping: Rethinking Microcredit in the Cambodian Context
Abstract:
This article explores the uses and meanings of microcredit in one
Cambodian community, drawing on qualitative research to argue that what it
is claimed that microcredit provides is substantively different from what
it means in practice for many rural Cambodian borrowers. In particular, my
findings suggest three key disconnects between the rhetoric and reality of
microlending. First, while microfinance institutions (MFIs) assert that
loans are used for and repaid via microenterprise, my data suggest that
loans are primarily used for a variety of non-productive purposes, and are
most frequently repaid through wage labour both within and outside the
country. Second, whereas MFIs assert that microcredit offers a substitute
for high-interest informal loans, in practice microcredit is often used
alongside informal credit and drives the need for higher-interest informal
borrowing. Third, whereas loans are argued to offer proactive ways of
livelihood improvement, in practice borrowers often struggle to repay
loans, and debt can substantively heighten vulnerabilities. These findings
challenge the primary goals and stated expectations of microcredit, and
raise questions about the potential of microcredit as a development
strategy in the Cambodian context.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 533-553
Issue: 4
Volume: 43
Year: 2015
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1064880
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1064880
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:43:y:2015:i:4:p:533-553
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valerie Mueller
Author-X-Name-First: Valerie
Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller
Author-Name: Lucy Billings
Author-X-Name-First: Lucy
Author-X-Name-Last: Billings
Author-Name: Tewodaj Mogues
Author-X-Name-First: Tewodaj
Author-X-Name-Last: Mogues
Author-Name: Amber Peterman
Author-X-Name-First: Amber
Author-X-Name-Last: Peterman
Author-Name: Ayala Wineman
Author-X-Name-First: Ayala
Author-X-Name-Last: Wineman
Title: Filling the legal void? Impacts of a community-based legal aid program on women’s land-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices
Abstract:
Securing women’s property rights improves overall welfare. While governments in Africa often make provisions for gender-equal legal rights, the dichotomy between de jure and customary practices remains. Community-based legal aid (CBLA) has been promoted to address this chasm through provision of free legal aid and education. We evaluate a one-year CBLA program in Tanzania using a randomized controlled trial. Results show women in treatment communities had higher exposure to legal services and increased their legal knowledge. Women who had access to a trained voluntary paralegal experienced a 0.31 standard deviation increase in a legal service index, and a 0.20 standard deviation increase in an index documenting their knowledge of land-related regulations. These changes were, however, insufficient to shift women’s attitudes or result in more favorable gendered land practices. Estimates by village size and progressiveness reveal that transaction costs and social context influence program success.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 453-469
Issue: 4
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1414174
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1414174
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:453-469
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra F. Joireman
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Joireman
Title: Protecting future rights for future citizens: children’s property rights in fragile environments
Abstract:
The property rights of children is an understudied area that straddles the development/humanitarian divide. Access to assets is important to the livelihood choices and economic well-being of adults. Yet, adults’ ability to claim property can be significantly impaired by humanitarian emergencies that occurred in their youth. We typically do not think of children as economic actors because of their age; their property rights are future rights not yet realized. This paper addresses the future rights to property held by children and examines how fragile environments, characterized by conflict, displacement and disease, can undermine their ability to claim those rights when they become adults, thus depriving them of assets. We identify two types of responses that can begin to address this problem: (1) legal changes to protect children’s assets when guardianship is lost; and (2) actions that can be taken by humanitarian organizations to identify children’s assets and protect them through conflict and displacement. This is a particularly salient topic at the current time when the numbers of displaced people are higher than any time previously recorded, and half of the displaced are children.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 470-482
Issue: 4
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1416073
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1416073
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:470-482
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ling Yee Khor
Author-X-Name-First: Ling Yee
Author-X-Name-Last: Khor
Author-Name: Susanne Ufer
Author-X-Name-First: Susanne
Author-X-Name-Last: Ufer
Author-Name: Thea Nielsen
Author-X-Name-First: Thea
Author-X-Name-Last: Nielsen
Author-Name: Manfred Zeller
Author-X-Name-First: Manfred
Author-X-Name-Last: Zeller
Title: Impact of risk aversion on fertiliser use: evidence from Vietnam
Abstract:
Fake or substandard fertiliser is a growing concern in many countries. Even in places not affected by fertiliser quality problems, uncertainty could arise due to weather variability, soil quality, or doubts about the effectiveness of fertiliser in general. Past literature has shown that risk aversion leads to lower fertiliser use and farmers become less risk averse as they become wealthier. We build upon this literature by showing that the marginal effect itself might not be the same for farmers of different wealth levels either. In our study, the measures of risk aversion were elicited from two different techniques: a self-assessment question and a lottery game. Results from regression analysis show that the marginal effect of risk aversion on fertiliser use depends on the wealth levels of farmers. Low-wealth farmers reduce their fertiliser intensity when their risk aversion increases. The marginal effect for high-wealth farmers is insignificant.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 483-496
Issue: 4
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1445212
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1445212
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:483-496
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thiagu Ranganathan
Author-X-Name-First: Thiagu
Author-X-Name-Last: Ranganathan
Author-Name: Ram Ranjan
Author-X-Name-First: Ram
Author-X-Name-Last: Ranjan
Author-Name: Deepa Pradhan
Author-X-Name-First: Deepa
Author-X-Name-Last: Pradhan
Title: Water scarcity and livelihoods in Bihar and West Bengal, India
Abstract:
Through a cross-sectional survey of 1600 households, we analyse the impact of water scarcity on livelihood patterns of rural households in three districts of Bihar and West Bengal. We find significant correlation between water scarcity and livelihood profiles. Households involved in farming and rural labour, or a mix of farming, rural labour and enterprises, earn 30–50% less than what they would have earned through alternative livelihoods. Yet, 50% of the sampled households were engaged in farming and rural labour. When accounting for endogeneity, urban migration provides much higher returns compared to rural labour supply or entrepreneurship.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 497-518
Issue: 4
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1447097
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1447097
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:497-518
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Verónica Amarante
Author-X-Name-First: Verónica
Author-X-Name-Last: Amarante
Author-Name: Nincen Figueroa
Author-X-Name-First: Nincen
Author-X-Name-Last: Figueroa
Author-Name: Heidi Ullman
Author-X-Name-First: Heidi
Author-X-Name-Last: Ullman
Title: Inequalities in the reduction of child stunting over time in Latin America: evidence from the DHS 2000–2010
Abstract:
This article analyses the evolution of child stunting in seven Latin American countries during the 2000s, based on repeated cross-sections of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). The incidence of stunting differs from country to country, ranging from 27% in the Plurinational State of Bolivia to 6% in Brazil. The largest reduction in stunting took place in Peru, where it declined from 28% in 2007 to 18% in 2012. The decrease in Haiti is also noteworthy, from 29% in 2006 to 21% in 2012. Although all countries were able to reduce the incidence of child stunting, inequalities in child stunting evolved differently. Whereas in Brazil and Colombia inequality in child stunting decreased, in Peru and Bolivia it rose. In the rest of the countries, improvements in child stunting took place jointly with no statistically significant change in its inequality. Results from the decomposition analysis indicate that the unequal distribution in stunting is accounted mainly by the wealth index, and to a lesser extent, by maternal characteristics such as weight, education, and children ever born. Factors such as breastfeeding and diarrhoea exert smaller effects. In all countries, inequality in wealth was the main contributor to changes in stunting inequality, with equalizing or un-equalizing effects depending on the country.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 519-535
Issue: 4
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1461821
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1461821
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:519-535
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diego Maiorano
Author-X-Name-First: Diego
Author-X-Name-Last: Maiorano
Author-Name: Upasak Das
Author-X-Name-First: Upasak
Author-X-Name-Last: Das
Author-Name: Silvia Masiero
Author-X-Name-First: Silvia
Author-X-Name-Last: Masiero
Title: Decentralisation, clientelism and social protection programmes: a study of India’s MGNREGA
Abstract:
Does decentralisation promote clientelism? If yes, through which mechanisms? We answer these questions through an analysis of India’s (and the world’s) largest workfare programme, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), in two Indian states: Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh (AP). The two states adopted radically different implementation models: Rajasthan’s decentralised one stands in contrast with Andhra Pradesh’s centralised and bureaucracy-led model. Using a mixed method approach, we find that in both states local implementers have incentives to distribute MGNREGA work in a clientelistic fashion. However, in Rajasthan, these incentives are stronger, because of the decentralised implementation model. Accordingly, our quantitative evidence shows that clientelism is more serious a problem in Rajasthan than in AP.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 536-549
Issue: 4
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1467391
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1467391
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:4:p:536-549
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: The Sanjaya Lall Prize 2015
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: (iii)-(iii)
Issue: 2
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1169015
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1169015
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:(iii)-(iii)
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tony Castleman
Author-X-Name-First: Tony
Author-X-Name-Last: Castleman
Title: The role of human recognition in development
Abstract:
This paper introduces the concept of human recognition and examines its role in development. Human recognition is defined as the extent to which an individual is acknowledged by others to be of inherent value by virtue of being a fellow human being. A review of literature in various disciplines on related concepts helps to establish the foundation for the study of human recognition and to distinguish it from other concepts. The paper describes human recognition, the domains in which individuals receive it, and its psychic and material effects on well-being. Human recognition influences development outcomes and, conversely, development programmes and policies can influence human recognition through the content of interventions and through how interventions are implemented. By defining human recognition and analyzing its role in economic development, the paper identifies and examines an aspect of development that has not been directly studied before.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 135-151
Issue: 2
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1109615
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1109615
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:135-151
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Niaz Asadullah
Author-X-Name-First: M. Niaz
Author-X-Name-Last: Asadullah
Title: Trust, trustworthiness, and traditional Islamic education
Abstract:
This paper examines traditional Islamic school (i.e. madrasah) attendance as a determinant of social attitudes among secondary-schooled adolescents in rural Bangladesh. Although both recognized and traditional madrasah-enrolled adolescents show greater support for charity, we find no evidence that traditional madrasah attendance promotes “trust in others”. Attendance at recognized madrasahs, which use a state-approved curriculum, however, significantly increases social trust. The madrasah–trust connection is not explained by the role of teachers’ attitudes towards trust or professional background. Nor do we find evidence that the absence of an effect of traditional madrasah attendance on social trust is driven by their geographic locations. Given the differences between the two groups in terms of stated social preferences, our analysis warns against the practice of lumping state-recognized madrasahs and traditional madrasahs into one category.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 152-166
Issue: 2
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1104294
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1104294
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:152-166
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Iris Goensch
Author-X-Name-First: Iris
Author-X-Name-Last: Goensch
Title: Formal school or Koranic school? Determinants of school type choice in Senegal
Abstract:
This paper uses data from a novel household survey from the northernmost region of Senegal, Saint-Louis, in order to jointly analyse enrolment in formal and Koranic schools. The data-set includes detailed information on the education and current enrolment status of all household members. In the sample, 20% of children aged 6–14 are not enrolled in any type of school, while the majority (43%) are enrolled in both a formal and a Koranic school. Multinomial logit techniques are employed to jointly analyse enrolment in formal and Koranic schools. Specifically, these models allow for the possibility that a child combines formal and Koranic schooling. Results indicate that younger children and boys seem to favour Koranic schools, while older children and girls are more likely to attend a formal school. These results contribute towards explaining gender equality in Senegalese primary education that stands in sharp contrast to a general disadvantage of girls in other West African countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 167-188
Issue: 2
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1119262
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1119262
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:167-188
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ronald U. Mendoza
Author-X-Name-First: Ronald U.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mendoza
Author-Name: Edsel L. Beja
Author-X-Name-First: Edsel L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Beja
Author-Name: Victor S. Venida
Author-X-Name-First: Victor S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Venida
Author-Name: David B. Yap
Author-X-Name-First: David B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Yap
Title: Political dynasties and poverty: measurement and evidence of linkages in the Philippines
Abstract:
Political dynasty refers to a situation in which an incumbent official has at least one relative in elected office in the past or the present government. In the Philippines, for example, political dynasties comprise over 70% of its Congress. The impact of political dynasties on socioeconomic outcomes such as poverty is an important empirical question (do political dynasties exacerbate poverty?), and this paper presents some evidence. The analysis of data from the Philippines finds a worsening effect of political dynasties on poverty in provinces outside Luzon.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 189-201
Issue: 2
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1169264
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1169264
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:189-201
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mathias Kuépié
Author-X-Name-First: Mathias
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuépié
Author-Name: Michel Tenikue
Author-X-Name-First: Michel
Author-X-Name-Last: Tenikue
Author-Name: Olivier J. Walther
Author-X-Name-First: Olivier J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Walther
Title: Social networks and small business performance in West African border regions
Abstract:
This paper studies the links between economic performance and social networks in West Africa. Using data collected on 358 small-scale traders in five border markets, we show that social networks can be simultaneously a resource which positively contributes to labour market outcomes and a social burden that has a negative economic impact. Testing the effect of social networks between small traders and three categories of actors, we find that the most well-connected actors are also the most successful in terms of monthly profit. The effects of social networks are, however, dependent on the type of persons with whom traders are connected. We show that support received from state representatives and politicians is converted into economic performance, while the impact of law enforcement officers on the monthly profits of traders is not significant. We also find that interacting with traditional religious leaders has a negative effect on economic performance. Our work has two implications: Firstly, collecting data on social networks remains challenging due to endogeneity. Secondly, network-enhancing policies should aim at improving both the internal connectivity of economic actors at the local level and their external connectivity with the rest of the world.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 202-219
Issue: 2
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1082540
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1082540
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:202-219
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jean-Francois Trani
Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Francois
Author-X-Name-Last: Trani
Author-Name: Jill Kuhlberg
Author-X-Name-First: Jill
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuhlberg
Author-Name: Timothy Cannings
Author-X-Name-First: Timothy
Author-X-Name-Last: Cannings
Author-Name: Dilbal Chakkal
Author-X-Name-First: Dilbal
Author-X-Name-Last: Chakkal
Title: Multidimensional poverty in Afghanistan: who are the poorest of the poor?
Abstract:
Taking a capability approach perspective, our paper aims at advancing our understanding of poverty in Afghanistan, and at identifying the most deprived, including persons with disabilities, in order to address the first Sustainable Development Goal to eradicate poverty in all its forms. We used data from a national survey carried out in Afghanistan in 2005. We calculated one index using two weights structures, the adjusted headcount ratio, part of the multidimensional poverty measures. Following a participatory process, we identified and validated 13 indicators clustered in seven dimensions of poverty, including three usually neglected dimensions. Findings suggest that exploring various domains of deprivation would better inform poverty eradication policies than an approach focused only on income. Our results also demonstrate that nearly all Afghan adults are deprived in at least one dimension and those residing in rural areas, from minority ethnic groups, women, elderly people and persons disabled at birth or of an unknown cause are the poorest of the poor. Efforts to improve well-being must acknowledge these inequalities so that public policies in Afghanistan aiming at alleviating poverty take these disparities into account, when facing a reduction in available resources.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 220-245
Issue: 2
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1160042
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1160042
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:220-245
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Monica Jain
Author-X-Name-First: Monica
Author-X-Name-Last: Jain
Title: Public pre-schooling and maternal labour force participation in rural India
Abstract:
Mothers from poor families in India have a compelling need to work, but childcare for their young children is a constraint. Public day-care implicit in pre-schooling is provided by India’s largest child development programme, which also provides other services, including supplementary feeding, immunisation and health check-ups. Using logit, covariate matching and village-fixed effects methods, I find that in rural India a mother whose child is receiving any of the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) services intensely is 15% more likely to work. Among the various pathways, it seems that this effect is driven mainly by the day-care implicit in pre-schooling for their children. There is also some evidence of child health benefits through immunisation and health check-ups received at the ICDS centre which affect mothers’ likelihood to work.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 246-263
Issue: 2
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1082998
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1082998
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:2:p:246-263
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jo Boyce
Author-X-Name-First: Jo
Author-X-Name-Last: Boyce
Title: New Editor for Oxford Development Studies
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-1
Issue: 1
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1276269
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1276269
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:1-1
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peggy Levitt
Author-X-Name-First: Peggy
Author-X-Name-Last: Levitt
Author-Name: Jocelyn Viterna
Author-X-Name-First: Jocelyn
Author-X-Name-Last: Viterna
Author-Name: Armin Mueller
Author-X-Name-First: Armin
Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller
Author-Name: Charlotte Lloyd
Author-X-Name-First: Charlotte
Author-X-Name-Last: Lloyd
Title: Transnational social protection: setting the agenda
Abstract:
Social welfare has long been considered something which states provide to its citizens. Yet today 220 million people live in a country in which they do not hold citizenship. How are people on the move protected and provided for in the contemporary global context? Have institutional sources of social welfare begun to cross borders to meet the needs of individuals who live transnational lives? This introductory paper proposes a transnational social protection (TSP) research agenda designed to map the kinds of protections which exist for people on the move, determine how these protections travel across borders, and analyze variations in access to these protections. We define TSP; introduce the heuristic tool of a ‘resource environment’ to map and analyze variations in TSP over time, through space, and across individuals; and provide empirical examples demonstrating the centrality of TSP for scholars of states, social welfare, development, and migration.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 2-19
Issue: 1
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1239702
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1239702
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:2-19
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Faist
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Faist
Title: Transnational social protection in Europe: a social inequality perspective
Abstract:
The provision of social protection, especially among migrants, often occurs across the borders of nation-states. More generally, cross-border migration is itself a strategy to reduce risks and threats and may lead to additional employment and social protection. Examining migration is particularly important because it links the disparate, fragmented worlds of unequal life chances and social protection. This analysis asks how efforts to provide social protection for cross-border migrants in the European Union (EU) reinforce existing inequalities (e.g. between regions or within households), and lead to new types of inequalities. Social protection in the EU falls predominantly under the purview of individual member states; hence, frictions between different protection systems and informal social protection are particularly apparent in the case of cross-border flows of people and resources. In order to understand the social protection process, we consider various realms of provision together – state, markets, civil society and families, and formal and informal types of social protection. Using this grid we detail the social mechanisms operative in cross-border forms of social protection, in particular, exclusion, opportunity hoarding, hierarchization, and exploitation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 20-32
Issue: 1
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1193128
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1193128
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ruxandra Paul
Author-X-Name-First: Ruxandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Paul
Title: Welfare without borders: unpacking the bases of transnational social protection for international migrants
Abstract:
Hannah Arendt famously defined citizenship as ‘the right to have rights.’ While states have special obligations towards citizens, which typically include some level of social protection, their general obligations towards non-citizens derive from the international human rights regime and do not include social security access. Yet, many countries provide social protection to non-citizens, including welfare benefits. Others extend coverage to extra-territorial citizens. What explains this puzzling expansion of social protection for international migrants? This article investigates the bases upon which states establish and legitimize transnational social protection (TSP). Findings suggest that, despite international norms, states have not extended social rights to non-citizens on the basis of personhood and non-discrimination. Instead, formal resource environments depend on migrant worker status within regions with integrated economies. TSP develops as countries establish supranational labour markets. Within these, migrants rely on their rights-conferring worker status (economic rather than political membership) to prove eligibility and access benefits. By increasing intra-market labour migration, which produces new development opportunities as well as new risks, economic integration becomes the catalyst for TSP.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 33-46
Issue: 1
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1271868
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1271868
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:33-46
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erica Dobbs
Author-X-Name-First: Erica
Author-X-Name-Last: Dobbs
Author-Name: Peggy Levitt
Author-X-Name-First: Peggy
Author-X-Name-Last: Levitt
Title: The missing link? The role of sub-national governance in transnational social protections
Abstract:
Much of the existing literature on social protection for immigrants focuses on what people do as individuals and households or on national policy. However, there is a third set of actors which deserves attention: sub-national and local governments. Drawing comparisons both within and between the United States and Spain, this article analyzes the extent to which sub-national governments step in when national policies block immigrant access to healthcare. Using cross-national surveys, national and sub-national data, we find that sub-national governments often provide some level of social protection, even in the case of undocumented immigrants. However, their responses vary significantly and are not easily explained by left-right political divides, changes in levels of diversity, or the relative political power of immigrants. Future work is needed not only to explain variations in non-citizen health coverage policies at the sub-national level in receiving countries, but also to offer a more complete picture of immigrant resource environments through a parallel analysis of sending-state social protection policies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 47-63
Issue: 1
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1271867
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1271867
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:47-63
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amiya Bhatia
Author-X-Name-First: Amiya
Author-X-Name-Last: Bhatia
Author-Name: Jacqueline Bhabha
Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline
Author-X-Name-Last: Bhabha
Title: India’s Aadhaar scheme and the promise of inclusive social protection
Abstract:
This paper examines the promise of inclusive social protection central to India’s Aadhaar scheme, a national initiative using biometric information to allocate unique identification numbers to Indian residents. Aadhaar has reached over one billion people and promises to expand access to basic identification, improve enrolment in social protection and financial inclusion schemes, curb leakages, reduce corruption and address other gaps in India’s social protection architecture. However, the establishment of a national identification scheme does not of itself guarantee social protection. This paper assesses Aadhaar’s aims to achieve inclusive social protection through personal, civic, functional and entrepreneurial inclusion, and explores whether Aadhaar indeed fulfils these goals. Although it is too early conclusively to evaluate Aadhaar as a transformative contributor to social protection in India, there is much to be learned for transnational social protection from the scheme’s efforts to create a more inclusive system and to address the critical questions of privacy and state surveillance at stake.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 64-79
Issue: 1
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1263726
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1263726
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:64-79
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ernestina Dankyi
Author-X-Name-First: Ernestina
Author-X-Name-Last: Dankyi
Author-Name: Valentina Mazzucato
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina
Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzucato
Author-Name: Takyiwaa Manuh
Author-X-Name-First: Takyiwaa
Author-X-Name-Last: Manuh
Title: Reciprocity in global social protection: providing care for migrants’ children
Abstract:
Migration research tends to conceptualize migrants as providers of social protection for people back home. Yet the care conducted within transnational families and the way it is organized is an integral part of a global social protection system which is based on reciprocity between migrants and their families in their home countries. This system relies on the work of people back home just as much as on the remittances of migrants overseas. Drawing on ethnographic data from 34 caregivers, we provide a detailed description of the work conducted by people in Ghana to care for migrants’ children and analyze what caregivers do to make this work possible. We find that caregivers have small networks of support they can rely on and identify the strategies they develop when remittances are not forthcoming or enough to cater for the material needs of migrants’ children.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 80-95
Issue: 1
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1124078
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1124078
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:80-95
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kathleen Sexsmith
Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen
Author-X-Name-Last: Sexsmith
Title: ‘But we can’t call 911’: undocumented immigrant farmworkers and access to social protection in New York
Abstract:
This paper analyzes access to healthcare for undocumented Mexican and Central American immigrant farmworkers who live and work in New York dairies. It assesses the regulatory framework – the conjuncture of immigration, employment, and occupational safety and health laws – which results in workers’ exposure to workplace safety and health risks. It also analyzes their healthcare resource environments, meaning whether and how they gain access to medical services from actors in the public, private, third-party, and informal sectors. The paper finds that there exist significant gaps and contingencies in undocumented dairy farmworkers’ resource environments, and that informal networks largely shape their access to the limited available public and third-party healthcare services available. Findings are based on 43 semi-structured interviews with undocumented dairy farmworkers and participant observation on farms.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 96-111
Issue: 1
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1193130
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1193130
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:1:p:96-111
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erika Bockstael
Author-X-Name-First: Erika
Author-X-Name-Last: Bockstael
Author-Name: Krushil Watene
Author-X-Name-First: Krushil
Author-X-Name-Last: Watene
Title: Indigenous peoples and the capability approach: taking stock
Abstract:
Ideas about how development is conceived, designed and implemented play an important role in determining whether and how indigenous peoples are able to pursue and realize self-determination. According to the human development and capability approach, people are the ends and means of development, understood as the expansion of capabilities people have reason to value. While conversations between the capability approach and indigenous communities are growing, the literature remains disparate and (largely) unpublished. The papers included in the first section of this special issue explore indigenous values as they apply to nature, the concept of indigenous autonomy in international law, as well as the realities of indigenous communities in Latin America, New Zealand and Australia. The second group of papers explores the usefulness of the human development and capability approach for indigenous peoples. The conclusions in this special issue range from the contention that the capability approach has severe limitations, to the contention that the approach provides helpful tools and insights.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 265-270
Issue: 3
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1204435
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1204435
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:265-270
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roger Merino
Author-X-Name-First: Roger
Author-X-Name-Last: Merino
Title: An alternative to ‘alternative development’?: and human development in Andean countries
Abstract:
In Bolivia and Ecuador the concept of Buen vivir, based on indigenous cosmologies, has been formulated by indigenous organisations as an alternative paradigm to mainstream development theory. It has also inspired environmentalist movements in their struggle for a different environmental governance beyond extractivism, and it has been appropriated by national governments to justify economic and social policies and their political agendas. In Peru, Buen vivir is emerging as a political project to express ecological concerns, as well as self-determination, territoriality and cultural rights of indigenous peoples. In these experiences the formulation and implementation of Buen vivir is a complex and contentious process which expresses the tensions and dynamics between indigenous politics and the political economy of extraction. This article explores the different meanings of Buen vivir in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru and the struggle of indigenous peoples to re-appropriate the concept which has been co-opted by the state using conventional views of development. We argue that Buen vivir serves as a political platform on the basis of which different social movements articulate social and ecological demands based on indigenous principles, in order to challenge the economic and political fundamentals of the state and the current theory, politics and policy-making of development.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 271-286
Issue: 3
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1144733
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1144733
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:271-286
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Krushil Watene
Author-X-Name-First: Krushil
Author-X-Name-Last: Watene
Title: Valuing nature: Māori philosophy and the capability approach
Abstract:
Can the capability approach to well-being and development capture the way nature is valued within “Mātauranga Māori” (the philosophies of the indigenous peoples of Aotearoa/New Zealand)? This paper argues that current articulations of the capability approach, despite encouraging and requiring cross-cultural dialogue, are unable to include Māori values as they apply to nature. Māori values express a relationship with nature grounded in the physical and spiritual dimensions of “whakapapa” (genealogy). Such an approach differs markedly from that which values nature in light of human agency (as Amartya Sen’s theory does) or dignity (as Martha Nussbaum’s theory does). For the purposes of this paper, this difference highlights the need to create space for cross-cultural conversations which open up real opportunities for new ways forward. The capability approach helps to create the space needed for these conversations, but is unable to cover the ground required for their full expression. There is not enough breadth to guarantee a Māori voice within current articulations of the capability approach. There is a need for proponents of the capability approach to think beyond its limits in order to fully engage with those values yet to be fully considered within the capability framework.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 287-296
Issue: 3
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1124077
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1124077
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:287-296
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christina Binder
Author-X-Name-First: Christina
Author-X-Name-Last: Binder
Author-Name: Constanze Binder
Author-X-Name-First: Constanze
Author-X-Name-Last: Binder
Title: A capability perspective on indigenous autonomy
Abstract:
This paper argues that the capability approach can add to the concept of autonomy (as defined in international law) as a means to provide larger freedoms to indigenous peoples. We show that autonomous regimes established within nation-states – by opening up a space for self-governance – provide a means to facilitate indigenous peoples’ pursuit of their own paths of development. However, such regimes frequently face, and their effectiveness can be reduced by, various problems such as tensions between individual and collective rights, the definition of the ideal scope of autonomies, and the lack of proper implementation. This is illustrated with case studies from Colombia, Mexico and Nicaragua. We argue that the capability approach, and in particular its focus on the freedom to choose a life path one has reason to value, can be used to address such problems confronting autonomous regimes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 297-314
Issue: 3
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1167178
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1167178
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:297-314
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mandy Yap
Author-X-Name-First: Mandy
Author-X-Name-Last: Yap
Author-Name: Eunice Yu
Author-X-Name-First: Eunice
Author-X-Name-Last: Yu
Title: Operationalising the capability approach: developing culturally relevant indicators of indigenous wellbeing – an Australian example
Abstract:
The tension that exists between the worldviews of Indigenous peoples and government reporting frameworks is what Taylor has termed ‘the recognition or translation space’. The meaningful operation of the ‘recognition space’ hinges on four key points – firstly, why measure wellbeing, secondly, how wellbeing is conceptualised, thirdly, by what process the wellbeing measures are decided, and finally, who makes those decisions. Sen’s capability approach is concerned with development as a process of expanding people’s freedoms to live the life they have reason to value. It is in this spirit of freedom that Sen has not prescribed a fixed list of functioning and capabilities. The open-ended nature of this approach, in letting the identification of important capabilities be dependent on specific contexts and people’s own values, aligns with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples which asserts that Indigenous people must be agents of their own development. This paper contributes to the understanding of what a good life means by augmenting the capability approach to incorporate Indigenous worldviews. Through participatory research methodologies we define and select indicators of wellbeing which are grounded in the lived experiences of the Yawuru people in Broome, Western Australia.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 315-331
Issue: 3
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1178223
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1178223
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:315-331
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah C. White
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah C.
Author-X-Name-Last: White
Author-Name: Antonia Fernandez
Author-X-Name-First: Antonia
Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez
Author-Name: Shreya Jha
Author-X-Name-First: Shreya
Author-X-Name-Last: Jha
Title: Beyond the grumpy rich man and the happy peasant: mixed methods and the impact of food security on subjective dimensions of wellbeing in India
Abstract:
This paper responds to the recent advocacy of subjective wellbeing in policy evaluation with an investigation of food security in rural Chhattisgarh, India, in 2010–2013. Conceptually, it suggests the need to move beyond a primary focus on happiness to consider a broader-based investigation into people’s subjective perceptions. In particular, it introduces a multi-domain model with some affinities to the capability approach, which asks what people think and feel themselves able to be and do. Methodologically, it suggests that the primary reliance on quantitative measures should be complemented by more qualitative approaches to give a more rounded appreciation of how people view their lives. Three approaches are presented: qualitative analysis of interview text; statistical analysis comparing a single measure of happiness with a broader, domain-based approach; and mixed qualitative and quantitative data generated from an individual case.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 332-348
Issue: 3
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1120278
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1120278
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:332-348
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Martin Eckersley
Author-X-Name-First: Richard Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Eckersley
Title: Is the West really the best? Modernisation and the psychosocial dynamics of human progress and development
Abstract:
Scientific and political interest in measures of human progress and development is increasing, but the indicators are far from capturing all we need to know. They place Western liberal democracies at the leading edge of progress, and present them as models of development; Western nations typically occupy all but a few of the top 20 places in progress indices. However, indicators are measuring modernisation rather than optimal quality of life or well-being; modernity’s benefits are counted but its costs are underestimated. In particular, the measures do not adequately acknowledge the ‘psychosocial dynamics’ of human societies: the complex interactions and relationships between the subjective and objective worlds. Unless we pay more attention to these dynamics, we will not develop solutions which match in scale the problems they are intended to address. Indicators need to allow a transformation in our worldview and beliefs as profound as that which gave rise to modernity.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 349-365
Issue: 3
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1166197
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1166197
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:3:p:349-365
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lena Morgon Banks
Author-X-Name-First: Lena Morgon
Author-X-Name-Last: Banks
Author-Name: Rachel Mearkle
Author-X-Name-First: Rachel
Author-X-Name-Last: Mearkle
Author-Name: Islay Mactaggart
Author-X-Name-First: Islay
Author-X-Name-Last: Mactaggart
Author-Name: Matthew Walsham
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Walsham
Author-Name: Hannah Kuper
Author-X-Name-First: Hannah
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuper
Author-Name: Karl Blanchet
Author-X-Name-First: Karl
Author-X-Name-Last: Blanchet
Title: Disability and social protection programmes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Abstract:
This paper systematically reviews the evidence on whether persons with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries are adequately included in social protection programmes, and assesses the financial and non-financial impacts of participation. Overall, we found that access to social protection appears to fall far below need. Benefits from participation are mostly limited to maintaining minimum living standards and do not appear to fulfil the potential of long-term individual and societal social and economic development. However, the most notable finding of this review is that there is a dearth of high-quality, robust evidence in this area, indicating a need for further research.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 223-239
Issue: 3
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1142960
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1142960
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:223-239
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saumik Paul
Author-X-Name-First: Saumik
Author-X-Name-Last: Paul
Author-Name: Vengadeshvaran Sarma
Author-X-Name-First: Vengadeshvaran
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarma
Title: Industrialisation-led displacement and long-term welfare: evidence from West Bengal
Abstract:
This study identifies whether people evicted for industrialisation purposes are worse-off in the long-run. The study focuses on the establishment of the Falta special economic zone in 1984 in West Bengal, India. Using household survey data, the results indicate that the displaced are not worse-off three decades after their displacement and resettlement. There is, however, some evidence that the displaced did not receive adequate land compensation or property rights on their new land and dwellings. There is also evidence that cash compensation policies were skewed, to the disadvantage of large landowners. We also identify three factors which possibly led to resilience among the displaced households: the creation of employment opportunities at the industrial park, gradual erosion of the gender gap in education and labour market participation, and large(r) household size. Overall, we do not find that the adverse effects of displacement and inadequate compensation persist in the long run.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 240-259
Issue: 3
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1159670
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1159670
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:240-259
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mohamed Arouri
Author-X-Name-First: Mohamed
Author-X-Name-Last: Arouri
Author-Name: Adel Ben-Youssef
Author-X-Name-First: Adel
Author-X-Name-Last: Ben-Youssef
Author-Name: Cuong Nguyen Viet
Author-X-Name-First: Cuong
Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Viet
Title: Does having more children increase the likelihood of parental smoking? Evidence from Vietnam
Abstract:
Evidence has shown that parental smoking can cause health problems for children. It might be expected that parents who are aware of the harmful effects of second-hand smoke will reduce their smoking, especially as they have more children. However, based on instrumental variable regressions using data from the 2006 and 2008 Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys, we find a strongly positive and significant effect of the number of children on the probability of tobacco smoking in households in Vietnam. An additional child increases the probability of tobacco consumption in the household by approximately 15%. These findings imply low levels of awareness of the harmful effects of second-hand smoke on children’s health in Vietnam, and indicate the need for policy action to disseminate knowledge on the harmful effects of smoking.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 260-275
Issue: 3
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1193129
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1193129
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:260-275
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lina M. Sánchez-Céspedes
Author-X-Name-First: Lina M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Céspedes
Title: The consequences of armed conflict on household composition
Abstract:
We evaluate the effect of large-scale violent conflict on the household composition of internally displaced persons using quantitative data from Colombia. We use a panel database of migrants constructed with the Sisben database (used to target social programmes in Colombia) for 2006–2009. We follow migrant mothers and children who belong to nuclear-biparental households before migration, and analyse the changes in the composition of their households after migration through multilevel multinomial logistic models. We do this separately for rural and urban migrants because they exhibit differences in household composition traditions and exposure to armed conflict. We find that urban and rural migrants have different migration strategies in both peaceful and armed conflict circumstances. We conclude that the household compositions of mothers and children are differently affected by violence, which might be caused by family separation; for example, rural children have a higher probability than mothers of belonging to households which are not nuclear biparental. We also find that exposure to violence can increase or decrease the effects of individual variables; for instance, in peaceful situations it is more likely that a household remains intact during migration when the number of children per adult increases; however, this effect is attenuated in violence situations.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 276-302
Issue: 3
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1213798
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1213798
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:276-302
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mike Morris
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Morris
Author-Name: Cornelia Staritz
Author-X-Name-First: Cornelia
Author-X-Name-Last: Staritz
Title: Industrial upgrading and development in Lesotho’s apparel industry: global value chains, foreign direct investment, and market diversification
Abstract:
Many low-income countries are integrated into apparel global value chains through foreign direct investment (FDI), including Lesotho, which has become the largest Sub-Saharan African apparel exporter to the US under the African Growth and Opportunity Act. More recently, South Africa has emerged as a new apparel export market in Lesotho. The two markets are supplied by different types of FDI firms – affiliates of Taiwanese transnational producers and South African manufacturers – which are part of different value chain variants. The paper assesses the implications for industrial upgrading and development of integration into these two value chain variants in Lesotho, drawing on firm-level and institutional interviews. We show that their different characteristics in terms of investors’ motivation, governance structure, end markets, firm set up and most importantly and causally, ownership and embeddedness have crucial impacts on functional, product and process upgrading, local linkages, and skill development.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 303-320
Issue: 3
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1237624
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1237624
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:303-320
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marc Labie
Author-X-Name-First: Marc
Author-X-Name-Last: Labie
Author-Name: Carolina Laureti
Author-X-Name-First: Carolina
Author-X-Name-Last: Laureti
Author-Name: Ariane Szafarz
Author-X-Name-First: Ariane
Author-X-Name-Last: Szafarz
Title: Discipline and flexibility: a behavioural perspective on microfinance product design
Abstract:
The success of both microcredit and micro-savings products rests upon simplicity and standardization in order to stimulate client discipline. However, these products lack flexibility. This paper attempts to make sense of behavioural product design in microfinance. We focus on the potential trade-offs between discipline and flexibility. While discipline devices encourage clients to make payments on time, microfinance product flexibility improves clients’ day-to-day money management and helps them cope with shocks. Our contribution is twofold. Firstly, we highlight the evidence-based advantages and disadvantages of flexible products in microfinance. Secondly, we present best-practice examples of flexible products offered by microfinance institutions worldwide.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 321-337
Issue: 3
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1239701
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1239701
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:321-337
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivar Kolstad
Author-X-Name-First: Ivar
Author-X-Name-Last: Kolstad
Author-Name: Armando J. Garcia Pires
Author-X-Name-First: Armando J. Garcia
Author-X-Name-Last: Pires
Author-Name: Arne Wiig
Author-X-Name-First: Arne
Author-X-Name-Last: Wiig
Title: Within-group heterogeneity and group dynamics: analyzing exit of microcredit groups in Angola
Abstract:
The effect of within-group heterogeneity on the survival of social groups is theoretically ambiguous. A greater diversity of ideas, experience, and networks can have a positive effect on members’ benefits from group membership, but diversity also creates a potential for conflict. This paper analyzes the relation between heterogeneity and exit of microcredit groups, using data from Angola. The results suggest that the form of group heterogeneity matters. Fragmentation in terms of social identities, or more specifically religious-linguistic fractionalization, is associated with a greater probability of group exit. Within-group economic inequality, however, is associated with a decrease in the probability of exit, but at a diminishing rate.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 338-351
Issue: 3
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1243237
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1243237
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:338-351
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Morten Fibieger Byskov
Author-X-Name-First: Morten
Author-X-Name-Last: Fibieger Byskov
Title: Third wave development expertise
Abstract:
In this paper I offer a normative account of development expertise. Although extending expertise beyond the traditional development experts to include local stakeholders, this normative account aims to delimit legitimate forms of expertise. I label this normative view third wave development expertise. Third wave expertise is distinguished from both the technocratic and the social constructivist views of development expertise. In particular, I discuss the notions of contributory and interactional expertise. Contributory expertise denotes the extent to which a group of agents possesses (tacit, embodied, or explicit) knowledge which can make a significant contribution to development decision-making, while interactional expertise denotes the extent to which they are able to communicate this knowledge meaningfully. While local stakeholders may possess contributory expertise in matters of their own development, they may lack interactional expertise to communicate this knowledge. Resolving this issue, I argue, requires a mediator who can interact with and between external experts and local stakeholders.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 352-365
Issue: 3
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1276547
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1276547
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:352-365
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stijn Broecke
Author-X-Name-First: Stijn
Author-X-Name-Last: Broecke
Author-Name: Alessia Forti
Author-X-Name-First: Alessia
Author-X-Name-Last: Forti
Author-Name: Marieke Vandeweyer
Author-X-Name-First: Marieke
Author-X-Name-Last: Vandeweyer
Title: The effect of minimum wages on employment in emerging economies: a survey and meta-analysis
Abstract:
Using both qualitative and quantitative (meta-analysis) methods, this paper reviews the growing evidence on the impact of minimum wages on employment in 14 major emerging economies (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, the Philippines, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Thailand and Turkey). Overall, minimum wages are found to have only a minimal impact on employment, and there is evidence of reporting bias towards statistically significant negative results. More vulnerable groups (e.g. youth and the low-skilled) are marginally more negatively affected, and there is some indication that higher minimum wages lead to more informal employment.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 366-391
Issue: 3
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1279134
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1279134
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:3:p:366-391
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katarzyna Cieslik
Author-X-Name-First: Katarzyna
Author-X-Name-Last: Cieslik
Author-Name: Marek Hudon
Author-X-Name-First: Marek
Author-X-Name-Last: Hudon
Author-Name: Philip Verwimp
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Verwimp
Title: Unruly entrepreneurs – investigating value creation by microfinance clients in rural Burundi
Abstract:
This study explores the entrepreneurial potential of the rule-breaking practices of microfinance programs’ beneficiaries. Using the storyboard methodology, we examine the strategies employed by the poor in Burundi to bypass institutional rules. Based on 66 short interviews conducted in seven rural provinces of Burundi, our exploratory study analyzes the entrepreneurial potential in four instances of rule-evasion: consumption spending, illegitimate investment, loan juggling and loan arrogation. We argue that some of the unruly practices are in fact entrepreneurial, as they create tangible and intangible value for the rural poor at both household and community levels. These include strengthening social ties through gift exchange and ceremonies, which then help poor households to self-insure against shocks through social networks. By analyzing the push and pull factors for unruly behavior, we show that rule-breaking practices are often necessitated by the microfinance industry itself and call for increased flexibility and adaptability of microfinance products.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 373-390
Issue: 4
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1597034
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1597034
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:373-390
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandip Datta
Author-X-Name-First: Sandip
Author-X-Name-Last: Datta
Title: Competition to Save Lives: Political competition and health outcomes in India
Abstract:
The literature argues that intense political competition may resultin a nation’s potential for increased welfare. We theoretically andempirically examine this proposition by linking political competitionto health outcomes in the Indian context. Theoretical analysissuggests that political competitiveness increases the probabilityof having better health outcomes. This analysis also identifiesthat rural areas benefit from more from political competition thanurban areas. In India, the majority of the population (around 70%)resides in rural areas and, therefore, the diversity of ex-ante viewsabout political parties is higher in rural areas compared to urbanareas. In such situations, as competition intensifies, the governmentallocates greater amounts of resources to rural areas to win theelection. Thus, as political competition increases, the probability ofhaving better health outcomes rise in rural areas at a higher rate ascompared to urban areas. Our empirical analysis also exhibits the same.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 391-405
Issue: 4
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1645823
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1645823
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:391-405
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jaivir Singh
Author-X-Name-First: Jaivir
Author-X-Name-Last: Singh
Author-Name: Deb Kusum Das
Author-X-Name-First: Deb Kusum
Author-X-Name-Last: Das
Author-Name: Kumar Abhishek
Author-X-Name-First: Kumar
Author-X-Name-Last: Abhishek
Author-Name: Prateek Kukreja
Author-X-Name-First: Prateek
Author-X-Name-Last: Kukreja
Title: Factors influencing the decision to hire contract labour by Indian manufacturing firms
Abstract:
Over a third of workers employed in the Indian formal manufacturing sector are ‘contract’ workers – hired through the services of labour contractors, facing lower wages and no job security in relation to regular workers. We investigate the role of a variety of factors that influence the decision of employers to hire in contract workers, using information from a specially commissioned survey of manufacturing firms. While there are immediate cost advantages that tilt firms towards hiring in contract labour, a counterforce has employers favouring regular workers in firms that have a large proportion of their workforce concentrating on production activity – probably instances where long-term human capital investment by regular workers is important for the firm.Abbreviation: CLA: Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 ASI: Annual Survey of Industries NIC: National Industrial Classification MSME: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises SEZ: Special Economic Zone ICRIER: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 406-419
Issue: 4
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1624705
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1624705
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:406-419
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luisa R. Blanco
Author-X-Name-First: Luisa R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco
Author-Name: Isabel Ruiz
Author-X-Name-First: Isabel
Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz
Author-Name: Rossitza B. Wooster
Author-X-Name-First: Rossitza B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wooster
Title: The effect of violent crime on sector-specific FDI in Latin America
Abstract:
This article looks at the impact of violent crime on FDI into Latin America and the Caribbean during the 1996–2010 period. FDI is disaggregated into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and three variables related to violent crime are used: homicides, crime victimization and organized crime. Controlling for institutions and the traditional determinants of FDI, we find that the impact of crime on FDI depends on the sector and types of crime considered. Higher homicide rates are associated with less FDI in the secondary sector while organized crime reduces tertiary sector FDI. Crime victimization has a robust significant negative impact on the tertiary sector and in some estimations of the secondary sector. Crime has no impact on primary sector FDI. Our study highlights the need to continue efforts to decrease crime as we show in our analysis that crime has a negative effect on FDI in the secondary and tertiary sector.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 420-434
Issue: 4
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1611754
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1611754
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:420-434
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sena Kimm Gnangnon
Author-X-Name-First: Sena Kimm
Author-X-Name-Last: Gnangnon
Title: Does multilateral trade liberalization help reduce poverty in developing countries?
Abstract:
This article investigates the impact of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty in developing countries from a macroeconomic perspective. The empirical analysis suggests that multilateral trade liberalization is conducive to poverty reduction in developing countries. This outcome therefore suggests that greater multilateral cooperation on trade matters among countries, in particular the Members of the World Trade Organization, would allow further trade liberalization at the multilateral level to the benefit of poor people in developing countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 435-451
Issue: 4
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1612866
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1612866
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:435-451
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ana Carolina Garriga
Author-X-Name-First: Ana Carolina
Author-X-Name-Last: Garriga
Author-Name: Covadonga Meseguer
Author-X-Name-First: Covadonga
Author-X-Name-Last: Meseguer
Title: Remittances, monetary institutions, and autocracies
Abstract:
How do remittances affect the choice of exchange rate regimes? Previous research shows that remittances, by easing the ‘impossible trinity’, increase the probability of governments adopting fixed exchange rates. However, that research overlooks the conditioning effect of monetary and political institutions. We argue that remittances, by altering recipient governments’ incentives to use monetary policy counter-cyclically, make central bank independence a credible anti-inflationary tool in less credible regimes; that is, autocracies. Thus, autocracies that receive remittances do not need to rely on fixed exchange rates. In this way, remittances open policy alternatives for developing autocracies. Statistical tests on a sample of 87 developing and transitional countries between 1980 and 2010 support our argument.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 452-467
Issue: 4
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1649382
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1649382
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:4:p:452-467
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diego Sánchez-Ancochea
Author-X-Name-First: Diego
Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Ancochea
Title: Conflict, inequalities and development: celebrating the work of Valpy FitzGerald
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 113-115
Issue: 2
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1311853
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1311853
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:113-115
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Toye
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Toye
Title: Valpy FitzGerald: radical macroeconomist of development
Abstract:
This article traces the education and career trajectory of Valpy FitzGerald, from his upbringing within the culturally distinguished Knox family, his education at Oxford and Cambridge and his career as a radical macroeconomist of development at Cambridge, The Hague and the Oxford Department of Development (ODID). It highlights his work with the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua, his advisory role with the British Labour Government after 1997 and his contributions to the reform of ODID.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 116-124
Issue: 2
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1311851
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1311851
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:116-124
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Çağatay Bircan
Author-X-Name-First: Çağatay
Author-X-Name-Last: Bircan
Author-Name: Tilman Brück
Author-X-Name-First: Tilman
Author-X-Name-Last: Brück
Author-Name: Marc Vothknecht
Author-X-Name-First: Marc
Author-X-Name-Last: Vothknecht
Title: Violent conflict and inequality
Abstract:
This paper analyses the distributive impacts of internal violent conflicts, in contrast to previous literature which has focused on the effects of inequality on conflict. We use cross-country panel data for the time period 1960–2014 to estimate war-related changes in income inequality. Our results indicate rising levels of inequality during war and especially in the early period of post-war reconstruction. The return of inequality to pre-war levels may take up to four decades after the end of conflict. However, we find that this rise in income inequality is not permanent. While inequality peaks around 5 years after the end of a conflict, it declines again to pre-war levels within the end of the first post-war period. Lagged effects of conflict and only subsequent adjustments of redistributive policies in the period of post-war reconstruction seem to be valid explanations for these patterns of inequality. A series of alternative specifications confirms the main findings of the analysis.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 125-144
Issue: 2
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1213227
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1213227
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:125-144
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Author-Name: Rachita Daga
Author-X-Name-First: Rachita
Author-X-Name-Last: Daga
Title: Does the way civil wars end affect the pattern of post-conflict development?
Abstract:
This paper explores whether the way a conflict ends affects the pattern of post-conflict development. It investigates all major conflicts which ended after 1990, and the development patterns which ensued for five years after the conflict ended. Three categories of conflict-ending are explored: a victory by one side (V), a Peace Agreement (PA) and a cease-fire agreement (CFA). The paper explores case studies of three sets of paired comparisons, and investigates statistical relationships in the sample as a whole. Paired comparisons are of Guatemala and Peru, Nepal and Sri Lanka, and Burundi and Rwanda. Broadly, V countries are shown to have higher growth and a greater reduction in infant mortality than the other countries, and a lower index of civil liberties. PA countries receive more aid and spend more on the social sectors. CFA countries tend to have the most civil liberties. The paired comparisons confirm these findings and also suggest that post-conflict developments in PA countries are more inclusive than those in V countries. These are exploratory findings, handicapped by data deficiencies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 145-170
Issue: 2
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1263727
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1263727
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:145-170
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicholas Van Hear
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Hear
Author-Name: Robin Cohen
Author-X-Name-First: Robin
Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen
Title: Diasporas and conflict: distance, contiguity and spheres of engagement
Abstract:
Diasporas are now well-established players in the global political economy, yet their role in conflict and post-conflict settings remains controversial. Diasporas have variously been described as war-mongers, peace-builders, or ambivalent in their influence on conflict. We suggest that this variety of characterizations might be explained by disaggregating forms of diaspora engagement and the public and private spaces in which they occur into three ‘spheres of engagement’. We then go on to consider two variants of conflict-related diasporas: ‘distant diasporas’, alluding particularly to Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Somalia, and ‘contiguous diasporas’, referring mainly to the Russian-speaking peoples in the former Soviet Union but also to groups like the Kurds spread across several nation-states. We show that different forms and levels of engagement generate varying levels of demand on diasporan households. Differences of wealth, resources, social capital and class also influence the capacity of diasporas to engage in conflict and post-conflict roles.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 171-184
Issue: 2
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1160043
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1160043
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:171-184
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rosemary Thorp
Author-X-Name-First: Rosemary
Author-X-Name-Last: Thorp
Title: The political economy of managing extractives: insights from the Peruvian case
Abstract:
The paper is a concept piece reflecting on the political economy of management of a growing extractives sector, drawing on a particular instance of perverse political economy of management. The argument is that in regard to narrow issues of macro management, much progress has been made, but meso, micro, and sub-national issues need far more attention. A framework for analysing the different levels of decision-making is developed and the case of Peru is used to explore the decisions taken. In the analysis the relevance of history emerges clearly, in particular the role of a weak state, a business class accustomed to a close relationship with foreign capital, and the neglect over time of the regions where mining is situated today. The numerous ways in which conflict is generated and poorly handled also emerge, and the paper shows how conflict in turn contributes to the perversities of policies and their effects.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 185-203
Issue: 2
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1293019
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1293019
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:185-203
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miguel Székely
Author-X-Name-First: Miguel
Author-X-Name-Last: Székely
Author-Name: Pamela Mendoza
Author-X-Name-First: Pamela
Author-X-Name-Last: Mendoza
Title: Declining inequality in Latin America: structural shift or temporary phenomenon?
Abstract:
Latin America has been traditionally characterized as a region with high levels of income inequality. Since the early 2000s, however, inequality has started to decline in most countries, basically due to an expansion of the income share of the poorest deciles at the expense of the richest 10%. This paper addresses the question of whether the improvements are driven by long-term secular trends or structural changes which could be expected to continue to generate inequality-reducing effects for years to come; or alternatively, if the changes are driven by short-term variables which could move unexpectedly in the opposite direction and reverse the gains observed so far. From our statistical analysis, we conclude that the improvements are associated with both long- and short-term factors – with the short-term factors recently having greater inequality-reducing changes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 204-221
Issue: 2
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1140134
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1140134
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:204-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: The Sanjaya Lall Prize 2016
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 222-222
Issue: 2
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1324598
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1324598
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:2:p:222-222
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mathias Kuepié
Author-X-Name-First: Mathias
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuepié
Author-Name: Christophe J. Nordman
Author-X-Name-First: Christophe J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nordman
Title: Where Does Education Pay Off in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Two Cities of the Republic of Congo
Abstract:
Using first-hand data from the 2009 Employment and Informal Sector Survey (EESIC) in the two largest cities of the Republic of Congo, Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire, we analyze the impact of education on labour market outcomes, and identify the segments where education pays off the most. Multivariate analyses of the risk of unemployment and sectoral choice indicate that young people face serious difficulties in the labour market: for most of them, their only choice is to remain unemployed or to join the informal sector. To measure the specific impact of schooling on earnings, we address issues related to sample selection and endogeneity of education in the earnings function. The results shed light on heterogeneity in the returns to schooling across the two main cities and institutional sectors. An important finding is that the informal sector does not systematically lag behind the formal sectors in terms of returns to education. We emphasize convex returns to education, meaning that the last years in secondary and tertiary schooling yield the highest returns, while those of primary education are generally lower. This convexity is also apparent in the informal sector, where education (albeit on another scale) again appears as an important determinant of earnings.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-27
Issue: 1
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1110568
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1110568
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:1-27
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sylvia Szabo
Author-X-Name-First: Sylvia
Author-X-Name-Last: Szabo
Title: Urbanisation and Food Insecurity Risks: Assessing the Role of Human Development
Abstract:
The phenomenon of rapid urbanisation across the world has become a topic of increased scholarly inquiry. Yet, little attention has been paid to how urban growth affects countries’ food security and whether this association is modified by a country's level of development. The present study aims to fill this lacuna by examining the association between urbanisation and food security applying statistical modelling. The analysis uses country-level data, from the World Development Indicators and the United Nations’ World Urbanization Prospects. Using a Food Insecurity Risk Index (FIRI) as the outcome variable, the results confirm a significant negative impact of urban growth on food security at the country level. It further finds that rapidly urbanising countries with the lowest levels of human development are most at risk of food insecurity.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 28-48
Issue: 1
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1067292
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1067292
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:28-48
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kristie Drucza
Author-X-Name-First: Kristie
Author-X-Name-Last: Drucza
Title: Cash Transfers in Nepal: Do They Contribute to Social Inclusion?
Abstract:
It is often assumed that social protection leads to social inclusion and other well-being indicators. Yet evidence of this impact is weak. Cash transfers are a social protection tool designed to reduce poverty which can also have an impact on human development indicators such as health and education. In the district of Sarlahi, Nepal, cash transfer amounts are too low to improve health and education opportunities or productive pursuits and thus to break the inter-generational cycle of poverty. However, the transfer allows beneficiaries to participate more in community activities, increases their access to information and social networks, and enhances the social contract and people's relationship with the state. This breaks down some of the invisible barriers that perpetuate exclusion. Paying cash transfers in Nepal kick-starts other processes of inclusion and well-being that are hard to overcome by other means because they are invisible, denied and relational. The findings reveal that universal transfers generate perceptions of equality for beneficiaries who value receiving the same thing from the state as the rich. Yet being treated the same as the well-off will not necessarily lead to equal opportunities, poverty reduction or improved local governance. Cash transfers can facilitate social inclusion but are not enough alone to achieve substantive inclusion.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 49-69
Issue: 1
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1065313
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1065313
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:49-69
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patricia Augier
Author-X-Name-First: Patricia
Author-X-Name-Last: Augier
Author-Name: Marion Dovis
Author-X-Name-First: Marion
Author-X-Name-Last: Dovis
Author-Name: Charles Lai-Tong
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Lai-Tong
Title: Better Access to Water, Better Children's Health: A Mirage?
Abstract:
In Egypt, diarrhoeal diseases remain the main cause of mortality among young children, although the percentage of households with an “improved” access to water, according to the definition used by the World Health Organisation (WHO), is very high. This article seeks to shed light on this paradox, by better identifying the populations affected by problems of access to water, taking into account three dimensions—the time it takes to access a source of water, daily cut-offs and behaviour with respect to storage—and by applying alternative matching estimators to estimate the effects of defective water access on child diarrhoea. It is found that children whose families are identified as having a water access problem through the use of broader-based definitions have a greater likelihood of contracting diarrhoeal diseases. This article, thus, shows that the mortality of children in Egypt could be further reduced by improving households' access to water.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 70-92
Issue: 1
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1064101
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1064101
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:70-92
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Magnus Hatlebakk
Author-X-Name-First: Magnus
Author-X-Name-Last: Hatlebakk
Title: Inter-generational Determinants of Migration Decisions: The Case of International Labour Migration from Nepal
Abstract:
The article explores the deep determinants of migration decisions, with a focus on what appears to be a particularly profitable pathway out of poverty: overseas labour migration. To what extent is this choice constrained by access to economic resources, in contrast to variations in preferences or perceived costs of migration? We use previous migration choices as an indicator of preferences for migration. We find that households of early in-migrants to the frontier area we study in Nepal are more likely to have international labour migrants today than late in-migrants. This indicates that in-migrants need a generation, or more, to settle in the new location before sending household members to work overseas. Present migration decisions are also restricted by the household's land ownership, which in turn is a function of the land owned by the previous generation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 93-112
Issue: 1
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1056132
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1056132
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:93-112
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vicky Long
Author-X-Name-First: Vicky
Author-X-Name-Last: Long
Author-Name: Staffan Laestadius
Author-X-Name-First: Staffan
Author-X-Name-Last: Laestadius
Title: An Indigenous Innovation: An Example from Mobile Communication Technology
Abstract:
This paper explores the processes of indigenous (global South) innovation, particularly of the “high-tech” and “radical” kind, which have spurred technological catch-up, using the example of a third-generation (3G) Chinese mobile communications technology standard. Three hypotheses were generated from this study: (a) modularity-in-design opens new windows of opportunity for technological catching-up; (b) the lack of essential intellectual property rights acts as a key inducement, or a factor-saving bias, that influences the rate and direction of indigenous innovation in the global South; and (c) the long tail of an old technology affects the take-off of a new indigenous innovation, essentially by shortening the technological distance to be covered.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 113-133
Issue: 1
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1111319
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1111319
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:1:p:113-133
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ana Isabel López García
Author-X-Name-First: Ana Isabel
Author-X-Name-Last: López García
Author-Name: Pedro P. Orraca-Romano
Author-X-Name-First: Pedro P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Orraca-Romano
Title: International migration and universal healthcare access: evidence from Mexico’s ‘Seguro Popular’
Abstract:
Although ‘Seguro Popular’ (SP), a healthcare programme for the uninsured, has been in place in Mexico for more than a decade, its consequences for international migration both to and from the country have received little scholarly attention. Using the spatial variation in the programme’s coverage generated through the rollout over time, this paper examines the effects of SP on the number of emigrants and return migrants per household. Based on data from Mexico’s National Survey on Demographic Dynamics for 1997–2014, the analysis confirms that being affiliated to SP does not reduce the number of emigrants per household, but such affiliation is, however, positively related to the number of returnees per household. These results are valid across different subsamples of the population and time periods and are robust to omitted variable bias. Our findings have important implications for understanding the effects of social protection policies on international migration patterns.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 171-187
Issue: 2
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1527896
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1527896
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:171-187
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Kucera
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Kucera
Author-Name: Xiao Jiang
Author-X-Name-First: Xiao
Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang
Title: Structural transformation in emerging economies: leading sectors and the balanced growth hypothesis
Abstract:
The paper uses the World Input-Output Database to address patterns of structural transformation in BRIC countries, Indonesia, South Korea, Mexico and Turkey. Sectoral drivers of aggregate labour productivity growth, and the relative importance of within-sector versus employment reallocation effects on aggregate labour productivity growth, are evaluated using growth accounting decomposition methods. Decomposition results are used to assess how patterns of structural transformation relate to macroeconomic performance in terms of aggregate labour productivity, output and employment growth. Together with the construction of ‘Hirschman compliance indices’, decomposition results are also used to shed light on the balanced versus unbalanced growth debates. The paper goes on to assess the extent of complementarities between manufacturing and information and communications technology-intensive advanced services through intermediate inputs, comparing the eight emerging countries with G7 countries over time.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 188-204
Issue: 2
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1533934
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1533934
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:188-204
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Udayan Rathore
Author-X-Name-First: Udayan
Author-X-Name-Last: Rathore
Author-Name: Upasak Das
Author-X-Name-First: Upasak
Author-X-Name-Last: Das
Title: Explaining the Superior Education Outcomes of Kerala: The Role of State Activism and Historical Endowment
Abstract:
Over time, the state of Kerala has systematically outperformed the rest of India in terms of literacy outcomes, establishing a strong positive record in this respect. Two main, explanations exist for this phenomenon. The first being the unique historical endowment inherited from the pro-education and social policies from the nineteenth century kingdom of Travancore and Cochin (South-Central Kerala) and secondly state activism initiated with the social reforms movement in the late 1950s. Using historical Census data and Employment-Unemployment rounds of the National Sample Survey, we find state activism was critical in achieving mass literacy in Kerala. Though historical endowment established a tradition of competitive demand for education across certain communities which largely explains the existing differences in higher education indicators between the Travancore-Cochin and the Non Travancore-Cochin regions, its contribution to improve education metrics of Scheduled Castes (vulnerable segment) was minimal.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 205-221
Issue: 2
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1539471
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1539471
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:205-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Justin Whetten
Author-X-Name-First: Justin
Author-X-Name-Last: Whetten
Author-Name: Matías Fontenla
Author-X-Name-First: Matías
Author-X-Name-Last: Fontenla
Author-Name: Kira Villa
Author-X-Name-First: Kira
Author-X-Name-Last: Villa
Title: Opportunities for higher education: the ten-year effects of conditional cash transfers on upper-secondary and tertiary enrollments
Abstract:
This article investigates the effect of the conditional cash transfer program Oportunidades on rural enrollment/completion in higher education, ten years after the initiation of the program in Mexico. We use data from the International Food Policy Research Institute and employ a Regression Discontinuity approach. We find that Oportunidades eligible households had higher 2007 technical school (14–18 year olds) and college (39+) enrollment/completion relative to comparable non-eligible households. However, the program benefits are heterogeneous depending on school access. Accounting for access to schools, we find that the program also had positive effects for school enrollment/completion for upper secondary (14–18) and college (19–28, 29–38). Further, we find positive tertiary education benefits for individuals in treated households who were too old to qualify for benefits directly, indicating either positive externalities or complementarities for individuals residing in eligible households. Possible mechanisms are relaxing budget constraints, and changes in educational aspirations.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 222-237
Issue: 2
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1539472
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1539472
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:222-237
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Prathi Seneviratne
Author-X-Name-First: Prathi
Author-X-Name-Last: Seneviratne
Title: Explaining changes in Sri Lanka’s wage distribution, 1992-2014: a quantile regression analysis
Abstract:
Sri Lanka experienced robust economic growth during the period 1992–2014 and had a decline in inequality due to wages rising fastest among low earners. The decline in inequality came almost entirely from rising rewards to low-skill labor, consistent with Sri Lanka’s comparative advantage in the global economy. However, educational and occupational upgrading served to widen wage gaps between the highest earners and the rest of the workforce. Using quantile regression analysis, this study also finds that selection bias overestimates average wages and underestimates the level of inequality, while exaggerating the extent to which women’s wages grew. It concludes with a discussion of the negative implications of persistent inequities across education, occupation, and gender, and recommends policies to address them.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 238-256
Issue: 2
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1551525
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1551525
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:238-256
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miranda Worthen
Author-X-Name-First: Miranda
Author-X-Name-Last: Worthen
Author-Name: Angela Veale
Author-X-Name-First: Angela
Author-X-Name-Last: Veale
Author-Name: Susan McKay
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: McKay
Author-Name: Michael Wessells
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Wessells
Title: The transformative and emancipatory potential of participatory evaluation: reflections from a participatory action research study with war-affected young mothers
Abstract:
The Participatory Action Research (PAR) study with Young Mothers in Liberia, Sierra Leone and northern Uganda which took place from 2006 to 2009 aimed to understand what ‘reintegration’ meant to young mothers formerly associated with armed groups. It also implemented social action initiatives designed by study participants to promote their wellbeing and achieve reintegration. We evaluated the study using multiple participatory evaluation methods, situating evaluation as part of the cycle of research and action. This approach facilitated young mothers’ participation in developing the criteria by which the study and its reintegration outcomes would be judged. We describe each method and what we uniquely learned from using a participatory evaluation approach. We discuss how this approach is well-suited for complex studies, can enhance data quality, increases capacity of all involved in the evaluation and supports the critical reflexivity necessary for participatory studies to succeed.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 154-170
Issue: 2
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1584282
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1584282
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:154-170
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frances Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Title: The Human Development Approach: An Overview
Abstract:
The human development (HD) approach puts the improvement of people’s lives as the central objective of development. This paper provides an overview of major aspects of the approach. It shows how it emerged with the evolution of development thought and a widening of development objectives The paper explores the two-way relationship between HD and the rival objective, economic growth, is explored and broad characteristics of countries that have been exceptionally successful or unsuccessful , countries with three country cases considered in greater depth. The paper identifies major dimensions of HD, beyond the three elements included in the Human Development Index (HDI) and shows they are poorly captured by the HDI. An overview of global change on HD dimensions from 1980 to 2015 gives a mixed picture with progress on basic HD, uneven trends in some areas, and notable worsening on the environmental dimension. In conclusion, the paper discusses some outstanding issues which need more attention.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 135-153
Issue: 2
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1585793
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1585793
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:135-153
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jayne Whiffin
Author-X-Name-First: Jayne
Author-X-Name-Last: Whiffin
Title: The Sanjaya Lall prize 2018
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 257-257
Issue: 2
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1594038
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1594038
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:2:p:257-257
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emma Mawdsley
Author-X-Name-First: Emma
Author-X-Name-Last: Mawdsley
Title: South–South Cooperation 3.0? Managing the consequences of success in the decade ahead
Abstract:
This paper examines the consequences of the hugely successful expansion of South-South Cooperation since the new millennium. For all the achievements, variations and change over the 1950s-late 1990s, ‘SSC 1.0’ was characterised by relative neglect within the 'international' development community, and by many orthodox and critical scholars. In the chronological schema of the paper, ‘SSC 2.0’ refers to the period of remarkable expansion from the early 2000s to the present. The emergence of ‘SSC 3.0’, I suggest, is currently revealed by a discernible set of shifts driven in large part by the expansionary successes of SSC 2.0, as well as other turns in the global political economy. Three contemporary trends are identified: cooperation narratives that are increasingly ‘muscular’, nationalistic and pragmatic; difficulties sustaining claims to ‘non-interference’ in partner countries; and the further erosion of ideational and operational distinctiveness.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 259-274
Issue: 3
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1585792
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1585792
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:259-274
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Natalie Simeu
Author-X-Name-First: Natalie
Author-X-Name-Last: Simeu
Author-Name: Sophie Mitra
Author-X-Name-First: Sophie
Author-X-Name-Last: Mitra
Title: Disability and household economic wellbeing: evidence from Indonesian longitudinal data
Abstract:
A health shock in general, and a disability in particular, may expose households to material insecurity due to out-of-pocket health expenditures and reduced earnings. Studies on the impact of disability on household welfare in developing countries are scarce, although the expected impact is large given the absence of social protection programmes. Using a unique Indonesian longitudinal dataset with individuals followed over a 17-year period, this study analyses the economic impact and coping mechanisms adopted by households following a physical disability. Fixed effects estimations reveal that households experience rising health expenditures and reduced labour income. Households cope by reducing their food, non-food and education expenditures, selling assets and receiving more remittances. While all household groups are affected by disability, only the poorest households become significantly more likely to cut their food expenditures.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 275-288
Issue: 3
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1575348
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1575348
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:275-288
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lena Morgon Banks
Author-X-Name-First: Lena Morgon
Author-X-Name-Last: Banks
Author-Name: Maria Zuurmond
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Zuurmond
Author-Name: Adrienne Monteath–Van Dok
Author-X-Name-First: Adrienne
Author-X-Name-Last: Monteath–Van Dok
Author-Name: Jaquelline Gallinetti
Author-X-Name-First: Jaquelline
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallinetti
Author-Name: Nidhi Singal
Author-X-Name-First: Nidhi
Author-X-Name-Last: Singal
Title: Perspectives of children with disabilities and their guardians on factors affecting inclusion in education in rural Nepal: “I feel sad that I can’t go to school”
Abstract:
Globally, children with disabilities are significantly less likely to attend school compared to their peers without disabilities and, even if they do attend, have poorer educational outcomes. In order to understand why these inequalities persist, this study explores the barriers and enablers to accessing education. We focus on the perspectives of guardians and children with disabilities – voices that have thus far been underrepresented – complemented by perspectives from local and national level stakeholders. Data was collected in three rural districts in Nepal, using semi-structured interviews; data was analysed thematically. Overall, the research found that challenges to inclusion are complex, involving a mixture of individual, family, school, community and policy level factors. Notable barriers were attitudes towards education for children with disabilities, the low capacity of schools to provide an inclusive education, as well as the interplay of additional ‘push factors’ such as poor health and poverty.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 289-303
Issue: 3
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1593341
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1593341
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:289-303
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hyeseon Na
Author-X-Name-First: Hyeseon
Author-X-Name-Last: Na
Title: Is intraregional trade an opportunity for industrial upgrading in East Africa?
Abstract:
Regional integration has been promoted in Africa for decades. However, the potential effects of regional integration on Africa are still contested. To analyse whether intraregional trade can be an opportunity to stimulate product or intersectoral upgrading in East Africa, this paper compares the technological level of goods in intraregional and extra-regional trade of five East Africa countries. It finds that the five East Africa countries have performed better in exporting technology-based products to intraregional trading partners than to extra-regional ones. This result suggests the continued expansion of intraregional trade will be helpful for these nations to upgrade their existing industrial base through the growth of technology-based sectors. In addition, because they import larger amounts of technology-based products from extra-regional partners, gradual import substitution could be also an effective strategy to further diversify and upgrade industries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 304-318
Issue: 3
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1570105
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1570105
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:304-318
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joseph Boniface Ajefu
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Boniface
Author-X-Name-Last: Ajefu
Author-Name: Joseph O. Ogebe
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph O.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ogebe
Title: Migrant remittances and financial inclusion among households in Nigeria
Abstract:
This article investigates the impact of remittances on financial inclusion, using the 2009 World Bank’s Migration and Remittances Household Survey data for Nigeria. An instrumental variable estimation technique was used to estimate the impact of remittances on financial inclusion, and migrant network effect was used as an instrument to control for potential endogeneity between remittance and financial inclusion. This article finds that the receipt of remittances increases the probability of using formal financial services, such as deposit accounts and Internet/mobile banking. This article concludes that reducing barriers and costs to remittance inflows can improve the access to and use of formal financial services in Nigeria, which can lead to an increase in funds for investments and the economic growth of the country.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 319-335
Issue: 3
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1575349
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1575349
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:319-335
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hoolda Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Hoolda
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: In the wake of conflict: the long-term effect on child nutrition in Uganda
Abstract:
The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency from 1986 to 2006 is one of the longest conflicts in Uganda. This paper examines the effect of the LRA insurgency on child nutrition using the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. The distance from each village to the border of South Sudan is used as an instrument for identifying the intensity of the conflict. We find that each conflict event in a village lowers weight-for-age z-scores and weight-for-height z-scores for children born after the conflict. We further investigate a possible heterogeneous conflict effect on child nutrition in terms of gender, region, and maternal education. Low household wealth, limited access to healthcare, and poor maternal nutrition appear to be channels through which the conflict inhibits the growth and development of children 5 years after the end of the conflict.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 336-355
Issue: 3
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1578877
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1578877
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:336-355
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jacopo Bonan
Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo
Author-X-Name-Last: Bonan
Author-Name: Philippe LeMay-Boucher
Author-X-Name-First: Philippe
Author-X-Name-Last: LeMay-Boucher
Author-Name: Kyle McNabb
Author-X-Name-First: Kyle
Author-X-Name-Last: McNabb
Author-Name: Charlemagne Codjo Tomavo
Author-X-Name-First: Charlemagne Codjo
Author-X-Name-Last: Tomavo
Title: Time preferences and commitment devices: evidence from ROSCAs and funeral groups in Benin
Abstract:
Drawing on first-hand data collected from a household survey in urban Benin, we examine membership in two types of informal groups that display the characteristics of a commitment device: Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) and funeral groups. We investigate whether agents displaying time preferences with a present bias are more likely to commit themselves through participation in such groups. Our results provide evidence indicating that women who display such preferences are more likely to join funeral groups, but not ROSCAs, and to save more through them. These results hold for women but not for men. We also ensure that our results cannot be explained by intra-household conflict issues.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 356-372
Issue: 3
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1588958
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1588958
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:3:p:356-372
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kim Samuel
Author-X-Name-First: Kim
Author-X-Name-Last: Samuel
Author-Name: Sabina Alkire
Author-X-Name-First: Sabina
Author-X-Name-Last: Alkire
Author-Name: Diego Zavaleta
Author-X-Name-First: Diego
Author-X-Name-Last: Zavaleta
Author-Name: China Mills
Author-X-Name-First: China
Author-X-Name-Last: Mills
Author-Name: John Hammock
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Hammock
Title: Social isolation and its relationship to multidimensional poverty
Abstract:
While the multidimensionality of poverty is well-recognised, one dimension of poverty which has been often overlooked is weak social connectedness. This paper draws on conceptual, participatory and measurement literatures to show that social connectedness appears to be an important missing ingredient of multidimensional poverty analyses, with social isolation being a feature which exacerbates the condition of poor persons. To provide contextual detail as to its impact on persons in marginalized communities, we present qualitative primary data from South Africa and Mozambique and review pertinent studies of the First Nations of Canada and among persons with disability. A policy challenge for social isolation is that it is often seen as stemming from an individuals’ capacity rather than resulting from the broader social context. The closing section outlines areas for policy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 83-97
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1311852
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1311852
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:83-97
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Weiss
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss
Title: Implementing industrial policy: How to choose?
Abstract:
There has been a resurgence of interest in industrial policy in higher income as well as in emerging and still developing economies, in part due to a renewed interest in the role of economic structure, with industrial policy interpreted as interventions designed to shift resources into higher return, higher growth activities. Dialogue with the private sector is critical but central to policy choice is how far policy should be applied on a vertical as opposed to a horizontal basis. This paper surveys the techniques available to guide selectivity, focusing in particular on trade-based indicators. It concludes that whilst in practice some selectivity is necessary, there is a limit as to how far this can be guided by objective indicators and flexibility and experimentation will be required in the application of policy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 71-82
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1313399
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1313399
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:71-82
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marco J. Haenssgen
Author-X-Name-First: Marco J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Haenssgen
Author-Name: Proochista Ariana
Author-X-Name-First: Proochista
Author-X-Name-Last: Ariana
Title: The place of technology in the Capability Approach
Abstract:
Increasing scholarly attention has focussed on how to integrate technology within the Capability Approach (CA), yet without a consistent solution. Some describe technology as a special kind of capability input, but others consider the concept of technology to be fundamentally different from that of an ordinary input. We aim to contribute to the theoretical development of the CA by offering a consistent justification for the explicit inclusion of technology in this framework. We propose that technical objects have a ‘generative’ and a ‘transformative’ dimension through which they enable capabilities directly and affect other inputs in the attainment of valued capabilities. The objects acquire the transformative dimension from the broader technological context, which we propose as a new class of conversion factors. Using the example of mobile phones and their role in healthcare access, we demonstrate that our proposal helps to frame the analysis of the development impact of technology.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 98-112
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1325456
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1325456
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:98-112
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gaël Giraud
Author-X-Name-First: Gaël
Author-X-Name-Last: Giraud
Author-Name: Hélène L’Huillier
Author-X-Name-First: Hélène
Author-X-Name-Last: L’Huillier
Author-Name: Cécile Renouard
Author-X-Name-First: Cécile
Author-X-Name-Last: Renouard
Title: Crisis and relief in the Niger Delta (2012–13): assessment of the effects of a flood on relational capabilities
Abstract:
In September 2012, the Niger Delta (Nigeria) experienced a severe flood. By conducting a differences-in-differences estimation (as well as qualitative interviews), this paper studies the effects of the flood and of relief aid provided by an oil company on relational capability, a concept which covers bonding, bridging, and linking aspects of social capital (SC). We find that the flood increased bonding SC, measured as trust in the community, but reduced bridging SC, measured as participation together with unknown people in common-interest projects. The aid distributed to some people, on the other hand, was associated with higher bridging SC. The aid was not distributed according to flood damages but mostly according to social status. Our findings emphasize how a disaster can affect the repartition of bonding and bridging SC in the short term. They also highlight the need to build social cohesion in vulnerable communities from a longer-term and institutional perspective.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 113-131
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1328046
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1328046
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:113-131
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alejandro de la Fuente
Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro
Author-X-Name-Last: de la Fuente
Author-Name: Eduardo Ortiz-Juárez
Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Ortiz-Juárez
Author-Name: Carlos Rodríguez-Castelán
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Castelán
Title: Living on the edge: vulnerability to poverty and public transfers in Mexico
Abstract:
Social policy in Mexico has focused on identifying and supporting households in extreme poverty. Yet, the country has a significant number of households just above the poverty line who are not eligible, by definition, for antipoverty programmes and are at risk of falling into poverty in the event of adverse shocks without appropriate social safety nets. This study uses cross-section and longitudinal data to understand better the profile of those ‘vulnerable’ households, their risk exposure, and the extent to which they are covered by public transfers and insurance mechanisms. The analysis shows that until 2010 most social programmes, including the few with productive components, barely covered the vulnerable. The study calls for public policies to pay attention to the vulnerable and find a policy mix on the continuum between targeted interventions and universal insurance schemes to serve this income group.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 10-27
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1328047
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1328047
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:10-27
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jon Altman
Author-X-Name-First: Jon
Author-X-Name-Last: Altman
Author-Name: Elise Klein
Author-X-Name-First: Elise
Author-X-Name-Last: Klein
Title: Lessons from a basic income programme for Indigenous Australians
Abstract:
This article examines the importance of basic income in supporting development and economic security in remote Australian Indigenous communities. Specifically we draw on the case of the Community Development Employment Programme (CDEP) and examine its significant basic income features: it provided economic security, flexible definitions of work, community control and a means to establish community development initiatives. We find that CDEP suited the economic and cultural circumstances of remote-living Aboriginal people whose livelihoods depend on a hybrid form of economy inclusive of customary (non-market) practices rather than market capitalism. We then trace shifts in Indigenous policy in recent times which saw the dismantling of CDEP in the name of ‘real’ employment, and we examine the consequences of this for Aboriginal people. We end by proposing the reinstatement of a more complete basic income scheme, initially for people in remote Indigenous communities in Australia who are in deepest poverty.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 132-146
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1329413
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1329413
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:132-146
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eduardo Lépore
Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Lépore
Author-Name: Simca Simpson Lapp
Author-X-Name-First: Simca
Author-X-Name-Last: Simpson Lapp
Title: Concentrated poverty and neighbourhood effects: youth marginalisation in Buenos Aires’ informal settlements
Abstract:
This paper provides evidence for the relationship between concentrated poverty as manifested in the informal settlements and the labour market in the city of Buenos Aires. It also examines the consequences that these have on the social marginalisation of young people. First, it analyses the effects of residential location in informal settlements on labour market access. Secondly, it examines the results of multivariate analyses which measure the net effect of living in informal settlements on key indicators of youth marginalisation, as well as the interrelation of the effects of family educational and occupational status. The results demonstrate that the spatial concentration of poverty in informal settlements is linked to labour market segmentation, and is a central determinant of urban marginality. For young people, the very fact of living in informal settlements, in households with highly precarious employment status, significantly increases their risk of marginalisation in a cumulative manner. These findings point to the importance of adopting an integral approach that addresses the dynamics of deprivation in a multi-dimensional and multi-level setting.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 28-44
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1357690
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1357690
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:28-44
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Séverine Deneulin
Author-X-Name-First: Séverine
Author-X-Name-Last: Deneulin
Author-Name: Diego Sánchez-Ancochea
Author-X-Name-First: Diego
Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Ancochea
Title: Urban inequality, youth and social policy in Latin America: introduction to special section
Abstract:
This special section discusses some of the challenges of inequality in the Latin American urban context and its consequences for the lives of young people. The four papers provide an in-depth analysis, from different methodological and disciplinary perspectives, of the interaction between social policy and multiple dimensions of inequality in Mexico, Argentina and Nicaragua. Each seeks to shed some light on the ways social policy operates at the micro- and meso-level to reduce (or fail to reduce) socio-economic inequality and promote human development for young people. This introduction provides a short overview of macro trends on social policy and inequality in Latin America. It raises some questions and discusses challenges regarding their ‘trickling down’ in the lives of the young who live at the urban margins.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 3-9
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1383375
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1383375
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:3-9
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Mitchell
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell
Author-Name: Pablo Del Monte
Author-X-Name-First: Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Del Monte
Author-Name: Séverine Deneulin
Author-X-Name-First: Séverine
Author-X-Name-Last: Deneulin
Title: School completion in urban Latin America: the voices of young people from an informal settlement
Abstract:
Despite progress in improving secondary school completion in Latin America, a high proportion of young people from urban marginalised neighbourhoods continue to drop out. On the basis of in-depth interviews with young people in an informal settlement of the City of Buenos Aires, the paper aims to broaden the understanding of the processes that lead to school dropout in these neighbourhoods. It does so by examining what young people value being and doing, and how they interpret the value of secondary school in their own lives and contexts. The results point to the critical importance of the family in young peoples’ processes of reasoning and decision-making, the complex interaction between capabilities, and the benefits of schools that provide social and emotional support to students and families. The paper argues that listening to the voices of young people can give significant insights for the design of policies to close the gap in education outcomes in segregated urban contexts.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 45-56
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1387242
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1387242
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:45-56
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Julienne Weegels
Author-X-Name-First: Julienne
Author-X-Name-Last: Weegels
Title: Implementing social policy through the criminal justice system: youth, prisons, and community-oriented policing in Nicaragua
Abstract:
Nicaragua has implemented a community-oriented policing model in addition to providing a prison system that is based on the premise of prisoners’ re-education. Though these are part of the criminal justice system, they are also presented as social policies with the objective of social (re)insertion of marginalised urban youth particularly. On the premise that detention is temporary and beneficial, these policies claim to prevent (youth) criminality and to reform its perpetrators. Yet they mostly push these youths into a spiral of continued state interventions. Through an analysis of youth-oriented public policy and an examination of the expansion of criminal justice services, complemented by ethnographic research material collected with young (former) prisoners, this article demonstrates how and why social policy for youth is being carried out by the criminal justice system. This development is underpinned by the securitisation of social policy and a political culture of social conservatism that renders marginalised youth unworthy of social protection.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 57-70
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1391192
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1391192
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:57-70
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ami V. Shah
Author-X-Name-First: Ami V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shah
Author-Name: David Ehrhardt
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Ehrhardt
Author-Name: Oliver Owen
Author-X-Name-First: Oliver
Author-X-Name-Last: Owen
Title: Obituary: Professor Abdul Raufu Mustapha, 1954–2017
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-2
Issue: 1
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1436430
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1436430
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:1:p:1-2
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Silvia Masiero
Author-X-Name-First: Silvia
Author-X-Name-Last: Masiero
Title: Digital governance and the reconstruction of the Indian anti-poverty system
Abstract:
On a global scale, programmes of social protection for the poor are becoming increasingly computerised, and architectures of biometric recognition are being widely used in this respect. I research how these architectures, adopted in anti-poverty systems, structure ways to ‘see the state’ for citizens living in poverty. To do so I study India’s Public Distribution System (PDS) in Kerala, which is augmenting its main food security scheme with the computerised recognition of its users. In the government’s narrative, biometric technology is depicted as an optimal solution to the illicit diversion of PDS goods on the market. Nevertheless, according to the multiple narratives collected across the state, beneficiaries dispute this view in different ways because of the mixed effects of the new technology on their entitlements under the PDS. The government’s capability to reconstruct its image through digital innovation is thus found to be constrained by citizens’ perceptions derived from their encounters with the new technology of governance.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 393-408
Issue: 4
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1258050
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1258050
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:393-408
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivar Kolstad
Author-X-Name-First: Ivar
Author-X-Name-Last: Kolstad
Author-Name: Abel Kinyondo
Author-X-Name-First: Abel
Author-X-Name-Last: Kinyondo
Title: Alternatives to local content requirements in resource-rich countries
Abstract:
This paper discusses whether and to what extent resource-rich developing countries should introduce local content policies, i.e. requirements to include local inputs in petroleum extraction activities of multinational corporations. We argue that local content needs to be seen as a public expenditure question, since local content requirements increase multinational costs, and hence reduce the taxes which can be extracted from these companies. This implies that there are opportunity costs in imposing local content requirements, since the forgone taxes can be used in others ways which could potentially do more to improve development prospects. Moreover, past experiences of resource-rich developing countries suggest that local content policies can exacerbate key problems of patronage and rent-seeking which resource rents generate, increasing the chance that the resource wealth will prevent rather than help development. These arguments suggest that an optimal local content policy in the context of flawed institutions is a more limited one than those typically pursued by developing countries with recently discovered petroleum reserves. Using qualitative data from Tanzania, a country with recent discoveries of substantial natural gas deposits, we analyze why local content tends to become such a central issue in debates and policy processes, despite its potentially problematic aspects.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 409-423
Issue: 4
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1262836
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1262836
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:409-423
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rajesh Venugopal
Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh
Author-X-Name-Last: Venugopal
Author-Name: Sameer Yasir
Author-X-Name-First: Sameer
Author-X-Name-Last: Yasir
Title: The politics of natural disasters in protracted conflict: the 2014 flood in Kashmir
Abstract:
This paper explores the politics of the 2014 floods in the contentious and conflict-prone Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The September 2014 floods were the most serious natural disaster in the state in the past 60 years, and affected some two million people in the Kashmir valley. Drawing on qualitative interview evidence from 50 flood victims in south, central and north Kashmir, the paper examines the extent to which the disaster transformed existing political narratives. In doing so, it examines the role of the state and central governments, the army, local volunteers, and the media. The paper engages with the politics of disaster literature, exploring how disasters can serve as a lens rather than as a catalyst, and stressing the relevance of understanding the social construction of disaster narratives.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 424-442
Issue: 4
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1276160
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1276160
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:424-442
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jan Knoerich
Author-X-Name-First: Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Knoerich
Title: How does outward foreign direct investment contribute to economic development in less advanced home countries?
Abstract:
In view of the rapid increase of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from emerging economies in recent years, this study examines how OFDI supports economic development in the world’s less advanced home countries. Drawing on theories of FDI, available literature of relevance and some recent evidence from emerging economies, this study finds that the objective of multinational enterprises to pursue assets and advantages abroad through OFDI can yield financial, intangible capability and tangible capacity returns. In the right circumstances, these returns generate important macroeconomic gains, mitigate some of the typical problems of economic development and provide broader benefits to societies. Despite some limitations, OFDI complements, sometimes in distinct ways, the development benefits many countries already realise through trade, migration and inward FDI. Emerging economies are best placed to benefit from the returns generated by OFDI.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 443-459
Issue: 4
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1283009
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1283009
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:443-459
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bina Agarwal
Author-X-Name-First: Bina
Author-X-Name-Last: Agarwal
Author-Name: Ankush Agrawal
Author-X-Name-First: Ankush
Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal
Title: Do farmers really like farming? Indian farmers in transition
Abstract:
Few studies of agrarian transition examine what farmers themselves feel about farming. Are they cultivating out of choice or a lack of options? What distinguishes farmers who like farming from those who do not: their personal/household characteristics and endowments? The local ecology and regional economy? Or a mix of these and other factors? Understanding farmer satisfaction is important not only for assessing citizen wellbeing but also for agricultural productivity, since occupational satisfaction can affect a farmer’s incentive to invest and reveal production constraints. Using a unique all-India data-set which asked farmers, ‘Do you like farming?’ this paper provides answers and policy pointers, contributing a little-studied dimension to debates on the smallholder’s future and subjective wellbeing.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 460-478
Issue: 4
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1283010
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1283010
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:460-478
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Terry-Ann Craigie
Author-X-Name-First: Terry-Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Craigie
Author-Name: Shatanjaya Dasgupta
Author-X-Name-First: Shatanjaya
Author-X-Name-Last: Dasgupta
Title: The gender pay gap and son preference: evidence from India
Abstract:
This study explores the role of the gender pay gap in explaining the downward trend in son preference in India. This hypothesis is based on the underlying theory that parents allocate more resources to male children because the expected returns are higher for male relative to female children. However, rising relative earnings of women in India may increase the expected returns to investing in girls, and ultimately help to lower son preference in general. Using data from the 2005–2006 National Family and Health Survey (NFHS) and the 2004 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series-International (IPUMS-International), we construct a gender pay gap measure from exogenous labor demand to identify the effect on reported son preference among men and women. Regression results confirm that reducing the gender pay gap helps lower son preference among men and women.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 479-498
Issue: 4
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1293629
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1293629
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:479-498
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jan Priebe
Author-X-Name-First: Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Priebe
Title: Political reservation and female empowerment: evidence from Maharashtra, India
Abstract:
This paper studies the impact of political reservation for women on political participation and empowerment of women living in areas where gender quotas are mandated. Following the 1992 passage of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment in India, one-third of village government head positions are reserved for women. Utilizing the random allocation of reserved seats and a unique individual level data-set which captures a large set of measures on political participation of women, we find that women residing in areas with a female village government head show significantly higher levels of political participation and empowerment. Overall, the observed effect can be entirely attributed to improved outcomes of women from a lower socio-economic strata, while no effect is found for economically better-off women. The results suggest that the imposed gender quotas are an effective means of overcoming inequalities and contributed to giving disadvantaged women more voice and opportunity for political empowerment. We further investigate the role that the level of women’s political participation plays on the type and quality of public services delivered. Our results indicate that the level of women’s political participation and empowerment is an important channel through which public service delivery is influenced.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 499-521
Issue: 4
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1298740
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1298740
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:499-521
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shirin Madon
Author-X-Name-First: Shirin
Author-X-Name-Last: Madon
Author-Name: S. Krishna
Author-X-Name-First: S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Krishna
Title: Challenges of accountability in resource-poor contexts: lessons about invited spaces from Karnataka’s village health committees
Abstract:
Invited spaces have been discussed by development scholars and policymakers as a new and important means of promoting accountability in primary healthcare. Although numerous experiments have been initiated to establish such spaces in resource-poor contexts, we still have little understanding of how they are used and their effectiveness. Based on our longitudinal study of the Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees in Karnataka, we trace changes that have occurred in the frequency and quality of interactions between state, political and civil society committee participants as they come to understand the possibilities afforded to them, work out tactics and develop a set of practices that make them accountable to each other for improving village health. Our findings suggest that strengthening accountability within invited spaces can form an important basis for improving the primary healthcare system with implications for research and policy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 522-541
Issue: 4
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1313397
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1313397
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:522-541
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sèna Kimm Gnangnon
Author-X-Name-First: Sèna Kimm
Author-X-Name-Last: Gnangnon
Author-Name: Jean-François Brun
Author-X-Name-First: Jean-François
Author-X-Name-Last: Brun
Title: Impact of export upgrading on tax revenue in developing and high-income countries
Abstract:
Empirical studies usually analyse the relationship between an economy’s trade sector and tax revenue in developing countries through the effect of trade liberalization on tax revenue. This paper takes a different angle by examining the impact of export upgrading strategies (export diversification and improvement in export quality) on non-resource tax revenue. The panel data-set covers a sample of 172 countries, including both developed and developing countries, spanning the period 1980–2010. The analysis is conducted both on the entire sample and sub-samples. The findings indicate that export product upgrading exerts a positive and significant effect on non-resource tax revenue, including for the sub-samples considered, with the exception of low-income countries for which we observe mixed results. Moreover, countries which upgrade their export products in a context of trade openness consistently experience higher non-resource tax revenue, both in the short and long term.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 542-561
Issue: 4
Volume: 45
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1313398
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1313398
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:45:y:2017:i:4:p:542-561
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sreeraj A. P
Author-X-Name-First: Sreeraj
Author-X-Name-Last: A. P
Author-Name: Vamsi Vakulabharanam
Author-X-Name-First: Vamsi
Author-X-Name-Last: Vakulabharanam
Title: High growth and rising inequality in Kerala since the 1980s
Abstract:
Over the last three decades, the state of Kerala in South India has witnessed fast-paced growth, with the highest recorded inequality (in 2009–2010) among all the states in India; however, its human development indicators remain the highest in India. This marks a departure from the well-known development trajectory of Kerala – famously known as the Kerala model – of low growth and moderate inequality with high human development indicators. We conduct GDP and growth decomposition, inequality decomposition and a Marxian class analysis of the National Sample Survey data from Kerala in order to understand these recent phenomena. While the notion that economic liberalization adopted by the state and central governments is the main cause of this new state of affairs is generally valid, we provide a more nuanced account of the causal structures based on class analysis and the impact of outward labour migration to the Persian Gulf.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 367-383
Issue: 4
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1111320
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1111320
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:367-383
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid
Author-X-Name-First: Juan Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno-Brid
Author-Name: Stefanie Garry
Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie
Author-X-Name-Last: Garry
Title: Economic performance in Latin America in the 2000s: recession, recovery, and resilience?
Abstract:
This paper examines Latin America’s economic performance in the last three decades with the objective of assessing whether it entered a new phase of strong and persistent growth with stabilization in the 2000s. Our analysis pays special attention to the changing roles of exports and investment as drivers of growth and to the region’s performance in the fiscal area, the composition and dynamics of foreign trade, investment and labour productivity. Our results indicate that, in general, the region has achieved important progress in macroeconomic matters, but it has failed to overcome major structural, long-term constraints linked to its balance of payments and to a lesser extent its fiscal performance. Unless these challenges are resolved, the region’s long-term growth will hardly be favourable.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 384-400
Issue: 4
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2015.1127907
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2015.1127907
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:384-400
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christie Lam
Author-X-Name-First: Christie
Author-X-Name-Last: Lam
Author-Name: Saumik Paul
Author-X-Name-First: Saumik
Author-X-Name-Last: Paul
Author-Name: Vengadeshvaran Sarma
Author-X-Name-First: Vengadeshvaran
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarma
Title: Reversal of fortune? The long-term effect of conservation-led displacement in Nepal
Abstract:
Building on a panel data-set using two rounds of self-administered surveys, this study assesses the long-term welfare effects of conservation-led displacement in Nepal. Empirical findings indicate that while displaced households suffered from poor land productivity and food insecurity in the first five years after displacement, they appear to be better off today, a decade since displacement, compared to non-displaced households. However, this has come at the expense of loosening social ties, increased strain on human capital and, most importantly, an overall deterioration in people’s socio-cultural wellbeing.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 401-419
Issue: 4
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1149158
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1149158
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:401-419
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saswati Das
Author-X-Name-First: Saswati
Author-X-Name-Last: Das
Title: Impact of MGNREGA on the livelihood security of rural poor in India: a study using national sample survey data
Abstract:
This paper studies the impact of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA) at the all-India level utilizing nationally representative data from the national sample survey (NSS). We propose an alternative methodology for the proper identification of target households in the baseline period using a secondary data source such as the NSS. The programme is assessed in terms of whether it has been successful in ensuring livelihood security for beneficiary households. The study found that the increase in spending capacity of non-beneficiary households was greater than MGNREGA beneficiary households. Moreover, the overall growth trend in spending capacity over time had a greater effect in improving the livelihood security of the target households than the estimated effect of the programme.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 420-440
Issue: 4
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1246658
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1246658
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:420-440
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hannah Kuper
Author-X-Name-First: Hannah
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuper
Author-Name: Matthew Walsham
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Walsham
Author-Name: Flora Myamba
Author-X-Name-First: Flora
Author-X-Name-Last: Myamba
Author-Name: Simeon Mesaki
Author-X-Name-First: Simeon
Author-X-Name-Last: Mesaki
Author-Name: Islay Mactaggart
Author-X-Name-First: Islay
Author-X-Name-Last: Mactaggart
Author-Name: Morgon Banks
Author-X-Name-First: Morgon
Author-X-Name-Last: Banks
Author-Name: Karl Blanchet
Author-X-Name-First: Karl
Author-X-Name-Last: Blanchet
Title: Social protection for people with disabilities in Tanzania: a mixed methods study
Abstract:
People with disabilities are more vulnerable than others to poverty and exclusion from key services, such as health and education. Consequently, they particularly need social protection, yet may have difficulties accessing these programmes. This study aims to assess the need for, and inclusion in, social protection programmes among people with disabilities compared to those without, in three districts in Tanzania. Using a mixed methods approach, our study finds that although the need for social protection programmes was higher among people with disabilities compared to the general population, this was not matched by higher enrolment. People with disabilities were aware of social protection programmes in their area but were not targeted specifically, and benefit packages offered by the programmes were not adapted to their needs. Modifying mainstream social protection schemes to be inclusive of people with disabilities may therefore be an important step towards addressing poverty alleviation goals, including those set out in the recently adopted sustainable development goals (Goal 1, target 3).
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 441-457
Issue: 4
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1213228
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1213228
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:441-457
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arusha Cooray
Author-X-Name-First: Arusha
Author-X-Name-Last: Cooray
Author-Name: Nabamita Dutta
Author-X-Name-First: Nabamita
Author-X-Name-Last: Dutta
Author-Name: Sushanta Mallick
Author-X-Name-First: Sushanta
Author-X-Name-Last: Mallick
Title: Does female human capital formation matter for the income effect of remittances? Evidence from developing countries
Abstract:
The existing literature has focussed extensively on the development outcomes resulting from international migrant remittances. Yet, the human capital channel promoting remittance effectiveness has received little attention. Given the multilateral policy drive to promote female literacy in recent decades, it is relevant to examine whether female human capital formation improves the effectiveness of remittances in terms of its impact on per capita income. Using a panel of 103 developing economies over the period 1970–2012, this paper attempts to answer this question empirically. The paper finds that female human capital affects the remittance-growth relationship differently according to whether it is the primary, secondary or tertiary level of human capital. Our estimates of the marginal impacts of remittances show that while higher levels of skilled human capital (secondary and tertiary enrolments) enhance the marginal impact of remittances on per capita income, low-skilled human capital (primary enrolments) fails to do so. Our conclusion stresses the need to encourage female human capital beyond the promotion of literacy rates in developing countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 458-478
Issue: 4
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1194970
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1194970
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:458-478
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laetitia Duval
Author-X-Name-First: Laetitia
Author-X-Name-Last: Duval
Author-Name: François-Charles Wolff
Author-X-Name-First: François-Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Wolff
Title: Do remittances support consumption during crisis? Evidence from Kosovo
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the effect of remittances on per capita consumption over time in a context of conflict, war-to-peace transition and crisis. We use two household surveys from Kosovo with unique timing, one collected immediately after the civil war in 2000 and the other during the economic crisis in 2010. This territory, in which the tension among ethnic groups is the focus of international concern, is one of the top remittance-receiving countries in the world. We examine the effect of remittances not only at the average level of consumption, but also at various parts of the distribution of consumption using quantile regressions. We find that remittances alleviate poverty by enhancing the consumption level of the most vulnerable households, and the positive effect of remittances on consumption has remained constant between 2000 and 2010. This result may be connected with the resilience of remittances.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 479-492
Issue: 4
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1156080
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1156080
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:479-492
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kwadwo Afriyie
Author-X-Name-First: Kwadwo
Author-X-Name-Last: Afriyie
Author-Name: John Kuumuori Ganle
Author-X-Name-First: John Kuumuori
Author-X-Name-Last: Ganle
Author-Name: Janet Afua Abrafi Adomako
Author-X-Name-First: Janet Afua Abrafi
Author-X-Name-Last: Adomako
Title: The good in evil: a discourse analysis of the industry in Ghana
Abstract:
Galamsey, a low-tech, labour-intensive, small-scale mining activity in Ghana, has recently come under intense criticism and state policing despite being an important livelihood source. Based on empirical research, this paper uses discourse analysis to re-examine galamsey politics in Ghana, focusing on why people are engaged in galamsey despite attempts to curtail it. Findings suggest that for most individuals and communities, poverty, displacement from agricultural lands and unemployment explain their initial entry into the industry. However, the legal, regulatory and policing regimes, together with complex, ambivalent relationships between government, large-scale mining companies, traditional authorities and galamsey operators, all help to perpetuate galamsey. These findings provide a counter-narrative to the dominant discourse of opportunism and demonisation which often characterises public discussions on Ghana’s galamsey industry. Rather than the combative approach taken by the state towards the galamsey phenomenon, urgent legislative and policy reforms are needed in order to streamline the licensing regime and address the drivers of galamsey.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 493-508
Issue: 4
Volume: 44
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1217984
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2016.1217984
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:44:y:2016:i:4:p:493-508
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chan Hang Saing
Author-X-Name-First: Chan Hang
Author-X-Name-Last: Saing
Title: Rural electrification in Cambodia: does it improve the welfare of households?
Abstract:
This study uses subsamples of socio-economic surveys from 2004 and 2011 to construct village panel data and apply the difference-in-differences (DID) method to examine the impact of rural electrification on household consumption and children’s education in Cambodia at the village level. Conditional on the DID assumption and observed village and household characteristics, rural electrification increased household consumption by approximately 16.6%. This study also finds that higher-quintile households benefited more. Additionally, rural electrification increased boys’ years of schooling completed by 0.85 and girls’ years of schooling completed by 0.62. It also increased the probability of having ever been enrolled in primary school for boys by approximately 9.7% but did not increase the probability of having ever been enrolled for girls.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 147-163
Issue: 2
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1340443
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1340443
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:147-163
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shiri Noy
Author-X-Name-First: Shiri
Author-X-Name-Last: Noy
Title: Healthy targets? World Bank projects and targeted health programmes and policies in Costa Rica, Argentina, and Peru, 1980–2005
Abstract:
Despite its central role in diffusing neoliberal policies and its status as an important external funder of health, the World Bank’s effect on health policies in developing countries has been little explored. I examine how the World Bank framed and funded targeting in healthcare in Costa Rica, Argentina, and Peru. Results indicate that the World Bank and national governments pursue targeting and justify its implementation differently across countries. While both national government and the World Bank cite efficiency and equity concerns as a rationale for targeting, the World Bank is more likely to invoke efficiency and cost-cutting measures. Targeting also happens against the backdrop of very different policies across these countries: coexisting with universalism in Costa Rica, growing public insurance in Peru, and a federally managed health system in Argentina. Domestic factors associated with countries’ existing health systems, in particular coverage and segmentation in the health sector, helps account for variation in both the groups/areas targeted and the discourse and rationale in national and World Bank documents. I conclude by discussing the implications of these results for our understanding of the World Bank’s influence on health policies in developing countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 164-183
Issue: 2
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1346068
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1346068
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:164-183
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos A. Torres-Vitolas
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Torres-Vitolas
Title: Effects of social capital building on social network formation among the rural poor: a case-study from Peru
Abstract:
Although building social capital through participatory interventions is widely recommended in the development literature, limited attention has been paid to the process of social network expansion taking place in such contexts. This article empirically examines Putnam- and Bourdieu-based approaches to examine actors’ investments in social relations. Beneficiaries of a full-participatory intervention were followed over a four-year period using mixed-methods data. Results showed that, despite the existence of substantive social cohesion and promising levels of trust, actors’ capacity to benefit from project-sponsored bonding, bridging and linking social capital activities were affected by their capital endowments, lifestyles and (non)material interests. Over time, social capital building efforts appeared to have mostly favoured the emergence of village-level network structures unfavourable to the poorest, female, and non-politically active residents. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are also discussed.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 184-198
Issue: 2
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1347255
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1347255
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:184-198
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anindita Chakrabarti
Author-X-Name-First: Anindita
Author-X-Name-Last: Chakrabarti
Author-Name: Kausik Chaudhuri
Author-X-Name-First: Kausik
Author-X-Name-Last: Chaudhuri
Title: Does employment before marriage exert autonomy after marriage? Evidence on female autonomy from India
Abstract:
This paper examines the determinants of female autonomy using data from India. We model female autonomy for movement as well as economic decision-making using a summative index approach. Our contributions to the literature include a careful examination of the regional differences, tests of economic and sociological hypotheses on female autonomy and the use of pre-marriage autonomy measures in terms of employment status to determine post-marriage autonomy. Our results suggest that economic, sociological and pre-marriage autonomy factors explain female autonomy. Regional differences regarding the economic, sociological and pre-marriage autonomy factors play a role in determining female autonomy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 199-214
Issue: 2
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1354980
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1354980
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:199-214
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandrine Michel
Author-X-Name-First: Sandrine
Author-X-Name-Last: Michel
Author-Name: Holimalala Randriamanampisoa
Author-X-Name-First: Holimalala
Author-X-Name-Last: Randriamanampisoa
Title: The capability approach as a framework for assessing the role of microcredit in resource conversion: the case of rural households in the Madagascar highlands
Abstract:
This article applies the capability approach in order to analyse microcredit as a tool for resource conversion, which permits poor households to take advantage of latent opportunities. This approach calls for linking microcredit with the choices of the poor themselves. A sample of 290 rural households from the Madagascar highlands was surveyed over two consecutive years. To identify the most relevant dimensions of poverty available for a conversion process, data were processed using factor analysis. A hierarchical classification then permitted the distribution of the households over three capability levels. Finally, an ordered multinomial logit brings out how microcredit influences the likelihood that a household receiving such a loan will reach a higher capability level. The main findings indicate that microcredit represents a robust means to obtain a higher level of capability. Moreover, when the process of borrowing endures, poor households enter into a learning process that increases the effect of microcredit. Regardless of the gender of the household head, microcredit increases the probability of reaching an enhanced level of capability, except for the poorest households headed by a woman. The head of household’s level of education only improves the effect of microcredit if the productive system implemented needs specific competencies related to educational attainment.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 215-235
Issue: 2
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1368471
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1368471
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:215-235
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Élisé Wendlassida Miningou
Author-X-Name-First: Élisé Wendlassida
Author-X-Name-Last: Miningou
Author-Name: Valérie Vierstraete
Author-X-Name-First: Valérie
Author-X-Name-Last: Vierstraete
Title: Performance of primary education in Burkina Faso: a multi-output stochastic frontier analysis
Abstract:
Primary education plays an important role in the development of human capital in developing countries. Consequently, Burkina Faso has taken steps to ensure both access to, and better quality of, primary education. However, comparisons between the different provinces of Burkina Faso reveal that there is a greater disparity between provinces in terms of access to, and the quality of, education, than there is in the provision of resources. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the efficiency of the resources used in providing primary education in Burkina Faso. We apply a stochastic frontier model in order to estimate the efficiency with which the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso provide primary education. The proposed model not only allows two outputs for primary education to be included, but also provides for an assessment of the factors that may affect inefficiency. Our results indicate that, overall, the primary education system in Burkina Faso operates at an efficiency level of approximately 63%. In addition, the living conditions of the population, as well as some factors internal to the education system, appear to have a relationship with the efficiency of primary education in the various provinces of Burkina Faso.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 236-249
Issue: 2
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1378316
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1378316
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:236-249
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Teresia Kaulihowa
Author-X-Name-First: Teresia
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaulihowa
Author-Name: Charles Adjasi
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Adjasi
Title: FDI and income inequality in Africa
Abstract:
This paper tests the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on income inequality in a panel of 16 African countries from 1980 to 2013. We controlled for both non-linear effects and heterogeneity by using a Pooled Mean Group estimator. There is robust evidence that the relationship is non-linear and we document a U-shaped effect of FDI on inequality. The results reveal that FDI increases equality of distribution of income in the countries examined. However, this effect diminishes with further increases in FDI. Policy implications emanating from this study suggest that although FDI may be growth enhancing, FDI-induced growth may not necessarily translate into a reduction in inequality. FDI has to be structured in such way that the resulting skill-biased employed is mitigated. To address inequality, policy implications from this study imply that FDI has to target both ends of the labour market.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 250-265
Issue: 2
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1381233
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1381233
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:250-265
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Heintz
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Heintz
Author-Name: Naila Kabeer
Author-X-Name-First: Naila
Author-X-Name-Last: Kabeer
Author-Name: Simeen Mahmud
Author-X-Name-First: Simeen
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmud
Title: Cultural norms, economic incentives and women’s labour market behaviour: empirical insights from Bangladesh
Abstract:
This paper sets out to explore a seeming puzzle in the context of Bangladesh. There is a considerable body of evidence from the country pointing to the positive impact of paid work on women’s position within family and community. Yet, according to official statistics, not only has women’s labour force participation risen very slowly over the years, but also a sizeable majority of women in the labour force are in unpaid family labour. We draw on an original survey of over 5000 women from eight different districts in Bangladesh to explore some of the factors that lead to women’s selection into the labour force, and into different categories of labour market activity, with a view to gaining a better understanding of the combination of cultural norms and economic considerations that explain these findings.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 266-289
Issue: 2
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1382464
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1382464
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:266-289
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexander Blair
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander
Author-X-Name-Last: Blair
Author-Name: Andrea K. Chareunsy
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chareunsy
Title: Modelling guanxi with a games network approach
Abstract:
Rapid economic growth in East Asia has often been attributed to cultural preconditions. In the case of China, high economic growth has been attributed to Confucian emphases on loyalty, reciprocal social obligations, and the pre-eminence of the group over the individual. These cultural attributes are said to be manifested especially in the practice of guanxi, a distinctive style of inter-firm networking based on trust and mutual obligations. We suggest that cultural explanations of guanxi networking behaviour appear to conflict with standard economic assumptions of rationality and utility maximisation. We argue that guanxi networks can be better understood if modelled on these standard economic assumptions. For this purpose we use a network games approach. We find that guanxi-type behaviour can be generated by the model, such that culture-based explanations appear unnecessary. Thus, we argue, guanxi behaviour can be explained in a way more consistent with rational agents and maximising behaviour.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 290-303
Issue: 2
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1397619
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1397619
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:290-303
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Corrigendum
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 304-304
Issue: 2
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1426514
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1426514
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:2:p:304-304
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sophia Kan
Author-X-Name-First: Sophia
Author-X-Name-Last: Kan
Author-Name: R. Emre Aytimur
Author-X-Name-First: R. Emre
Author-X-Name-Last: Aytimur
Title: Labor force participation of women left behind in Tajikistan
Abstract:
This paper examines the impact of male migration on the labor force participation of the women left behind in Tajikistan. Studies from many countries show that when men migrate, female labor force participation decreases and this is largely explained by the income effect from remittances. Our study challenges this finding. Using panel data from 2007, 2009 and 2011, we find that, in Tajikistan, migration has no significant effect on the number of hours that women work. We use panel data which allow us to control for unobservable heterogeneity, rather than the cross-sectional data used by others. We analyze several countervailing factors that may have neutralized the income effect, such as the need to substitute for the missing labor in the household. We also find that women work more when the household has a farm, regardless of the presence of a migrant in the household.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-28
Issue: 1
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1484899
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1484899
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:1-28
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rafael Novella
Author-X-Name-First: Rafael
Author-X-Name-Last: Novella
Title: Parental education, gender preferences and child nutritional status in Peru
Abstract:
This paper examines whether the distribution of bargaining power between parents affects nutritional indicators in the early stages of a child’s life, giving evidence that the allocation of household resources varies by the gender of the child and the parents. After accounting for the potential endogeneity of the indicator of power distribution within the household, related to assortative mating in the marriage market, this paper shows that maternal power is more positively associated with girls’ nutrition than boys’. Among households located in rural areas, resource allocation between girls and boys seems to differ. Similarly, some evidence of competition for household resources affecting girls’ nutrition is found.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 29-47
Issue: 1
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1495703
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1495703
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:29-47
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ahmed Shoukry Rashad
Author-X-Name-First: Ahmed Shoukry
Author-X-Name-Last: Rashad
Author-Name: Mesbah Fathy Sharaf
Author-X-Name-First: Mesbah Fathy
Author-X-Name-Last: Sharaf
Title: Does maternal employment affect child nutrition status? New evidence from Egypt
Abstract:
Even though maternal employment can increase family income, several studies suggest that it could have adverse consequences on children’s health. In this study, we use a nationally representative sample of 12,888 children, aged 0–5 years from Egypt to examine the impact of maternal employment on child nutritional indicators, namely: stunting, wasting, and being underweight and overweight. We adopted various estimation methods to control for observable and unobservable household characteristics in order to identify the causal effect of maternal employment. These different techniques include, propensity score matching (PSM), OLS regression with controlling for a wide range of individual characteristics, and an instrumental variable two-stage least squares (IV 2SLS) approach. Results of the PSM and OLS suggest that maternal employment is weakly associated with having a malnourished child. On the other hand, the IV 2SLS suggests a stronger and significant association between maternal employment and poor nutritional status among children.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 48-62
Issue: 1
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1497589
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1497589
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:48-62
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marya Hillesland
Author-X-Name-First: Marya
Author-X-Name-Last: Hillesland
Title: Investigating the gender wealth gap in Ghana
Abstract:
This article explores the determinants of the substantial wealth gap between married men and women in Ghana across the wealth distribution. The data is part of the multi-country project, The Gender Asset Gap Project, and is unique in that it contains information on asset ownership at the level of the individuals within households. The study finds a large gender wealth gap at the top of the wealth distribution and that gender differences in inheritance and educational attainment contribute to a substantial part of the gap. While several studies have explored gender earning gaps, few have looked at the composition of the gender wealth gap across the distribution at the national level. This is the first study of its kind to investigate the components of the gender wealth gap within an African country context.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 63-78
Issue: 1
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1498473
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1498473
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:63-78
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marta Favara
Author-X-Name-First: Marta
Author-X-Name-Last: Favara
Author-Name: Catherine Porter
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Porter
Author-Name: Tassew Woldehanna
Author-X-Name-First: Tassew
Author-X-Name-Last: Woldehanna
Title: Smarter through social protection? Evaluating the impact of Ethiopia’s safety-net on child cognitive abilities
Abstract:
Ethiopia’s productive safety net is the second largest Social Protection Program in sub-Saharan Africa and has been rolled out to almost 10 million beneficiaries since 2005; its effects are therefore of general interest. We provide the first estimates of its impact on children’s cognitive abilities. To identify impacts of this program, we exploit four rounds of data on a cohort of children surveyed repeatedly between 2002 and 2013. We find a small but significant positive effect of the programme on both numeracy skills and vocabulary. This is driven mainly by children in households that had graduated (left) the programme just before 2013. We argue that this is at least partially related to time allocation: graduates of the programme spent more time in school than continuing beneficiaries. We also find evidence that the maths (though not language) improvement is more pronounced for boys.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 79-96
Issue: 1
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1499884
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1499884
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:79-96
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matthew Walsham
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Walsham
Author-Name: Hannah Kuper
Author-X-Name-First: Hannah
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuper
Author-Name: Lena Morgon Banks
Author-X-Name-First: Lena Morgon
Author-X-Name-Last: Banks
Author-Name: Karl Blanchet
Author-X-Name-First: Karl
Author-X-Name-Last: Blanchet
Title: Social protection for people with disabilities in Africa and Asia: a review of programmes for low- and middle-income countries
Abstract:
Despite a greater need for social protection among people with disabilities, there is limited evidence of their inclusion into social protection programmes in low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents the findings from a review of regional and global data sources for Asia-Pacific and Africa to identify social protection programmes that aim to include people with disabilities. It finds a substantial number of programmes in both regions, although there is considerable variation in the quantity and types of programmes within and between regions and countries, as well as between low- and middle-income countries. Further, the quality of data is not sufficient to assess the degree to which these programmes are genuinely inclusive of people with disabilities. As such, it highlights important limitations in the way data is currently being collected that require further attention in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals and the commitment to ‘Leave No-one Behind’
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 97-112
Issue: 1
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1515903
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1515903
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:97-112
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dennis Wesselbaum
Author-X-Name-First: Dennis
Author-X-Name-Last: Wesselbaum
Title: Happiness over the financial crisis
Abstract:
This paper adds to the literature on the macroeconomic driving forces of happiness. Using data for 106 countries over the financial crisis (2006–2013), we estimate a dynamic panel data model. We find that there is a strong relation between income and happiness. Further, individuals have a stronger aversion against unemployment than against inflation. We perform various robustness checks including cultural differences and additional driving forces such as gender inequality and macroeconomic policies. Finally, we identify happiness shocks using the performance of ones’ country at the FIFA World Cups. We show that movements in happiness can generate business cycles. Interestingly, happiness shocks increase income on impact but decrease it after 1 year.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 113-133
Issue: 1
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1524862
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1524862
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:113-133
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Erratum
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 134-134
Issue: 1
Volume: 47
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1490567
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1490567
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:47:y:2019:i:1:p:134-134
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carla Canelas
Author-X-Name-First: Carla
Author-X-Name-Last: Canelas
Author-Name: Rachel M. Gisselquist
Author-X-Name-First: Rachel M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gisselquist
Title: Human capital, labour market outcomes, and horizontal inequality in Guatemala
Abstract:
With the second largest indigenous population by percentage in Latin America, Guatemala is an important case for understanding horizontal inequality and indigenous politics. This paper presents new analysis of survey data, allowing for consideration both of indigenous and ladino populations, as well as of ethno-linguistic diversity within the indigenous population. Our analysis illustrates both the depth and persistence of horizontal inequalities in educational and labour market outcomes, and a broad trend towards greater equality. Earnings gaps have been reduced by, among other factors, improved educational outcomes. Ethnic groups also show distinct patterns of wages and wage gaps, and there is evidence of ‘sticky floors’ affecting some groups more than others. Our findings suggest that the focus on the indigenous/non-indigenous divide found in much of the economic literature on Latin America obscures meaningful diversity within the indigenous population. We posit that further consideration of such within-group diversity has implications for broader theories of ethnic politics, and in particular for understanding the comparative weakness of indigenous political mobilisation in Guatemala.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 378-397
Issue: 3
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1388360
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1388360
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:378-397
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pedro Henrique Soares Leivas
Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Henrique Soares
Author-X-Name-Last: Leivas
Author-Name: Anderson Moreira Aristides dos Santos
Author-X-Name-First: Anderson Moreira Aristides
Author-X-Name-Last: dos Santos
Title: Horizontal inequality and ethnic diversity in Brazil: patterns, trends, and their impacts on institutions
Abstract:
In this paper, we analyse the patterns and trends of horizontal inequality and ethnic diversity in Brazil in the past 30 years and their effect on the quality of the country’s institutions. Using data from the last four demographic censuses (1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010), we estimate numerous measures to analyse inequalities between different ‘ethnic’ groups. Our results show that, in Brazil between 1980 and 2010, the trend toward greater equality shown in other analyses of vertical inequality, is also found in terms of horizontal inequalities along racial, gender, and regional lines. Nevertheless, horizontal inequalities in terms of race and gender, in particular, remain pronounced. Ethnic diversity regarding race and religion has increased since 1980. Through our regression analysis, we note that both horizontal inequality and ethnic diversity negatively affect the institutional quality of Brazilian municipalities.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 348-362
Issue: 3
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1394450
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1394450
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:348-362
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria C. Lo Bue
Author-X-Name-First: Maria C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lo Bue
Author-Name: Jan Priebe
Author-X-Name-First: Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Priebe
Title: Revisiting the socioeconomic determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practices: evidence from Eastern Indonesia
Abstract:
This paper attempts to fill several important research gaps on the socioeconomic determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practices. In contrast to previous studies that have focused on the timely initiation and duration of breastfeeding, this article examines exclusive breastfeeding practices. Using data on 1138 children from the Indonesian Family Life Survey East 2012, we revisited to what extent mothers’ education levels and work in non-traditional sectors influence exclusive breastfeeding patterns. Furthermore, we investigated to what extent health-care demand and supply factors influence exclusive breastfeeding practices. Controlling for a wide range of individual, household, and community characteristics, our findings suggest that exclusive breastfeeding practices are affected positively by mothers’ education and negatively by mothers’ labour market participation in non-traditional employment contracts. Moreover, our results indicate that a higher availability and quality of health-care supply does not necessarily lead to better exclusive breastfeeding practices. Only when health-care supply was matched with a significant demand for such services, did we observe a higher chance for optimal exclusive breastfeeding.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 398-410
Issue: 3
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1397620
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1397620
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:398-410
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ana Maria Peredo
Author-X-Name-First: Ana Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Peredo
Author-Name: Nick Montgomery
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Montgomery
Author-Name: Murdith McLean
Author-X-Name-First: Murdith
Author-X-Name-Last: McLean
Title: The BoP business paradigm: what it promotes and what it conceals
Abstract:
The Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) is a popular paradigm within management circles concerning those in poverty. In this paper, we develop a critical analysis of BoP discourse and practice, drawing particularly on the works of Laclau and Mouffe, and enriched by post-development thinking as expressed in the works of Esteva and Escobar, among others. We argue that the BoP paradigm functions to reinforce market capitalist hegemony and – vitally – to conceal economic alternatives. Using the concepts of ‘discourse’, ‘hegemony’ and ‘performativity’, we analyse the politics of language and representation in the BoP discourse. Finally, we point to modes of scholarship that contribute to the nurturing and performance of diverse, non-capitalist economic worlds.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 411-429
Issue: 3
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1399998
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1399998
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:411-429
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Belinda Archibong
Author-X-Name-First: Belinda
Author-X-Name-Last: Archibong
Title: Historical origins of persistent inequality in Nigeria
Abstract:
Horizontal inequality by ethnic group has remained remarkably persistent for wealth, education and access to certain public services in Nigeria. While there has been notable progress made towards improving access to, and reducing ethnic inequality in access to locally administered services like some sanitation services and potable water, outcomes are stickier for wealth, education and historically federally administered services like grid-based power access in the country. Populations in the Northwest and Northeast ethnic and geopolitical zones consistently report below national mean levels of wealth, education and electricity, while there have been significant gains made in closing the ethnic gap in access to water and sanitation over time. This paper explores different explanations for the patterns observed and puts forth the thesis that persistent ethnic inequality in access to federally administered services is partly driven by historical heterogeneous federal government policy towards different groups in Nigeria.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 325-347
Issue: 3
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1416072
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2017.1416072
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:325-347
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Reichert
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Reichert
Title: A meta-analysis examining the nature of trade-offs in microfinance
Abstract:
This meta-analysis reviews existing evidence on the ability of microfinance institutions (MFI) to achieve social and financial goals simultaneously. Through an initial screen of 3088 articles covering empirical tests on microfinance performance trade-offs, I synthesize 623 empirical findings from 61 studies to identify the dimensions of MFI performance, and study characteristics associated with trade-offs between financial and social objectives Overall, findings suggest that depth of outreach, cost of outreach, and efficiency indicators increase the prevalence of trade-offs, while risk indicators are associated with fewer trade-offs. Profitability indicators and outreach to women are found to have no significant effect on performance trade-offs. Additionally, study characteristics suggest that using an economic frontier methodology or publishing in development journals increases the incidence of trade-offs, while time trends reveal that trade-offs become less acute as the industry matures. Consequently, MFIs face difficult decisions in relation to the possibility that social goals need be sacrificed to achieve financial sustainability.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 430-452
Issue: 3
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1427223
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1427223
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:430-452
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nishant Chadha
Author-X-Name-First: Nishant
Author-X-Name-Last: Chadha
Author-Name: Bharti Nandwani
Author-X-Name-First: Bharti
Author-X-Name-Last: Nandwani
Title: Ethnic fragmentation, public good provision and inequality in India, 1988–2012
Abstract:
We study how ethnic fragmentation in Indian districts influences the distribution of consumption, both overall and between social groups. In the absence of systematic evidence on inequality between social groups (horizontal inequality) during the sample period, we construct estimates of horizontal and overall inequality, and find that horizontal inequality is a small proportion of overall inequality, as well as that both overall and horizontal inequality have increased over time. Our empirical results indicate that more fragmented districts have higher inequality, but the relationship between fragmentation and horizontal inequality is weak. Additionally, we show that fragmentation increases inequality by lowering public good provision.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 363-377
Issue: 3
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1434498
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1434498
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:363-377
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carla Canelas
Author-X-Name-First: Carla
Author-X-Name-Last: Canelas
Author-Name: Rachel M. Gisselquist
Author-X-Name-First: Rachel M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gisselquist
Title: Horizontal inequality as an outcome
Abstract:
A considerable body of research suggests that horizontal inequality between ethnic groups has major socioeconomic implications, in particular for peace and economic development. Much of this work focuses on horizontal inequality as an independent causal variable, rather than an outcome of various processes. We offer conceptual, theoretical, and empirical reasons for treating horizontal inequality as an outcome and challenging assumptions of fixity. We first consider explanations for variation drawing on the literature on horizontal inequality, as well as on ethnicity more broadly. We then explore how horizontal inequality can be measured using survey and census data, and present analysis based on two datasets providing information on inequality in terms of educational attainment (HI-E) for the 1960s to 2000s. These data suggest both a general trend toward decline in HI-E over time and considerable regional variation. This article serves also to introduce and frame the contributions to this special section.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 305-324
Issue: 3
Volume: 46
Year: 2018
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2018.1508565
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2018.1508565
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:46:y:2018:i:3:p:305-324
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: New directions for ODS
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-1
Issue: 1
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1727608
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1727608
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:1-1
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne Marie Goetz
Author-X-Name-First: Anne Marie
Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz
Title: The politics of preserving gender inequality: de-institutionalisation and re-privatisation
Abstract:
A backlash against gender equality is a core component of the contemporary tilt away from liberal democracy in some contexts. The backlash has been enabled by two developments that can de-institutionalise women’s rights. First, the privatisation associated with neoliberalism, and the austerity imposed by financial crises, have hollowed-out public provision of social services. The loss or erosion of public social protection systems reinforces the demand for unpaid care work, imposing a partial re-privatisation of women in their mothering roles. Second, security and immigration crises have inflamed nationalist right-wing populist movements that make the de-institutionalisationof liberal equality protections – including attacks on women’s rights provisions – a core signifier of anti-establishment credentials. The result is a stagnation at the global level since 2016 in the rate at which the gender gap is closing. Today, the active construction of inequality by gender – and its contestation – are more explicit features of national and global politics than ever before.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 2-17
Issue: 1
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1672144
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1672144
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:2-17
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew S. Park
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Park
Title: Vital capabilities: a development framework for sexual and gender minorities
Abstract:
Recent empirical research has revealed that sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) in all parts of the world face discrimination and disparities in important dimensions of development such as employment, income, education, violence and health. Yet, global human development policy largely overlooks SGMs. This paper seeks to advance the inclusion of SGMs in development discussions by formulating a capabilities approach applicable to SGMs. The paper first proposes a definitional scheme to identify precisely the population at stake, it then reviews psychological frameworks used to understand how sexuality and gender develop in ways that are positive and healthy, as well frameworks used to understand how law and culture restrict the choices and opportunities available to SGMs. Three themes emerge from each of these discussions, each of which underpin a capability vital to freedoms and positive development for SGMs: the capability to form one’s own identity, to engage in expression and expressive activity and to form and participate in relationships.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 18-32
Issue: 1
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1599336
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1599336
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:18-32
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivica Petrikova
Author-X-Name-First: Ivica
Author-X-Name-Last: Petrikova
Title: Perpetuating poverty through exclusion from social programmes: lessons from Andhra Pradesh
Abstract:
What factors underlie the exclusion of some poor households from welfare programmes? This article analyses the question through a comparative examination of households’ demographic characteristics, social capital and communities’ spatial (dis)advantage as determinants of enrolment in three social programmes in Andhra Pradesh, India. The main findings indicate that traditionally marginalised demographic groups do not experience programme exclusion significantly more than other groups, but that households’ social-network capital and communities’ spatial advantage increase households’ programme inclusion. The importance of social capital for programme inclusion wanes, however, in spatially more advantaged communities.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 33-55
Issue: 1
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1601173
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1601173
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:33-55
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Melanie Walker
Author-X-Name-First: Melanie
Author-X-Name-Last: Walker
Title: The well-being of South African university students from low-income households
Abstract:
The role of higher education in development and social mobility is now widely acknowledged and globally recognised. In South Africa in particular, graduates have greatly increased employment prospects. This paper takes up the importance of addressing South African university students’ multi-dimensional well-being in the light of global higher education development agendas. Considering poverty and development in the space of higher education – specifically in the lives of youth from low-income households in South Africa – I draw on two waves of life history data from undergraduate students at five universities. Material-cultural conditions for a threshold of well-being emerged powerfully in every single student narrative, indicating a need for some rethinking of capability deprivation and poverty. This paper conceptualises three broad hardship categories specific to higher education, considering the multiplicity of factors and complexity of low-income in student experiences and achievements. Even though the theoretical framing draws on Sen’s capability approach and its attractive moral perspective, the paper also foregrounds students’ material well-being as significant in understanding how education can advance change, and not only reproduce social inequalities. The challenge remains, how do we reconcile resources and capabilities, and to link freedoms to financial analysis in evaluating the lives that students value?
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 56-69
Issue: 1
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1672143
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1672143
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:56-69
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eskander Alvi
Author-X-Name-First: Eskander
Author-X-Name-Last: Alvi
Author-Name: Seife Dendir
Author-X-Name-First: Seife
Author-X-Name-Last: Dendir
Title: Wage returns to education in Ethiopia
Abstract:
In this paper, we aim to provide robust estimates of wage returns to education in Ethiopia. Previous estimates vary widely based on the scope and size of the study sample, variables employed, and estimation method. We use two recent rounds of national labour force survey data and a pseudo- (or synthetic) panel framework to address the well-known potential endogeneity of schooling in wage regressions. Birth-year cohort based pseudo-panel estimate of the return to an additional year of education is between 14 percent and 16 percent, 4 to 5 percentage points higher than that from ordinary least squares (OLS). The significant downward bias in OLS is further confirmed by two-year pseudo-panel estimates and remains robust, to a large extent, as we use an alternate model, change the estimation sample, and address selection bias concurrently with endogenous schooling using a novel approach. We discuss some possible explanations in the context of Ethiopia.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 70-84
Issue: 1
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1672145
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1672145
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:70-84
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fayaz Ahmad Sheikh
Author-X-Name-First: Fayaz Ahmad
Author-X-Name-Last: Sheikh
Author-Name: Saradindu Bhaduri
Author-X-Name-First: Saradindu
Author-X-Name-Last: Bhaduri
Title: Grassroots innovations in the informal economy: insights from value theory
Abstract:
The scholarship on innovation hitherto has prioritized exchange value, scalability and large scale commercialization, overlooking the other significant human centric values discussed in 'value theory'. Consequently, innovations in the informal economy are often undermined due to their inability to generate exchange values. This paper identifies and examines the suitability of the nuanced set of values discussed in value theory for informal sector grassroots innovations. Based on ten years of ethnographic research in different parts of Jammu and Kashmir in India, we find that these innovations generate a diverse set of values, ranging from use value to socially embedded reciprocal exchange value to different forms of relational and non-relational intrinsic values. At a juncture when strengthening alternative innovation approaches occupies a priority, these findings have important bearing on innovation policy scholarship.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 85-99
Issue: 1
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1717453
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1717453
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:85-99
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joshua Greenstein
Author-X-Name-First: Joshua
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenstein
Title: Narratives of global convergence and the power of choosing a measure
Abstract:
Research into the use of indicators in global governance emphasises the importance of which types of quantitative measurements of social phenomena are chosen, how they are chosen, and by whom. I contribute to this literature by applying these concepts to inequality measurements in the context of global income distribution. Any discussion of inequality includes an implicit normative comparison of distributions and the choice of measure will affect these comparisons. I argue that these seemingly technical methodological choices are actually value-laden, and may have effects on public perceptions and even policy outcomes. In particular, I focus on some influential research results concerning global income distribution and illustrate how a change in measurement choice can put these familiar findings in a new light. I also make a contribution by applying the concepts used to evaluate pro-poor growth – usually reserved for within country studies – to the question of global between-country convergence.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 100-115
Issue: 1
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2019.1672636
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2019.1672636
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:1:p:100-115
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jose Cuesta
Author-X-Name-First: Jose
Author-X-Name-Last: Cuesta
Author-Name: Mario Biggeri
Author-X-Name-First: Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Biggeri
Author-Name: Gonzalo Hernandez-Licona
Author-X-Name-First: Gonzalo
Author-X-Name-Last: Hernandez-Licona
Author-Name: Ricardo Aparicio
Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Aparicio
Author-Name: Yedith Guillén-Fernández
Author-X-Name-First: Yedith
Author-X-Name-Last: Guillén-Fernández
Title: The political economy of multidimensional child poverty measurement: a comparative analysis of Mexico and Uganda
Abstract:
As part of the 2030 Agenda, much effort has been exerted in comparing multidimensional child poverty measures both technically and conceptually. Yet, few countries have adopted and used any of these measures in policymaking. This paper explores the reasons for this absence from a political economy perspective. It develops an innovative political economy framework for poverty measurement and a hypothesis whereby a country will only produce and use reliable and sustainable multidimensional child poverty (MDCP) measures if and only if three conditions coalesce: consensus, capacity and polity. We explore this framework with two relevant case studies, Mexico and Uganda. Both countries satisfy the capacity condition required to measure MDCP but only Mexico satisfies the other two conditions. Our proposed political economy framework is normatively relevant because it identifies the conditions that need to change across multiple contexts before the effective adoption and use of an MDCP measure becomes more likely.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 117-134
Issue: 2
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1739261
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1739261
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:117-134
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jessica Van Jaarsveld
Author-X-Name-First: Jessica
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Jaarsveld
Title: Nussbaum’s capability approach and African environmental ethics: is the African voice heard?
Abstract:
Martha Nussbaum’s capability approach (CA) offers a framework for a universal conception of human development. This paper interrogates Nussbaum’s approach using African environmental ethics (AEE) to see if it captures African ways of valuing nature. It looks at two ways in which Nussbaum’s approach considers the value of the natural environment: a) by applying her list of capabilities to non-human animals and b) by including, what is here termed, an environmental capability in Nussbaum's list of ten central capabilities she deems necessary for a person to flourish. The author argues that, despite limitations and need for further exploration, the second way of ‘environment capability’ aligns well with how nature is valued in AEE. The author also shows that both Nussbaum and AEE value nature in a way that, while not necessarily intrinsic, goes beyond material instrumentality and opens avenues for further discussion of the capabilities approach in traditional value systems
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 135-147
Issue: 2
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1759037
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1759037
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:135-147
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Felipe B. Larraín
Author-X-Name-First: Felipe B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Larraín
Author-Name: Oscar P. Perelló
Author-X-Name-First: Oscar P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Perelló
Title: Can mining countries take advantage of their mining rents? A question of abundance, concentration and institutions
Abstract:
A common puzzle in economics is whether natural resources are a ‘curse’ or a ‘blessing’ for economic development. Previous studies have suggested that resource booms can promote growth, but private rent-seeking can turn these booms into a curse if institutions are weak. We argue that private incentives differ depending on whether rents are diversified across different commodities or concentrated in a few of them, because greater diversification implies higher appropriation costs. By using SITC-4 level of export disaggregation to measure within-sector concentration in 131 countries during 1991–2015, we show that the effect of mining rents on economic growth is conditional on the level of concentration within the mining sector. Mining rents enhance growth for economies with low concentration and strong institutions but reduce growth for economies with high-concentration and extremely weak institutions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 148-165
Issue: 2
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1732898
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1732898
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:148-165
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ninon Sirdey
Author-X-Name-First: Ninon
Author-X-Name-Last: Sirdey
Author-Name: Benoit Lallau
Author-X-Name-First: Benoit
Author-X-Name-Last: Lallau
Title: How do producer organisations enhance farmers’ empowerment in the context of fair trade certification?
Abstract:
In the fair trade (FT) coffee sector, collective dynamics are viewed as a prerequisite for empowerment. The question of whether and how collective organisations empower farmers in the context of FT has yet to be fully explored. Using the concepts of collective agency and empowerment, this paper analyses the case of four farmers’ groups involved in two FT certified producer organisations in Peru. The results show that collective dynamics are drivers of change in this context oand help provide a ‘power to’ change coffee-related activities. They also generate a sense of ‘power with’, which improves group visibility and capacity to build new partnerships. Farmers gain the opportunity to develop their livelihood activities and women farmers develop ‘power from within’. TDespite that, collective action still focuses primarily on coffee and members-only projects. Inclusive rural development depends on extending ‘power with’ to other agricultural domains and to networks in the social and economic spheres.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 166-180
Issue: 2
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1725962
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1725962
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:166-180
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Solène Morvant-Roux
Author-X-Name-First: Solène
Author-X-Name-Last: Morvant-Roux
Author-Name: Anna Peixoto-Charles
Author-X-Name-First: Anna
Author-X-Name-Last: Peixoto-Charles
Title: Here and there? Mobile money and the politics of transnational living patterns in West Africa
Abstract:
The authors examine the use of mobile money in the context of cross-border remittances in West Africa. Relying on mixed methods and a multi-sited empirical strategy they look at both the sending and receiving conditions of mobile money transfers. By looking at money as socially embedded and the role of migrants in the production of a transnational space, their results highlight that uptake and usage of mobile money for remittances are shaped by a transnational living pattern. At the same time, mobile money also contributes to strengthening and reshaping this pattern. By showing that conversion of virtual money to cash may be performed by brokers that live far away from the end recipient, the paper highlights an important gap between spatial distribution of mobile money infrastructure and the social mediation that supports e-money flows. Cash-based transactions, in turn, are shown to play a key role in the social mediation dynamic.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 181-194
Issue: 2
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1770208
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1770208
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:181-194
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lauren Cahalan
Author-X-Name-First: Lauren
Author-X-Name-Last: Cahalan
Author-Name: Seth R. Gitter
Author-X-Name-First: Seth R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gitter
Author-Name: Erin K. Fletcher
Author-X-Name-First: Erin K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher
Title: Terrorism and women’s employment in Afghanistan
Abstract:
Afghanistan is one of the most dangerous countries for women and has the sixth lowest women’s employment rate globally. Evidence shows that security concerns prevent women from working, but there is little work estimating the magnitude of or mechanism behind these effects. We address this gap in the literature by estimating the relationship between increased terrorist attacks and women’s employment using the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and the 2015 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). We find the number of attacks is negatively associated with men’s and women’s employment, yet the relative magnitude is larger for women due to their low employment rate. Conversely, we find that an increase in fatalities is associated with higher women’s employment, suggesting that women replace men that have died from attacks. This research illuminates a potential link between women’s employment and terrorism, thus adding to the ever-increasing knowledge of the costs of conflict.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 195-208
Issue: 2
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1760813
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1760813
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:2:p:195-208
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: The Sanjaya Lall Prize 2011
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: iii-iii
Issue: 2
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 06
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.677629
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.677629
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:iii-iii
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eskander Alvi
Author-X-Name-First: Eskander
Author-X-Name-Last: Alvi
Author-Name: Aberra Senbeta
Author-X-Name-First: Aberra
Author-X-Name-Last: Senbeta
Title: Foreign Aid: Good for Investment, Bad for Productivity
Abstract:
This paper examines the effects of aid on sources of growth: capital accumulation and total factor productivity (TFP) growth; the latter captures the effect on growth after removing the contribution of factor accumulation. Given the role of TFP in explaining cross-country differences in income levels and growth rates, the productivity effect can play a significant role in explaining the impact of aid on growth. Contradictory effects of aid were found: aid boosts investment but adversely affects TFP, suggesting that efficiency losses may undermine the overall effects of aid on growth. It was also found that aid reduces the efficacy of financial institutions in supporting productivity growth, a surprising result that possibly illuminates the nature of aid distribution in receiving countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 139-161
Issue: 2
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 06
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.675053
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.675053
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:139-161
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fiona Tregenna
Author-X-Name-First: Fiona
Author-X-Name-Last: Tregenna
Title: Sources of Subsectoral Growth in South Africa
Abstract:
Although South Africa's growth performance has improved somewhat in recent years, it has generally been poor over the last few decades. This article uses Chenery's factor decomposition method to analyse the sources of growth in South Africa from 1970 to 2007. Using input–output data, the growth of each subsector is decomposed into components associated with export growth, import substitution, growth in domestic demand and growth in intermediate demand. The results highlight a dependence on domestic demand expansion as a source of growth since 2000, especially for manufacturing. Subsectors that relied primarily on domestic demand expansion generally performed relatively poorly. Technological change is the only component of growth with a consistently positive and statistically significant correlation with subsectoral growth. The analysis contributes to a better understanding of growth in South Africa, particularly in terms of subsectoral dynamics.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 162-189
Issue: 2
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 06
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.677422
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.677422
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:162-189
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Madhusudan Ghosh
Author-X-Name-First: Madhusudan
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghosh
Title: Regional Economic Growth and Inequality in India during the Pre- and Post-reform Periods
Abstract:
This paper evaluates the economic performance of 15 major states in India, and examines whether initially disparate states displayed any tendency towards convergence in real per capita income during the period 1960/61–2006/07. Though the growth performance of the states has improved in the post-reform period, since 1991 the states have diverged in per capita income. The states following different steady-state paths are classified into three clubs—one convergent and two non-convergent. The regional divergence and club convergence are explained in terms of interstate variations in physical and social infrastructures, state-level policy reforms, foreign direct investment flows and economic structure. The poorly performing states could improve their relative economic position by undertaking investments in physical and social infrastructures, and speeding up the reform process by liberalizing investment and infrastructure policies. As industry and services are the major sources of regional divergence, any effort to reduce regional imbalance must focus primarily on these two sectors.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 190-212
Issue: 2
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 06
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.677818
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.677818
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:190-212
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Monia Ghazali
Author-X-Name-First: Monia
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghazali
Title: Trade, Technology and the Demand for Skills in Tunisia, 1998–2002
Abstract:
Although many developing countries have experienced an increase in the relative demand for skilled workers leading to a rise in wage inequality, the role played by trade in this trend remains a matter of debate. Using a firm-level database covering manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors in Tunisia over the period 1998–2002, this paper investigates whether trade-induced technological change could explain the increase in the relative demand for skilled workers. The empirical analysis is based on the estimation of an employment-share equation. Controlling for potential endogeneity issues, the results confirm that trade-induced technology adoption was a channel through which openness to trade raised the relative demand for skilled workers in Tunisia. Unlike trade, however, foreign investment in Tunisia did not appear to increase the demand for skills.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 213-230
Issue: 2
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 06
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.677023
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.677023
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:213-230
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Archanun Kohpaiboon
Author-X-Name-First: Archanun
Author-X-Name-Last: Kohpaiboon
Author-Name: Pisut Kulthanavit
Author-X-Name-First: Pisut
Author-X-Name-Last: Kulthanavit
Author-Name: Juthathip Jongwanich
Author-X-Name-First: Juthathip
Author-X-Name-Last: Jongwanich
Title: Structural Adjustment and International Migration: An Analysis of the Thai Clothing Industry
Abstract:
This paper examines the structural adjustment process using evidence from the Thai clothing industry, with a view to informing the policy debate about international migration. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews with 50 clothing firms in Thailand during November 2009–February 2010. The key finding is that not all firms opt to hire unskilled foreign workers. The differences in company characteristics between firms that hire foreign workers and those that do not are clear. The latter are likely to be relatively large in size (in terms of both employees and sales), perform better and actively undertake upgrading activities. The former are typically struggling to maintain their profit margins, are relatively small and do not adequately invest in upgrading activities. Interestingly, hiring foreign workers is not the first response of firms, but reflects a tightening in the labour market and the fact that these companies have not yet successfully undertaken process upgrading. Allowing unskilled foreign workers in on a temporary basis with appropriately designed measures would be a win–win solution for labour-importing and exporting countries, as well as for the migrants themselves. The paper raises concerns about imposing one-size-fits-all policy measures in managing the flows of unskilled foreign workers.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 231-260
Issue: 2
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 06
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.678322
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.678322
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:231-260
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rossana Patron
Author-X-Name-First: Rossana
Author-X-Name-Last: Patron
Author-Name: Marcel Vaillant
Author-X-Name-First: Marcel
Author-X-Name-Last: Vaillant
Title: Public Expenditure on Education and Skill Formation: Is There a Simple Rule to Maximize Skills?
Abstract:
The ratio of skilled-to-unskilled labour stocks in the economy is widely acknowledged to have an important role for development. Can education policy affect the evolution of this ratio? This paper shows that it can: it also shows that the effect of education policy, for a given budget size, depends on the allocation rule across educational levels, particularly in the presence of systemic inefficiency. Using a stylized hierarchical education model, the theoretical conditions under which the allocation rule would favour the accumulation of skills are determined. The analysis has implication for policymakers in developing countries, where skill formation is much needed, because it shows that their allocation rules usually violate the maximization condition by assigning higher-than-optimal resources to higher education.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 261-271
Issue: 2
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 06
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.678323
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.678323
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:261-271
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian Kelleher Richter
Author-X-Name-First: Brian Kelleher
Author-X-Name-Last: Richter
Author-Name: Jeffrey F. Timmons
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Timmons
Title: Why Not Adopt Better Institutions?
Abstract:
How much growth do (economic and legal) institutions cause? To quantify this effect, we adapted the baseline regression in Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson's (2002, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), pp. 1231–1294) seminal work on the causal relationship between the quality of institutions and differences in modern-day income levels was adapted. We found that improving institutional quality by one standard deviation increased a country's average annual growth rate by only 0.4% from 1820 to 1995.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 272-281
Issue: 2
Volume: 40
Year: 2012
Month: 06
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2012.677819
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2012.677819
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:40:y:2012:i:2:p:272-281
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ingo Rohrer
Author-X-Name-First: Ingo
Author-X-Name-Last: Rohrer
Title: Informal accountability. Street-level bureaucrats’ tactics to defy bad reputation in agencies of the Argentinian justice system
Abstract:
This article illustrates how employees of the Argentinian Territorial Agency for Access to Justice fear being perceived as lazy bureaucrats involved in clientelist networks. In order to improve their image, they fulfil requirements for formal accountability, but use additional, informal modes of accountability to underline the agency’s performance, impact and relevance. I illustrate that employees identify with the agency they are working for and are inspired in their accountability by methods that have proven to be effective in human rights movements and NGOs. Thus, my ethnographic example invites discussions in the overlapping fields of accountability and political activism.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 209-221
Issue: 3
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1787368
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1787368
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:209-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aiko Kikkawa
Author-X-Name-First: Aiko
Author-X-Name-Last: Kikkawa
Author-Name: Keijiro Otsuka
Author-X-Name-First: Keijiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Otsuka
Title: The changing landscape of international migration: evidence from rural households in Bangladesh, 2000–2014
Abstract:
Evidence suggests that the poor cannot readily take part in overseas employment, largely because of high placement costs and poor access to job information. Using unique data on rural households in Bangladesh for 2000, 2008 and 2014, this study explores the socioeconomic characteristics of households which decide to send family members to work abroad and evaluates their changes over time. Analysis shows that the education of household members, asset holdings and social networks have been positive correlates of migration, particularly in the past. More recently, however, less educated and poorer households with weak social networks have begun taking part slowly as entry barriers have decreased. The possible causes for such change include the strong presence of recruitment agencies, persistent demand for low-skilled workers in major destination countries, growing domestic labor demand favoring educated workers, and better access to non-collateral loans and grants to finance migration.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 222-239
Issue: 3
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1790509
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1790509
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:222-239
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nkechi S. Owoo
Author-X-Name-First: Nkechi S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Owoo
Author-Name: Monica Puoma Lambon-Quayefio
Author-X-Name-First: Monica Puoma
Author-X-Name-Last: Lambon-Quayefio
Author-Name: Jorge Dávalos
Author-X-Name-First: Jorge
Author-X-Name-Last: Dávalos
Author-Name: Samuel B. Manu
Author-X-Name-First: Samuel B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Manu
Title: Union ‘facilitation effect’ and access to non-wage benefits in the Ghanaian labour market
Abstract:
Effective access to mandatory non-wage benefits is key to workers achieving decent working conditions. This paper investigates the effects of union presence on workers’ access to non-wage benefits in the Ghanaian labor market. The study draws its data from the 2012–2013 Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 6) and specifies a multivariate model that simultaneously controls for endogeneity and potential sample-selection biases. We find that unions have a significant effect on facilitation among workers by improving awareness of and access to work benefits. Other factors that affect benefit entitlements in Ghana include the gender of a worker, urbanization, firm size, sector formality, public v.s. private sector jobs, type of occupation, and the presence of work contracts amongst others. Results presented here indicate that workers from formal-sector firms with union presence are more likely to have access to non-wage benefits. It is also found that despite the statutory nature of these non-wage benefits, non-compliance was common, predominantly in the informal sector but also in the formal sector. This is particularly the case with respect to maternity leave benefits and indicates a need for greater enforcement of these laws.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 240-255
Issue: 3
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1808603
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1808603
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:240-255
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jose Cuesta
Author-X-Name-First: Jose
Author-X-Name-Last: Cuesta
Author-Name: Mario Negre
Author-X-Name-First: Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Negre
Author-Name: Ana Revenga
Author-X-Name-First: Ana
Author-X-Name-Last: Revenga
Author-Name: Carlos Silva-Jauregui
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Silva-Jauregui
Title: Is it really possible for countries to simultaneously grow and reduce poverty and inequality? Going beyond global narratives
Abstract:
Global narratives underscore that economic growth can often coincide with reductions in poverty and inequality. However, the experiences of several countries over recent decades confirm that inequality can widen or narrow in response to policy choices and independent of economic growth. This paper analyses five country cases, Brazil, Cambodia, Mali, Peru and Tanzania. These countries are the most successful in reducing inequality and poverty while growing robustly for at least a decade since the early 2000 s. The paper assesses how good macroeconomic management, sectoral reform, the strengthening of safety nets, responses to external shocks, and initial conditions all chip away at inequality and support broad growth. Sustained and robust economic growth with strong poverty and inequality reductions are possible across very different contexts and policy choices. The comparative analysis also identifies common building blocks toward success and warns that hard-earned achievements can be easily overturned.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 256-270
Issue: 3
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1784864
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1784864
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:256-270
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mariel Bedoya
Author-X-Name-First: Mariel
Author-X-Name-Last: Bedoya
Author-Name: Karen Espinoza
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Espinoza
Author-Name: Alan Sánchez
Author-X-Name-First: Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez
Title: Alcohol-induced physical intimate partner violence and child development in Peru
Abstract:
There is limited evidence of the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and child development in developing countries. Alcohol-induced physical IPV (AIPIPV) is one of the main forms of IPV. We use longitudinal data from a cohort of Peruvian children, tracked from the age of 1 year old, to test the association between AIPIPV against the mother during the child’s first two years of life, and the child’s test scores (vocabulary and math), socio-emotional competencies (self-efficacy and self-esteem, as measured by agency and pride indexes), and delayed school enrolment. Using multivariate regression techniques to estimate the relationship of interest and control for child, household, and community characteristics, we find that early-life exposure to AIPIPV is associated with lower test scores in vocabulary and math, and with lower self-efficacy. No association with self-esteem and with delayed school enrolment is observed.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 271-286
Issue: 3
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1790510
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1790510
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:271-286
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Phanwin Yokying
Author-X-Name-First: Phanwin
Author-X-Name-Last: Yokying
Author-Name: Maria S. Floro
Author-X-Name-First: Maria S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Floro
Title: Parents’ labour force participation and children’s involvement in work activities: evidence from Thailand
Abstract:
This study provides a better understanding of children’s engagement in economic work and housework by examining its relationship with parents’ labour force participation. It also explores how parents’ employment type is associated with children’s involvement in work activities. Using Thailand’s Labour Force and Time Use Surveys, our multivariate probit regression results show that girls actively participate in economic activities when their mothers are employed, while boys’ involvement in such work is positively correlated to both parents’ employment. Girls’ housework participation is also positively associated with parents’ employment, suggesting that their assistance in household chores enable their parents to stay in the labour market. These positive relationships are prevalent particularly among children with either mothers or fathers working informally. Hence, the findings suggest that anti-poverty or expansionary policies aimed at increasing labour force participation without attention to job quality, social protection and care needs can adversely affect children by increasing their need to work.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 287-303
Issue: 3
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1792431
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1792431
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:3:p:287-303
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Ehrhardt
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Ehrhardt
Author-Name: Ami V. Shah
Author-X-Name-First: Ami
Author-X-Name-Last: V. Shah
Title: Introduction: Abdul Raufu Mustapha and the study of difference and power in African states
Abstract:
This special issue is dedicated to celebrating the intellectual life and legacy of Abdul Raufu Mustapha (1954-2017). In this introduction, we highlight three themes that permeate his work on social divisions within the African state: the everyday experiences of identity and difference; the dynamics of conflict and violence; and ‘whole-of-society’ governance and statecraft. Notable within Mustapha’s work on these themes, and within the papers that comprise this Special Issue, are interdisciplinary connections and deep, historically-informed empirical work. Using this empirical work, Mustapha frequently challenged theoretical framings of African states that pathologized them; instead, he forced us to understand African states on African terms, and argued that we could learn much from them. In this way, his legacy contains invaluable lessons about governance in complex and divided societies, on the African continent and elsewhere; and it demonstrates a practical method for the decolonisation of scholarship on Africa.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 307-314
Issue: 4
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1825660
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1825660
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:307-314
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Leila Demarest
Author-X-Name-First: Leila
Author-X-Name-Last: Demarest
Author-Name: Arnim Langer
Author-X-Name-First: Arnim
Author-X-Name-Last: Langer
Author-Name: Ukoha Ukiwo
Author-X-Name-First: Ukoha
Author-X-Name-Last: Ukiwo
Title: Nigeria’s Federal Character Commission (FCC): a critical appraisal
Abstract:
Since attaining independence, Nigeria has experienced recurrent tensions due to the severe horizontal inequalities that exist between different regions and ethnic groups. After the end of the Biafran civil war, consecutive regimes embarked on a reform process intended to address the sensitive issues of inequality and ethnic domination. Key reforms included the adoption of the federal character principle to ensure the equitable representation of different groups in all tiers of government, and the formation of the Federal Character Commission (FCC) to monitor and enforce its implementation. While the FCC has raised hopes on redressing historical imbalances in Nigeria’s civil service, this paper finds that little progress has been made over time. The workings of the FCC remain plagued by legal and administrative constraints, chronic underfunding, and political dependence. These issues will need to be addressed if the FCC wants to gain the legitimacy and power needed to fulfil its mandate.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 315-328
Issue: 4
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1727427
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1727427
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:315-328
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nelson Oppong
Author-X-Name-First: Nelson
Author-X-Name-Last: Oppong
Title: Between elite reflexes and deliberative impulses: oil and the landscape of contentious politics in Ghana
Abstract:
From the vested interests that have held back the promulgation of Nigeria’s petroleum industry for more than 17 years, to the sporadic stoppages that often frustrate attempts by the Kenyan government and Tullow Oil to truck oil from the Turkana region; grand schemes for petroleum resources often get entangled in a complex web of contentious politics. Nonetheless, the basic instinct of the predominant literature on oil governance has been to confine these contentious processes to the ‘black box’ of elite consolidation. Based on an in-depth account of the distinctive political economy drivers of reform in Ghana’s oil industry and the complement of Abdul Raufu Mustapha’s interpretation of the ‘multiple publics’ governing Africa’s public sphere, this article offers a pushback against this dominant narrative. It argues that the constitutive processes that drive institutional and policy reform reflect the impulses of contentious politics, instead of elite reflexes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 329-344
Issue: 4
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1844879
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1844879
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:329-344
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ini Dele-Adedeji
Author-X-Name-First: Ini
Author-X-Name-Last: Dele-Adedeji
Title: Rationalising the appeal of the Boko Haram sect in Northern Nigeria before July 2009
Abstract:
In recent years, academic researchers and commentators have devoted a great deal of attention to the question of why some sections of the Muslim population in northern Nigeria sympathise with the Boko Haram sect. This article elaborates on original accounts of imprisoned Boko Haram members, former members of the sect, their relatives, and other categories of informants to draw out the dynamics which foregrounded the relative success of the Boko Haram sect in attracting members before July 2009. More specifically, I analyse the dynamics of the relationship between the Muslim public in northern Nigeria and the Nigerian state, in order to contextualise Boko Haram’s emergence and appeal as existing on that spectrum. I focus on both the healthcare sector and police force as case studies, to demonstrate how the perceived failure of successive Nigerian administrations in both areas has engendered gaps which alternative providers of social services have attempted to fill. The sect’s ability to provide social services helped in adding to Boko Haram’s appeal and local legitimacy. In doing so, it becomes clear that before July 2009 the Boko Haram sect took advantage of failures in governance, particularly at the local level, to attract a section of the Muslim public in northern Nigeria.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 345-359
Issue: 4
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1826418
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1826418
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:345-359
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Egiegba Agbiboa
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Egiegba
Author-X-Name-Last: Agbiboa
Title: Vigilante youths and counterinsurgency in Northeastern Nigeria: the civilian joint task force
Abstract:
Building on the broader literature on vigilantism, communal war and conflict, this paper examines why and how the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) in northeastern Nigeria mobilized into a pro-government militia with the aim of extirpating Boko Haram insurgents, sponsors and supporters from their communities. It provides a rich and diverse empirical evidence and analysis of why and how local youths joined the CJTF, its modus operandi, and the nature of its relationship to the military and local populations. The participation of people from a variety of religious and ethno-linguistic groups in the CJTF’s counterinsurgent vigilantism point to a collective sense of duty that transcends popular narratives of ethnicity and religion as central to the politics of protection in contemporary Nigeria.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 360-372
Issue: 4
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1837093
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1837093
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:360-372
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Portia Roelofs
Author-X-Name-First: Portia
Author-X-Name-Last: Roelofs
Title: Contesting localisation in interfaith peacebuilding in Northern Nigeria
Abstract:
Amidst a ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding, donors have seized on the idea of ‘localising’ peacebuilding programmes. Donors have sought to include actors who have local knowledge and connections in order to make interventions more context-sensitive. Yet programmes premised on the fractiousness of Muslim-Christian relations, as many in northern Nigeria are, are inevitably absorbed into over-arching narratives of global civilisational encounter. How does the local turn play out in this context of heightened international sensitivities? Drawing on the critical peacebuilding literature, this article analyses the origins of USAID’s push to localise its interfaith peace-building efforts in northern Nigeria, and the ambivalence of categorises like ‘local’ and ‘international’ in its subsequent partnership with the Kaduna-based Interfaith Mediation Centre on the TOLERANCE programme. While the categories of local and international are indeed contested and fluid, there are limits to how far local partners can successfully leverage these ideas in the context of unequal power relations.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 373-386
Issue: 4
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1787366
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:373-386
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luisa Enria
Author-X-Name-First: Luisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Enria
Title: Unsettled authority and humanitarian practice: reflections on local Iegitimacy from Sierra Leone’s borderlands
Abstract:
Calls to localise humanitarian practice and to engage communities in emergency responses have gained prominence in recent years. Using the case study of the response to the 2014–16 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone, this article probes into the assumptions underlying efforts to mobilise ‘community stakeholders’ to legitimise emergency measures, revealing how they envision authority within communities as static and independent of experiences of humanitarian intervention. Drawing inspiration from Raufu Mustapha’s intellectual legacy, it shows the limitations of these assumptions by paying attention to structural factors, historical legacies, and the empirical workings of power. Through an ethnographic account of how the Ebola response was experienced and remembered in a remote border town, the article proposes instead the concept of unsettled authority. Stories from these borderlands show how the legitimacy of local authority was dynamically negotiated, made and unmade, through encounters with humanitarian interventions as these became intertwined with longer-term contestations of power with unpredictable consequences.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 387-399
Issue: 4
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1828325
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:387-399
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Michael Clough
Author-X-Name-First: Paul Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Clough
Title: The moral economy of rural Hausaland: a perspective from long-term field research
Abstract:
This essay explores a model for inequality in Nigerian rural Hausaland based on fieldwork carried out from 1977 to 1979, with follow-up visits in 1996 and from 1997 to 1998. In the model, rural differentiation in areas of high population density and intensive market networks is theorized as resulting from a trajectory of non-capitalist accumulation. Capital accumulation in such areas is limited by ‘polygynous accumulation’ and ‘cliental accumulation’. Three accumulative forms are integrated by a culturally specific Islamic morality of hidima (social responsibility for others). This morality prevents the emergence of capitalist class differences. Case studies of accumulators from the summers of 2017 and 2018 show that rural accumulators continue to build polygynous households of extraordinary size. At the same time, economic growth in the national capital, Abuja, and to a lesser extent in other northern cities, has maintained high real labour rates. Rural accumulators continue to follow the trajectory of non-capitalist accumulation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 400-412
Issue: 4
Volume: 48
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1787367
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:48:y:2020:i:4:p:400-412
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Sanjaya Lall Prize announcement
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-1
Issue: 1
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1884350
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1884350
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:1-1
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vanya Slavchevska
Author-X-Name-First: Vanya
Author-X-Name-Last: Slavchevska
Author-Name: Cheryl R. Doss
Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Doss
Author-Name: Ana Paula de la O Campos
Author-X-Name-First: Ana Paula
Author-X-Name-Last: de la O Campos
Author-Name: Chiara Brunelli
Author-X-Name-First: Chiara
Author-X-Name-Last: Brunelli
Title: Beyond ownership: women’s and men’s land rights in Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract:
Advancing women’s land rights is a priority for the international development agenda. Little consensus exists, however, on which rights should be monitored and reported, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where individual property rights and customary tenure regimes coexist and where much agricultural land remains unregistered. In such contexts, land ownership statistics may provide only a limited picture of women’s and men’s land rights. While some surveys collect information on women’s land ownership, others collect information on women’s management of land or control over the output produced. Using recent waves of the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) for six African countries, we examine who holds the different rights on each plot of agricultural land and the extent to which these rights are held by the same person. We focus on (a) reported ownership, (b) who decides and manages the agricultural activities, and (c) who controls the output of land. We find that these rights over land do not always overlap, indicating that concepts of ownership, management and economic rights should not be used interchangeably. Consistent measures of women’s and men’s land rights are fundamental for the development of policies to empower rural women and to contribute to poverty reduction.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 2-22
Issue: 1
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1818714
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1818714
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:2-22
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Louisa Roos
Author-X-Name-First: Louisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Roos
Title: Room for empowerment
Abstract:
The South African National Housing Program has sought to address housing insecurity by subsidising millions of low-cost housing units. The policy uses a gender-sensitive approach, by mandating joint titling and prioritising women-headed households as subsidy recipients. This paper examines the extent to which the policy has succeeded at empowering women through housing ownership. The paper finds limited evidence on the policy’s impact as a mechanism for women’s empowerment. No significant change is detected in women’s labour supply or well-being. Women who are co-owners appear to participate less in primary decision-making, but more so in joint decision-making. For women who are sole-owners however, the subsidy seems to increase primary decision-making and decrease joint decision-making. Moreover, the subsidy appears to decrease consensus within in the household about the identity of the decision-makers. Despite ambiguous results, the distribution of housing to women should not be abandoned and remains a pressing policy objective.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 23-38
Issue: 1
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1856355
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1856355
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:23-38
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucia Aline Rost
Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Aline
Author-X-Name-Last: Rost
Title: ‘By sharing work we are moving forward’:change in social norms around men’s participation in unpaid care work in Northern Uganda
Abstract:
There has been increasing interest in understanding gendered social norms and how they change. This paper explores change in social norms relating to men’s participation in unpaid care work in Northern Uganda, where mixed-methods data from adults, children and adolescents was collected. Socio-cultural changes, related to a civil war and other influences, have been observed in this region. This paper finds that some men took on more responsibility for care work and described this as socially acceptable where it involved ‘masculine tools’, was perceived to be ‘modern’ or to bring financial benefits. These subtle adjustments do not cause radical change but are important because, over time, they can shift social norms in a more permanent way.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 39-52
Issue: 1
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1869926
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:39-52
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Charlotte Nussey
Author-X-Name-First: Charlotte
Author-X-Name-Last: Nussey
Title: ‘A long way from earning’: (re)producing violence at the nexus of shame and blame
Abstract:
Symbolic violence is (re)produced within families at the nexus of blame and shame. This paper presents an understanding of symbolic violence that extends beyond processes of internalisation, in which shame is directed against the self, to questions of processes of reproduction within families, in which shame is externalised through blame. Drawing on mother-tongue life-history interviews with mothers and grandmothers in rural KwaZulu-Natal, the paper explores how this nexus of blame and shame is situated at the intersect of race and gender. It is bound by intergenerational poverty and educational exclusion that span the apartheid and post-apartheid eras in South Africa. Our understandings of gendered poverty thus need to attend to these intergenerational processes of shaming, in which pervasive neoliberal discourses around individual effort and success mask structural constraints, potentially damaging relationships within families and across social networks.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 53-65
Issue: 1
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1864311
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1864311
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:53-65
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yonatan Dinku
Author-X-Name-First: Yonatan
Author-X-Name-Last: Dinku
Author-Name: David Fielding
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Fielding
Title: The long-term association between child labour and cognitive development
Abstract:
Child labour can deprive children of the right to a normal childhood and impair their productivity and earning capacity in later life. The relationship between child labour and cognitive development is central to these effects but has not yet been a focus of empirical research. Using panel data from Ethiopia and applying an instrumental variables estimator, we find a strong association of cognitive development with the amount of time previously spent by children on income-generating work, and with the amount of time spent on household chores. Existing levels of child labour in Ethiopia are thus demonstrably harmful.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 66-87
Issue: 1
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1836141
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1836141
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:66-87
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Basile Boulay
Author-X-Name-First: Basile
Author-X-Name-Last: Boulay
Author-Name: Rumman Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Rumman
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Name: Oliver Morrissey
Author-X-Name-First: Oliver
Author-X-Name-Last: Morrissey
Title: Under-utilised crops and rural livelihoods: Bambara groundnut in Tanzania
Abstract:
Indigenous crops are often neglected in development research, largely because they are grown in particular localities and only account for modest shares of agricultural production at a national level. This article aims to rectify this neglect with respect to the Bambara groundnut using a mixed methods study of farmers in Mtwara, Tanzania. The interest is in determining the importance of the crop in local production patterns and livelihoods, as well as potential levers for improved utilisation. Using the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods framework, we show that the crop is popular and recognised for its agronomic and nutritional properties. It is grown as an additional (or marginal) rather than main crop, with most growers reporting meeting consumption and food security needs as their primary motivation. The absence of markets constitutes a strong barrier towards sales of Bambara, and many farmers report being deterred from growing it for that reason.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 88-103
Issue: 1
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1839040
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1839040
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:1:p:88-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yoshimichi Murakami
Author-X-Name-First: Yoshimichi
Author-X-Name-Last: Murakami
Author-Name: Nobuaki Hamaguchi
Author-X-Name-First: Nobuaki
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamaguchi
Title: Peripherality, income inequality, and economic development in Latin American countries
Abstract:
Following a neo-structuralist perspective, this study presents a development puzzle for Latin American countries (LACs): a triangular relation amongst peripherality (increased terms-of-trade volatility and technological backwardness), income inequality, and per-capita income. We employ a simultaneous equation model using three-stage least squares (3SLS) to analyse this triangular relation. We find that a decrease in income inequality and an increase in per-capita income were mutually reinforcing in 14 LACs between 1995 and 2014. Although technological progress increases per-capita income, it partly mitigates this increase by increasing income inequality. Additionally, the increasing effects of foreign sources of technology, including foreign direct investment (FDI), on income inequality are mitigated in countries with higher technological capabilities. While an improvement in commodity terms-of-trade expectedly increases per-capita income and decreases income inequality in South American countries, their volatility is mostly insignificant.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 133-148
Issue: 2
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1880559
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1880559
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:133-148
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benedikte Bjerge
Author-X-Name-First: Benedikte
Author-X-Name-Last: Bjerge
Author-Name: Nina Torm
Author-X-Name-First: Nina
Author-X-Name-Last: Torm
Author-Name: Neda Trifkovic
Author-X-Name-First: Neda
Author-X-Name-Last: Trifkovic
Title: Can training close the gender wage gap? Evidence from Vietnamese SMEs
Abstract:
Firm-provided training is generally seen as an important tool for bridging the skills gap between the labour force and what the private sector demands. Little is known about how successful such training can be in closing the gender wage gap. We use a matched employer-employee panel dataset to assess why firms train and whether formal training affects wage outcomes in Vietnamese SMEs. Training is generally found to be firm-sponsored and specific in nature. We find that training is associated with higher wages for trained women as compared to both untrained women and men. However, we do not find a statistically significant wage difference between trained women and men. Furthermore, the wage increase is only associated with on-the-job training. Our findings indicate that, at least in Vietnam, firm-sponsored on-the-job training could help increase women’s labour productivity and thus contribute to closing the gender wage gap.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 119-132
Issue: 2
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1883572
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1883572
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:119-132
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Landry
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Landry
Title: Under a money tree? Comparing the determinants of Western and Chinese development finance flows to Africa
Abstract:
China’s breakneck economic growth has been accompanied by an expanding development finance agenda. Many have hypothesized that China is undermining the West’s drive to promote good governance globally, and in Africa in particular, by predominantly distributing money to poorly governed countries. This paper explores whether the determinants of Chinese development finance in Africa differ from those of Western countries. It finds that Western countries send more development finance than China to better governed African countries—those with lower corruption levels, better democratic outcomes, and a better human rights track record (though only the latter two have a negative relationship with Chinese development finance in absolute terms). This paper also finds that bilateral trade and UN voting alignment have a stronger impact on China’s development finance than that of Western countries and that China allocates more development finance than the West to richer and more resource-dependent African countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 149-168
Issue: 2
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1865901
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1865901
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:149-168
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luisa Blanco
Author-X-Name-First: Luisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco
Author-Name: Nabamita Dutta
Author-X-Name-First: Nabamita
Author-X-Name-Last: Dutta
Title: Do financial development and political institutions act as substitutes or complements?
Abstract:
This paper examines the interactive impact of financial development and political institutions on a specific development outcome: gross domestic investment. We explore whether financial development and political institutions act as substitutes or complements in the context of domestic investment. Using data from the period 1975–2017 for 131 countries to construct annual and five-year interval panels, we employ Fixed Effect (FE) and Dynamic Panel estimators (System GMM) to test our hypothesis. We find a significant interactive impact of political institutions and financial development on domestic investment. More specifically, we find a substitution effect among these factors. In the presence of inefficient institutions, financial development mitigates the negative impact of political institutions on domestic investment, and vice-versa.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 184-199
Issue: 2
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1849593
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1849593
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:184-199
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sabina Alkire
Author-X-Name-First: Sabina
Author-X-Name-Last: Alkire
Author-Name: Usha Kanagaratnam
Author-X-Name-First: Usha
Author-X-Name-Last: Kanagaratnam
Title: Revisions of the global multidimensional poverty index: indicator options and their empirical assessment
Abstract:
This paper examines how normative reasoning was applied to empirical applications of different indicator options in order to revise the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) indicators in 2018, to better align with the SDGs. Given the emphasis in the SDGs on leaving no one behind, the household surveys used to estimate the global MPI were explored to see which could create individual-level MPIs, however this sharply reduced country coverage by half. Consistent criteria is applied to assess whether 33 potential additional indicators could be added to strengthen the global MPI. A certain set of criteria applied rules out new indicators. Finally, the paper both illustrates and describes the iterative interplay of normative and technical considerations underlying adjustments in three original indicators – child mortality, nutrition, and housing – which involves considering the joint distribution of alternative indicators across twenty trial measures for all countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 169-183
Issue: 2
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1854209
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1854209
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:169-183
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jinhee Lim
Author-X-Name-First: Jinhee
Author-X-Name-Last: Lim
Author-Name: Taekyoon Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Taekyoon
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: Bringing drugs into light: embedded governance and opium production in Myanmar’s Shan State
Abstract:
Instead of criminalizing the opium economy or seeing it as a natural occurrence, opium production must be acknowledged as a basis for political and economic exchanges, which either unites or divides relevant stakeholders. This study employs an analytical framework called embedded governance to analyze opium production in Shan State, Myanmar in a new light. An alternative reading reveals a tripartite interdependency between the central government, ethnic armed groups and rural poppy growers; and marks a significant contribution to existing research which is largely focused on the elite-bargaining between armed actors and the government. We demonstrate that the opium economy delivers basic services and higher income for rural households, expands business conglomerates and civil society, and provides incentives for ceasefire negotiations. Nevertheless, the opium economy is also a basis for land-grabbing, forced taxation and public health crisis arising from drug addiction.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 105-118
Issue: 2
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1867088
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1867088
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:2:p:105-118
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nayana Bose
Author-X-Name-First: Nayana
Author-X-Name-Last: Bose
Author-Name: Shreyasee Das
Author-X-Name-First: Shreyasee
Author-X-Name-Last: Das
Title: Intergenerational effects of improving women’s property rights: evidence from India
Abstract:
This paper analyzes the intergenerational effects following the positive changes in women’s inheritance rights in India. Using the Indian Human Development Survey data for rural India and a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that the property rights reform significantly empowered women through increased education. However, we find no intergenerational effect of the reform on children’s education. We explore two potential mechanisms to explain these results: the role of status conflict among spouses and that of a child’s birth-order and gender. Given that a woman’s bargaining power may depend on her relative position to that of her husband, we investigate this channel and find a significant decrease in children’s education in households where fathers are less educated than mothers. Accounting for a child’s birth-order and gender, we find no evidence of son-preference through the education channel.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 277-290
Issue: 3
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1899154
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1899154
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:277-290
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Rougier
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Rougier
Author-Name: Claire Gondard-Delcroix
Author-X-Name-First: Claire
Author-X-Name-Last: Gondard-Delcroix
Author-Name: Jérôme Ballet
Author-X-Name-First: Jérôme
Author-X-Name-Last: Ballet
Title: ‘Just out of reach’: examining the link between subjective wealth, aspirations gaps and empowerment in Central African Republic
Abstract:
“What explains the feeling of being disempowered? The literature on aspirations suggests subjectively deprived people may feel disempowered because they consider that any improvement to their lot is simply out of their reach. The present paper provides original and robust evidence that, alongside the well-known objective capabilities related to skills, assets and opportunities, psychological capabilities linked to aspirations also matter. Based on a Central African household survey and tackling endogeneity issues, we show that: (i) feeling subjectively more deprived decreases the probability of reporting a high level of empowerment, defined as power from within, that is the power to change one’s life; (ii) the probability of reporting empowerment decreases with the size of the aspirations gap, defined as the negative gap between one’s level of subjective wealth and the locality’s mean level; (iii) the capability framework is a relevant one to address the complex links between aspirations and empowerment.”
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 245-260
Issue: 3
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1864312
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1864312
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:245-260
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dao Thi Hong Nguyen
Author-X-Name-First: Dao Thi Hong
Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen
Title: Foreign entry in the services sector and gender workforce composition
Abstract:
The services sector and multinational corporations have played an increasingly essential role in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment in labour markets. This paper examines whether the entry of foreign firms into the services sector can affect the gender workforce composition of their domestic counterparts, and to what extent. The empirical analyses utilise a large panel dataset of firms in the labour-abundant economy of Vietnam. The data show a higher proportion of women employed in foreign firms than local ones across two-digit industries and regions. The estimations indicate that foreign entry induces domestic firms to hire women more intensively. Large, state-owned and less capital-intensive firms tend to employ men at a higher rate. Further analyses reveal divergent effects of foreign affiliates. While increased foreign entry strongly stimulates the hiring of women among local firms in male-intensive industries, it exerts an insignificant impact on gender workforce composition in the female-intensive group.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 261-275
Issue: 3
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1890706
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1890706
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:261-275
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Agamile
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Agamile
Author-Name: David Lawson
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Lawson
Title: Rainfall shocks and children’s school attendance: evidence from Uganda
Abstract:
The increasing frequency of negative rainfall shocks presents households with the challenging choice of whether to send their children to school or to withdraw them in order for them to provide support in the household. We use high-resolution spatial rainfall data matched with the georeferenced Uganda National Panel Survey data to estimate the effect of negative rainfall shocks on children’s school attendance. We find that exposure to negative rainfall shocks significantly reduces children’s school attendance by almost 10%. These results have important policy implications for improving children’s schooling, particularly in geographical areas that receive particularly erratic rainfalls, in Uganda.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 291-309
Issue: 3
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1895979
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1895979
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:291-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexandra Panman
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Panman
Title: How effective are informal property rights in cities? Reexamining the relationship between informality and housing quality in Dar es Salaam
Abstract:
Improving access to adequate housing is a global development priority. Formalisation of property rights occupies a central role in this agenda, based on long-held ideas about the weaknesses of informal arrangements in cities. In practice, however, we know remarkably little about how informal property markets in urban areas work. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data, this paper demonstrates that informal institutional arrangements in Dar es Salaam are surprisingly effective in securing ownership and addressing transaction costs – in other words, in the key dimensions of property rights targeted by formalisation projects. It also reveals, however, that the system is ineffective at upholding the third yet often-overlooked component of property rights: land use rights. This results in a social dilemma that traps housing in a low-quality equilibrium. The findings have direct implications for policy in Dar es Salaam and across the world and open new avenues for comparative research.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 230-244
Issue: 3
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1869927
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1869927
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:230-244
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Gledhill
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Gledhill
Author-Name: Richard Caplan
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Caplan
Author-Name: Maline Meiske
Author-X-Name-First: Maline
Author-X-Name-Last: Meiske
Title: Developing peace: the evolution of development goals and activities in United Nations peacekeeping
Abstract:
Peacekeeping and development assistance are two of the United Nations’ (UN) defining activities. While there have been extensive studies of UN engagement in each of these areas, respectively, less attention has been given to the relationship between peacekeeping and development. We examine that relationship in this article. We do so by first considering whether concepts and principles that underpin peacekeeping and development cohere. We then combine original quantitative data with qualitative analyses in order to document the degree to which development goals and activities have been incorporated into UN peacekeeping operations since their inception over 70 years ago. While we observe a steady increase in the level of engagement of peacekeeping with development over time, we argue that short-term security goals have been prioritized over longer-term development objectives in a number of recent UN peacekeeping operations, as peacekeepers have been deployed to contexts of ongoing conflict.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 201-229
Issue: 3
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1924126
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1924126
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:3:p:201-229
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lena Morgon Banks
Author-X-Name-First: Lena Morgon
Author-X-Name-Last: Banks
Author-Name: Monica Pinilla-Roncancio
Author-X-Name-First: Monica
Author-X-Name-Last: Pinilla-Roncancio
Author-Name: Matthew Walsham
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Walsham
Author-Name: Hoang Van Minh
Author-X-Name-First: Hoang
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Minh
Author-Name: Shailes Neupane
Author-X-Name-First: Shailes
Author-X-Name-Last: Neupane
Author-Name: Vu Quynh Mai
Author-X-Name-First: Vu Quynh
Author-X-Name-Last: Mai
Author-Name: Saurav Neupane
Author-X-Name-First: Saurav
Author-X-Name-Last: Neupane
Author-Name: Karl Blanchet
Author-X-Name-First: Karl
Author-X-Name-Last: Blanchet
Author-Name: Hannah Kuper
Author-X-Name-First: Hannah
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuper
Title: Does disability increase the risk of poverty ‘in all its forms’? Comparing monetary and multidimensional poverty in Vietnam and Nepal
Abstract:
To meet the Sustainable Development Goals target of ending poverty “in all its forms”, it is critical to monitor progress towards poverty alleviation, including amongst people with disabilities. This research used data from a population-based nested case control studies (n=667) and compares monetary and multidimensional poverty levels amongst people with and without disabilities in the districts of Cam Le, Vietnam and Tanahun, Nepal. Overall, there were no significant differences in incidence of monetary poverty between people with and without disabilities. However, approximately half of people with disabilities were multidimensionally poor in both settings, twice as frequent as compared to people without disabilities. Amongst people with disabilities, multidimensional poverty was associated with having a functional limitation affecting cognition and self-care, disability severity and younger age. The high incidence of multidimensional poverty amongst people with disabilities even in the absence of monetary poverty indicates a need for social protection and other interventions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 386-400
Issue: 4
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1985988
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1985988
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:386-400
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raka Ray
Author-X-Name-First: Raka
Author-X-Name-Last: Ray
Title: The politics of masculinity in the absence of work
Abstract:
This paper is an attempt to draw attention to subaltern men – to the costs they are paying in a new global economy, and to the costs that society may well pay for misrecognizing those costs. With a specific focus on India, it highlights the creation of the powerful relationship of masculinity to breadwinning, the range of individual and collective responses to the loss of the ability to be a breadwinner, and ends with pointing to the possibility of different political outcomes and possibilities of ethical existence for these men in these uncertain times.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 311-323
Issue: 4
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1996556
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1996556
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:311-323
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Magda Tsaneva
Author-X-Name-First: Magda
Author-X-Name-Last: Tsaneva
Author-Name: Ashley O’Donoghue
Author-X-Name-First: Ashley
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue
Title: The effect of a large-scale workfare program on child marriage in India
Abstract:
This paper examines the impact of a large-scale workfare program, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), on child marriage in India. We use two rounds of data from the District Level Household & Facility Surveys and estimate a difference-in-differences model by comparing changes in child marriage rates between a cohort of young women and a cohort of older women before and after program implementation. We find that NREGS is associated with an increase in the probability of marriage before 18 of 2.7 percentage points, or 10.6%. Our results are similar when using different definitions of child marriage and are also robust to using a hazard model and a model with program intensity at the district level.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 337-350
Issue: 4
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1945020
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1945020
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:337-350
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aisha Abubakar
Author-X-Name-First: Aisha
Author-X-Name-Last: Abubakar
Author-Name: Sarah Bridges
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Bridges
Author-Name: Alessio Gaggero
Author-X-Name-First: Alessio
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaggero
Author-Name: Trudy Owens
Author-X-Name-First: Trudy
Author-X-Name-Last: Owens
Title: Disability in Uganda: a medical intervention to measure gendered impacts on functional independence and labour-market outcomes
Abstract:
Using data from an orthotic intervention in Kampala, Uganda, this paper estimates the health and economic impacts of providing orthotic equipment to adults with lower limb disabilities. We examine changes to: (i) functional mobility and (ii) labour market outcomes, including type of employment and monthly earnings. One year after the intervention, the effects are noticeably gendered; men exhibit an improvement in their level of functional mobility, while women face little change or a reduction in their levels. In terms of labour market outcomes, for men the intervention leads to an increase in monthly earnings, which is partly due to a switch from self- to wage employment. Effects on female labour market outcomes generate more nuanced results. Earnings increase for women, although the overall effect is much smaller. Taking into account the intensity of equipment use, our Wald estimates reveal larger marginal effects on both mobility and earnings.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 324-336
Issue: 4
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1959539
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1959539
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:324-336
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pippa Morgan
Author-X-Name-First: Pippa
Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan
Title: ‘Many Chinas?’ Provincial internationalization and Chinese foreign direct investment in Africa
Abstract:
Chinese provincial firms are a major and growing source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa, yet there has thus far been little systematic analysis of their motives and behaviour. Based on statistical analysis of a panel of mainland China’s 31 provinces from 2000 to 2015 and a study of three diverse provincial cases, and modifying the classic Organization-Location-Internalization theory of FDI, this article uncovers a three-stage ‘inverted-U’ shaped pathway linking home province internationalization and investment in Africa. Firms from provinces with very low levels of integration in the global economy lack the experience needed to invest in Africa, while those in highly globalized provinces face fewer push factors driving them to (comparatively risky) countries of the developing world. These findings suggest that Chinese provincial FDI in Africa may be driven by a ‘logic of escapism’ alongside conventional FDI motives.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 351-367
Issue: 4
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1965977
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1965977
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:351-367
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pritish Behuria
Author-X-Name-First: Pritish
Author-X-Name-Last: Behuria
Title: The political economy of reviving industrial policy in Uganda
Abstract:
Industrial policy is enjoying a resurgence. Though the revival of industrial policies has been generally associated with the prioritisation of increasing exports, several African countries have introduced domestically oriented industrial policies. Despite their increased adoption, domestically oriented industrial policies have had limited success. This paper deepens our understanding of contemporary constraints to industrialization by analysing Uganda’s failed attempts at banning used clothes and using public procurement to promote domestic consumption of locally produced goods. Despite acknowledgment of the political constraints of industrial policy in academic and policy circles, the Ugandan government has replicated domestically oriented industrial policies implemented elsewhere, without adapting them to local political realities. This has resulted in significant resistance to industrial policies, which showcase the salience of the legacies of past policies. In particular, the paper highlights how resistance exists within government (from powerful budgetary ministries) and through the competing interests of industrial firms.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 368-385
Issue: 4
Volume: 49
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1960296
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1960296
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:49:y:2021:i:4:p:368-385
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Asmita Kabra
Author-X-Name-First: Asmita
Author-X-Name-Last: Kabra
Author-Name: Budhaditya Das
Author-X-Name-First: Budhaditya
Author-X-Name-Last: Das
Title: Aye for the tiger: hegemony, authority, and volition in India’s regime of dispossession for conservation
Abstract:
Dispossession of rural populations to create inviolate Protected Areas for biodiversity conservation is a shared concern in BRICS countries. This article explores the distinctive ideology, institutions, and actors that constitute the regime of dispossession for conservation (DfC) in India’s tiger reserves. It investigates the reasons for the regime’s continued stability and resilience in the neoliberal era, when land-taking for industrial development has become highly contentious. India’s conservationist state has effectively denied resource rights to the inhabitants of Tiger Reserves and displaced them through its Voluntary Relocation Scheme, which is posited as a win-win solution for tigers and tribals. The historically unequal relationship between the state and forest dwellers necessitates closely examining hegemonic processes through which volition for relocation is assembled. This article argues that the Dispossession for Conservation regime assembles volition through a complex interplay of its hegemony and authority with the unfulfilled development aspirations of India’s forest dwellers.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 44-61
Issue: 1
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2028134
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2028134
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:44-61
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Zajontz
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Zajontz
Title: The Chinese infrastructural fix in Africa: lessons from the Sino-Zambian ‘road bonanza’
Abstract:
This article scrutinises the surge in Chinese-funded road development in Zambia with the help of David Harvey’s theory of spatio-temporal fixes. The ‘moving out’ of Chinese surplus capital and material to Africa has been facilitated by an extensive disbursement of loans and export credits for infrastructure projects. Transcending Harvey’s analytical ‘imperio-centrism’, the article shows that the actualisation of the Chinese infrastructural fix has been contingent upon Zambia’s ambitious, debt-financed infrastructure development agenda. Particularities of Chinese loan financing have thereby fostered ‘not so public’ procurement processes and accelerated Zambia’s rapid debt accumulation. As rising debt has imposed structural constraints, the recent shift in the financial governance of road development towards private project finance is analysed with reference to the Lusaka-Ndola dual carriageway. The renaissance of public-private partnerships and the gradual privatisation of Zambian roads signify new rounds of accumulation by dispossession, as the Chinese infrastructural fix enters its next stage.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 14-29
Issue: 1
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1861230
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2020.1861230
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:14-29
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mihika Chatterjee
Author-X-Name-First: Mihika
Author-X-Name-Last: Chatterjee
Author-Name: Ikuno Naka
Author-X-Name-First: Ikuno
Author-X-Name-Last: Naka
Title: Twenty years of BRICS: political and economic transformations through the lens of land
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 2-13
Issue: 1
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:2-13
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniele Barbosa
Author-X-Name-First: Daniele
Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa
Author-Name: Edmundo Oderich
Author-X-Name-First: Edmundo
Author-X-Name-Last: Oderich
Author-Name: Angela Camana
Author-X-Name-First: Angela
Author-X-Name-Last: Camana
Title: Kaingang indigenous, family farmers and soy in southern Brazil: new old conflicts over land
Abstract:
Over the past two decades, the expansion of agriculture in Brazil, along with indigenous peoples’ growing claims for land, has increased the tension between indigenous groups and farmers. This paper addresses the dispute for land between Kaingangs and family farmers in southern Brazil, aiming to reveal tensions, disagreements and coalitions – that is, the frictions – demonstrated by these subjects when they narrate their current experiences and practices. Our proposal is to look at these conflicts from a cosmopolitical perspective. The research is inspired by multilocal ethnographies, using open interviews with Kaingangs, farmers and local authorities as its main methodological procedure. We also discuss the main historical-political characteristics of recent decades, situating the action of the State regarding conflicts involving indigenous peoples, as well as how this situation may develop in the current context.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 30-43
Issue: 1
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1956446
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1956446
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:30-43
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucey Grainne
Author-X-Name-First: Lucey
Author-X-Name-Last: Grainne
Title: The Sanjaya Lall prize for 2021
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-1
Issue: 1
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2064412
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2064412
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:1-1
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yimin Zhao
Author-X-Name-First: Yimin
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao
Title: The performativity of the state in China’s land transformation: a case study of Dahongmen, Beijing
Abstract:
The micropolitics involved in urbanising land is yet to be well illustrated in urban and development studies. With the case of Dahongmen in Beijing, this paper explores the governing techniques for dealing with land transformation to uncover the nature and conduct of the state in weaving together land and urban questions. Recognising the power of discourses in enacting actions, this paper focuses on two performative moments of the state in reassembling land for the urban process, corresponding to social (re)ordering and economic mechanisms respectively. Both moments are critical since new ideas, concepts, and calculative rationales are invented to reassemble land into the intermediator of the urban process, whereby the state renews its identity and authority. The state, seen from the perspective of performativity, is more like a process (with structural effects) where certain utterances are made and repeated to incorporate multiple actors in land assemblages for the urban political economy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 62-77
Issue: 1
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2025770
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2025770
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:62-77
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Corneliu Bjola
Author-X-Name-First: Corneliu
Author-X-Name-Last: Bjola
Title: AI for development: implications for theory and practice
Abstract:
The arrival of AI technology promises to add a fascinating new chapter to development theory and practice. Current studies have made good progress in examining the potential contributions of AI to achieving sustainable development goals and addressing challenges in specific development areas (poverty, global health, human rights, environment etc.). However, four lessons stand out when considering the impact of future research on the AI/development nexus: learning how to access and combine data from multiple sources, how to master AI techniques to extract analytical insight, how to build socially impactful AI solutions, and how to apply AI to development in an ethically responsible fashion. This paper makes the argument that AI could radically transform development theory and practice by prompting a rethinking of how data and algorithms come together to generate insights into the way in which development challenges are identified, studied, and managed.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 78-90
Issue: 1
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1960960
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1960960
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:1:p:78-90
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Juliana Siwale
Author-X-Name-First: Juliana
Author-X-Name-Last: Siwale
Author-Name: Cécile Godfroid
Author-X-Name-First: Cécile
Author-X-Name-Last: Godfroid
Title: Digitising microfinance: on the route to losing the traditional ‘human face’ of microfinance institutions
Abstract:
Digitising how financial services are accessed in the microfinance industry is considered a magical pathway to increasing financial inclusion. This paper argues that beyond the numerous advantages digitisation is supposed to bring, it may also hinder financial inclusion if it completely replaces the loan officer-client relationship that has been a hallmark of microfinance. Based on questionnaires and on 21 semi-structured interviews with managers and loan officers of four microfinance institutions in Zambia, our research highlights the trade-offs that need to be considered when digitising the lending process. The study argues for a blended approach between digital technologies and flexibility through human touch if microfinance institutions are to retain the competitive advantage, as well as enhance the production and quality of soft information for financial inclusion in less mature markets.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 177-191
Issue: 2
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1998409
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1998409
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:177-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ece Kocabicak
Author-X-Name-First: Ece
Author-X-Name-Last: Kocabicak
Title: Gendered property and labour relations in agriculture: implications for social change in Turkey
Abstract:
By investigating the implications of gendered property and labour relations in agriculture for socio-economic transformation, this article extends development theories and contributes to feminist analysis of unpaid family labour. Drawing on the case of Turkey, it demonstrates that gendered patterns of agriculture limit women’s mobility, access to education, and paid employment in non-agricultural sectors. Using the qualitative and quantitative methods, the paper finds that patriarchal property and labour relations prevent the movement of labour from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors, constrain labour supply, and increase subsistence earnings thereby putting upward pressure on urban wages.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 91-113
Issue: 2
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1929914
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1929914
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:91-113
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Grace Carswell
Author-X-Name-First: Grace
Author-X-Name-Last: Carswell
Author-Name: Geert De Neve
Author-X-Name-First: Geert
Author-X-Name-Last: De Neve
Title: Transparency, exclusion and mediation: how digital and biometric technologies are transforming social protection in Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract:
What are the effects of biometric and digital technologies on social protection for the poor in India? Drawing on ethnographic research from rural Tamil Nadu, this paper presents evidence of how new technologies are experienced by beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System (PDS), and analyses the impacts of technology innovations on transparency, exclusion and mediation. The authors focus on the implementation of ‘smartcards,’ new digitised and Aadhaar-enabled ration cards, introduced in ration shops across Tamil Nadu in 2017. They first document how digitised smartcards and mobile text messages transform transparency for beneficiaries by introducing new opacities and information gaps. They then demonstrate how a lack of transparency (re)produces forms of exclusion that remain a challenge under the automated PDS. Finally, the paper highlights how novel forms of kin and non-kin mediation play a mitigating role in accessing PDS, and constitute a vital part of the infrastructure underpinning social welfare delivery.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 126-141
Issue: 2
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1904866
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1904866
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:126-141
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ankita Pandey
Author-X-Name-First: Ankita
Author-X-Name-Last: Pandey
Title: Movement allies: towards an analytical re-classification of civil rights groups in India
Abstract:
In this paper, I propose a different classificatory lens to analyse the collective action of civil rights groups in India. To date, this collective action has been variously classified as ‘non-party groups,’ ‘macro initiatives’ for grassroots groups, ‘action groups or support groups,’ as part of an emergent new left citizen’s initiatives, but mostly as a ‘social movement’ or ‘human rights movement.’ These differences in classification are not due to a considered disagreement; but because this activism is acutely understudied. Examining the history of such groups and the activist interviews I conducted, I argue for a re-classification of civil rights activism as ally activism i.e. they are allies of several, rather than a party to any particular social movement. Ally activism needs to be understood on its own terms to reveal their role in democratic deepening within South Asia.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 114-125
Issue: 2
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1982885
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1982885
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:114-125
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ram Prasad Dhital
Author-X-Name-First: Ram Prasad
Author-X-Name-Last: Dhital
Author-Name: Takahiro Ito
Author-X-Name-First: Takahiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Ito
Author-Name: Shinji Kaneko
Author-X-Name-First: Shinji
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaneko
Author-Name: Satoru Komatsu
Author-X-Name-First: Satoru
Author-X-Name-Last: Komatsu
Author-Name: Yuichiro Yoshida
Author-X-Name-First: Yuichiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida
Title: Household access to water and education for girls: The case of villages in hilly and mountainous areas of Nepal
Abstract:
This study examines the effect of household water accessibility on children’s educational attainment in villages situated in the remote hilly and mountainous areas of Nepal. Educational attainment was measured based on school attendance, grade repetition, and completion of primary and lower-secondary schooling. The estimation results show that a one-hour increase in the time spent on a water-fetching trip will decrease the probability of girls completing primary school by about 17 percentage points (in the age group of 14–16 years). Although boys’ completion rate is less affected, they are more likely to repeat a grade. Additional analyses indicate that these results are driven by the increased participation of older boys and younger girls in household duties.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 142-157
Issue: 2
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1965978
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.1965978
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:142-157
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Monica Shandal
Author-X-Name-First: Monica
Author-X-Name-Last: Shandal
Author-Name: Sandeep Mohapatra
Author-X-Name-First: Sandeep
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohapatra
Author-Name: Prakashan Chellattan Veettil
Author-X-Name-First: Prakashan
Author-X-Name-Last: Chellattan Veettil
Title: Pareto efficiency in intrahousehold allocations: evidence from rice farming households in India
Abstract:
Intrahousehold models assume that plots farmed by women are as productive as plots farmed by men within the same household. Using a large plot-level dataset on rice farming households in India, we find evidence of significant Pareto inefficiency: women’s plots produce lower yields compared to their spouse’s plots, conditional on crop, plot and other attributes. The inefficiency is larger in the left tail of the rice yield distribution and primarily attributed to child-care burdens and social-norms faced by women.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 158-176
Issue: 2
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2020741
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2020741
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:2:p:158-176
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# input file: CODS_A_2004393_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Roy Maconachie
Author-X-Name-First: Roy
Author-X-Name-Last: Maconachie
Author-Name: Neil Howard
Author-X-Name-First: Neil
Author-X-Name-Last: Howard
Author-Name: Rosilin Bock
Author-X-Name-First: Rosilin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bock
Title: Re-thinking ‘harm’ in relation to children’s work: a ‘situated,’ multi-disciplinary perspective
Abstract:
The UN calls for the elimination of child labour by 2030, and its ‘worst forms’ by 2025. Implicit in this mandate is the assumption that children’s work is harmful, yet no coherent theory of harm exists within the child labour field. Moreover, evidence suggests that simply removing children from supposedly harmful work is often damaging. This paper explores how harm may be understood and identified in the context of children’s work. It reviews and synthesises literature from multiple disciplines, pointing towards a more situated and nuanced approach to harm that incorporates both ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ dimensions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 259-271
Issue: 3
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2004393
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2004393
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:259-271
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# input file: CODS_A_2008892_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: M. Smale
Author-X-Name-First: M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Smale
Author-Name: V. Thériault
Author-X-Name-First: V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Thériault
Title: Input subsidy effects on crops grown by smallholder farm women: The example of cowpea in Mali
Abstract:
We examine the effects of fertilizer subsidies in Mali on the non-staple crop cowpea, often described as a women’s legume crop. We utilize a 2017/2018 dataset including both men and women plot managers in 2400 households. We find that women manage cowpea plots, as a primary and a secondary crop, less frequently relative to men. Yet, women also labor on male-managed fields where cowpea is grown as an intercrop. Results from the control function approach indicate that subsidized fertilizer received by the farming household reduces areas, and area shares, planted with cowpea as an intercrop. Subsidized fertilizer received by the household is negatively associated with the women’s cowpea harvests and revenues, with the opposite effect on men’s revenues. Findings raise questions regarding the subsidy program design, and its gender-differentiated effects, on production of underutilized crops with potential agronomic and nutritional benefits, such as cowpea.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 244-258
Issue: 3
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2008892
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2008892
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:244-258
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# input file: CODS_A_2033190_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Augusta Raiher
Author-X-Name-First: Augusta
Author-X-Name-Last: Raiher
Title: Criminality and socioeconomic disadvantage: a spatial analysis throughout Brazilian municipalities
Abstract:
This study uses situational action theory (SAT) to analyse the effects of socioeconomic disadvantages on criminality rates (namely, robbery) in Brazilian municipalities. To achieve this objective, the variation of robberies per thousand inhabitants was used as a proxy for criminality, estimating its determinants using a spatial panel data set. As a result, we identified social disadvantage greater effect (i.e. variation of the mean Education and Health Firjan indices) when compared to economic disadvantage on the criminality in Brazilian municipalities. This effect was more noticeable in regions with poorer social infrastructure. Moreover, the crime environment to which individuals are exposed has a positive association in the determination of illegal acts, confirming arguments made by SAT.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 225-243
Issue: 3
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2033190
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2033190
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:225-243
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# input file: CODS_A_2007232_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Alexandra Peralta
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Peralta
Author-Name: Robert Shupp
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Shupp
Author-Name: Cansin Arslan
Author-X-Name-First: Cansin
Author-X-Name-Last: Arslan
Title: The grower-trader relationship: experiments with coffee value chain actors in Uganda
Abstract:
In this study, we explore the nature of the relationship between smallholder growers and local traders in the coffee value chain in Eastern Uganda. Analysing the results of two lab-in-the-field experiments (trust and dictator games), we highlight the complex relationship between these two value chain actors. We develop three competing hypotheses: (1) coffee growers will send more to fellow growers than local traders due to social identity and fairness motives as well as because of past opportunistic behaviour of traders (2) coffee growers will send more to traders to curry favour, and (3) growers will send growers and traders the same amount because in a relatively competitive market setting there is little room for opportunistic trader behaviour. We fail to reject our third hypothesis. Our results highlight the importance of fully understanding value chain actor relationships and contexts to better design interventions to improve rural markets.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 193-208
Issue: 3
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2007232
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2007232
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:193-208
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# input file: CODS_A_2004392_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Wahid Abdallah
Author-X-Name-First: Wahid
Author-X-Name-Last: Abdallah
Author-Name: Shyamal Chowdhury
Author-X-Name-First: Shyamal
Author-X-Name-Last: Chowdhury
Author-Name: Kazi Iqbal
Author-X-Name-First: Kazi
Author-X-Name-Last: Iqbal
Title: Access and fees in public health care services for the poor: Bangladesh as a case study
Abstract:
The redistributive objective of public services critically hinges on the extent to which the poor can avail themselves of such services. We investigate two factors that can compromise redistribution: unequal access and illegal fees. Using a nationally representative survey (a data source less prone to reporting bias), we find that poor patients in Bangladesh are 8–10% less likely to consult public health care services than non-poor patients. Moreover, a large number of patients visiting public health facilities pay ‘consultation fees’ which are higher than the official rates, indicative of underlying corruption. Taken together, we find that the poor not only visit public health care facilities less frequently, they also pay a larger share of their non-food expenditure as bribes when they do access these facilities. Our results offer important insights into how the redistributive goal of public health care services can be hampered by misgovernance and corruption.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 209-224
Issue: 3
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2004392
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2004392
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:209-224
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# input file: CODS_A_2008891_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Alicia Bárcena
Author-X-Name-First: Alicia
Author-X-Name-Last: Bárcena
Author-Name: Gabriel Porcile
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel
Author-X-Name-Last: Porcile
Title: Globalization, international asymmetries and democracy: a structuralist perspective
Abstract:
International cooperation, especially on a multilateral basis, has lost ground in recent years. This process has been accompanied by the erosion of core democratic values in many developing and developed countries. Taking Rodrik’s trilemma in international political economy as a point of departure, we analyze the relationship between international regime, international cooperation and democracy using a center-periphery structuralist model, which acknowledges the existence of asymmetries in technological and productive capabilities across countries. We discuss the outcomes of the structuralist model in terms of growth and income distribution under different international regimes, namely the Bretton Woods regime and the hyperglobalization regime. We argue that hyperglobalization gives rise to a recessive bias that compromises income distribution and the stability of the international system. In addition, hyperglobalization has a negative effect on democracy stemming from the reproduction of inequality and specialization in sectors intensive in natural resources or unskilled labor. We present some empirical evidence supporting these results based on the Asian and Latin American experiences in growth and structural change, and on the positive association between democracy and more complex economic structures.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 272-287
Issue: 3
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2008891
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2021.2008891
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:3:p:272-287
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# input file: CODS_A_2088718_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Remya Tressa Jacob
Author-X-Name-First: Remya Tressa
Author-X-Name-Last: Jacob
Author-Name: Rudra Sensarma
Author-X-Name-First: Rudra
Author-X-Name-Last: Sensarma
Author-Name: Gopakumaran Nair
Author-X-Name-First: Gopakumaran
Author-X-Name-Last: Nair
Title: Is rural household debt sustainable in a financially included region? Evidence from three districts of Kerala, India
Abstract:
This paper explores whether institutional change brought about by financial inclusion results in sustainable debt management by households. We analyze household indebtedness and its various dimensions using primary data collected from 600 households across 3 districts of rural Kerala in India. We find that more than half of the sample households are indebted. Using flow and stock analysis, we assess the repayment capacity of households. While the flow analysis based on interest and income comparison shows that debt is sustainable, the stock analysis indicates an alarming debt situation considering the illiquid nature of land assets. Both agricultural and non-agricultural households appeared to be caught in a debt trap. Our econometric analyses show that socio-economic factors like education and age of the household head, main source of household income and household asset value without land, are significant determinants of household level indebtedness.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 389-405
Issue: 4
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2088718
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2088718
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:4:p:389-405
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# input file: CODS_A_2080812_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: David Olusegun Sotola
Author-X-Name-First: David Olusegun
Author-X-Name-Last: Sotola
Author-Name: Pregala Solosh Pillay
Author-X-Name-First: Pregala Solosh
Author-X-Name-Last: Pillay
Title: Thick concept but thin theories: a case for sector-based anti-corruption strategy
Abstract:
The anti-corruption industry has grown phenomenally in the last three decades with the proliferation of anti-corruption agencies in developing countries. However, there are limited success stories because corruption remains pervasive despite the establishment of these specialised agencies. This article thematically discuss the mismatch between corruption theories and anti-corruption strategies within an African context. We argue that the failing of anti-corruption efforts is rooted in a theoretical insufficiency which does not provide strong enough intellectual resources to battle corruption. Using qualitative thematic analysis techniques, we carried out an extensive review of anticorruption strategies across selected African countries and also dissected sectoral case studies across 12 sectors. Building on this, the article argues that sectorally demarcated anti-corruption strategies would be a better target for anti-corruption. We argue that sector-based anti-corruption strategies would provide a better reflection of corruption realities and help to reduce the conceptual ambiguities around corruption by bridging its theories and reality gap.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 372-388
Issue: 4
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2080812
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2080812
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:50:y:2022:i:4:p:372-388
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# input file: CODS_A_2038118_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Annabel Dulhunty
Author-X-Name-First: Annabel
Author-X-Name-Last: Dulhunty
Title: Examining microcredit self-help groups through the lens of feminist dignity
Abstract:
Despite decades of controversy, microcredit initiatives continue to be championed by government aid agencies as a ‘win-win’ for both international development and women’s empowerment, bolstered by ideas of ‘smart economics.’ Most scholarship critiques these programs from a Marxist or poststructuralist perspective. This article instead investigates microcredit programming through the lens of feminist dignity and demonstrates the use of a framework founded on this idea. By using this framework to interrogate evidence from in-depth qualitative field research in West Bengal, India, this article argues that a focus on feminist dignity can improve women’s agency and wellbeing.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 307-320
Issue: 4
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2038118
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2038118
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# input file: CODS_A_2077924_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Eric Akobeng
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Akobeng
Title: Migrant remittances and consumption expenditure under rain-fed agricultural income: micro-level evidence from Ghana
Abstract:
Using a repeated cross-section data set from Ghana for 1991/1992, 1998/1999, 2005/2006, 2012/2013 and 2016/17, and a Two-Stage Least Squares estimator, this paper investigates the effect of agricultural income on remittances and consumption expenditure. It is found that households in Ghana use remittances to protect themselves from decline in agricultural income due to rainfall failure. The results suggest that a 100 Ghana Cedis decrease in agricultural income leads to a 30 Ghana Cedis increase in remittances. The results further posit that rainfall-induced agricultural income changes affect total consumption and food expenditures of rural households. A 100 Ghana Cedis decrease in agricultural income due to rainfall failure leads to a 60 Ghana Cedis fall in total consumption expenditure, and 36 Ghana Cedis fall in food expenditure of rural households. Very poor households in rural areas are found to be more vulnerable to such rainfall-driven agricultural income changes.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 352-371
Issue: 4
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2077924
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2077924
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# input file: CODS_A_2072448_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Joseph B. Ajefu
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ajefu
Author-Name: Soazic Elise Wang Sonne
Author-X-Name-First: Soazic Elise Wang
Author-X-Name-Last: Sonne
Title: The association between terrorist attacks and mental health: evidence from Nigeria
Abstract:
This study examines the relationship between the Boko Haram conflict in Northeast Nigeria and the mental health of heads of households. The information on depressive symptoms (as a proxy for mental health) of household heads was collected using the Centre of Epidemiological Studies Short Depression Scale (CESD-10). The information on household coordinates provided in the 2015 wave of the Nigerian General Household Survey (GHS) was used to measure households’ exposure to violent conflict through the number of conflict attacks as well as the number of fatalities within a local government area. To explore the pathways of the association between conflict and depressive symptoms, we employed mediation analysis to unpack mechanisms such as unemployment, illness or injury, and food security as potential channels through which violent conflict is associated with depressive symptoms.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 336-351
Issue: 4
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2072448
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2072448
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# input file: CODS_A_2039606_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Smriti Tiwari
Author-X-Name-First: Smriti
Author-X-Name-Last: Tiwari
Author-Name: Sara Savastano
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Savastano
Author-Name: Paul Winters
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Winters
Author-Name: Martina Improta
Author-X-Name-First: Martina
Author-X-Name-Last: Improta
Title: Rural economic activities of persons with disabilities in Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract:
Despite the high prevalence of disabilities and evidence that persons with disabilities are marginalised in rural areas of developing countries, little is known about their economic lives. The literature is limited to studying how disability affects participation in labour markets and hours worked. This paper extends the current literature by exploring the extent to which disability is associated with participation in, and income generated from, different types of rural activities, such as agriculture, non-agriculture, and wage labour, in three of the most populous Sub-Saharan African countries (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania). Findings based on panel data and a split first-difference model demonstrate that correlations between changes in disability and changes in economic activities and outcomes are highly contextual. A disaggregated look at various rural economic activities provides a more nuanced understanding of ways in which households cope with changing disability status within a given context. Analyses of disability severity and physical disabilities provide consistent results.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 321-335
Issue: 4
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2039606
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2039606
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# input file: CODS_A_2039607_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Katarzyna Cieslik
Author-X-Name-First: Katarzyna
Author-X-Name-Last: Cieslik
Author-Name: Art Dewulf
Author-X-Name-First: Art
Author-X-Name-Last: Dewulf
Author-Name: J. Marc Foggin
Author-X-Name-First: J. Marc
Author-X-Name-Last: Foggin
Title: Investigating project sustainability: technology as a development object in a community-based project in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan
Abstract:
The imperative of project sustainability has become explicit policy within development. This is especially true for technology transfer: ‘development objects’ are to be used by prospective beneficiaries long after the project’s closure. We argue that the link between project sustainability, technology and ‘success’ requires deeper scrutiny. We investigate a community-based project in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan, which included the transfer of smartphones, weather stations and camera traps. Upon the project’s closure, we compare the stakeholders’ viewpoints regarding the future use of the equipment, showing how technological objects attract new actors into the project’s network, change its course and enhance its impact. We use actor-network theory to explain how development objects shape development processes by generating own networks and transforming social relations of power. We propose a dynamic view of sustainability as: (i) continuation of delivery of project’s goods and services, (ii) durability of the achieved changes and (iii) feasibility of independent growth..
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 289-306
Issue: 4
Volume: 50
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2039607
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2039607
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# input file: CODS_A_2176862_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: William E. Rees
Author-X-Name-First: William E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Rees
Title: Cities, energy and the uncertain future of urban civilization
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 11-17
Issue: 1
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2176862
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2176862
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# input file: CODS_A_2104238_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Louis Olié
Author-X-Name-First: Louis
Author-X-Name-Last: Olié
Title: Under pressure: assessing the cost of forced solidarity in Côte d’Ivoire
Abstract:
Despite the extensive literature on forced solidarity – especially its substantial disincentive effects – some fundamental questions remain unanswered. How many households face pressure to share in a given country? How much does it cost to satisfy it? Which income group is the most impacted? What are the correlates of complying with strong sharing norms? This paper provides a novel measure of the pressure to share to answer these questions. Using nationally representative data from Côte d’Ivoire, I find that one in five Ivorian households faces social pressure to share income. They devoted 10% and 17% of household expenditure and income, respectively, to fulfill their social obligations. This social taxation concerns both the richest and poorest households. Overall, this study offers new insights into the economic cost of such practices and calls attention to targeting households in public cash transfer policies. Implications for policy and research are spelled out.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 33-49
Issue: 1
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2104238
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2104238
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# input file: CODS_A_2176861_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Jo Beall
Author-X-Name-First: Jo
Author-X-Name-Last: Beall
Title: Urbanising futures and sustainability: ODS sponsored plenary panel discussion, DSA 2022
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-5
Issue: 1
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2176861
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2176861
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:1:p:1-5
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# input file: CODS_A_2176863_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Aromar Revi
Author-X-Name-First: Aromar
Author-X-Name-Last: Revi
Title: The interconnection with climate crisis and inequality in the future of urbanization
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 6-10
Issue: 1
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2176863
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2176863
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# input file: CODS_A_2104239_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Tsiry Andrianampiarivo
Author-X-Name-First: Tsiry
Author-X-Name-Last: Andrianampiarivo
Author-Name: Claire Gondard-Delcroix
Author-X-Name-First: Claire
Author-X-Name-Last: Gondard-Delcroix
Title: Rural Classes and Credit Participation: The Itasy Livelihood Classes (Madagascar) Between Risk-aversion and Debt Capacity
Abstract:
While technical and economic factors are traditionally advanced to explain the failures of microfinance, a growing literature explores how moral factors and socioeconomic norms help to shape financial behaviors. In order to examine this issue in more depth, we conducted an empirical analysis of the links between socioeconomic stratification and financial behaviors. This original perspective enriches the literature on financial inclusion in the under-explored Malagasy context. Using data from the 2008 Itasy Observatory survey, we conducted a cluster analysis to identify five classes of rural households, ranging from a very poor and insecure group to an upper group of educated farming and non-farming households. Using a multinomial treatment-effects model, we established distinct ‘class-based’ credit behaviors showing that financial needs vary according to the users’ socioeconomic profile. What is more, such financial behaviours can be explained by taking social factors into account in addition to economic ones.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 18-32
Issue: 1
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2104239
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2104239
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# input file: CODS_A_2092609_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Deborah S. DeGraff
Author-X-Name-First: Deborah S.
Author-X-Name-Last: DeGraff
Author-Name: Deborah Levison
Author-X-Name-First: Deborah
Author-X-Name-Last: Levison
Author-Name: Esther Dungumaro
Author-X-Name-First: Esther
Author-X-Name-Last: Dungumaro
Title: Children’s work in environmental chores: ‘says who?’
Abstract:
The standard approach for collecting sociodemographic data about children in developing countries is to elicit information from adults. While using proxy respondents is appropriate for very young children or for questions likely beyond children’s knowledge, it is less clear that it is better for older children and topics within their experience. Several arguments can be made that children could provide better or equally valid information on their activities than proxy respondents. We explore this question in the context of children’s work on environmental chores in rural Tanzania, using data that include parallel questions to children ages 10–17 and to proxy respondents about those children. Given the paucity of research on this issue, we offer exploratory evidence suggesting that efforts to collect data directly from children are fruitful and should be vigorously pursued, in keeping with Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 50-65
Issue: 1
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2092609
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2092609
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# input file: CODS_A_2091124_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Noman Ahmad
Author-X-Name-First: Noman
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmad
Author-Name: Faiz Ur Rehman
Author-X-Name-First: Faiz Ur
Author-X-Name-Last: Rehman
Author-Name: Nasir Sarwar
Author-X-Name-First: Nasir
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarwar
Title: COVID-19 induced national lockdown and income inequality: evidence from Pakistan
Abstract:
COVID-19 posits two risks to developing countries. On the one hand, growing COVID-19 cases exposed the vulnerabilities of the already debilitating health sector, while, on the other hand, policies to control the spread of COVID-19 can exasperate economic disparities. In this article, we examine one such policy response to control the spread of COVID-19 by the Government of Pakistan, the National Lockdown. This study assesses a plausible impact of this policy response on income equality across Pakistan. By exploiting a nationally representative household survey, it is observed that COVID-19 induced national lockdown is associated with increased income inequality in Pakistan. Our estimates show that about a 16 percent increase in income differences between the top 10 and the bottom 10 percent of the population could be associated with national lockdowns. Gini Coefficient also indicates an up to 3 percent increase in inequality after lockdown. At the disaggregated level, the suggestive evidence shows that inequality has increased within the urban population. Interestingly, the lockdown has also increased the inequality within occupations that can be managed remotely from home.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 66-81
Issue: 1
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2091124
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2091124
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# input file: CODS_A_2124241_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: David Landry
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Landry
Title: A torrent or a trickle? The local economic impacts of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
Abstract:
Chinese mammoth investment projects abroad, and especially those under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) umbrella, are receiving heavy scrutiny in academic and policy circles. However, there is insufficient empirical evidence to evaluate their impact. This paper employs a difference- in-differences approach and a pair of new datasets on government spending and economic activity compiled by the World Bank to examine the local impacts of the Chinese-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan. It finds that the 2013 announcement of CPEC was accompanied by a disproportionate increase in government spending in CPEC districts. However, in the six years after it was first announced, CPEC has not directly contributed a significant increase in economic activity in the districts along its path.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 145-162
Issue: 2
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2124241
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2124241
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:2:p:145-162
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# input file: CODS_A_2177264_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Daniel Hicks
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Hicks
Author-Name: Huiqiong Duan
Author-X-Name-First: Huiqiong
Author-X-Name-Last: Duan
Title: Education as opportunity? The causal effect of education on labor market outcomes in Jordan
Abstract:
This paper studies the impact of the 1988/1989 educational reform in Jordan which extended mandatory schooling from nine to ten years and restructured secondary schooling. Despite weakness in the Jordanian labor market, our estimates suggest that an additional year of required schooling in the late 1980s was sufficient to improve labor force participation, employment, and wages. These effects were initially largest for women, while males with more education were also slightly more likely to be self-employed, work longer hours, and earn higher wages. We show that the extensive margin gains we observe for women persist over the life cycle, while intensive margin gains materialize only later in life. In contrast, the impacts for men strengthen over the life-cycle. These patterns are consistent with a persistent influence of traditional gender norms in Jordanian society influencing labor market decision making.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 179-197
Issue: 2
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2177264
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2177264
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# input file: CODS_A_2177265_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Muhammad A. Kavesh
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kavesh
Author-Name: Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt
Author-X-Name-First: Kuntala
Author-X-Name-Last: Lahiri-Dutt
Author-Name: Rajendra Adhikari
Author-X-Name-First: Rajendra
Author-X-Name-Last: Adhikari
Title: Women and plant entanglements: pulses commercialization and care relations in Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract:
Commercialization of agriculture in patriarchal rural Pakistan has transformed women’s critical roles in pulses production and has re-organised the gendered division of labour in what used to be widely known as a ‘women’s crop’. Pulses are grown in the marginal and arid lands by small-holder farming families where women care for the crops as an extension of their other caring roles for the households. Based on an ethnographic study of women pulse farmers in Pakistan, this paper examines the complex relations of women with the crop and the challenges they face. It argues that the restoration of a caring relationship between women and the pulses crop through a re-animation of multispecies contact zones may be a way to ensure everyday food provisioning in rural Punjab, maintain traditional socio-cultural and ecological relationships, understand the masculinity that has pushed women to the margins, and value women’s contribution, experience, and knowledge in agriculture.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 84-96
Issue: 2
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2177265
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2177265
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Handle: RePEc:taf:oxdevs:v:51:y:2023:i:2:p:84-96
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# input file: CODS_A_2096210_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Saja Al Zoubi
Author-X-Name-First: Saja
Author-X-Name-Last: Al Zoubi
Title: When coping strategies become a way of life: a gendered analysis of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
Abstract:
Using a field survey in informal Syrian refugee camps in Lebanon, this paper analyses refugee coping strategies and demonstrates how severe strategies become a way of life. It addresses how each refugee’s strategic choices are determined by an environment that is conceptualized via four dimensions of displacement: the civil host community, national and international policy, and humanitarian aid, in addition to individual characteristics such as gender. The findings show that the gender of the household head influences the severity of coping strategies, both directly and indirectly. The likelihood of using child labour and reducing the number of daily meals is higher for female-headed households. To categorise coping strategies among refugees, a new framework is proposed based on three categorisations: survival strategies, enhancing strategies and improving strategies.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 126-144
Issue: 2
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2096210
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2096210
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# input file: CODS_A_2115474_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Mohammed Iddrisu Kambala
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammed
Author-X-Name-Last: Iddrisu Kambala
Title: The impact of precolonial political centralisation on local development: Ghana’s paradox
Abstract:
I investigate the impact of precolonial political centralisation (PPC) on local development in Ghana. Accounting for the potential endogeneity associated with the emergence of political centralisation, I find that PPC has a strong negative impact on local development. Further, PPC does not significantly correlate with the provision of local public goods. These results are robust to a battery of sensitivity checks and a wealth of controls at a fine unit. Two mechanisms plausibly explain these findings. First, I show that past colonial public investments, which still significantly determine contemporary development outcomes in Ghana, disfavoured politically centralised regions. Second, I argue that in centralised areas colonial rule might have empowered despotic local patrons who served the interest of the colonial state at the expense of local development.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 163-178
Issue: 2
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2115474
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2115474
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# input file: CODS_A_2208448_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: The Sanjaya Lall Prize for 2022
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 83-83
Issue: 2
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2208448
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2208448
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# input file: CODS_A_2156491_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Maria Franco Gavonel
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Franco Gavonel
Title: Are young internal migrants ‘favourably’ selected? Evidence from four developing countries11
Abstract:
Young people2 are more likely to migrate than older people. During the transition to adulthood, they make important choices regarding education, labour force participation, and family formation. Using a unique panel dataset on youth born in 1994–95 in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, this paper investigates whether young migrants are ‘positively’ self-selected in observable characteristics, specifically on educational attainment. First, I document patterns on prevalence, frequency, timing, reasons and streams of migration. Second, I describe the factors associated with young people’s reasons for migrating. Results suggest that ‘favourable’ self-selection only holds for those moving for education: a year of schooling is associated with a higher probability of moving for studies, while an extra year of education is correlated with a lower probability of moving for family formation. In sum, migrants are a heterogeneous group: there are systematic differences in the characteristics across them depending on their reasons for moving.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 97-125
Issue: 2
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2156491
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2156491
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# input file: CODS_A_2162493_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Zuhairan Yunmi Yunan
Author-X-Name-First: Zuhairan Yunmi
Author-X-Name-Last: Yunan
Author-Name: Ben Freyens
Author-X-Name-First: Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Freyens
Author-Name: Yogi Vidyattama
Author-X-Name-First: Yogi
Author-X-Name-Last: Vidyattama
Author-Name: Itismita Mohanty
Author-X-Name-First: Itismita
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohanty
Title: Spread of corruption in Indonesia after decentralisation: a spatiotemporal analysis
Abstract:
The end of the Suharto era in 1998 brought two prominent reforms to Indonesia: (i) a raft of anti-corruption policies and (ii) decentralisation of administrative and fiscal functions. District-level reported corruption swelled in following years and the role of decentralisation came under scrutiny, but data limitations prevented direct examination of a contributing role. This paper combines perceived and reported (observed) regional measures of corruption to examine spatiotemporal corruption patterns across Indonesian districts post-decentralisation. That period saw both improvements in perceptions measures and increases in the reported number of convicted perpetrators and in the reported value of financial loss. Cross-sectional comparisons show corruption perceptions (i) were milder in districts with less reported incidents of corruption, and (ii) responded positively to efforts by the judiciary and law enforcement agencies to curb corruption. These findings suggest that increased capability and resources allocated to combatting corruption play a large role in determining corruption perceptions.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 198-215
Issue: 2
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2162493
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2022.2162493
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# input file: CODS_A_2204423_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Ridho Al Izzati
Author-X-Name-First: Ridho
Author-X-Name-Last: Al Izzati
Author-Name: Daniel Suryadarma
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Suryadarma
Author-Name: Asep Suryahadi
Author-X-Name-First: Asep
Author-X-Name-Last: Suryahadi
Title: Do short-term unconditional cash transfers change behaviour and preferences? evidence from Indonesia
Abstract:
Short-term unconditional cash transfers are used as a temporary mitigation strategy during adverse economic shocks. They can however, cause adverse unintended impacts on behaviour and preferences. We estimate the effect of receiving short-term unconditional cash transfers on behaviour, risk aversion, and intertemporal choice in Indonesia. The country first introduced the program in 2005 and continues to use it whenever adverse economic shocks occur. With 15.5 million beneficiary households, the program remains one of the largest in the world. We use an individual-level longitudinal dataset spanning 1997 – 2014. To identify a causal relationship, we combine coarsened exact matching with difference-in-differences. We find no evidence that the short-term unconditional cash transfer affected beneficiaries’ behaviour or preferences. Together with evidence of its positive impact in mitigating the impact of adverse economic shocks, our findings show that short-term unconditional cash transfers should continue to be part of the government’s portfolio of social protection programs.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 291-306
Issue: 3
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2204423
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2204423
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# input file: CODS_A_2202384_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Rita K. Almeida
Author-X-Name-First: Rita K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida
Author-Name: Mariana Viollaz
Author-X-Name-First: Mariana
Author-X-Name-Last: Viollaz
Title: Women in paid employment: a role for public policies and social norms in Guatemala
Abstract:
With only 32% of women in the labor market, Guatemala has one of the lowest rates of female labor force participation (FLFP) in the Latin America and Caribbean region and in the world. We explore information from different micro data sets, including the most recent population censuses (2002 and 2018) to assess the drivers of recent progress. Between 2002 and 2018, FLFP increased from an average of 26% to 32% nationwide. This increase was partly explained by increases in the school attainment of women, reduction in fertility and the country’s structural transformation towards services. However, a large part of the increase remains unexplained. Exploring 2018 data, we show that social norms, attitudes towards women and public policies are important determinants of FLFP. The analysis suggests that, taken together, these factors can all become an important source of increased participation of women in the labor market moving forward1.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 252-279
Issue: 3
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2202384
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2202384
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# input file: CODS_A_2168259_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Lila Rabinovich
Author-X-Name-First: Lila
Author-X-Name-Last: Rabinovich
Title: Using solicited audio-recorded diaries to explore the financial lives of low-income women in Kenya during COVID-19: perspectives, challenges, and lessons
Abstract:
Solicited diaries in audio, written and online forms are increasingly used in qualitative data collection. However, most studies using this approach are set in high-income, high-literacy country settings. This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges of this approach in a low-income, low-resource, low-literacy setting. We used solicited audio-recorded diaries to explore the financial lives of low-income women in Kenya during the COVID-19 pandemic. We enrolled 24 women to submit diary entries every day for seven days. We found that the audio-recorded diaries worked well with low-income women in Kenya, which has high penetration of cell phone ownership. The diaries provided textured, detailed insights into participants’ day-to-day challenges, fluctuations, and coping strategies while relying less on recall. Nevertheless, the approach required two pilots to perfect, which may be challenging when research resources and time are limited. This study provides timely evidence on the use of audio-recorded solicited diaries in low-income settings.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 280-290
Issue: 3
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2168259
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2168259
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# input file: CODS_A_2218640_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: T M Tonmoy Islam
Author-X-Name-First: T M Tonmoy
Author-X-Name-Last: Islam
Author-Name: Shabana Mitra
Author-X-Name-First: Shabana
Author-X-Name-Last: Mitra
Title: Military dictatorship and the provision of public goods
Abstract:
Non-democracies, particularly dictatorships, provide local public goods differently when compared to democracies. We use the Partition of the Indian sub-continent in 1947 to examine how similar ethnic groups living in similar agro-climatic conditions obtain substantially different configurations of public goods when exposed to different governance regimes. Our methodology draws upon the shifts in the central regime in Pakistan, between popularly elected governments and military dictatorships while using India as a benchmark, which had democratic governments throughout. We create and utilize a novel dataset for our district-level analyses from various census rounds in India and Pakistan. Our regression results consistently show that there is a significant under-provision of various public goods under dictatorships, while controlling for a host of time-varying local factors. Our results survive a battery of robustness checks and are particularly, not driven by large cities, or specific provinces.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 307-321
Issue: 3
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2218640
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2218640
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# input file: CODS_A_2183943_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Zakaria Zoundi
Author-X-Name-First: Zakaria
Author-X-Name-Last: Zoundi
Author-Name: Yuichiro Uchida
Author-X-Name-First: Yuichiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Uchida
Title: Fuel–food nexus in urban areas: evidence from Burkina Faso
Abstract:
This study examines the transmission of fuel prices to food security among households with motorcycles in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, combining quantitative and behavioural analyses. The results indicate that approximately 61.3% of households were affected by food insecurity between 2018 and 2019. This share comprises those experiencing meagre forms of food insecurity (24.8%), moderate food insecurity (28.3%), and the most severely affected (8.2%). One of the chief reasons for food insecurity is households’ high reliance on motorcycles as a primary means of transportation. Low-income levels and unproductive rides can reinforce exposure to such vulnerability. Besides, households react differently and asymmetrically to fuel price changes. Reactions to hypothetical fluctuations in fuel prices suggest a positive association between gradual increases in fuel prices and food insecurity. Households’ exposure to food insecurity is further bolstered when the head is a female, non-salaried, less educated, of low income, or from a large household.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 322-338
Issue: 3
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2183943
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2183943
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# input file: CODS_A_2195623_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Reidar Staupe-Delgado
Author-X-Name-First: Reidar
Author-X-Name-Last: Staupe-Delgado
Author-Name: Luis Eduardo Díaz Villarreal
Author-X-Name-First: Luis Eduardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Díaz Villarreal
Title: Bracing for turmoil: temporalities of livelihood adaptation among informal workers in Facatativá, Colombia
Abstract:
This study considers temporal aspects of livelihood adaptation in times of turmoil by drawing on interviews with informal street vendors in Facatativá, Colombia. By engaging a ‘time stories’ perspective, this article aims to provide a better understanding of how livelihood responses to shocks emerge from (and are constrained by) individuals’ initial and changing assumptions about the continued onset of a crisis. We found that livelihood adaptation to shock, in some cases, involves adopting a new livelihood that appears more durable. In other cases, adaptation is temporary with individuals returning to prior livelihoods when conditions allow. Many individuals had limited livelihood options. In such cases adaptation was more precarious generally, implying drastic consumption cuts or relying on neighborly networks. Also, changing one’s livelihood is a high-risk decision for people who are often already struggling to survive in a context of declining overall demand and falling incomes as a crisis hits.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 233-251
Issue: 3
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2195623
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2195623
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# input file: CODS_A_2190087_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Anirudh Krishna
Author-X-Name-First: Anirudh
Author-X-Name-Last: Krishna
Author-Name: Tushar Agrawal
Author-X-Name-First: Tushar
Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal
Title: The impact of Covid-19 on household poverty: examining impacts and resilience in a 40-year timeframe in rural Rajasthan (India)
Abstract:
To what extent has chronic poverty increased during the pandemic? In July and August 2021, we revisited seven villages of southern Rajasthan (India), where we had studied household poverty dynamics in 2002. We find that in the two decades before the pandemic (2002–2020), people’s structural positions improved vastly, chronic poverty fell from nearly half to less than 20% of households. These gains in resilience helped people cope with the pandemic. The majority suffered deep income losses between February 2020 and August 2021, but there is no evidence of any substantive rise in chronic poverty.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 217-232
Issue: 3
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2190087
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2190087
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# input file: CODS_A_2279665_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: George Alessandria
Author-X-Name-First: George
Author-X-Name-Last: Alessandria
Author-Name: Robert C. Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Robert C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson
Author-Name: Kei-Mu Yi
Author-X-Name-First: Kei-Mu
Author-X-Name-Last: Yi
Title: Perspectives on trade and structural transformation
Abstract:
This paper surveys macroeconomic and microeconomic perspectives on the role of international trade in structural transformation. We start by describing canonical frameworks that have been used to quantify how trade influences sectoral shares of employment and value added. We then pivot to survey micro-empirical evidence on the impact of changes in trade on the allocation of labor across sectors and productivity at the firm level. In this, we put special emphasis on the role of participation in global value chains and inward foreign direct investment in mediating these effects. Next, we evaluate evidence on the barriers to trade faced by low-income countries, with special attention to recent work that measures these costs taking firm dynamics into account. We conclude by discussing how these micro-perspectives can be integrated into macro models to advance our understanding of structural change.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 455-475
Issue: 4
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2279665
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2279665
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# input file: CODS_A_2276702_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Kevin Donovan
Author-X-Name-First: Kevin
Author-X-Name-Last: Donovan
Author-Name: Todd Schoellman
Author-X-Name-First: Todd
Author-X-Name-Last: Schoellman
Title: The role of labor market frictions in structural transformation*
Abstract:
Growth is closely related to structural transformation, the reallocation of economic activity among sectors. A well-functioning labor market plays an important role in this process by enabling workers to find employment in the growing, more productive sectors. We review the literature on labor market frictions that limit worker flows, slow structural transformation, and trap workers in poverty. The three main areas of focus are the extent of sectoral wage gaps, labor market dynamics, and evidence on specific frictions. Evidence in each area points to the presence of frictions that hinder worker reallocation. The literature also suggests policies that may help remediate frictions and improve worker mobility. We conclude by noting several open questions that provide promising avenues for future work.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 362-374
Issue: 4
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2276702
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2276702
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# input file: CODS_A_2280748_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Douglas Gollin
Author-X-Name-First: Douglas
Author-X-Name-Last: Gollin
Author-Name: Joseph P. Kaboski
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaboski
Title: New views of structural transformation: insights from recent literature
Abstract:
This paper describes an emerging literature in economics that aims to merge macro issues of structural change and growth with micro data and analysis. This literature focuses on a set of related patterns of change that accompany the processes of growth and development. Traditionally, the focus has been on industrialization – and more broadly the reallocation of employment and economic activity from agriculture to manufacturing and services. The new literature considers a broader set of transformations: from rural to urban, from home to market (and from market to home), from informal to formal, and from self-employment to wage work. Drawing on new data sources, including micro data and administrative records, the literature tries to understand the complex interactions of a broad set of market failures, policy distortions, and impediments to the growth process. In broadening the understanding of structural transformation – to encompass processes beyond industrialization – this literature opens the door to a richer understanding of the processes of growth and a wider set of potential levers for policy.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 339-361
Issue: 4
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2280748
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2280748
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# input file: CODS_A_2280638_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Douglas Gollin
Author-X-Name-First: Douglas
Author-X-Name-Last: Gollin
Title: Agricultural productivity and structural transformation: evidence and questions for African development
Abstract:
This paper summarizes key findings from the recent literature on agricultural productivity and structural transformation and then identifies priority areas for further research. The paper discusses the macro relevance of agricultural productivity for growth and structural transformation. New theory and data have underscored the importance of agricultural productivity as a proximate cause of low aggregate productivity in the world’s poorest countries, including many in sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence has also emerged on the importance of agricultural productivity growth as a driver of development and growth in the past. But micro evidence and changes in the global context suggest that today’s low-income countries may face a different set of challenges in the years ahead.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 375-396
Issue: 4
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2280638
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2280638
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# input file: CODS_A_2281590_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Monica Martinez-Bravo
Author-X-Name-First: Monica
Author-X-Name-Last: Martinez-Bravo
Author-Name: Leonard Wantchekon
Author-X-Name-First: Leonard
Author-X-Name-Last: Wantchekon
Title: Political economy and structural transformation: democracy, regulation and public investment
Abstract:
Technological progress is widely recognized as a fundamental driver of economic development and structural transformation. Nevertheless, substantial variations in productivity persist both within and across countries. While the literature on misallocation has made important progress, we still have a limited understanding of the extent to which these misallocations are driven by political factors and the actions (or inactions) of governments. This paper reviews the literature on various political distortions, including state capture, patronage, and firm-political connections, and their impacts on economic outcomes. The review emphasizes empirical research, especially in low- and middle-income countries, highlighting the need for coherent theoretical frameworks and policy interventions to address political distortions. The paper also provides suggestions for future research, aiming to advance our understanding of the complex interplay between political dynamics and structural transformation.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 417-435
Issue: 4
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2281590
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2281590
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# input file: CODS_A_2283106_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Joseph P. Kaboski
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaboski
Title: Financial frictions, financial market development, and macroeconomic development
Abstract:
This paper reviews the state of knowledge on the impact of financial frictions and financial underdevelopment on firms. The focus is on their aggregate and distributional consequences for the macroeconomies of developing countries. It then reviews available data and data needs for future progress and proposes an agenda of important but unanswered questions for informing our understanding of growth and policy. Various questions involve ways to promote financial development itself, guide second-best policies in the face of financial frictions that enable macro development, and develop an inclusive financial system that benefits all.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 397-416
Issue: 4
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2283106
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2283106
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# input file: CODS_A_2278601_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: David Lagakos
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Lagakos
Author-Name: Martin Shu
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Shu
Title: The role of micro data in understanding structural transformation
Abstract:
This paper reviews the use of micro-level data for research on structural transformation. We survey the literature on the topics of cross-country productivity gaps, within-country gaps, labor markets, land markets, and infrastructure, and summarize how the use of micro-level data enhances our understanding of structural transformation that is otherwise hard to achieve with aggregate-level data. We suggest several areas that may benefit from more use of micro-level data. Our recommendations on data effort include collecting more panel data over longer years, especially from developing countries, complementing current time use surveys with data from developing countries, and improving the measurement of non-agricultural output. Relatedly, better measurement of physical and business capital is desired. Lastly, we note the rising trend of joining experimental data with structural models and encourage more studies to take advantage of exploiting the strength of both approaches.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 436-454
Issue: 4
Volume: 51
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2278601
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2278601
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# input file: CODS_A_2270437_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Natalie Naïri Quinn
Author-X-Name-First: Natalie Naïri
Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn
Author-Name: Simone Lombardini
Author-X-Name-First: Simone
Author-X-Name-Last: Lombardini
Title: The Participatory Index of Women’s Empowerment: development and an application in Tunisia
Abstract:
In this paper we develop the Participatory Index of Women’s Empowerment, an innovative measurement tool that reflects its subjects’ own perceptions of empowerment. Participatory measurement is a response to the paradoxical potential for measurement of empowerment to disempower. A simple stated choice experiment allows participants to implicitly reveal the trade-offs that they make between different indicators of empowerment. This permits participatory determination of the relative weights for each indicator in a composite index, through estimation of a random utility model. We demonstrate the implementation of PIWE through a pilot application in the context of a quasi-experimental impact evaluation of an Oxfam project in Tunisia. Despite a relatively small sample size, we can reject the hypothesis that participants’ perceptions of empowerment are consistent with equal weights. We find that the project had a significant positive impact on participants’ empowerment and find suggestive evidence of impact on their perceptions of empowerment.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 54-73
Issue: 1
Volume: 52
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2270437
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2270437
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# input file: CODS_A_2245363_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Momoe Makino
Author-X-Name-First: Momoe
Author-X-Name-Last: Makino
Author-Name: Abu S. Shonchoy
Author-X-Name-First: Abu S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shonchoy
Author-Name: Zaki Wahhaj
Author-X-Name-First: Zaki
Author-X-Name-Last: Wahhaj
Title: Early effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on children in north-western Bangladesh
Abstract:
Using data collected through a structured telephone-based survey in north-western Bangladesh during the height of the pandemic, we present evidence on the effects of household specific shocks on rural children induced by the COVID-19 lockdowns. We focus on three child-related outcomes: time use of children during school closures, plans regarding children’s future schooling, and the incidence of child marriages. We find that respiratory illness and job loss experienced in the household lowered expectations of a child’s future school continuation and increased the probability of marriage-related discussions for girls. The return of a male migrant led to a reduction of children’s time spent doing paid work, while the return of a female migrant led to a reduction in children’s time spent caring for others and doing household chores. Our findings offer a cautionary tale regarding the potential long-term effects of the pandemic and school closures on girls in developing countries.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 34-53
Issue: 1
Volume: 52
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2245363
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2245363
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# input file: CODS_A_2313216_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Theresa Beltramo
Author-X-Name-First: Theresa
Author-X-Name-Last: Beltramo
Author-Name: Hai-Anh Dang
Author-X-Name-First: Hai-Anh
Author-X-Name-Last: Dang
Author-Name: Ibrahima Sarr
Author-X-Name-First: Ibrahima
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarr
Author-Name: Paolo Verme
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Verme
Title: Estimating poverty among refugee populations: a cross-survey imputation exercise for Chad
Abstract:
Household consumption surveys do not typically offer poverty estimates for refugees. We test the performance of a recently developed cross-survey imputation method to estimate poverty for a sample of refugees in Chad, combining survey and administrative data collected by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). We find the imputed poverty rates are not statistically different from the poverty rates obtained directly from the survey consumption data. This result is robust to different model specifications, varying poverty lines, and assumptions of the error terms. Targeting results based on the imputed poverty estimates also outperform common targeting methods, such as proxy means tests and the current targeting method used by humanitarian organizations in Chad. Replicating this approach in at least some of the 122 other countries currently using UNHCR administrative data could help address data gaps and provide much-needed estimates to effectively respond to forcibly displaced crises.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 94-113
Issue: 1
Volume: 52
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2024.2313216
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2024.2313216
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# input file: CODS_A_2318556_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Michael Ehis Odijie
Author-X-Name-First: Michael Ehis
Author-X-Name-Last: Odijie
Title: The AfCFTA and the entrepôt economy: a clash of free trade and political realities
Abstract:
This article uses the case of Benin to explore the tension between the political realities of African countries and the objectives of the AfCFTA. For most of the country’s independence, Benin’s political economy has been based primarily on informal and/or illegal entrepôt trade with Nigeria. Benin’s entrepôt system creates a loophole around trade barriers for products that are stringently regulated in Nigeria by enabling their importation to Benin, and then in turn, re-exporting or smuggling them into Nigeria. This article argues that informal and/or illegal entrepôt trade with Nigeria is so ingrained in Benin’s political economy that regional and continental free trade (which is incompatible with entrepôt trade) is all but impossible from Benin’s perspective. The entrepôt system is one of the main sources of government revenue, which ruling elites are not willing to surrender.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 114-127
Issue: 1
Volume: 52
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2024.2318556
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2024.2318556
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# input file: CODS_A_2334669_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Coleen Vogel
Author-X-Name-First: Coleen
Author-X-Name-Last: Vogel
Author-Name: Nadia Shah Naidoo
Author-X-Name-First: Nadia Shah
Author-X-Name-Last: Naidoo
Title: Stories from the Global South: the interplay of climate science, ‘action’ and the implications for development
Abstract:
Calls for humanity to act on environmental changes are becoming increasingly critical. The growing polycrisis including the impact of ongoing conflicts in contested geopolitical spaces and the struggles for ways to sustain a livelihood in areas of precarity and poverty, are just some of the intersecting challenges which have given rise to a Code Red alarm by the United Nations surrounding issues related to climate change. Rich narratives and stories of climate actions from Africa offer examples of potential paths. This paper explores how such narratives inform local development and climate action. A key message is that stories and narratives, created by various peoples, disciplines, and systems of knowledge, can all be powerful genres and sources for agentic change that can inspire and embolden development practice and action.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 4-16
Issue: 1
Volume: 52
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2024.2334669
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2024.2334669
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# input file: CODS_A_2316506_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Jo Beall
Author-X-Name-First: Jo
Author-X-Name-Last: Beall
Title: Editorial
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 1-3
Issue: 1
Volume: 52
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2024.2316506
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2024.2316506
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# input file: CODS_A_2225429_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Francesco Savoia
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Savoia
Author-Name: Ioannis Bournakis
Author-X-Name-First: Ioannis
Author-X-Name-Last: Bournakis
Author-Name: Mona Said
Author-X-Name-First: Mona
Author-X-Name-Last: Said
Author-Name: Antonio Savoia
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Savoia
Title: Regional income inequality in Egypt: evolution and implications for Sustainable Development Goal 10
Abstract:
Research on income inequality in developing economies has scarcely looked at the regional dimension. This is important, as progress in reducing income inequality at national level can only be partially successful if a country consists of very unequal regions alongside relatively equal ones. Using newly assembled Luxembourg Income Study data, we study the evolution of income inequality within Egyptian regions during 1999–2015. The analysis offers three findings. First, income inequality has generally increased. Second, regional differences in income inequality tended to decrease, but less unequal regions are converging to similar levels of inequality of more unequal regions. Third, there has been a decrease in the income share of the bottom 40% and an increase in the proportion of people living below 50% of median income. Hence, geographically diffused progress on the first two targets of SDG 10 depends on reversing these trends.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 17-33
Issue: 1
Volume: 52
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2225429
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# input file: CODS_A_2289196_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Fred Mawunyo Dzanku
Author-X-Name-First: Fred Mawunyo
Author-X-Name-Last: Dzanku
Author-Name: Kofi Takyi Asante
Author-X-Name-First: Kofi Takyi
Author-X-Name-Last: Asante
Author-Name: Louis Sitsofe Hodey
Author-X-Name-First: Louis Sitsofe
Author-X-Name-Last: Hodey
Title: Heterogeneous market participation channels and household welfare
Abstract:
This paper uses panel data and qualitative interviews from southwestern Ghana to analyse farmers’ heterogeneous oil palm marketing decisions and the effect on household welfare. We show that despite the supposed benefits that smallholders could derive from participation in global agribusiness value chains via formal contracts, such arrangements are rare although two of Ghana’s ‘big four’ industrial oil palm companies are located in the study area. In the absence of formal contracts, farmers self-select into four main oil palm marketing channels (OPMCs). These OPMCs are associated with varying levels of welfare, with processing households and those connected to industrial companies by verbal contracts being better off. Furthermore, own-processing of palm fruits is shown to reduce gender gaps in household welfare. We also unearth community and household level factors that hamper or facilitate participation in remunerative OPMCs. These results have implications for development policy and practice related to inclusive agricultural commercialization.
Journal: Oxford Development Studies
Pages: 74-93
Issue: 1
Volume: 52
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2289196
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13600818.2023.2289196
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