Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daehyun Kim Author-X-Name-First: Daehyun Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Andrew C. Millington Author-X-Name-First: Andrew C. Author-X-Name-Last: Millington Author-Name: Charles W. Lafon Author-X-Name-First: Charles W. Author-X-Name-Last: Lafon Title: Disturbance after Disturbance: Combined Effects of Two Successive Hurricanes on Forest Community Structure Abstract: Our attempts to gain knowledge from studying the effects of a single windstorm might be complicated by one or more other events that pass through the same system before it recovers from prior damage. In this article, we had the opportunity to examine permanent plots affected by two consecutive catastrophic storms of comparable intensity within a short time frame (less than a decade). We compared tree damage patterns resulting from Hurricane Rita in 2005 and Hurricane Ike in 2008, which struck the same five forest plots (40 m × 50 m each; 1 ha total) established in the Big Thicket National Preserve of southeast Texas. The results showed that the post-Rita forest structure was characterized by intense damage to short, shade-tolerant stems and increased canopy openness. Hence, trees damaged by Ike were, in general, taller, more shade intolerant, and more spatially distant from their undamaged counterparts than trees damaged by Rita. These contrasting damage patterns indicate that Ike affected the plots differently to a normal windstorm occurring in isolation (after a long absence of prior windstorms). We anticipate that the cumulative, compounded effects of these two storms will potentially have long-lasting footprints on the structure and function of the study forest. The need to account for compounding disturbance interactions in forest research and management will grow, because many atmospheric scientists predict increases in both the intensity and frequency of hurricanes in conjunction with future climate change scenarios. Key Words: Big Thicket, disturbance interaction, forest structure, hurricane, spatial point pattern analysis. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 571-585 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1654844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1654844 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:571-585 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dara E. Seidl Author-X-Name-First: Dara E. Author-X-Name-Last: Seidl Author-Name: Piotr Jankowski Author-X-Name-First: Piotr Author-X-Name-Last: Jankowski Author-Name: Keith C. Clarke Author-X-Name-First: Keith C. Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Author-Name: Atsushi Nara Author-X-Name-First: Atsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Nara Title: Please Enter Your Home Location: Geoprivacy Attitudes and Personal Location Masking Strategies of Internet Users Abstract: Location masking, or geomasking, is a practice typically undertaken by data stewards who wish to release a georeferenced data set without infringing on the privacy of those whose data are involved. With numerous opportunities to transmit our personal locations through electronic devices, individuals have the agency through masking to stem the flow of their location data or otherwise engage in obscuring their locations. Relatively little is known about the factors that influence individuals to protect their location privacy and the extent to which they do so. Joining a growing recognition of individual-level privacy efforts, this study examines the predictors of personal-level location masking and the relationships among geoprivacy-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Using a probability-based sample and an open online sample from California, this study finds that in situ personal masking behavior is consistent across demographic groups. A key attitude influencing whether or not participants choose to mask location is trust in Web sites to protect their personal data. Greater knowledge about how location data are transmitted and higher concern for privacy are positively correlated with masking behavior. Key Words: geomasking, geoprivacy, obfuscation, privacy, survey. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 586-605 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1654843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1654843 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:586-605 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Lehman Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Lehman Title: Making an Anthropocene Ocean: Synoptic Geographies of the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958) Abstract: Although the notion of the Anthropocene has generated a great deal of literature across disciplines, the geographic critique of this concept is still developing. This article contributes to justice-oriented engagements with the Anthropocene by highlighting the relationships through which planetary knowledge is constructed as sites of critique. I develop an analytic of synoptic geographies, which addresses the praxis of coordinated field measurements that creates the planetary knowledge on which concepts of the Anthropocene rest. Synoptic geographies require a geographic analytic that is capable of going beyond assertions that all knowledge is local. The International Geophysical Year (IGY; 1957–1958) provides a strategic opportunity to elaborate the stakes of synoptic geographies. The IGY was arguably the first attempt to understand the Earth as a planet through a program of widespread synoptic data collection. In particular, the synoptic geographies of the IGY’s oceanography program reveal the ways in which old and new forms of imperialism were knitted together to produce the world ocean as an object of knowledge in a new era of planetary-scale environmental politics. Key Words: Anthropocene, geographies of science, International Geophysical Year, oceans, planetary knowledge. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 606-622 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1644988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1644988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:606-622 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Cinnamon Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Cinnamon Title: Attack the Data: Agency, Power, and Technopolitics in South African Data Activism Abstract: This article deploys a discursive–material analytical framework to trace how perceptions of data power are constructed in urban activist circles against data’s capacity to advance grassroots political goals. By framing South African data activism practices as a form of technopolitics—a concept that foregrounds the coconstitution of politics and technology through their anchoring to normative discourses—this analysis identifies how data are enrolled to substantiate a grassroots political discourse of spatial injustice yet how, through contestation by government officials, the fragility of data as objects of grassroots political power is laid bare. This empirical study of service provision social audits in Johannesburg and Cape Town shows how governments have effectively resisted their findings by singling out the quantitative data as a weak actor, exploiting this as an opportunity to advance their own political discourse of responsibility around service provision. In revealing how grassroots power was eventually strengthened through a strategic redistribution of agencies, the article then advances a nondeterministic understanding of data power and agency as relational, partial, and provisional and enacted through the coconstitution of people, technologies, and discourses, which might resonate with other examples of data activism and further urban data assemblages. These findings add empirical weight to claims of empowerment made in the emerging fields of data activism and data justice, and they raise further important questions for geographers and others interested in the ways in which data are enrolled to enact grassroots politics, as well as the discursive–material dimensions of urban technopolitics more generally. Key Words: data determinism, data imaginary, data justice, spatial justice, technopolitics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 623-639 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1644991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1644991 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:623-639 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Li-Chih Hsu Author-X-Name-First: Li-Chih Author-X-Name-Last: Hsu Author-Name: J. Anthony Stallins Author-X-Name-First: J. Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Stallins Title: Multiple Representations of Topographic Pattern and Geographic Context Determine Barrier Dune Resistance, Resilience, and the Overlap of Coastal Biogeomorphic Models Abstract: We compared two biogeomorphic models that postulate how vegetation is intertwined in the response and recovery of barrier island dunes. Each model was developed in a separate coastal region using different methods. Both relied on simple elevational representations of topography. By comparing topographies among more islands of these two regions and by linking multiple representations of topographic pattern to resistance and resilience, we provide a synthesis that shows the validity of both models and the consequences of reifying one over the other. Using airborne LiDAR, topographic metrics based on point, patch, and gradient representations of topography were derived for fifty-two sites across eleven islands along the Georgia Bight and Virginia. These seventeen metrics were categorized in terms of resistance and resilience to disturbance from storm-forced high water levels and overwash. Resistance refers to intrinsic properties that directly counter expressions of power from disturbance. Resilience refers to the degrees of freedom to adjust and adapt to disturbance. Using a cross-scale data modeling approach, these data were visualized as topographic state space using multidimensional scaling. In this state space, similarity in topography as well as resistance and resilience were inferred through a site’s position along low-dimension axes representing geomorphic resistance and high-dimension axes representing the spatial landscape properties of biogeomorphic resilience. The two models overlap in how they account for barrier dune resistance and resilience along the U.S. south Atlantic coast. Islands of the Georgia Bight have a propensity for higher resistance and resilience. The Virginia islands have lower resistance and resilience. Key Words: barrier islands, biogeomorphology, cross-scale structure, dunes, resilience. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 640-660 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1654845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1654845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:640-660 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Isabella Kübler Author-X-Name-First: Isabella Author-X-Name-Last: Kübler Author-Name: Kai-Florian Richter Author-X-Name-First: Kai-Florian Author-X-Name-Last: Richter Author-Name: Sara Irina Fabrikant Author-X-Name-First: Sara Irina Author-X-Name-Last: Fabrikant Title: Against All Odds: Multicriteria Decision Making with Hazard Prediction Maps Depicting Uncertainty Abstract: We report on a multicriteria decision-making study where participants were asked to purchase a house shown on maps that include hazard prediction information. We find that participants decided to buy different houses, depending on whether uncertainty is shown on the map display and on the type of uncertainty visualization (i.e., varying color value, focus, or texture). We also find that participants’ individual differences with respect to their assessed risk-taking behavior influences their spatial decision making with maps. Risk-takers seem to underestimate the dangers of natural hazards when prediction uncertainties are depicted. We are thus able to shed additional light on how people use visualized uncertainty information to make complex map-based decisions. We can demonstrate that not only are design characteristics relevant for map-based reasoning and decision-making outcomes but so are the decision makers’ individual background and the map-based decision-making context. Key Words: experiment, risk maps, risk perception, uncertainty, visualization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 661-683 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1644992 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1644992 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:661-683 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell C. Hedberg Author-X-Name-First: Russell C. Author-X-Name-Last: Hedberg Title: Coming Out of the Foodshed: Phosphorus Cycles and the Many Scales of Local Food Abstract: Systems of food production and provision face a set of complex and interdependent challenges to sustainably meet current and future nutrition needs and minimize the negative social and ecological consequences of modern agriculture. Food system localization, often in the context of specific initiatives like farmers’ markets, are frequently put forth as a promising strategy for establishing more just food systems and agroecological production that relies on regional resources and in situ ecological processes rather than agrichemical inputs. Despite a significant literature on local food, there remain critical omissions in geographic inquiry, particularly analyses of scale in regard to food system localization. This article uses scale as an analytical lens to examine phosphorus fertility on farms participating in a farmers’ market network in New York City. Through a synthesis of biogeochemical analysis, semistructured interviews, and nutrient network mapping, the work charts the complex and often contradictory interactions of material and discursive scales in local food systems. The lens of scale reveals multiple narratives of sustainability, indicating both the great potential for agroecological phosphorus management and significant structural problems that undermine the project of food system localization. These findings argue for a more expansive approach to localization that acknowledges a mosaic of overlapping scalar processes in food systems and that the sustainability promise of food system localization requires interconnected sustainabilities in multiple places and at multiple scales. Key Words: agroecology, local food systems, phosphorus, scale, sustainability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 684-704 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1630248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1630248 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:684-704 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua F. J. Inwood Author-X-Name-First: Joshua F. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Inwood Author-Name: Derek H. Alderman Author-X-Name-First: Derek H. Author-X-Name-Last: Alderman Title: “The Care and Feeding of Power Structures”: Reconceptualizing Geospatial Intelligence through the Countermapping Efforts of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Abstract: This article advances three interrelated arguments. First, by focusing on the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee’s (SNCC) Research Department, an undertheorized chapter in the civil rights movement, we advance an expressly spatialized understanding of the African American freedom struggle. Second, by focusing on an SNCC-produced pamphlet titled The Care and Feeding of Power Structures, we advance a larger historical geography of geospatial agency and countermapping of racial capital within black civil rights struggles. SNCC’s research praxis, which we argue constitutes a radical geospatial intelligence project, recognizes that geographical methods, information, and analytical insights are not just the purview of experts but are a set of political tools and processes deployed by a wide range of groups. Our article develops a deeper understanding of the rich spatial practices underlying black geographies and the role of geospatial intelligence in a democratic society outside the military–industrial–academic complex. Key Words: black geographies, civil rights, countermapping, geospatial intelligence, SNCC. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 705-723 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1631747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1631747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:705-723 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tyler Fricker Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: Fricker Author-Name: James B. Elsner Author-X-Name-First: James B. Author-X-Name-Last: Elsner Title: Unusually Devastating Tornadoes in the United States: 1995–2016 Abstract: Previous research has identified a number of physical, socioeconomic, and demographic factors related to tornado casualty rates. There remain gaps in our understanding of community-level vulnerabilities to tornadoes. Here a framework is provided for systematically identifying the most unusually devastating tornadoes, defined as those where the observed number of casualties far exceeds the predicted number. Results show that unusually devastating tornadoes occur anywhere tornadoes occur in the United States, but rural areas across the Southeast appear to be most frequented. Seven examples of unusually devastating tornadoes affecting six communities are examined in more detail. In addition, results highlight that cities and towns affected by unusually devastating tornadoes have their own socioeconomic and demographic profiles. Identifying geographic clusters of unusually devastating tornadoes builds a foundation to address community-level causes of destruction that supports ethnographic and qualitative—in addition to quantitative—studies of place-based vulnerability. Key Words: statistics, tornado, vulnerability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 724-738 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1638753 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1638753 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:724-738 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guanpeng Dong Author-X-Name-First: Guanpeng Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: Jing Ma Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Author-Name: Duncan Lee Author-X-Name-First: Duncan Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Mingxing Chen Author-X-Name-First: Mingxing Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Gwilym Pryce Author-X-Name-First: Gwilym Author-X-Name-Last: Pryce Author-Name: Yu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Developing a Locally Adaptive Spatial Multilevel Logistic Model to Analyze Ecological Effects on Health Using Individual Census Records Abstract: Geographical variable distributions often exhibit both macroscale geographic smoothness and microscale discontinuities or local step changes. Nonetheless, accounting for both effects in a unified statistical model is challenging, especially when the data under study involve a multiscale structure and non-Gaussian response variables. This study develops a locally adaptive spatial multilevel logistic model to examine binomial response variables that integrates an innovative locally adaptive spatial econometric model with a multilevel model. It takes into account global spatial autocorrelation, local step changes, and vertical dependence effects arising from the multiscale data structure. Another appealing feature is that the spatial correlation structure, implied by a spatial weights matrix, is learned along with other model parameters via an iterative estimation algorithm, rather than being presumed to be invariant. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samplers are derived to implement this new spatial multilevel logistic model. A data augmentation approach, drawing on recently devised Pólya-gamma distributions, is adopted to reduce computational burdens of calculating binomial likelihoods with a logit link function. The validity of the developed model is evaluated by a set of simulation experiments, before being applied to analyze self-rated health for the elderly in Shijiazhuang, the capital city of Hebei Province, China. Model estimation results highlight a nuanced geography of self-rated health and identify a range of individual- and area-level correlates of health for the elderly. Key Words: geography of health, local spatial modeling, multilevel models, spatial autocorrelation, spatial econometrics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 739-757 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1644990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1644990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:739-757 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francis Massé Author-X-Name-First: Francis Author-X-Name-Last: Massé Title: Conservation Law Enforcement: Policing Protected Areas Abstract: This article examines how recent increases in commercial poaching of wildlife intensify the dictates that underpin conservation law and its enforcement; namely, the securing of space, punishing of transgressors, and protecting of nonhuman life. Drawing on ethnographic research with antipoaching personnel in Mozambique, I examine how rangers translate these legal and normative manifestations of conservation law enforcement on the ground and in their daily practices to police protected areas and the wildlife within them. This article makes two contributions. First, drawing on insights from the political geography and ecology of conservation with the political geography of policing, I demonstrate how territorial, sovereign, and biopolitical practices and logics coalesce to secure the spaces and the lives of the nonhuman from ostensible human threats. Second, it is rangers who are deployed as petty environmental sovereigns to achieve these objectives through often violent practices. Although many rangers might feel uncomfortable with the use of violence, their agency to commit or resist using violence is authorized, enabled, and constrained by the normative and legal structures of conservation law enforcement within which they operate. The social differentiation among rangers also means that some have more agency to navigate these structures than others. These insights help understand the actually existing operationalization of delegated and performative power over bodies, space, and the use of direct violence. I suggest that critiques of conservation violence, and the use of violence by those acting as petty sovereigns more broadly, should be primarily oriented at the broader structures within which they operate. Key Words: conservation law enforcement, green militarization, petty sovereign, poaching/antipoaching, policing. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 758-773 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1630249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1630249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:758-773 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Legg Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Legg Title: “Political Atmospherics”: The India Round Table Conference’s Atmospheric Environments, Bodies and Representations, London 1930–1932 Abstract: Between 1930 and 1932 the three sessions of the Round Table Conference in London drew more than seventy Indian delegates to the city, for up to three months, to debate India’s constitutional future within the British Empire. This article argues that the atmosphere of the conference was central to its successes and failures and that studying atmospheres can help us think about the co-constitution of place, bodies, and politics more broadly. It approaches atmospheres from three interrelated perspectives. First, the atmospheric environment of the conference is set, in terms of both the physical geography of the weather and the human geography of the conference venue. Second, it traces conference bodies, which endured the weather, used it as metaphor, and attuned their politics to the affective atmosphere. The article concludes with reflections on representing non-representational atmospheres. It argues that the current atmospheres literature is oddly deraced, while debates about weather and bodies’ reactions to social and political atmospheres are inherently and always racialized. Analyzing the reactions of and to diverse Indian delegates in 1930s London gives us insights into an interwar colonial geographical imagination and demonstrates the potential for thinking about meteorological and affective atmospheres together. Key Words: atmospheres, conferences, imperialism, India, race. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 774-792 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1630247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1630247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:774-792 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ker-hsuan Chien Author-X-Name-First: Ker-hsuan Author-X-Name-Last: Chien Title: Pacing for Renewable Energy Development: The Developmental State in Taiwan’s Offshore Wind Power Abstract: Since the 2008 global financial crisis, a green economy has been promoted as a way to foster sustainable development and eradicate poverty at the same time. Many states have become more active in investing in renewable technologies and allocating capital to renewable energy development. With the rapid growth of the green economy in East Asian countries (e.g., China, South Korea, and Taiwan), however, there is a strong state presence in green economic development. These East Asian developmental states have gone beyond capital allocation and fostering new technologies. Furthermore, the developmental states have invented or reinvented with new means and measures to intervene in the building of a green economy. This article thus focuses on how the Asian developmental state has evolved through renewable energy development. By employing Taiwan’s offshore wind power development as a case study, this article stresses three main arguments. First, although Taiwan’s developmental state has become more restricted under neoliberalization, policy tools have been reinvented or altered to fulfill the objective of local industrial development in Taiwan. Second, the state intervenes in new energy industry development not merely through policy tools, but also its control over infrastructures. Third, by treating offshore wind power development as a green societal mission, the state is thus able to reunite its developmentalist drive for growth with the rising environmentalist demand for energy transition, sustaining its dominant role in the emerging green economy. Key Words: developmental state, energy transition, infrastructures, offshore wind power, Taiwan. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 793-807 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1630246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1630246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:793-807 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Adey Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Adey Title: Evacuated to Death: The Lexicon, Concept, and Practice of Mobility in the Nazi Deportation and Killing Machine Abstract: Evacuation is a fairly empty and technical concept often used to describe moments of emergency governance when peoples are moved away from harm. It was also a key code word, though, within the Nazi deportation and killing of Europe’s Jews. How could evacuation be deployed in these contexts and for these purposes? What is so crucial here is not simply that the practices of the Holocaust were termed evacuations, however inappropriate, misleading, and murderous that is, but how and why evacuation was and still is “betrayed” as a term, concept, and practice of mobility. The article interrogates evacuation’s geographies and genealogies, pinpointing the Nazis’ abuse of the term as a key and catastrophic, expulsive, and ultimately destructive version of evacuation mobility. The article concludes that different versions of evacuation are able to coexist and reinforce one another. Key Words: emergency, evacuation, Holocaust, mobilities, Nazi geopolitics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 808-826 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1633904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1633904 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:808-826 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas T. Bergmann Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas T. Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann Author-Name: Jamie McEvoy Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: McEvoy Author-Name: Elizabeth A. Shanahan Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Shanahan Author-Name: Eric D. Raile Author-X-Name-First: Eric D. Author-X-Name-Last: Raile Author-Name: Ann Marie Reinhold Author-X-Name-First: Ann Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Reinhold Author-Name: Geoffrey C. Poole Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey C. Author-X-Name-Last: Poole Author-Name: Clemente Izurieta Author-X-Name-First: Clemente Author-X-Name-Last: Izurieta Title: Thinking Through Levees: How Political Agency Extends Beyond the Human Mind Abstract: Emerging new materialism scholarship provides an exciting theoretical space not only for challenging traditional conceptions of human agency but also for rethinking the role of the material world in shaping political outcomes. Although a wildly diverse intellectual movement, this scholarship shares the common goal of widening traditional understandings of agency to include nonhuman objects. This article adopts insights from cognitive science to extend the concept of political agency beyond the confines of human intention. Instead of focusing on the constraining material characteristics of the nonhuman within a large-scale relational framework, we argue in support of a distributive understanding of agency based on the co-constitutional essence of the mind itself. Specifically, we integrate insights from embodied cognition grounded in dynamical systems theory into the established framework of the hydrosocial cycle to argue that residents’ experiences within an active material world help explain the existence of certain flood risk perceptions. In other words, human intention or agency—as it is commonly understood—comes into existence through a co-constitutional process involving brain, body, and aspects of a wider environment. Using qualitative interview data from two communities along the Yellowstone River in eastern Montana, we support our arguments through an investigation of three types of embodied experiences between residents and the levees that shape risk perception. Key Words: embodied cognition, hydrosocial cycle, new materialism, risk perception. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 827-846 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1655387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1655387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:827-846 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaobo Su Author-X-Name-First: Xiaobo Author-X-Name-Last: Su Author-Name: Xiaomei Cai Author-X-Name-First: Xiaomei Author-X-Name-Last: Cai Title: Space of Compromise: Border Control and the Limited Inclusion of Burmese Migrants in China Abstract: Enforcement of border control has become a global trend as nation-states endeavor to regulate cross-border flows and handle security risks posed by migrants. This article analyzes the China–Myanmar border, which is hitherto neglected in the literature but undergoes innovative experimentation in border control, to complement the well-established literature on border enforcement. We draw on a theoretical framework based on the work of Gramsci in relation to hegemony and compromise. An analysis of compromise in border politics can unpack the complexity of borders and demonstrate that border control can be accomplished through means other than walls and militarization. It is found that Burmese migrant workers are economically included in and spatially limited by Chinese border cities, giving rise to a mode of limited inclusion for border control. This mode turns border cities into spaces of compromise where Burmese migrants can live and work but must endure economic exploitation, spatial confinement, and social discrimination. We argue that China’s compromise-oriented border control toward Burmese migrants offers evidence of how border can become flexible and prohibitive and be enforced through intense surveillance, policing, and fear in the border cities, instead of only at the borderline. With militarized border control remaining highly capricious and controversial, compromise-driven institutional arrangement (through the armor of coercion) to handle the tension among national security, capital accumulation, and labor supply does arguably offer an alternative but has its flaws. Key Words: border control, China–Myanmar border, compromise, hegemony, limited inclusion. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 847-863 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1644989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1644989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:847-863 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jung Won Sonn Author-X-Name-First: Jung Won Author-X-Name-Last: Sonn Author-Name: Hyun Bang Shin Author-X-Name-First: Hyun Bang Author-X-Name-Last: Shin Title: Contextualizing Accumulation by Dispossession: The State and High-Rise Apartment Clusters in Gangnam, Seoul Abstract: In an effort to contribute to the contemporary debates on accumulation by dispossession (ABD), we argue for a closer attention to the link between the state and ABD. We propose contextualizing ABD within the institutionalization of the process of replacing communal property rights with private property rights. In such institutionalization, the state plays a critical role as the final guarantor of property rights. As such, the sociospatial specificities of the state would strongly influence how ABD unfolds and how it is understood. In the empirical part of this article, we use this approach to focus on a specific type of capitalist state—that is, the developmental state—to examine the emergence of apartment-dominated residential landscapes in Gangnam District, Seoul, in the 1970s through the use of ABD. Key Words: accumulation by dispossession and primitive accumulation of capital, developmental state, Gangnam District, high-rise apartments, Seoul, South Korea, vertical accumulation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 864-881 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1638751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1638751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:864-881 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ariell Ahearn Author-X-Name-First: Ariell Author-X-Name-Last: Ahearn Title: The New Mongolian State Herder: Examining Invocations and Improvisations of the State in Rural Mongolia Abstract: This article aims to advance understandings of contemporary state-making in rural Mongolia, contingent on historical processes rather than a taken-for-granted natural category. Writing on postsocialist Mongolia often emphasizes the “retreat of the state” in rural areas; this article offers a counterpoint to this discourse by illustrating the ways in which herder livelihoods and the idealization of herder labor are actively drawn into contemporary state-making practices. Based on ethnographic research in Bayanhongor province, this article examines the interactions between an active local government administration system and pastoralist households at the subdistrict level in rural Mongolia. The analysis focuses on the implementation of two government initiatives tailored for herder households: a State Herder diploma, medal, and stamp, as well as a government–herder communication notebook. Governmentality studies, performativity theory, and the concept of improvisation provide a conceptual framework to argue that the neoliberal retreat of the state in rural Mongolia does not adequately capture the types of state-making in the 2010s. Rather, it proposes that scholars should shift attention to how the rural governance works on the ground and focus on the ways in which the state is invoked and made visible in everyday practice with attention to historical legacies. Key Words: governmentality, improvisation, Mongolia, pastoralism, the state. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 882-898 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1638750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1638750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:882-898 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruth Craggs Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Craggs Author-Name: Hannah Neate Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Neate Title: What Happens If We Start from Nigeria? Diversifying Histories of Geography Abstract: This article asks this question: What if, rather than starting from the United States or the United Kingdom in histories of geography, we start from Nigeria? Focusing on Nigerian geographers working in Nigeria’s first university from 1948 to 1990 and drawing on archival evidence and new oral history interviews, this article argues that the view from Nigeria offers significant new perspectives on the history of geography. First, it highlights the intellectual contribution of Nigerian scholars, illustrating the partial and exclusionary nature of many traditional histories. Second, it illuminates the as yet unacknowledged impact of the Cold War on the discipline far beyond the United States and Soviet Union. Third, this new perspective makes it possible to consider afresh the contemporary Anglo-American hegemony of international geography, providing evidence of the consequences of this hegemony for scholars working beyond the West and revealing the less hierarchical alternatives that at some moments appeared possible. Fourth, by highlighting the shifting structures that facilitated and foreclosed opportunities for participation in the international geographical community, the article provides an original insight into the conditions of academic labor and considers the crucial question of what, for the work of constructing a more equal academic community in the future, we might learn from this earlier period. Key Words: academic labor, Anglo-American hegemony, Cold War, decolonization, history of geography, Nigeria. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 899-916 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1631748 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1631748 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:899-916 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amber Murrey Author-X-Name-First: Amber Author-X-Name-Last: Murrey Author-Name: Nicholas A. Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Title: A Decolonial Critique of the Racialized “Localwashing” of Extraction in Central Africa Abstract: Responding to calls for increased attention to actions and reactions “from above” within the extractive industry, we offer a decolonial critique of the ways in which corporate entities and multinational institutions draw on racialized rhetoric of “local” suffering, “local” consultation, and “local” culpability in oil as development. Such rhetoric functions to legitimize extractive intervention within a set of practices that we call localwashing. Drawing from a decade of research on and along the Chad–Cameroon Oil Pipeline, we show how multiscalar actors converged to assert knowledge of, responsibility for, and collaborations with “local” people within a racialized politics of scale. These corporate representations of the racialized “local” are coded through long-standing colonial tropes. We identify three interrelated and overlapping flexian elite rhetoric(s) and practices of racialized localwashing: (1) anguishing, (2) arrogating, and (3) admonishing. These elite representations of a racialized “local” reveal diversionary efforts “from above” to manage public opinion, displace blame for project failures, and domesticate dissent in a context of persistent scrutiny and criticism from international and regional advocates and activists. Key Words: coloniality, decolonial, elite, extraction, racism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 917-940 Issue: 3 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1638752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1638752 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:3:p:917-940 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gillian Rose Author-X-Name-First: Gillian Author-X-Name-Last: Rose Title: Posthuman Agency in the Digitally Mediated City: Exteriorization, Individuation, Reinvention Abstract: Accounts by geographers of the ways in which urban spaces are digitally mediated have proliferated in the last few years. This significant body of work pays particular attention to the production of urban space by software and digital hardware, and geographers have drawn on various kinds of posthumanist philosophies to theorize the agency of the technological nonhuman. The agency of the human, however, has been left undertheorized in this work, often appearing in the form of excessive resistance to the agency granted to the digital. This article contributes to understanding the digital mediation of cities by theorizing a specifically posthuman agency; that is, a human agency both mediated through technics and diverse. Drawing on the philosophy of Stiegler as well as a range of feminist digital scholarship, the article conceptualizes posthuman agency as always already coconstituted with technologies. Posthumans are simultaneously individuated and exteriorized in that coconstitution, and this permits agency understood as reinvention. The article also insists that such sociotechnical agency is differentiated, particularly in terms of the spatialities and temporalities through which it is organized. It concludes by arguing that geographers must reconfigure their understanding of digitally mediated cities and acknowledge the inventiveness and diversity of urban posthuman agency. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 779-793 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270195 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:779-793 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gemma Davies Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Author-Name: Gina Frausin Author-X-Name-First: Gina Author-X-Name-Last: Frausin Author-Name: Luke Parry Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Parry Title: Are There Food Deserts in Rainforest Cities? Abstract: Food deserts have been widely studied in Western contexts but rarely in transitioning economies and never within a rainforest. The Brazilian Amazon is a rapidly urbanizing region with high levels of poverty and food insecurity, providing an ideal context in which to explore this current research gap. Within this setting, five urban centers ranging from small town to metropole are examined to explore any potential variations between urban centers of different sizes and settings. A large survey was conducted with interviews in 554 food shops, assessing shop characteristics, food availability, price, and alternative household food acquisition strategies. Methods were developed to explore food deserts, accounting for food acquisition across multiple shops within a neighborhood. Insufficient access to healthy food was estimated to be widespread (42 percent of households), with access worse in smaller towns. Unlike many previous studies, local access to healthy food was not linked to neighborhood poverty and prices were generally lower in poorer areas. High levels of nonretail sourcing of food (e.g., fruit trees, fishing) in this region might lead to an overestimation of the food access problem if only retail food provision were considered. We conclude that food deserts are widespread in the rainforest cities studied, yet we highlight the importance of understanding local retail and nonretail food contexts. Finally, we question the extent to which the traditional food desert concept can be directly applied in the context of transitioning economies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 794-811 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1271307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1271307 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:794-811 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Becky P. Y. Loo Author-X-Name-First: Becky P. Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Loo Author-Name: Winnie W. Y. Lam Author-X-Name-First: Winnie W. Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Rathi Mahendran Author-X-Name-First: Rathi Author-X-Name-Last: Mahendran Author-Name: Keiko Katagiri Author-X-Name-First: Keiko Author-X-Name-Last: Katagiri Title: How Is the Neighborhood Environment Related to the Health of Seniors Living in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo? Some Insights for Promoting Aging in Place Abstract: Aging in place can be a challenge for seniors living in cities, where the infrastructure and associated services are typically designed for the working population to enhance efficiency and productivity. Through surveying community-dwelling seniors, we ask these research questions: How is the neighborhood environment related to the physical and mental health of seniors living in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo? How can we make cities more age-friendly to encourage aging in place? To answer these research questions, both observational and questionnaire surveys are used. Characteristics of the local neighborhood are captured by individual-based and general local characteristics. Multilevel analysis is used to disentangle the effects of factors operating at different spatial scales. A total of 687 seniors aged sixty-five and older living in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo in eleven residential neighborhood districts were recruited through local senior community centers. Based on the final models, 17.53 percent and 8.24 percent of the variance in the physical and mental health scores is across general neighborhoods, respectively, and the remaining is at the individual level, including individual-based neighborhood factors. Biological factors are not the most important. Instead, having a normal range of weight and the proper use of a walking aid can allow seniors, even of the oldest-old group of eighty-five and older, to be more active. Policy-wise, neighborhood factors should be carefully planned to promote seniors' health directly through enhancing walkability and fostering supportive peer groups and indirectly through encouraging a more active lifestyle. Promoting a walkable urban environment should be a priority area for supporting aging in place in cities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 812-828 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1271306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1271306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:812-828 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Travis M. White Author-X-Name-First: Travis M. Author-X-Name-Last: White Author-Name: Terry A. Slocum Author-X-Name-First: Terry A. Author-X-Name-Last: Slocum Author-Name: Dave McDermott Author-X-Name-First: Dave Author-X-Name-Last: McDermott Title: Trends and Issues in the Use of Quantitative Color Schemes in Refereed Journals Abstract: This article reports on color usage in quantitative thematic mapping, drawing from an evaluation of maps published in eight geographical journals over the ten-year period from 2004 to 2013. During this period we found that color has become the preferred method to represent quantitative data sets, with the percentage of quantitative color maps relative to all quantitative maps rising from 18.4 percent in 2004 to 69.9 percent in 2013. We reviewed a sample of 440 maps from this period to assess the nature and appropriateness of their respective color schemes. We found the following frequencies of color scheme usage: spectral (30 percent), sequential (25.9 percent), diverging (25.7 percent), traffic (7.7 percent), and uncategorized (10.7 percent). Each scheme exhibited a distinct set of significant associations with particular map and data attributes, including subject matter, symbolization method, data polarity, and map size. Diverging and sequential schemes were the most effective, having strong associations with five key questions that we used to evaluate map effectiveness; for example, both schemes tended to be completely effective in terms of communicating spatial patterns and representing quantitative data values. Despite their popularity, spectral schemes were demonstrably unreliable and ineffective. Both spectral and traffic schemes were problematic for those with color vision deficiencies. Given the problems that we found with the use of various colors schemes, we make several suggestions for improving the design of maps appearing in refereed journals. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 829-848 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1293503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1293503 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:829-848 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annabel Ipsen Author-X-Name-First: Annabel Author-X-Name-Last: Ipsen Title: Dimensions of Power in Regulatory Regime Selection: Shopping, Shaping, and Staying Abstract: This article investigates the process through which transnational firms select and develop sites for their operations. I build a framework to understand how firms' localization strategies not only entail a choice among regulatory regimes but how they also coproduce those regimes while responding to community resistance. My account is based on a multisited ethnography of two research and development hubs for the U.S. corn seed market. The genetically modified (GM) corn seed industry is an important (and somewhat unusual) case because firms' competitiveness hinges on staying in particular environments, rendering them relatively place-bound—which can be used by local actors as a negotiating tool for better environmental and labor arrangements. I compare two cases of firms' localization strategies—one (Hawaii) in which firms are confronted by local actors who question GM crop safety and another (Puerto Rico) in which firms face little local opposition and, in fact, are lauded as economic engines of development. My work shows that firms' success hinges on balancing a site's natural endowments with its sociopolitical and regulatory constraints. Contrasting approaches that view firms' localization as a single moment of decision making, I conceptualize localization as a multistep process of negotiating a regulatory regime with local institutions—not just shopping for the right environment but shaping it and actively taking actions to stay there. In proposing a power-sensitive approach to location and regulation theory, my work highlights sociohistorical patterns of inequality, contributing to our understanding of how corporate localization strategies affect local control over environmental governance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 849-866 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270190 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270190 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:849-866 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sue Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Sue Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Author-Name: Lisa Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Author-Name: Fergus McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Fergus Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Author-Name: Adam Bumpus Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Bumpus Title: Cultures of Carbon and the Logic of Care: The Possibilities for Carbon Enrichment and Its Cultural Signature Abstract: Climate change and the associated need to decarbonize pose not just risks to cultures but potential opportunities for cultural experimentation, renewal, and economic dynamism. An Australian case of carbon mitigation through carbon farming represents a discursive tool with which indigenous groups are seeking to leverage a very distinct conceptualization of payment for ecosystem services, one that values the labor and reciprocal relationships and logic of care required to abate or sequester carbon. Inscribed with an inalienable ancestral cultural signature, the indigenous produced carbon offsets being promoted by indigenous carbon market participants represent more than a mere carbon reduction; they initiate processes of potentially enduring exchange and engagement. This carbon signature works to enrich carbon as well as embed peoples' relations with it, with each other, and with the places from which the offset is generated. Contributing to emergent research into cultures of carbon, it is our conjecture that valorizing these relations in ethical exchanges is a potentially productive way of financing alternative approaches to environmental stewardship. The insights signal potential prospects for other marginalized cultures to appropriate, repurpose, and benefit from mainstream decarbonization strategies and participate in climate governance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 867-882 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270187 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270187 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:867-882 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Risa Palm Author-X-Name-First: Risa Author-X-Name-Last: Palm Author-Name: Gregory B. Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Gregory B. Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Author-Name: Bo Feng Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Feng Title: What Causes People to Change Their Opinion about Climate Change? Abstract: After a decade of steady growth in the acceptance of the existence of climate change and its anthropogenic causes, opinions have polarized, with almost one third of Americans, mostly Republicans, denying that the climate is changing or that human activity is responsible. What causes Americans to change their minds on this issue? Using a large panel data set, we examined the impacts of direct experience with weather anomalies, ideology, relative prioritization of environmental conservation in comparison to economic development, and motivated reasoning that adjusts individual opinion to align with others who share one's party identification. A generalized ordered logit model confirmed the importance of political ideology, party identification, and relative concern about environmental conservation and economic development on attitude change. The effect of party identification strengthened with attentiveness to news and public affairs, consistent with the logic of motivated reasoning. Recent experience with hot summers, warm winters, droughts, and natural disasters had only a minimal impact on attitude change. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 883-896 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:883-896 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Will Smith Author-X-Name-First: Will Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Wolfram H. Dressler Author-X-Name-First: Wolfram H. Author-X-Name-Last: Dressler Title: Rooted in Place? The Coproduction of Knowledge and Space in Agroforestry Assemblages Abstract: In much of Southeast Asia, agroforestry and related forms of tree cropping have been vigorously promoted within community-based forest management (CBFM) to discourage extensive resource uses among upland peoples. Although critical scholars have scrutinized CBFM initiatives, how and why agroforestry has emerged as a concept, strategy, and practice in changing forest governance regimes remains underexplored. Integrating assemblage approaches and coproduction, we explore how certain environmental framings are stabilized within agroforestry projects to achieve outcomes as part of increasingly post-territorial forest management in the Philippines. We do so by focusing on how the Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection Programme (PTFPP, 1995–2002)—a prominent European Union–funded forest management project on Palawan Island—extensively promoted market-oriented agroforestry as a means to arrest forest degradation and provide cash income to indigenous uplanders. We describe how PTFPP livelihood projects aimed to reform indigenous peoples' values of forest resources by foregrounding tree planting as an economically and morally ideal practice and, in doing so, limit the range, mobility, and perceived impact of swidden (kaingin) by “rooting” agriculture in place. Building on the historical analysis of policy documents, we use ethnographic fieldwork among upland swiddeners in southern Palawan to explore the practice and outcome of the PTFPP as an incremental coproduction of varied knowledges and space brokered by project officials, customary leaders, and farmers themselves. We conclude by showing how seemingly apolitical tree-based interventions could produce conservation objectives, such as the sedenterization of upland famers, in the absence of strict territorial boundaries. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 897-914 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270186 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:897-914 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Agnew Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Agnew Author-Name: Michael Shin Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Shin Title: Spatializing Populism: Taking Politics to the People in Italy Abstract: Political parties with conventional memberships and hierarchical structures are under challenge across electoral democracies from movements and candidates that claim they are “going to the people” directly for their support. Italy has been a laboratory for this populism even as the term itself is used more widely. The basic question of what the people are to whom populism refers has not received much, if any, empirical examination. After surveying usage of the term populism, three facets behind the rise of Italian populism since 1990 are examined using a geographic perspective. First, the geography of voter turnout and rising abstention is considered to be emblematic of dissatisfaction with existing parties and the expanding pool of nonvoters available for mobilization by populist movements and candidates. Second, the role of the leader as an alternative focal point to the party is shown to be central to such populist movements. Silvio Berlusconi is the primary actor in this account, although other similar figures are identified. Third and finally, the rise of the Internet-based 5 Star Movement and the promise of going to the people without any institutional or geographical mediation is assessed. The Movement's dual identity as having strong roots in some places as a civic organization and a remarkably uneven geography as a protest movement shows how much even it cannot engage with a singular people. When examined closely, the promise of politics without mediation made by populist movements proves beyond realization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 915-933 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:915-933 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Hopkins Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Hopkins Author-Name: Katherine Botterill Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Botterill Author-Name: Gurchathen Sanghera Author-X-Name-First: Gurchathen Author-X-Name-Last: Sanghera Author-Name: Rowena Arshad Author-X-Name-First: Rowena Author-X-Name-Last: Arshad Title: Encountering Misrecognition: Being Mistaken for Being Muslim Abstract: Exploring both debates about misrecognition and explorations of encounters, this article focuses on the experiences of ethnic and religious minority young people who are mistaken for being Muslim in Scotland. We explore experiences of encountering misrecognition, including young people's understandings of, and responses to, such encounters. Recognizing how racism and religious discrimination operate to marginalize people—and how people manage and respond to this—is crucial in the struggle for social justice. Our focus is on young people from a diversity of ethnic and religious minority groups who are growing up in urban, suburban, and rural Scotland, 382 of whom participated in forty-five focus groups and 224 interviews. We found that young Sikhs, Hindus, and other south Asian young people as well as black and Caribbean young people were regularly mistaken for being Muslim. These encounters tended to take place at school, in taxis, at the airport, and in public spaces. Our analysis points to a dynamic set of interconnected issues shaping young people's experiences of misrecognition across a range of mediatized, geopoliticized, and educational spaces. Geopolitical events and their representation in the media, the homogenization of the south “Asian” community, and the lack of visibility offered to non-Muslim ethnic and religious minority groups all worked to construct our participants as “Muslims.” Young people demonstrated agency and creativity in handling and responding to these encounters, including using humor, clarifying their religious affiliation, social withdrawal, and ignoring the situation. Redressing misrecognition requires institutional change to ensure parity of participation in society. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 934-948 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:934-948 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Ramadan Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Ramadan Author-Name: Sara Fregonese Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Fregonese Title: Hybrid Sovereignty and the State of Exception in the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon Abstract: This article traces a genealogy of sovereignty and exception in the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon that highlights their mutual connections and contaminations with the mechanisms of Lebanese state sovereignty from 1948 onward. Drawing together two theoretical approaches emerging from the work of Giorgio Agamben and recent political geographical work on sovereignty, we explore the refugee camps as spaces of exception characterized by hybrid sovereignties. Drawing on original fieldwork, we trace the evolution of the relationship of exception and its mutual links with the production of hybridity in Lebanon's sovereignty from 1948 until today, focusing particularly on the key period from 1968 to 1982 when Palestinian militancy led to a formal recognition of Palestinian autonomy in the camps. Rather than simply undermining Lebanon's sovereignty, the camps' fragmented security and territoriality have instead reshaped Lebanon's state sovereignty in complex ways and forged hybrid spaces for refugee political agency to emerge. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 949-963 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270189 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270189 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:949-963 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Louise Waite Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Waite Author-Name: Hannah Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Title: Precarious Irregular Migrants and Their Sharing Economies: A Spectrum of Transactional Laboring Experiences Abstract: There is growing interest in the sharing economy as a different way of living in neoliberal capitalist societies, but this discussion is frequently heavily classed and the ethos generally rests on excess capacity of goods and services. This article intervenes in this emerging body of writing to argue that it is equally important to explore the types of sharing and exchange that are survival-compelled among those with precarious livelihoods. Precarious migrants are a group facing significant livelihood pressures, and we are concerned here with a particular category of insecure migrants: irregular migrants including refused asylum seekers in the United Kingdom. Such migrants are especially shaped by their sociolegal status, and without rights to work or welfare they are susceptible to exploitation in their survival-oriented laboring. Existing literature from labor geographies and the subdisciplinary area of unfree and forced labor has not generally focused on the experiences of these migrants as house guests in domestic realms, nor has it thoroughly explored their transactional labor. As such, this article argues that the moral economies of gifting and sharing within such labor create and reproduce particular social structures, cultural norms, and relationships that position people along a spectrum of freedom and exploitation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 964-978 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270188 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270188 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:964-978 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff La Frenierre Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: La Frenierre Author-Name: Bryan G. Mark Author-X-Name-First: Bryan G. Author-X-Name-Last: Mark Title: Detecting Patterns of Climate Change at Volcán Chimborazo, Ecuador, by Integrating Instrumental Data, Public Observations, and Glacier Change Analysis Abstract: The people of Andean Ecuador face considerable risks due to climate change; however, a fundamental obstacle for those seeking to understand these risks is the lack of detailed, long-term meteorological data for the region. This research describes recent patterns of climate change at Volcán Chimborazo, Ecuador, through an integration of climatological data, qualitative data provided by local residents, and information derived from a detailed analysis of recent glacier change on the mountain. Although instrumental records indicate a local warming of 0.11°C decade−1 between 1986 and 2011 (0.26°C total), these data suggest that precipitation has remained largely unchanged. Local residents (farmers and nonfarmers, irrigators and nonirrigators), however, report that there has been a noticeable reduction in rainfall and surface water availability in recent decades, and the near ubiquity of this observation suggests that the instrumental record has not captured these patterns of climate change. Between 1986 and 2013, Chimborazo experienced a 21 percent (±9 percent) reduction in ice surface area and a 180 m increase in the mean minimum elevation of non-debris-covered ice. Because measured warming can only account for an ∼50 m increase in freezing level height, these changes indicate that shifting precipitation patterns are indeed occurring. These results show that integrating information from a variety of empirical and nonempirical sources provides valuable information about local manifestations of climate change that might otherwise remain unrecognized in highly heterogeneous mountain landscapes. This integrative capacity is a unique—and critically important—contribution that geographers can make to climate change science. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 979-997 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270185 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:979-997 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher R. Burn Author-X-Name-First: Christopher R. Author-X-Name-Last: Burn Author-Name: Frederick E. Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Frederick E. Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Title: J. Ross Mackay, 1915–2014 Abstract: John Ross Mackay, President of the Association of American Geographers in 1969–1970, died peacefully on 28 October 2014. With his passing, the geographical and permafrost research communities lost one of their foremost scientists. Ross was an exemplary field observer, an insightful theoretician, a prodigious author, and an esteemed mentor. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 998-1010 Issue: 4 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1314166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1314166 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:4:p:998-1010 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Jordan Jefferson Author-X-Name-First: Brian Jordan Author-X-Name-Last: Jefferson Title: Predictable Policing: Predictive Crime Mapping and Geographies of Policing and Race Abstract: This article draws on critical geographic engagements with policing and race and geographic information systems (GIS) to investigate the implications that predictive crime mapping has for racialized modes of urban policing. Focusing on the Chicago Police Department (CPD), it analyzes collaborations between geographic information scientists, crime experts, and police who have recently begun integrating temporal data into GIS-based maps to predict when and where future crimes will occur. The article builds the case that predictive crime mapping further entrenches and legitimizes racialized policing as it (1) rearticulates police data sets as scientifically valid and (2) correlates those data with other geocoded information to create new rationalizations for controlling racialized districts through differential policing practices. The article uses a mixed-methods approach that includes analysis of open-ended interviews with computer scientists involved with the CPD's Predictive Analytics Group and city technical documents to explain the recursive relation between GIS-based knowledge production and racialized policing. The article casts into relief the central role that the production of geographic information plays in current modes of racialized policing and how this contributes to the ongoing racial differentiation of urban geographies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1293500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1293500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:1-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Ekers Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Ekers Author-Name: Scott Prudham Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Prudham Title: The Socioecological Fix: Fixed Capital, Metabolism, and Hegemony Abstract: This article, the second of two, argues that conceptualizing the socioecological fix involves understanding how fixed capital, as a produced production force, can transform the socioecological conditions and forces of production while also securing the hegemony of particular social hierarchies, power relations, and institutions. We stress that fixed capital is inherently political–ecological in its constitution and how it shapes socioecological processes of landscape transformation. Fixed capital necessarily congeals socioecological materials and processes and can be understood as a produced form of nature tied to the circulation of value and the deployment of social labor. Fixed capital is therefore inherently metabolic and internalizes and transforms socioecologies. We also discuss the fixing of capital within socioecological landscapes as processes involving both the formal and real subsumption of nature. We emphasize the dual role of fixed capital formation in shaping the socioecological conditions and forces of production and, more broadly, of everyday life. Thus, we argue, fixed capital formation as a metabolic process cannot be fully conceptualized in narrowly economic terms. We turn to Gramsci and some recent work in political ecology to argue that socioecological fixes need to be understood in ideological terms and specifically in the establishment and contestation of hegemony. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 17-34 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1309963 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1309963 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:17-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Bunnell Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Bunnell Author-Name: Jamie Gillen Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Gillen Author-Name: Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho Author-X-Name-First: Elaine Lynn-Ee Author-X-Name-Last: Ho Title: The Prospect of Elsewhere: Engaging the Future through Aspirations in Asia Abstract: There has been a recent surge of interest in “the future” as a subject and object of analysis in human geography, mostly centered on uncertainty and threats posed by terrorism, transspecies epidemics, and climate change. In contrast, relatively little attention has been given to that ways in which humans engage futurity in their everyday lives and geographies. Although acknowledging some important exceptions, in this article we seek to build specifically on anthropologist Arjun Appadurai's call for a more people-centered and “democratic” consideration of future making. What Appadurai terms an “ethics of possibility” is about rescuing the future from the “avalanche of numbers” associated with expert calculation in the realms of science and technology, security and geopolitics, and health and insurance. We argue that human geographers are among the “culturally oriented social scientists” who are equipped for scholarly advancement of an ethics of possibility. Our own geographic contribution emerges from field-based qualitative material collected as part of a wider collaborative research project on aspirations in urban Asia. In the accounts that we present from cities in China, Indonesia, and Vietnam, it is the prospect of elsewhere—and of being elsewhere—that nurtures imaginings of aspirational futures and spurs efforts to realize them. In addition to drawing empirical attention to people, places, and regions that do not often feature in Anglophone human geography, our article contributes to geographic conceptualization of how futures are being prospected in cultural imaginaries and through an array of spatial practices. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 35-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1336424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1336424 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:35-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Quinn W. Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Quinn W. Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Author-Name: Edward Park Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Park Title: Volunteered Geographic Videos in Physical Geography: Data Mining from YouTube Abstract: Volunteered geographic information and citizen science have advanced academic and public understanding of geographical and ecological processes. Videos hosted online represent a large data source that could potentially provide meaningful results for studies in physical geography—a concept we term volunteered geographic videos (VGV). Technological advances in image-capturing devices, computing, and image processing have resulted in increasingly sophisticated methods that treat imagery as raw data, such as resolving high-resolution topography with structure from motion or the calculation of surface flow velocity in rivers with particle image velocimetry. The ubiquitous nature of recording devices and citizens who share imagery online have resulted in a vast archive of potentially useful online videos. This article analyzes the potential for using YouTube videos for research in physical geography. We discuss the combination of suitability and availability that has made this possible and emphasize the distinction between moderately suitable imagery that can directly answer research questions and lower suitability imagery that can indirectly support a study. We present example case studies that address (1) initial considerations of using VGV, (2) topographic data extraction from a video taken after a landslide, and (3) data extraction from a video of a flash flood that could support a study of extreme floods and wood transport. Finally, we discuss both the benefits and complicating factors associated with VGV. The results indicate that VGV could be used to support certain studies in physical geography and that this large repository of raw data has been underutilized. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 52-70 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1343658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1343658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:52-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaojing Wu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaojing Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Raul Zurita-Milla Author-X-Name-First: Raul Author-X-Name-Last: Zurita-Milla Author-Name: Emma Izquierdo Verdiguier Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Izquierdo Verdiguier Author-Name: Menno-Jan Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Menno-Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Title: Triclustering Georeferenced Time Series for Analyzing Patterns of Intra-Annual Variability in Temperature Abstract: Clustering is often used to explore patterns in georeferenced time series (GTS). Most clustering studies, however, only analyze GTS from one or two dimension(s) and are not capable of the simultaneous analysis of the data from three dimensions: spatial, temporal, and any third (e.g., attribute) dimension. Here we develop a novel clustering algorithm called the Bregman cuboid average triclustering algorithm with I-divergence (BCAT_I), which enables the complete partitional analysis of 3D GTS. BCAT_I simultaneously groups the data along its dimensions to form regular triclusters. These triclusters are subsequently refined using k means to fully capture spatiotemporal patterns in the data. By applying BCAT_I to time series of daily average temperature in The Netherlands (twenty-eight weather stations from 1992 to 2011), we identified the refined triclusters with similar temperature values along the spatial dimension (weather stations that represent locations) and two nested temporal dimensions (year and day). Geovisualization techniques were then used to display the patterns of intra-annual variability in temperature. Our results show that in the last two thirds of the study period, there is an intense variability of spring and winter temperatures in the northeast and center of The Netherlands. For the same period, an intense variability of spring temperatures is also visible in the southeast of the country. Our results also show that summer temperatures are homogenous across the country for most of the study period. This particular application demonstrates that BCAT_I enables a complete analysis of 3D GTS and, as such, it contributes to a better understanding of complex patterns in spatiotemporal data. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 71-87 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1325725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1325725 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:71-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tracey Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Tracey Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Name: Elizabeth Shapiro-Garza Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro-Garza Title: Embedding Carbon Markets: Complicating Commodification of Ecosystem Services in Mexico's Forests Abstract: Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are increasingly employed to address a range of environmental issues, including biodiversity conservation, watershed protection, and climate change mitigation. PES initiatives have gained momentum since the 1990s, and market enthusiasts have promoted them as not only cost effective but generative of social and ecological co-benefits for local communities. Whereas the neoliberalization and commodification of nature has been well explored in geographic and critical scholarship, there is a dearth of theoretically informed, empirically grounded research exploring the dynamics and outcomes of the formation of “markets for nature.” Our study applies theories of commodification and embeddedness to examine these themes in comparative cases of two emergent markets for forest-based carbon offsetting initiatives in Mexico: Scolel Té in Chiapas and the Integrator of Indigenous and Campesino Communities of Oaxaca (ICICO). Although developed over similar time periods and in contiguous states, the two cases vary greatly in the degree to which carbon has been commodified and the markets embedded within the socionatural systems of the sites of production. Through detailed case studies, we demonstrate how interactions of these markets with preexisting social relations, institutions, and social and cultural values—the stuff of embeddedness—are critical for understanding the outcomes associated with markets for ecosystem services. We conclude that greater embeddedness is likely to lead to more positive local outcomes but that the embedding of forest-based carbon markets requires considerable time and extensive networks of nonmarket support and is furthermore dependent on the structure and orientation of finance and the political, institutional, and economic agrarian context of the sites of production. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 88-105 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1343657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1343657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:88-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arnisson Andre C. Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Arnisson Andre C. Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Title: Transnational Suburbia: Spatialities of Gated Suburbs and Filipino Diaspora in Manila's Periurban Fringe Abstract: This article contributes to efforts in theorizing suburbanization as a global phenomenon by proffering the term transnational suburbia, suburbs produced through melded and contradictory spatialities of suburbanization, transnational migration, and diasporic capital. Using a framework interrelating the suburban, national, and transnational, I demonstrate its rise as gated suburban villages in Manila's periurban fringe, which serve as the idealized fruit of “successful” Filipino overseas labor. First, I trace the spatiotemporalities of Filipino diaspora, suburban expansion, and the real estate boom. Second, I discuss the idealization of “world-class” Anglo-American suburban developments as homes of “hard-working” and “deserving” overseas Filipinos. Third, I detail everyday suburbanisms inside these developments where transnational mobilities are negotiated in the lives of suburban residents. These accounts illustrate the contingencies and contradictions of transnationality and suburbanization. Whereas transnational mobility of overseas Filipinos fuels suburban expansion and sustains suburban living through remittance monies, it also prevents the attainment of the suburbs' utopic promises of idealized family life and community relations. The rise of these suburbs speaks to developments in the Global South, where economies rely heavily on remittance monies sent by their overseas citizens. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 106-124 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1352482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1352482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:106-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke Parry Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Parry Author-Name: Gemma Davies Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Author-Name: Oriana Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Oriana Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Author-Name: Gina Frausin Author-X-Name-First: Gina Author-X-Name-Last: Frausin Author-Name: André de Moraés Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: de Moraés Author-Name: Sergio Rivero Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Rivero Author-Name: Naziano Filizola Author-X-Name-First: Naziano Author-X-Name-Last: Filizola Author-Name: Patricia Torres Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Torres Title: Social Vulnerability to Climatic Shocks Is Shaped by Urban Accessibility Abstract: Despite growing interest in urban vulnerability to climatic change, there is no systematic understanding of why some urban centers have greater social vulnerability than others. In this article, we ask whether the social vulnerability of Amazonian cities to floods and droughts is linked to differences in their spatial accessibility. To assess the accessibility of 310 urban centers, we developed a travel network and derived measures of connectivity and geographical remoteness. We found that 914,654 people live in roadless urban centers (n = 68) located up to 2,820 km from their state capital. We then tested whether accessibility measures explained interurban differences in quantitative measures of social sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and an overlooked risk area, food system sensitivity. Accessibility explained marked variation in indicators of each of these dimensions and, hence, for the first time, we show an underlying spatial basis for social vulnerability. For instance, floods pose a greater disease risk in less accessible urban centers because inadequate sanitation in these places exposes inhabitants to environmental pollution and contaminated water, exacerbated by poverty and governance failures. Exploring the root causes of these spatial inequalities, we show how remote and roadless cities in Amazonia have been historically marginalized and their citizens exposed to structural violence and economic disadvantage. Paradoxically, we found that places with the highest social vulnerability have the greatest natural and cultural assets (rainforest, indigenous peoples, and protected areas). We conclude that increasing accessibility through road building would be maladaptive, exposing marginalized people to further harm and exacerbating climatic change by driving deforestation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 125-143 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1325726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1325726 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:125-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke Fairbanks Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Fairbanks Author-Name: Lisa M. Campbell Author-X-Name-First: Lisa M. Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell Author-Name: Noëlle Boucquey Author-X-Name-First: Noëlle Author-X-Name-Last: Boucquey Author-Name: Kevin St. Martin Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: St. Martin Title: Assembling Enclosure: Reading Marine Spatial Planning for Alternatives Abstract: Research on enclosure has often examined the phenomenon as a process and outcome of state, neoliberal, and hybrid territorial practices with detrimental impacts for those affected. The proliferation of increasingly complex environmental governance regimes and new enclosures, such as those now seen in the oceans, challenge these readings, however. Using the case of U.S. marine spatial planning (MSP), this article reexamines enclosure through the lens of assemblage. A comprehensive new approach to oceans governance based on spatial data and collaborative decision making, MSP appears to follow past governance programs toward a broad-scale rationalization and enclosure of U.S. waters. Yet this appearance might only be superficial. As an assemblage, U.S. MSP—and its shifting actors, associations, and practices—holds the potential to both close and open the seas for oceans communities, environments, and other actors. Planning actors use three practices to stabilize U.S. MSP for governance and enclosure: narrativizing MSP, creating a geospatial framework to underlie planning, and engaging stakeholders. These practices, however, simultaneously provide opportunities for communities and environments to intervene in U.S. MSP toward alternative outcomes. Rather than a closed seas, U.S. MSP presents opportunities for enclosure to happen differently or not at all, producing alternative outcomes for coastal and oceans communities, environments, and governance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 144-161 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1345611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1345611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:144-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Ferretti Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Ferretti Title: Teaching Anarchist Geographies: Elisée Reclus in Brussels and “The Art of Not Being Governed” Abstract: This article addresses the issue of how to teach anarchist geographies, as discussed by the current literature in this field. To this end, I analyze an exceptional archival source, the notes taken by a student of anarchist geographer Elisée Reclus during the classes that Reclus gave at the New University in Brussels. These notes are the only surviving document able to shed light on the short teaching experience Reclus had at the end of his career (1894–1905). Drawing on Anderson's notions of “anti-colonial imagination” and of different “frameworks of comparison,” I show how Reclus tried to perform an anarchist geographical teaching by simultaneously embracing empathy toward cultural differences and universal feelings of justice and international solidarity. Therefore, he taught a nonstatist geography by showing his students what Scott called “the art of not being governed,” addressing the examples of the egalitarian traditions of some non-European peoples, together with their antiauthoritarian and anticolonial struggles. Finally, I explain how this case can help elucidate the present-day debates on performing radical teaching approaches inside and outside the academy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 162-178 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1339587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1339587 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:162-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc P. Armstrong Author-X-Name-First: Marc P. Author-X-Name-Last: Armstrong Author-Name: Ningchuan Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Ningchuan Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Title: Retrospective Deconstruction of Statistical Maps: A Choropleth Case Study Abstract: The process of creating printed statistical maps in the predigital era was expensive and time consuming. These and other interacting factors constrained the number of design alternatives, such as color choices, that a cartographer might reasonably have been able to consider. In this article, we develop an approach to map deconstruction that enables researchers to investigate the statistical choices made by cartographers by placing each printed map into the universe of all possible choices available to them. We place a particular focus on the specification of choropleth map class intervals for maps produced in the early twentieth century. Three published choropleth maps are used as case studies to illustrate the approach, using four evaluation criteria to evaluate the accuracy of the data classifications. The results indicate that the class interval selection choices made for the examined maps are inferior when compared with available alternatives and that, in one case, classification errors are not only evident, they are abundant. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 179-203 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1356698 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1356698 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:179-203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yann le Polain de Waroux Author-X-Name-First: Yann Author-X-Name-Last: le Polain de Waroux Author-Name: Matthias Baumann Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Baumann Author-Name: Nestor Ignacio Gasparri Author-X-Name-First: Nestor Ignacio Author-X-Name-Last: Gasparri Author-Name: Gregorio Gavier-Pizarro Author-X-Name-First: Gregorio Author-X-Name-Last: Gavier-Pizarro Author-Name: Javier Godar Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Godar Author-Name: Tobias Kuemmerle Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Kuemmerle Author-Name: Robert Müller Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Author-Name: Fabricio Vázquez Author-X-Name-First: Fabricio Author-X-Name-Last: Vázquez Author-Name: José Norberto Volante Author-X-Name-First: José Norberto Author-X-Name-Last: Volante Author-Name: Patrick Meyfroidt Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Meyfroidt Title: Rents, Actors, and the Expansion of Commodity Frontiers in the Gran Chaco Abstract: Theories of frontier expansion in the last four decades have been mostly shaped by studies of state-driven smallholder colonization. Modern-day agricultural frontiers, however, are increasingly driven by capitalized corporate agriculture operating with little direct government intervention. The expansion of contemporary frontiers has been explained by the existence of spatially heterogeneous “abnormal” rents, which can be caused by cheap land and labor, technological innovation, lack of regulations, and a variety of other incentives. Here, we argue that understanding the dynamics of these frontiers requires considering the differential ability of actors to capture such rents, which depends on their access to production factors and their information, preferences, and agency. We propose a new conceptual framework drawing on neoclassical economics and political economy, which we apply to the South American Gran Chaco, a hot spot of deforestation for soy and cattle production. We divide the region into a set of distinct frontiers based on satellite data, field interviews, and expert knowledge, to review the drivers and actors of agricultural expansion in these frontiers. We show that frontier expansion in the Chaco responded to the rents created by new agricultural technologies, infrastructure, and rising producer prices but that the frontier dynamics were strongly influenced by actors' abilities to capture or influence these rents. Our findings thus highlight that understanding contemporary commodity frontiers requires analyzing the novel ways by which the agency of particular groups of actors shapes land-use outcomes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 204-225 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1360761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1360761 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:204-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Billy Tusker Haworth Author-X-Name-First: Billy Tusker Author-X-Name-Last: Haworth Title: Implications of Volunteered Geographic Information for Disaster Management and GIScience: A More Complex World of Volunteered Geography Abstract: Volunteered geographic information (VGI) refers to changing practices in recent years associated with technological advancements that provide increasing opportunities for private citizens to produce geographic information. VGI activities range from public contributions to online crowdsourced mapping projects to location-related posts on social media sites. These changing practices have important implications for citizens, traditional authoritative systems of geographic knowledge production, and the disciplines of geography and GIScience. One field affected by VGI is disaster management, with numerous studies reporting on the opportunities associated with increased citizen data and involvement in crisis response. There are also significant limitations to the application of VGI, however, notably related to scale, the digital divide, trust, uneven power relations, and adaptability of existing authoritative systems, such as formal emergency management. In this article, these issues and more are critically discussed through examination of three discreet yet related studies of VGI in community bushfire (wildfire) risk reduction in Australia. Although each study has its own unique contributions already published, the collective insight gained by analyzing the studies together provides new and deeper perspectives on critical issues of relevance to both disaster management policies and geography and GIScience. Importantly, the article advocates for greater emphasis on the social aspect of VGI, with citizens mapping and sharing knowledge together, rather than on individual observations and large volumes of data. Further, it raises questions of some of the much-promoted promises of VGI, particularly those that suggest that VGI can allow “everyone” to contribute to geographic knowledge production. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 226-240 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1321979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1321979 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:226-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sasha Engelmann Author-X-Name-First: Sasha Author-X-Name-Last: Engelmann Author-Name: Derek McCormack Author-X-Name-First: Derek Author-X-Name-Last: McCormack Title: Elemental Aesthetics: On Artistic Experiments with Solar Energy Abstract: In recent years, geographers and others have begun to tease out the ontological, epistemological, and ethico-political implications of thinking about and with the elemental. In this article, we contribute to this work by considering the relation between the elemental and the aesthetic. More precisely, we argue for the importance to geographical thinking of the development of an elemental aesthetics attuned to the diverse ways in which the elemental is sensed in bodies and devices of different kinds as part of the distribution of ethical and political capacities. Our argument is developed via participatory engagement with the work of contemporary artist and architect Tomás Saraceno, central to which is the ongoing attempt to craft aesthetic works that mobilize the elemental energy of the sun to generate novel modes of sensing, traveling, and living in the air. Drawing on participatory research and engagement with Saraceno's Aerocene project, we show how his work helps us reimagine distributions of the capacity to sense the elemental. In the process, we reflect on some of the ways in which these experiments can inform the shape and orientation of geographical engagements with an elemental aesthetics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 241-259 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1353901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1353901 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:241-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chuan Liao Author-X-Name-First: Chuan Author-X-Name-Last: Liao Title: Modeling Herding Decision Making in the Extensive Grazing System in Southern Ethiopia Abstract: The practice of extensive herding through camp relocation allows pastoralists to track greener pastures while redistributing grazing pressure throughout the landscape, but the lack of intensive and continuous monitoring data on large-scale livestock movement results in limited understanding of this important practice. This article takes an integrated approach to understanding pastoral mobility and modeling extensive herding. The analysis is based on Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking of fifty-eight cows, as well as surveys, participatory mapping, and interviews with pastoralists in five study sites in southern Ethiopia. Linear mixed-effect models are used to examine the community- and household-level determinants of extensive herding. The findings suggest that resource conditions, resource users, and socioeconomic context play significant roles in affecting the practice of extensive herding. Compared to household herd size, community-level factors largely determine the feasibility of extensive herding. Future pastoral policymaking needs to facilitate the creation and maintenance of favorable herding context to encourage large-scale mobility as an adaptation strategy in the arid and semiarid environment. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 260-276 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1328306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1328306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:260-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenjie Wu Author-X-Name-First: Wenjie Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Jianghao Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jianghao Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Tianshi Dai Author-X-Name-First: Tianshi Author-X-Name-Last: Dai Author-Name: Xin (Mark) Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xin (Mark) Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: The Geographical Legacies of Mountains: Impacts on Cultural Difference Landscapes Abstract: Large-scale mountains that affect civilized linguistic exchanges over space offer potentially profound cultural difference landscape implications. This article uses China's national trunk mountain system as a natural experiment to explore the connection between spatial adjacency of mountains and cultural difference landscapes. Our spatial design documents that the presence of mountains widens the linguistic difference between two cities located on the opposite mountain sides, particularly when they are adjacent to administrative borders. The effect dwindles as spatial contiguity margins between city pairs increases. The results shed light on the importance of conceptualizing geographic contextual constraints to the configuration of cultural difference landscapes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 277-290 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1352481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1352481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:277-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke Bergmann Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann Author-Name: Richard Morrill Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Morrill Title: William Wheeler Bunge: Radical Geographer (1928–2013) Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 291-300 Issue: 1 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1366153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1366153 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:1:p:291-300 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James McCarthy Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: McCarthy Title: Authoritarianism, Populism, and the Environment: Comparative Experiences, Insights, and Perspectives Abstract: Recent years have seen the widespread rise of authoritarian leaders and populist politics around the world, a development of intense political concern. This special issue of the Annals explores the many and deep connections between this authoritarian and populist turn and environmental politics and governance, through a range of rich case studies that provide wide geographic, thematic, and theoretical coverage and perspectives. This introduction first summarizes major commonalities among many contemporary authoritarian and populist regimes and reviews debates regarding their relationships to neoliberalism, fascism, and more progressive forms of populism. It then reviews three major connections to environmental politics they all share as common contexts: roots in decades of neoliberal environmental governance, climate change and integrally related issues of energy development and agricultural change, and complex conflations of nation and nature. Next, it introduces the six sections in the special issue: (1) historical and comparative perspectives (two articles); (2) extractivism, populism, and authoritarianism (six articles); (3) the environment and its governance as a political proxy or arena for questions of security and citizenship (seven articles); (4) racialization and environmental politics (five articles); (5) politics of environmental science and knowledge (six articles); and (6) progressive alternatives (five articles). It concludes with the suggestion that environmental issues, movements, and politics can and must be central to resistance against authoritarian and reactionary populist politics and to visions of progressive alternatives to them. Key Words: authoritarianism, environmental governance, environmental politics, populism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 301-313 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1554393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1554393 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:301-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: Authoritarian Environmental Governance: Insights from the Past Century Abstract: For over a decade, nature–society geographers have focused on neoliberal and, more recently, postneoliberal environmental governance. Meanwhile, regimes in many nations have become less democratic and other countries, such as the United States, have elected leaders sympathetic to autocrats. Yet despite the spread of authoritarianism, nature–society geographers have as of yet devoted little attention to the subject, which hampers us as we confront this authoritarian moment. This article addresses this oversight but by examining the past rather than the present. Drawing on work by historians in general and environmental historians in particular, I explore authoritarian environmental governance in the Soviet Union, Maoist China, and Nazi Germany, three countries and eras largely overlooked by nature–society geographers. I focus in particular on agricultural collectivization, industrialization and river development, and nature conservation under authoritarian regimes. Understanding past authoritarian environmental governance will enable nature–society geographers to better reckon with the environmental ramifications of a possible new authoritarian era. Key Words: authoritarianism, environmental governance, Nazism, socialism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 314-323 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1538767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1538767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:314-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nick Middeldorp Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Middeldorp Author-Name: Philippe Le Billon Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: Le Billon Title: Deadly Environmental Governance: Authoritarianism, Eco-populism, and the Repression of Environmental and Land Defenders Abstract: Environmental and resource governance models emphasize the importance of local community and civil society participation to achieve social equity and environmental sustainability goals. Yet authoritarian political formations often undermine such participation through violent repression of dissent. This article seeks to advance understandings of violence against environmental and community activists challenging authoritarian forms of environmental and resource governance through eco-populist struggles. Authoritarianism and populism entertain complex relationships, including authoritarian practices toward and within eco-populist movements. Examining a major agrarian conflict and the killing of a prominent Indigenous leader in Honduras, we point to the frequent occurrence of deadly repression within societies experiencing high levels of inequalities, historical marginalization of Indigenous and peasant communities, a liberalization of foreign and private investments in land-based sectors, and recent reversals in partial democratization processes taking place within a broader context of high homicidal violence and impunity rates. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of deadly repression on environmental and land defenders. Key words: authoritarianism, environmental defenders, Honduras, populism, repression. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 324-337 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1530586 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1530586 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:324-337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miles Kenney-Lazar Author-X-Name-First: Miles Author-X-Name-Last: Kenney-Lazar Title: Neoliberalizing Authoritarian Environmental Governance in (Post)Socialist Laos Abstract: The (post)socialist nation of Laos has pursued neoliberal economic reforms over the past decade that have facilitated the concession of state lands to foreign resource investors for mining, hydropower, and plantation projects. Five percent of the national territory has been ceded and tens of thousands of peasants have been displaced from their customary lands. In this article, I argue that the development of the resource sector has been facilitated by a political–economic regime of neoliberal authoritarianism. Resource extraction is driven by neoliberal economic policies that prize rapid gross domestic product growth, foreign resource investment, and wage-based rural development. This emerging neoliberalism, however, is matched with and dependent on state authoritarianism. The state seeks to assert control over rural lands throughout the country and often peasants are displaced from using these lands when heavy-handed state coercion and repression of peasant resistance are applied. This is particularly apparent in the establishment of industrial tree plantation territories in southern Laos. Efforts by civil society organizations to highlight these injustices and protect rural land rights are often silenced by the state. Fissures in the neoliberalization of authoritarian development are being exposed, however, due to new forms of resistance among the peasantry that threaten its future viability. Key Words: authoritarianism, Laos, neoliberalism, postsocialism, resource extraction. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 338-348 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1537842 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1537842 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:338-348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angus Lyall Author-X-Name-First: Angus Author-X-Name-Last: Lyall Author-Name: Gabriela Valdivia Author-X-Name-First: Gabriela Author-X-Name-Last: Valdivia Title: The Speculative Petro-State: Volatile Oil Prices and Resource Populism in Ecuador Abstract: In petro-states, the governance of flows of oil and oil money is vital to state legitimacy (e.g., regulations, contracts with companies, social compensation in sites of oil extraction). This article explores how contemporary oil price volatility shapes oil governance and the terms of petro-state legitimacy in Ecuador. In recent years, a technocratic, populist regime, led by President Rafael Correa, promised to return national oil resources to “the people” and inaugurate a “postneoliberal” era of sovereign, oil-driven development. The performance of this promise, through augmented public spending, was contingent on international oil prices. We track the emergence of what we call a speculative petro-state, in which state actors claimed to successfully gamble on volatile markets on behalf of the nation, as an emergent strategy for cultivating popular legitimacy. Such claims took the form of petro-populist discourses and practices. First, the Correa administration characterized new contractual relations with oil companies and capital as evidence of Correa’s leadership in complex oil markets, seeking political legitimacy for the state through perceptions of Correa’s personal capacity to manage market risk. Second, as prices surged, the Correa administration channeled rents into building spectacular public works or “petro-populist landscapes,” as material verification of Correa’s petro-leadership in volatile markets. We track how market risk management became one key organizing factor of populist rule in Ecuador and we analyze how this case illuminates relations between populist politics and economic spheres. Key Words: Ecuador, governance, oil price, resource populism, volatility. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 349-360 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1531690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1531690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:349-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Orhon Myadar Author-X-Name-First: Orhon Author-X-Name-Last: Myadar Author-Name: Sara Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Title: Contradictions of Populism and Resource Extraction: Examining the Intersection of Resource Nationalism and Accumulation by Dispossession in Mongolia Abstract: We examine contradictions of populism and resource extraction in Mongolia in the context of the recent presidential election of Khaltmaa Battulga, who is often portrayed as dangerously populist. We consider Battulga’s victory as an echo of Mongolian voters’ sense of dispossession and discontent driven by gross wealth disparity and precarious livelihoods. Rather than treating these concerns as mere tools of the populist political agenda, we view them as moments of resistance to the asymmetry between accumulation and dispossession in Mongolia, a central outcome of twenty-five years of the neoliberal regime. We situate our analysis of Mongolia’s resource politics through an examination of the world’s second largest undeveloped copper–gold mine, Oyu Tolgoi. The mine offers a window into the country’s turbulent resource politics that has concentrated wealth among a powerful few while nearly one third of Mongolians remain trapped in vicious poverty. Relying on fieldwork conducted over several years, the article argues that public grievances against the asymmetry of accumulation and dispossession are routinely discounted by discursive tools within the populist paradigm. “Resource nationalism,” in particular, is used by those who promote neoliberalism and the open market as a pejorative label to silence public grievances. Key Words: accumulation by dispossession, Mongolia, Oyu Tolgoi, populism, resource nationalism.我们检视经常被描绘成高度危险的民粹主义者——哈勒特马．巴特图勒嘎（Khaltmaa Battulga）在蒙古的晚近总统选举脉络下, 民粹主义与资源搾取之间的冲突。我们将巴特图勒嘎的胜利, 视为蒙古选民对严重的财富不均和不稳定的生计所导致的剥夺感和不满之反应。我们并非将这些考量视为仅只是民粹政治议程的工具, 而是将其视为对蒙古的积累与剥夺之间的不对称之反抗时刻, 该现象是长达二十五年的新自由主义体制所造成的主要结果。我们通过检视世界第二大尚未开发的铜金矿奥尤陶勒盖（Oyu Tolgoi）来定位蒙古的资源政治。该矿场提供窥探蒙古财富聚焦少数有权力者、但近乎三分之一的蒙古人仍深陷极度贫穷的动盪资源政治的一扇窗。本文根据若干年的田野工作, 主张公众对于不对等的积累与剥夺之不满, 一再受到民粹主义范式的论述工具所贬抑。特别是“资源国族主义”被提倡新自由主义者与市场开放者用来作为使公众不满消音的贬抑标籤。关键词：掠夺式积累, 蒙古, 奥尤陶勒盖, 民粹主义, 资源国族主义。Examinamos las contradicciones del populismo y la extracción de recursos en Mongolia en el contexto de la reciente elección presidencial de Khaltmaa Battulga, quien a menudo es retratado como peligrosamente populista. Consideramos la victoria de Battulga como un eco del sentido de desposesión y descontento de los votantes de Mongolia, motivado por la desigualdad bruta de la riqueza y los precarios niveles de vida. Más que tratar estas preocupaciones como simples herramientas de la agenda política populista, las consideramos como momentos de resistencia a la asimetría entre acumulación y desposesión en Mongolia, un resultado principal de veinticinco años de régimen neoliberal. Situamos nuestro análisis de la política de los recursos de Mongolia por medio de un examen de la segunda más grande mina subdesarrollada de cobre-oro del mundo, Oyu Tolgoi. La mina es una ventana hacia la turbulenta política de los recursos del país que ha concentrado la riqueza entre unos pocos poderosos mientras que cerca de un tercio de los mongoles siguen atrapados en una pobreza descomunal. Dependiendo del trabajo de campo conducido durante varios años, el artículo arguye que las quejas públicas contra la asimetría de la acumulación y la desposesión son rutinariamente descartadas con herramientas discursivas dentro del paradigma populista. EL “nacionalismo de los recursos,” en particular, es usado por quienes promueven el neoliberalismo y el libre mercado como etiqueta peyorativa para silenciar los reclamos públicos. Palabras clave: acumulación por desposesión, Mongolia, nacionalismo de los recursos, Oyu Tolgoi, populismo. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 361-370 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1500233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1500233 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:361-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Kojola Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Kojola Title: Bringing Back the Mines and a Way of Life: Populism and the Politics of Extraction Abstract: Conflicts over resource extraction are key political issues in the contemporary United States and are a mobilizing issue for right-wing populism exemplified by President Donald Trump’s claims of ending the “war on coal.” Through a political ecology framework attentive to culture, discourse, and history, I examine how mining is symbolic of broader cultural, geographic, and class divides. Mining is mobilized in extractive populism through rhetoric of giving power back to the people, insiders versus outsiders, resource nationalism, and cutting burdensome government regulations. I study the emblematic case of the rural Iron Range mining region in northern Minnesota and the recent rightward swing in this historically Democratic stronghold, which I argue is intertwined with the micropolitics of struggles over proposed copper mines. Through ethnographic observations and interviews with local community and political leaders, workers, and residents, I find that support for mining among white, working-class, and rural residents is made meaningful through nostalgia for preserving mining as a way of life and anger at outsiders disrupting their livelihoods and extractive moral economy. These discourses resonated with the populist, nationalist, and racist rhetoric of Trump’s campaign. I argue that place-based and class identities and social imaginaries linked to mining are an important dynamic in emergent authoritarian populism and for understanding what motivates reactionary political movements and why populist politicians use mining to construct authenticity. Key Words: class, discourse, political ecology, populism, resource extraction.有关资源搾取的冲突，是美国当代的关键政治议题， 并且是右翼民粹主义的动员议题，并由唐纳德．特朗普总统宣称终结“煤炭战争”为代表例子 。我通过关注文化、论述与历史的政治生态架构，检视矿业如何作为更为广泛的文化、地理与阶级划分之象徵。矿业在搾取式民粹主义中，通过还权于民、内部人与外部人的对立、资源国族主义，以及减少繁重的政府规范之修辞进行动员。我研究明尼苏达北部乡村的铁矿山脉矿业区的象徵性案例，以及此一历史上为民主党的版图在晚近的政治右转，我主张其与所提出的铜矿之微政治斗争相互交织。我通过民族志观察，以及对地方社群和政治领导者、工人与居民的访谈，发现白人工人阶级与农村居民对矿业的支持，通过保存矿业作为生活方式的怀旧，以及对外地人破坏其生计和对搾取式道德经济的愤怒来製造意义。这些论述与特朗普所宣传的民粹主义、国族主义和种族主义修辞相互呼应。我主张，根据地方及阶级的身份认同，以及连结至矿业的社会想像，是对于浮现中的威权民粹主义、以及理解什麽驱动反动式政治运动和为何民粹主义政客能够运用矿业来建构本真性的重要动态。 关键词：阶级，论述，政治生态学，民粹主义，资源搾取。Los conflictos asociados con la extracción de recursos son asuntos políticos claves en los Estados Unidos contemporáneos y constituyen un tema movilizador para el populismo de derecha, cuyo ejemplo es el clamor del Presidente Donald Trump de terminar “la guerra del carbón”. A través de un marco de ecología política atento a la cultura, el discurso y la historia, examino cómo la minería es simbólica de las más amplias divisorias culturales, geográficas y de clase. La minería es movilizada en el populismo extractivo por medio de retóricas como devolver el poder al pueblo, nacionales contra extranjeros, nacionalismo de los recursos y la supresión de molestas regulaciones gubernamentales. Estudio el caso rural emblemático de la región minera de la Iron Range en el norte de Minnesota y el reciente giro a la derecha de este bastión históricamente Demócrata, lo que a mi parecer está entrelazado con la micropolítica de las luchas sobre propuestas relacionadas con minas de cobre. Por medio de observaciones etnográficas y entrevistas en la comunidad local y con líderes políticos, obreros y residentes, encuentro que el apoyo a la minería entre los blancos, la clase trabajadora y los residentes rurales se hace significativo a través de la nostalgia por preservar la minería como un medio de vida, y por la ira contra los foráneos que perturban su sustento y la economía moral extractiva. Estos discursos resonaron en la campaña populista, nacionalista y de retórica racista de Trump. Yo argumento que las identidades basadas en lugar y clase, lo mismo que los imaginarios relacionados con la minería, son una dinámica importante en el emergente populismo autoritario y sirve para entender lo que motiva los movimientos políticos reaccionarios y por qué los políticos populistas usan la minería para construir autenticidad. Palabras clave: clase, discurso, ecología política, extracción de recursos, populismo. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 371-381 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1506695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1506695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:371-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica K. Graybill Author-X-Name-First: Jessica K. Author-X-Name-Last: Graybill Title: Emotional Environments of Energy Extraction in Russia Abstract: The association among extraction, emotion, and governance has received little attention in human and environmental geography and social science more generally. Extraction in authoritarian environments has long been studied regarding energy and extractive environments, with special attention to political ecological struggles and conflicts over rights and access to lands and critical resources. Yet little attention has been paid to how affect and emotions could shape the socioeconomic political and ecological aspects of extraction under authoritarian rule. Geographers have argued that emotions matter in making sense of place, politics, and environmental transformation for at least a decade, and it is now time to craft theoretical insights that examine emotional geographies of extraction, their politics, and their governance in ways that move toward deeper understanding of how affect and emotion are produced and mobilized in different kinds of extractive environments and under varying socioeconomic and political conditions. Thus, this article explores affect and emotion related to extractive environments in the Russian Federation with the aim of pushing emotional geographies—and extractive studies—forward in new, synergistic ways. Using discourse and content analysis, I explore the roles of affect and emotion in the production and reproduction of narratives about extraction in one post-Soviet and hybrid authoritarian-democratic regime. I argue that a tacitly endorsed, pervasive state emotional geography about extraction in an era of increasingly authoritarian rule acts to (re)create desire for continued pursuit of extraction by this energy superpower. Key Words: authoritarianism, extraction, hybrid regime, Russia, state emotion. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 382-394 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1537843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1537843 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:382-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Garrett Graddy-Lovelace Author-X-Name-First: Garrett Author-X-Name-Last: Graddy-Lovelace Title: U.S. Farm Policy as Fraught Populism: Tracing the Scalar Tensions of Nationalist Agricultural Governance Abstract: The scalar tensions of nationalism manifest acutely in agriculture—particularly in the contemporary United States. This is paradoxical because farm policy calls for and enacts nativist governance that undermines the conditions of farming: from labor to water, topsoil, and pollinators, to export markets. At the heart of these scalar contradictions is the fraught, shifting terrain of agrarian populism. The intertwined origin of the U.S. Farm Bill, the American Farm Bureau Federation, and Cooperative Agricultural Extension shows how early twentieth-century fraught agrarian populism drove farm policy but how it also carried a pivotal consensus of recognition about the ecological and economic dangers of overproduction. Drawing on archival research at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Agricultural Library Special Collections, discourse and policy analysis of U.S. Farm Bills, and qualitative research with farmer organizations, this article traces how racialized xenophobia accentuates the hypocrisy of U.S. agriculture’s extreme dependency on migrant labor, as heightened borders also reveal their ecological farce in the face of intrinsically transnational climate change, soil erosion, and water constraints. The America First trade agenda decries imports while sidelining the crisis of commodity crop glut and the spatial fix of subsidizing exports as surplus disposal. Yet, even amidst the scalar contradictions of nativist agricultural governance and the fraught farm populism driving it, there existed a kernel of agrarian populism grounded in a collective honest recognition of the ecological, economic, rural, and social crises of overproduction—and that organized against it. This kernel catalyzed the origin of both the Farm Bill and the Farm Bureau but has been subsumed in and through both since. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 395-411 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1551722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1551722 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:395-411 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammed Rafi Arefin Author-X-Name-First: Mohammed Rafi Author-X-Name-Last: Arefin Title: The State, Sewers, and Security: How Does the Egyptian State Reframe Environmental Disasters as Terrorist Threats? Abstract: On 25 October 2015, Alexandria, Egypt, experienced heavy rainstorms, which overwhelmed the city’s sewer and drainage systems. The storm flooded the city and caused the death of seven residents. How the causes of the 2015 Alexandria floods would be narrated and explained became a subject of national contestation; the Egyptian state claimed that the floods were caused not by failures of urban environmental governance or climate change as others suggested but by an act of terrorism. In this article, I draw on geopolitical ecology and situated urban political ecology to examine the production and contestation of the Egyptian state’s narratives of the floods. In doing so, I argue against using the term authoritarian, which predetermines the state’s function through an inherited set of characteristics. Rather, I start with the how and why of state power to carefully examine the complex relationship between the state and urban environments. This situated approach reveals how failures of urban environmental governance are being reframed by repressive regimes to further justify their rule Key Words: infrastructure, sanitation, security, terrorism, urban environmental governance.2015年十月二十五日，埃及亚历山大市遭逢暴风雨，淹没了该城市的下水道与排水系统。暴风雨淹没了城市，并导致七名居民死亡。这场2015年亚曆山大市水灾的导因如何被叙述与解释，则成了全国争夺的对象；埃及政府宣称这些洪水并非像若干人所指称的城市环境治理失败或气候变迁所导致，而是由恐怖主义行动所引发。我于本文中运用地缘政治生态学和脉络化的城市政治生态学，检视埃及政府对于水灾叙事的生产与争夺。我通过这麽做，主张不应使用“威权”这个概念，因为该概念预设了国家通过内在的特徵组合进行运作。反之，我从国家权力“如何”以及“为何”之问题开始，详细检视国家与城市环境之间的复杂关系。此一情境化的方法，揭露了城市环境治理的失败如何被压迫的政体重新框架，以进一步合理化其统治。关键词：基础建设，下水道设施，安全，恐怖主义，城市环境治理。El 25 de octubre de 2015, Alejandría, Egipto, experimentó intensos temporales, que sobrepasaron la capacidad de los sistemas de alcantarillado y drenaje de la ciudad. La tormenta inundó la ciudad y causó la muerte de siete residentes. El modo como las causas de las inundaciones de Alejandría en 2015 serían narradas y explicadas se convirtió en materia de preocupación nacional; el estado egipcio sostuvo que las inundaciones fueron causadas no por fallas de la gobernanza ambiental urbana o por cambio climático, como otros sugirieron, sino por un acto terrorista. En este artículo, me baso en ecología geopolítica y en ecología política urbana situada para examinar la producción y contestación de las narrativas sobre las inundaciones por el estado egipcio. Al hacerlo, arguyo contra el uso del término autoritario, que predetermina la función del estado a través de un conjunto heredado de características. Mejor, empiezo con el cómo y el porqué del poder estatal para examinar cuidadosamente la compleja relación entre el estado y los entornos urbanos. Este enfoque situado revela el modo como las fallas de la gobernanza ambiental urbana están siendo re-enmarcadas por regímenes represivos para justificar aún más su gobierno. Palabras clave: gobernanza ambiental urbana, infraestructura, saneamiento, seguridad, terrorismo. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 412-421 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1497474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1497474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:412-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eda Acara Author-X-Name-First: Eda Author-X-Name-Last: Acara Title: Sequestering a River: The Political Ecology of the “Dead” Ergene River and Neoliberal Urbanization in Today’s Turkey Abstract: This article explores the neoliberal authoritarian transformation of Turkey’s water sector since 2000 by examining the policies surrounding the Ergene River, a dead river that runs through Turkey’s European province of Thrace. Within the context of the accelerating neoliberalization of water resources in Thrace for the benefit of the Istanbul region at the expense of severe environmental pollution, the result was a combination of authoritarian policy prerogatives and priorities that rest on organized irresponsibility and a politics of nongovernance regarding environmental protection. As this article demonstrates, contemporary authoritarian neoliberalism in Turkey has created gray zones of authority involving many public authorities with varying and sometimes overlapping mandates, within which blatant breaches of the law became akin to the metropolitan municipal governance of distant water resources. Key Words: Ergene River, metropolitan municipality regimes, neoliberal urbanization, river pollution, Thrace region, Turkey.本文通过检视围绕着额尔古纳河这条流经土耳其位于欧洲的色雷斯州的死河之政策, 探讨土耳其水资源部门自2000年以来的新自由主义威权转变。在加速色雷斯的水资源新自由主义化以嘉惠伊斯坦堡区域、并以严重的环境污染为代价的脉络中, 该结果是以组织化的不负责任为基础的威权政策特权与优先权和有关环境保护的非治理政治之组合。如同本文所证实, 土耳其当代的威权新自由主义, 已创造出涉及诸多公共职权的灰色权力地带, 并有着各种且有时相互重叠的命令, 其中公然违反法律, 近乎成为大都会市政府有关远距水资源的治理。 关键词: 额尔古纳河, 大都会市政体制, 新自由主义城市化, 河流污染, 色雷斯区域, 土耳其。Este artículo explora la transformación autoritaria neoliberal del sector del agua de Turquía a partir del 2000 examinando las políticas relacionadas con el Río Ergene, una corriente muerta que fluye a través de la provincia europea de Tracia, en Turquía. En el contexto de una acelerada neoliberalización de los recursos hídricos de Tracia para beneficio de la región de Estambul, a expensas de severa contaminación ambiental, el resultado fue una combinación de prerrogativas políticas autoritarias y prioridades que descansan sobre la irresponsabilidad organizada y una política de desgobierno en lo que concierne a la protección ambiental. Como se demuestra en este artículo, el neoliberalismo autoritario contemporáneo en Turquía ha creado zonas grises de autoridad que involucran a muchas autoridades públicas, con mandatos variados y a veces traslapados, dentro de los cuales las descaradas burlas a la ley se asemejan a la gobernanza municipal metropolitana aplicada a los distantes recursos del agua. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 422-433 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1494537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1494537 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:422-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristian Saguin Author-X-Name-First: Kristian Author-X-Name-Last: Saguin Title: “Return the Lake to the People”: Populist Political Rhetoric and the Fate of a Resource Frontier in the Philippines Abstract: In this article, I examine the shifting political ecologies of governance of Laguna Lake, Philippines, in the context of historical and contemporary populist political rhetoric. Rodrigo Duterte, who was elected president in 2016 through a platform of change, brought national attention again to the lake by promising to give it back to the people marginalized by decades-long elite capture. This populist rhetoric is the latest in attempts to manage an urban resource frontier with conflicting demands and uses. By narrating a history of governance of Laguna Lake, I trace parallels between current and past strategies of addressing resource conflicts: from Ferdinand Marcos’s authoritarian rule in the 1970s and 1980s and the pluralist modes that followed to Duterte’s law-and-order vision of development. By comparing the populist narratives of Marcos and Duterte, I demonstrate that populist rhetoric in authoritarian forms entails the contradictory processes of politicization of the problem and depoliticization of solutions. Authoritarian populist narratives transform the framing of environmental problems through antagonistic politics even as solutions are constrained within existing depoliticized technologies of government that limit the spaces of contestations. Key Words: authoritarian, Duterte, Laguna Lake, Marcos, populism.我于本文中检视菲律宾在历史与当代民粹主义政治修辞脉络中, 治理拉古纳湖的转变中的政治生态。罗德里戈．杜特尔特于2016年通过改变的平台获选为总统, 并通过承诺将数十年来由菁英所佔领的湖归还给受到边缘化的人民, 重新将全国焦点聚焦于该湖。此一民粹主义修辞, 是管理充满冲突的需求与使用的城市资源前沿的最新尝试。我通过叙述治理拉古纳湖的历史, 追溯当代与过往应对资源冲突的策略之间的相似性：从1970年代与1980年代费迪南德．马科斯的威权统治, 到随着杜特尔特的“法律与秩序”之发展愿景兴起的民粹主义模式。通过比较马科斯与杜特尔特的民粹叙事, 我证实威权形式中的民粹修辞, 引发了该问题的政治化与解决方案的去政治化之矛盾过程。威权民粹叙事通过对抗政治, 改变了环境问题的框架方式, 即便解决方案被限缩于限制争夺空间的既有去政治化治理技术之中。关键词：威权, 杜特尔特, 拉古纳湖, 马科斯, 民粹主义。En este artículo examino las cambiantes políticas ecológicas de gobernanza del Lago Laguna, Filipinas, en el contexto retórico de la política populista histórica y contemporánea. Rodrigo Duterte, quien fue elegido presidente en 2016 con base en una plataforma de cambio, atrajo de nuevo la atención nacional hacia el lago prometiendo devolverlo a la gente marginada luego de la captura de la élite, prolongada durante décadas. Esta retórica populista es el más reciente intento de manejar una frontera de recursos urbanos dentro de demandas y usos en conflicto. Narrando una historia de gobernanza del Lago Laguna, hago paralelos entre las estrategias actuales y pasadas para considerar conflictos por recursos: del férreo autoritarismo de Ferdinando Marcos en los años 1970 y 1980 y los modos pluralistas que siguieron, hasta llegar a la visión del desarrollo dentro de la ley y el orden de Duterte. Comparando las narrativas populistas de Marcos y Duterte, demuestro que la retórica populista en formas autoritarias implica los procesos contradictorios de politización del problema y despolitización de las soluciones. Las narrativas populistas autoritarias transforman el marco de los problemas ambientales por medio de políticas antagónicas aun cuando las soluciones están constreñidas dentro de las actuales tecnologías despolitizadas de gobierno que limitan los espacios de las controversias. Palabras clave: el autoritario, Duterte, Laguna Lake, Marcos, populismo. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 434-442 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1483815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1483815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:434-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne J. Kantel Author-X-Name-First: Anne J. Author-X-Name-Last: Kantel Title: Fishing for Power: Incursions of the Ugandan Authoritarian State Abstract: A few months before Uganda’s 2016 presidential elections, the government issued an executive order dissolving community-based Beach Management Units, the local and democratic governance bodies responsible for managing fishing activities. The official narrative cited rampant corruption and the exploitation of Uganda’s valuable fishing resources as justification for the suspension. A popular counternarrative, however—told in carrying whispers at fishing landing sites around Lake Victoria—painted the order as President Museveni’s attempt to secure votes during a tough presidential campaign. Drawing on seven months of ethnographic research on fisheries management in Uganda and critical studies on the nexus of coloniality, securitization, and common pool resource theories, this article analyzes sociopolitical narratives around fisheries governance a year before and after the presidential elections in Uganda. The author illustrates how recent policy changes in the country’s fisheries governance sector are underlined by a powerful narrative of peace and security and argues that the political intervention can be interpreted as efforts by the national government to secure the ruling elite’s increasingly authoritarian hold on state power. Key Words: authoritarianism, coloniality, fisheries governance, securitization, Uganda. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 443-455 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1527679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1527679 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:443-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Afton Clarke-Sather Author-X-Name-First: Afton Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke-Sather Title: From the Heavens to the Markets: Governing Agricultural Drought under Chinese Fragmented Authoritarianism Abstract: The applicability of liberal governance models in authoritarian contexts has been widely debated. This study contributes to this debate by using a Foucauldian analytic of apparatuses of security to understand how Chinese state actors used the liberalization of agricultural markets to indirectly mitigate against the risk of droughts. Apparatuses of security, which rely on indirect governance through market and biopolitical mechanisms, were proposed by Foucault to explain the emergence of governmentality in liberal states. The Chinese state has been described as a system of fragmented authoritarianism, wherein state actors are isolated from and compete with one another. Food policy in the early People’s Republic of China extended this isolation to the point of encouraging local autarky at the county level. Around the year 2000, local officials in northwest China began promoting the replacement of subsistence agriculture with drought-resistant commercial agriculture as a means of mitigating against drought. This shifted the source of risk of food shortfalls from an environmental risk of drought to a state-mediated market risk and displaced the long-standing model of local autarky providing food security. By illustrating the dynamics of how Chinese state actors govern nature through market mechanisms, this study contributes to theorizations of how liberalization can function to govern nature in authoritarian contexts. Key Words: apparatuses of security, China, drought, governmentality, water–food security. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 456-464 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1533800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1533800 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:456-464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan N. Balls Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan N. Author-X-Name-Last: Balls Author-Name: Harry W. Fischer Author-X-Name-First: Harry W. Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer Title: Electricity-Centered Clientelism and the Contradictions of Private Solar Microgrids in India Abstract: Most discussions about solar microgrids focus on sustainable energy and development goals and the technical aspects of electricity generation, storage, transmission, and distribution. Very few explicitly examine the ways in which their introduction upsets and reshapes entrenched practices of electoral politics and citizen claim-making around electricity access and development. In India, as in many parts of the world, electricity represents the most visible symbol of economic development and social well-being. Democratic politics in many developing countries are linked to demands for access to electricity. The meshing of electricity, development, and democratic politics in postindependence India has produced a politics of clientelism in which parties have sought to gain voter support with promises of cheap or free electricity. Although this electricity-centered clientelism has expanded supply, it has simultaneously contributed to skewed spatial access, unreliable supply, and high debt burdens for state-owned electricity distribution companies. This article examines histories of clientelism and the contradictions emerging from the introduction of private solar microgrids in rural areas of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It shows that although solar microgrids avoid electricity-centered clientelism, significant numbers of poor rural households in their supply areas are both excluded by their user-pays approach and unable to demand fair access through political representatives. The study calls for alternative governance and support programs at local levels that ensure that private solar microgrids can deliver reliable electricity to poor households. Key Words: clientelism, electricity, India, populism, solar microgrids. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 465-475 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1535312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1535312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:465-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heejun Chang Author-X-Name-First: Heejun Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: Sunhak Bae Author-X-Name-First: Sunhak Author-X-Name-Last: Bae Author-Name: Kyunghyun Park Author-X-Name-First: Kyunghyun Author-X-Name-Last: Park Title: Dreams and Migration in South Korea’s Border Region: Landscape Change and Environmental Impacts Abstract: The border region of South Korea has undergone dramatic social and environmental changes since the late 1990s with shifts in governmental regimes. Under the proliberal government (1997–2007) that enhanced economic ties between North and South Korea, the border region was open for introducing new people and industries. With a new conservative governmental regime in the past decade (2007–2017), social and environmental challenges emerged in the border region. Such challenges were not uniformly present throughout different areas, however. We examined the spatial transformation of the border region using sociodemography, economy, landscape fragmentation, and water quality data with a focus on two gateway regions (Paju and Goseong) as representative cases. Although these two regions are similar in size and served as central nodes of flow between the two Koreas, they experienced different trajectories under disparate national and regional policies. In Paju, a closer region to Seoul, the capital of South Korea, the landscape became more fragmented as a result of urban expansion, but different subcenters were formed to accommodate the growing population and industries that were less dependent on external shocks, contributing to the economic and environmental resilience of the region. In contrast, with continuous declining aging population, Goseong’s landscape became less fragmented with one remaining main urban center, but its economy, society, and environment became fragile after the closure of the Kumgangsan tour. These different patterns of regional resilience can be fully understood by considering various social, environmental, and institutional factors acting on multiple scales that helped shape the region’s stability. Key Words: border region, landscape fragmentation, resilience, scale, water quality. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 476-491 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1549471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1549471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:476-491 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Bledsoe Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Bledsoe Title: Afro-Brazilian Resistance to Extractivism in the Bay of Aratu Abstract: This article analyzes environmental governance and black geographies to explore the connections between Brazil’s erstwhile populist government and President Michel Temer’s conservative administration. Although on the surface Temer’s austere approach appears to put him at fundamental odds with the Workers’ Party’s populist emphasis on social welfare and wealth redistribution, this article argues that Brazilian populism and conservatism contain striking similarities vis-à-vis the environment and racialized violence. I examine the ways in which natural resource extraction was a central component of governance under the Workers’ Party and persists under Temer. By analyzing the struggles of three black communities in the state of Bahia, I draw particular attention to the ways in which a reliance on extractivism contributes to racialized landscapes, because these communities’ autonomous territories remain grievously threatened. This article points out that the environmental tendencies of the new conservative government are not novel so much as they are a fulfillment of a trend propagated under the auspices of populism. This is not, however, the final word on the topic, because affected communities resist the environmental effects of extractive industry. Although extractive measures remain central to Brazilian governance, social movements like those in Bahia nonetheless enact a politics and counternotion of the environment that establish alternative ways of life. Key Words: black geographies, Brazil, environmental racism, Workers’ Party.本文分析环境治理与黑色地理学来探讨巴西过往的民粹政府和总统米歇尔．特梅尔的保守政府之间的连结。尽管表面上特梅尔的撙节政策似乎使其与工党强调社会福利与财富重分配的民粹诉求呈现根本上的对立，但本文主张，巴西的民粹主义和保守主义在面对环境与种族暴力上，包含了惊人的相似性。我检视自然资源搾取的方式作为工党政府的核心构成要件，并在特梅尔执政下持续如此。我通过分析巴伊亚州内三大黑人社群的抗争，特别关注对搾取主义的依赖如何导致种族化的地景，因为这些社群的自治领土仍然悲惨地受到威胁。本文指出，新保守主义政府的环境倾向并不新颖，而是体现民粹主义兴盛下普及的趋势。但这并不是该议题的最终结论，因为受影响的社群正在反抗搾取产业的环境影响。尽管搾取措施仍然是巴西治理的核心，诸如在巴伊亚的社会运动，仍然启动了能够建立另类生活方式的政治及反抗的环境概念。关键词：黑色地理学，巴西，环境种族主义，工党。Este artículo analiza la gobernanza ambiental y las geografías negras para explorar las conexiones entre el anterior gobierno populista y la nueva administración conservadora del presidente Michel Temer. Si bien en la superficie el austero enfoque de Temer pareciera colocarlo en desacuerdo fundamental con el énfasis populista del Partido de los Trabajadores, en bienestar social y redistribución de la riqueza, este artículo arguye que el populismo y el conservatismo brasileños muestran notables semejanzas, con respecto al medio ambiente y la violencia racializada. Examino los modos como la extracción de recursos naturales fue un componente central de la gobernanza bajo el Partido de los Trabajadores, lo cual persiste bajo Temer. Analizando las luchas de tres comunidades negras en el estado de Bahía, pongo particular atención a las maneras como una confianza en el extractivismo contribuye a los paisajes racializados, debido a que los territorios autónomos de estas comunidades siguen seriamente amenazados. Este artículo indica que las tendencias ambientales del nuevo gobierno conservador no son mayormente novedosas en cuanto que son la culminación de una tendencia propagada con los auspicios del populismo. No obstante, esta no es la última palabra sobre el tópico, porque las comunidades afectadas oponen resistencia a los efectos ambientales de la industria extractiva. Aunque las medidas extractivas siguen siendo centrales a la gobernanza brasileña, movimientos sociales como los que ocurren en Bahía promueven, sin embargo, una política y una contra-intención del medio ambiente que establecen medios de vida alternativos. Palabras clave: Brasil, geografías negras, racismo ambiental, Partido de los Trabajadores. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 492-501 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1506694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1506694 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:492-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua Mullenite Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Mullenite Title: Infrastructure and Authoritarianism in the Land of Waters: A Genealogy of Flood Control in Guyana Abstract: Although often viewed as serving as a public good, infrastructure can have important political effects resulting from the way in which it is designed, built, and managed that preexist its stated or implied technical goals. It acts as a mediator and enforcer of state interests, defining the ways in which the state can enter everyday life and, in turn, it shapes the possibilities of life around the goals of the state. Although this politics of infrastructure has seen renewed interest from geographers, anthropologists, and other social scientists concerned with the power of artifacts, the role that infrastructure plays in defining and characterizing the particularly nationalist and racialized state remains undertheorized. Through a genealogy of water control infrastructure in Guyana, I show how apparently banal aspects of everyday life, such as infrastructure, can play an important role in the rise of an authoritarian government, first colonial and later postcolonial. Because 90 percent of Guyana’s population and most of the nonmineral economic resources are below sea level, water control infrastructure plays an important functional role in the country. Rather than just a means for preventing coastal flooding and irrigating the patchwork of sugar and rice fields that define the economy, however, I argue that this infrastructure played a key role in driving ethnic divisions between laborers in the colonial era that undermined anticolonial sentiment and laid the groundwork for the creation and perpetuation of an ethnic nationalist and authoritarian postcolonial regime. Key Words: colonialism, flooding, infrastructure, race, water.尽管基础建设常被视为服务公众之用，但先于其所宣称或意味的技术目的存在的设计、建造和管理方式，则可能造成重大的政治影响。基础建设作为国家利益的中介物和执行者，决定国家进入日常生活的方式，并回头塑造围绕着国家目标的生命可能。尽管此般基础建设政治已重获关注权力构造的地理学者、人类学者和其他社会科学家的兴趣，基础建设在定义并描绘特定国族和种族化的国家中所扮演的角色却尚未充分理论化。我通过圭亚那水资源控制基础建设的系谱研究，展现诸如基础建设的每日生活平庸面向，如何能够先后在殖民与后殖民的威权政体的兴起中扮演要角。由于圭亚那人口的百分之九十、以及多半的非矿物经济资源皆低于海平面，水资源控制的基础建设因而在该国扮演重要的功能性角色。我主张，此一基础建设不仅只是预防海岸淹水以及灌溉定义该国经济的甘蔗田与稻米田相间的工具，而是在殖民时期驱动劳工间的族裔分野中扮演关键角色，并减损了反殖民的态度，且为族裔国族主义和威权后殖民政体的创造与续延奠定了基础。关键词 ：殖民主义，洪水，基础建设，种族，水。Aunque con frecuencia es vista como algo que sirve como bien público, la infraestructura puede tener efectos políticos importantes que surgen de la manera como se la diseña, construye y maneja anticipando sus metas técnicas declaradas o implícitas. La infraestructura actúa como mediador y ejecutante de los intereses del estado, definiendo los modos como éste puede meterse en la vida cotidiana, en tanto que aquélla configura las posibilidades de vida alrededor de las metas del estado. Aunque esta política de infraestructura ha recibido un renovado interés de parte de geógrafos, antropólogos y otros científicos sociales preocupados con el poder de los artefactos, el papel que juega la infraestructura para definir y caracterizar al estado particularmente nacionalista y racializado sigue escasamente teorizado. Por medio de una genealogía de la infraestructura para el control del agua en Guyana, muestro el modo como aspectos aparentemente banales de la vida cotidiana, tales como la infraestructura, pueden desempeñar un papel importante en el encumbramiento de un gobierno autoritario, primero colonial y más tarde poscolonial. Debido a que el 90 por ciento de la población de Guyana y la mayoría de los recursos económicos no minerales se hallan debajo del nivel del mar, la infraestructura del control hídrico juega un importante rol funcional en el país. Sin embargo, más que un simple modo de prevenir las inundaciones de la costa y la colcha de retazos de campos irrigados de caña de azúcar y arroz que definen la economía, arguyo que esta infraestructura jugó un rol clave en el impulso de divisiones étnicas entre los trabajadores de la era colonial que socavaron el sentimiento anticolonialista y aportó el trabajo preliminar para la creación y perpetuación de un régimen étnico poscolonial nacionalista y autoritario. Palabras clave: agua, colonialismo, infraestructura, inundación, raza. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 502-510 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1490635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1490635 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:502-510 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melissa W. Wright Author-X-Name-First: Melissa W. Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: Border Thinking, Borderland Diversity, and Trump’s Wall Abstract: Donald Trump’s agenda to build a “big” and “beautiful” border wall continues to raise alarms for anyone concerned with social justice and environmental well-being throughout the Mexico–U.S. borderlands. In this article, I examine how the border wall and its surrounding debates raise multiple issues central to political ecological and human geographic scholarship into governance across the organic spectrum. I focus particularly on a comparison of the different kinds of “border thinking” that frame these debates and that provide synergy for those coalitions dedicated to the preservation of diversity throughout the ecological and social landscapes of the Mexico–U.S. borderlands. Key Words: biodiversity, decolonial, feminist, Mexico–U.S. borderlands, neoliberal. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 511-519 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1542290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1542290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:511-519 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Pulido Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Pulido Author-Name: Tianna Bruno Author-X-Name-First: Tianna Author-X-Name-Last: Bruno Author-Name: Cristina Faiver-Serna Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Faiver-Serna Author-Name: Cassandra Galentine Author-X-Name-First: Cassandra Author-X-Name-Last: Galentine Title: Environmental Deregulation, Spectacular Racism, and White Nationalism in the Trump Era Abstract: This article examines the relationship between racism and environmental deregulation in President Trump’s first year in office. We collected data on all environmental events, such as executive actions at the federal level or Trump’s tweets. Likewise, we documented racist events targeting indigenous people, people of color, Muslims, and South Asians or Arabs. We found important differences in how these agendas unfolded: Environmental events were more likely to be concrete actions, whereas racist events were more likely to involve “noisy” rhetoric. The differing forms are not associated with particular levels of harm; rather, they suggest the unanticipated and complex ways in which racism intersects with environmental governance under neoliberal, authoritarian regimes. We argue that Trump’s “spectacular racism,” characterized by sensational visibility, helps obscure the profound deregulation underway. The white nation plays a critical role, as Trump uses spectacular racism to nurture his base, consolidate his power, and implement his agenda. Such an analysis expands how environmental racism is typically conceptualized. Key Words: environmental deregulation, spectacular racism, Trump, white nation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 520-532 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1549473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1549473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:520-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Sparke Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Sparke Author-Name: Daniel Bessner Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Bessner Title: Reaction, Resilience, and the Trumpist Behemoth: Environmental Risk Management from “Hoax” to Technique of Domination Abstract: The election of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency has led to significant changes in environmental governance, unleashing an authoritarian, nationalistic, and business-deregulating juggernaut aimed at destroying various forms of environmental protection. We seek to name and explain this juggernaut as the Trumpist Behemoth. Using this terminology, we show how Neumann’s classic 1942 study of the Nazi Behemoth can be used to build a critique of the Trump administration’s approach to governance. We join this with the contemporary critique of Climate Leviathan by Mann and Wainwright along with diverse critical literatures on resilience to argue that the Trumpist Behemoth is further distinguished by its anti-Leviathan reactionary appropriation of the politics and practices of resilience. This creates a regime that retains certain neoliberal commitments to market rule but rearticulates and reterritorializes them nationalistically. Connecting business interests with a border-building vision of “America First,” it simultaneously reterritorializes nature as national in ways that obscure the global ecosystems and contradictions of the Anthropocene cum capitalocene out of which the Trumpist Behemoth has been birthed. Key Words: authoritarianism, climate Behemoth, green neoliberalism, reaction, resilience. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 533-544 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1549469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1549469 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:533-544 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lindsey Dillon Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey Author-X-Name-Last: Dillon Author-Name: Rebecca Lave Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Lave Author-Name: Becky Mansfield Author-X-Name-First: Becky Author-X-Name-Last: Mansfield Author-Name: Sara Wylie Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Wylie Author-Name: Nicholas Shapiro Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro Author-Name: Anita Say Chan Author-X-Name-First: Anita Say Author-X-Name-Last: Chan Author-Name: Michelle Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Title: Situating Data in a Trumpian Era: The Environmental Data and Governance Initiative Abstract: The Trump administration’s antienvironmental policies and its proclivity to dismiss evidence-based claims creates challenges for environmental politics in a warming world. This article offers the Environmental Data and Governance Initiative (EDGI) as a case study of one way to respond to this political moment. EDGI was started by a small group of Science and Technology Studies and environmental justice researchers and activists in the United States and Canada immediately after the November 2016 elections. Since then, EDGI has engaged in four primary activities: archiving Web pages and online scientific data from federal environmental agencies; monitoring changes to these agencies’ Web sites; interviewing career staff at the Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration as a means of tracking changes within those agencies; and analyzing shifts in environmental policy. Through these projects and practices, EDGI members developed the concept of environmental data justice. Environmental data justice is deeply informed by feminist approaches to the politics of knowledge, especially in relation to critical data and archival studies. In this article we establish the theoretical basis for environmental data justice and demonstrate how EDGI enacts this framework in practice. Key Words: critical data studies, environmental data justice, feminist science studies, the politics of knowledge, social practice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 545-555 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1511410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1511410 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:545-555 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert A. Kopack Author-X-Name-First: Robert A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kopack Title: Rocket Wastelands in Kazakhstan: Scientific Authoritarianism and the Baikonur Cosmodrome Abstract: In this article, I examine how the authoritarian control of scientific research with regard to the Russian space program and the Baikonur Cosmodrome sustains toxic geographies and an information void in Kazakhstan. Baikonur is the oldest, largest, and now busiest space complex in the world, operating continuously since the clandestine Soviet program began in 1957. After 1991, Baikonur became part of a global services industry. Since 2007, a string of violent explosions of Proton class rocket engines, littering designated “fall zones” in central Kazakhstan with toxic debris, have revealed public concern over the use of unsymmetrical dimethyl-hydrazine (heptyl) fuel. When activists’ opposition to the use of Proton engines is not squelched as an irrational fear of the cosmos or cosmophobia, Russian and Kazakh authorities resort to censorship, intimidation, and imprisonment. Although located in Kazakhstan, Baikonur’s launch facilities, the adjacent closed city of the same name, and rocket “fall zones” are administered by the Russian Federation through several post-Soviet techno-diplomatic leasing agreements. All environmental assessment or remediation related to Baikonur is channeled through the Russian Space Agency (RosCosmos), rendering access, publishing, and independent scientific research outside of public scrutiny. Based on twenty months of field research and key interviews with Russian space industry actors, Kazakh state officials, environmental groups, environmental consultants, and local citizens, I examine how the post-Soviet privatization of Baikonur and a legally binding lease agreement facilitate the emergence of authoritarian forms of environmental governance that normalize pollution and block activist interventions. Key Words: authoritarian, environmental governance, Kazakhstan, space, toxic geographies.我于本文中检视对于俄罗斯太空计画和贝康诺太空无人机的科学研究之威权控制，如何维系有毒地理以及哈萨克斯坦的资讯真空。贝康诺是世界上最悠久、最大型，且目前最为繁忙的太空复合体，并从1957年苏联秘密进行的计画开始持续运作至今。1991年后，贝康诺成为全球服务产业的一环。自2007年起，质子火箭引擎的一连串爆炸事件，将有毒残骸弃置于哈萨克斯坦中部的指定“坠落区”，揭发了公众对于使用偏二甲基肼（heptyl）燃料的忧虑。当社会运动人士反对使用质子引擎之诉求无法压制成为对宇宙的非理性恐惧抑或宇宙恐惧症时，俄罗斯和哈萨克政府便诉诸审查、恫吓，以及囚禁。尽管位于哈萨克斯坦，贝康诺的发射设施——其邻近的封闭城市亦以此为名——以及火箭“坠落区”，是由俄罗斯联邦通过若干后苏维埃科技外交的契约协议进行管理。所有有关贝康诺的环境评估或矫正皆通过俄罗斯太空局（RosCosmos）传达，使得取得管道、出版和独立科学研究无法受到公共监督。我根据二十个月的田野研究，以及对俄罗斯太空产业参与者、哈萨克政府官员、环保团体、环境顾问、以及在地公民的关键访谈，检视后苏维埃时期贝康诺的私有化，以及合法的契约协议，如何促成常态化污染、并阻碍社会运动人士介入的威权式环境治理的诞生。关键词：威权主义，环境治理，哈萨克斯坦，空间，有毒地理。En este artículo examino cómo con el control autoritario de la investigación científica, en lo que concierne al programa espacial ruso y el Cosmódromo de Baikonur, se mantienen en Kazakstán unas geografías tóxicas y un vacío de información. Baikonur es el complejo espacial más antiguo, más grande y ahora más atareado del mundo, que ha operado de manera continua desde que el programa soviético clandestino empezó en 1957. Después de 1991, Baikonur pasó a ser parte de una industria global de servicios. Desde el 2007, una serie de violentas explosiones de motores de cohete de la clase Protón, que contaminan la designadas “zonas de precipitación” de la parte central de Kazakstán con desechos tóxicos, han revelado la preocupación pública por el uso del combustible dimetil-hidracina asimétrica (heptilo). Cuando la oposición de activistas sobre uso de motores de Protón no es reprimida como temor irracional hacia el cosmos, o cosmofobia, las autoridades rusas y kazajas recurren a la censura, la intimidación y la prisión. Aunque ubicadas en Kazakstán, las instalaciones de lanzamiento de Baikonur y la ciudad cerrada adyacente del mismo nombre, lo mismo que las “zonas de precipitación” de cohetes, son administradas por la Federación Rusa, gracias a varios acuerdos tecno-diplomáticos pos-soviéticos de arrendamiento. Toda evaluación o remedio ambiental relacionados con Baikonur se canaliza a través de la Agencia Espacial Rusa (RosCosmos), colocando el acceso, publicaciones e investigación científica independiente fuera del escrutinio público. Con base en veinte meses de trabajo de campo y entrevistas claves con actores de la industria espacial rusa, funcionarios estatales kazajos, grupos ambientalistas, consultores ambientales y ciudadanos locales, yo examino cómo la privatización pos-soviética de Baikonur y un acuerdo de arrendamiento de obligatoriedad legal facilitan la emergencia de formas autoritarias de gobernanza ambiental que normalizan la contaminación y bloquean las intervenciones activistas. Palabras clave: autoritario, espacio, geografías tóxicas, gobernanza ambiental, Kazakstán. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 556-567 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1507817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1507817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:556-567 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liz Koslov Author-X-Name-First: Liz Author-X-Name-Last: Koslov Title: Avoiding Climate Change: “Agnostic Adaptation” and the Politics of Public Silence Abstract: What does it mean to adapt to climate change without talking about climate change? The term agnostic adaptation has emerged to refer to actions that address climate change’s effects without acknowledging its existence or human causes. Although prevalent, agnostic adaptation has yet to be the focus of significant empirical research. Most studies of climate silence and denial examine the absence of action rather than its paradoxical presence. This article, by contrast, explores how action and silence coexist and even serve to reinforce each other. It draws on fieldwork in Staten Island, New York City’s most politically conservative and only predominantly white borough, where residents mobilized after Hurricane Sandy in favor of government buyouts of their damaged homes that would pay them to relocate rather than rebuild in place. The areas that received buyouts have been lauded from afar as exemplary sites of community-led climate adaptation in one of its most radical forms, managed retreat. On the ground, however, those who participated in the push for retreat were largely silent on the topic of climate change, which was not seen as politically enabling or efficacious to discuss. Agnostic adaptation minimized conflict, made for more tractable claims, and maintained relations of power but in so doing offered protection to only a select few. These findings point to the practical effects of climate silence as it exists in relation to climate talk, both of which share omissions, erasures, and forms of agnosticism that narrow the space for transformative action. Key Words: adaptation, climate change, denial, disaster, environmental politics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 568-580 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1549472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1549472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:568-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kai Bosworth Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Bosworth Title: The People Know Best: Situating the Counterexpertise of Populist Pipeline Opposition Movements Abstract: Critical scholarship suggests that environmental populism is either an expression of radical democracy beyond the paternalistic liberalism of mainstream environmentalism (Meyer 2008) or that it is paranoid, irrational, and merely reactive to elite technocratic governance (Swyngedouw 2010). Because both frameworks take populism to instrumentalize knowledge production, they miss how practices of counterexpertise might condition the emergence of left-populist oppositional identities. I argue that counterexpertise is a political activity not by producing an alternative epistemology but as a minor science that contests science from within and in the process shapes left-populist political coalitions. This is illustrated through research on populist responses to the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines in the Great Plains region of North America, where environmentalists, landowners, and grassroots organizers sought to position themselves as experts. Through public participation in environmental review, pipeline mapping projects, and construction monitoring, environmental populists created an educational campaign concerning topics as diverse as hydrology, economics, and archaeology. Developing counterexpertise not only contested the evidence produced by oil infrastructure firms and the state but also consolidated the oppositional identity of “the people.” By examining populist knowledge production within the broader field of contentious politics, I argue that we can better understand it as neither an irrational reaction nor transparently democratic but as part of a processual production of identities of resentment and resistance. One implication is that climate change denial and disinformation spread by the oil industry might be challenged by resituating science for political ends rather than renewing neutral objectivity. Key Words: environmentalism, expertise, oil pipelines, populism.批判研究主张, 环保民粹主义不是超越温和专制的自由主义下的主流环境保护主义之基进民主的展现 (Meyer 2008), 便是仅只是针对精英官僚治理的偏执、非理性之反动（Swyngedouw 2010）。上述两种架构皆运用民粹主义操作知识生产, 因而忽略了反专家的实践如何可能成为左翼民粹主义的反抗性身份认同的浮现之条件。我主张, 反专家作为一种政治活动, 并非透过生产另类的认识论, 而是在科学内部进行争夺的微科学, 并在过程中塑造左翼民粹主义的政治联盟。此一论点通过研究北美大平原区域中的基斯顿输油管（Keystone XL）和达科他输油管（Dakota Access pipelines）之民粹反应进行阐述, 其中环境专家、土地所有者和草根组织者寻求将自身置于专家的位置。通过环境审查、输油管製图计画、以及工程监督的公众参与, 环保民粹主义者创造了考量水文、经济和考古等多样主题的教育倡议。发展反专家运动不仅对石油基础建设公司和国家所生产的证据进行争夺, 同时巩固了“人民”作为反对者的身份认同。我通过检视更广泛的争议政治领域中的民粹知识生产, 主张不将其视为不理性的反动或显而易见的民主, 而是更佳地将其理解为生产愤怒与抵抗的身份认同的过程中的一部分。其中一个意涵便是, 气候变迁否认主义和石油产业所传播的虚假信息, 或可通过将科学至于政治端、而非重拾客观中立性来进行挑战。 关键词: 环境保护主义, 专家, 输油管, 民粹主义。La erudición crítica sugiere que el populismo ambiental es, o una expresión de la democracia radical que trasciende el liberalismo paternalista de la principal corriente del ambientalismo (Meyer 2008), o paranoico, irracional y meramente reactivo a la gobernanza tecnocrática de la élite (Swyngedouw 2010). Debido a que ambos marcos toman al populismo para instrumentalizar la producción de conocimiento, ellos no captan cómo las prácticas de contraexperticia podrían condicionar la aparición de identidades opositoras izquierdo-populistas. Sostengo que la contraexperticia es una actividad política no productora de una epistemología alternativa, sino como una ciencia menor que cuestiona la ciencia desde dentro, proceso en el cual configura coaliciones políticas izquierdo-populistas. Esto se ilustra por medio de investigación sobre las respuestas populistas a los oleoductos Keystone XL y Dakota Access en la región de los Grandes Llanos de América del Norte, donde los ambientalistas, propietarios de la tierra y organizadores de las bases buscan posicionarse como expertos. A través de la participación pública en la revisión ambiental, proyectos de mapeo de los oleoductos y monitoreo de las construcciones, los populistas ambientales crearon una campaña educativa relacionada con tópicos tan diversos como hidrología, economía y arqueología. El desarrollar contraexperticia no solo cuestionó la evidencia producida por las firmas de infraestructura de petróleos y el estado, sino que también consolidó la identidad opositora de “el pueblo”. Al examinar la producción populista de conocimiento dentro del campo más amplio de la política de confrontación, sostengo que es posible entenderla mejor si no la consideramos como reacción irracional ni transparentemente democrática, sino como parte de una producción de proceso de identidades de resentimiento y resistencia. Una implicación es que la denegación del cambio climático y la desinformación difundida por la industria petrolera podrían retarse resituando la ciencia más para fines políticos que para renovar la objetividad neutral. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 581-592 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1494538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1494538 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:581-592 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Forsyth Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth Title: Beyond Narratives: Civic Epistemologies and the Coproduction of Environmental Knowledge and Popular Environmentalism in Thailand Abstract: Popular environmentalism can have limited democratic outcomes if it reproduces structures of social order. This article seeks to advance understandings of environmental democratization by examining the analytical framework of civic epistemologies as a complement to the current use of environmental narratives in political ecology and science and technology studies. Civic epistemologies are the preexisting dimensions of political order that the state and other actors seek to maintain as unchallengeable. They add to current analysis because they show the structures around which narratives form, as well as how knowledge and political agencies of different actors are coproduced in reductive ways. The article applies this analysis to popular environmentalism in Thailand and especially concerning community forests and logging from 1968 to present. Using a combination of interviews and content analysis of historic newspaper reporting, the article shows how diverse actors—including state, elite conservationists, and peasant activists—have organized political activism and ecological claims about forests according to unchallenged norms of appropriate community culture and behavior. These actions have kept narratives about forests and society in place and worked against alternative and arguably more empowering visions of communities and forests in recent years. The article argues that revealing civic epistemologies can contribute to a deeper form of environmental democratization than engaging in environmental politics based on existing narratives or analyzing the limitations of narratives alone. Key Words: authoritarianism, environmentalism, political ecology, science and technology studies, Thailand. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 593-612 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1549470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1549470 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:593-612 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Neimark Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Neimark Author-Name: John Childs Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Childs Author-Name: Andrea J. Nightingale Author-X-Name-First: Andrea J. Author-X-Name-Last: Nightingale Author-Name: Connor Joseph Cavanagh Author-X-Name-First: Connor Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Cavanagh Author-Name: Sian Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: Sian Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan Author-Name: Tor A. Benjaminsen Author-X-Name-First: Tor A. Author-X-Name-Last: Benjaminsen Author-Name: Simon Batterbury Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Batterbury Author-Name: Stasja Koot Author-X-Name-First: Stasja Author-X-Name-Last: Koot Author-Name: Wendy Harcourt Author-X-Name-First: Wendy Author-X-Name-Last: Harcourt Title: Speaking Power to “Post-Truth”: Critical Political Ecology and the New Authoritarianism Abstract: Given a history in political ecology of challenging hegemonic “scientific” narratives concerning environmental problems, the current political moment presents a potent conundrum: how to (continue to) critically engage with narratives of environmental change while confronting the “populist” promotion of “alternative facts.” We ask how political ecologists might situate themselves vis-à-vis the presently growing power of contemporary authoritarian forms, highlighting how the latter operates through sociopolitical domains and beyond-human natures. We argue for a clear and conscious strategy of speaking power to post-truth, to enable two things. The first is to come to terms with an internal paradox of addressing those seeking to obfuscate or deny environmental degradation and social injustice, while retaining political ecology’s own historical critique of the privileged role of Western science and expert knowledge in determining dominant forms of environmental governance. This involves understanding post-truth, and its twin pillars of alternative facts and fake news, as operating politically by those regimes looking to shore up power, rather than as embodying a coherent mode of ontological reasoning regarding the nature of reality. Second, we differentiate post-truth from analyses affirming diversity in both knowledge and reality (i.e., epistemology and ontology, respectively) regarding the drivers of environmental change. This enables a critical confrontation of contemporary authoritarianism and still allows for a relevant and accessible political ecology that engages with marginalized populations likely to suffer most from the proliferation of post-truth politics. Key Words: authoritarianism, environmental policy, political ecology, post-truth, science. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 613-623 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1547567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1547567 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:613-623 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Andreucci Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Andreucci Title: Populism, Emancipation, and Environmental Governance: Insights from Bolivia Abstract: The rise of the populist right and the concomitant crisis of progressive neoliberalism have reactivated debates about the possibility and desirability of a left populism. Through an engagement with the work of Ernesto Laclau, and drawing insights from contentions around resource governance in Evo Morales’s Bolivia, this article addresses the question of whether and how populism can be a valid strategy to achieve emancipatory transformations in environmental governance. In Bolivia, the construction of a collective identity out of indigenous–popular mobilizations facilitated a counterhegemonic articulation capable of subverting the neoliberal order and achieving progressive changes in the governance of natural resources. Yet, following the electoral victory of Morales in 2005, this counterhegemonic project turned into a passive revolution that frustrated its most genuinely transformative political aspirations. Reflecting on the Bolivian experience, I make three interrelated claims. First, the main strength of populism lies in enabling socioenvironmental movements to transcend their particularistic struggles and, through the (re)definition of a collective identity, build a broader counterhegemonic bloc capable of subverting the dominant institutional order. Second, for populism to be conducive of emancipatory transformation, the process of articulation should emerge out of subaltern socioenvironmental struggles and revendications and have radical, egalitarian-democratic ambitions transcending the horizon of the state. Third, short of a full social reordering, counterhegemonic projects are likely to be reabsorbed within the dominant institutional configuration and yet they remain necessary to challenge the socioenvironmentally regressive tendencies of capitalist domination and enable progressive transformations in environmental governance. Key Words: Bolivia, counterhegemony, environmental governance, political ecology, populism.右翼民粹主义的兴起，以及同时发生的激进新自由主义之危机，重新燃起了有关左翼民粹主义的可能性与可欲性之辩论。通过涉入．拉克劳的理论，并运用玻利维亚的埃沃．莫拉莱斯政权下的资源治理争议之洞见，本文应对民粹主义是否能够作为在环境治理中取得解放性转变的有效策略。在玻利维亚，从本土大众动员中建构而成的集体身份认同，促进能够颠覆新自由主义秩序并在自然资源治理中取得激进变迁的反霸权接合。但在 2005 年莫拉莱斯选举胜利之后，此一反霸权计画转变成为消极革命，并使真正的转型政治期待落空。我将做出三大相关宣称来反应玻利维亚的经验。首先，民粹主义的主要长处在于让社会环境运动能够超越其特定的斗争，并且通过（重新）定义共同的身份认同，建构能够颠覆宰制的制度次序之更为广泛的反霸权集团。再者，为使民粹主义得以贡献解放性的转型，接合的过程应从从属的社会环境斗争和收復失地的要求中浮现，并具有超越国家水平的激进、自主的民主抱负。第三，由于缺乏完整的社会再次序化，反霸权计画很可能被重新吸纳进支配的制度构造，但它们仍然是挑战资本主义支配下社会环境的倒退倾向、并促发环境治理激进转型的必要条件。关键词：玻利维亚，反霸权，环境治理，政治生态学，民粹主义。El ascenso de la derecha populista y la crisis concomitante del neoliberalismo progresista ha reactivado los debates acerca de la posibilidad y el atractivo de un populismo de izquierda. A través de un compromiso con el trabajo de Ernesto Laclau, y derivando perspicacias de las disputas sobre la gobernanza de los recursos en la Bolivia de Evo Morales, este artículo aborda la cuestión de si el populismo puede ser una estrategia válida para lograr transformaciones emancipadoras en gobernanza ambiental, y cómo puede serlo. En Bolivia, la construcción de una identidad colectiva a partir de movilizaciones indígeno-populares facilitó una articulación contra-hegemónica capaz de subvertir el orden neoliberal y alcanzar cambios progresivos en la gobernanza de los recursos naturales. No obstante, después de la victoria electoral de Morales en 2005, este proyecto contra-hegemónico se convirtió en una revolución pasiva que frustró sus aspiraciones políticas más genuinamente transformadoras. Reflexionando sobre la experiencia boliviana, formulo tres reclamaciones interrelacionadas. Primera, la principal fuerza del populismo descansa en capacitar los movimientos socioambientales para trascender sus luchas particularistas y, a través de la (re)definición de una identidad colectiva, construir un bloque contra-hegemónico más amplio capaz de subvertir el orden institucional dominante. Segunda, para que el populismo sea propicio a la transformación emancipadora, el proceso de articulación debe surgir de las luchas socioambientales y reivindicaciones subalternas y tener ambiciones radicales e igualitario-democráticas que trasciendan el horizonte del estado. Tercera, cortos de un reordenamiento social pleno, los proyectos contra-hegemónicos quedan propensos a ser reabsorbidos dentro de la configuración institucional dominante y aun así siguen siendo necesarios para retar tendencias socioambientalmente reaccionarias de la dominación capitalista y activan transformaciones progresivas en gobernanza ambiental. Palabras clave: Bolivia, contra-hegemonía, ecología política, gobernanza ambiental, populismo. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 624-633 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1506696 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1506696 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:624-633 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Knuth Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Knuth Title: Whatever Happened to Green Collar Jobs? Populism and Clean Energy Transition Abstract: In today’s populist moment, climate change response has become anything but “postpolitical.” The project to decarbonize energy supplies is generating ongoing political clashes today, including between competing forms of capital/ism. In the United States, rising renewable energy industries in places like California contend with fossil fuel blocs and their regional bases. Such confrontations are sparking populist organizing on the right and left. I argue that critical geography must further consider left populist movements’ role in these politics of clean energy transition, grievance, and reparation and openings for collectively advancing more liberatory futures. I survey a wave of coalition-building that has evolved in the United States since the beginnings of the New Economy, allying U.S. environmentalists, organized labor, and, more recently, racial and community justice organizers. This movement became most visible as it built networks around calls for national “green collar” job creation during the late 2000s financial crisis and 2008 presidential campaign. Its organizing shaped noteworthy, if ultimately limited Obama administration programs and continues to influence clean energy rollout in regions such as California, particularly campaigns for job quality and racial diversity in green construction. I consider here both these successes and their limits in a turbulent clean-tech sector: the need for farther reaching transformations in energy–industrial policy and democratic participation in shaping them. Key Words: clean energy transition, climate change, green collar jobs, green economy, populism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 634-643 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1523001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1523001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:634-643 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirsten Valentine Cadieux Author-X-Name-First: Kirsten Valentine Author-X-Name-Last: Cadieux Author-Name: Stephen Carpenter Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Carpenter Author-Name: Alex Liebman Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Liebman Author-Name: Renata Blumberg Author-X-Name-First: Renata Author-X-Name-Last: Blumberg Author-Name: Bhaskar Upadhyay Author-X-Name-First: Bhaskar Author-X-Name-Last: Upadhyay Title: Reparation Ecologies: Regimes of Repair in Populist Agroecology Abstract: Amidst the backdrop of attention to populism in general, it is instructive to understand populism through social movements focused on food and agriculture. Agrarian populism is particularly salient in agrifood movements. Agroecology has been widely identified as a domain of populist claims on environmental and social governance surrounding agricultural–ecological and political–economic systems. As authoritarian populist leaders gain power throughout the world at a time of expanding economic globalization and contingent socioecological crises, contests over populism in agrifood regimes can highlight current dynamics relevant for formative evaluation of alternative political agroecology strategies and of populist environmental governance more broadly. Can populism be harnessed by radical political agroecologies to simultaneously contest the hydra-headed nature of capitalism, authoritarianism, and pollution and implement forms of environmental governance based on repair? We argue that populist agroecology has untapped potential for repair and that the mechanism of focusing social movements on repair might help address some of the more problematic authoritarian tendencies of populism. Key Words: agroecology, agrofood activism, emancipatory rural politics, food movement, populism, rural geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 644-660 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1527680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1527680 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:644-660 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stuart C. Aitken Author-X-Name-First: Stuart C. Author-X-Name-Last: Aitken Author-Name: Li An Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: An Author-Name: Shuang Yang Author-X-Name-First: Shuang Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Development and Sustainable Ethics in Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve, China Abstract: In March 2013, several thousand delegates at China’s National People’s Congress voted to approve the environmentally sensitive and authoritarian Xi Jinping as president. This portended dramatic changes in environmental policies, not least of which was an offsetting of top-down development-at-all-costs dogma with a new official orthodoxy focused on a sustainable and circular economy, with inclusive and more rounded growth. This article is part of a long-term project (2008–2018) in Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province that took place as the political scene in Beijing shifted. The larger project is about human–environment dynamics and complexities focusing on the preservation of snub-nosed golden monkey habitat and the implementation of top-down grain-to-green and national forest conservation programs. This article is about the contexts of two development projects, one in the reserve and one just outside of it, with very different outcomes. Drawing on the work of Arturo Escobar, Rosi Braidotti, and Xiaobo Su, we argue for development in a time and place of rapid change as if marginalized farmers and their families mattered and the possibility of sustainable ethics with a locatable politics. The article elaborates the potency of this kind of sustainability through the stories of families living on Fanjingshan Reserve in the midst of (1) authoritarian environmental policy proclamations from Beijing and (2) boisterous local development. Key Words: China, development, sustainability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 661-672 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1527681 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1527681 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:661-672 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jenny E. Goldstein Author-X-Name-First: Jenny E. Author-X-Name-Last: Goldstein Author-Name: Kasia Paprocki Author-X-Name-First: Kasia Author-X-Name-Last: Paprocki Author-Name: Tracey Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Tracey Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Title: A Manifesto for a Progressive Land-Grant Mission in an Authoritarian Populist Era Abstract: In this article, we offer a manifesto for a progressive twenty-first century land-grant mission in an era of rising authoritarian populism in the United States. We explore the historical context of this mode of political engagement, argue that scholars based at land-grant universities are uniquely positioned to address this political moment, and offer examples of land-grant scholars who have embraced this political obligation directly. In the midst of the U.S. Civil War, the federal government provided grants of land to one college in every state to establish universities especially with extension-oriented missions committed to agricultural research and training; today, there are seventy-six land-grant universities. Just as the constitution of these universities at a significant moment in the country’s history served a political purpose, the current political climate demands a robust political response from contemporary land-grant scholars. Given the mandate for land-grant universities to serve their communities, how can a critical land-grant mission respond to the current political moment of emergent authoritarian populism in the United States and internationally? What responsibilities are entailed in the land-grant mission? We consider some strategies that land-grant scholars are employing to engage with communities grappling most directly with economic stagnation, climate change, and agrarian dispossession. We also suggest that, amid the dramatically shifting political climate in the United States, all scholars regardless of land-grant affiliation should be concerned with land-grant institutions’ capacities to engage with the country’s most disenfranchised populations as a means to pushing back against authoritarian populism. Key Words: authoritarian populism, higher education, land-grant institutions, public geographies, United States. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 673-684 Issue: 2 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1539648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1539648 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:2:p:673-684 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruce Braun Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Braun Title: Futures: Imagining Socioecological Transformation—An Introduction Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 239-243 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.1000893 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.1000893 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:239-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca Lave Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Lave Title: The Future of Environmental Expertise Abstract: Many have observed the decline of scientific authority over the last three decades, for reasons ranging from the toxic legacies of Cold War science (Beck 1992), to the current commercialization and privatization of knowledge production (Mirowski 2011), to the success of social constructivist critique (Latour 2004). Whatever the cause(s), it seems clear that the relationship among academia, the military, and state and economic elites is shifting once again. A new regime of knowledge production is emerging (Pestre 2003) in which academia carries significantly less clout than it has over the previous half-century, and broadly legitimate knowledge claims are increasingly developed outside of the academy. These changes carry obvious implications for the future of academic legitimacy and institutions. The implications for environmental and social justice are less obvious, although perhaps even more important, as the ways in which knowledge is vetted and the questions investigated (or ignored) shift. In this article, I use exploration of the changing relationship between academic and extramural knowledge producers to lay out potential futures for the production of environmental knowledge. I argue that although academics have been notably unsuccessful in challenging private-sector, commercialized environmental knowledge claims, we are increasingly successful in leveraging our remaining authority to enable the democratization of knowledge production to intellectually and politically progressive ends. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 244-252 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.988099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.988099 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:244-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer L. Rice Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer L. Author-X-Name-Last: Rice Author-Name: Brian J. Burke Author-X-Name-First: Brian J. Author-X-Name-Last: Burke Author-Name: Nik Heynen Author-X-Name-First: Nik Author-X-Name-Last: Heynen Title: Knowing Climate Change, Embodying Climate Praxis: Experiential Knowledge in Southern Appalachia Abstract: Whether used to support or impede action, scientific knowledge is now, more than ever, the primary framework for political discourse on climate change. As a consequence, science has become a hegemonic way of knowing climate change by mainstream climate politics, which not only limits the actors and actions deemed legitimate in climate politics but also silences vulnerable communities and reinforces historical patterns of cultural and political marginalization. To combat this “post-political” condition, we seek to democratize climate knowledge and imagine the possibilities of climate praxis through an engagement with Gramscian political ecology and feminist science studies. This framework emphasizes how antihierarchical and experiential forms of knowledge can work to destabilize technocratic modes of governing. We illustrate the potential of our approach through ethnographic research with people in southern Appalachia whose knowledge of climate change is based in the perceptible effects of weather, landscape change due to exurbanization, and the potential impacts of new migrants they call “climate refugees.” Valuing this knowledge builds more diverse communities of action, resists the extraction of climate change from its complex society–nature entanglements, and reveals the intimate connections between climate justice and distinct cultural lifeways. We argue that only by opening up these new forms of climate praxis, which allow people to take action using the knowledge they already have, can more just socioecological transformations be brought into being. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 253-262 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.985628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.985628 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:253-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruth Fincher Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Fincher Author-Name: Jon Barnett Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Author-Name: Sonia Graham Author-X-Name-First: Sonia Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Title: Temporalities in Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise Abstract: Local residents, businesspeople, and policymakers engaged in climate change adaptation often think differently of the time available for action. Their understandings of time, and their practices that invoke time, form the complex and sometimes conflicting temporalities of adaptation to environmental change. They link the conditions of the past to those of the present and the future in a variety of ways, and their contemporary practices rest on such linking explicitly or implicitly. Yet the temporal connections between the present and distant future of places are undertheorized and poorly considered in the science and policy of adaptation to environmental change. In this article we address this theoretical and practical challenge by weaving together arguments from social and environmental geography with evidence from small coastal communities in southeastern Australia. We show that the past conditions residents’ imagined futures and that these local, imagined futures are incongruent with scientific, popular, and policy accounts of the future. Thus we argue that the temporalities of adaptation include incommensurate and unacknowledged ways of knowing and that these affect adaptation practices. We propose that strategies devised by governments for adapting to environmental change need to make visible—and calibrate policies with—the diverse temporalities of adaptation. On this basis, the times between the present and the long-term future can be better navigated as a series of short and negotiated policy steps. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 263-273 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.988101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.988101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:263-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emilie Cameron Author-X-Name-First: Emilie Author-X-Name-Last: Cameron Author-Name: Rebecca Mearns Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Mearns Author-Name: Janet Tamalik McGrath Author-X-Name-First: Janet Tamalik Author-X-Name-Last: McGrath Title: Translating Climate Change: Adaptation, Resilience, and Climate Politics in Nunavut, Canada Abstract: This article examines the translation of key terms about climate change from English into Inuktitut, considering not only their literal translation but also the broader context within which words make sense. We argue that notions of resilience, adaptation, and climate change itself mean something fundamentally different in Inuktitut than English and that this has implications for climate policy and politics. To the extent that climate change is translated into Inuktitut as a wholly environmental phenomenon over which humans have no control, both adaptation and resilience come to be seen as appropriate and distinctly Inuit modes of relating to shifting climatic conditions, calling on practices of patience, observation, creativity, forbearance, and discretion. If translated as a matter of unethical harm of sila, however, Inuit frameworks of justice, relationality, and healing would be activated. In the context of a broader global shift away from mitigation and toward enhancing the adaptive capacities and resilience of particular populations, current modes of translating climate change, we argue, are deeply political. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 274-283 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.973006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.973006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:274-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Becky Mansfield Author-X-Name-First: Becky Author-X-Name-Last: Mansfield Author-Name: Christine Biermann Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Biermann Author-Name: Kendra McSweeney Author-X-Name-First: Kendra Author-X-Name-Last: McSweeney Author-Name: Justine Law Author-X-Name-First: Justine Author-X-Name-Last: Law Author-Name: Caleb Gallemore Author-X-Name-First: Caleb Author-X-Name-Last: Gallemore Author-Name: Leslie Horner Author-X-Name-First: Leslie Author-X-Name-Last: Horner Author-Name: Darla K. Munroe Author-X-Name-First: Darla K. Author-X-Name-Last: Munroe Title: Environmental Politics After Nature: Conflicting Socioecological Futures Abstract: This article is about the logic and dynamics of environmental politics when the environment at stake is profoundly socioecological. We investigate the socioecological forests of the coalfields of Appalachian Ohio, where once decimated forests are again widespread. Conceptualizing forests as power-laden relationships among various people, trees, and other nonhumans, we identify multiple distinct forest types that currently exist as both material reality and future vision. Each forest is characterized by antagonistic ideas about ideal species composition, structure, and function and about specific actions and actors deemed necessary and threatening for the forest's persistence. Each forest represents a very different vision for how socioecological relationships should be fostered. We argue, first, that broad acceptance that the environment is fundamentally socioecological does not mark the end of environmentalism. Rather, urges to environmentalism proliferate as people aim to foster the social natures they envision—and do so through interventions that are internal to what the forest is and does. Second, the proliferation of environmentalisms generates new forms of environmental conflict, which manifests over what sorts of social natures can and should exist (i.e., what they should do and for whom) and which interventions are beneficial or harmful to the survival and proliferation of the forest in the future. Ultimately, we demonstrate that socioecological futures are being shaped today through political struggle not over naturalness but over what should be done, by whom, to bring about which social natures, and to the benefit of whom (human and nonhuman). Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 284-293 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.973802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.973802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:284-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Holifield Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Holifield Author-Name: Nick Schuelke Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Schuelke Title: The Place and Time of the Political in Urban Political Ecology: Contested Imaginations of a River's Future Abstract: Urban political ecology (UPE) has become an important and influential paradigm for the geographic analysis of socioecological transformation. Despite considerable progress in its empirical and theoretical sophistication, however, what it means to analyze the specifically political dimensions of change in UPE accounts remains largely unspecified and underdeveloped. One option receiving attention is to confine analysis of the “properly political” to the disruption of prevailing orders by egalitarian challenges. As an alternative, we propose and elaborate a pragmatist approach to political analysis that has emerged in science and technology studies. Through accounts of two efforts to imagine the socioecological future of an urban river, we aim to demonstrate the potential of such an approach. We argue that in addition to local variation and the deployment of knowledge, analyses of the political trajectories of issues should address historical variation and the mobilization of desire. We contend that such an approach provides a methodology for tracing connections between conventional political processes and extraordinary moments of disruption and that it is also compatible with multiple perspectives on the “political” within UPE. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 294-303 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.988102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.988102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:294-303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate Driscoll Derickson Author-X-Name-First: Kate Driscoll Author-X-Name-Last: Derickson Author-Name: Danny MacKinnon Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: MacKinnon Title: Toward an Interim Politics of Resourcefulness for the Anthropocene Abstract: Based on the need for meaningful political responses to socionatural change, in this article we develop an interim politics of resourcefulness as a strategy for addressing the limitations of postpolitical environmental governance. Drawing on political and epistemological insights of third-world feminism as well as an ongoing collaborative with environmental justice organizations in West Atlanta, we argue that visions for just socionatural futures must necessarily be generated in conversation with historically marginalized communities. We offer an interim politics of resourcefulness as one way of forging those kinds of engagements between academic researchers and communities, and describe the forms that such engagements have taken in our own research. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 304-312 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.1001002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.1001002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:304-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joel Wainwright Author-X-Name-First: Joel Author-X-Name-Last: Wainwright Author-Name: Geoff Mann Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Mann Title: Climate Change and the Adaptation of the Political Abstract: In the face of climate change, along what path might we attempt transformation that could create a just and livable planet? Recently we proposed a framework for anticipating the possible political–economic forms that might emerge as the world's climate changes. Our framework outlines four possible paths; two of those paths are defined by what is called “Leviathan,” the emergence of a form of planetary sovereignty. In this article we elaborate by examining the adaptive character of emergent planetary sovereignty. To grasp this, we need a theory that can see through our ostensibly “postpolitical” moment to grasp not the disintegration but the adaptation of the political. What does it mean to say the political adapts? Reduced to its essence, it is to say that if the character of political life prevents a radical response to crisis, then it is the political that must change. A materialist attempt to elaborate on this question must begin by reflecting on the manifest inequalities of power in the current mode of global political-economic regulation. After doing so, we conclude by arguing for a return to the concept of natural history. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 313-321 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.973807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.973807 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:313-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rosemary-Claire Collard Author-X-Name-First: Rosemary-Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Collard Author-Name: Jessica Dempsey Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Dempsey Author-Name: Juanita Sundberg Author-X-Name-First: Juanita Author-X-Name-Last: Sundberg Title: A Manifesto for Abundant Futures Abstract: The concept of the Anthropocene is creating new openings around the question of how humans ought to intervene in the environment. In this article, we address one arena in which the Anthropocene is prompting a sea change: conservation. The path emerging in mainstream conservation is, we argue, neoliberal and postnatural. We propose an alternative path for multispecies abundance. By abundance we mean more diverse and autonomous forms of life and ways of living together. In considering how to enact multispecies worlds, we take inspiration from Indigenous and peasant movements across the globe as well as decolonial and postcolonial scholars. With decolonization as our principal political sensibility, we offer a manifesto for abundance and outline political strategies to reckon with colonial-capitalist ruins, enact pluriversality rather than universality, and recognize animal autonomy. We advance these strategies to support abundant socioecological futures. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 322-330 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.973007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.973007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:322-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harriet Hawkins Author-X-Name-First: Harriet Author-X-Name-Last: Hawkins Author-Name: Sallie A. Marston Author-X-Name-First: Sallie A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marston Author-Name: Mrill Ingram Author-X-Name-First: Mrill Author-X-Name-Last: Ingram Author-Name: Elizabeth Straughan Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Straughan Title: The Art of Socioecological Transformation Abstract: This article uses two artistic case studies, Bird Yarns (a knitting collective engaging questions of climate change) and SLOW Cleanup (an artist-driven environmental remediation project) to examine the “work” art can do with respect to socioecological transformations. We consider these cases in the context of geography's recent interest in “active experimentations and anticipatory interventions” in the face of the challenges posed by the environmental and social uncertainties of the Anthropocene. We propose two dimensions to the force of art with respect to these concerns. First, it provides a site and set of practices from which scientists, artists, and communities can come to recognize as well as transform relations between humans and nonhumans. Second, it encourages an accounting of the constitutive force of matter and things with implications for politics and knowledge production. Through these two dimensions, we explore how the arts can enable forms of socioecological transformation and, further, how things might be different in the future, enabling us to explore who and what might play a part in defining and moving toward such a future. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 331-341 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.988103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.988103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:331-341 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kendra Strauss Author-X-Name-First: Kendra Author-X-Name-Last: Strauss Title: These Overheating Worlds Abstract: In 2003 the British literary magazine Granta published an issue on climate change, “This Overheating World,” containing reportage and essays but almost no fiction—and the claim that our “failure of the imagination” regarding socioenvironmental change is both a political and a literary one. The decade since has seen a relative burgeoning of what has been dubbed “cli-fi,” dominated by apocalyptic and dystopian literary–geographical imaginations. In this article I ask this question: If these are our ways of imagining the future, what are the relationships among cultural imaginaries, theories, and politics of socioenvironmental change? Engaging the work of Frederic Jameson on utopia, and the novels of Margaret Atwood and Barbara Kingsolver, I argue that the flourishing interest in narrative, stories, and storytelling in human geography opens up opportunities for exploring political imaginaries of climate change through utopian and dystopian impulses present in its “fictionable worlds.” Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 342-350 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.973805 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.973805 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:342-350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Franklin Ginn Author-X-Name-First: Franklin Author-X-Name-Last: Ginn Title: When Horses Won't Eat: Apocalypse and the Anthropocene Abstract: In this article I suggest that fantasies of apocalypse are both a product and a producer of the Anthropocene. Although images and narratives of contemporary environmental apocalypse have usually been understood as politically regressive and postpolitical distractions, I demonstrate that a more hopeful reading is possible. Apocalypse tells us that the human as currently configured in the Anthropocene—an ideal universal subject who is energized through fossil fuels and who has been elevated to a position of ecological mastery—cannot continue indefinitely. This article therefore considers what apocalyptic imaginaries reveal about the limits to being human and the future of human life after the Anthropocene. It does so by analyzing a critically acclaimed film, The Turin Horse (2011). In this film an old farm horse refuses to eat, drink, or leave its stall, while a daughter and her father struggle on through an unspecified disaster, gnawing on raw potatoes as their world slowly unravels. The Turin Horse discloses the earth forces that have made Anthropocene humans along three lines: the geological, the biological, and the temporal. The film also hints at three challenges to be overcome to make humans differently: the need to surpass carbon humanity, the need for nonhuman allies, and the need to affirm agency against the inevitability of deep time. I suggest that contemporary apocalyptic visions are a core aspect of how geographers should understand socioecological transformation, as they challenge those who view them to feel the condition of the Anthropocene, and pose the question of how to respond well to unruly earth forces. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 351-359 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.988100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.988100 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:351-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giorgos Kallis Author-X-Name-First: Giorgos Author-X-Name-Last: Kallis Author-Name: Hug March Author-X-Name-First: Hug Author-X-Name-Last: March Title: Imaginaries of Hope: The Utopianism of Degrowth Abstract: This article analyzes degrowth, a project of radical socioecological transformation calling for decolonizing the social imaginary from capitalism's pursuit of endless growth. Degrowth is an advanced reincarnation of the radical environmentalism of the 1970s and speaks to pertinent debates within geography. This article benefits from Ursula Le Guin's fantasy world to advance the theory of degrowth and respond to criticisms that degrowth offers an unappealing imaginary, which is retrogressive, Malthusian, and politically simplistic. We argue instead that degrowth is on purpose subversive; it brings the past into the future and into the production of the present; it makes a novel case for limits without denying that scarcity is socially produced; and it embraces conflict as its constitutive element. We discuss the politics of scale of the incipient degrowth movement, which we find theoretically wanting, yet creative in practice. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 360-368 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.973803 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.973803 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:360-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Holly Jean Buck Author-X-Name-First: Holly Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Buck Title: On the Possibilities of a Charming Anthropocene Abstract: The Anthropocene—the geological epoch in which human activities are signaled in Earth's geological records—often appears as an age to be met with grim resignation. Anxiety-driven narratives about this era can translate into very material landscapes of surveillance, tightened borders, farmland acquisitions, and so on, landscapes where speculation shapes lived realities. This article proposes that instead of joining the chorus of dark predictions, or rejecting the flawed concept altogether, geographers are well positioned to experiment with articulating a different Anthropocene. Fragments of a beautiful Anthropocene are already under design: agroecology, green roofs and buildings, distributed renewable energy systems. Yet to weave together a vision compelling enough to provoke cultural and political change, other elements are necessary: a reawakened sense of wonder, an ethic of care, and aesthetic and cultural production around these. This article proposes enchantment as a concept to evoke these elements and discusses the merits and dangers of imagining an enchanted Anthropocene. It looks at emergent alternative framings for thinking about a human-shaped earth and examples of related practices—rewilding, biophilic cities, planetary gardening, smart landscapes—which could make for a more habitable and welcoming epoch. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 369-377 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.973005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.973005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:369-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noel Castree Author-X-Name-First: Noel Author-X-Name-Last: Castree Author-Name: Brett Christophers Author-X-Name-First: Brett Author-X-Name-Last: Christophers Title: Banking Spatially on the Future: Capital Switching, Infrastructure, and the Ecological Fix Abstract: Since the onset of the global economic crisis, financiers and the institutions regulating their behavior have been subject to far-reaching criticism. At the same time, leading geo-scientists have been insisting that future environmental change might be far more profound than previously anticipated. Finance capital has long been a crucial mechanism for melting present solidities into air to create different futures. This article asks what the prospects are for the switching of credit money into green infrastructures—a switching increasingly recognized as necessary for climate change mitigation and (especially) adaptation. Most research into geographies of finance has ignored ecological questions and few contemporary society–nature researchers examine major fixed-capital investments. Unlike those geographers who criticize capitalism without offering feasible alternatives, we take a pragmatic view underpinned by democratic socioenvironmental values and attempt to identify leverage points for meaningful change. This programmatic article identifies reasons and examples to be cautiously hopeful that liquidity can be fixed in less ecologically harmful future infrastructures, thereby addressing crucial extraeconomic challenges for the century ahead. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 378-386 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.985622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.985622 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:378-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth R. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth R. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Jesse Goldstein Author-X-Name-First: Jesse Author-X-Name-Last: Goldstein Title: Biomimetic Futures: Life, Death, and the Enclosure of a More-Than-Human Intellect Abstract: The growing field of biomimicry promises to supplant modern industry's energy-intensive models of engineering with a mode of production more sensitively attuned to nonhuman life and matter. This article considers the revolutionary potentials created by biomimicry's more-than-human collectives and their limitations. Although biomimicry gestures toward a radical reontologization of and repoliticization of production, we argue that it remains subject to entrenched onto-political habits of social relations still dominated by capitalism and made part of a “terra economica” in which all is potentially put to profitable use and otherwise left to waste. With reference to Marx's notions of general industriousness and the general intellect, we find that this universalizing tendency renders myriad biological capacities and ways of knowing invisible. Drawing a comparison with the reworkings of life and knowledge explored in Shiebinger's work on nineteenth-century abortifacients, we show how biomimicry's more recent ontological remakings reproduce some forms of knowledge—and life—at the expense of others. Reflecting on biomimicry's inadvertent erasure of nonindustrial ways of knowing, we advance the notion of a pluripotent intellect as a framework that seeks to take responsibility for the cocuration of forms of life and forms of knowledge. We turn to Jackson's Land Institute as a grounded alternative for constructing more-than-human techno-social collaboratives. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 387-396 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.985625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.985625 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:387-396 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Beatriz Cid Aguayo Author-X-Name-First: Beatriz Author-X-Name-Last: Cid Aguayo Author-Name: Alex Latta Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Latta Title: Agro-Ecology and Food Sovereignty Movements in Chile: Sociospatial Practices for Alternative Peasant Futures Abstract: The agro-ecology and food sovereignty movements of southern Chile promote alternatives to the hegemonic agro-export regime that dominates the landscape. We explore these mobilizations and the strategies they employ, with a particular focus on a network of peasant women “seed curators.” The global agri-food complex relies on a flat and universalizing spatiality of land as resource and food as commodity, in which the character and fate of individual places is of little importance. This is paired with a hierarchical monopolization of knowledge, where producers become recipients rather than creators and custodians of agricultural inputs and know-how. In response, peasant movements have given birth to alternative spatial practices based on horizontal networks that join together interdependent producers and places. By sharing traditional and agro-ecological knowledge, cultivating alternate circuits of exchange, and building urban–rural partnerships, these movements seek to reshape the horizons of possibility both for peasant communities and for the broader agri-food system. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 397-406 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.985626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.985626 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:397-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah A. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Sarah A. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Jeffrey Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Sarah Kelly-Richards Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly-Richards Author-Name: Sallie A. Marston Author-X-Name-First: Sallie A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marston Title: School Gardens as Sites for Forging Progressive Socioecological Futures Abstract: In this article we approach school gardens as sites of socioecological change where experiential politics work through the establishment of sustainable and socially just practices. We argue that for some children in “struggling schools,” school gardens become spaces where the alienating aspects of neoliberal school reform in the United States can be overcome by forging connections with classmates, university students, plants, and animals. In these intimate urban ecologies, affective and playful labor become the bases for knowledge production that exceeds the disciplinary functions of standardized testing, individual achievement, and accountability emphasized in neoliberal school reform. Our empirics derive from garden projects involving university interns and school children in two underresourced schools in poor neighborhoods in Tucson, Arizona. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 407-415 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.985627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.985627 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:407-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Author-Name: Lesley Head Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Head Author-Name: Chantel Carr Author-X-Name-First: Chantel Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Title: From Incremental Change to Radical Disjuncture: Rethinking Everyday Household Sustainability Practices as Survival Skills Abstract: Households within affluent countries are increasingly prominent in climate change adaptation research; meanwhile, social and cultural research has sought to render more complex the dynamics of domesticity and home spaces. Both bodies of work are nevertheless framed within a view of the future that is recognizable from the present, a future reached via socioecological change that is gradual rather than transformative or catastrophic. In this article, we acknowledge the agency of extreme biophysical forces and ask what everyday household life might be like in an unstable future significantly different from the present. We revisit our own longitudinal empirical research examining household sustainability and reinterpret key results in a more volatile frame influenced by political ecological work on disasters. We seek to move beyond incremental to transformative conceptions of change and invert vulnerability as capacity. Vulnerability and capacity are contingent temporally and spatially and experienced intersubjectively. The resources for survival are ultimately social and therefore compel closer scrutiny of, among other things, household life. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 416-424 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.973008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.973008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:416-424 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna R. Davies Author-X-Name-First: Anna R. Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Author-Name: Ruth Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Title: Transforming Household Consumption: From Backcasting to HomeLabs Experiments Abstract: Following the rhetoric of an impending “perfect storm” of increasing demand for energy, water, and food, it is recognized that ensuring sustainability will require significant shifts in both production and consumption patterns. This recognition has stimulated a plethora of future-oriented studies often using scenario, visioning, and transition planning techniques. These approaches have produced a multitude of plans for future development, but many valorize technological fixes and give limited attention to the governance and practice of everyday consumption. In contrast, this article presents empirical findings from a practice-oriented participatory (POP) backcasting process focused on home heating, personal washing, and eating. This process provided spaces for collaborative learning, creative innovation, and interdisciplinary interaction as well as producing a suite of ideas around promising practices for more sustainable household consumption. Further action is required, however, to explore how such ideas might be translated into action. The article concludes by outlining how collaborative experiments among public, private, civil society, and citizen-consumers, or HomeLabs, provide a means to test and evaluate the promising practices developed through POP backcasting. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 425-436 Issue: 2 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.1000948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.1000948 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:2:p:425-436 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ling Bian Author-X-Name-First: Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Bian Title: Introduction: Smart Spaces and Places Abstract: Smart technologies have advanced rapidly throughout our society and across geographic spaces and places. The “smart” developments have presented unprecedented challenges and opportunities for the discipline of geography. This special issue of the Annals of the American Association of Geographers focuses on the theme of smart spaces and places from a wide range of perspectives. The collection of twenty-one articles included in this special issue offers stimulating discussion on emerging theories, conceptual frameworks, methodologies, and observations to address spaces, places, and smartness. The articles roughly belong to four topical categories: (1) spaces, places, and smartness; (2) analytical smartness; (3) critical smartness; and (4) smart sustainability and policy. Insights gained from the discussion will advance our discipline. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 335-338 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1702810 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1702810 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:335-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shih-Lung Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Shih-Lung Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Daniel Sui Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Sui Title: Understanding the New Human Dynamics in Smart Spaces and Places: Toward a Splatial Framework Abstract: The smart technologies led by advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the emerging data science in recent years are transforming many facets of society in profound ways. One of these affected areas is the experience of human dynamics in general and human mobility in particular with the growing maturity of smart technologies. The goal of this article is to critically examine the concepts of space and place in geography in general and in geographic information science (GIScience) in particular so that intelligent geographic information systems incorporating concepts of smart space and smart place can be developed to support human dynamics research. We argue that the current discussions on smart technologies are conceptually constrained due to their confinement to absolute space and physical place. By engaging research on smart technologies with geography and GIScience, we seek to move beyond the crude, and often simplistic, conceptualizations of space and place by synthesizing the multiple dimensions of both space and place. By doing so, we can better understand human dynamics through a synergistic perspective of both space and place. The space–place (splatial) framework proposed in this article will enable us to creatively study the human dynamics in the age of smart technologies. Our approach will not only allow us to better understand human dynamics but also advance and enrich our theoretical and methodological frameworks for studying smart technologies and the profound social impacts from a geographic perspective. Challenges for the implementation of the proposed framework are discussed and directions for future research are highlighted. Key Words: GIScience, human dynamics, place, space, splatial framework. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 339-348 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1631145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1631145 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:339-348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ate Poorthuis Author-X-Name-First: Ate Author-X-Name-Last: Poorthuis Author-Name: Matthew Zook Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Zook Title: Being Smarter about Space: Drawing Lessons from Spatial Science Abstract: Smart technology—in its many facets—is often critiqued within geography in ways that parallel the critiques of quantitative geography in the 1960s and GIScience in the 1990s. In this way, both the development of “smart” technology itself and its criticisms are the latest chapter in a long-standing disciplinary debate around quantification and technology. We reevaluate this history and argue that quantitative methodology and its theoretical critiques are not as incompatible as often claimed. To illustrate how we might address this apparent tension between theory and quantitative methods, we review how both approaches conceptualize one of geography’s core concepts—space—and highlight opportunities for symbiosis. Although smart technologies can further orthodox positivist approaches, we argue that the actual practice is more nuanced and not necessarily absolute or totalizing. For example, recent computational work builds on critical geographic theories to analyze and visualize topological and relational spaces, relevant to topics such as gentrification and segregation. The result is not a geography in which smart technology and algorithms remove the need for human input but rather a rejoinder in line with the recent resurgence of a critical quantitative geography. In short, the result is a geography where social theory and the human intellect play a key role in guiding computational approaches to analyze the largest, most versatile, most and relevant data sets on social space that we have ever had. Key Words: geocomputation, GIScience,smart technology, space, spatial science. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 349-359 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1674630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1674630 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:349-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeremy W. Crampton Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy W. Author-X-Name-Last: Crampton Author-Name: Kara C. Hoover Author-X-Name-First: Kara C. Author-X-Name-Last: Hoover Author-Name: Harrison Smith Author-X-Name-First: Harrison Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Steve Graham Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Author-Name: J. Colette Berbesque Author-X-Name-First: J. Colette Author-X-Name-Last: Berbesque Title: Smart Festivals? Security and Freedom for Well-Being in Urban Smart Spaces Abstract: In this article we use the natural lab of music festivals to examine behavioral change in response to the rapid introduction of smart surveillance technology into formerly unpoliced spaces. Festivals are liminal spaces, free from the governance of everyday social norms and regulations, permitting participants to assert a desired self. Due to a number of recent festival deaths, drug confiscations, pickpockets, and a terroristic mass shooting, festivals have quickly introduced smart security measures such as drones and facial recognition technologies. Such a rapid introduction contrasts with urban spaces where surveillance is introduced gradually and unnoticeably. In this article we use some findings from an online survey of festivalgoers to reveal explicit attitudes and experiences of surveillance. We found that surveillance is often discomforting because it changes experience of place, it diminishes feelings of safety, and bottom-up measures (health tents, being in contact with friends) are preferred to top-down surveillance. We also found marked variation between men, women, and nonbinary people’s feelings toward surveillance. Men were much less affected by surveillance. Women have very mixed views on surveillance; they simultaneously have greater safety concerns (especially sexual assault in public) and are keener on surveillance than men but also feel that it is ineffective in preventing assault (but might be useful in providing evidence subsequently). Our findings have significant ramifications for the efficacy of a one-size-fits-all solution of increased surveillance and security in smart places and cities and point to the need for more bottom-up safety measures. Key Words: anxiety, festivals, smart city, surveillance, well-being. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 360-370 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1662765 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1662765 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:360-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Stiles Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Stiles Author-Name: Clinton Andrews Author-X-Name-First: Clinton Author-X-Name-Last: Andrews Title: Powers of Division: “Smart” Spaces as Controlling Workplace Activity Fragmentation Abstract: In this article we argue that “smart” work spaces are created through access to wireless networks and mobile cloud computing collaboration software. Yet the power relations embedded in these overlapping physical and cyberspaces function to control the spatial and temporal fragmentation of related work activities. Through a review of the literature, we first describe how scholars have considered the relationship between space, technology, and the workplace and how conceptions of work activity fragmentation developed over time in relation to computing technology. We provide data from the American Time Use Survey to show the extent of work activity fragmentation among workers in the United States, finding that spatial fragmentation is more prominent among knowledge workers in large metropolitan areas. Drawing on original interview and observation data in the New York metropolitan area, we then describe both the cyberspaces of work enabled by mobile cloud collaboration software and the physical spaces of work opened up by the availability of wireless networks in diverse locations. Finally, we consider how the exercise of power and control in these overlapping physical and cyberspaces can either enable or prevent the fragmentation of work activities at multiple points. Key Words: activity fragmentation, cyberspace, information and communication technology, power relations, smart space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 371-381 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1672519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1672519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:371-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey R. Lynch Author-X-Name-First: Casey R. Author-X-Name-Last: Lynch Author-Name: Vincent J. Del Casino Author-X-Name-First: Vincent J. Author-X-Name-Last: Del Casino Title: Smart Spaces, Information Processing, and the Question of Intelligence Abstract: As spaces increasingly come to be described as “smart,” “sentient,” or “thinking,” scholars remain in disagreement as to the nature of intelligence, knowledge, or the “human mind.” This article opens the notion of intelligence to contestation, examining differing conceptions of intelligence and what they might mean for how geographers approach the theorization of “smart” spaces. Engaging debates on the distinction between cognition and consciousness, we argue for a view of intelligence as multiple, partial, and situated in and in-between spaces, bodies, objects, and technologies. This article calls on geographers to be attentive to the multiple forms of intelligence made possible by innovations in information processing and to the ways in which particular intelligences are prioritized—as others might be neglected or suppressed—through the production of smart spaces in the context of our rapidly changing understandings of the “humanness” of intelligence. Key Words: cognition, consciousness, digital technology, intelligence, space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 382-390 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1617103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1617103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:382-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Will B. Payne Author-X-Name-First: Will B. Author-X-Name-Last: Payne Author-Name: David O’Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: O’Sullivan Title: Exploding the Phone Book: Spatial Data Arbitrage in the 1990s Internet Boom Abstract: This article examines 1990s Internet firm Zip2 as an early case study in the political economy of location-based services (LBS) and “smart” cities in the United States. Tesla CEO Elon Musk’s first startup, Zip2, combined digital maps built using public spatial data with computerized Yellow Pages listings to create city directory Web portals for daily newspapers. Examining the technical affordances, labor practices, and revenue models of the company’s two key data providers, NavTech and American Business Information, reveals the conditions that enabled Zip2 to successfully employ data arbitrage as a corporate strategy. Despite its significant limitations as a consumer-facing technology, Zip2 was acquired by Compaq for $300 million in 1999. The company’s founders leveraged government investment in digital mapping, fortuitous shifts in copyright law, and anxiety among newspaper publishers about missing the Internet boom into a business that prefigured many of the use cases and revenue models of contemporary LBS and Web maps. Key Words: computer navigation, data arbitrage, location-based services, smart cities, web mapping. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 391-398 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1656999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1656999 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:391-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jin Xing Author-X-Name-First: Jin Author-X-Name-Last: Xing Author-Name: Renee Sieber Author-X-Name-First: Renee Author-X-Name-Last: Sieber Author-Name: Stéphane Roche Author-X-Name-First: Stéphane Author-X-Name-Last: Roche Title: Rethinking Spatial Tessellation in an Era of the Smart City Abstract: Smart cities frequently rely on vast sensor networks, such as traffic cameras and ventilation controllers. This requires that we rethink methods of spatial tessellation. As tessellation is becoming more dynamic, we often combine multiple tessellation methods and switch tessellation shapes frequently for different data collection and analytics. In this article, we review how tessellation works with the object and field geographic spatial models. To achieve the “smartness” within cities, this article introduces the dynamic tessellation approach as the initial solution. Key Words: big data, sensor network, smart city, spatial tessellation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 399-407 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1662766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1662766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:399-407 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Di Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Di Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Author-Name: Fan Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Fan Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Shengyin Wang Author-X-Name-First: Shengyin Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Yaoli Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yaoli Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Ximeng Cheng Author-X-Name-First: Ximeng Author-X-Name-Last: Cheng Author-Name: Zhou Huang Author-X-Name-First: Zhou Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Yu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Understanding Place Characteristics in Geographic Contexts through Graph Convolutional Neural Networks Abstract: Inferring the unknown properties of a place relies on both its observed attributes and the characteristics of the places to which it is connected. Because place characteristics are unstructured and the metrics for place connections can be diverse, it is challenging to incorporate them in a spatial prediction task where the results could be affected by how the neighborhoods are delineated and where the true relevance among places is hard to identify. To bridge the gap, we introduce graph convolutional neural networks (GCNNs) to model places as a graph, where each place is formalized as a node, place characteristics are encoded as node features, and place connections are represented as the edges. GCNNs capture the knowledge of the relevant geographic context by optimizing the weights among graph neural network layers. A case study was designed in the Beijing metropolitan area to predict the unobserved place characteristics based on the observed properties and specific place connections. A series of comparative experiments was conducted to highlight the influence of different place connection measures on the prediction accuracy and to evaluate the predictability across different characteristic dimensions. This research enlightens the promising future of GCNNs in formalizing places for geographic knowledge representation and reasoning. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 408-420 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1694403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1694403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:408-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rui Li Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Spatial Learning in Smart Applications: Enhancing Spatial Awareness through Visualized Off-Screen Landmarks on Mobile Devices Abstract: Smartphones have become a significant platform in everyone’s daily lives. For example, maps and map-based services on smartphones bring great convenience for wayfinding. They affect users’ spatial awareness, however, due to their small sizes. That impacted spatial awareness can lead to degraded spatial knowledge and disorientation. This study intends to address these issues associated with spatial learning on smartphones by adapting cartographic and cognitive theories and investigating a new design for presenting spatial information on smartphones that can support users’ awareness of space. The design uses the distinctive identities of spatial locations beyond the mapped screen as landmarks and visualizes the identities and distances of landmarks in distance through visual variables. Following previous pilot studies, this study evaluates the effectiveness of using such a design on aspects related to spatial awareness. Results provide additional details on the advantage of using specific visual variables to enhance the acquisition of spatial knowledge and spatial orientation. Although smart devices are ubiquitous in everyone’s lives, it is still important to address the cognitive issues between those devices and their users. This study provides evidence that design can further contribute to the improvement of map-based applications on smartphones, which provides convenience and enhances users’ spatial learning of new places. Key Words: off-screen landmarks, orientation, spatial awareness, visual variable, visualization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 421-433 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1670611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1670611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:421-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jing Ma Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Author-Name: Yinhua Tao Author-X-Name-First: Yinhua Author-X-Name-Last: Tao Author-Name: Mei-Po Kwan Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Po Author-X-Name-Last: Kwan Author-Name: Yanwei Chai Author-X-Name-First: Yanwei Author-X-Name-Last: Chai Title: Assessing Mobility-Based Real-Time Air Pollution Exposure in Space and Time Using Smart Sensors and GPS Trajectories in Beijing Abstract: Using real-time data from portable air pollutant sensors and smartphone Global Positioning System trajectories collected in Beijing, China, this study demonstrates how smart technologies and individual activity-travel microenvironments affect the assessment of individual-level pollution exposure in space and time at a very fine resolution. It compares three different types of individual-level exposure estimates generated by using residence-based monitoring station assessment, mobility-based monitoring station assessment, and mobility-based real-time assessment. Further, it examines the differences in personal exposure to PM2.5 associated with different activity places and travel modes across various environmental conditions. The results show that the exposure estimates generated by monitoring station assessment and real-time sensing assessment vary substantially across different activity locations and travel modes. Individual-level daily exposure for residents living in the same community also varies significantly, and there are substantial differences in exposure levels using different approaches. These results indicate that residence- or mobility-based monitoring station assessments, which cannot account for the differences in air pollutant exposures between outdoor and indoor environments and between different travel-related microenvironments, could generate considerably biased estimates of personal pollution exposure. Key Words: indoor environment, real-time exposure to air pollution, smart technologies, travel modes, the uncertain geographic context problem. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 434-448 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1653752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1653752 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:434-448 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shengyuan Zou Author-X-Name-First: Shengyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Zou Author-Name: Le Wang Author-X-Name-First: Le Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Individual Vacant House Detection in Very-High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Abstract: The formation and demolition of vacant houses are the most visible sign of city shrinking and revitalization. Timely detection of vacant houses has become an inevitable task to aid the “Smart City” initiative. Two pressing problems exist for vacant houses, however: (1) No publicly accessible information is available at the individual house level and (2) the decennial census survey does not catch up with the rapidly changing status of vacant houses. To this end, remote sensing provides a low-cost avenue for detecting vacant houses. Traditionally, remote sensing was accredited for its success in deriving biophysical parameters of human settlements, such as the presence and physical size of buildings. It is still a challenge, though, to infer the functions of buildings, such as land-use types and occupancy status. In this study, we aim to detect individual vacant houses with very-high-resolution remote sensing images through a smart machine learning method. Our proposed method entails three steps: ground-truth data collection, classification, and feature selection. As a result, a new building change detection method was developed to collect ground-truth vacant house data from multitemporal images. Important features for classification of houses were identified. Subsequently, we carried out a classification of vacant houses and yielded promising results. Furthermore, the results indicate that both the area of the vacant house parcels and the healthy conditions of the surrounding vegetation contribute most to the detection accuracy. Our work shows the potential of using remote sensing to detect individual vacant houses at a large spatial extent. Key Words: machine learning, remote sensing, smart city, vacant house. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 449-461 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1665492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1665492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:449-461 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yihong Yuan Author-X-Name-First: Yihong Author-X-Name-Last: Yuan Author-Name: Yongmei Lu Author-X-Name-First: Yongmei Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: T. Edwin Chow Author-X-Name-First: T. Edwin Author-X-Name-Last: Chow Author-Name: Chao Ye Author-X-Name-First: Chao Author-X-Name-Last: Ye Author-Name: Abdullatif Alyaqout Author-X-Name-First: Abdullatif Author-X-Name-Last: Alyaqout Author-Name: Yu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: The Missing Parts from Social Media–Enabled Smart Cities: Who, Where, When, and What? Abstract: Social networking sites (SNS), such as Facebook and Twitter, have attracted users worldwide by providing a means to communicate and share opinions and experiences of daily lives. When empowered by pervasive location acquisition technologies, location-based social media (LBSM) has become a potential resource for smart city applications to characterize social perceptions of place and model human activities. There is a lack of systematic examination of the representativeness of LBSM data, though. If LBSM data are applied to decision making in smart city services, such as emergency response or transportation, it is essential to understand their limitations to implement better policies or management practices. This study formalizes the sampling biases of LBSM data from various perspectives, including sociodemographic, spatiotemporal, and semantic. This article examines LBSM data representativeness issues using empirical cases and discusses the impacts on smart city applications. The results provide insights for understanding the limitations of LBSM data for smart city applications and for developing mitigation approaches. Key Words: data quality, location-based social media, sampling biases, smart city. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 462-475 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1631144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1631144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:462-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michele Masucci Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: Masucci Author-Name: Hamil Pearsall Author-X-Name-First: Hamil Author-X-Name-Last: Pearsall Author-Name: Alan Wiig Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Wiig Title: The Smart City Conundrum for Social Justice: Youth Perspectives on Digital Technologies and Urban Transformations Abstract: This article employs a social justice framing to examine youth perspectives of the smart city. We examine how youth understand the impact of digital technologies on urban transformations and whether their technology skills and digital literacy give them a sense of ownership over the future of their city. Research was conducted within the context of a six-week summer educational program involving seventy-nine youth of color from public high schools in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The program mixed digital skill building with urban fieldwork to prototype solutions to long-standing urban problems: the sort of problems that smart city policies also seek to change. Our research points to a conundrum for youth. Although they embraced technological innovations, they indicated that digital technologies failed to serve the public or address pressing concerns they identified as problematic within the city: crime, drugs, and homelessness. Instead, in their view, digital technologies delivered the most benefit to private spaces in the home and workplace. Furthermore, the youth did not envision that emergent technologies would improve their neighborhoods or communities but only their employment prospects. This research suggests that the emergent smart city is reproducing actual as well as perceived urban inequities: Wealthy residential neighborhoods and spaces of the new economy become “smart,” but much of the city remains left behind. These patterns create a paradox for youth who invest in digital skills while remaining on the margins of technology-driven, smart urban change. Key Words: digital divide, Philadelphia, smart city, social justice, youth. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 476-484 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1617101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1617101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:476-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Dalton Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Dalton Author-Name: Clancy Wilmott Author-X-Name-First: Clancy Author-X-Name-Last: Wilmott Author-Name: Emma Fraser Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Fraser Author-Name: Jim Thatcher Author-X-Name-First: Jim Author-X-Name-Last: Thatcher Title: “Smart” Discourses, the Limits of Representation, and New Regimes of Spatial Data Abstract: As “smart” urbanism becomes more influential, spaces and places are increasingly represented through numeric and categorical data that have been gathered by sensors, devices, and people. Such systems purportedly provide access to always visible, measurable, and knowable spaces, facilitating ever more rational management and planning. Smart city spaces are thus governed through the algorithmic administration and categorization of difference and structured through particular discourses of smartness, both of which shape the production of space and place on a local and general level. Valorization of data and its analysis naturalizes constructions of space, place, and individual that elide the political and surveillant forms of technocractic governance on which they are built. This article argues that it is through processes of measurement, calculation, and classification that “smart” emerges along distinct axes of power and knowledge. Using examples drawn from the British Home Office’s repurposing of charity outreach maps for homeless population deportation and the more recent EU EXIT document checking application for European citizens and family members living in the United Kingdom, we demonstrate the significance of Gunnar Olsson’s thought for understanding the ideological and material power of smartness via his work on the very limits of representation. The discussion further opens a bridge toward a more relational consideration of the construction of space, place, and individual through the thinking of Doreen Massey. Key Words: data, Massey, Olsson, place, smart cities, space, spatial data Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 485-496 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1665493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1665493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:485-496 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luis F. Alvarez León Author-X-Name-First: Luis F. Alvarez Author-X-Name-Last: León Author-Name: Jovanna Rosen Author-X-Name-First: Jovanna Author-X-Name-Last: Rosen Title: Technology as Ideology in Urban Governance Abstract: This article argues that the turn toward smart cities, emphasizing solutions, services, and infrastructures driven by digital technologies, has reinforced a dominant ideology shaping urban decision making, frameworks, and outcomes. Two core dimensions of this ideology of technology in urban governance interact to consequentially reshape urban processes: (1) the priority of attracting high-technology industries as engines for urban economies and (2) the tendency to reframe urban problems into technological problems, to be addressed by technological solutions. Together, these mechanisms operate in conjunction to privilege technological needs, capacities, and priorities in urban governance, contributing to the widespread exclusion of people and problems beyond the scope of technology. Although not unprecedented, this ideology of technology has acquired renewed potency with neoliberalized urbanism, urban restructuring, and the ongoing information revolution. Furthermore, these changes intensify the ongoing transformation of cities (and space more generally) into digitized spaces tailored for capital accumulation in the context of digital and surveillance capitalism. To illustrate these dynamics, we briefly describe recent events in San Francisco, one of the key sites in the current techno-economic paradigm. Key Words: digital economy, ideology, smart cities, technology, urban governance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 497-506 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1660139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1660139 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:497-506 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sung-Yueh Perng Author-X-Name-First: Sung-Yueh Author-X-Name-Last: Perng Author-Name: Sophia Maalsen Author-X-Name-First: Sophia Author-X-Name-Last: Maalsen Title: Civic Infrastructure and the Appropriation of the Corporate Smart City Abstract: Concerns have been raised regarding smart city innovations leading to, or consolidating, technocratic urban governance and the tokenization of citizens. Less research, however, has explored how we make sense of ongoing appropriation of the resources, skills, and expertise of corporate smart cities and what this means for future cities. In this article, we examine the summoning of political subjectivity through the practices of retrofitting, repurposing, and reinvigorating. We consider them as civic infrastructure to sensitize the infrastructural acts and conventions that are assembled for exploring inclusive and participatory ways of shaping urban futures. These practices, illustrated by examples in Adelaide, Dublin, and Boston, focus on capabilities not only to write code, access data, or design a prototype but also to devise diverse sociotechnical arrangements and power relations to disobey, question, and dissent from technocratic visions and practices. The article concludes by suggesting further examination of the summoning of political subjectivity from within established institutions to widen dissent and appropriation of the corporate smart city. Key Words: citizen, infrastructure, political subjectivity, smart city, urban future. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 507-515 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1674629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1674629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:507-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Glen David Kuecker Author-X-Name-First: Glen David Author-X-Name-Last: Kuecker Author-Name: Kris Hartley Author-X-Name-First: Kris Author-X-Name-Last: Hartley Title: How Smart Cities Became the Urban Norm: Power and Knowledge in New Songdo City Abstract: In this article we ask why smart cities have emerged within the international development community as the normative urban logic for confronting systemic global crises. This phenomenon is exemplified by the embrace of smart cities as an implementation tool for UN Habitat’s aspirational New Urban Agenda. Our analysis deploys two theoretical approaches in novel combination. First, we reinterpret Foucault’s governmentality concept through the lens of Lefebvre’s planetary urbanization thesis. This approach reveals global crises and systemic instability as neglected lines of inquiry within the smart city discourse, particularly in scholarship that has viewed technocratic rationality and neoliberalism as primary mechanisms of capitalist reproduction. Our use of Lefebvre positions smart city governmentality within this neglected context. Our second theoretical approach goes beyond critical urban theory’s emphasis on social justice to consider its value in explaining rational-technocratic planning vis-à-vis Lefebvre’s “critical zone” of full planetary urbanization. We argue that smart cities represent an emergent form of critical zone urbanism. The article begins with a review of governmentality and planetary urbanization that establishes the foundation for the study’s case analysis of New Songdo City. We then analyze the Songdo project, its related actors and power brokers, and its evolution from test bed to implementation model that becomes the new urban norm. The conclusion synthesizes elements of the case and novel theoretical approach to highlight distinctions between cities as organically evolving entities and those as products of totalizing technocratic norms. Key Words: governmentality, planetary urbanization, smart cities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 516-524 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1617102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1617102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:516-524 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Darcy Parks Author-X-Name-First: Darcy Author-X-Name-Last: Parks Author-Name: Anna Wallsten Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Wallsten Title: The Struggles of Smart Energy Places: Regulatory Lock-In and the Swedish Electricity Market Abstract: Visions of smart energy systems are increasingly influencing energy systems around the world. Many visions entail ideas of more efficient versions of existing large-scale energy systems, where smart grids serve to balance energy consumption and demand over large areas. At the other end of the spectrum are visions of smart energy places that represent a challenge to dominant, large-scale energy systems, based on smart microgrids that facilitate the self-sufficiency of local, decentralized energy systems. Whereas smart energy places do not necessarily aim to create completely isolated microgrids, they generally aim to strengthen the connection between energy consumption and production within delimited spaces. The aim of this article is to better understand how visions of smart energy places are translated into sociomaterial configurations. Smart Grid Gotland and Climate-Smart Hyllie were two Swedish initiatives where notions of place were central to the attempts to reconfigure the local energy system. Several solutions proposed within these smart energy places struggled because of regulatory lock-in to the existing spatial arrangements of the electricity market. There was a mismatch between the larger spatial scales institutionalized in the Swedish electricity market and the smaller scales introduced in these smart energy places. The conflicting spatial arrangements between electricity market and these initiatives suggest that demonstrations of smart energy places require some degree of protection from market regulations. Without this protection, visions of smart energy places might instead result in incremental changes to existing large-scale energy systems. Key Words: energy systems, place, smart cities, smart grids, visions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 525-534 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1617104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1617104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:525-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allan D. Hollander Author-X-Name-First: Allan D. Author-X-Name-Last: Hollander Author-Name: Casey Hoy Author-X-Name-First: Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Hoy Author-Name: Patrick R. Huber Author-X-Name-First: Patrick R. Author-X-Name-Last: Huber Author-Name: Ayaz Hyder Author-X-Name-First: Ayaz Author-X-Name-Last: Hyder Author-Name: Matthew C. Lange Author-X-Name-First: Matthew C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lange Author-Name: Angela Latham Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Latham Author-Name: James F. Quinn Author-X-Name-First: James F. Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn Author-Name: Courtney M. Riggle Author-X-Name-First: Courtney M. Author-X-Name-Last: Riggle Author-Name: Thomas P. Tomich Author-X-Name-First: Thomas P. Author-X-Name-Last: Tomich Title: Toward Smart Foodsheds: Using Stakeholder Engagement to Improve Informatics Frameworks for Regional Food Systems Abstract: A foodshed is a concept analogous to a watershed, describing the catchment of the sources of food for a region. As such, it portrays linkages ranging from local communities out to the global food system. Inefficiencies exist at all stages of the food supply chain, resulting in the challenges of inequitable access to healthy and safe food. Many of these inefficiencies are informational; for instance, food being wasted that could be donated to food banks were there communication of the need. These informational inefficiencies can be ameliorated by a stronger semantic characterization of the links between actors and resources in the food system, allowing for the development of smarter software technologies to facilitate interconnections. We discuss an iterative process to improve informatics frameworks for the foodshed by engaging with regional stakeholders to identify important issues and information needs. Key Words: food systems, ontologies, semantic web, smart foodsheds, stakeholder engagement. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 535-546 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1662764 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1662764 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:535-546 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Scott B. Kelley Author-X-Name-First: Scott B. Author-X-Name-Last: Kelley Author-Name: Bradley W. Lane Author-X-Name-First: Bradley W. Author-X-Name-Last: Lane Author-Name: Benjamin W. Stanley Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin W. Author-X-Name-Last: Stanley Author-Name: Kevin Kane Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Kane Author-Name: Eric Nielsen Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Nielsen Author-Name: Scotty Strachan Author-X-Name-First: Scotty Author-X-Name-Last: Strachan Title: Smart Transportation for All? A Typology of Recent U.S. Smart Transportation Projects in Midsized Cities Abstract: Greater integration of advanced vehicle technologies is commonly discussed as a component of developing smart cities, potentially leading to a host of benefits. Final impacts of such benefits are uncertain, though, given research that illustrates induced travel by initial adopters of emerging vehicle technologies and services and mixed effects in transit use and active transportation. The locations within cities where interventions of advanced vehicle technologies are envisioned, geographic scope and extent of integration, and the characteristics of these areas are all likely to influence these effects, and these relationships have received limited investigative attention. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive review of proposals submitted by 78 midsized cities in the United States to create a typology that considers (1) the geographic scope of intervention and (2) the degree of integration of connected and automated vehicles, generating five distinct types of projects. Characteristics of the areas within cities identified for intervention are compared to those of their U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). We identified indicators of comprehensive planning efforts as they relate to sustainability and resilience outcomes in each city. Results show that areas identified by cities for advanced vehicle technology interventions differ in important ways from each city’s broader population that warrant attention relative to known demographic characteristics and behavior of early adopters of transportation technologies. There is also variation in project motivation and municipal planning indicators across typology classifications. These are essential considerations as smart city–aligned transportation interventions continue to develop. Key Words: automated vehicle, connected vehicle, smart city, typology. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 547-558 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1643702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1643702 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:547-558 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruopu Li Author-X-Name-First: Ruopu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Kang Chen Author-X-Name-First: Kang Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Di Wu Author-X-Name-First: Di Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: Challenges and Opportunities for Coping with the Smart Divide in Rural America Abstract: Recent success in the many applications of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in urban settings largely defines our understanding of sustainable development in the context of smart societies and communities. The footprints of such smart transformation barely imprint in the countryside, however, where rural communities face tremendous barriers, such as the absence of ICT infrastructure, geographic isolation from technological advances, and various social inequalities. The conventional wisdom of smart societies and communities built on well-established broadband access and ICT applications in urban hubs might not be suitable for decentralized rural regions. We contend that a new form of digital divide in the context of recent ICT advancement—a smart divide—is evolving into a new challenge to smart societies and communities. This study aims to characterize the smart divide, an emerging type of social inequality. To address this aim, we conduct a literature review with a focus on the technological aspects of the smart divide in rural regions and identify potential gaps in smart infrastructure and smart applications and services between urban and rural America. The article culminates in a synthesis of potential strategies for bridging the smart divide in rural America. The study is expected to benefit scientists, planners, entrepreneurs, and policymakers interested in smart rural development. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 559-570 Issue: 2 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1694402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1694402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:2:p:559-570 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Duane Nellis Author-X-Name-First: M. Duane Author-X-Name-Last: Nellis Title: Geospatial Information Technology, Rural Resource Development, and Future Geographies Abstract: Geospatial information technologies, particularly as they relate to remote sensing and geographic information science (GIScience) are providing new perspectives for understanding rural systems. By utilizing geospatial technologies with more integrative research approaches, geographers can ask more socially relevant and innovative questions about the human–environmental system. Within remote sensing alone, there has been a significant leap forward in usable sensor systems for analyzing human dimensions of rural areas through high spatial and spectral resolution approaches. The impact of various forcing factors (e.g., water availability) in Kansas and Botswana, for example, within the context of human–environmental interactions can be more fully understood using such geospatial technology approaches. At the same time, through new infospheres, cybergeography, and sensitivity to new attitudes in learning by millinneals, future geographies are created that demand more geographic management systems (GMSs). At the center of such evolving trends, geographers are poised to provide important leadership in more fully understanding the human–environmental system as we begin the Association of American Geographers' next century. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1-10 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00447.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00447.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:1-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. L. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: D. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: J. E. J. Domier Author-X-Name-First: J. E. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Domier Author-Name: D. N. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: D. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Reflections on the Nature of Soil and Its Biomantle Abstract: Apart from the engineering approach to soil as movable regolith, most specialists who study soil view it as a plant-linked, land-only, and Earth-only entity whose character and properties are explained by a mix of four environmental factors—climate, organisms, relief, and parent material—that operate over time. These factors function to produce soil, where S=f (cl, o, r, p, t …). This relationship constitutes the five-factors, “clorpt,” explanatory model of soil formation that lends itself to the survey, classification, and mapping of soil for agricultural and environmental purposes and aids in soil valuations and soil conservation-management needs. In geomorphology and Quaternary research, it has met success in soil chronosequence and age-dating studies. But inasmuch as soil is the most complex and unparsimonious of all natural science entities, is any model so conceptually endowed that it allows a deep understanding of the full range and nuances of soil-forming processes? Can a conventional model provide new visions and different levels of knowledge beyond conventional levels? We present a multifaceted and biodynamic approach that views soil in different ways. One is that soil is the outer integument, or “skin” of all lithic-composed celestial bodies, planets, their satellites, and such. But Earth differs from others because water covers nearly three-fourths of its surface and life covers nearly all of its surface and produces a biodynamically mediated “epidermis”—a biomantle that other planets lack. The biomantle constitutes a subaerial-subaqueous continuum across the globe. Life imparts myriad biomechanical and biochemical processes—biodynamic processes—to the soil-biomantle continuum, and these coact with physical processes in producing soil landscapes. This multifaceted approach is embedded as a component of the dynamic denudation framework of landscape evolution, which carries useful and different explanatory and predictive powers for studying the global soil-biomantle that may be invisible, unacknowledged, or unstressed in other frameworks, including one where “organisms” essentially means plants. To appreciate how our approach differs from conventional views of soil formation, and to provide a historic context, we reflect on the nineteenth- and twentieth-century turning points in Earth sciences, mainly in geography, geology, and soils, which led to the five-factors (clorpt) model as the sine qua non way to explain soils. The details of our approach then follow. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 11-31 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00448.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00448.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:11-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel B. Carr Author-X-Name-First: Daniel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Author-Name: Denis White Author-X-Name-First: Denis Author-X-Name-Last: White Author-Name: Alan M. MacEachren Author-X-Name-First: Alan M. Author-X-Name-Last: MacEachren Title: Conditioned Choropleth Maps and Hypothesis Generation Abstract: The article describes a recently developed template for multivariate data analysis called conditioned choropleth maps (CCmaps). This template is a two-way layout of maps designed to facilitate comparisons. The template can show the association between a dependent variable, as represented in a classed choropleth map, and two potential explanatory variables. The data-analytic objective is to promote better-directed hypothesis generation about the variation of a dependent variable. The CCmap approach does this by partitioning the data into subsets to control the variation in the dependent variable that is associated with two conditioning variables. The interactive implementation of CCmaps introduced here provides dynamically updated map panels and statistics that help in comparing the distributions of conditioned subsets. Patterns evident across subsets indicate the association of conditioning variables with the dependent variable. The patterns lead to hypothesis generation about scientific relationships behind the apparent associations. Spatial patterns evident within individual subsets lead to hypothesis generation that is often mediated by the analyst's knowledge about additional variables. Examples showing applications of the methods to health–environment interaction and biodiversity analysis are presented. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 32-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00449.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00449.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:32-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Li An Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: An Author-Name: Marc Linderman Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Linderman Author-Name: Jiaguo Qi Author-X-Name-First: Jiaguo Author-X-Name-Last: Qi Author-Name: Ashton Shortridge Author-X-Name-First: Ashton Author-X-Name-Last: Shortridge Author-Name: Jianguo Liu Author-X-Name-First: Jianguo Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Exploring Complexity in a Human–Environment System: An Agent-Based Spatial Model for Multidisciplinary and Multiscale Integration Abstract: Traditional approaches to studying human–environment interactions often ignore individual-level information, do not account for complexities, or fail to integrate cross-scale or cross-discipline data and methods, thus, in many situations, resulting in a great loss in predictive or explanatory power. This article reports on the development, implementation, validation, and results of an agent-based spatial model that addresses such issues. Using data from Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas (China), the model simulates the impact of the growing rural population on the forests and panda habitat. The households in Wolong follow a traditional rural lifestyle, in which fuelwood consumption has been shown to cause panda habitat degradation. By tracking the life history of individual persons and the dynamics of households, this model equips household agents with “knowledge” about themselves, other agents, and the environment and allows individual agents to interact with each other and the environment through their activities in accordance with a set of artificial-intelligence rules. The households and environment coevolve over time and space, resulting in macroscopic human and habitat dynamics. The results from the model may have value for understanding the roles of socioeconomic and demographic factors, for identifying particular areas of special concern, and for conservation policy making. In addition to the specific results of the study, the general approach described here may provide researchers with a useful general framework to capture complex human–environment interactions, to incorporate individual-level information, and to help integrate multidisciplinary research efforts, theories, data, and methods across varying spatial and temporal scales. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 54-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00450.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00450.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:54-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karl W. Butzer Author-X-Name-First: Karl W. Author-X-Name-Last: Butzer Author-Name: David M. Helgren Author-X-Name-First: David M. Author-X-Name-Last: Helgren Title: Livestock, Land Cover, and Environmental History: The Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, 1820–1920 Abstract: For southeastern Australia, arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 raises similar issues in environmental history as the 1492 landing of Columbus in the Americas. But Anglo-Australian settlement is younger and better documented, both in terms of scientific proxy data and historical sources, which include data on stocking rates that generally were light. Environmental concerns were voiced early, and a lively debate continues both among professionals and the lay public, with Australian geographers playing a major academic and applied role. This article addresses environmental degradation often attributed to early pastoralism (and implicit clearance) in the Tablelands of New South Wales. Methods include: (1) comparison of well-reported travel itineraries of 1817–1833 with modern land cover and stream channels; (2) critical reviews of high-resolution pollen profiles and the issues of Aboriginal vs. Anglo-Australian fire ecology; and (3) identification of soil erosion and gullying both before and after Anglo-Australian intrusion. The results indicate that (a) land cover of the Tablelands is little changed since prior to Contact, although some species are less common, while invasive genera of legumes have modified the ground cover; (b) the charcoal trace in pollen profiles prior to Contact supports an ecological impact of regular Aboriginal burning and rare, catastrophic fires; and (c) most stream channels were already entrenched (“gullied”) well before 1840, with repeated cut-and-fill cycles during the late Holocene, but before Contact. Land impairment has not been a major problem on the Tablelands, although the last two centuries have experienced cumulative and complex environmental change. This unexpected empirical picture suggests that, until high-technology intervention, increasing periodicity/magnitude of extreme drought/precipitation events had been the overriding trend in interior New South Wales, perhaps reinforced by burning. There is no support for an apocalyptic model of colonial environmental history. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 80-111 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00451.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00451.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:80-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alton Byers Author-X-Name-First: Alton Author-X-Name-Last: Byers Title: Contemporary Human Impacts on Alpine Ecosystems in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Khumbu, Nepal Abstract: An integrated analysis of landscape change in the alpine zone of Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal, is presented based on the results from five separate research expeditions conducted between 1984 and 2004. Research results indicate that alpine ecosystems (4,000–5,200 m) within the Imja and Gokyo valleys have been significantly impacted during the past twenty to thirty years as a result of poorly controlled tourism. Impacts within the alpine zone include the overharvesting of fragile alpine shrubs and plants for expedition and tourist lodge fuel, overgrazing, accelerated erosion, and uncontrolled lodge building. Evidence suggests that similar scenarios of landscape change in the alpine zone are occurring elsewhere around the Everest massif as the result of adventure tourism. This article stresses that the alpine zone is a comparatively neglected landscape that is in need of greater protection, conservation, and restoration involving integrated, applied research to the clarification of problems, the design of remedial projects, and monitoring of their impacts. “Community-based Conservation and Restoration of the Everest Alpine Zone,” a Sherpa-led project established in May 2004, is provided as an example of how the paper's research results are currently being utilized by local communities. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 112-140 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00452.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00452.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:112-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rhys Jones Author-X-Name-First: Rhys Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Richard Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Title: Unsettling Geographical Horizons: Exploring Premodern and Non-European Imperialism Abstract: A critical genealogy of the emerging subfield of postcolonial geography illustrates how human geography has become historically shortsighted. Postcolonial geography interrogates the significance of imperialism and colonialism for disciplinary and material geographies, though its reference points, like those of most other geographical subfields, have been almost exclusively modern (c.1500–present). The marginalization of premodern imperialism rests upon the argument, or more often the assumption, that the imperialisms of the modern period have been fundamentally different from those of the premodern. We criticize this position by focusing on colonialism—as a specific aspect of imperialism—with reference to social, cultural, and political geographical theory and to wide-ranging empirical material. Regarding the social relations and the politics and scales of colonialism in the premodern and modern periods, there are no a priori grounds for distinguishing between modern and premodern forms of imperialism. We advocate a more historically and geographically inclusive postcolonial geography that will best equip geographers and others to understand and, potentially, to intervene against contemporary forms of imperialism, including those that have survived from the past and also those that have emerged in the context of present-day forces. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 141-161 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00453.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00453.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:141-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Dodge Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Dodge Author-Name: Rob Kitchin Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Kitchin Title: Code and the Transduction of Space Abstract: The effects of software (code) on the spatial formation of everyday life are best understood through a theoretical framework that utilizes the concepts of technicity (the productive power of technology to make things happen) and transduction (the constant making anew of a domain in reiterative and transformative practices). Examples from the lives of three Londoners illustrate that code makes a difference to everyday life because its technicity alternatively modulates space through processes of transduction. Space needs to be theorized as ontogenetic, that is, understood as continually being brought into existence through transductive practices (practices that change the conditions under which space is (re)made). The nature of space transduced by code is detailed and illustrated with respect to domestic living, work, communication, transport, and consumption. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 162-180 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00454.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00454.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:162-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Boyle Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Boyle Title: Sartre's Circular Dialectic and the Empires of Abstract Space: A History of Space and Place in Ballymun, Dublin Abstract: Ballymun in Dublin, one of the most famous of Europe's grandiose housing estates, has had an especially dramatic history since it was first built in 1965. At the heart of the unfolding drama has been a series of conflicts between the spatial imaginations of the state officials and planners who designed, built, and managed the initial estate and who are currently undertaking its wholesale regeneration, and the place-making activities of the local residents who have inhabited, endured, and occasionally sought to reclaim this space. Concerned to prise open some fresh ways of thinking about the hyperextension of “abstract space” into everyday life, this article presents a reconstruction of the history of space and place in Ballymun. In their exploration of the onslaught of abstract space, critical human geographers have drawn upon a wide range of social theorists including Benjamin, De Certeau, Debord, Deluze, Foucault, Giddens, Habermas, Heidegger, Jameson, Weber, and, of course, Henri Lefebvre. Strangely absent from this list, however, has been the work of Jean-Paul Sartre. And yet, contained within Sartre's Critique de la raison dialectique (Critique of Dialectical Reason) resides a tremendously powerful account of the ever-growing occupation, dispossession, and reterritorialization of everyday life by the abstract grids and geometries imprinted on the Earth's surface by capitalism and the capitalist state. It will be the central task of this article to read the history of Ballymun through the lens of Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason, and, in so doing, to rework the Critique so that it speaks to the concerns of contemporary critical human geography. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 181-201 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00455.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00455.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:181-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Gilbert Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Gilbert Title: The Inevitability of Integration? Neoliberal Discourse and the Proposals for a New North American Economic Space after September 11 Abstract: The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 had an immediate impact on Canada–U.S. relations. Whereas security became foremost among U.S. concerns, Canada became preoccupied with ensuring that the newly fortified border would not impede trade. Within days of the attacks, Canadian analysts argued that the only way to guarantee open access to U.S. markets would be to negotiate some form of deeper North American economic integration. Previous proposals for a North American Monetary Union were revived, while new initiatives such as a customs union or a “strategic bargain” also emerged. These schemes were designed to forge a “new economic space” in North America. Business think tanks and interest groups played a central role in pushing forward a platform of deeper integration, but the ideas have also made their way into the policy platforms of the Canadian federal government. This paper draws upon discourse analysis and theories of governmentality to interrogate the rhetoric of inevitability that has underpinned these proposals. The fatalism has been justified by allusions to the shifting North American geopolitical relations in the post-September 11 context and the fear and risk that have prevailed since the terrorist attacks. It also, however, resonates more broadly with neoliberal and globalizing narratives that externalize and naturalize market forces, and, therefore, limit alternative futures. More importantly, the logic and language of inevitability have provided advocates of deeper integration with a strategic manoeuvre to downplay concerns regarding the loss of political sovereignty and the transformations to state-society relationships that would result from the new North American economic space that is being imagined. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 202-222 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00456.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00456.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:202-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Z. Sui Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Sui Title: Foundations of Geographic Information Science Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 223-225 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.457_1.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.457_1.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:223-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rickie Sanders Author-X-Name-First: Rickie Author-X-Name-Last: Sanders Title: Picturing Place: Photography and the Geographical Imagination Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 225-227 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.457_2.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.457_2.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:225-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Keys Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Keys Title: Political Ecology: An Integrative Approach to Geography and Environment-Development Studies Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 227-230 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.457_3.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.457_3.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:227-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julie Cidell Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Cidell Title: Geographies of Power: Placing Scale Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 230-232 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.457_4.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.457_4.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:230-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Sluyter Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Sluyter Title: Is Geography Destiny?: Lessons from Latin America. and Troubled Harvest: Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico, 1880–2002 Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 232-236 Issue: 1 Volume: 95 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.457_5.x File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.457_5.x File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:95:y:2005:i:1:p:232-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Phillip H. Larson Author-X-Name-First: Phillip H. Author-X-Name-Last: Larson Author-Name: Scott B. Kelley Author-X-Name-First: Scott B. Author-X-Name-Last: Kelley Author-Name: Ronald I. Dorn Author-X-Name-First: Ronald I. Author-X-Name-Last: Dorn Author-Name: Yeong Bae Seong Author-X-Name-First: Yeong Bae Author-X-Name-Last: Seong Title: Pace of Landscape Change and Pediment Development in the Northeastern Sonoran Desert, United States Abstract: Pediments of the Sonoran Desert in the United States have intrigued physical geographers and geomorphologists for nearly a century. These gently sloping bedrock landforms are a staple of the desert landscape that millions visit each year. Despite the long-lived scientific curiosity, an understanding of the processes operating on the pediment has remained elusive. In this study we revisit the extensive history of pediment research. We then apply geospatial, field, and laboratory cosmogenic 10Be nuclide dating and back-scattered electron microscopy methods to assess the pace and processes of landscape change on pediment systems abutting the Salt River in Arizona. Our study focuses on the Usery pediments linked to base-level fluctuations (river terraces) of the Salt River. Relict pediment surfaces were reconstructed with dGPS data and kriging methodologies utilized in ArcGIS—based on preserved evidence of ancient pediment surfaces. 10Be ages of Salt River terraces established a chronology of incision events, where calculating the volume between the reconstructed relict pediment and modern surface topography established minimum erosion rates (∼41 mm/ka to ∼415 mm/ka). Pediment area and length appear to have a positive correlation to erosion rate and development of planar pediment surfaces. Field and laboratory observations reveal that pediment systems adjust and stabilize at each Salt River terrace. Relief reduction across the pediment begins with pediment channel incision via headward erosion. Next, tributary drainage capture begins and collapses interfluves. Lateral stream erosion promotes planation where the porosity of decayed granite along channel banks exceeds the bedrock underneath ephemeral channels. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1195-1216 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1201420 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1201420 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1195-1216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephanie E. Zick Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie E. Author-X-Name-Last: Zick Author-Name: Corene J. Matyas Author-X-Name-First: Corene J. Author-X-Name-Last: Matyas Title: A Shape Metric Methodology for Studying the Evolving Geometries of Synoptic-Scale Precipitation Patterns in Tropical Cyclones Abstract: A tropical cyclone (TC) is a cyclonic weather system with compact, centrally organized precipitation. As a TC transitions from a symmetric warm-core cyclone to an extratropical system, or as the TC dissipates, the weather system loses its characteristic central, symmetric qualities. In this article, we demonstrate a shape metric methodology that can be used to assess the overall evolution of and the spatiotemporal positions of significant changes to synoptic-scale precipitation structure. We first illustrate this methodology using three-hourly North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) accumulated precipitation in Hurricane Katrina (2005) and then extend the analysis to all 2004 to 2015 U.S. landfalling TCs. To quantify the shape of the precipitation pattern, we construct a binary image by limiting the search radius to a distance of 600 km from the TC center and applying a minimum threshold based on the 90th percentile of precipitation observed within the search radius. Using the fundamental geographic concept of compactness, we formulate a suite of shape metrics that encompass the characteristic geometries of TCs moving into the midlatitudes: asymmetry, fragmentation, and dispersiveness. As we demonstrate with Hurricane Katrina, a moving Mann–Whitney U test reveals significant shape changes during the TC life cycle. These evolutionary periods correspond to structural changes observed by National Hurricane Center forecasters. Extending the analysis to all 2004 to 2015 storms, we observe increasing (decreasing) compactness in the eastern and central (western) Gulf of Mexico. Dispersiveness increases prior to landfall in most cases; however, asymmetry and fragmentation increase more commonly in western (vs. eastern) Gulf landfalls. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1217-1235 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1206460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1206460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1217-1235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan L. Cutter Author-X-Name-First: Susan L. Author-X-Name-Last: Cutter Author-Name: Kevin D. Ash Author-X-Name-First: Kevin D. Author-X-Name-Last: Ash Author-Name: Christopher T. Emrich Author-X-Name-First: Christopher T. Author-X-Name-Last: Emrich Title: Urban–Rural Differences in Disaster Resilience Abstract: The concept of disaster resilience has gained attention in political spheres and news outlets over the past few years, yet relatively few empirical measures of the concept exist. Furthermore, research into urban resilience has dwarfed our understanding of disaster resilience in rural places. This schism in what is known about the differences between urban and rural places becomes the topic of this article. Employing a suite of spatial and statistical techniques using an established measure of community resilience, the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (BRIC), we focus on two key questions to better explain the resilience divide between urban and rural areas of the United States. Nonparametric rank analysis, analysis of variance, and logistic regression help describe the relationships between rurality and disaster resilience in contrast to resilience in urban areas. Pinpointing the driving factors, or characteristics, of resilience in rural America compared to metropolitan America, accomplished through binary logistic regression, revealed notable distinctions. Resilience in urban areas is primarily driven by economic capital, whereas community capital is the most important driver of disaster resilience in rural areas. Within rural areas there is considerable spatial variability in the components of disaster resilience. This suggests that attempts to enhance resilience cannot be approached using a one-size-fits-most strategy given the variability in the primary drivers of disaster resilience at county scales. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1236-1252 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1194740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1194740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1236-1252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jianfa Shen Author-X-Name-First: Jianfa Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Title: Error Analysis of Regional Migration Modeling Abstract: Much methodological advancement has been made in the modeling and analysis of regional migration. Previous migration modeling, however, has been done in a black box. The overall performance of a migration model is evaluated with the contribution of all explanatory variables, including regional attributes and spatial interaction effects. This research uses a new method to estimate migration modeling errors by their sources. Following the notion of migration spatial structure, the observed or estimated regional migration matrices of a migration system can be described by four factors: the overall effect, the relative emissiveness and the relative attractiveness of specific regions, and the effect of spatial interaction between pairs of regions. By calculating the contributions of migration factors to the modeling error, this article reveals which factors of the migration process can be modeled more or less accurately using the case of regional migration in China for the period between 2005 and 2010. A network spatially filtered Poisson migration model is estimated for China. Error analysis shows that the modeling errors of the constant K, the relative emissiveness, and attractiveness caused weighted absolute mean errors of 1.20 percent, 14.60 percent, and 15.57 percent in migration flows, respectively. The spatial interaction caused the greatest weighted absolute mean error of 31.55 percent in migration flows. Thus, the spatial interaction effect remains the most difficult to model. The findings of this research point to directions to improve migration modeling. More efforts should be made to improve the approach to model the effect of spatial interaction. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1253-1267 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1197767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1197767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1253-1267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mathieu Carrier Author-X-Name-First: Mathieu Author-X-Name-Last: Carrier Author-Name: Philippe Apparicio Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: Apparicio Author-Name: Yan Kestens Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Kestens Author-Name: Anne-Marie Séguin Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Séguin Author-Name: Hien Pham Author-X-Name-First: Hien Author-X-Name-Last: Pham Author-Name: Dan Crouse Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Crouse Author-Name: Jack Siemiatycki Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Siemiatycki Title: Application of a Global Environmental Equity Index in Montreal: Diagnostic and Further Implications Abstract: Urban living environments are known to influence human well-being and health. The literature on environmental equity focuses especially on the distribution of nuisances and resources, which, because of the unequal spatial distribution of different social groups, leads to an increased exposure to risks or to less access to beneficial elements for certain populations. Little work has been done on the multidimensionality of different environmental burdens and the lack of resources in some urban environments. This article has two main objectives. The first objective is to construct an environmental equity index that takes into consideration seven components of the urban environment (traffic-related pollutants, proximity to major roads and highways, vegetation, access to parks, access to supermarkets, and the urban heat island effect). The second objective is to determine whether groups vulnerable to different nuisances—namely, individuals under fifteen years old and the elderly—and those who tend to be located in the most problematic areas according to the environmental justice literature (i.e., visible minorities and low-income populations) are affected by environmental inequities associated with the application of the composite index at the city block level. The results obtained by using four statistical techniques show that, on the Island of Montreal, low-income persons and, to a lesser extent, visible minorities are more frequently located in city blocks close to major roads and with higher concentrations of NO2 and less vegetation. Finally, the environmental equity index is significantly lower in areas with high concentrations of low-income populations in comparison with the wealthiest areas. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1268-1285 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1197766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1197766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1268-1285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leo Kavanagh Author-X-Name-First: Leo Author-X-Name-Last: Kavanagh Author-Name: Duncan Lee Author-X-Name-First: Duncan Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Gwilym Pryce Author-X-Name-First: Gwilym Author-X-Name-Last: Pryce Title: Is Poverty Decentralizing? Quantifying Uncertainty in the Decentralization of Urban Poverty Abstract: In this article we argue that the recent focus on the suburbanization of poverty is problematic because of the ambiguities and inconsistencies in defining suburbia. To improve transparency, replicability, and comparability, we suggest that research on the geographical changes to the distribution of poverty should focus on three questions: (1) How centralized is urban poverty? (2) To what extent is it decentralizing? (3) Is it becoming spatially dispersed? With respect to all three questions, the issue of quantifying uncertainty has been underresearched. The main contribution of the article is to provide a practical and robust solution to the problem of inference based on a Bayesian multivariate conditional autoregressive (CAR) model, made accessible via the R software package CARBayes. Our approach can be applied to spatiotemporally autocorrelated data and can estimate both levels of and change in global relative centralization index (RCI), local RCIs, and dissimilarity indexes. We illustrate our method with an application to Scotland's four largest cities. Our results show that poverty was centralized in 2011 in Glasgow, Dundee, and Aberdeen. Poverty in Edinburgh, however, was decentralized: Nonpoor households tend to live closer to the center than poor ones and increasingly so. We also find evidence of statistically significant reductions in centralization of poverty in all four cities. To test whether this change is associated with poverty becoming more dispersed, we estimate changes to evenness and local decentralization of poverty, revealing complex patterns of change. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1286-1298 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1213156 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1213156 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1286-1298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yulia Grinblat Author-X-Name-First: Yulia Author-X-Name-Last: Grinblat Author-Name: Michael Gilichinsky Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Gilichinsky Author-Name: Itzhak Benenson Author-X-Name-First: Itzhak Author-X-Name-Last: Benenson Title: Cellular Automata Modeling of Land-Use/Land-Cover Dynamics: Questioning the Reliability of Data Sources and Classification Methods Abstract: Based on four time intervals within a forty-year period of observation, we construct land-use/land-cover (LULC) maps and estimate the transition probabilities between six LULC states. The maps and transition probability matrices (TPMs) were built based on the high-resolution aerial photos and 30-m multispectral Landsat images for the same years. We considered the TPM constructed from manual classification of the aerial photos as a reference and compared it to the TPM constructed from the Landsat image classified with several methods: mean-shift segmentation followed by random forest classification and three pixel-based methods popular in cellular automata (CA) studies: K-means, iterative self-organizing data analysis techniques (ISODATA), and maximum likelihood. For each classification method, the TPMs were constructed and compared to the TPMs for the aerial photos. We prove that the goodness-of-fit of maps obtained with the three pixel-based methods was insufficient for estimating the LULC TPM. The LULC maps obtained with the object-based classification fit well to those based on the aerial photos, but the estimates of TPM were yet qualitatively different. This article raises doubts regarding the adequacy of Landsat data and standard classification methods for establishing LULC CA model rules and calls for the careful reexamination of the entire land-use CA framework. We appeal for a new view of the CA modeling methodology: It should be based on a long-term series of carefully validated LULC maps that portray different types of land-use dynamics and land planning systems over long and representative periods of population and economic growth. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1299-1320 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1213154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1213154 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1299-1320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Penghui Jiang Author-X-Name-First: Penghui Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang Author-Name: Qianwen Cheng Author-X-Name-First: Qianwen Author-X-Name-Last: Cheng Author-Name: Yuan Gong Author-X-Name-First: Yuan Author-X-Name-Last: Gong Author-Name: Liyan Wang Author-X-Name-First: Liyan Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Yunqian Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Yunqian Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Liang Cheng Author-X-Name-First: Liang Author-X-Name-Last: Cheng Author-Name: Manchun Li Author-X-Name-First: Manchun Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Jiancheng Lu Author-X-Name-First: Jiancheng Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Yuewei Duan Author-X-Name-First: Yuewei Author-X-Name-Last: Duan Author-Name: Qiuhao Huang Author-X-Name-First: Qiuhao Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Dong Chen Author-X-Name-First: Dong Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Using Urban Development Boundaries to Constrain Uncontrolled Urban Sprawl in China Abstract: Based on constraining the spatial extent of urban expansion, the urban development boundary concept provides guidance on resource constraints and policy development for urban areas and aims to meet the new demands of urban development under the background of a new type of urbanization in China. We applied remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) techniques, along with the slope, land use, exclusion, urban extent, transportation, and hill shade (SLEUTH) model, to identify urban growth boundaries in Changzhou City, China. We then comprehensively considered various land use regulation policies and the carrying capacity of land resources to construct an urban development boundary model. This model was tested using empirical data on the delineation of flexible and rigid urban development boundaries. We argue that China's position as the largest developing country in the world has resulted in significant uncertainties in its socioeconomic development; therefore, the construction of Chinese cities requires both flexible controls and a rigid management structure. The model developed in this study successfully meets the construction needs of China's urban development, particularly as it contains an optimal degree of generalizability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1321-1343 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1198213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1198213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1321-1343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Mason Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Author-Name: Mohamad Khawlie Author-X-Name-First: Mohamad Author-X-Name-Last: Khawlie Title: Fluid Sovereignty: State–Nature Relations in the Hasbani Basin, Southern Lebanon Abstract: The concept of fluid sovereignty denotes configurations of state authority in which flows of living and nonliving things, within and across borders, render insecure claims of unconditional territorial control. Loss of monopoly control of the means of violence within a territory conventionally signals weak political sovereignty. Bordering Israel (including the occupied Golan Heights) and Syria, the Hasbani Basin in southern Lebanon seems to exemplify such sovereign failings: Over decades, rival security providers have provoked political instability and conflict in the region. Fluid sovereignty, however, brings to the fore state–nature relations neglected in scholarship on “fragile” or “failing” states. Informed by geographical work on hybrid sovereignties and vital materialism, we show how sovereign claims over the Hasbani Basin extend to (sub)terranean water sources and rainfall-dependent agricultural lands, both of which are deeply securitized. Incomplete centralization and territorialization by Lebanon of the Hasbani Basin evinces fractured state nature—the inability of the state to realize volumetric control of, and authority over, basin waters. This state nature is coproduced by the fluid materiality of the waters themselves, whose hydroclimatic circulation and contingencies are at odds with territorial designs for volumetric control. For rural communities in the Hasbani Basin economically dependent on access to agricultural water, field research reveals a practical experience of fluid sovereignty, both in adapting to water variability and also in navigating use of agricultural borderlands subject to conflict-related dangers. Recent conflict spillovers from the Syrian war have reinforced, for the majority Druze population, the low legitimacy of Lebanese state nature. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1344-1359 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1213155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1213155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1344-1359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jake Hodder Author-X-Name-First: Jake Author-X-Name-Last: Hodder Title: Toward a Geography of Black Internationalism: Bayard Rustin, Nonviolence, and the Promise of Africa Abstract: This article charts the trip made by civil rights leader Bayard Rustin to West Africa in 1952 and examines the unpublished Africa Program that he subsequently presented to leading U.S. pacifists. I situate Rustin's writings within the burgeoning literature on black internationalism that, despite its clear geographical registers, geographers themselves have as yet made only a modest contribution toward. The article argues that within this literature there remains a tendency to romanticize cross-cultural connections in lieu of critically interrogating their basic, and often competing, claims. I argue that closer attention to the geographies of black internationalism, however, allows us to shape a more diverse and practiced sense of internationalist encounter and exchange. The article reconstructs the multiplicity of Rustin's black internationalist geographies that drew eclectically from a range of pan-African, American, and pacifist traditions. Although each of these was profoundly racialized, each conceptualized race in distinctive ways and thereby had differing understandings of what constituted the international as a geographical arena. By blending these forms of internationalism, Rustin was able to promote a particular model of civil rights that was characteristically internationalist in outlook, nonviolent in principle, and institutional in composition, a model that in selective and uneven ways continues to shape our understanding of the period. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1360-1377 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1203284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1203284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1360-1377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Vitale Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Vitale Title: Cradle of the Creative Class: Reinventing the Figure of the Scientist in Cold War Pittsburgh Abstract: Promoters and critics of the creative-cities script assume that it originated in the late 1990s. In contrast, in this article I argue that the mythology of the creative class and its positive economic and cultural influence on cities began during the early Cold War. In the 1940s and 1950s, regional alliances of business and elites reinvented scientists as powerful figures on which they anchored their efforts to remake the economies and built environments of U.S. cities. To pursue their plans, these alliances described scientists as finicky, objective, and mobile characters who, if satisfied, would contribute disproportionally as citizens of a region. They enrolled scientists as valuable allies who helped craft a narrative in which urban renewal was universally beneficial for an entire region. In this article I examine how members of Pittsburgh's celebrated regional alliance, the Allegheny Conference on Community Development (ACCD), installed scientists at the heart of their effort to transform the industrial region during the early Cold War. This longer history reveals how regional alliances invented the creative-cities script as a means to facilitate elite and business-driven urban redevelopment. From its inception, the script was designed to prioritize the interests of businesses, the wealthy, and the white middle class at the expense of the working class and people of color. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1378-1396 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1199317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1199317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1378-1396 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robina Mohammad Author-X-Name-First: Robina Author-X-Name-Last: Mohammad Author-Name: James D. Sidaway Author-X-Name-First: James D. Author-X-Name-Last: Sidaway Title: Shards and Stages: Migrant Lives, Power, and Space Viewed from Doha, Qatar Abstract: Qatar has been projecting power through a series of spectacles, investments, and interventions. These include the new Doha skyline; ownership of the tallest building in Europe (London's Shard); Al Jazeera media; involvement in the Libyan and Syrian civil wars; and, importantly, hosting global events such as the 2022 soccer World Cup. Qatar also holds 14 percent of all known natural gas reserves and boasts the world's highest per-capita income. Our article relates Qatar's global visibility and presence to processes of power and accumulation in its capital city, Doha. We do this through a focus on migrant workers who, in this highly urbanized state, make up 89 percent of the population. Their lives and labors provide a window on the relationships between different stages of power and accumulation: the spectacle and the work and labor that sustain it. Intersecting geographies of foreign labor and the urban spectacle require scrutiny through sharpened critical and postcolonial lenses on diversity and urban modernity. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1397-1417 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1209402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1209402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1397-1417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julie A. Winkler Author-X-Name-First: Julie A. Author-X-Name-Last: Winkler Title: Embracing Complexity and Uncertainty Abstract: Geographers can meaningfully and uniquely contribute to problem solving and assist vulnerable populations in making informed decisions. Contemporary environmental and social problems are complex and accompanied by uncertainty. Decisions must be made in the face of this uncertainty. In this address, geographers are encouraged to embrace, rather than minimize, complexity and uncertainty in their research and in their interactions with decision makers. Adaptation to climate change is used to illustrate the ubiquitous uncertainty surrounding problem solving and how the choice of assessment framework can overemphasize some sources of uncertainty and ignore others. A challenge is to communicate the information about complexity and uncertainty that decision makers need for robust and flexible decision making but at the same time prevent uncertainty from being equated with a lack of consensus and used as a reason for inaction. Geographers need to be open to a plurality of approaches to decision making and acknowledge uncertainty in their own research. Reframing the communication of uncertainty and the development of novel educational tools and learning materials for decision makers will facilitate decision making. Sustained engagement with decision makers, including the coproduction of knowledge, can also lead to greater consideration of complexity and uncertainty and to improved decision making. Rather than “keeping it simple,” geographers should “keep it complex.” Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1418-1433 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1207973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1207973 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1418-1433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shiran Zhong Author-X-Name-First: Shiran Author-X-Name-Last: Zhong Author-Name: Ling Bian Author-X-Name-First: Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Bian Title: Corrigendum Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1434-1434 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1214430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1214430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1434-1434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Manuscript Reviewers Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1435-1436 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1232122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1232122 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1435-1436 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Annals, Volume 106 Index Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1437-1443 Issue: 6 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1232123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1232123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:6:p:1437-1443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Jayne Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Jayne Author-Name: Sarah Marie Hall Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Title: Urban Assemblages, (In)formality, and Housing in the Global North Abstract: Geographers and urbanists focused on assemblages in the Global South have significantly advanced urban theory, investigating politics, policy, everyday practices of (in)formality—infrastructure, water, sanitation, housing, education, health—how (non)human actors, networks, practices, ideas, and learning constitute urban life. This article outlines new directions for this agenda, presenting research into comparative geographies of Live-in-Guardians—“temporary” living, often in nonresidential buildings, based on licensed tenure—undertaken in London, Dublin, Amsterdam, and New York City that considers water sprinklers, light and air, employment, money, travel, ghosts, family, love, nuns, intimacy, slamming doors, echoes, friendship, aesthetics, leaks, draughts, comfort, sharing, heat and cold, housing markets, consumer culture, and so on. We engage with (non)human assemblages to offer new theoretical and empirical insights into relational politics, legislation, policy, (in)mobilities, (un)comfortable materialities, and more-than-representation, which we argue are key to understanding (in)formal housing in the Global North. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 685-704 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1505481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1505481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:685-704 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francis J. Magilligan Author-X-Name-First: Francis J. Author-X-Name-Last: Magilligan Author-Name: L. Allan James Author-X-Name-First: L. Allan Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Scott A. Lecce Author-X-Name-First: Scott A. Author-X-Name-Last: Lecce Author-Name: James T. Dietrich Author-X-Name-First: James T. Author-X-Name-Last: Dietrich Author-Name: John A. Kupfer Author-X-Name-First: John A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kupfer Title: Geomorphic Responses to Extreme Rainfall, Catastrophic Flooding, and Dam Failures across an Urban to Rural Landscape Abstract: The extreme rainfall of October 2015 in South Carolina generated numerous dam failures and spawned the flood of record at most U.S. Geological Survey stream gauges. Detailed field sampling and systematic image analysis are used to document the immediate and sustained geomorphic adjustments at four failed dams within the urbanized Gills Creek watershed. That urban focus is augmented with a similar analysis at five failed dams in more rural settings where less urban infrastructure exists. We also document the magnitude and type of geomorphic adjustments throughout the Gills Creek watershed unrelated to dam failures. Despite the extreme rainfall and associated flooding, the geomorphic effects were limited and localized, manifesting primarily at dam failures but not progressing significantly downstream, especially along Gills Creek, where the combination of intact dams, frequent urban roughness elements, thick floodplain vegetation, and numerous wetlands explains the lack of significant morphologic adjustments or major deposition. Dam failures in rural settings showed greater overbank deposition but the geomorphic effects were still limited to dam proximal locations because of the thick vegetal cover below the dam. Because these dams in rural and urban settings were constructed to maximize waterfront property, low gradient sites were selected; therefore, the geomorphic effects were unlike planned dam removals where massive headcutting, knickpoint migration, and sediment evacuation tend to occur. The most significant effect of the dam failures was the shift from an initial braided channel to a single thread channel within the emptied reservoirs, which occurred quickly, often within the first few months. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 705-729 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1507814 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1507814 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:705-729 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harvey J. Miller Author-X-Name-First: Harvey J. Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: Young Jaegal Author-X-Name-First: Young Author-X-Name-Last: Jaegal Author-Name: Martin Raubal Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Raubal Title: Measuring the Geometric and Semantic Similarity of Space–Time Prisms Using Temporal Signatures Abstract: Well-established techniques exist for measuring the similarity of space–time paths. These measures support clustering and aggregation of space–time paths as well as moving objects database queries based on similar movement patterns or semantics. Little attention has been paid, however, to the analogous problem of measuring space–time prism (STP) similarity, despite comparable applications. This article presents and evaluates a method for measuring STP similarity through dimensionality reduction that leverages their inherent temporal ordering. The technique sweeps an STP along the time axis and derives one-dimensional temporal signatures based on a measured STP property that captures its geometry or semantics. These temporal signatures can be visualized directly as curves. We can also apply existing space–time path similarity measures to these signatures. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we perform two sets of experiments measuring geometric and semantic similarity among STPs and assess the information within these curves using visualization, Fréchet distances, and clustering techniques. Results suggest that the temporal signature curves capture meaningful similarities and differences among STPs. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 730-753 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1484686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1484686 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:730-753 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brett Christophers Author-X-Name-First: Brett Author-X-Name-Last: Christophers Title: Environmental Beta or How Institutional Investors Think about Climate Change and Fossil Fuel Risk Abstract: It is widely recognized that to limit the long-term extent of global warming and its socioecological consequences, the world must transition over future decades to a low- or zero-carbon economy. Among the many imponderables relating to this eventual transition is the role of the principal owners of the fossil fuel companies that are primarily responsible for global greenhouse gas emissions—namely, institutional financial investors. The investment behavior of these institutions will substantively shape not only the speed and nature of the economy and society’s transition to cleaner energy sources but also the speed and nature of the global financial system’s own parallel transition to a low- or zero-carbon world. In the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007 to 2009, governments and regulators around the world are increasingly concerned that the latter transition might represent a major potential source of future financial instability. These authorities are calling on institutional investors to effect an orderly and measured transition by fully recognizing the climate-related risks of investment in fossil fuel companies and pricing these risks appropriately. Yet they are doing so in the absence of informed, up-to-date, and meaningful knowledge of how the investment community actually thinks about climate change and fossil fuel risk. This article maps out the key lineaments of this thinking on the basis of an extensive program of interviews with global investment institutions. Contra government and regulator hopes and expectations, this thinking indicates that fossil fuel investment is set to be a long-term locus of excess, not minimal, financial market volatility: of environmental beta. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 754-774 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1489213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1489213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:754-774 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rob Kitchin Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Kitchin Title: The Timescape of Smart Cities Abstract: To date, critical examinations of smart cities have largely ignored their temporality. In this article, I consider smart cities from a spatiotemporal perspective, arguing that they produce a new timescape and constitute space–time machines. The first half of the article examines spatiotemporal relations and rhythms, exploring how smart cities are the products of and contribute to space–time compression, create new urban polyrhythms, alter the practices of scheduling, and change the pace and tempos of everyday activities. The second half of the article details how smart cities shape the nature of temporal modalities, considering how they reframe and utilize the relationship among the past, present, and future. The analysis draws from a set of forty-three interviews conducted in Dublin, Ireland, and highlights that much of the power of smart urbanism is derived from how it produces a new timescape, rather than simply reconfiguring spatial relations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 775-790 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1497475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1497475 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:775-790 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen M. Chignell Author-X-Name-First: Stephen M. Author-X-Name-Last: Chignell Author-Name: Melinda J. Laituri Author-X-Name-First: Melinda J. Author-X-Name-Last: Laituri Author-Name: Nicholas E. Young Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas E. Author-X-Name-Last: Young Author-Name: Paul H. Evangelista Author-X-Name-First: Paul H. Author-X-Name-Last: Evangelista Title: Afroalpine Wetlands of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia: Distribution, Dynamics, and Conceptual Flow Model Abstract: The Bale Mountains of Ethiopia contain the largest contiguous area of alpine habitat in Africa. The region provides critical water resources and other essential environmental services to highland communities, endemic wildlife, and millions of downstream people in East Africa. Increasing land use change has created concern over degradation to headwater wetlands and potential impacts on hydrologic regimes. Baseline understanding of wetland dynamics is lacking, however, and little is known about their function in the regional hydrologic system. We used remote sensing, machine learning, and field surveys to map the distribution of Afroalpine wetlands in the Bale Mountains. We developed a wetland typology based on hydrogeomorphic characteristics and a conceptual model of surface-groundwater flow. Our results show that wetland extent more than doubles between wet and dry seasons and that only 4 percent of the Afroalpine zone is saturated year-round. We also found evidence of a hydrologic continuum based on volcanic and glacial legacies, with wetlands at elevations above approximately 3,800 m asl likely to be ephemeral and wetlands at lower elevations tending to be perennial. Further interpretation suggests that local geology is a principal control on wetland distribution and hydrologic attenuation in the Bale Mountains. This lays the foundation for further research into surface–groundwater connectivity, climate change impacts, and conservation planning. Key Words: Afroalpine, Ethiopian highlands, HGM classification, mountain water tower, tropical alpine. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 791-811 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1500439 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1500439 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:791-811 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meifang Li Author-X-Name-First: Meifang Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Xun Shi Author-X-Name-First: Xun Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Author-Name: Xia Li Author-X-Name-First: Xia Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Wenjun Ma Author-X-Name-First: Wenjun Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Author-Name: Jianfeng He Author-X-Name-First: Jianfeng Author-X-Name-Last: He Author-Name: Tao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Tao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Epidemic Forest: A Spatiotemporal Model for Communicable Diseases Abstract: Traditional epidemic models of communicable diseases focus on the temporal dimension. We propose a framework for the epidemic forest approach to spatializing epidemic modeling. An epidemic forest is formed by epidemic trees, each using the tree structure to represent an epidemic starting from a primary case. Each node on the tree represents an individual case, and each link represents a parent–child transmission linkage and can be modeled with the spatiotemporal and other information about the cases. Structural, spatiotemporal, and epidemiological information can be extracted from constructed trees to characterize the epidemic they represent and to correspond to environmental data. When multiple primary cases can be determined, the forest is ready to build. We applied this method to the 2013 dengue fever epidemic in Guangzhou City, China. With the constructed forest, we particularly calculated the case reproduction ratio (Rt), an index widely used for characterizing epidemics, at the global, tree-wise, and pixel-wise scales. We further calculated correlation coefficients between these Rts and climate variables. Rts at different scales, as well as their associations with climate variables, offer information at different levels that is all important in epidemiological studies and disease control practices. Through this study, we explored and demonstrated how to spatialize epidemic modeling, what information can be extracted from this spatialization, and then how to use the extracted information. We also point out that spatialization of Rt is the essential process of mapping a communicable disease, corresponding to the spatialization of incidence or prevalence in mapping a chronic disease. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 812-836 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1511413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1511413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:812-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Archie Davies Author-X-Name-First: Archie Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Title: Unwrapping the OXO Cube: Josué de Castro and the Intellectual History of Metabolism Abstract: The material and intellectual history of geographical concepts matters. So, too, does providing alternative intellectual histories that can help to untangle imperialist threads and open new paths for geographical thought. Anglophone political ecology has relied greatly on the concept of metabolism, drawn from Marx and the German chemist Justus von Liebig. Upon this conception of the relationship between society and nature major edifices of social theory have been erected. Here I both trace the concept’s history to the material flows of imperialism and offer an alternative intellectual history for metabolic critique through the work of Josué de Castro (1908–1973), a Brazilian geographer and nutritionist. I argue that a physiological, anticolonial version of metabolic critique draws attention to how the bodies and flows of (not only) Europe and Europeans and (not only) Latin America and Latin Americans are produced in relation to one another. Emerging work has sought to put forward anticolonial and embodied political ecology: Thinking with Castro can help take these approaches in fruitful directions. Key Words: history of geography, hunger, Josué de Castro, metabolism, political ecology. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 837-856 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1530585 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1530585 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:837-856 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victoria Stephanie Herrmann Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Herrmann Title: Rural Ruins in America’s Climate Change Story: Photojournalism, Perception, and Agency in Shishmaref, Alaska Abstract: This article provides a visual analysis of a set of peopleless photographs taken in 2006 of a falling home erosion in the village of Shishmaref, Alaska, that have been widely circulated in reporting about the relocation of the village due to climate change. It asks whether the visual contract between spectator and absent climate change victim extends beyond an empathetic response to action toward restoring the lost home. The article explores the relationship of contemporary scholarship on postmodern ruination in U.S. Rust Belt cities and the Shishmaref fallen home photograph as a means to analyze the work done by rural ruination. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 857-874 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1525272 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1525272 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:857-874 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Connor Y. H. Wu Author-X-Name-First: Connor Y. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Benjamin F. Zaitchik Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin F. Author-X-Name-Last: Zaitchik Author-Name: Samarth Swarup Author-X-Name-First: Samarth Author-X-Name-Last: Swarup Author-Name: Julia M. Gohlke Author-X-Name-First: Julia M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gohlke Title: Influence of the Spatial Resolution of the Exposure Estimate in Determining the Association between Heat Waves and Adverse Health Outcomes Abstract: Area-level estimates of temperature might lead to exposure misclassification in studies examining associations between heat waves and health outcomes. Our study compared the association between heat waves and preterm birth (PTB) or nonaccidental death (NAD) using exposure metrics at varying levels of spatial resolution: ZIP codes, 12.5 km, and 1 km. Using geocoded residential addresses on birth (1990–2010) and death (1997–2010) records from Alabama, we implemented a time-stratified case–crossover design to examine the association between heat waves and PTB or NAD. ZIP code and 12.5-km heat wave indexes (HIs) were derived using air temperatures from Phase 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS–2). We downscaled NLDAS–2 data, using land surface temperatures from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer product, to estimate fine spatial resolution HIs (1 km). The association between heat waves and PTB or NAD was significant and positive using ZIP code, 12.5-km, and 1-km exposure metrics. Moreover, results show that these three exposure metric analyses produced similar effect estimates. Urban heat islands were evident with the 1-km metric. When analyses were stratified by rurality, we found that associations in urban areas were more positive than those in rural areas. Comparing results of models with a varying spatial resolution of the exposure metric allows for examination of potential bias associated with exposure misclassification. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 875-886 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1511411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1511411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:875-886 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenjia Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Wenjia Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Jean-Claude Thill Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Thill Title: Mesoscale Structures in World City Networks Abstract: This study conceptualizes variant mesoscale structures (e.g., core–periphery, community, flat-world, or hybrid) in world city networks (WCNs) that enable us to understand the grouping features of cities with similar roles and positions, which are defined by distinctive relational patterns between cities as well as groups. A new analytical framework relying on a Bayesian-inference weighted stochastic block model (WSBM) is proposed to infer and compare latent mesoscale structures. This framework is superior to existing city-clustering approaches, which either ex ante postulate a mesoscale structure before clustering (e.g., the community detection method) or ex post explain the roles and positions of cities after clustering based on their similarities in attributes and thus avoid the traps of methodological determinism and territorialism. For substantiating mesoscale structures, we study a WCN of 126 cities, between which the relational strength is measured by the pairwise coreference frequency of cities on massive Internet Web pages collected by a webometrics approach. Modeling results show that the WCN reflected on Web pages has a distinctive multicore–periphery structure mixed with communities. We also develop a likelihood-based estimation to compare alternative mesoscale structures and find that the WCN configuration differs from many geographical imaginaries of globalization, such as a homogenous world, a ranking hierarchy, or a territorialist regional geography. This study asks for more comparative analyses of mesoscale structures in the future research agenda of macroregional or WCN studies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 887-908 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1484684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1484684 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:887-908 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael H. Finewood Author-X-Name-First: Michael H. Author-X-Name-Last: Finewood Author-Name: A. Marissa Matsler Author-X-Name-First: A. Marissa Author-X-Name-Last: Matsler Author-Name: Joshua Zivkovich Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Zivkovich Title: Green Infrastructure and the Hidden Politics of Urban Stormwater Governance in a Postindustrial City Abstract: Infrastructure tells a material story of ongoing challenges in cities, reflecting the diverse, normative desires of different communities. In this article we examine the introduction of green infrastructure technologies into urban infrastructure systems to think critically about these challenges and desires. Green infrastructure is an intentionally designed, multifunctional technology that directly uses or mimics the ecological processes of soils and plants (e.g., green rooftops, rain gardens, and bioswales). Facing budget shortfalls as well as demands to mitigate hazards and green the city, urban leaders are looking at green infrastructure as a facility that can provide diverse cobenefits along with traditional services. A focus on stormwater-based metrics, however—effectively reframing green infrastructure as green stormwater infrastructure—discursively tamps down alternative politics and desires for the city. Through a case study of Pittsburgh’s stormwater governance, we argue that the work to (re)technologize green infrastructure as green stormwater infrastructure is an act of depoliticization that hinders needed conversations about just infrastructure outcomes. We draw on themes from qualitative interviews with community members engaged in urban water governance to suggest that these moments of transition provide an opportunity to illuminate previously obscured infrastructure politics and challenge the forms of knowledge that bind us to conventional routines of urban environmental governance. We see an opportunity to reframe the conversation in a way that opens up opportunities for historically disenfranchised communities to voice their needs beyond the technocratic problem of stormwater management. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 909-925 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1507813 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1507813 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:909-925 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gordon Waitt Author-X-Name-First: Gordon Author-X-Name-Last: Waitt Author-Name: Elaine Stratford Author-X-Name-First: Elaine Author-X-Name-Last: Stratford Author-Name: Theresa Harada Author-X-Name-First: Theresa Author-X-Name-Last: Harada Title: Rethinking the Geographies of Walkability in Small City Centers Abstract: What can be learned from conversations about walkability per se and specific ideas about the embodied geographies of walking? In this article, we work with the idea of a walking assemblage and the related concept of territory to clarify how social and material entities might promote or impede journeys on foot. Our analysis is grounded in ethnographic data collected about everyday walking among twenty-five residents in the center of Wollongong, a small city on the east coast of Australia. In presenting our interpretation, we attend to the embodied geographies of walkability. The concept of territory offers the potential to think about walkability as both performed and enfolded via the emotional and affective forces between and through proximate bodies and objects through processes of reterritorialization and deterritorialization. Although our case study is specific, our conceptual gaze is extensive and has salience for others concerned with walking, with small cities, and with thinking about how best to foster the conditions in which people thrive. We offer theoretical and policy-relevant conclusions that signal the importance of engaging with the nuances of the embodied geographies of walking. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 926-942 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1507815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1507815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:926-942 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tian Lan Author-X-Name-First: Tian Author-X-Name-Last: Lan Author-Name: Zhilin Li Author-X-Name-First: Zhilin Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Hong Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Hong Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Urban Allometric Scaling Beneath Structural Fractality of Road Networks Abstract: Allometry originally referred to the scaling relationship between the size of a body part and the size of the whole body when an organism grows. Gradually, researchers introduced it into urban studies. In existing urban studies, many allometric relations were discovered, especially those between urban population and other (physical or socioeconomic) quantities, such as urban area and gross domestic product (GDP). Recently, geometric fractal dimension (Dg) was used as a complexity measure of road networks and a linear relationship between Dg and urban population was found. The complexity of a road network is related not only to its geometric form, which can be described by Dg, but also to its topological structure, which can be described by structural fractal dimension (Ds). Whether some relations, such as allometric relations, exist between Ds and other urban quantities is vague. This study explores the allometric relations between the Ds of urban road networks and urban quantities in Hong Kong for the period from 1971 to 2011. It is found that Ds has positive allometric relations with population, CO2 emissions, GDP, merchandise imports, and merchandise exports (with scaling exponents of 1.581, 4.298, 11.113, 13.951, and 14.141, respectively) but inverse allometric relations with the areas of arable and agricultural land (with scaling exponents of −2.857 and −1.918, respectively). These findings indicate that Ds not only has allometric relations with urban quantities but also could have different types of relations. These discoveries could form another basis for the study of urban development. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 943-957 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1492898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1492898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:943-957 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amber L. Pearson Author-X-Name-First: Amber L. Author-X-Name-Last: Pearson Author-Name: Amanda Rzotkiewicz Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Rzotkiewicz Author-Name: Jennifer L. Pechal Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer L. Author-X-Name-Last: Pechal Author-Name: Carl J. Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Carl J. Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Author-Name: Heather R. Jordan Author-X-Name-First: Heather R. Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan Author-Name: Adam Zwickle Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Zwickle Author-Name: M. Eric Benbow Author-X-Name-First: M. Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Benbow Title: Initial Evidence of the Relationships between the Human Postmortem Microbiome and Neighborhood Blight and Greening Efforts Abstract: The microbiome is important in human health, yet its connection to the built environment remains understudied. Little is known about the potential influence of neighborhood environments on the bacterial and archaea communities that live in and on the human body, henceforth the microbiome. Thus, we examined relationships between the microbiome and features of the urban environment. To do this, we first quantified neighborhood levels of blight (e.g., abandoned buildings) and green remediation (e.g., tree plantings) using parcel data in Detroit, Michigan, and then compared neighborhood status to the composition and diversity of the human postmortem microbiome. The postmortem microbiome served as a surrogate for biological signatures and lifestyles of living neighborhood residents. We observed significant clustering of microbial composition by neighborhood blight, with significantly higher abundances of potential pathogens associated with unhealthy living conditions. We also observed significant clusters between high and low green remediation for the mouth and eye communities only, with high levels of commensals (or nonharmful bacteria) in green remediation neighborhoods. Microbial biodiversity was significantly and positively correlated with green remediation and negatively correlated with blight. Regression models yielded the largest positive effects of green remediation on microbial richness (rectum) and diversity (nose) for women; the largest negative effects of blight were observed for evenness (eyes) among women and richness and diversity (mouth and nose) among men. These results provide evidence of a relationship between the human microbiome and neighborhood conditions, establishing the foundation for novel research opportunities into the effects of green remediation and urban blight on health. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 958-978 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1519407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1519407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:958-978 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Han Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Han Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Xia Li Author-X-Name-First: Xia Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Xiaoping Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoping Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Yimin Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yimin Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Jinpei Ou Author-X-Name-First: Jinpei Author-X-Name-Last: Ou Author-Name: Ning Niu Author-X-Name-First: Ning Author-X-Name-Last: Niu Author-Name: Yuhao Jin Author-X-Name-First: Yuhao Author-X-Name-Last: Jin Author-Name: Hong Shi Author-X-Name-First: Hong Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Title: Will the Development of a High-Speed Railway Have Impacts on Land Use Patterns in China? Abstract: In the past fifteen years, the high-speed railway (HSR) network in China has experienced unprecedented rapid growth. The development of the HSR has profound impacts in terms of redistributing accessibility in space and affecting the travel behaviors of people. The impacts of HSR development on the land use system have not been well investigated, however, because of the lack of large-scale, high-resolution land use data. Hence, this is the first time that impacts of the construction of the HSR network in China on the land use patterns at the national level are examined using high-resolution satellite land use data. In detail, a difference-in-differences model was used to evaluate the impacts of the HSR network on different landscape metrics in three land use categories: urban land, agricultural land, and natural land. We also compared the differences in land use transformations between HSR and non-HSR cities over three periods: 2005 to 2008, 2008 to 2010, and 2010 to 2013. The analysis yields the following findings: (1) for urban land, the HSR had no universal effect on the absolute size (quantity) of urban land but had a negative effect on the mean patch size (MPS) in matched samples, and regional and network endowments might lead to various effects in different regions; (2) HSR could have a negative effect on the absolute size of agricultural land, especially in the west; and (3) for natural land, patches in HSR cities tended to aggregate and regularize, whereas in non-HSR cities natural land continued to be fragmented and consumed. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 979-1005 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1500438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1500438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:979-1005 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua Wayland Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Wayland Title: Black Sand and the Red Court: Scalar Politics of a Mining Conflict in the Philippines Abstract: This article presents a case study of a dispute over magnetite mining in the Municipality of Gonzaga in the Philippines that culminated in the assassination of the town’s mayor by the New People’s Army (NPA) insurgency. Drawing on the analysis of qualitative data compiled from key informant interviews, survey responses, and document review, it examines the deployment of scalar politics by local politicians, antimining activists, and the NPA during the conflict. Results suggest that failures of resource governance, in conjunction with grievances related to the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of mining, created opportunities for the NPA to forge alliances with local civilian networks and propagate its revolutionary narrative. The findings offer generalizable insights regarding the role of natural resources in shaping vulnerability to, risk of, and opportunity for armed conflict, as well as the mechanisms by which local conflicts can become entangled with broader patterns of civil violence. In particular, it is argued that the multiple overlapping scalar configurations that define extractive industry create unique opportunities for political actors to engage in “scale jumping” to challenge established power structures. Key Words: natural resources and civil conflict, political ecology, scale, scale jumping.本文呈现在菲律宾刚萨加市的磁铁矿採矿冲突之案例研究，该冲突随着该城镇的市长被新人民军（NPA）叛变暗杀后达到高峰。本文对主要的受访者、调查回覆和档案回顾集结而成的质性数据进行分析，以检视地方政治人物、反採矿倡导人士、以及NPA在冲突中运用的尺度政治。研究结果显示，资源治理的失败，加上对採矿的环境及社会经济冲击的不满，为NPA创造了与地方公民网络建立联盟并传播其革命叙事的机会。研究发现提供了有关自然资源在形塑对武装冲突的脆弱性、武装冲突的风险，以及武装冲突的机会的可普遍化之洞见，以及地方冲突能与更广阔的公民暴力模式相互纠结的机制。本文特别主张，定义榨取产业的多重相互交叠的尺度结构，为政治行动者创造了涉入“尺度跳跃”以挑战建置的权力结构之独特契机。关键词：自然资源和公民冲突，政治生态学，尺度，尺度跳跃。Este artículo presenta un estudio de caso relacionado con una disputa sobre la minería de magnetita en la Municipalidad de Gonzaga, en las Filipinas, que culminó en el asesinato del alcalde del pueblo por la insurgencia del Ejército del Nuevo Pueblo (NPA). Co base en el análisis de datos cualitativos compilados de entrevistas con informantes claves, respuestas a estudios y revisión de documentos, el artículo examina el despliegue de políticas escalares durante el conflicto por los políticos locales, los activistas contra la minería y el NPA. Los resultados sugieren que los tropiezos de la gobernanza de los recursos, en conjunción con las quejas relacionadas con los impactos ambientales y socioeconómicos de la minería, crearon oportunidades para el NPA de lograr alianzas con las redes civiles locales y propagar su narrativa revolucionaria. Los hallazgos ofrecen perspicacias generalizables en relación con el papel de los recursos naturales en configurar la vulnerabilidad al conflicto armado, y el riesgo y oportunidad para el mismo, lo mismo que los mecanismos por medio de los cuales los conflictos locales pueden enredarse con los patrones más amplios de la violencia civil. En particular, se arguye que el múltiple solapamiento de las relaciones escalares que definen la industria extractiva crean oportunidades únicas entre los actores políticos de comprometerse en un “salto de escala” para desafiar las estructuras de poder establecidas. Palabras clave: ecología política, escala, recursos naturales y conflicto civil, salto de escala. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1006-1023 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1525271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1525271 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:1006-1023 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael P. Conzen Author-X-Name-First: Michael P. Author-X-Name-Last: Conzen Author-Name: Alexander B. Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Alexander B. Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Title: Marvin W. Mikesell, 1929–2017 Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1024-1032 Issue: 3 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1538284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1538284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:3:p:1024-1032 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke K. Craven Author-X-Name-First: Luke K. Author-X-Name-Last: Craven Title: System Effects: A Hybrid Methodology for Exploring the Determinants of Food In/Security Abstract: Household food insecurity is the product of a wide range of environmental, social, and economic determinants, which themselves interact with and affect one another. On this point, though, much of the existing food security scholarship suffers from a lack of theoretical sophistication and tends to neglect the complex nature of the urban foodscape. This article develops an original systematic mixed method for understanding the determinants of food security, grounded in a new theoretical framework that integrates complex systems theory and the capability approach. Both theory and method have been developed by reference to a comparative empirical study of Afghan migrant communities in Sydney, London, and San Francisco. The efficacy of this (re)theorization and its accompanying system effects method are demonstrated by way of a worked example of their use in the case of the Sydney Afghan community. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1011-1027 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1309965 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1309965 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1011-1027 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael E. Martin Author-X-Name-First: Michael E. Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Nadine Schuurman Author-X-Name-First: Nadine Author-X-Name-Last: Schuurman Title: Area-Based Topic Modeling and Visualization of Social Media for Qualitative GIS Abstract: Qualitative geographic information systems (GIS) has progressed in meaningful ways since early calls for a qualitative GIS in the 1990s. From participatory methods to the invention of the participatory geoweb and finally to geospatial social media sources, the amount of information available to nonquantitative GIScientists has grown tremendously. Recently, researchers have advanced qualitative GIS by taking advantage of new data sources, like Twitter, to illustrate the occurrence of various phenomena in the data set geospatially. At the same time, computer scientists in the field of natural language processing have built increasingly sophisticated methods for digesting and analyzing large text-based data sources. In this article, the authors implement one of these methods, topic modeling, and create a visualization method to illustrate the results in a visually comparative way, directly onto the map canvas. The method is a step toward making the advances in natural language processing available to all GIScientists. The article discusses the ways in which geography plays an important part in understanding the results presented from the model and visualization, including issues of place and space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1028-1039 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1293499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1293499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1028-1039 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xia Li Author-X-Name-First: Xia Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Guangzhao Chen Author-X-Name-First: Guangzhao Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Xiaoping Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoping Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Xun Liang Author-X-Name-First: Xun Author-X-Name-Last: Liang Author-Name: Shaojian Wang Author-X-Name-First: Shaojian Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Yimin Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yimin Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Fengsong Pei Author-X-Name-First: Fengsong Author-X-Name-Last: Pei Author-Name: Xiaocong Xu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaocong Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Title: A New Global Land-Use and Land-Cover Change Product at a 1-km Resolution for 2010 to 2100 Based on Human–Environment Interactions Abstract: Global land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) data are crucial for modeling a wide range of environmental conditions. So far, access to high-resolution LUCC products at a global scale for public use is difficult because of data and technical issues. This article presents a Future Land-Use Simulation (FLUS) system to simulate global LUCC in relation to human–environment interactions, which is built and verified by using remote sensing data. IMAGE has been widely used in environmental studies despite its relatively coarse spatial resolution of 30 arc-min, which is about 55 km at the equator. Recently, an improved model has been developed to simulate global LUCC with a 5-min resolution (about 10 km at the equator). We found that even the 10-km resolution, however, still produced major distortions in land-use patterns, leading urban land areas to be underestimated by 19.77 percent at the global scale and global land change relating to urban growth to be underestimated by 60 to 97 percent, compared with the 1-km resolution model proposed through this article. These distortions occurred because a large percentage of small areas of urban land was merged into other land-use classes. During land-use change simulation, a majority of small urban clusters were also lost using the IMAGE product. Responding to these deficiencies, the 1-km FLUS product developed in this study is able to provide the spatial detail necessary to identify spatial heterogeneous land-use patterns at a global scale. We argue that this new global land-use product has strong potential in radically reducing uncertainty in global environmental modeling. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1040-1059 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1303357 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1303357 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1040-1059 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Narumasa Tsutsumida Author-X-Name-First: Narumasa Author-X-Name-Last: Tsutsumida Author-Name: Paul Harris Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: Alexis Comber Author-X-Name-First: Alexis Author-X-Name-Last: Comber Title: The Application of a Geographically Weighted Principal Component Analysis for Exploring Twenty-three Years of Goat Population Change across Mongolia Abstract: The dzud are extreme weather events in Mongolia of deep snow, severe cold, or other conditions that render forage unavailable or inaccessible, which in turn results in extensive livestock deaths. Mongolia is economically vulnerable to extreme events due to an increase in nonprofessional herders and the livestock population, brought about by a deregularized industry. Thus, it is hugely informative to try to understand the spatial and temporal trends of livestock population change. To this end, annual livestock census data are exploited and a geographically weighted principal component analysis (GWPCA) is applied to goat data recorded from 1990 to 2012 in 341 regions. This application of GWPCA to temporal data is novel and is able to account for both temporal and spatial patterns in goat population change. Furthermore, the GWPCA methodology is extended to simultaneously optimize the number of components to retain and the kernel bandwidth. In doing so, this study not only advances the GWPCA method but provides a useful insight into the spatiotemporal variations of the Mongolian goat population. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1060-1074 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1309968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1309968 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1060-1074 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luis F. Alvarez León Author-X-Name-First: Luis F. Author-X-Name-Last: Alvarez León Author-Name: Colin J. Gleason Author-X-Name-First: Colin J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gleason Title: Production, Property, and the Construction of Remotely Sensed Data Abstract: Remote sensing, particularly satellite imaging, is widely used in scientific, government, and public applications. One of the reasons it is so highly valued is the perception of its fundamental objectivity and neutrality. Yet like all data, satellite imagery is a product of human action. Elements such as specific technologies, strategic priorities, and privileged interpretations influence the availability and applications of remotely sensed data. We therefore argue that careful examination of the epistemological, social, and political dimensions of these data is a crucial, yet relatively underdeveloped task, especially in the scientific literature. We conduct such an examination through the property regimes (or property rights regimes) framework developed by Schlager and Ostrom. Property regimes are the arrangements by which rights over particular goods are allocated, as well as the roles to which these rights are assigned and the rules that regulate this process. This framework is especially useful in revealing the large contextual variation in the production, use, and appropriation of particular goods, in this case remotely sensed data. Understanding remotely sensed data through the property regimes that govern them emphasizes the political and economic dimensions of this valuable resource and reveals its embeddedness in the world it intends to capture from afar. Thus, we show that to have a better grasp on the role of remotely sensed data in science, policy, and society, users must acknowledge the property regimes and other political interventions that are here shown to be indeed fundamental to their construction. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1075-1089 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1293498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1293498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1075-1089 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Gandy Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Gandy Title: Negative Luminescence Abstract: The increasingly pervasive phenomenon of light pollution spans several different fields of concern, including the loss of the night sky, energy wastage, and the effects of artificial light on circadian rhythms and nocturnal ecology. Although the scale of the problem has grown significantly in recent decades, the underlying dynamics remain only partially understood beyond the identification of specific technological pathways such as the rise of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or the capitalist transformation of the nocturnal realm. It is suggested that current approaches to the study of light, including the identification of “urban atmospheres,” the elaboration of existing approaches to urban ecology, or the extension of “smart city” type discourses, do not capture the full complexity of the politics of light under late modernity. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1090-1107 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1308767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1308767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1090-1107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brett Christophers Author-X-Name-First: Brett Author-X-Name-Last: Christophers Title: Climate Change and Financial Instability: Risk Disclosure and the Problematics of Neoliberal Governance Abstract: In recent years, climate change has increasingly come to be seen as one of the principal threats to future global financial stability. This article identifies and critiques the emerging consensus among international financial regulators as to how this threat—the key perceived components of which are also delineated—can best be managed. It shows that the preferred approach mirrors hegemonic postfinancial crisis regulatory practice vis-à-vis financial stability risk more generically: prioritization of market discipline underpinned by risk disclosure. The article characterizes this approach as a quintessentially neoliberal modality of governance. It also argues that insofar as this approach relies on financial market workings and financial institutional behaviors explicitly belied by the financial crisis, it risks precisely the type of “climate Minsky moment” regulators aim to avoid. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1108-1127 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1293502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1293502 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1108-1127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Bailey Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Bailey Title: Spatializing Climate Justice: Justice Claim Making and Carbon Pricing Controversies in Australia Abstract: Recent years have seen significant academic attention to conceptualizing climate justice and how its ideas might be mobilized in political debates on climate policy. This article contributes to these debates by advancing two arguments. The first concerns the need for greater examination of how climate justice coexists and competes with more established political and justice considerations during the negotiation of climate policies. I argue that distinguishing analytically between normative interpretations of climate justice and justice claims made by parties affected by climate change or by mitigation or adaptation policies provides fertile ground for deepening understanding of the multivalent and relational nature of climate justice and confronting challenges to its incorporation into climate responses. The second argument concerns the importance of exploring how proponents and opponents of climate action strive to develop “spatial anchors” for justice claims to increase their legitimacy in policy debates. Based on analysis of carbon pricing controversies in Australia, the article illustrates how supporters of carbon pricing initiatives stressed international justice issues, whereas opponents mobilized multiscalar and multivalent international, national, regional, and local justice narratives to gain traction for their arguments. The article concludes by calling for further investigation of the multivalence of climate justice and of how climate justice might be spatially represented to advance its leverage in political debates on climate policy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1128-1143 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1293497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1293497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1128-1143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua J. Cousins Author-X-Name-First: Joshua J. Author-X-Name-Last: Cousins Title: Structuring Hydrosocial Relations in Urban Water Governance Abstract: This article concentrates on how hydro-social relations are differentially structured across technical experts engaged within diverse and multiple networks of institutional and bureaucratic practice and the implications this has for more inclusive forms of environmental governance and decision-making. I empirically focus on stormwater governance in Chicago and Los Angeles as a means to capture the range of geographical and institutional variations in environmental knowledge. Both cities face considerably different water resource challenges in the United States but are at the forefront of developing comprehensive and progressive urban water governance programs. In the article, I identify four visions of hydrosocial relations: hydro-reformist, hydro-managerial, hydro-rationalist, and hydro-pragmatist. Each of these represents a particular understanding of how hydrosocial relations should proceed. They all align around shared framings of integrated management and the utilization of the best available science and technology to drive decision-making. Consensus, however, masks fundamental differences among the varying groups of expertise. Differences center on the perceived effectiveness of different types of infrastructural interventions, of market and economic incentives, and the role of new institutions and rules to govern stormwater. I argue that each frame looks to structure hydrosocial relations to fit their own vision but consequently offer apolitical strategies that reduce water quality and quantity problems to their technical and hydrological components. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1144-1161 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1293501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1293501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1144-1161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan E. Baxter Author-X-Name-First: Ryan E. Author-X-Name-Last: Baxter Author-Name: Kirby E. Calvert Author-X-Name-First: Kirby E. Author-X-Name-Last: Calvert Title: Estimating Available Abandoned Cropland in the United States: Possibilities for Energy Crop Production Abstract: Abandoned cropland (ACL) is often cited as a land resource on which to produce energy crops while reducing the negative impacts of broad-scale energy crop production; for example, carbon emissions from land-cover change and competition with food production. In contrast to marginal land, which refers to a set of biophysical and economic criteria usually imposed by experts or policymakers, the designation of ACL refers to a land-use decision by a land owner. As such, ACL is argued to be a more appropriate indication of land availability for dedicated energy crop production. Prevailing estimates of ACL in the United States vary widely due to inconsistent treatment of land-use conversions away from cropland and overreliance on remote sensing methods that measure land cover, even though ACL is a category of land use. This article develops and applies a replicable and flexible methodology to estimate available abandoned cropland (AACL) at the county level in the United States, which accounts for conversion of ACL to forest cover, urban development, or permanent pasture. Estimates of AACL are derived for two scenarios: (1) land abandoned between 1978 and 2012, which excludes lands with meaningful forest regrowth, and (2) land abandoned between 2007 and 2012, which corresponds to land-use constraints imposed by the Renewable Fuel Standard. Results show that 15.0 and 4.9 Mha of AACL exist in the United States in the two scenarios, respectively, amounting to between only 3 and 8 percent of total light-duty gasoline consumption in the United States. The policy implications of these findings and the need for future research are discussed. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1162-1178 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1298985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1298985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1162-1178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy Mills Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Title: The Cultural Geopolitics of Ethnic Nationalism: Turkish Urbanism in Occupied Istanbul (1918–1923) Abstract: What are the roles of history and memory in geopolitics? How does urban experience influence geopolitical understandings of one's place in the world? This article brings these questions to a study of how Ottoman Turkish citizens of Istanbul came to link ethnicity with nationalism and to view their Greek Orthodox neighbors as national betrayers. I propose an explicitly cultural geopolitics: an affective, embodied critical geopolitics contextually dependent on experience, encounter, and memory in place. My sources are postwar Ottoman humor gazettes published in Istanbul, the waning capital of the Ottoman Empire, while it was occupied by Allied forces immediately after World War I. The future sovereignty of the city was unknown, and there was no coherent state structure. As normative (and also subversive) popular media, humor gazettes illustrate the reverberation of postwar geopolitics with the lived and remembered processes of urban place. Ethno-nationalist Turkish belonging in Istanbul was a form of urbanism, composed of place-based norms for behavior and a commonly understood cultural geography of the city. Satirical depictions of urban Turkish and Greek encounters during the armistice era betray a Turkish anxiety surrounding territorial and historical claims to the city and also a simultaneous questioning and hardening of the imagined geographies that demarcated Turkish and Greek identities as nationally distinct. This research illuminates the topological and relational dimensions of ethno-nationalist identity formation and the role of urban cultural processes in political belonging in the contemporary Middle East. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1179-1193 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1298433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1298433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1179-1193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Ballatore Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Ballatore Author-Name: Mark Graham Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Author-Name: Shilad Sen Author-X-Name-First: Shilad Author-X-Name-Last: Sen Title: Digital Hegemonies: The Localness of Search Engine Results Abstract: Every day, billions of Internet users rely on search engines to find information about places to make decisions about tourism, shopping, and countless other economic activities. In an opaque process, search engines assemble digital content produced in a variety of locations around the world and make it available to large cohorts of consumers. Although these representations of place are increasingly important and consequential, little is known about their characteristics and possible biases. Analyzing a corpus of Google search results generated for 188 capital cities, this article investigates the geographic dimension of search results, focusing on searches such as “Lagos” and “Rome” on different localized versions of the engine. This study answers these questions: To what degree is this city-related information locally produced and diverse? Which countries are producing their own representations and which are represented by others? Through a new indicator of localness of search results, we identify the factors that contribute to shape this uneven digital geography, combining several development indicators. The development of the publishing industry and scientific production appears as a fairly strong predictor of localness of results. This empirical knowledge will support efforts to curb the digital divide, promoting a more inclusive, democratic information society. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1194-1215 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1308240 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1308240 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1194-1215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu Li Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Pengcheng Li Author-X-Name-First: Pengcheng Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Chengqi Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Chengqi Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Yue Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Long-Term Fine-Grained Sediment Records in a Drainage System in Arid China: A New Perspective from Paleo-Climatological Records and Simulations Abstract: Atmospheric particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10) can adversely affect human health and also has impacts on climate and precipitation. Much research has been done on the transport of human-made fine-grained matter in modern times. It is still unclear, though, what controls the transport process of fine-grained sediment from natural sources on the millennial scale. In this study, we present Holocene basin-wide fine-grained sediment records from the Shiyang River drainage basin system in arid China. Six Holocene sedimentary sequences were collected from various geomorphological units of the drainage system. A total of 1,043 sediment samples were obtained for analysis of fine-grained sediment; fifty-eight radiocarbon dates were acquired for establishing the geochronological frames. In addition, we synthesized the results from transient paleo-climate simulations to understand environmental backgrounds of the Holocene. Our records and simulations indicated that fine-grained sediment 2.5 μm content was relatively stable and less affected by monsoon intensities and circulations. Millennial-scale fine-grained sediment 10 μm content varied according to sedimentary facies, and it was negatively correlated with the winter monsoon intensity at eolian sediments. The fine-grained sediment 10 μm content increases dramatically at lacustrine layers in lake and alluvial sediments from the middle and lower drainage basin, showing its relationship with long-term moisture conditions that are closely related to monsoon precipitation based on climate simulations. This finding contributes to our understanding of the fine-grained matter trends against the backdrop of global warming. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1216-1228 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1304199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1304199 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1216-1228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason C. Senkbeil Author-X-Name-First: Jason C. Author-X-Name-Last: Senkbeil Author-Name: Michelle E. Saunders Author-X-Name-First: Michelle E. Author-X-Name-Last: Saunders Author-Name: Brent Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Brent Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Changes in Summer Weather Type Frequency in Eastern North America Abstract: In this research, the Spatial Synoptic Classification (SSC), a weather type scheme, is used as an alternative method of demonstrating evidence of climate change in the Eastern United States and southern Canada. Changes in frequencies for the seven SSC weather types were assessed for summer trends (May–September) at thirty-eight stations and also at four regions of latitude between 1950 and 2015. Using the SSC, results show significant summer decreases in dry polar (DP) days and transitional (TR) days and significant increases in moist tropical (MT) days. The North region exhibited the greatest breadth of significant results among all weather types. The DP and TR decline was strongest at higher latitudes and weakened approaching the subtropics. The MT gain was strongest across the midlatitudes but statistically significant in all four regions. The four remaining SSC weather types showed more localized statistically significant trends. Results suggest that these trends in weather type frequency are an indicator of summer climate change, with some stations losing over 50 percent of their DP frequency, losing over 40 percent of their TR frequency, and gaining over 30 percent of their MT frequency since 1950. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1229-1245 Issue: 5 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1295839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1295839 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:1229-1245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel J. Weiss Author-X-Name-First: Daniel J. Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss Author-Name: George P. Malanson Author-X-Name-First: George P. Author-X-Name-Last: Malanson Author-Name: Stephen J. Walsh Author-X-Name-First: Stephen J. Author-X-Name-Last: Walsh Title: Multiscale Relationships Between Alpine Treeline Elevation and Hypothesized Environmental Controls in the Western United States Abstract: Multiple environmental factors contribute to the spatial and compositional character and elevational patterns of alpine treeline ecotones (ATEs), and the relative influence of these factors is scale dependent and spatially variable. Frameworks detailing the hierarchical structure of the ATE have been developed to characterize scale dependencies of the pattern and controls of treeline, but this topic has not been studied across a broad range of scales (e.g., from the hillslope to the region). This research directly examines scaling by comparing relationships among treeline elevations and a set of possible controls as geographic extent is varied. The data set used for this research consists of elevational data at the ATE and a set of hypothesized controls for 1,006 sites in twenty-six mountain ranges across the Western United States. The response and predictor variables are quantified from digital data sets using geographic information systems and remote sensing methodologies and then analyzed using a Mantel test framework. Results generally support, and add empirically derived detail to, existing theoretical frameworks, with climatic controls (i.e., variables characterizing temperature and precipitation) having higher correlations with ATE elevation at coarser scales and topographic variables having higher correlations at finer scales. These scale relations support the conceptual hierarchical frameworks that have been proposed, and they are useful guides of covariate selection for future ATE modeling endeavors. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 437-453 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1015096 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1015096 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:437-453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoffrey M. Jacquez Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey M. Author-X-Name-Last: Jacquez Author-Name: Clive E. Sabel Author-X-Name-First: Clive E. Author-X-Name-Last: Sabel Author-Name: Chen Shi Author-X-Name-First: Chen Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Title: Genetic GIScience: Toward a Place-Based Synthesis of the Genome, Exposome, and Behavome Abstract: The exposome, defined as the totality of an individual's exposures over the life course, is a seminal concept in the environmental health sciences. Although inherently geographic, the exposome as yet is unfamiliar to many geographers. This article proposes a place-based synthesis, genetic geographic information science (genetic GIScience), that is founded on the exposome, genome+, and behavome. It provides an improved understanding of human health in relation to biology (the genome+), environmental exposures (the exposome), and their social, societal, and behavioral determinants (the behavome). Genetic GIScience poses three key needs: first, a mathematical foundation for emergent theory; second, process-based models that bridge biological and geographic scales; third, biologically plausible estimates of space–time disease lags. Compartmental models are a possible solution; this article develops two models using pancreatic cancer as an exemplar. The first models carcinogenesis based on the cascade of mutations and cellular changes that lead to metastatic cancer. The second models cancer stages by diagnostic criteria. These provide empirical estimates of the distribution of latencies in cellular states and disease stages, and maps of the burden of yet to be diagnosed disease. This approach links our emerging knowledge of genomics to cancer progression at the cellular level, to individuals and their cancer stage at diagnosis, and to geographic distributions of cancer in extant populations. These methodological developments and exemplar provide the basis for a new synthesis in health geography: genetic GIScience. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 454-472 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1018777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1018777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:454-472 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Greg Oulahen Author-X-Name-First: Greg Author-X-Name-Last: Oulahen Author-Name: Linda Mortsch Author-X-Name-First: Linda Author-X-Name-Last: Mortsch Author-Name: Kathy Tang Author-X-Name-First: Kathy Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Author-Name: Deborah Harford Author-X-Name-First: Deborah Author-X-Name-Last: Harford Title: Unequal Vulnerability to Flood Hazards: “Ground Truthing” a Social Vulnerability Index of Five Municipalities in Metro Vancouver, Canada Abstract: Indexes that measure social vulnerability to hazards have gained acceptance as a research tool that can inform local policymaking. Many indexes, however, are created remotely by researchers without using the input of those working in local policy. If practitioners are involved in creating an index that they find accurate and useful, it is more likely they will incorporate the findings of the index in local policy decisions. This article describes the process of ground truthing a social vulnerability index with practitioners working in five municipalities in Metro Vancouver and how the index was then revised to reflect their input. This process involved presenting an index to focus groups of municipal practitioners for their feedback and conducting a survey of participants that was then used to assign weights to the variables in the index. The study found that practitioners were generally accepting of the research approach to quantifying social vulnerability by place, although they often had specific concerns regarding the methodology and offered suggestions to make the index more reflective of the local context. The process of revising the index illustrates that local practitioner input can be used to create a measure of social vulnerability to hazards that is meaningful to those working in the community. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 473-495 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1012634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1012634 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:473-495 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keith Woodward Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Woodward Author-Name: John Paul Jones Author-X-Name-First: John Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Linda Vigdor Author-X-Name-First: Linda Author-X-Name-Last: Vigdor Author-Name: Sallie A. Marston Author-X-Name-First: Sallie A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marston Author-Name: Harriet Hawkins Author-X-Name-First: Harriet Author-X-Name-Last: Hawkins Author-Name: Deborah P. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Deborah P. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Title: One Sinister Hurricane: Simondon and Collaborative Visualization Abstract: This article offers a theory and methodology for understanding and interpreting collaborations that involve visualization technologies. The collaboration discussed here is technically a geovisualization—an immersive, digital “fulldome” film of Hurricane Katrina developed by the Advanced Visualization Laboratory (AVL) at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, produced in collaboration with atmospheric scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. The project, which brought together AVL's programmers, visualization experts, and artists with NCAR's scientists, required the integration of diverse disciplinary perspectives. In the language of such collaborations, the term renaissance team was coined to capture the collective expertise necessary to produce modern, high-end visualizations of large data sets. In this article, we deploy Simondon's concepts of technical objects and collective individuation to analyze the development of AVL's Katrina simulation. One extended sequence of team member collaboration suggests that technical objects also be treated as “collaborators,” for they have the capacity to transform such collectives through the unique problems they present. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 496-511 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1018788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1018788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:496-511 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Xi Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xi Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Song Gao Author-X-Name-First: Song Author-X-Name-Last: Gao Author-Name: Li Gong Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Gong Author-Name: Chaogui Kang Author-X-Name-First: Chaogui Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Author-Name: Ye Zhi Author-X-Name-First: Ye Author-X-Name-Last: Zhi Author-Name: Guanghua Chi Author-X-Name-First: Guanghua Author-X-Name-Last: Chi Author-Name: Li Shi Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Title: Social Sensing: A New Approach to Understanding Our Socioeconomic Environments Abstract: The emergence of big data brings new opportunities for us to understand our socioeconomic environments. We use the term social sensing for such individual-level big geospatial data and the associated analysis methods. The word sensing suggests two natures of the data. First, they can be viewed as the analogue and complement of remote sensing, as big data can capture well socioeconomic features while conventional remote sensing data do not have such privilege. Second, in social sensing data, each individual plays the role of a sensor. This article conceptually bridges social sensing with remote sensing and points out the major issues when applying social sensing data and associated analytics. We also suggest that social sensing data contain rich information about spatial interactions and place semantics, which go beyond the scope of traditional remote sensing data. In the coming big data era, GIScientists should investigate theories in using social sensing data, such as data representativeness and quality, and develop new tools to deal with social sensing data. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 512-530 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1018773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1018773 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:512-530 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephanie Deitrick Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Deitrick Author-Name: Elizabeth A. Wentz Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Wentz Title: Developing Implicit Uncertainty Visualization Methods Motivated by Theories in Decision Science Abstract: Agreement between public policy decision makers and geographic information systems and visualization researchers about the importance of uncertainty in decision support sits in contrast to a disconnect in approaches to incorporating uncertainty into decision support tools. This disconnect does not arise from how these two groups define uncertainty but instead occurs because they approach uncertainty from different problem perspectives (Miller et al. 2008; Pohl 2011). Public policy decision makers regularly contend with uncertainty based on how proposed policies will affect the future, resulting in a solutions-oriented approach that relates uncertainty of future conditions to policy outcomes. For researchers, uncertainty more often reflects unknowns in data values or modeling processes, such as the difference between a measured or predicted value and the actual value, resulting in a knowledge-production approach that relates uncertainty to the validity and legitimacy of methods, models, and data to produce knowledge. The research presented here contends that this gap between research and practice (Brown and Vari 1992; von Winterfeldt 2013) stems from these differing perspectives. To bridge this gap, we examine decision science theories to explain decision makers’ solutions-oriented approach to uncertainty. Decision science is concerned with understanding and improving how individuals or groups identify problems, make decisions, and learn from the outcomes. We then present a new methodology, implicit uncertainty visualization, that reflects how decision makers contend with uncertainty. Bridging this gap opens up opportunities to develop visualization methods and tools that help decision makers better deal with uncertainty in practice. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 531-551 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1012635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1012635 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:531-551 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Plummer Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Plummer Author-Name: Matthew Tonts Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Tonts Title: Path Dependence and the Evolution of a Patchwork Economy: Evidence from Western Australia, 1981–2008 Abstract: Within economic geography, the use of evolutionary concepts is gaining increasing traction in our understanding of the dynamics of capitalist space economies. There is an emerging literature exploring the nature of the processes driving path dependence on the assumption that such a process actually exists. In contrast, here, we consider the logically prior question of whether path dependence exists and how we might detect it at the regional scale. In the context of the emergence of evolutionary thinking, we consider the efficacy of the notion of path dependence for the analysis of local economic development. Our contribution is both conceptual and methodological, exploring the possibilities and limitations of employing contemporary econometric techniques to identify path dependence. To stress test our empirical model, we ground our analysis in the context of the dynamics of the peripheral resource-dependent and export-oriented economy of Western Australia over the course of the recent resource boom. The case study provides evidence of path dependence, supporting the relevance of evolutionary thinking in economic geography. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 552-566 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1012636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1012636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:552-566 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Ellen Smith Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Another Place Is Possible? Labor Geography, Spatial Dispossession, and Gendered Resistance in Central Appalachia Abstract: The demise of Fordism and inauguration of neoliberal policy regimes may be conceptualized as historical processes of spatial dispossession that diminish and sometimes destroy the collective spaces of working-class life. In central Appalachia, where miners’ militant, unionized brotherhood once influenced the geography of the bituminous coal industry and enabled the growth of active, working-class communities, spatial dispossession is especially stark. Here, neoliberalization of space involves not only the familiar dismantling of public institutions but also corporate enclosures of lands once treated as commons, withdrawal of residents from polluted local ecologies, intentional destruction of union solidarity, and erosion of miners’ heroic masculinity. Historical analysis reveals this dismantling of labor's gendered geography and degradation of working-class environments as mutually interrelated processes. Spatial dispossession is also evoking opposition, however, from reactionary, industry-orchestrated mobilizations to valorize coal in the name of masculinist nationalism, to fragmentary efforts, often led by women, seeking alternative economic and political possibilities. These conflict-ridden dynamics of spatial influence, dispossession, and (re)creation lay bare interrelated coproductions of gender and class, political economy and cultural practice, “nature” and society and thereby point toward a labor geography capable of engaging the contradictory forces that animate working-class life. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 567-582 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.924731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.924731 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:567-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Gentile Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Gentile Title: The Post-Soviet Urban Poor and Where They Live: Khrushchev-Era Blocks, “Bad” Areas, and the Vertical Dimension in Luhansk, Ukraine Abstract: Using a combination of descriptive and multivariate regression methods applied on a sample survey (n = 4,000) conducted in Luhansk, Ukraine, during Fall 2013, this article investigates demographic, socioeconomic, housing-specific, and geographical factors that predict urban poverty in countries undergoing the economic, political, and institutional transition from state socialism to the market with a specific focus on Ukraine. By doing so, it contributes to the literature on poverty under and after transition, which has a strong position within economics, and to the literature on the spatial expressions of poverty after state socialism, which is particularly prominent within geography. Inspired by Amartya Sen's notion that poverty contains an irreducible absolute core, as well as a relative component, this article makes use of a poverty index based on multiple thresholds that reflect the respondents’ capabilities to meet different needs. A fascinating result of this exercise is that poverty under transition is not only predicted by such classical factors as sex, personal and parental education, and socio-occupational status but also by housing-specific details such as location in vertical space and by classical geographical factors such as relative horizontal location and neighborhood prestige. Accordingly, this article responds to recent calls for increased sensitivity toward the third dimension of space in contemporary urbanism, at the same time making a substantial contribution to our hitherto incomplete knowledge of the patterns and sources of urban poverty and inequality in postsocialist transition. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 583-603 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1018783 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1018783 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:583-603 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason Dittmer Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Dittmer Title: Everyday Diplomacy: UKUSA Intelligence Cooperation and Geopolitical Assemblages Abstract: This article offers an alternative to civilizational thinking in geopolitics and international relations predicated on assemblage theory. Building on literature in political geography and elsewhere about everyday practices that produce state effects, this article theorizes the existence of transnational geopolitical assemblages that incorporate foreign policy apparatuses of multiple states. Everyday material and discursive circulations make up these assemblages, serving as conduits of affect that produce an emergent agency. To demonstrate this claim, I outline a genealogy of the UKUSA alliance, an assemblage of intelligence communities in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. I then trace the circulation of materialities and affects—at the scales of individual subjects, technological systems of mediation, and transnational processes of foreign policy formation. In doing so, I offer a bottom-up process of assemblage that produces the emergent phenomena that proponents of civilizational thinking mistakenly attribute to macroscaled factors, such as culture. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 604-619 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1015098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1015098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:604-619 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph S. Wood Author-X-Name-First: Joseph S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Title: Wilbur Zelinsky, 1921–2013: “A Curiosity Too Urgent to Be Throttled”1 Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 620-626 Issue: 3 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1018769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1018769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:3:p:620-626 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tobias Ide Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Ide Author-Name: Amit Tubi Author-X-Name-First: Amit Author-X-Name-Last: Tubi Title: Education and Environmental Peacebuilding: Insights from Three Projects in Israel and Palestine Abstract: Environmental peacebuilding has attracted great scholarly and political interest in recent years, but little knowledge is available on the interface of education and environmental peacebuilding. This void is unfortunate given the importance of education for peacebuilding and the wider “educational turn” in human geography. This study represents the first systematic analysis of the role of education activities in the context of environmental peacebuilding. We establish a theoretical framework and analyze the education activities of three environmental peacebuilding projects in Israel and Palestine based on forty-five interviews conducted between 2010 and 2018. The findings reveal that the projects mostly aim to create trust and understanding but that activities related to an improvement of the environmental situation and to the cultivation of interdependence take place as well. Despite a number of significant problems—primarily the tense political situation and local resistance—the education activities successfully catalyze processes of building everyday or local peace, at least among the participants. An impact of such projects on formal conflict resolution is possible but remains uncertain. The findings also show that environmental cooperation can spill over and that contested processes of depoliticization and neoliberalization can, at least to a certain degree, be utilized to positively affect environmental cooperation, education, and peacebuilding. Key Words: climate change, environment, Middle East, peace, security. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1-17 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1613954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1613954 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:1-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine D. Dearborn Author-X-Name-First: Katherine D. Author-X-Name-Last: Dearborn Author-Name: Ryan K. Danby Author-X-Name-First: Ryan K. Author-X-Name-Last: Danby Title: Spatial Analysis of Forest–Tundra Ecotones Reveals the Influence of Topography and Vegetation on Alpine Treeline Patterns in the Subarctic Abstract: The response of vegetation to recent climate change is a central theme in contemporary biogeography. A tenet of this research is that forests will advance upslope and northward as climate warms, replacing tundra communities. There has been considerable variation, however, in the pace and extent of recent change, particularly in alpine regions. The objectives of this study were to determine how and why tree spatial patterns vary across different topographic features, and to use spatial patterns to infer the mechanisms governing treeline dynamics in an alpine region of subarctic Canada. We mapped trees across different elevations, slope aspects, and slope angles in two QuickBird satellite images, and in field plots established within the bounds of each image. We then quantified the degree of clustering among trees using Ripley’s K(t) statistic. We also classified each image into vegetation classes and used class-level landscape metrics to quantify the degree of treeline abruptness in different topographic settings. We found that clustering of stems was more common on south than north aspects, likely due to the high occurrence of overwinter damage on the former. Treelines were also more abrupt on south aspects, likely because high tall shrub abundance on these slopes inhibits tree seedling establishment. We conclude that the spatial patterns of subarctic alpine treelines are strongly influenced by both physical and biological factors that vary strongly with slope aspect. The response of treelines to future climate change will likely be highly variable at the landscape scale, despite experiencing similar climatic conditions. Key Words: forest–tundra ecotone, FragStats, landscape metrics, QuickBird, spatial pattern analysis, Yukon. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 18-35 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1616530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1616530 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:18-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David S. Rickless Author-X-Name-First: David S. Author-X-Name-Last: Rickless Author-Name: Xiaobai A. Yao Author-X-Name-First: Xiaobai A. Author-X-Name-Last: Yao Author-Name: Brian Orland Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Orland Author-Name: Meredith Welch-Devine Author-X-Name-First: Meredith Author-X-Name-Last: Welch-Devine Title: Assessing Social Vulnerability through a Local Lens: An Integrated Geovisual Approach Abstract: Vulnerability and resilience of coastal communities is increasingly important in the face of sea level rise and severe storms. Situated at the nexus of geographic information systems (GIS) and natural hazard vulnerability, this study compares and integrates a GIS-based approach that produces social vulnerability indexes from census data and a human subject survey-based approach that learns local perceptions of coastal hazards in the aftermath of Hurricanes Matthew and Irma. It applies statistical and geovisual analyses of data from both approaches. We find significant variations in perceptions across the vulnerability spectrum and relate these differences to theories of expert and nonexpert knowledge. It is believed that both sets of results are useful and revealing from different perspectives, although each has its own weaknesses. Integration of both can provide a fuller picture of social vulnerability. To this end, the study demonstrates several geovisualization methods for integration. Key Words: coastal resilience, critical GIS, geovisualization, mixed methods, social vulnerability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 36-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1625750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1625750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:36-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Po-Yi Hung Author-X-Name-First: Po-Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Hung Title: Placing Green Energy in the Sea: Offshore Wind Farms, Dolphins, Oysters, and the Territorial Politics of the Intertidal Zone in Taiwan Abstract: The development of offshore wind farms has been a way for the state to repackage national development projects using green energy discourses. In Taiwan, where the further development of nuclear power is suspended due to public antinuclear sentiment, offshore wind farms have been heavily promoted as a way of meeting electricity demand. The planned site for offshore wind farms, mainly the intertidal zone along the coast of Changhua County, overlaps with both oyster farms and the habitat of Taiwanese humpbacked dolphins, categorized as a critically endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. This has resulted in a clash between conserving the oyster farming landscape, protecting an endangered species, and developing green energy. Facing this dilemma, pro–wind farm discourses that highlight concerns about global climate change have gradually supplanted those stressing the welfare of oysters and dolphins, even though the latter have been used successfully as local icons by movements opposing previous development projects on the intertidal zone. This article reconsiders the politics of territorialization implied by the “green” label affixed to offshore wind farm projects and other forms of green energy in general. As such, the meaning of offshore wind farms, as a newly discovered energy resource, is intertwined with the changing meanings of both dolphins and oyster farms, as rival nonhuman objects of resource exploitation and natural conservation. The territorialization of such resources in the emerging discursive space of green energy has proceeded via relational placemaking with nonlinear connections among multiple human and nonhuman elements. Key Words: conservation, intertidal zone, landscape, renewable resources, resource frontier. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 56-77 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1625749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1625749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:56-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steven Gregory Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Gregory Title: Making the “American Acropolis”: On Verticality, Social Hierarchy, and the Obduracy of Manhattan Schist Abstract: This article examines the development of the American Acropolis, a constellation of religious, cultural, and educational institutions in Morningside Heights, New York City. I argue that, beginning in the 1880s, the elites governing these institutions took advantage of geography—specifically, the area’s elevation as a plateau—and their control over the built environment to achieve vertical secession, physically and symbolically, from nearby working-class communities and their associated industries. Over the longue durée, these elites viewed social secession to be conducive to, if not the necessary condition for, cultivating the arts of civilization. I examine the ensuing politics of verticality that accompanied this secession, pitting the institutions of the Acropolis against sectors of the real estate industry, railroad companies, and the ethnically and racially marked populations of neighboring working-class communities. Key Words: American Acropolis, materiality, Morningside Heights, politics of verticality, social hierarchy, social secession. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 78-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1625746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1625746 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:78-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeong-Sik Oh Author-X-Name-First: Jeong-Sik Author-X-Name-Last: Oh Author-Name: Yeong Bae Seong Author-X-Name-First: Yeong Bae Author-X-Name-Last: Seong Author-Name: Phillip H. Larson Author-X-Name-First: Phillip H. Author-X-Name-Last: Larson Author-Name: Seong-Chan Hong Author-X-Name-First: Seong-Chan Author-X-Name-Last: Hong Author-Name: Byung Yong Yu Author-X-Name-First: Byung Yong Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Title: Asymmetric Hillslope Retreat Revealed from Talus Flatirons on Rock Peak, San Tan Mountains, Arizona, United States: Assessing Caprock Lithology Control on Landscape Evolution Abstract: Talus flatirons (TFs) are morphostratigraphic markers of prior talus deposition that are now disconnected from the active hillslope. Three generations of TFs (TF1, TF2, TF3) exist flanking a Sonoran Desert inselberg, Rock Peak, in a welded tuff caprocks-controlled landscape bounded by pediments. TFs at Rock Peak enable estimation of slope retreat rates through the application of cosmogenic 10Be, optically stimulated luminescence dating, and catchment-wide denudation rates (CWDR). We estimate disconnection of TF1 on Rock Peak at 88.9 ± 7.8 ka (northern slope) and 29.1 ± 2.5 ka (southern slope). Rates of hillslope retreat measure between 311.6 mm·ka−1 (northern slope) and 728.5 mm·ka−1 (southern slope). Asymmetry in retreat rates is consistent with CWDR, with southern slopes denuding ∼1.5 times faster. The asymmetry is interpreted as the result of the southward structural dip of strata present (>10°). Denudation rates on the summit of Rock Peak (54.3 ± 19.4 mm·ka−1 welded tuff; 111.2 ± 15.3 mm·ka−1 sandstone conglomerate) support interpretation that removal of welded tuff caprock accelerates denudation of this landscape and amplifies the impact of the structural dip. Given this, we interpret that Rock Peak will evolve into a rounded residual hill as pediments flanking the inselberg lengthen through time, similar to landforms observed in the surrounding landscape where the welded tuff and underlying sedimentary caprocks are no longer present. Using the range of slope retreat rates from Rock Peak, we provide a first estimate for the length of time necessary for pediments to form via hillslope retreat in the Sonoran Desert. Key Words: caprock, landscape evolution, pediment association, talus flatiron, 10Be exposure dating. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 98-119 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1624421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1624421 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:98-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel J. Spiegel Author-X-Name-First: Samuel J. Author-X-Name-Last: Spiegel Title: Visual Storytelling and Socioenvironmental Change: Images, Photographic Encounters, and Knowledge Construction in Resource Frontiers Abstract: Practices of visually representing places of resource extraction and land degradation can be deeply contentious, embedded in a wide variety of values, ethics, goals, and relations. Photographs are pervasively used to generate narratives about environmental change, particular social groups, and places. Yet, the sociocultural processes and power relations at play in producing “visual knowledge” and interpreting images often remain underexplored, with limited attention to how photographs and visual storytelling are engaged to (re)orient discussions about change. Challenging ways of seeing, this article discusses relational practices around photography and the narrating, experiencing, and circulating of images. It explores experiences with photovoice—a methodology aimed at realigning the dynamics of who decides what photos matter, how, why, and with what implications, sometimes pitched as a way to “decolonize” research. The study examines interactions in a village in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, where women shared visual stories to express challenges they face in relation to deforestation and other landscape changes, depleted gold deposits, limited livelihood options, and other themes, conveying place histories and ideas about home, identity, governance, and community. Reflecting on intergenerational dialogues and anxieties about the future, the analysis considers photovoice processes in refracting everyday struggles, arguing for feminist epistemologies that carefully attend to the situated ethics and contingent performative powers of visual storytelling where multiple forms of resource extraction powerfully shape community life. The article calls for greater focus on women’s place-based storytelling and its communicative power, highlighting the significance of positionality when studying socioecological visualization, affect, and change. Key Words: feminist visualization, Indonesia, participatory visual methods, photovoice, resource extraction. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 120-144 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1613953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1613953 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:120-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Festus Boamah Author-X-Name-First: Festus Author-X-Name-Last: Boamah Title: Emerging Low-Carbon Energy Landscapes and Energy Innovation Dilemmas in the Kenyan Periphery Abstract: Interest in electrical grid access is high throughout Kenya and yet parastatals continually use location and proximity concepts to define the periphery as spaces ineligible for electrical grids due to dispersed and low electricity demand. Even the ongoing spatial expansion of electrical infrastructures to achieve universal electricity access (Vision 2020) and nation-wide economic transformation (Vision 2030) agenda favor peripheral locations only where electricity demand is considered adequate and residents live within the required 600-m radius from existing transformers. Uncertainties surrounding future grid extensions, unreliable electricity supply, and strong sociocultural attachments to homelands are the driving forces behind the uptake of decentralized solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in the periphery to gain energy autonomy by means of self-generating electricity in homes. Most households, at least based on the sample, frequently performed very important social practices according to energy services provided by decentralized systems and could perform energy-intensive practices only occasionally. Solar PV system uptake, however, grants users only a partial energy autonomy because it engenders rather precautionary energy practices, thereby obstructing certain social practices, not excluding home-based microbusiness activities. The solar PV transition potentially obstructs the state’s socioeconomic transformation visions, undermines the monopolistic agenda of parastatals, restricts practices in households and expectations placed on energy infrastructure, and fortuitously creates low-carbon energy solutions in specific spaces. The placemaking processes create low-carbon energy landscapes in the periphery but are inextricably bundled with tensions and conundrums in energy systems—henceforth called energy innovation dilemmas—subject to spatial (re-)organization of electrical grids and societal energy visions. In this article, I hypothesize geographical energy futures in Kenya and emphasize academic contributions realized by employing relational perspectives of energy, practices, and space in energy transition studies in settings characterized by structural uncertainties and constantly changing energy systems. Key Words: energy geographies, Kenya, social practices, solar PV systems, space production. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 145-165 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1629869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1629869 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:145-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eva Thulin Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Thulin Author-Name: Bertil Vilhelmson Author-X-Name-First: Bertil Author-X-Name-Last: Vilhelmson Author-Name: Tim Schwanen Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Schwanen Title: Absent Friends? Smartphones, Mediated Presence, and the Recoupling of Online Social Contact in Everyday Life Abstract: This article contributes to the geographical understanding of how mobile online presence enabled by smartphones transforms human spatial practices; that is, people’s everyday routines and experiences in time and space. Contrasting a mainstream discourse concentrating on the autonomy and flexibility of ubiquitous (anywhere, anytime) use of social media, we examine new and mounting constraints on user agency. Building on time-geographic theory, we advance novel insights into the virtualities of young people’s social lives and how they are materialized in the physical world. Critically, we rework the classical time-geographic conceptions of bundling, constraints, rhythms, and pockets of local order; draw on the emerging literature on smartphone usage; and use illustrative examples from interviews with young people. We suggest a set of general and profound changes in everyday life and sociality due to pervasive and perpetual mediated presence of friends: (1) the emergence of new coupling constraints and the recoupling of social interaction; (2) the changing rhythms of social interaction due to mediated bundles of sociality becoming more frequent and insistent; (3) the shifting nature of the streaming background of online contacts, which are becoming more active, intervening in, and intruding on ongoing foreground activities of everyday life; and (4) the reordering of foreground activity as well as colocated and mediated presences, centering on processes of interweaving, congestion and ambivalence, and colocated absence. Key Words: intervening background, local and mediated pockets of order, online copresence, rhythm, spatial practice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 166-183 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1629868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1629868 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:166-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen J. Tulowiecki Author-X-Name-First: Stephen J. Author-X-Name-Last: Tulowiecki Author-Name: David Robertson Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson Author-Name: Chris P. S. Larsen Author-X-Name-First: Chris P. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen Title: Oak Savannas in Western New York State, Circa 1795: Synthesizing Predictive Spatial Models and Historical Accounts to Understand Environmental and Native American Influences Abstract: This study models and maps oak savanna distribution ca. 1795 and determines how environmental conditions and Native American land use (NALU) shaped its distribution. Historical research has analyzed early landscape accounts to assess how Native Americans modified forests throughout the eastern United States. Predictive spatial modeling has sought to quantify anthropogenic and environmental drivers of forest conditions and to predict locations where NALU changed forest composition. Yet, studies have not rigorously synthesized these two methods. This research focused on oak savannas in western New York State (27,617 km2). We trained models of oak savanna distribution from historic vegetation data in relation to environmental predictors and NALU proxies. We then mapped historical accounts of oak savannas and NALU at European-American arrival and compared them to model predictions. Results suggest that 2 to 17 percent (depending on modeling technique) of the study area contained oak savanna, with a favored estimate of 3 to 6 percent. Synthesis of models and accounts suggests that oak savannas were attributable to NALU and dry environmental conditions but that NALU (specifically burning) was present at most oak savanna locations. Models of oak savanna distribution that considered proximity to Native American settlement had higher predictive performance and better predicted locations of historical oak savanna accounts, including those with descriptions of Native American burning. This study suggests that former oak savannas in the study area can be largely attributed to NALU. Furthermore, this study’s methodology and results contribute to a larger body of geographical literature on savanna landscapes. Key Words: anthropogenic burning, forests, modeling, Native Americans, oak savanna. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 184-204 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1629871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1629871 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:184-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Saxon Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Saxon Author-Name: Daniel Snow Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Snow Title: A Rational Agent Model for the Spatial Accessibility of Primary Health Care Abstract: Accurate modeling of the spatial accessibility of health care is critical to measuring and responding to physician shortages. We develop a new model in which patients choose the primary care location that minimizes their combined accessibility and availability costs. This model offers several advantages with respect to existing access frameworks. It incorporates feedback between patient decisions and endogenizes the trade-off between travel times and congestion at the point of care. It allows for patients to seek care from their home or workplace and can account for multiple travel modes. Our open-sourced implementation scales efficiently to large areas and fine spatial granularity. Using distributed computing, we calculate travel times for this model at the census tract level for the entire United States, and we also make this resource available. We compare the results to those from existing primary care access models. Key Words: floating catchment areas, primary health care, rational agent models, spatial accessibility. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 205-222 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1629870 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1629870 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:205-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Y. Lo Author-X-Name-First: Alex Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Lo Author-Name: Shuwen Liu Author-X-Name-First: Shuwen Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Lewis T. O. Cheung Author-X-Name-First: Lewis T. O. Author-X-Name-Last: Cheung Author-Name: Faith K. S. Chan Author-X-Name-First: Faith K. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Chan Title: Contested Transformations: Sustainable Economic Development and Capacity for Adapting to Climate Change Abstract: Sustainable economic development could reduce vulnerability and enhance capacity to adapt to climate change. Paradigm-shifting developments, however, can be highly contested and produce diverse outcomes. New insights are needed as to how tensions and uncertainties emerging from these developments shape adaptive capacity. This article investigates the extent to which a sustainable pathway for economic development offers a systemic fix for increasing this capacity through overcoming general vulnerability. It presents an analytical framework based on a multistage project that involved a transforming fishing town in South China being turned into a popular tourist destination. We argue that a given package of prodevelopment policies and strategies might result in multiple forms of adjustments and transformations, each reflecting a different facet of the nexus between economic development and adaptation. This study shows a mixed picture. Adaptive capacity is increasing, due to the decreasing resource dependency and new hazard management initiatives, yet local economies and demographic regimes are experiencing substantial restructuring. These transformations threaten to increase the opportunity cost of climate-resilient land uses and destabilize some of the social conditions underlying existing adaptive capacities. Heightened tensions concerning what to sustain and what is vulnerable marginalize long-term considerations. This article concludes that although development is directed toward a sustainable path, the politicized and side-tracking process of transformation could reinforce vulnerability. Key Words: climate change adaptation, economic transition, social capital, sustainable development, tourism, vulnerability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 223-241 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1625748 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1625748 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:223-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rosanna G. Rivero Author-X-Name-First: Rosanna G. Author-X-Name-Last: Rivero Author-Name: Betty J. Grizzle Author-X-Name-First: Betty J. Author-X-Name-Last: Grizzle Author-Name: Mehrnoosh Mahmoudi Author-X-Name-First: Mehrnoosh Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmoudi Author-Name: Christopher McVoy Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: McVoy Author-Name: G. Melodie Naja Author-X-Name-First: G. Melodie Author-X-Name-Last: Naja Author-Name: Thomas Van Lent Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Van Lent Title: A Historical Perspective on Water Levels and Storage Capacity of Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Pre- and Early Drainage Periods Abstract: Evaluating the water storage function of Lake Okeechobee can provide important insight into understanding the lake’s historical role in attenuating the magnitude and timing of flows (particularly during the wet season) in the Greater Everglades region. This article investigates the predrainage and early postdrainage spatial extent, lake stages, and changes to plant communities. Two periods of time were assessed: predrainage (prior to 1880) and early postdrainage (1880–1945). Analyses were conducted by integrating written historical accounts, lake stages, and hydrographs with a geospatial analysis derived from nautical charts and other historical maps from additional points in time (1913 and 1926). Results indicate that predrainage lake stages were much higher than the current water management regime, but the spatial extent of the lake open water is relatively unchanged. We estimated a reduction in storage volume of Lake Okeechobee from 6,922 million m3 to 4,347 million m3 during the early postdrainage period (1880–1945) at high lake stages. This represents a loss in volume of 2,575 million m3 at a high lake level and of 3,016 million m3 at a low lake level. The loss in storage volume has changed the historical flow patterns from the Lake Okeechobee region with consequences to downstream watersheds. Key Words: bathymetry, environmental history, Everglades, geographic information systems, shoreline. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 242-258 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1625745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1625745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:242-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ting Li Author-X-Name-First: Ting Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yizhao Gao Author-X-Name-First: Yizhao Author-X-Name-Last: Gao Author-Name: Shaowen Wang Author-X-Name-First: Shaowen Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: ESCIP: An Expansion-Based Spatial Clustering Method for Inhomogeneous Point Processes Abstract: Detecting irregularly shaped spatial clusters within heterogeneous point processes is challenging because the number of potential clusters with different sizes and shapes can be enormous. This research develops a novel method, expansion-based spatial clustering for inhomogeneous point processes (ESCIP), for detecting spatial clusters of any shape within a heterogeneous point process in the context of analyzing spatial big data. Statistical testing is used to find core points—points with neighboring areas that have significantly more cases than the expectation—and an expansion approach is developed to find irregularly shaped clusters by connecting nearby core points. Instead of employing a brute-force search for all potential clusters, as done in the spatial scan statistics, this approach only requires testing a small neighboring area for each potential core point. Moreover, spatial indexing is leveraged to speed up the search for nearby points and the expansion of clusters. The proposed method is implemented with Poisson and Bernoulli models and evaluated for large spatial data sets. Experimental results show that ESCIP can detect irregularly shaped spatial clusters from millions of points with high efficiency. It is also demonstrated that the method outperforms the spatial scan statistics on the flexibility of cluster shapes and computational performance. Furthermore, ESCIP ensures that every subset of a detected cluster is statistically significant and contiguous. Key Words: cyberGIS, spatial algorithm, spatial analysis, spatial clustering. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 259-276 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1625747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1625747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:259-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annah Lake Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Annah Lake Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Title: China’s Rosewood Boom: A Cultural Fix to Capital Overaccumulation Abstract: Rosewood has become the world’s most trafficked group of endangered species, with global seizure values surpassing that of ivory, rhino horn, and big cats combined. This is almost entirely attributable to growth in demand from China over the past two decades. Since 2000, classical rosewood furniture that dates back to the Ming Dynasty has been revived as a hot cultural commodity. This article explores China’s recent rosewood renaissance, which has brought annual market sales up to nearly $26 billion. In contrast to accounts that attribute Chinese demand for endangered species to the conspicuous consumption of a rising elite, I focus on the speculative aspect of the demand. I argue that China’s rosewood boom is largely the result of speculative investment that functions as a “cultural fix” to the country’s growing problem of capital overaccumulation. As with Harvey’s spatial fix, a cultural fix pioneers new productive outlets for the accumulation of surplus value. Unlike Harvey’s spatial fix, however, a cultural fix seeks these new productive outlets in cultural realms—specifically, through the mutual convertibility of cultural and economic capital, as defined by Bourdieu. Given the oversaturation of more conventional investment avenues, Chinese investors have increasingly turned to rosewood and other culturally important endangered resources, such as ivory, rhino horn, and tiger parts, as a new outlet for the accumulation of surplus value. More than conspicuous consumption, China’s rosewood boom is the result of rampant financial speculation resulting from a cultural fix. Key Words: China, cultural capital, endangered species, overaccumulation, spatial fix. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 277-296 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1613955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1613955 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:277-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michelle Ann Miller Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: Carl Middleton Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Middleton Author-Name: Jonathan Rigg Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Rigg Author-Name: David Taylor Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Hybrid Governance of Transboundary Commons: Insights from Southeast Asia Abstract: This article examines how hybrid environmental governance produces, maintains, and reconfigures common property across transboundary geographies of resource access, use, and ownership. Transboundary commons are a category of environmental goods that traverse jurisdictions and property regimes within as well as between nation-states. They are forged through collaborative partnerships between spatially dispersed state, private-sector, and societal institutions and actors. This article disaggregates these transboundary commoning arrangements into two geographically discrete yet conceptually intertwined categories of governance: mobile commons and in situ commons. We ground our enquiry in Southeast Asia, a resource-rich region where diverse formal and informal practices of resource organization blur the boundaries of environmental governance. Whereas environmental commons are often analyzed in terms of resource rights and entitlements, this article argues that a focus on power relations offers a more productive analytical lens through which to understand the dynamic and networked ways in which transboundary common property is continually being (re)made through processes of hybrid governance in response to changing ecological systems and shifting social realities. Key Words: ASEAN, common property, cross-border governance, environmental commons, hybrid governance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 297-313 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1624148 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1624148 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:297-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kimberly E. Klockow-McClain Author-X-Name-First: Kimberly E. Author-X-Name-Last: Klockow-McClain Author-Name: Renee A. McPherson Author-X-Name-First: Renee A. Author-X-Name-Last: McPherson Author-Name: Rick P. Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Rick P. Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Title: Cartographic Design for Improved Decision Making: Trade-Offs in Uncertainty Visualization for Tornado Threats Abstract: At present, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is developing new technologies that could offer explicit estimates of the probability that a thunderstorm could produce a tornado up to an hour ahead of the event. Such technologies could radically alter how risk spaces are represented and understood by those who must decide whether or not to take protective action. In addition, there are relatively few studies that examine mapped representations of uncertainty in weather information or the influence of this uncertainty information in weather hazard decision making. To address these gaps, this study presents research subjects with a variety of representations of uncertainty based on the precepts of cartography and information visualization. We propose and test for the existence of three geospatial framing effects that potentially influence subjective estimates of risk: distance from a hazard, warning boundary inclusion or exclusion, and symbolic color coding of uncertainty information. Using a series of computer-aided geographic experiments with a large sample (N = 5,564) of the U.S. population, we find evidence for the existence of each of the three proposed geospatial framing effects. Two of these framings are controlled by the mapmaker—in this case, the weather forecaster—and thus should be considered during the development stages of new products. We discuss the practical implications of the experimental study for current and future tornado warning practices. Key Words: cartography, risk, tornado, uncertainty, visualization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 314-333 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1602467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1602467 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:314-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 334-334 Issue: 1 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1642026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1642026 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:1:p:334-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Blanton Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Blanton Author-Name: W. Andrew Marcus Author-X-Name-First: W. Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Marcus Title: Roads, Railroads, and Floodplain Fragmentation Due to Transportation Infrastructure Along Rivers Abstract: River floodplains comprise about 7 percent of the land area of the United States and are areas of great biodiversity and ecological productivity, much of which is due to the many connections between terrestrial and aquatic systems in these settings. The flat topography of floodplains, however, means that they are also ideal sites for transportation infrastructure that can disconnect the river from the surrounding landscape. Few studies have examined the role of roads and railroads as components of river system structure and function at landscape scales. In this study, we use geographic information systems (GIS) and easily obtainable data to map the extent of floodplain disconnection caused by transportation infrastructure across two river basins in Washington State. Digital geologic or soils data, along with digital elevation data, provide the extent of total floodplain area, and transportation data define the extent of disconnection. Our results show that 44 percent to 58 percent of the total floodplain area in the three study basins is disconnected by these roads and railroads. Transportation infrastructure disconnected between 17 percent and 64 percent of the floodplain area in the individual study reaches. Federal Emergency Management Agency floodplain data often show where floodplains are truncated by infrastructure, particularly by large features or in urban areas, but do not capture the loss of total floodplain area. Relatively simple broad-scale documentation of infrastructure and floodplain disconnection has potential for guiding further study of floodplain fragmentation at multiple scales, providing an impetus for improving infrastructure design and repair and helping inform aquatic and floodplain management activities. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 413-431 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:413-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Author-Name: Duncan Lee Author-X-Name-First: Duncan Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Is There Really a “Wrong Side of the Tracks”in Urban Areas and Does It Matter for Spatial Analysis? Abstract: Sharp socioeconomic differences between adjacent neighborhoods run counter to Tobler's first law (TFL) of geography and call into question the blanket application of smoothing techniques designed to handle spatial autocorrelation. In a recent project, large socioeconomic differences between adjacent neighborhoods were observed coinciding with physical features at the neighborhood boundary such as rivers, parks, railroads, and highways. Literature on urban form suggests mechanisms by which these features might create or maintain socioeconomic differences. We therefore test whether the presence of physical features on neighborhood boundaries is associated with greater socioeconomic disparity between the neighborhoods and whether the types of features less easily crossed are more strongly associated. The study area was the city of Glasgow, Scotland. We used vector data to determine which of N = 1,914 neighborhood boundaries coincided with physical features, a well-validated measure of multiple deprivation to assess differences in socioeconomic character across these boundaries, and linear regression to assess associations. The presence of physical features was weakly associated with greater socioeconomic difference across neighborhood boundaries (B = 0.193, p = 0.006). Water (rivers/canals; B = 0.378, p = 0.005) and open spaces (B = 0.283, p = 0.016) were most strongly associated. The presence of physical features, however, was neither necessary nor sufficient for large interneighborhood differences in socioeconomic character. We thus confirm that TFL is not infallible and suggest that spatial analysts need to be concerned about the blanket application of spatial smoothing. Physical features do not hold influence of sufficient size or consistency to guide when and when not to smooth values in spatial analysis, however. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 432-443 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:432-443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Linda Quiquivix Author-X-Name-First: Linda Author-X-Name-Last: Quiquivix Title: Art of War, Art of Resistance: Palestinian Counter-Cartography on Google Earth Abstract: Rarely discussed about the Israel–Palestinian conflict is the antagonism that exists between the Palestinian leadership and the refugees. With the advent of the Oslo “peace process” in the 1990s, the antagonism began to escalate, for the process's key assumption became that the leadership would relinquish the refugees' right to return home so that Israel would be preserved as a majority Jewish state in exchange for the Palestinian leadership's sovereignty over the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Because the refugees’ return home would upset the demographic balance of a Jewish-majority state, they have become impossible figures for both Israel and for the Palestinian leadership's political frame, an “impossibility” that is taken for granted in dominant maps of Palestine/Israel. This article highlights some ways the refugees have refused this erasure by mapping onto the land their historical presence. Taking their use of Google Earth as a case study, it begins by providing background on Google Earth, situating the software's prehistory within Cold War battles for surveillance and control. It then points to some “cracks” Google Earth's introduction has presented the post–Cold War political scene with: namely, that nation-states are today stumbling to control with whom maps are shared, who can make them, and what they will look like. It then moves on to show how the refugees have taken advantage of the State of Israel's (as well as the Palestinian leadership's) inability to control the map, in the process rendering the geoweb a new battlefield in the conflict. I conclude with an analysis of how cartographically placing Israel's founding and perpetual violence at the fore, as the Palestinian refugees' counter-cartography does, can help to move forward the refugees' demands for justice. Key Words: counter-cartography, geoweb, Google, Palestine, qualitative GIS, social movements. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 444-459 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:444-459 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shipeng Sun Author-X-Name-First: Shipeng Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Dawn C. Parker Author-X-Name-First: Dawn C. Author-X-Name-Last: Parker Author-Name: Qingxu Huang Author-X-Name-First: Qingxu Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Tatiana Filatova Author-X-Name-First: Tatiana Author-X-Name-Last: Filatova Author-Name: Derek T. Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Derek T. Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Rick L. Riolo Author-X-Name-First: Rick L. Author-X-Name-Last: Riolo Author-Name: Meghan Hutchins Author-X-Name-First: Meghan Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchins Author-Name: Daniel G. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Daniel G. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Market Impacts on Land-Use Change: An Agent-Based Experiment Abstract: Land-use change in a market economy, particularly at the urban–rural fringe in North America, is shaped through land and housing markets. Although market activities are at the core of economic studies of land-use change, many market elements are neglected by coupled human–environment models. We scrutinized the effects of the level of detail of market representation using an abstract, agent-based model of land-use change. This model includes agents representing land buyers and sellers and their respective market-based decision-making behaviors. Our results show that although incorporating key market elements, particularly budget constraints and competitive bidding, in land-use models generally alters projected land-use patterns, their impacts differ significantly depending on the level of detail of market representation. Consistent with theories of land change, our research confirms that budget constraints can considerably reduce the projected quantity of land-use change. The effects of competitive bidding, however, are more complex and depend on buyers’ budgets, their relative preferences for proximity versus open-space amenities, and the size of neighborhoods. Market competition might reduce or increase the quantity of land-use change and the degree of sprawl in the simulated landscapes. Because of the strong effects of market elements on resulting patterns, adequate representation of the structure of markets is important for capturing and characterizing the complexity inherent in coupled human–environment systems. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 460-484 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:460-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenwu Tang Author-X-Name-First: Wenwu Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Author-Name: Meijuan Jia Author-X-Name-First: Meijuan Author-X-Name-Last: Jia Title: Global Sensitivity Analysis of a Large Agent-Based Model of Spatial Opinion Exchange: A Heterogeneous Multi-GPU Acceleration Approach Abstract: Sensitivity analysis is an important step in agent-based modeling of complex adaptive spatial systems to evaluate the contribution of influential variables to model response. Sensitivity analysis of agent-based models is computationally demanding, however, and this analysis tends to be intractable for large agent-based modeling. This computational challenge greatly limits our ability to investigate complex spatial dynamics using large agent-based models. The objective of this study is to gain insight into this computational issue by focusing on the sensitivity analysis of large agent-based modeling of spatial opinion exchange, accelerated using multiple graphics processing units (GPUs). We present a heterogeneous parallel computing approach based on nested parallelism for the global sensitivity analysis of the model. The agent-based opinion model is parallelized using many-core GPUs for the simulation of a large number of spatially aware and interacting agents. These agents exchange opinions for developing consensus on topics through processes of spatial neighborhood search and opinion update. Global sensitivity analysis of the opinion model is conducted using a variance-based approach, requiring numerous model runs for Monte Carlo integration. Intermodel parallelization is introduced to enable Monte Carlo runs of sensitivity analysis. We conduct global sensitivity analysis on a multi-GPU cluster. Experimental results indicate GPU-accelerated general-purpose computation provides an efficacious and feasible solution for the sensitivity analysis of large agent-based models. The heterogeneous parallel computing approach provides valuable insight into large-scale spatiotemporal problem solving by leveraging cyberinfrastructure-enabled computational capabilities. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 485-509 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892342 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:485-509 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bryan Preston Author-X-Name-First: Bryan Author-X-Name-Last: Preston Author-Name: Matthew W. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Matthew W. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: Practicing GIS as Mixed Method: Affordances and Limitations in an Urban Gardening Study Abstract: Geographic information systems (GIS) represent more than a tool for spatial data handling. Qualitative and mixed-methods approaches with GIS value the suite of spatial methods and technologies, while typically showing a marked sensitivity toward issues of subjectivity, knowledge production, exclusion, reflexivity, and power relations. Although recent research in the use of qualitative GIS demonstrates the ways in which spatial representations and analyses can be used as part of critical geographic inquiry, there remain significant opportunities to demonstrate and synthesize the particular affordances of these approaches. Alongside broader developments in public scholarship and the digital humanities, mixed-methods research with GIS is coming of age, as technological innovations are easing access to data and access to visualization and analytical tools for some. The implications of these developments at the level of knowledge construction within community-based, critical research have been underexplored, however. What are the specific affordances of mixed-methods research with GIS? How are mixed-methods knowledges made and worked through community engagement? Here, we trace how qualitative GIS methods uniquely enable multiple narratives to change the ways in which GIS is practiced. To illustrate this process, we present findings from the use of qualitative GIS to study urban gardening in a postindustrial, Midwestern city. Key Words: critical GIS, qualitative GIS, urban gardening, urban geography. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 510-529 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892325 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:510-529 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bin Jiang Author-X-Name-First: Bin Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang Author-Name: Junjun Yin Author-X-Name-First: Junjun Author-X-Name-Last: Yin Title: Ht-Index for Quantifying the Fractal or Scaling Structure of Geographic Features Abstract: Although geographic features, such as mountains and coastlines, are fractal, some studies have claimed that the fractal property is not universal. This claim, which is dubious, is mainly attributed to the strict definition of fractal dimension as a measure or index for characterizing the complexity of fractals. In this article, we propose an alternative, ht-index, to quantify the fractal or scaling structure of geographic features. A geographic feature has ht-index (h) if the pattern of far more small things than large ones recurs (h – 1) times at different scales. The higher the ht-index, the more complex the geographic feature. We conduct three case studies to illustrate how the computed ht-indexes capture the complexity of different geographic features. We further discuss how ht-index is complementary to fractal dimension and elaborate on a dynamic view behind ht-index that enables better understanding of geographic forms and processes. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 530-540 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2013.834239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2013.834239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:530-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Siiri Silm Author-X-Name-First: Siiri Author-X-Name-Last: Silm Author-Name: Rein Ahas Author-X-Name-First: Rein Author-X-Name-Last: Ahas Title: Ethnic Differences in Activity Spaces: A Study of Out-of-Home Nonemployment Activities with Mobile Phone Data Abstract: The need to examine the entire scope of everyday activities of individuals in segregation studies has recently been recognized by social scientists and policy makers. To bring forth new insights into ethnic segregation through investigating the activities and movement undertaken by different population groups, we used mobile phone positioning data to compare the activity spaces of out-of-home nonemployment activities over a one-year period in Estonia and abroad. The results show that ethnicity has a significant influence on the activity spaces of individuals. The biggest differences between the two population groups occur in Estonia outside the respondents’ home city of Tallinn, where the Russian-speaking minority was found to visit 45 percent fewer districts than Estonians. Moreover, they exhibit a preference for districts that are more heavily populated by a Russian-speaking population. With respect to international travel, the Russian-speaking minority visits fewer countries and are 3.6 times more likely to visit former Soviet Union countries than Estonians. The activity spaces of out-of-home nonemployment activities have fewer differences between the two groups in the respondents’ home city of Tallinn. Overall, our results show that ethnic differences have less effect on the everyday activity space and a greater influence on the choices made regarding long-distance travel. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 542-559 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892362 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892362 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:542-559 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mazen Labban Author-X-Name-First: Mazen Author-X-Name-Last: Labban Title: Deterritorializing Extraction: Bioaccumulation and the Planetary Mine Abstract: Two independent technical developments have transformed the metal mining industry in considerable ways: the increasing share of waste materials in the feedstock of metallurgical operations has partially transformed metal extraction into a recycling industry, and the employment of microorganisms in the extraction of metals from mineral ores has rendered metals mining a biologically based industry. Increasing industrial interest and research activity in the application of biotechnologies to the extraction of metals from waste, particularly electronic waste, intimate a potential intersection of those two processes, destabilizing further the analytical distinctions between extraction and manufacturing, biologically based and nonbiologically based production, waste and resources. This combined deterritorialization of metal extraction requires a theoretical deterritorialization: rethinking extraction beyond extractive industry narrowly defined and the role that nonhuman forms of life play in the production of value in nonbiologically based (extractive) industries. This article is a first step toward outlining the effects of such developments on understanding extraction. It begins by reflecting on the effects of recycling on the spatiality and materiality of the mine and then it proceeds to examine the productive role of microorganisms in mining, the limits of biomining, and the biotechnologies that have developed to transcend those limits. The conclusion draws out theoretical implications of those ongoing lines of deterritorialization and their combination on understanding the spatiotemporality of extraction and the active involvement of nonhuman nature in the production of value. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 560-576 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:560-576 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Bezner Kerr Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Bezner Author-X-Name-Last: Kerr Title: Lost and Found Crops: Agrobiodiversity, Indigenous Knowledge, and a Feminist Political Ecology of Sorghum and Finger Millet in Northern Malawi Abstract: This article tells the story of two indigenous, drought-tolerant grains, finger millet and sorghum, once grown in northern Malawi. Sorghum essentially disappeared from the landscape, replaced by maize. Finger millet persisted, despite being discouraged by colonial and postcolonial governments, but is now in decline. This case study of these two crops in northern Malawi uses data from in-depth interviews, focus groups, archival documents, and observations. I suggest that sorghum almost disappeared due to a combination of maize promotion, male migration, and pest problems. An upsurge of tobacco production, in part due to neoliberal policies, combined with gender dynamics that favor maize are reducing finger millet production. Drawing on theories of feminist political ecology, resilience, and indigenous knowledge, I argue that agrobiodiversity and related indigenous knowledge are situated in material and gendered practices. Efforts to improve social resilience in these vulnerable regions need to pay attention to processes and the intersectionality of gender, class, and other subjectivities at different scales that produce particular agricultural practices and knowledge in a given place. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 577-593 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892346 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:577-593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clark Gray Author-X-Name-First: Clark Author-X-Name-Last: Gray Author-Name: Elizabeth Frankenberg Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Frankenberg Author-Name: Thomas Gillespie Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Gillespie Author-Name: Cecep Sumantri Author-X-Name-First: Cecep Author-X-Name-Last: Sumantri Author-Name: Duncan Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Duncan Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Title: Studying Displacement After a Disaster Using Large-Scale Survey Methods: Sumatra After the 2004 Tsunami Abstract: Understanding of human vulnerability to environmental change has advanced in recent years, but measuring vulnerability and interpreting mobility across many sites differentially affected by change remains a significant challenge. Drawing on longitudinal data collected on the same respondents who were living in coastal areas of Indonesia before the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and were reinterviewed after the tsunami, this article illustrates how the combination of population-based survey methods, satellite imagery and multivariate statistical analyses has the potential to provide new insights into vulnerability, mobility, and impacts of major disasters on population well-being. The data are used to map and analyze vulnerability to post-tsunami displacement across the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra and to compare patterns of migration after the tsunami between damaged areas and areas not directly affected by the tsunami. The comparison reveals that migration after a disaster is less selective overall than migration in other contexts. Gender and age, for example, are strong predictors of moving from undamaged areas but are not related to displacement in areas experiencing damage. In our analyses, traditional predictors of vulnerability do not always operate in expected directions. Low levels of socioeconomic status and education were not predictive of moving after the tsunami, although for those who did move, they were predictive of displacement to a camp rather than a private home. This survey-based approach, although not without difficulties, is broadly applicable to many topics in human–environment research and potentially opens the door to rigorous testing of new hypotheses in this literature. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 594-612 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:594-612 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah L. Holloway Author-X-Name-First: Sarah L. Author-X-Name-Last: Holloway Author-Name: Helena Pimlott-Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Pimlott-Wilson Title: Enriching Children, Institutionalizing Childhood? Geographies of Play, Extracurricular Activities, and Parenting in England Abstract: Geographical research on children, youth, and families has done much to highlight the ways in which children's lives have changed over the last twenty-five years. A key strand of research concerns children's play and traces, in the Global North, a decline in children's independent access to, and mobility through, public space. This article shifts the terrain of that debate from an analysis of what has been lost to an exploration of what has replaced it. Specifically, it focuses on children's participation in enrichment activities, including both individual and collective extracurricular sporting, cultural, and leisure opportunities in England. The research reveals that middle-class children have much higher participation rates in enrichment activities than their working-class counterparts. Parents value enrichment activities in very similar ways across the class spectrum—seeing them as fun, healthy, and social opportunities. The ability to pay for enrichment, however, means that it is incorporated into, and transforms, middle-class family life in ways not open to working-class families. Nevertheless, support across the class spectrum for these instrumental forms of play that institutionalize childhood in school, community, and commercial spaces leads to calls for subsidized provision for low-income children through schools. The article thus traces the “enrichment” and “institutionalization” of childhood and draws out the implications of this for how we think about play, education, parenting, and class in geography. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 613-627 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2013.846167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2013.846167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:613-627 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrés Rodríguez-Pose Author-X-Name-First: Andrés Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Pose Author-Name: Viola von Berlepsch Author-X-Name-First: Viola Author-X-Name-Last: von Berlepsch Title: When Migrants Rule: The Legacy of Mass Migration on Economic Development in the United States Abstract: This article examines the extent to which the settlement pattern of migrants arriving in the United States during the major migration waves of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries left a legacy on the economic development of the counties where newcomers settled and whether this legacy endures today. Using data from the 1880, 1900, and 1910 censuses, we first look at the geography of migration by county in the forty-eight continental states. We then link this settlement pattern to current levels of local development—proxied by per-capita gross domestic product at the county level in 2005—while controlling for a number of factors that could have influenced both the location of migrants at the time of migration and the economic development of the county today. The results of the analysis underline that the earlier migration waves have left an indelible trace on territories that still determines local economic performance. U.S. counties that attracted large numbers of migrants more than a century ago remain more dynamic today than counties that did not. The results also show that the territorial imprint of migration has become more pervasive than all other local characteristics that would have shaped the economic performance of U.S. counties in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 628-651 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892381 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:628-651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Jeffrey Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Jeffrey Author-Name: Michaelina Jakala Author-X-Name-First: Michaelina Author-X-Name-Last: Jakala Title: The Hybrid Legal Geographies of a War Crimes Court Abstract: This article explores the implications of understanding war crime trials as hybrid legal spaces. Drawing on twelve months of residential fieldwork in the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, it examines the circulation of evidence, the choreography of the courtroom, and the nature and possibilities for legal observation. Analyzing hybrid legal geographies foregrounds the material and embodied nature of trials, illuminating the forms of comportment, categorization, and exclusion through which law establishes its legitimacy. Rather than emphasizing separation and distance, the lens of hybridity illuminates the multiple ways in which war crimes trials are grounded in the social and political context of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Consequently, this analysis traces the disjuncture between the imagined geographies of legal jurisdiction and the material and embodied spaces of trial practices. In conclusion, we argue that the establishment of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina illustrates the tensions that emerge when an institution of trial justice is used to strengthen the coherence of a postconflict state. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 652-667 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892365 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892365 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:652-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Duncan Light Author-X-Name-First: Duncan Author-X-Name-Last: Light Author-Name: Craig Young Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Young Title: Habit, Memory, and the Persistence of Socialist-Era Street Names in Postsocialist Bucharest, Romania Abstract: The critical study of toponymy has paid considerable attention to the renaming of urban places following revolutionary political change. Such renaming is intended to institutionalize a new political agenda through shaping the meanings in everyday practices and landscapes. Renaming, however, might not always be successful, and this article examines this issue with reference to a market in Bucharest, Romania. Originally named Piaţa Moghioroş during the socialist era to commemorate a leading Communist Party activist, the market was renamed in the postsocialist period. Yet, more than two decades on, the original name remains in widespread everyday use. Using a mixed-method approach, we seek to advance the critical toponymies literature by exploring the persistence of the socialist-era name within everyday practice. Although many authors have highlighted the issue of popular resistance to an unpopular renaming, we find little evidence of conscious resistance, and instead we explore the importance of habit within everyday practices as an explanation, drawing on an understanding of habit derived from sociocognitive psychology. This perspective proposes that habits are stable and hard to break if the broader context in which they are situated is stable. We suggest that this explanation, rather than popular contestation, has more to offer in understanding the persistence of the toponym Piaţa Moghioroş. We thus highlight the importance of considering how the “users” of place names react to the changes of such names and create their own meanings in relation to them in ways unintended by elites. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 668-685 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892377 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:668-685 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriela Valdivia Author-X-Name-First: Gabriela Author-X-Name-Last: Valdivia Author-Name: Wendy Wolford Author-X-Name-First: Wendy Author-X-Name-Last: Wolford Author-Name: Flora Lu Author-X-Name-First: Flora Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Title: Border Crossings: New Geographies of Protection and Production in the Galápagos Islands Abstract: The Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, have been managed as a fortress of conservation since the late 1950s. Well-maintained borders separate the Galápagos National Park (GNP) and inhabited areas as incommensurable spaces of natural (protected) and human (productive) life. In recent years, ecological, political, and economic crises have challenged this separation and stimulated shifts in the socioecological thought that underlies conservation management. In this article, we draw on the insights of border studies and of studies that recognize the hybrid and collective nature of conservation to trace the discursive and material exchanges that traffic the GNP border. The goal is to resituate the contribution of borders in nature conservation: from borders as technologies that fix space for protection to borders as sites of lively encounters with the potential to transform conservation theory and practice. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 686-701 Issue: 3 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892390 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:3:p:686-701 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gareth Bryant Author-X-Name-First: Gareth Author-X-Name-Last: Bryant Title: Nature as Accumulation Strategy? Finance, Nature, and Value in Carbon Markets Abstract: This article examines the contradictions and possibilities of “nature as accumulation strategy” in light of the breakdown of accumulation in emissions trading and carbon offsetting schemes established by the European Union and United Nations. The first section revisits accounts of carbon markets as a state-driven accumulation strategy by drawing on work by geographers and other political economists who understand capitalist value relations as being actively constituted by nature and finance. The second section provides an overview of how carbon is traded and presents data to document the growth and decline of financial activity in the main global carbon markets, focusing on the impact of weak carbon prices. The third section analyzes accumulation dynamics in carbon markets in terms of the extent to which carbon has or could become an emergent form of capital. It argues that states have failed to support the carbon market accumulation strategy due to tensions between socioecological relations of appropriation and capitalization that are internal to the carbon commodity. It also argues, however, that the commodification of carbon, as “metanature,” contains the potential to sustain accumulation by comparing and enforcing the profitability of different forms of pollution. The conclusion discusses implications for critical political–economic research on finance, nature, and value in contemporary capitalism and the efficacy of market-based climate policy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 605-619 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1375887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1375887 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:605-619 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas Simcik Arese Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Simcik Arese Title: Urbanism as Craft: Practicing Informality and Property in Cairo's Gated Suburbs, from Theft to Virtue Abstract: For many people and institutions in Egypt, the messy appearance of informal settlements codes for its inhabitants' supposed immorality and thus illegality. Little is known, however, about how the subjects of such accusations interpret the relationship among built form, morality, and legality in so-called formal urbanism. When a group of urban poor from central Cairo is resettled into Haram City, a private development subsidized by the state as “affordable housing” but operating as a budget gated community, disemployment and the developer's hypocrisy provoke them to occupy vacant homes and gardens. As the squatters modify properties to create jobs, and as middle-class homeowners disparage them, the squatters appropriate “informality” to articulate their own vernacular position on the immorality of formal planning. This ethnography shows how squatters develop a notion that the just city binds morality and economy together when buildings manifest labor relations: people and places that are “practiced” (mugarrab, also experienced or tested) as virtuous. It then shows how squatters instrumentalize this concept as informal expertise to persuade formal city staff, managers, and homeowners of squatters' legitimacy: They demonstrate divisibility within property rights to protect productive urbanism's use value and challenge speculative urbanism's exchange value. To this end, I introduce two literatures rarely applied to southern urbanism: the “moral economy” as an innovative lens for geographers exploring embedded economies (Thompson 1991) and legal geography critiquing a “single owner model” of ownership (Singer 2000a). Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 620-637 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1386541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1386541 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:620-637 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Randall J. Schaetzl Author-X-Name-First: Randall J. Author-X-Name-Last: Schaetzl Author-Name: David E. Rothstein Author-X-Name-First: David E. Author-X-Name-Last: Rothstein Author-Name: Pavel Samonil Author-X-Name-First: Pavel Author-X-Name-Last: Samonil Title: Gradients in Lake Effect Snowfall and Fire across Northern Lower Michigan Drive Patterns of Soil Development and Carbon Dynamics Abstract: Soils and forest ecosystems vary predictably along a 145-km transect in northern Lower Michigan. In the east, Entisols support open jack pine stands. In the central transect, weak Spodosols have formed under oak–pine–aspen forests. In the Lake Michigan snowbelt on the west, strongly developed Spodosols occur beneath mesic northern hardwoods. We hypothesized that increasing amounts of snowfall, coupled with decreasing fire frequencies, promote soil development and enhance soil C dynamics at western sites. We also hypothesized that enhanced soil development facilitated greater proportions of broadleaf tree establishment, which in turn accelerates snowmelt rates and further facilitates soil development by enhancing deeper C translocation. Along the transect, we described, sampled, and characterized twelve soils. Soil development increases east to west along the transect, changing most rapidly at the inner margins of the snowbelt, near the coniferous–broadleaf forest ecotone. Coincident with strong soil development in the snowbelt is an increase in soil C storage and cycling. Depth profiles of C, 13C, and Fe- and Al-humus complexes all suggest that snowmelt percolation drives these patterns. Hardwoods produce and cycle more C than coniferous stands to the east and have thicker snowpacks. In the snowbelt, late-lying snowpacks limit spring fires, and large pulses of snowmelt water drive the fresh, soluble C from O horizons deeper, enhancing soil development and fostering ecosystem productivity. Although the current snowbelt, climate, and fire patterns across the peninsula might date only to ≈7,000 cal yr BP, they have nonetheless affected pedogenesis to the point that a major Entisol-to-Spodosol continuum has formed. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 638-657 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1375889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1375889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:638-657 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Paige Fischer Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Paige Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer Author-Name: Tim G. Frazier Author-X-Name-First: Tim G. Author-X-Name-Last: Frazier Title: Social Vulnerability to Climate Change in Temperate Forest Areas: New Measures of Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity Abstract: Human communities in forested areas that are expected to experience climate-related changes have received little attention in the scholarly literature on vulnerability assessment. Many communities rely on forest ecosystems to support their social and economic livelihoods. Climate change could alter these ecosystems. We developed a framework that measures social vulnerability to slow-onset climate-related changes in forest ecosystems. We focused on temperate forests because this biome is expected to experience dramatic change in the coming years, with adverse effects for humans. We advance climate change vulnerability science by making improvements to measures of exposure and sensitivity and by incorporating a measure of adaptive capacity. We improved on other methods of assessing exposure by incorporating climate change model projections and thus a temporal perspective. We improved on other methods of assessing sensitivity by incorporating a variable representing interdependency between human populations and forests. We incorporated a measure of adaptive capacity to account for ways socioeconomic conditions might mitigate exposure and sensitivity. Our geographic focus was the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. We found that fifteen of the region's seventy-five counties were highly vulnerable to climate-related changes due to some combination of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Nine counties were highly vulnerable because they ranked very high in terms of exposure and sensitivity and very low in terms of adaptive capacity. The framework we developed could be useful for investigations of vulnerability to climate change in other forested contexts and in other ecological contexts where slow-onset changes might be expected under future climate conditions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 658-678 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1387046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1387046 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:658-678 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miles Kenney-Lazar Author-X-Name-First: Miles Author-X-Name-Last: Kenney-Lazar Title: Governing Dispossession: Relational Land Grabbing in Laos Abstract: The government of (post)socialist Laos has conceded more than 1 million hectares of land—5 percent of the national territory—to resource investors, threatening rural community access to customary lands and forests. However, investors have not been able to use all of the land granted to them, and their projects have generated geographically uneven dispossession due to local resistance. Based on twenty months of ethnographic fieldwork, this article compares how dispossession materialized in eight villages targeted by a Vietnamese rubber plantation and a Chinese pulpwood plantation in southern Laos. I contribute to a nascent literature on the political contingencies of dispossession by showing how extraeconomic forces of expropriation are governed relationally. Developing a Gramscian relational environmental governance framework, I demonstrate how such contingencies are shaped by social and political relations among and internal to state, capital, and community actors, leading to either the extension and solidification or contraction and fragmentation of dispossession as a hegemonic mode of development. In the case at hand, I focus on four sets of decisive relations: (1) corporate–state relations that mediate the capacity of investors to mobilize state powers of land expropriation; (2) the state's discursive framing of socioenvironmental relations between communities and their rural environments, which affects how amenable village territories are to acquisition; (3) community–government relations built on kinship, ethnic, or historical links that villagers can use to lodge effective grievances with the state; and (4) coherent and democratic internal village relations that build community solidarity against plantation development. Key Words: dispossession, environmental governance, land grabbing, Laos, resistance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 679-694 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1373627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1373627 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:679-694 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefan Bouzarovski Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Bouzarovski Author-Name: Harriet Thomson Author-X-Name-First: Harriet Author-X-Name-Last: Thomson Title: Energy Vulnerability in the Grain of the City: Toward Neighborhood Typologies of Material Deprivation Abstract: Geographers are increasingly engaging with the driving forces and implications of energy poverty—a specific but relatively unknown form of material deprivation that emerges at the nexus of sociodemographic inequalities and built formations. In this article, we argue that an improved understanding of the urban embeddedness of energy poverty can provide novel insights into the systemic underpinnings of injustice. We thus develop a conceptual framework focusing on the links between the sociodemographic and housing vulnerabilities to energy poverty on the one hand and wider patterns of urban social inequality on the other. This approach is applied to the study of several postcommunist cities in eastern and central Europe (ECE), where energy poverty has expanded rapidly over the past two decades. Using evidence from extensive custom-built neighborhood surveys, we interrogate the sociodemographic, housing, and infrastructural features of households that experience a lack of adequate domestic energy services. Our results point to the existence of distinct landscapes and typologies of energy vulnerability in the urban fabric. Material deprivation—a phenomenon that has rarely been studied in infrastructural terms—creates new sociospatial inequalities that might supplant patterns and processes of intraurban differentiation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 695-717 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1373624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1373624 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:695-717 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gi-Eu Lee Author-X-Name-First: Gi-Eu Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Scott Loveridge Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Loveridge Author-Name: Julie A. Winkler Author-X-Name-First: Julie A. Author-X-Name-Last: Winkler Title: The Influence of an Extreme Warm Spell on Public Support for Government Involvement in Climate Change Adaptation Abstract: An emerging literature discusses the effects of short-term temperature fluctuations on public opinion toward climate change. Yet, prior literature has not explored potential opinion-influencing effects of temporal patterns of temperature fluctuations or the interdependence between temperature anomalies and the direction and magnitude of short-term trends. This study uses an extreme warm spell that occurred during a survey of Michigan residents to evaluate the influence of complex temperature effects on public support for government involvement in the agricultural sector's adaptation to climate change. Comparison of several alternatives for capturing the influence of temperature fluctuations on survey responses (some drawn from the literature, some newly constructed) shows a temporary increase in support for government assistance for adaptation after the onset of a warm spell, but a longer exposure to extreme temperatures does not necessarily lead to more support for adaptation policies. Conditional on other attributes of temperature abnormalities (e.g., direction of trend), abnormal heat might even lead to reduced support for adaptation policies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 718-738 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1375888 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1375888 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:718-738 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Volodymyr V. Mihunov Author-X-Name-First: Volodymyr V. Author-X-Name-Last: Mihunov Author-Name: Nina S. N. Lam Author-X-Name-First: Nina S. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Lei Zou Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Zou Author-Name: Robert V. Rohli Author-X-Name-First: Robert V. Author-X-Name-Last: Rohli Author-Name: Nazla Bushra Author-X-Name-First: Nazla Author-X-Name-Last: Bushra Author-Name: Margaret A. Reams Author-X-Name-First: Margaret A. Author-X-Name-Last: Reams Author-Name: Jennifer E. Argote Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer E. Author-X-Name-Last: Argote Title: Community Resilience to Drought Hazard in the South-Central United States Abstract: Drought is a hazard that inflicts costly damage to agricultural, hydrologic, and ecological systems and affects human health and prosperity. A comprehensive assessment of resilience to the drought hazard in various communities and an identification of the main variables that affect resilience is crucial to coping with the hazard and promoting resilience. This study assessed the community resilience to drought hazards of all 503 counties of Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas using the resilience inference measurement (RIM) model for the period of 2000 to 2015. Through k-means cluster analysis, stepwise discriminant analysis (74.7 percent accuracy, 72.8 percent leave-one-out cross-validation accuracy), and regression analysis (adjusted R2 = 0.69), four variables (significant at p < 0.05) representing the social, economic, agriculture, and health sectors were identified as the main resilience indicators. Higher resilience counties were found in central Oklahoma and eastern Texas, with the few highest counties located near large metropolitan areas such as Dallas, Houston, Austin, and Albuquerque. Lower resilience counties were concentrated in western Texas. The study provides useful insights into the relationship between drought incidence, inflicted damage, and community resilience. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 739-755 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1372177 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1372177 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:739-755 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HaeRan Shin Author-X-Name-First: HaeRan Author-X-Name-Last: Shin Title: The Territoriality of Ethnic Enclaves: Dynamics of Transnational Practices and Geopolitical Relations within and beyond a Korean Transnational Enclave in New Malden, London Abstract: This article looks at how the territoriality of transnational enclaves is constituted by interactions among the lives and the discourses of three groups of ethnic Korean—South Korean, North Korean, and Joseonjok (Korean Chinese)—transnational migrants in New Malden, London. Based on longitudinal mixed ethnographic research, the article focuses on the power relations between longer settled South Korean migrants and newcomers, the latter of whom are disadvantaged in terms of legal status, linguistic abilities, and economic capital. By criticizing the concept of ethnic enclaves as bounded, homogeneous, and static areas, the research puts geopolitical approaches into focus, bringing concepts of transnationalism and territoriality geopolitics into conversation. The empirical findings demonstrate, first, that the geopolitical hierarchy and tensions among the origin societies of Joseonjok, South Korean, and North Korean migrants constituted part of the reterritorialization of the ethnic enclave of transnational migrants. “The home society” was extended into territories where these ethnic Koreans have resided in the past, particularly South Korea. Second, the transnational enclave is being constantly reterritorialized by conflicting and adapting interactions between longer settled South Korean migrants and newcomers. Third, the power relations of origin societies have penetrated through individual migrants' lives by means, in part, of different religious and ethnic organizations. This research demonstrates the importance of transnational practices and geopolitical relationships within and beyond transnational enclaves among migrant communities and how these create a territorialized and relational space within ethnic enclaves. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 756-772 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1372176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1372176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:756-772 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenwen Li Author-X-Name-First: Wenwen Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Lowering the Barriers for Accessing Distributed Geospatial Big Data to Advance Spatial Data Science: The PolarHub Solution Abstract: Data is the crux of science. The widespread availability of big data today is of particular importance for fostering new forms of geospatial innovation. This article reports a state-of-the-art solution that addresses a key cyberinfrastructure research problem—providing ready access to big, distributed geospatial data resources on the Web. I first formulate this data access problem and introduce its indispensable elements, including identifying the cyberlocation, space and time coverage, theme, and quality of the data set. I then propose strategies to tackle each data access issue and make the data more discoverable and usable for geospatial data users and decision makers. Among these strategies is large-scale Web crawling as a key technique to support automatic collection of online geospatial data that are highly distributed, intrinsically heterogeneous, and known to be dynamic. To better understand the content and scientific meanings of the data, methods including space–time filtering, ontology-based thematic classification, and service quality evaluation are incorporated. To serve a broad scientific user community, these techniques are integrated into an operational data crawling system, PolarHub, which is also an important cyberinfrastructure building block to support effective data discovery. A series of experiments was conducted to demonstrate the outstanding performance of the PolarHub system. This work seems to contribute significantly in building the theoretical and methodological foundation for data-driven geography and the emerging spatial data science. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 773-793 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1373625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1373625 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:773-793 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Junxi Qian Author-X-Name-First: Junxi Author-X-Name-Last: Qian Author-Name: Lily Kong Author-X-Name-First: Lily Author-X-Name-Last: Kong Title: When Secular Universalism Meets Pluralism: Religious Schools and the Politics of School-Based Management in Hong Kong Abstract: This article examines the politics of school-based management (SBM) in Hong Kong, with a specific focus on the conflicts between the state and three Christian churches (Catholic, Anglican, and Methodist) running state-funded religious schools. Although the state based its advocacy for SBM on neoliberally driven ideas of participation, transparency, and accountability, religious groups expressed worry about the loss of control over schools as an institution of value transmission anchored in religious beliefs. This article uses the SBM controversy as a case study to advance geographical debates on religious schools and argues that neoliberalism forms a necessary lens through which to examine the state–religion relations concerning religious schools. It offers an analytical framework that emphasizes the mutually constitutive relationship between religious schools and state building. It lends evidence to this argument by situating religious schools in the context of neoliberalization of education policies and arguing that faith-based sensibilities create new vectors of resistance to neoliberalism as a distinctive secular formation. The empirical analyses address three questions. First, we develop a detailed analysis of the discourses and rationalities upheld by the Hong Kong government and the churches. Second, we consider interactions and exchanges between the state and the churches, focusing on the assertions, negotiations, and concessions that both needed to make in a prolonged struggle over the decision-making process. Third, we reflect briefly on the aftermath of the passing of SBM to situate the churches' concerns in a broader context of neoliberal education policy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 794-810 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1372175 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1372175 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:794-810 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Urška Demšar Author-X-Name-First: Urška Author-X-Name-Last: Demšar Author-Name: Jonathan Reades Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Reades Author-Name: Ed Manley Author-X-Name-First: Ed Author-X-Name-Last: Manley Author-Name: Michael Batty Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Batty Title: Revisiting the Past: Replicating Fifty-Year-Old Flow Analysis Using Contemporary Taxi Flow Data Abstract: Over sixty years ago, geography began its so-called quantitative revolution, where for the first time statistical methods were used to explain the spatial nature of geographic phenomena. Computers made some of this possible, but their limited power did not allow for more than relatively small analytic explorations and consequently many of these earlier ideas are now buried in the mists of time. Here we attempt to replicate one of these early analyses using taxi flow data collected in 1962 and originally used by Goddard (1970; then at the London School of Economics) to extract functional regions within London's city center. Our experiment attempts to replicate Goddard's methodology on a modern taxi flow data set, acquired through Global Positioning System tracking. We initially expected that our analysis would be directly comparable with Goddard's, potentially providing insights into temporal change in the spatial structure of the city core. Attempts at replicating the original analysis have proved enormously difficult, however, for several reasons, including the many subjective choices made by the researcher in articulating and using the original method and the specific characteristics of contemporary taxi flow data. We therefore opt to replicate Goddard's approach as closely and as logically as possible and to fill in gaps based on statistically informed choices. We have also run the analysis on two spatial scales—Central London and a wider area—to explore how scales of analyses that were beyond the capacities of Goddard's early computations also help to shape our understanding of the results he obtained. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 811-828 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1374164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1374164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:811-828 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sango Mahanty Author-X-Name-First: Sango Author-X-Name-Last: Mahanty Title: Contingent Sovereignty: Cross-Border Rentals in the Cambodia–Vietnam Borderland Abstract: An investigation of land rentals by Vietnamese farmers in Cambodian border districts reveals the contingent nature of state sovereignty in a postconflict borderland. Cross-border leasing activity has prompted criticism that Cambodia's “national sovereignty” has been weakened. Although it is in the interests of the ruling party to demonstrate firm control of the Cambodia–Vietnam border, land rentals expose three key factors that mitigate this interest. First, they uncover the emergence of competing territorial and political claims in the country's upland borders. Second, the process of state-making at these margins is derailed by dissonant practices among state actors, through their everyday negotiations and actions to accumulate land and capital. Third, the rapid growth of land and commodity markets has intensified local contests for land. These factors render the border porous and weaken the ruling party's exercise of territorial authority. Thus, cross-border rentals expose a fragile and networked form of state sovereignty that is contingent on the ongoing enrollment of disparate state and nonstate actors. This presents risks for a state that is often cast as authoritarian. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 829-844 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1374162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1374162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:829-844 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirsten Martinus Author-X-Name-First: Kirsten Author-X-Name-Last: Martinus Title: Labor Networks Connecting Peripheral Economies to the National Innovation System Abstract: Understanding the characteristics of innovation in peripheral regions is critical to enhancing economic competitiveness and productivity in remote or rural communities worldwide. Metropolitan innovation success stories have limited application or policy relevance in peripheral areas due to a lack of critical mass in industry and population. This has seen an emergent body of literature consider the different dynamics of innovation in these areas. This article contributes both methodologically and conceptually to current academic discourse and debates by exploring innovation across the sparsely populated large spatial divides of regional Australia through the novel use of social network analysis and econometric modeling. It employs commuting data and a regression of 2000 to 2013 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development patent data against select socioeconomic variables and commuting indexes. It finds that innovative activity is positively linked to population, commuting, and professional employment for smaller communities. This points to the movement of labor as an important factor, playing a role as an interregional conduit of tacit knowledge by extending the social capital networks of smaller peripheral communities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 845-863 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1374163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1374163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:845-863 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. P. Pow Author-X-Name-First: C. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Pow Title: Building a Harmonious Society through Greening: Ecological Civilization and Aesthetic Governmentality in China Abstract: This article interrogates the shifting governmental logics and planning epistemologies that frame ecological civilization projects in China. The article argues how ecological urban projects such as the eco-city are undergirded by a form of aesthetic governmentality that has been deployed to promote a harmonious society in contemporary China by fusing bourgeois forms of aesthetic environmentalism with world-class urban aesthetics. Drawing on the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city (SSTEC) flagship project, the article first highlights how eco-city construction in China problematizes and targets the urban environment as a legitimate domain of governmental action and argues how the emergence of an eco-aesthetic governmentality signals the shift from a dominant techno-scientific foundation of planning for sustainable cities toward an eco-aesthetic normativity that perpetuates the aestheticization of urban environmental politics in China. To this extent, the article sketches out the emerging contours of the Chinese (eco) aesthetic urban regime that increasingly incorporates aesthetic principles into governmental practices and city planning as a way to manage the problem of urban growth and to promote normative visions of a sustainable urban future in China. Key Words: aesthetics, China, eco-city, governmentality, urban sustainability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 864-883 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1373626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1373626 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:864-883 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martina Angela Caretta Author-X-Name-First: Martina Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Caretta Title: Striving beyond Epistemic Authority: Results Dissemination in Smallholder Irrigation Farming Research Abstract: Epistemic authority is the institutional measure of trustworthiness and reliability of our work. Can we really claim, though, that our research is reliable if we do not create spaces for sharing potential societal benefits with the communities we investigate and with which we work? Against this backdrop, I aim to examine the practice of results dissemination and its potential benefits for researched communities. This reflection is produced through the analysis of a ten-day itinerant dissemination workshop that took place in January 2015 between Kenya and Tanzania. Results were presented to local participants through booklets in English, Swahili, and Marakwet. Although societal impact is a long-term process, I discuss some benefits that emerged during the ten-day workshop: seeds exchange, learning of agricultural practices, debating women's exclusion from irrigation, the use of the booklet with results in school, and the transliteration of the spoken language of Marakwet. By giving researchers and participants an occasion for reciprocal learning, dissemination is a cornerstone of responsible geography. Responsible and truly participatory geographers ought to give equal weight to societal and scientific impacts. If we want to be serious about the rising call for geographies of responsibility, I argue, we have to further challenge our disciplinary knowledge production norms and self-bestowed epistemic authority by renewing our engagement with participatory research practices throughout their investigations, until the final stage of results dissemination. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 884-898 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261686 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:884-898 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Corrigendum Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 899-899 Issue: 3 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1358565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1358565 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:3:p:899-899 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Stewart Fotheringham Author-X-Name-First: A. Stewart Author-X-Name-Last: Fotheringham Author-Name: Wenbai Yang Author-X-Name-First: Wenbai Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Wei Kang Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Title: Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) Abstract: Scale is a fundamental geographic concept, and a substantial literature exists discussing the various roles that scale plays in different geographical contexts. Relatively little work exists, though, that provides a means of measuring the geographic scale over which different processes operate. Here we demonstrate how geographically weighted regression (GWR) can be adapted to provide such measures. GWR explores the potential spatial nonstationarity of relationships and provides a measure of the spatial scale at which processes operate through the determination of an optimal bandwidth. Classical GWR assumes that all of the processes being modeled operate at the same spatial scale, however. The work here relaxes this assumption by allowing different processes to operate at different spatial scales. This is achieved by deriving an optimal bandwidth vector in which each element indicates the spatial scale at which a particular process takes place. This new version of GWR is termed multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR), which is similar in intent to Bayesian nonseparable spatially varying coefficients (SVC) models, although potentially providing a more flexible and scalable framework in which to examine multiscale processes. Model calibration and bandwidth vector selection in MGWR are conducted using a back-fitting algorithm. We compare the performance of GWR and MGWR by applying both frameworks to two simulated data sets with known properties and to an empirical data set on Irish famine. Results indicate that MGWR not only is superior in replicating parameter surfaces with different levels of spatial heterogeneity but provides valuable information on the scale at which different processes operate. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1247-1265 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1352480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1352480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1247-1265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark A. Green Author-X-Name-First: Mark A. Author-X-Name-Last: Green Author-Name: Mariana Arcaya Author-X-Name-First: Mariana Author-X-Name-Last: Arcaya Author-Name: S. V. Subramanian Author-X-Name-First: S. V. Author-X-Name-Last: Subramanian Title: Using Internal Migration to Estimate the Causal Effect of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Context on Health: A Longitudinal Analysis, England, 1995–2008 Abstract: There is long-standing evidence for the existence of geographical inequalities in health. Multiple conceptual frameworks have been proposed to explain why such patterns persist. The methodological design for these studies is often not appropriate for identifying causal effects of neighborhood context, however. It is possible that findings that show the importance of neighborhoods could be subject to confounding of individual-level factors, neighborhood sorting effects (i.e., health-selective migration), or both. We present an approach to investigating neighborhood-level factors that provides a stronger examination for causal effects, as well as addressing issues of confounding and sorting. We use individual-level data from the British Household Panel Survey (1995–2008). Individuals were grouped into quintiles based on the median house price of an individual's lower super output area as our measure of neighborhood socioeconomic context. Multivariate propensity scores were used to match individuals to control for confounding factors, and logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between destination of migration and risk of poor health (up to ten years following migration). Initially, we found some evidence that poorer neighborhoods were associated with an increased risk of poor health. Following controlling for an individual's health status prior to migration, the influence of neighborhood socioeconomic context was statistically nonsignificant. Our findings suggest that health-selective migration might help to explain the association between neighborhood-level factors and individual-level health. Our study design appears useful for both identifying causal effects of neighborhoods and accounting for health-selective migration. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1266-1278 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1310021 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1310021 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1266-1278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jodi L. McNeill Author-X-Name-First: Jodi L. Author-X-Name-Last: McNeill Author-Name: Thomas F. Thornton Author-X-Name-First: Thomas F. Author-X-Name-Last: Thornton Title: Pipelines, Petitions, and Protests in the Internet Age: Exploring the Human Geographies of Online Petitions Challenging Proposed Transcontinental Alberta Oil Sands Pipelines Abstract: Since the mid-2000s, millions of spatiotemporally disparate and demographically heterogeneous North Americans have signed online petitions challenging proposed transcontinental Alberta oil sands export pipelines. This phenomenon typifies bottom-up, self-organized, and ostensibly extemporaneous cyberactivism. These dynamics contradict traditional theoretical assumptions about rational choice and social pressures in collective action, birthing queries regarding why individuals participate. Human geographies comprising three online petitions challenging separate proposed pipelines are accordingly examined by comparing signatories' stated sociopolitical motivations for signing with their corresponding geospatial distributions. This innovative fusion of qualitative and quantitative research methods was designed to explore hetero versus homogeneity in signatories' sociopolitical commitments and locations. The results empirically corroborate Bennett and Segerberg's (2012) thesis that cyberactivism is governed by a unique logic of connective action wherein participation thresholds are low, collective identities and social incentives are weak, relationships are defined socially rather than spatially, and contentious politics are highly personalized. Four integrated findings with implications for policymaking and future research are offered for consideration. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1279-1298 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1320212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1320212 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1279-1298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matt Ruther Author-X-Name-First: Matt Author-X-Name-Last: Ruther Author-Name: Stefan Leyk Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Leyk Author-Name: Barbara Buttenfield Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Buttenfield Title: Deriving Small Area Mortality Estimates Using a Probabilistic Reweighting Method Abstract: Small area health estimates are important for studying environmental exposure, disease transmission, and health outcomes at the local scale. Yet, to protect privacy, the majority of publicly available health data are aggregated within larger spatial units such as states or counties. This article describes a method to generate small area mortality estimates from individual microdata that are available only for larger geographic entities. The mortality estimates are based on the probabilistic reweighting and spatial allocation of a population constructed by combining the individual-level microdata with census tract–level summary data. The generated mortality counts can be used to explore local mortality patterns and identify clusters of mortality from various causes. Validation of the allocated death counts against actual restricted-use census tract–level death counts suggests that the estimated counts reliably duplicate the total mortality patterns found in the actual data. The allocations of cause-specific mortality outcomes are less accurate, however. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1299-1314 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1320213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1320213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1299-1314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peichao Gao Author-X-Name-First: Peichao Author-X-Name-Last: Gao Author-Name: Zhao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Zhao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Gang Liu Author-X-Name-First: Gang Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Hongrui Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Hongrui Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Xiaoxiao Xie Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoxiao Author-X-Name-Last: Xie Title: Unified Metrics for Characterizing the Fractal Nature of Geographic Features Abstract: The term fractal is used to describe an object displaying self-similarity at different scales. This self-similarity can be measured by either the power-law exponent or the ht-index, which is a recently proposed method for characterizing the fractal nature of geographic features. Although increasingly popular in geography, the ht-index is not sensitive to changes or evolutions of fractals, limiting its usefulness as an alternative “fractal dimension” to the power-law exponent. Two improvements to the ht-index were suggested in the literature, namely, the cumulative rate of growth (the CRG index) and the ratio of areas in a rank-size plot (the RA index). The CRG index is sensitive but not monotonic, however, with respect to the evolution of fractals. The RA index is both sensitive and monotonic but not interpretable in fractal terms. In this article, two novel metrics, referred to as unified metrics, are proposed by combining advantages of the ht-index and all of its improvements, being simultaneously easy to interpret, monotonic with respect to the evolution of fractals, and sensitive to changes in the evolution. The usefulness of unified metrics was demonstrated by both numerical experiments and case studies. Given that the idea behind the ht-index has led to a relaxed, emerging popular definition of fractals, the proposed unified metrics have great potential to be used as the standard fractal dimension along with such a definition. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1315-1331 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1310022 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1310022 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1315-1331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yi Qiang Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Qiang Author-Name: Nina S. N. Lam Author-X-Name-First: Nina S. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Heng Cai Author-X-Name-First: Heng Author-X-Name-Last: Cai Author-Name: Lei Zou Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Zou Title: Changes in Exposure to Flood Hazards in the United States Abstract: This article conducts a national, county-based assessment of the changes in population and urban areas in high-risk flood zones from 2001 to 2011 in the contiguous United States. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) 100-year flood maps, land cover data, and census data were used to extract the proportion of developed (urban) land in flood zones by county at the two time points, and indexes of difference were calculated. Local Moran's I statistic was applied to identify hot spots of increase in urban area in flood zones, and geographically weighted regression was used to estimate the population in flood zones from the land cover data. Results show that in 2011, an estimate of about 25.3 million people (8.3 percent of the total population) lived in high-risk flood zones. Nationally, the ratio of urban development in flood zones is less than the ratio of land in flood zones, implying that Americans were responsive to flood hazards by avoiding development in flood zones. This trend varied from place to place, however, with coastal counties having less urban development in flood zones than the inland counties. Furthermore, the contrast between coastal and inland counties increased between 2001 and 2011. Finally, several exceptions from the trend (hot spots) were detected, most notably in New York City and Miami, where significant increases in urban development in flood zones were found. This assessment provides important baseline information on the spatial patterns of flood exposure and their changes from 2001 to 2011. The study pinpoints regions that might need further investigations and better policy to reduce the overall flood risks. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1332-1350 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1320214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1320214 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1332-1350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julian Clark Author-X-Name-First: Julian Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Author-Name: Praju Gurung Author-X-Name-First: Praju Author-X-Name-Last: Gurung Author-Name: Prem Sagar Chapagain Author-X-Name-First: Prem Sagar Author-X-Name-Last: Chapagain Author-Name: Santosh Regmi Author-X-Name-First: Santosh Author-X-Name-Last: Regmi Author-Name: Jagat K. Bhusal Author-X-Name-First: Jagat K. Author-X-Name-Last: Bhusal Author-Name: Timothy Karpouzoglou Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Karpouzoglou Author-Name: Feng Mao Author-X-Name-First: Feng Author-X-Name-Last: Mao Author-Name: Art Dewulf Author-X-Name-First: Art Author-X-Name-Last: Dewulf Title: Water as “Time-Substance”: The Hydrosocialities of Climate Change in Nepal Abstract: This article develops a novel theoretical framework to explain how water's situatedness relates to its political agency. Recent posthuman scholarship emphasizes these qualities but, surprisingly, no sustained analysis has been undertaken of this interrelation. Here we do so by theorizing water as a “time-substance” to reposition human hydrological struggles (including those exacerbated by climate change) around the topologies and temporalities rather than the spatialities of water. This innovative approach opens up new areas of geographical enquiry based on hydrosocial forms, hydrosocial transformations, and hydrosocial information (collectively referred to here as hydrosocialities). We contend that hydrosocialities enable the tracing of human–water relations that transcend times and scales and the matricial categories of subject and object to overcome the situated–agential binary of water. Drawing on two years of fieldwork in Mustang, Nepal, this conceptual framework is deployed to examine hydrosocialities in two remote mountain communities. We show hydrosocialities that comprise diverse water knowledge practices constituted from multiple points of proximity between the social and the hydrological in space and time. In turn, this conceptual framework underscores the importance of boundary objects in mediating water's situated–agential qualities. The article concludes that consequently boundary objects can play a crucial role in producing new practical hydrosocial politics of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1351-1369 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1329005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1329005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1351-1369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Ekers Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Ekers Author-Name: Scott Prudham Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Prudham Title: The Metabolism of Socioecological Fixes: Capital Switching, Spatial Fixes, and the Production of Nature Abstract: In this article, and the companion piece that follows, we develop an account of the socioecological fix. Our concern is to explore the ways in which crises of capitalist overaccumulation might be displaced through spatial fixes that result in the production of nature. We review Harvey's theory of the spatial fix, with emphasis on his model of capital switching, noting that the socioecological implications of the diversion of fixed capital into the built environment have been insufficiently developed by Harvey and others. We invoke Smith's writings on the production of nature to help fill this lacuna but note that Smith did not discuss the spatial fix vis-à-vis the production of nature explicitly. Moreover, neither Harvey nor Smith emphasized the role of political struggle and contestation as internal to the formation of spatial fixes and the production of nature, respectively. We draw on O'Connor's theory of ecological contradiction along with Katz and other feminist political economists who emphasized the systemic tension between the reproduction of capitalism and social reproduction more broadly, including as this pertains to the production and possible “underproduction” of nature. Our overall project is to develop an account of the socioecological fix as a way of linking capitalist crises, capital switching, and fixed capital formation with socioenvironmental transformations. Although we argue that any spatial fix has socioecological dimensions, we contend that making these connections explicit and rigorous is crucial at the current conjuncture. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1370-1388 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1309962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1309962 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1370-1388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susanne Freidberg Author-X-Name-First: Susanne Author-X-Name-Last: Freidberg Title: Big Food and Little Data: The Slow Harvest of Corporate Food Supply Chain Sustainability Initiatives Abstract: Over the past several years, many of the companies collectively known as Big Food have launched ambitious programs to assess and improve the sustainability of their raw material supply chains. Fueled partly by concerns about the risks posed by climate change and other environmental problems, these efforts differ from earlier corporate food supply chain governance in that they rely more on metrics of continuous improvement than compliance with standards. They also extend beyond high-value, high-profile products to include staple ingredients such as corn and soy. These commodities are sourced through long, complex, and traditionally nontransparent supply chains, where even the biggest food companies exercise surprisingly little clout over producers. This article examines how companies contend with this problem both within their own supply chains and as members of multistakeholder initiatives. The assemblage concept not only describes the many actors, technologies, and practices now working to get certain kinds of data flowing off farms; it also highlights the relational nature of this work and the uncertainty of its outcomes. More broadly, the article points to the limits of both corporate food power and the very notion of Big Food as an explanation for how that power is wielded. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1389-1406 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1309967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1309967 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1389-1406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly Kay Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Kay Title: Rural Rentierism and the Financial Enclosure of Maine's Open Lands Tradition Abstract: This article looks at the changing nature of property access regimes in northeastern Maine. The state's unique “open lands” tradition has come under threat as a result of the large-scale restructuring of the timber industry from vertically integrated forest products companies toward individual and institutional investor-owners. Using a large conservation project in the town of Grand Lake Stream as a case study, I argue that new investor-owners have been able to generate profits by enclosing long-standing common access regimes and commanding monopoly rent payments. After reviewing literatures on rent, enclosure, and the commodification of nature, I examine two prominent examples of this process of rent extraction through the enclosure of common access regimes: lease lots and working forest conservation easements. The article concludes arguing for regulatory intervention, as well as the need for more concrete case studies on the impacts of financial investment on the biophysical environment. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1407-1423 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1328305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1328305 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1407-1423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory M. Thaler Author-X-Name-First: Gregory M. Author-X-Name-Last: Thaler Title: The Land Sparing Complex: Environmental Governance, Agricultural Intensification, and State Building in the Brazilian Amazon Abstract: Since 2004, annual deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has fallen nearly 80 percent, even as agricultural production in the region has increased. Understanding this land use transition requires a theorization of the relationships among environmental governance, agricultural intensification, and state building. Drawing on key informant interviews, municipal-level case studies, and an organizational ethnography of an international environmental organization, I argue that declines in deforestation engineered by new governance arrangements are part of a project of economic development and state building through environmental regulation. This project is implemented by a complex of government, nongovernmental, and corporate actors. I describe the emergence of this complex and the land sparing logic that animates it. Land sparing policy inverts previous logics of state territorialization and environmental conservation with the aim of shifting the Amazonian economy from an extensive mode of extraction to an intensive mode of production. Two municipal case studies follow variation in land sparing policy implementation. The cases identify determinants of land sparing policy effectiveness and collateral effects, including tendencies toward agro-industrial consolidation at the expense of smallholders. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1424-1443 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1309966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1309966 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1424-1443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Webber Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Webber Author-Name: Xiao Han Author-X-Name-First: Xiao Author-X-Name-Last: Han Title: Corporations, Governments, and Socioenvironmental Policy in China: China's Water Machine as Assemblage Abstract: The standard approach to China's environmental management, fragmented authoritarianism, assumes the existence of state, corporations, farmers, and consumers. New social actors now populate the Chinese landscape, however. One such actor is the network we call the China water machine; others comprise the networks and coalitions that oppose the China water machine's operations. These actors play out their operations and conflicts within socioenvironmental regions like Yunnan. All three (China water machine, oppositional groups, and socioenvironmental regions) are interpreted as assemblages. After contrasting assemblage and the hydrosocial cycle, the article demonstrates how assemblage theory can guide empirical research, by describing the emergence of the China water machine, its membership, and its effects. This machine involves corporations, universities, international institutions, and arms of the government, tasked with identifying and framing what are water management issues, formulating standardized procedures for tackling those issues, and then constructing solutions. These cooperative activities of government and other actors cannot be identified as “Chinese,” as they partly depend on institutions and corporations domiciled outside China; together they render the standard theory incomplete. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1444-1460 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1320211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1320211 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1444-1460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dydia DeLyser Author-X-Name-First: Dydia Author-X-Name-Last: DeLyser Author-Name: Paul Greenstein Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Greenstein Title: The Devotions of Restoration: Materiality, Enthusiasm, and Making Three “Indian Motocycles” Like New Abstract: Amid growing attention by geographers to materiality, emotion, and work, we draw together practices of making and communities of enthusiasm to autoethnographically trace the restoration of three Indian motorcycles, revealing restoration as a dynamic aesthetic and political practice that links restorers to communities of enthusiasm as well as to the agentic materiality of the things they restore. Restoration, we show, is a culturally and geographically situated skilled practice that links material agency to labors of love and devotion. Such devotion to things, in turn, suggests a provocative counternarrative to the unsustainable throwaway society of the Anthropocene. Emotional labor, material devotion, and handcraft skill could, we suggest, proffer positive pathways as we endeavor to make, restore, and, indeed, sustain our material world. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1461-1478 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1310020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1310020 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1461-1478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernando J. Bosco Author-X-Name-First: Fernando J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bosco Author-Name: Pascale Joassart-Marcelli Author-X-Name-First: Pascale Author-X-Name-Last: Joassart-Marcelli Author-Name: Blaire O'Neal Author-X-Name-First: Blaire Author-X-Name-Last: O'Neal Title: Food Journeys: Place, Mobility, and the Everyday Food Practices of Young People Abstract: We examine the everyday food practices of a group of high school students living in an urban, multicultural, and lower income community in San Diego, California. We integrate theoretical and empirical insights from research in health, food, and youth geographies and offer a relational conceptualization and analysis of the food environment that is sensitive to young people's everyday mobilities and encounters with food. We pay particular attention to how young people journey through the local food landscape and navigate contradictions between food norms across places, including home, school, and neighborhood. Our goal is to uncover young people's personal and emotional engagements with what, how, and where they eat. Our methodology begins by recognizing young people's agency and centers on an analysis of the spatiality of their food routines. We present results of a year-long participatory study involving Global Positioning System–tagged photography, Photovoice interviews, and surveys. Our results provide a fine-grained analysis of young people's daily engagements with their food environments and reveal how their food journeys are structured and governed by social relations, physical and material constraints, biopolitics, and emotional geographies. Our approach permits a critical and dynamic understanding of the food environment and its relationship to young people's food practices, with useful insights for health research and policy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1479-1498 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1310019 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1310019 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1479-1498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyle S. Mattingly Author-X-Name-First: Kyle S. Author-X-Name-Last: Mattingly Author-Name: Lynne Seymour Author-X-Name-First: Lynne Author-X-Name-Last: Seymour Author-Name: Paul W. Miller Author-X-Name-First: Paul W. Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: Estimates of Extreme Precipitation Frequency Derived from Spatially Dense Rain Gauge Observations: A Case Study of Two Urban Areas in the Colorado Front Range Region Abstract: Precipitation design values, which describe precipitation extremes expected within a specified time period, provide critical guidance for public policy and the design of hydrologic infrastructure. Unfortunately, conventional design value calculations are limited by a major assumption: They treat precipitation as a point-based phenomenon, measured at spatially isolated gauges. We argue that because precipitation occurs over areas, design value calculations should be based on an areal conception of precipitation. Using spatially dense Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow (CoCoRaHS) Network data in two Colorado cities (Fort Collins and Boulder), we develop a “hyperlocal” design value calculation in which nearby observations within a representative precipitation region (RPR) “compete” to capture a single twenty-four-hour maximum. We find that design values for shorter return periods (one to fifty years) derived from just ten years of hyperlocal data, which we express as probabilistic distributions rather than single values, typically exceed those calculated using single-point records of 100 years or more. Hyperlocal design values for longer return periods (more than fifty years) are generally smaller than those calculated from the single-point data due to the temporally limited CoCoRaHS record. We also find that the dependence of design values on RPR size contrasts between Fort Collins and Boulder, as design values grow markedly larger as the RPR size increases in Fort Collins but not in Boulder. We attribute this behavior to the Boulder Global Historical Climatology Network station's location in a topographically favored area for precipitation and propose that future studies evaluate the hyperlocal design value method in a variety of geographic settings. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1499-1518 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1309961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1309961 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1499-1518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shanley D. Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Shanley D. Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Trisalyn A. Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Trisalyn A. Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Nicholas C. Coops Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas C. Author-X-Name-Last: Coops Author-Name: Michael A. Wulder Author-X-Name-First: Michael A. Author-X-Name-Last: Wulder Author-Name: Trevor C. Lantz Author-X-Name-First: Trevor C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lantz Title: Global Spatial–Temporal Variability in Terrestrial Productivity and Phenology Regimes between 2000 and 2012 Abstract: The productivity and phenology of vegetation are spatially and temporally variable ecosystem functions. Monitoring spatial–temporal patterns in these functions can improve our understanding of global change and natural ecosystem variability and inform management actions. Researchers typically focus on temporal changes within or among static regions and omit dynamics of spatial configuration. Our goal was to assess global spatial–temporal variability in productivity and phenology regimes between 2000 and 2012 using a temporally dynamic functional type classification. Fourteen functional types were defined for each year by clustering the annual sum and annual variability (seasonality) of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR)—a biophysical proxy for vegetation greenness or productivity—from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). The fourteen functional types ranged from tundra (low cumulative fPAR and highly seasonal) to tropical forests (high cumulative fPAR and low seasonality). Variability in the mean of the fPAR metrics and in two spatial pattern metrics was assessed for each functional type. Many pixels changed from one cluster to another then back again, suggesting considerable short-term variability. Temporal variability in the mean of the fPAR metrics was relatively low, with changes instead primarily manifested in spatial pattern. Spatial pattern was most variable within tundra, grasslands, shrublands, and savannas. A dynamic classification demonstrated the variability in spatial patterns of primary productivity and can be used for future monitoring. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1519-1537 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1309964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1309964 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1519-1537 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stanley D. Brunn Author-X-Name-First: Stanley D. Author-X-Name-Last: Brunn Author-Name: Roland Fuchs Author-X-Name-First: Roland Author-X-Name-Last: Fuchs Author-Name: Richard A. Wright Author-X-Name-First: Richard A. Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: George Demko, 1933–2015: Engaging, Emphatic, Empowering Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1538-1546 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1345042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1345042 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1538-1546 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susanne Freidberg Author-X-Name-First: Susanne Author-X-Name-Last: Freidberg Title: Big Food and Little Data: The Slow Harvest of Corporate Food Supply Chain Sustainability Initiatives Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1547-1547 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1349522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1349522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1547-1547 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Manuscript Reviewers Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1548-1549 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1374798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1374798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1548-1549 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Annals, Volume 107 Index Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1550-1557 Issue: 6 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1374799 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1374799 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:6:p:1550-1557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steven R. Schultze Author-X-Name-First: Steven R. Author-X-Name-Last: Schultze Author-Name: Paolo Sabbatini Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Sabbatini Author-Name: Lifeng Luo Author-X-Name-First: Lifeng Author-X-Name-Last: Luo Title: Interannual Effects of Early Season Growing Degree Day Accumulation and Frost in the Cool Climate Viticulture of Michigan Abstract: Michigan daily climatic data and seasonal vine performance and phenological data (budburst timing) were analyzed to establish relationships between temperature (e.g., growing degree days or GDD) and juice grape yield and quality in Vitis labrusca grapevines. In viticultural regions such as Michigan, early season vine growth is highly important: Vines coming out of their winter dormancy need to withstand any potential bud-killing frosts after budburst. The temperatures during the months of March, April, and May are highly variable from year to year in Michigan, however. The average GDD accumulation at the time of budburst (average date is 27 April) from 1971 to 2011 was 158 (base 10°C) with a coefficient of variation of 45 percent. Seasonal GDD deficit or surplus at the midpoint of a growing season (as compared to an average year) was correlated to grapevine performance and the accumulation of GDD on a yearly basis was found to occur at a highly variable rate. Early season GDD accumulation was found to be a relative indicator of the end season total, where an early season deficit (or surplus) was able to predict whether the season would still be in deficit (or surplus) at the end of 80.5 percent of all seasons studied. Finally, a statistical model based on historical temperature data was created to calculate the date of budburst. Michigan's warming trend will likely continue in the future, which should bring positive effects to the region. Early season variability and post-budburst frosts are likely to still be a concern in the near future, however. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 975-989 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1171129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1171129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:975-989 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maryam Kordi Author-X-Name-First: Maryam Author-X-Name-Last: Kordi Author-Name: A. Stewart Fotheringham Author-X-Name-First: A. Stewart Author-X-Name-Last: Fotheringham Title: Spatially Weighted Interaction Models (SWIM) Abstract: One of the key concerns in spatial analysis and modeling is to study and analyze the processes that generate our observations of the real world. The typical global models employed to do this, however, fail to identify spatial variations in these processes because they assume that the processes being investigated are spatially stationary. In many real-life situations, spatial variations in relationships seem plausible and at least worth examining so that the assumption of global stationarity is, at best, unhelpful and, at worst, unrealistic. In contrast, local spatial models allow for potential variations in relationships over space leading to greater insights into the data-generating processes. In this study, a framework for localizing spatial interaction models, based on geographically weighted techniques, is developed. Using the framework, we construct a family of spatially weighted interaction models (SWIM) that can help in detecting, visualizing, and analyzing spatial nonstationarity in spatial interaction processes. Using custom-built algorithms, we apply both traditional interaction models and SWIM to a journey-to-work data set in Switzerland. The results of the model calibrations are explored using matrix visualizations, which suggest that SWIM provide useful information on the nature of spatially nonstationary processes leading to spatial patterns of flows. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 990-1012 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1191990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1191990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:990-1012 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John R. Logan Author-X-Name-First: John R. Author-X-Name-Last: Logan Author-Name: Brian J. Stults Author-X-Name-First: Brian J. Author-X-Name-Last: Stults Author-Name: Zengwang Xu Author-X-Name-First: Zengwang Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Title: Validating Population Estimates for Harmonized Census Tract Data, 2000–2010 Abstract: Social scientists regularly rely on population estimates when studying change in small areas over time. Census tract data in the United States are a prime example, as there are substantial shifts in tract boundaries from decade to decade. This study compares alternative estimates of the 2000 population living within 2010 tract boundaries to the Census Bureau's own retabulation. All methods of estimation are subject to error; this is the first study to directly quantify the error in alternative interpolation methods for U.S. census tracts. A simple areal weighting method closely approximates the estimates provided by one standard source (the Neighborhood Change Data Base), with some improvement provided by considering only area not covered by water. More information is used by the Longitudinal Tract Data Base (LTDB), which relies on a combination of areal and population interpolation as well as ancillary data about water-covered areas. Another set of estimates provided by the National Historical Geographic Information Systems (NHGIS) uses data about land cover in 2001 and the current road network and distribution of population and housing units at the block level. Areal weighting alone results in a large error in a substantial share of tracts that were divided in complex ways. The LTDB and NHGIS perform much better in all situations but are subject to some error when boundaries of both tracts and their component blocks are redrawn. Users of harmonized tract data should be watchful for potential problems in either of these data sources. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1013-1029 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1187060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1187060 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:1013-1029 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Renée E. Sieber Author-X-Name-First: Renée E. Author-X-Name-Last: Sieber Author-Name: Pamela J. Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Pamela J. Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Peter A. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Peter A. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Jon M. Corbett Author-X-Name-First: Jon M. Author-X-Name-Last: Corbett Title: Doing Public Participation on the Geospatial Web Abstract: The emergence of Web 2.0, open source software tools, and geosocial networks, along with associated mobile devices and available government data, is widely considered to have altered the nature and processes of place-based digital participation. Considerable theorizing has been dedicated to the geographic version of Web 2.0, the geospatial Web (Geoweb). To assess the theories, we draw on four years of empirical work across Canada that considers the nature of public participation on the Geoweb. We are driven by the question of how easy or difficult it is to “do” Geoweb-enabled participation, particularly participation as envisioned by researchers such as Arnstein and planning practitioners. We consider how the Geoweb could transform methods by which citizens and nonprofit organizations communicate with the state on environmental issues that affect their lives. We conduct a meta-analysis of twelve research cases and derive new findings that reach across the cases on how the Geoweb obliges us to redefine and unitize participation. This redefinition reifies existing digital inequalities, blurs distinctions between experts and nonexperts, heterogenizes the state as an actor in the participation process, reassigns participation activities in a participation hierarchy, and distances participation from channels of influence. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1030-1046 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1191325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1191325 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:1030-1046 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ron Johnston Author-X-Name-First: Ron Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston Author-Name: David Manley Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Manley Author-Name: Kelvyn Jones Author-X-Name-First: Kelvyn Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Spatial Polarization of Presidential Voting in the United States, 1992–2012: The “Big Sort” Revisited Abstract: Much has been written in recent years about the claimed polarization of the U.S. electorate, with substantial differences as to whether there has been greater spatial polarization, at several geographical scales, over recent decades. To assess the veracity of those alternative views, a bespoke data set showing percentage support for the Democratic Party's presidential candidates at the county, state, and divisional scales has been analyzed using a robust, statistically based measure of polarization and segregation. The ecological results provide clear and compelling evidence of a trend toward greater polarization across the nine census divisions, across the forty-nine states within those divisions, and across the 3,077 counties within the states—with strong evidence that the differences over time at the last of those scales are highly statistically significant. Within those general trends, polarization has been greater in some states than others and also within some states more than others—identifying additional geographies calling for further research. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1047-1062 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1191991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1191991 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:1047-1062 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Swanlund Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Swanlund Author-Name: Nadine Schuurman Author-X-Name-First: Nadine Author-X-Name-Last: Schuurman Title: Mechanism Matters: Data Production for Geosurveillance Abstract: Recent revelations of dragnet surveillance by governments around the world have brought attention to privacy and surveillance in their many forms. In this article, we outline the technical mechanisms of geosurveillance to synthesize and inform on a constantly moving target. Despite their interconnections and overlap, to simplify and elucidate these geosurveillance mechanisms, we classify them into three parts: geolocation, unique identification, and the surveillance medium. We show that together they constitute a language that we, as subjects, did not choose yet are increasingly forced to negotiate. Moreover, these mechanisms are both numerous and highly complex and are only one component within large ecosystems of geosurveillance, making privacy ever more evasive. Understanding the mechanisms of our own subjection is integral to any prospects for intervention, however. As such, we highlight the Tor network as an example of resistance to geosurveillance that is enabled by acutely understanding the hypertechnical language that otherwise binds us. Indeed, as we emphasize throughout, mechanism matters. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1063-1078 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1188680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1188680 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:1063-1078 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Neil Adger Author-X-Name-First: W. Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Adger Author-Name: Tara Quinn Author-X-Name-First: Tara Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn Author-Name: Irene Lorenzoni Author-X-Name-First: Irene Author-X-Name-Last: Lorenzoni Author-Name: Conor Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Conor Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Title: Sharing the Pain: Perceptions of Fairness Affect Private and Public Response to Hazards Abstract: Structural causes of vulnerability to hazards are well established in geographical research. But what facilitates individual adaptive behavior? How does the performance of government intervention affect such behavior? Drawing on political economy, environmental psychology, and climate justice perspectives, we explore how perceived fairness of responses to weather-related extreme events affects the public and private distribution of responsibility and action. We focus on flood risk and examine how perceptions of fairness of response by residents in flood-affected areas, along with their prior experience of flooding and perceptions of scope of government responsibility and capacity, affect willingness to take individual adaptive action. We use data from surveys of 356 households affected by a flood event in November 2009 in Cumbria, UK, and Galway, Ireland, to compare perceptions of fairness of responses and private intentions across two political jurisdictions. We find that aspects of fairness are related to willingness to take adaptive action but vary with context, experience, and knowledge of flooding. In Cumbria, where there is greater experience of flooding, willingness to act correlates with procedural justice, risk knowledge, and capacity. Capacity for flood management in Galway is firmly associated with state agencies, whereas in Cumbria it is perceived to result from responsibilities of public and private action. These findings highlight the central role of government action and its perceived fairness in structuring private responses to environmental risks and point to the crucial role of climate justice perspectives in navigating adaptation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1079-1096 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1182005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1182005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:1079-1096 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raul P. Lejano Author-X-Name-First: Raul P. Author-X-Name-Last: Lejano Author-Name: Richard Funderburg Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Funderburg Title: Geographies of Risk, the Regulatory State, and the Ethic of Care Abstract: We examine the role of the regulatory state in the inequitable distribution of social advantages and disadvantages. To illustrate this, we examine the spatial distribution of exposures to air toxics from noxious land uses (commonly referred to as the environmental justice problem) and inquire into the nature of state action that would allow such inequity. Findings from our inquiry lead us to focus more closely on the administrative functions of the state, especially its role as a regulatory body. A case study focusing on health risks from incompatible land uses illustrates how spatial inequities result from the formally neutral rule-making actions of regulatory agencies and their particular organizational cultures. We describe the ethical basis of the regulatory state in terms of its formal, juridical, deontological underpinnings. In contrast to this stands the alternative ethical concept of care, which is inherently relational, contextual, and preferentially attentive to the needs of the vulnerable. We argue that the regulatory state can be reformed, building structures of care to better address issues of spatial inequity. We end with a discussion of how the institutional model of the caring state might be achieved in practice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1097-1113 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1179565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1179565 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:1097-1113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neil Lee Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Andrés Rodríguez-Pose Author-X-Name-First: Andrés Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Pose Title: Is There Trickle-Down from Tech? Poverty, Employment, and the High-Technology Multiplier in U.S. Cities Abstract: High-technology industries are seen as important in helping urban economies thrive, but at the same time they are often considered potential drivers of relative poverty and social exclusion. Little research, however, has assessed how high-tech affects urban poverty and the wages of workers with little formal education. This article addresses this gap in the literature and investigates the relationships among employment in high-tech industries, poverty, and the labor market for non-degree-educated workers using a panel of 295 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States between 2005 and 2011. The results show no real impact of the presence of high-technology industries on poverty and, especially, extreme poverty. Yet there is strong evidence that tech employment increases wages for non-degree-educated workers and, to a lesser extent, employment for those without degrees. These findings suggest that although tech employment has some role in improving welfare for non-degree-educated workers, tech employment alone is not enough to reduce poverty. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1114-1134 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1184081 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1184081 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:1114-1134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice Evans Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Title: The Decline of the Male Breadwinner and Persistence of the Female Carer: Exposure, Interests, and Micro–Macro Interactions Abstract: Although female labor force participation is rising across the world, men's share of unpaid care work has not increased commensurately. Why has there been a major change in one domain of gender relations yet marked continuity in another? This article tries to answer this question by doing three slightly unusual things. It uses the same theoretical concepts (exposure and interests) to analyze change and continuity across different domains of gender relations. It examines long-term processes of social change through ethnographic (rather than social survey) data from Zambia. Additionally, it explores commonalities in the Global North and South—thereby bringing together silos of knowledge. The argument is that flexibility in gender divisions of labor increases when there is a shift in both interests and exposure. This has occurred in the case of paid work: A decline in men's incomes and job security has led many to regard women's employment as advantageous. The resulting critical mass of women performing socially valued, masculine roles seems to have undermined gender ideologies, relating to competence and status—fostering a positive feedback loop. Few people are exposed to men sharing care work, however, as this mostly occurs in private spaces. Accordingly, many assume that such practices are neither common nor socially accepted. These norm perceptions furnish men with self-interested reasons to shun housework. These micro- and macrolevel interactions perpetuate asymmetric flexibility in gender divisions of labor. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1135-1151 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1184557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1184557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:1135-1151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gergely Baics Author-X-Name-First: Gergely Author-X-Name-Last: Baics Author-Name: Leah Meisterlin Author-X-Name-First: Leah Author-X-Name-Last: Meisterlin Title: Zoning Before Zoning: Land Use and Density in Mid-Nineteenth-Century New York City Abstract: Not until the beginning of the twentieth century did U.S. city governments turn to comprehensive zoning to gain control of their land use and built environment. Nineteenth-century cities had comparatively unregulated land-use systems, where proprietors and builders found minimal restrictions to their choices to develop urban land. This article exploits newly digitized geographic information systems (GIS) data, at the level of building footprints, made available by the New York Public Library, to study the land-use geography of mid-nineteenth-century Manhattan, the Western world's then third largest city. We ask: What was the spatial order of the nineteenth-century city? Beyond the case, what can we learn about land use in a political economy where market forces operated with much greater freedom? Addressing these issues, we introduce a variety of advanced GIS methods to the original data set. Specifically, we examine the separation and mixing of the three basic land-use types of commerce, industry, and residence, by the spatial units of both blocks and streets. In addition, we measure at a new level of precision the enormous variations in residential density and crowding that defined the growing sociospatial inequalities of nineteenth-century cities. Documenting systematically and in detail these spatial patterns, including their socially undesirable outcomes, helps understand how nineteenth-century cities developed and the conditions they produced to warrant increasing land-use controls, from building codes to government-mandated zoning. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1152-1175 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1177442 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1177442 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:1152-1175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessie Hanna Clark Author-X-Name-First: Jessie Hanna Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Title: The “Life” of the State: Social Reproduction and Geopolitics in Turkey's Kurdish Question Abstract: At the heart of geopolitical concerns today are questions about life: the sustainability of life, the quality of life, and the biological capacity and resilience of life. Nowhere is this more demonstrable than in the contemporary partnership between security and socioeconomic development and aid. In Kurdish southeast Turkey, increased governmental investment in gendered development highlights the role of household, neighborhood, and community production and reproduction in processes of securitization and nation building. These events suggest a deeply corporeal geopolitics at play in Turkey's Kurdish question, one that rests on the intimate relationship between social reproduction and geopolitics. This article draws on interview and participatory observation data in Diyarbakır, Turkey, to explain how specific practices and ideas around motherhood, marriage, and mobility and rights in the city create and challenge ethno-national identities. In doing so, I contend that the Kurdish question—and understandings of Turkishness and Kurdishness—are embodied, reified, and contested in the spatial constitutions of “life's work.” Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1176-1193 Issue: 5 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1187061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1187061 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:1176-1193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ying Tang Author-X-Name-First: Ying Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Author-Name: Shiyuan Zhong Author-X-Name-First: Shiyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Zhong Author-Name: Lifeng Luo Author-X-Name-First: Lifeng Author-X-Name-Last: Luo Author-Name: Xindi Bian Author-X-Name-First: Xindi Author-X-Name-Last: Bian Author-Name: Warren E. Heilman Author-X-Name-First: Warren E. Author-X-Name-Last: Heilman Author-Name: Julie Winkler Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Winkler Title: The Potential Impact of Regional Climate Change on Fire Weather in the United States Abstract: Climate change is expected to alter the frequency and severity of atmospheric conditions conducive for wildfires. In this study, we assess potential changes in fire weather conditions for the contiguous United States using the Haines Index (HI), a fire weather index that has been employed operationally to detect atmospheric conditions favorable for large and erratic fire behavior. The index summarizes lower atmosphere stability and dryness into an integer value with higher values indicting more fire-prone conditions. We use simulations produced by the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) from multiple regional climate models (RCMs) driven by multiple general circulation models (GCMs) to examine changes by midcentury in the seasonal percentage of days and the consecutive number of days with high (values ≥ 5) HI across the United States. Despite differences among the six RCM–GCM combinations in the magnitude and location of the projected changes, the results consistently suggest an increase in the number of days with high HI values over most of the United States during the summer season, with the dryness factor of the HI contributing more than the stability parameter to the projected changes. In addition, the consecutive number of days with high HI is projected to increase in summer. Together, these results suggest that future summers might be more conducive to large and dangerous fires. The projections for other seasons are inconsistent among the model combinations. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.968892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.968892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:1-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy L. Hawthorne Author-X-Name-First: Timothy L. Author-X-Name-Last: Hawthorne Author-Name: Patricia Solís Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Solís Author-Name: Brittney Terry Author-X-Name-First: Brittney Author-X-Name-Last: Terry Author-Name: Marie Price Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Price Author-Name: Christopher L. Atchison Author-X-Name-First: Christopher L. Author-X-Name-Last: Atchison Title: Critical Reflection Mapping as a Hybrid Methodology for Examining Sociospatial Perceptions of New Research Sites Abstract: We introduce critical reflection mapping as a novel and hybrid research methodology for examining the sociospatial perceptions of researchers in new research settings, particularly international ones. The methodology, theoretically situated within the critical geographic information systems literature, combines two existing research methods (qualitative sketch mapping and critical reflection) to elicit original ways in which researchers can critically reflect on an area new to them while spatially linking these qualitative place-based reflections to sketch maps. The methodology allows for synergistic data sets to inform each other and to be analyzed together rather than separately. Through critical reflection mapping, we demonstrate how multiple data sets and methods are combined so that critical reflection and word clouds add significant intellectual value by making another layer of textual information immediately accessible to qualitative sketch mapping data analysis. We present two case studies in Belize and Panama from our current community geography research agendas to demonstrate the viability as well as the caveats of this novel methodology for understanding and representing the immediate sociospatial perceptions of researchers. In the context of international research experiences discussed in this article, the methodology captures individual responses to features of the built environment including walkability and sustainability; documents the changing emotions a newly immersed researcher has in a largely unfamiliar geographic setting; and connects new experiences in a foreign research setting to an individual's everyday lived experiences, positionality, and multiple identities. It also makes these experiences more visible to fellow researchers in a large research team and thus lends itself as a potential forum for shared reflection. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 22-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.960041 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.960041 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:22-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lan Mu Author-X-Name-First: Lan Author-X-Name-Last: Mu Author-Name: Fahui Wang Author-X-Name-First: Fahui Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Vivien W. Chen Author-X-Name-First: Vivien W. Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Xiao-Cheng Wu Author-X-Name-First: Xiao-Cheng Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: A Place-Oriented, Mixed-Level Regionalization Method for Constructing Geographic Areas in Health Data Dissemination and Analysis Abstract: Similar geographic areas often have great variations in population size. In health data management and analysis, it is desirable to obtain regions of comparable population by decomposing areas of large population (to gain more spatial variability) and merging areas of small population (to mask privacy of data). Based on the Peano curve algorithm and modified scale-space clustering, this research proposes a mixed-level regionalization (MLR) method to construct geographic areas with comparable population. The method accounts for spatial connectivity and compactness, attributive homogeneity, and exogenous criteria such as minimum (and approximately equal) population or disease counts. A case study using Louisiana cancer data illustrates the MLR method and its strengths and limitations. A major benefit of the method is that most upper level geographic boundaries can be preserved to increase familiarity of constructed areas. Therefore, the MLR method is more human-oriented and place-based than computer-oriented and space-based. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 48-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.968910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.968910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:48-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher G. Burton Author-X-Name-First: Christopher G. Author-X-Name-Last: Burton Title: A Validation of Metrics for Community Resilience to Natural Hazards and Disasters Using the Recovery from Hurricane Katrina as a Case Study Abstract: How communities respond to and recover from damaging hazard events could be contextualized in terms of their disaster resilience. Although numerous efforts have sought to explain the determinants of disaster resilience, the ability to measure the concept is increasingly being seen as a key step toward disaster risk reduction. The development of standards that are meaningful for measuring resilience remains a challenge, however. This is partially because there are few explicit sets of procedures within the literature that outline how to measure and compare communities in terms of their resilience. The primary purpose of this article is to advance the understanding of the multidimensional nature of disaster resilience and to provide an externally validated set of metrics for measuring resilience at subcounty levels of geography. A set of metrics covering social, economic, institutional, infrastructural, community-based, and environmental dimensions of resilience was identified, and the validity of the metrics is addressed via real-world application using Hurricane Katrina and the recovery of the Mississippi Gulf Coast in the United States as a case study. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 67-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.960039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.960039 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:67-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Hennessy Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Hennessy Title: The Molecular Turn in Conservation: Genetics, Pristine Nature, and the Rediscovery of an Extinct Species of Galápagos Giant Tortoise Abstract: Genetic science is an increasingly common tool in conservation management that is reshaping understandings of biodiversity and how best to “save” it. In the Galápagos Islands, genetic science has led to the rediscovery of a species of giant tortoise that by all accounts went extinct more than 150 years ago. This article uses the story of these tortoises to examine how one area of conservation genetics—reconstructions of evolutionary history, or phylogenetics—is contributing to a shift in the way pristine nature is understood and managed. Drawing on political ecologies and critical geographies of genetics, I trace the story of these tortoises, which are at the center of a conservation breeding and repatriation program aimed to “retortoise” an island with tortoises as genetically close to the original population as possible. I argue that genes are emerging objects of conservation that not only call forth new configurations of knowledge production but also open new possibilities for managing endangered natures. Tortoise “genome geographies” (Fujimura and Rajagopalan 2011; Nash 2013) that trace lineages to particular islands articulate two understandings of pristine nature at stake in ecological restoration: the bounded Cartesian space of islands that has long structured national park conservation and the purity of species lineages, which genetic technologies offer a new means for understanding and manipulating. Analyzing genes as objects of conservation opens a technical–scientific black box to critical analysis, placing new technologies for imagining pristine nature in a history of debate about conservation management. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 87-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.960042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.960042 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:87-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonja Klinsky Author-X-Name-First: Sonja Author-X-Name-Last: Klinsky Title: Justice and Boundary Setting in Greenhouse Gas Cap and Trade Policy: A Case Study of the Western Climate Initiative Abstract: Cap and trade systems have been pursued as a primary strategy for addressing climate change but have received surprisingly little analysis from a justice perspective. Using a multivalent justice framework that includes the dimensions of distribution, recognition, and representation, this article examines the development of the Western Climate Initiative (WCI), the largest multijurisdictional North American attempt to create a greenhouse gas (GHG) cap and trade system. Decisions involving five components of creating the system are interrogated: participation metrics, stakeholder consultations, methods of policy analysis, market boundaries, and policy guidelines. This analysis yields two sets of observations. First, the article documents how market-oriented regulation contracted understandings of climate change policy. Decisions taken to facilitate the commodification and marketization of GHGs narrowed the understanding of justice with the WCI to the concept of “fair play” among market participants. Second, the article argues that using a multivalent approach to justice facilitates the observation of how a relatively shallow understanding of justice was shaped in this particular context. It also concludes, however, by considering the limitations of this approach to justice, in particular the dimension of representation, when faced with multiscalar and ambiguous policy contexts such as those inherent to climate policy. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 105-122 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.960043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.960043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:105-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Elwood Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Elwood Author-Name: Victoria Lawson Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Lawson Author-Name: Samuel Nowak Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Nowak Title: Middle-Class Poverty Politics: Making Place, Making People Abstract: In a context of rising inequality and economic vulnerability in the United States, we explore links between class identities, urban place-making, and poverty politics. We ask how class difference and poverty politics are made and remade in neighborhood-level place-making and with what implications for boundaries and alliances between middle-class and poorer residents. Place-making refers to activities through which residents work to produce the neighborhood they want, such as participating in community organization or initiatives, interacting with their neighbors, and supporting or opposing particular changes in the neighborhood. We use a relational poverty framework to show that middle-class place-making reproduces normatively white middle-class place imaginaries but always also produces poverty and class politics. We extend prior research on middle-class poverty politics, which focuses primarily on class boundary making, to investigate whether progressive, alliance-building moments ever emerge. Drawing on case study research with two Seattle neighborhoods, we trace the ways in which place-making practices situate middle-class and poorer actors in relation to one another. We show that these interactions might continue to govern poverty and poorer people but might also challenge normative understandings of poverty and sow the seeds for cross-class alliances. Through comparative analysis of the neighborhoods as dense sites of class formation, we show how particular histories, place imaginaries, and built or institutional infrastructures allow (or foreclose) questioning and reworking of normative class and race formations and poverty politics to pave the way for cross-class alliance. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 123-143 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.968945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.968945 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:123-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hong Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Hong Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Author-Name: Junxi Qian Author-X-Name-First: Junxi Author-X-Name-Last: Qian Title: “Drifting” in Lhasa: Cultural Encounter, Contested Modernity, and the Negotiation of Tibetanness Abstract: During the past decade, thousands of Han Chinese have migrated to Lhasa, the capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, to pursue a slow-paced and leisurely lifestyle in a land in which they have invested both fantasies and emotional attachment. These lifestyle migrants constitute a culturally unique group dubbed, by themselves and in folk discourse alike, “drifters in Tibet.” This group puts into question the positions and identities of the socially and economically advantaged Han, by hybridizing with and adopting what they assume to be authentic Tibetan values and worldviews. This article takes Han Chinese's “drifting in Lhasa” as a point of entry to inquiry of the ongoing negotiation of Tibetanness. Drifters mobilize Tibetanness as a repository of representational, discursive, and experiential resources to critically reflect on recent modernization and economic development in the interior of China. Yet, in embracing Tibetanness to problematize the privileged position of the Han in Tibet, the drifters have not distanced themselves from an essentialized conception of Tibetanness. They uncritically celebrate the state's economic subsidies as a means for preserving what they think of as “authentic” Tibetan lifestyles. Tibetans, on the other hand, contest the rigid binary opposition between Han developmentalism and the perceived economic inertia of Tibetans, a regime of identity regulation implicated in uneven power. In particular, Tibetans respond to the drifters’ representations by configuring alternative, but nonetheless “modernized,” conceptions of ethnicity and indigenous identity. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 144-161 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.962975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.962975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:144-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kadri Leetmaa Author-X-Name-First: Kadri Author-X-Name-Last: Leetmaa Author-Name: Tiit Tammaru Author-X-Name-First: Tiit Author-X-Name-Last: Tammaru Author-Name: Daniel Baldwin Hess Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Baldwin Author-X-Name-Last: Hess Title: Preferences Toward Neighbor Ethnicity and Affluence: Evidence from an Inherited Dual Ethnic Context in Post-Soviet Tartu, Estonia Abstract: In the post-Soviet era, cities in Central and Eastern Europe inherited a rather undifferentiated sociospatial urban landscape that contrasts with the highly segregated cities in Western Europe and North America. In the Soviet era, ethnic segregation emerged as migrants were prioritized in public housing allocation. The dissolution of the Soviet Union, however, changed the economic and political position of those in-migrants. This study explores how inherited segregation patterns have evolved in the city of Tartu, Estonia. We use data from (1) 1998, 2008, and 2013 municipal surveys about stated preferences with regard to residential settings for the two main ethno-linguistic groups in Estonia (the Estonian majority and the mainly Russian-speaking minority population), and (2) the 2000 and 2011 national census that allows us to track changes in actual segregation patterns. We study two dimensions of preferences and segregation—ethnicity and neighbor affluence—and apply bivariate probit regression for the analysis of stated preferences. We detect a stronger preference among the majority population to live in its own language environment compared to minorities. Minority avoidance attitudes were strongest immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union and restoration of Estonia's statehood; by the end of the 2000s the preferences of the two groups toward neighbor ethnicity converged. Members of the majority population, however, prefer affluent environments more than minorities do. Despite converging preferences, the actual levels of segregation have increased in Tartu. This suggests that socioeconomic differences drive patterns of ethnic segregation even when preferences with regard to ethnicity have become more tolerant. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 162-182 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.962973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.962973 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:162-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Szymon Marcińczak Author-X-Name-First: Szymon Author-X-Name-Last: Marcińczak Author-Name: Tiit Tammaru Author-X-Name-First: Tiit Author-X-Name-Last: Tammaru Author-Name: Jakub Novák Author-X-Name-First: Jakub Author-X-Name-Last: Novák Author-Name: Michael Gentile Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Gentile Author-Name: Zoltán Kovács Author-X-Name-First: Zoltán Author-X-Name-Last: Kovács Author-Name: Jana Temelová Author-X-Name-First: Jana Author-X-Name-Last: Temelová Author-Name: Vytautas Valatka Author-X-Name-First: Vytautas Author-X-Name-Last: Valatka Author-Name: Anneli Kährik Author-X-Name-First: Anneli Author-X-Name-Last: Kährik Author-Name: Balázs Szabó Author-X-Name-First: Balázs Author-X-Name-Last: Szabó Title: Patterns of Socioeconomic Segregation in the Capital Cities of Fast-Track Reforming Postsocialist Countries Abstract: Socioeconomic disparities have been rising on both sides of the Atlantic for the last forty years. This study illuminates the relationship among economic inequality, other contextual and institutional factors, and socioeconomic intraurban segregation in Eastern Europe. We draw our empirical evidence from the capital cities of so-called fast-track reforming postsocialist countries: Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, and the Czech Republic. The analysis consists of two stages. First, we use the traditional indexes of segregation to assess the global levels of socioeconomic segregation in the case cities. Second, we investigate the global patterns and local geographies of socioeconomic residential intermixing and introduce a typology of neighborhoods based on the socio-occupational composition of their residential tracts. Despite rapidly growing income inequality, the levels of socioeconomic segregation in the postsocialist city are either low or very low. The scale of segregation differs between the cities and the patterns of residential intermixing in the large cities of central and Eastern Europe are fundamentally different from those found in the Baltic states. The results lead to two important conclusions. One is that the link between socioeconomic distance and spatial distance in postsocialist cities is moderately sensitive to the level of economic inequality and to other contributory factors. The other key finding is that inertia effects have offset the immediate catalyzing effect of economic liberalization, globalization, and growing socioeconomic inequality on the patterns of segregation, at least in the first decade after the collapse of socialism. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 183-202 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.968977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.968977 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:183-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Max J. Andrucki Author-X-Name-First: Max J. Author-X-Name-Last: Andrucki Author-Name: Jen Dickinson Author-X-Name-First: Jen Author-X-Name-Last: Dickinson Title: Rethinking Centers and Margins in Geography: Bodies, Life Course, and the Performance of Transnational Space Abstract: In this article we propose a rethinking of the concepts of center and margin in geography. We review extant literatures from structuralist political geography and science studies and explore alternative theoretical approaches to develop the concept of axes of centrality. Using theories of performativity to understand centers and margins as produced across an array of axes allows for an expansion of the concept. Contemporary experiences of transnational migration offer a useful way of thinking about how bodies produce places differently as global centers and margins. Drawing on material from two studies of transnational communities—one of white, English-speaking South African return migrants and one of British East African Asians—we take a biographical approach, demonstrating how two individuals with extensive migration histories have performed England, South Africa, Uganda, and India as variously central and marginal across the life course. We develop the concept of axes of centrality to demonstrate how centers and margins are most usefully conceptualized not as places in themselves but as located in and between bodies in a variety of ways as they move through and perform space at a variety of scales and over time. We propose an understanding of centrality and marginality that takes into account the embodied conditionalities under which places become imagined and reimagined as central, marginal, or both. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 203-218 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.962967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.962967 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:203-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Kraftl Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Kraftl Title: Alter-Childhoods: Biopolitics and Childhoods in Alternative Education Spaces Abstract: In this article, I consider “alter-childhoods”: explicit attempts to imagine, construct, talk about, and put into practice childhoods that differ from perceived mainstreams. I critically examine alter-childhoods at fifty-nine alternative education spaces in the United Kingdom. I analyze alternative education spaces through the lens of biopolitics, developing nascent work in children's geographies and childhood studies around hybridity and biopower. I focus on two key themes: materialities and (non)human bodies; intimacy, love, and the human scale. Throughout the analysis, I offer a limited endorsement of the concept of alter-childhoods. Although there exist many attempts to construct childhoods differently, the “alternative” nature of those childhoods is always muddied, complicated, and dynamic. Thus, the concept of alter-childhoods is useful for examining the biopolitics of childhood and for children's geographers more generally—but only when considered as a critical tool and questioning device. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 219-237 Issue: 1 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.962969 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.962969 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:1:p:219-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Youjin B. Chung Author-X-Name-First: Youjin B. Author-X-Name-Last: Chung Title: The Grass Beneath: Conservation, Agro-Industrialization, and Land–Water Enclosures in Postcolonial Tanzania Abstract: This article examines a long-standing conflict over resource control between a rural village, a national park, and an agro-industrial investment project in Bagamoyo District, Coast Region of Tanzania. Taking a historical political–ecological approach to analyzing the new enclosures and postcolonial nation-building in Africa, the article advances two interrelated arguments. First, it argues that there is an analytical and empirical need to consider “land–water” as a coupled resource, particularly in coastal riverine landscapes. In coastal Tanzania, this bundling has occurred through the everyday agro-ecological practices of local resource users, as well as their historical struggles against postcolonial state policies. Second, it argues that the contentious land–water politics in Bagamoyo illustrate the dialectic of nation-building in postcolonial Africa, namely, the contradiction between the state’s need for capital accumulation in the global economy via resource extraction on the one hand and political legitimation in the nation-state among the rural majority on the other. Key Words: agrarian political economy, enclosure, historical political ecology, land–water, Tanzania.本文检视坦桑尼亚沿海地区的巴加莫约地区中, 一个乡村聚落、国家公园、以及农工投资计画之间有关控制资源的长期冲突。本文运用历史政治生态学方法, 分析非洲的崭新圈地和后殖民国族建构, 并推进两个相关的论述。首先, 本文主张, 在分析与经验上必须将 “水与土” 视为一对资源, 特别是在沿海的河岸地景之中。在坦桑尼亚沿岸, 此一结合通过在地资源使用者的每日农业生态实践、及其对抗后殖民国家政策的历史斗争中发生。再者, 本文主张, 巴加莫约充满冲突的水—土政治, 描绘出非洲后殖民国族建构的辩证性, 亦即国家一方面在全球经济中必须通过资源搾取进行资本积累、另一方面必须在主流乡村人口中取得国族国家政治合法化之间的矛盾。 关键词：农业政治经济, 圈地, 历史政治生态学, 水—土, 坦桑尼亚。Este artículo examina el conflicto de vieja data sobre el control del recurso entre una aldea rural, un parque nacional y un Proyecto de inversión agro-industrial en el Distrito Bagamoyo, Región Costera de Tanzania. Adoptando un enfoque histórico político–ecológico para analizar los nuevos cerramientos y la construcción de nación en África poscolonial, el artículo promueve dos argumentos interrelacionados. Primero, se arguye que existe una necesidad analítica y empírica de considerar la “tierra–agua” como un recurso acoplado, particularmente en los paisajes fluviales costeros. En la Tanzania costera esta ligazón se ha presentado a través de las prácticas agro-ecológicas cotidianas de los usuarios locales, lo mismo que en sus luchas históricas contra las políticas estatales poscoloniales. Segundo, se arguye que la polémica política de tierra–agua en Bagamoyo ilustra la dialéctica de construcción de nación en África poscolonial, es decir, la contradicción entre la necesidad del estado por acumulación de capital en la economía global mediante extracción de recursos, por una parte, y la legitimación política en la nación–estado entre la mayoría rural, por la otra. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1-17 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1484685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1484685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:1-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katie Mazer Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Mazer Title: Making the Welfare State Work for Extraction: Poverty Policy as the Regulation of Labor and Land Abstract: Although the welfare state has been widely theorized as a mechanism for the management of capitalist crisis, these analyses have often pivoted on the problem of social regulation. Drawing on the case of Canadian resource extraction, this article builds on these theories by interrogating the geography of welfare state regulation. Analyzing the history of the Canadian welfare state in relation to specific historical geographies of extraction, I argue that Canadian welfare policy has been a powerful tool in state efforts to make and regulate labor markets for resource extraction. The postwar period in Canada marked not only the heyday of welfare state expansion but also the intensification of industrial resource extraction and an overarching state anxiety about national productivity and waste. During this time, poverty policy emerged as a key mechanism for the state coordination of surplus: on the one hand, surplus labor; on the other, surplus land and production capacity. Drawing on interviews and government archives, I illustrate how planners and bureaucrats drew on welfare state capacity to produce, manage, and mobilize peripheral and surplus populations in relation to dispersed and crisis-ridden geographies of resource extraction. In helping to manage unemployment and poverty in relation to staples production, Canadian welfare policy has served as a tool for expanding extraction, deepening the colonial resource frontier, and consolidating territorial control. In this sense, my argument underscores the role of the welfare state in regulating not only labor but also, and inseparably, land. Key Words: labor, labor markets, resource extraction, uneven development, welfare state.尽管福利国家被广泛理论化为管理资本主义危机的机制, 这些分析却经常以社会调节问题为核心。本文运用加拿大资源搾取的案例, 建立在这些理论之上, 探讨福利国家的调节地理。我分析加拿大福利国家的历史之于资源搾取的特定历史地理, 主张加拿大的福利政策, 是国家致力于为资源搾取创造并调节劳动市场的有力工具。战后的加拿大, 不仅达到了福利国家扩张的巅峰, 同时也是工业资源搾取的密集化, 以及国家对全国生产力与浪费的全面性焦虑。于此时期, 贫穷政策浮现作为国家调控剩馀的机制：一方面是剩馀劳动力, 另一方面则是剩馀土地和生产力。我运用访谈和政府档案, 阐明规划者和官僚如何运用福利国家的能力, 生产、管理并动员与分散且危机导向的资源搾取地理有关的边陲及剩馀人口。在协助管理有关日常用品生产的失业与贫穷中, 加拿大的福利政策提供作为扩大搾取、深化殖民资源前线、以及巩固领土控制之工具。就此意义而言, 我的主张强调福利国家在调节不仅是劳工、同时也是与其不可分割的土地中的角色。关键词：劳工, 劳动市场, 资源搾取, 不均发展, 福利国家。Aunque el estado benefactor ha sido ampliamente teorizado como mecanismo para el manejo de la crisis capitalista, estos análisis a menudo han girado alrededor del problema de la regulación social. Con base en el caso de la extracción de recursos canadienses, este artículo elabora sobre estas teorías interrogando la geografía de la regulación del estado benefactor. Analizando la historia del estado benefactor canadiense en relación con las geografías históricas específicamente aplicadas a la extracción, sostengo que la política canadiense del bienestar ha sido una poderosa herramienta en los esfuerzos del estado para crear y regular mercados laborales para la extracción de recursos. El período de la posguerra en Canadá no solo marcó el auge de la expansión del estado benefactor sino también la intensificación de la extracción industrial del recurso y un dominante estado de ansiedad acerca de la productividad nacional y el desperdicio. Durante ese tiempo, apareció la política sobre la pobreza como mecanismo clave para la coordinación estatal de excedentes: por una parte, exceso de fuerza laboral; por la otra, sobrantes de tierra y capacidad de producción. Basándome en entrevistas y archivos gubernamentales, ilustro el modo como planificadores y burócratas se aprovecharon de la capacidad de atención social del estado para producir, manejar y movilizar poblaciones periféricas excedentes en relación con las geografías de extracción del recurso dispersas y poco menos que en estado crítico. Ayudando a manejar el desempleo y la pobreza en relación con la producción de bienes, la política de beneficencia del estado ha servido como una herramienta para ampliar la extracción, ahondado la frontera del recurso colonial y consolidando el control del territorio. En este sentido, mi argumento enfatiza el papel del estado benefactor para regular no solo el trabajo sino también, e inseparablemente, la tierra. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 18-34 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1480929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1480929 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:18-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob A. Napieralski Author-X-Name-First: Jacob A. Author-X-Name-Last: Napieralski Author-Name: Brian Giroux Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Giroux Title: Quantifying Proximity and Conformity between Road Networks, Urban Streams, and Watershed Boundaries Abstract: Human activity produces distinct patterns within urban watersheds. In some low-relief urban watersheds, road networks frequently emerge as localized topographic highs in the landscape that rearrange the boundary of the watershed and increase the conformity between the stream network and road network. This study introduces and applies a geospatial metric to assess levels of correspondence between watershed characteristics (stream network, watershed boundary) and road network. A modified version of the automated proximity and conformal analysis is used to highlight areas of high, medium, and low conformity between linear features within the Rouge River watershed, a highly urbanized watershed in southeast Michigan. Watershed boundary and stream networks were extracted using high-resolution (<1 m) light detection and ranging data to detect subtle topographic variability. More than 75 percent of the Rouge River watershed boundary is considered “proximal” to the road network (of which more than 70 percent is classified as high or medium conformity), and 72 percent of the stream network is proximal to roads. Conformity is especially pronounced near the watershed outlet, which includes the heavily urbanized City of Detroit. Urban watershed boundaries and stream network patterns are likely influenced more by human activity than originally anticipated, but the environmental impact of conformity on watershed health and both physical and biochemical stream processes requires more attention as urbanization rates and intensities continue increasing worldwide. Key Words: conformity, impervious surface coverage, proximity, stream network, transportation infrastructure.人类活动在城市流域中创造了特殊的模式。在若干地势低的城市流域中, 路网经常成为地景中重新排列流域边界以及增加水流网络和路网之间的相似性的地方化地形高点。本研究引介并应用一个地理空间度量, 评估流域特徵（水流网络、流域边界）和路网之间的相符程度。本研究运用修改过的自动化邻近性与相符性分析之版本, 强调红河流域的线状地物之间的高、中、低相符程度, 该流域是密西根东南部高度城市化之地。本研究运用高解析度（<1公尺）的光学雷达来取得流域的边界和水流网络, 以侦测细微的地形变异。超过百分之七十五的红河流域边界被视为接近路网（其中超过百分之七十被归类为高度或中度相符), 以及百分之七十二的水流网络邻近道路。相似度在流域出口附近特别显着, 并包含高度城市化的底特律市。城市流域边界和水流网络模式, 很可能较原先预期的更加受到人类活动的影响, 但在全世界城市化的速率以及密集度持续增长之际, 相符性对于流域健康以及物理和生态化学水流过程的环境冲击, 则需要更多的关注。 关键词：相符性, 不透水表层覆盖率, 邻近性, 水流网络, 交通建设。La actividad humana produce diversos patrones en las cuencas urbanas. En algunas de estas cuencas con relieve bajo, las redes viales con frecuencia aparecen en el paisaje como alturas topográficas conspicuas que rediseñan el límite de la cuenca e incrementan la conformidad entre la red de corrientes y el tejido de calles. Este estudio introduce y aplica una métrica geoespacial para evaluar los niveles de correspondencia entre las características de la cuenca (red de corrientes, límite de la cuenca) y la red de calles. Se usó una versión modificada del análisis conformal y de proximidad automatizado para destacar las áreas de conformidad alta, media y baja entre rasgos lineales dentro de la cuenca del Río Rouge, una cuenca altamente urbanizada en el sudeste de Michigan. El límite de la cuenca y las redes de corrientes se extrajeron usando detección de luz de alta resolución (<1m) y datos de rango para detectar la variación topográfica imperceptible. Más del 75 por ciento del límite de la cuenca del Río Rouge se consideró “proximal” a la red de calles (del la cual más del 70 por ciento se clasifica como de alta o media conformidad), y el 72 por ciento de la red de corrientes es proximal a las calles. La conformidad es especialmente pronunciada cerca de la salida de la cuenca, que incluye el área fuertemente urbanizada de la ciudad de Detroit. Los límites de la cuenca urbana y los patrones de las redes de corrientes son influidos por las actividades humanas más de lo que originalmente se anticipaba, aunque el impacto ambiental de la conformidad sobre la salud de la cuenca y los procesos físico y bioquímicos de la corriente demandan mayor atención en cuanto que las tasas e intensidades de la urbanización continúan en aumento en todo el mundo. Palabras clave: conformidad, cubierta superficial impermeable, infraestructura de transportes, proximidad, red de corrientes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 35-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1500880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1500880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:35-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daisuke Murakami Author-X-Name-First: Daisuke Author-X-Name-Last: Murakami Author-Name: Binbin Lu Author-X-Name-First: Binbin Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Paul Harris Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: Chris Brunsdon Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Brunsdon Author-Name: Martin Charlton Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Charlton Author-Name: Tomoki Nakaya Author-X-Name-First: Tomoki Author-X-Name-Last: Nakaya Author-Name: Daniel A. Griffith Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Griffith Title: The Importance of Scale in Spatially Varying Coefficient Modeling Abstract: Although spatially varying coefficient (SVC) models have attracted considerable attention in applied science, they have been criticized as being unstable. The objective of this study is to show that capturing the “spatial scale” of each data relationship is crucially important to make SVC modeling more stable and, in doing so, adds flexibility. Here, the analytical properties of six SVC models are summarized in terms of their characterization of scale. Models are examined through a series of Monte Carlo simulation experiments to assess the extent to which spatial scale influences model stability and the accuracy of their SVC estimates. The following models are studied: (1) geographically weighted regression (GWR) with a fixed distance or (2) an adaptive distance bandwidth (GWRa); (3) flexible bandwidth GWR (FB-GWR) with fixed distance or (4) adaptive distance bandwidths (FB-GWRa); (5) eigenvector spatial filtering (ESF); and (6) random effects ESF (RE-ESF). Results reveal that the SVC models designed to capture scale dependencies in local relationships (FB-GWR, FB-GWRa, and RE-ESF) most accurately estimate the simulated SVCs, where RE-ESF is the most computationally efficient. Conversely, GWR and ESF, where SVC estimates are naïvely assumed to operate at the same spatial scale for each relationship, perform poorly. Results also confirm that the adaptive bandwidth GWR models (GWRa and FB-GWRa) are superior to their fixed bandwidth counterparts (GWR and FB-GWR). Key Words: flexible bandwidth geographically weighted regression, Monte Carlo simulation, nonstationarity, random effects eigenvector spatial filtering, spatial scale. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 50-70 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1462691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1462691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:50-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Curley Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Curley Title: T’áá hwó ají t’éego and the Moral Economy of Navajo Coal Workers Abstract: The development of coal mining in the Navajo Nation, the largest Indian reservation in the United States, is understood as a consequence of economic dependency, resource curse, modernization, cultural contradiction, and so on. Missing from these frameworks are the perspectives of indigenous actors who participate in these industries. This article draws on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews conducted with Navajo coal workers and community members during a 2013 lease renewal to analyze how a moral economy of Navajo coal workers accounts for the mobilization of Navajo labor in support of the industry, despite years of exploitation and environmental damage. This article’s central argument is that the moral economy of Navajo coal workers is built on a subsistence logic, summarized in the Navajo idiom t’áá hwó ají t’éego, which emphasizes notions of “hard work” on one’s “traditional” land and is produced in the collective conditions of a worker’s union. Even as the future of coal looks bleak, understanding how this folk ideology mobilizes Navajo workers in support of a declining industry gives us a better understanding of the integration of indigenous peoples into capitalist processes. Key Words: coal, indigenous geography, moral economy, Navajo, resource geography.在纳瓦霍族国这个美国最大的印第安保留区中的煤矿开发, 被理解为经济依赖、资源诅咒、现代化、文化冲突等结果。这些认识架构所缺少的, 是参与在这些产业中的原住民族行动者的视角。本文运用2013年採矿权租约展延期间与纳瓦霍族矿工和族人所进行的民族志田野工作与访谈, 分析纳瓦霍矿工的道德经济, 如何解释尽管常年的剥削与环境伤害, 纳瓦霍工人仍动员支持该产业。本文的核心主张是, 纳瓦霍工人的道德经济, 建立在生计逻辑之上, 并以纳瓦霍的俗语“T’áá hwó ají t’éego”概括之, 强调在自身的“传统”土地上“勤奋工作”的概念, 并且在工人工会的集体条件下进行生产。尽管煤矿的未来相当严峻, 理解此般民间意识形态如何动员纳瓦霍工人以支持一个衰败的产业, 让我们对于原住民族整合进入资本主义有更佳的理解。关键词: 煤炭, 原住民族地理学, 道德经济, 纳瓦霍人, 资源地理学 。El desarrollo de la minería del carbón en la Nación Navajo, la más grande de las reservaciones indias de los Estados Unidos, es vista como una consecuencia de la dependencia económica, la maldición del recurso, la modernización, la contradicción cultural y así sucesivamente. Lo que no aparece en estos esquemas son las perspectivas de los actores indígenas que participan en estas industrias. Este artículo se basa en trabajo de campo etnográfico y entrevistas administradas en 2013 a obreros navajo que trabajan el carbón y a miembros de la comunidad, al renovarse el arrendamiento, con el fin de analizar cómo una economía moral de aquellos trabajadores puede explicar la movilización laboral navajo en apoyo de la industria carbonífera, pese a años de explotación y daño ambiental. El argumento central del artículo es que la economía moral de los trabajadores navajo del carbón está construida alrededor de una lógica de subsistencia, resumida en la expresión navajo t’áá hwó ají t’éego, la cual enfatiza nociones de “trabajo duro” en nuestra tierra “tradicional,” y es producida en las condiciones colectivas del sindicato del trabajador. Aun si el futuro del carbón luce sombrío, entender cómo esta ideología popular moviliza a los trabajadores navajo en apoyo de una industria en declive nos facilita una mejor comprensión de la integración de los pueblos indígenas en los procesos capitalistas. Palabras clave: carbón, geografía indígena, economía moral, Navajo, geografía de los recursos. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 71-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1488576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1488576 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:71-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua Evans Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Author-Name: Robert Wilton Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Wilton Title: Well Enough to Work? Social Enterprise Employment and the Geographies of Mental Health Recovery Abstract: This article examines the significance of paid work and workplaces for people living with mental ill health. Employment and workplaces have been largely absent in the mental health geography literature in part because of the persistent problems that people with mental ill health face in finding and retaining paid work; yet paid work and questions of productivity remain central to the very meaning of mental illness in capitalist society. To address this gap, we report on research involving social enterprises in Canada that reduce barriers to participation in paid work. Through the provision of accommodations and supports, these enterprise sites challenge the disabling division of labor characteristic of mainstream workplaces. In so doing, they provide a context in which people, understanding themselves as “well enough to work,” can enact new forms of economic subjectivity. The meaning of paid work in these alternative sites remains defined in relation to the norms of the capitalist economy, however. Thinking beyond these narrowly defined conceptions of wellness and productivity offers an important avenue for future mental health geographies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 87-103 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1473753 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1473753 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:87-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jungjae Park Author-X-Name-First: Jungjae Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Roger Byrne Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Byrne Author-Name: Harald Böhnel Author-X-Name-First: Harald Author-X-Name-Last: Böhnel Title: Late Holocene Climate Change in Central Mexico and the Decline of Teotihuacan Abstract: For decades, scientists have been trying to determine the causes that led to the decline of Teotihuacan, and they have suggested several possible factors, including wars, social conflict, and droughts. The causality remains unclear, however, and interest in the topic has hardly subsided. In this study, we assess the plausibility of the drought hypothesis by exploring the drought mechanisms in late Holocene central Mexico. Our δ18O records provide valuable information regarding climate variations in late Holocene central Mexico. For example, El Niño–Southern Oscillation decoupled from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) mainly drove late Holocene climate, particularly between 900 and 1550 CE, causing a dry Medieval Climate Anomaly and a wet early Little Ice Age. Most interesting, our results indicate that the decline of Teotihuacan could be partially attributed to seventh-century droughts induced by a coupling of pronounced El Niño and reduced solar output (i.e., a more southern location of the ITCZ). Also, these droughts seem to have caused a corresponding migration from the west into the Basin of Mexico. Key Words: central Mexico, climate change, late Holocene, Teotihuacan.数十年来，科学家们尝试指认导致特奥蒂瓦坎衰败的原因，并提出若干可能因素，包括战争、社会冲突，以及乾旱。但其原因仍不甚明确，而对此议题的兴趣亦丝毫不见衰退。我们于本研究中，通过探讨墨西哥中部在全新世晚期的乾旱过程，评估乾旱假说的可信度。我们的洞穴沉积 δ18氧同位素的纪录，提供墨西哥中部全新世晚期的气候变异之宝贵信息。例如圣婴南方振盪现象与热带幅合带（ITCZ）脱钩，主导了全新世晚期的气候，特别是在公元九百到一千五百五十年之间，导致了乾燥的中世纪气候异常，以及潮湿的早期小冰期。最有趣的是，我们的研究结果指出，特奥蒂瓦坎的衰败，可能部分是由第七世纪时由显着的圣婴现象和减少的太阳能产出（例如位于更南方的 ITCZ）共同引发的乾旱所导致。此外，这些乾旱似乎导致了从墨西哥西部到盆地地区的相应人口迁徙。 关键词：墨西哥中部，气候变迁，全新世晚期，特奥蒂瓦坎。Durante décadas, los científicos han estado tratando de determinar las causas que condujeron a la declinación de Teotihuacán, respecto de lo cual ellos han sugerido varios factores posibles, que incluyen guerras, conflicto social y sequía. Sin embargo, esa causalidad sigue confusa, y el interés en el tema casi no ha menguado. En el presente estudio, evaluamos la plausibilidad de la hipótesis de la sequía explorando los mecanismos de sequedad prolongada en el México central del Holoceno tardío. Nuestros registros δ18O aportan valiosa información en lo que concierne a las variaciones climáticas del centro de México a finales del Holoceno. Por ejemplo, la escisión de El Niño–Oscilación del Sur de la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical (ITCZ) movió principalmente el clima de finales del Holoceno, en particular entre 900 y 1550 CE, causando una Anomalía Climática Medieval seca y una temprana Pequeña Edad del Hielo húmeda. De singular interés, nuestros resultados indican que la declinación de Teotihuacán podría atribuirse parcialmente a las sequías del siglo VII inducidas por la concurrencia de un El Niño intensificado y una reducida intensidad solar (esto es, una localización más meridional de la ITCZ). También, estas sequías parecen haber causado una correspondiente migración desde el oeste hacia la Cuenca de México. Palabras clave: centro de México, cambio climático, Holoceno tardío, Teotihuacán. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 104-120 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1488577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1488577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:104-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zifeng Chen Author-X-Name-First: Zifeng Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Anthony Gar-On Yeh Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Gar-On Author-X-Name-Last: Yeh Title: Accessibility Inequality and Income Disparity in Urban China: A Case Study of Guangzhou Abstract: Unlike in Western cities, where the poor population tends to be concentrated in the deprived inner-city areas and experiences low accessibility, the geographic distribution of the low-income population in Chinese cities might be relatively dispersed across accessibility-rich and accessibility-poor areas. This study aims to examine the relationships between income disparity and accessibility inequality in Chinese cities, as well as to identify the particular group of low-income residents who are at risk of inaccessibility. We conducted an empirical study in the city of Guangzhou, China, based on the population census, points of interest, and road network data and measured accessibility based on the three-step floating catchment area (3SFCA) method. Results reveal that although the essential services are significantly concentrated in the central-city areas, the geographic distribution of the low-income population is considerably dispersed across the central-city and suburban areas, thereby indicating the possibility of considerable intragroup inequality of accessibility among the low-income group. The findings from the regression analyses suggest that although urban development in Chinese cities has not resulted in the distinct residential segregation observed in Western cities, the low-income population might still face a dilemma between small floor area and low service accessibility. The study also reveals that nonlocal residents as well as nonurban hukou holders among the low-income population living in suburban areas also experience low service accessibility, which highlights the importance of incorporating hukou as an explanatory variable in analyzing accessibility inequality issues in the Chinese context. Key Words: 3SFCA, inequality, service accessibility, suburbanization, urban China.不同于西方城市贫穷人口倾向集中于衰败的市中心地区，并经验较低的可及性，中国城市低收入人口的地理分佈，相对而言较为分散，并遍佈可及性高与可及性低的地区。本研究旨在检视中国城市的所得差异与可及性不均之间的关系，并指认面临可及性风险的低所得居民之特定群体。我们根据人口统计、兴趣点与道路网络数据，在中国广州的城市中进行经验研究，并根据三阶段流动搜寻法 (3SFCA) 测量可及性。研究结果显示，尽管基本生活服务显着地集中在城市中心地区，但低收入人口的地理分佈大幅分散在市中心与郊区，因而指出出低收入群体中巨大的群体内部可及性不均的可能性。迴归分析的研究结果显示，尽管中国城市发展尚未导致在西方城市所观察到的显着居住隔离，但低收入人口却仍可能面临小楼地板面积抑或低落的服务可及性之困境。本研究同时揭露，居住于郊区的低收入人口中，非在地居民与非城市户口所有者，同时经历了低落的服务可及性，凸显出分析中国脉络下的可及性不均议题时，纳入户口作为解释变因的重要性。关键词： 3SFCA，不均，服务可及性，郊区化，中国城市。A diferencia de lo que ocurre en las ciudades occidentales, donde la población pobre tiende a concentrarse en las áreas urbanas más deprimidas y a experimentar mala accesibilidad, la distribución geográfica de la población de bajos ingresos en las ciudades chinas podría darse de manera relativamente dispersa a través de áreas de accesibilidad tanto muy buenas como malas. Este estudio apunta a examinar las relaciones entre disparidad del ingreso y desigualdad de accesibilidad en ciudades chinas, lo mismo que a identificar el grupo particular de residentes de bajos ingresos que se encuentran en riesgo de inaccesibilidad. Llevamos a cabo un estudio experimental en la ciudad china de Guangzhou, apoyado en el censo de población, puntos de interés y datos sobre la red de carreteras y la medida de accesibilidad, con base en el método de área de cuenca flotante de tres etapas (3SFCA). Los resultados revelan que, aunque los servicios esenciales están significativamente concentrados en las áreas de la ciudad central, la distribución geográfica de la población de bajos ingresos es considerablemente dispersa a través de la ciudad central y las áreas suburbanas, indicando así la posibilidad de mucha desigualdad en la accesibilidad a nivel de grupo entre la gente de bajos ingresos. Los hallazgos de los análisis de regresión sugieren que, aunque el desarrollo urbano de las ciudades chinas no ha resultado en la clara segregación residencial que se observa en las ciudades occidentales, la población de bajos ingresos podría enfrentar todavía un dilema entre área de planta muy reducida y bajo servicio de accesibilidad. También revela el estudio que los residentes no locales, lo mismo que los propietarios dentro del sistema hukou no urbano, parte de la población de bajos ingresos que viven en áreas suburbanas, también experimentan baja accesibilidad a los servicios, lo cual destaca la importancia de incorporar el hukou como una variable explicativa para analizar problemas de desigualdad por accesibilidad en el contexto chino. Palabras clave: 3SFCA, accesibilidad a los servicios, China urbana, desigualdad, suburbanización. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 121-141 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1470923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1470923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:121-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam French Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: French Title: Webs and Flows: Socionatural Networks and the Matter of Nature at Peru’s Lake Parón Abstract: Geography and allied disciplines have long debated the ontological relationship between nature and society. Although a binary perspective has historically predominated, recent decades have given rise to theories transgressing the nature–society divide through nondualist conceptualizations of socionatures. Proponents of actor-network theory (ANT) in particular have made the case for a nondualist approach focused on hybrid socionatural networks. Yet some scholars working in critical traditions such as political ecology reject ANT for reasons including insufficient attention to power and human intentionality. This article engages this debate, arguing that ANT’s approach to socionatural networks is compatible with political ecology’s core commitments and that drawing on ANT can help address enduring critiques of political ecology’s privileging of the political and economic over the material. The article grounds its argument empirically by applying a political–ecological network approach to a conflict rooted in the neoliberal subsumption of nature at Peru’s Lake Parón. In documenting the historical dynamics of socionatural articulation within the Parón waterscape, the case illustrates the potential of a network approach for understanding processes of assemblage and hybridization in ways that emphasize their historical-materialist character and the emergent agency of the social and natural—and socionatural—actors that they link. The article contends that such an approach not only yields a more comprehensive and symmetrical understanding of agency but can also support more just environmental governance by highlighting the contradictions between social reproduction and economic production that underlie many socioenvironmental conflicts under capitalism. Key Words: actor-network theory (ANT), hydrosocial systems, political ecology, resource conflict, water governance.地理学和相关领域长期辩论自然与社会之间的本体论关系。尽管历史上盛行二元对立的观点, 但晚近数十年则见证了通过非二元的社会自然概念化兴起的超越自然—社会分隔的理论。特别是行动者网络理论（ANT）的提倡者, 更为聚焦混杂的社会自然网络之非二元对立方法提供了充分理由。但从事诸如社会生态学等批判传统研究的若干学者, 却仍以未能充分关注权力和人类意向等理由拒绝 ANT。本文涉入此一辩论, 主张 ANT 的社会自然网络方法与政治生态学的核心承诺相容, 且运用 ANT 能够有助于应对政治生态学偏好政治与经济而非物质的长期批判。本文通过应用政治生态网络方法来处理深植于秘鲁帕龙湖中有关自然的新自由主义次预设之冲突, 将此一主张植基于经验 。该案例在记录帕龙水景中的社会自然接合的历史动态中, 阐述以网络方法理解凑组和混杂的过程之潜能, 该方法强调其历史物质特徵, 及其所连结的浮现中的社会与自然之主体性、以及社会自然行的动者。本文主张, 此一方法不仅能对主体性有更为全面且匀称的理解, 并且通过强调凸显资本主义中诸多社会环境冲突的社会再生产与经济生产之间的矛盾, 能够支持更为公正的环境治理。关键词：行动者网络理论（ANT）, 水文社会系统, 政治生态学, 资源冲突, 水治理。Durante mucho tiempo la geografía y las disciplinas afines han debatido la relación ontológica entre naturaleza y sociedad. Aunque históricamente ha predominado una perspectiva binaria, en épocas recientes han surgido teorías que transgreden la divisoria naturaleza–sociedad por medio de conceptualizaciones no dualistas de socionaturalezas. Los partidarios de la teoría actor–red (ANT) en particular han propugnado por un enfoque no dualista enfocado a redes socionaturales híbridas. No obstante, algunos eruditos que trabajan en tradiciones críticas, tales como ecología política, rechazan la ANT por razones que incluyen la atención insuficiente que prestan al poder y a la intencionalidad humana. Este artículo se involucra en este debate arguyendo que el enfoque de la ANT a las redes socionaturales es compatible con los compromisos centrales de la ecología política, y que basándonos en la ANT se pueden abocar críticas perdurables a la ecología política por privilegiar lo político y lo económico sobre lo material. El artículo fundamenta empíricamente su argumento aplicando un enfoque de red político–ecológica a un conflicto arraigado en la subsunción neoliberal de la naturaleza en el Lago Parón del Perú. Documentando la dinámica histórica de la articulación socionatural dentro del paisaje hídrico del Parón, el caso ilustra el potencial de un enfoque de redes para entender los procesos de ensamble e hibridación en maneras que enfatizan el carácter histórico-materialista de la agencia emergente de los actores sociales y naturales—y socionaturales—que ellos vinculan. El artículo sostiene que tal enfoque no solo genera un entendimiento más comprensivo y simétrico de la agencia, sino que puede igualmente dar su apoyo a una gobernanza ambiental más justa destacando las contradicciones entre la reproducción social y la producción económica que subrayan muchos conflictos socioambientales bajo el capitalismo. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 142-160 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1484682 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1484682 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:142-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Ash Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Ash Title: Smart Cities and the Digital Geographies of Technical Memory Abstract: This article interrogates the concept of technical memory in relation to smart city systems. Using the example of the UK air pollution monitoring system Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) and how information from this system is displayed in smartphone air monitoring apps, the article theorizes the memory of smart systems. Developing the work of Garcia, the article rethinks Stiegler’s retentional accounts of technical memory, which suggest that memory is held or inscribed on or within a particular technical object. To do this it argues that technical memory can be productively considered as a form of artificial comprehension. Here, the memory of smart systems is analyzed through a variety of logics that disclose particular qualities of objects for particular purposes, which shapes how people make sense of and respond to their environment. Through the example of AURN, the article suggests that the concept of artificial comprehension is useful for geographers studying a range of smart and nonsmart technical systems. Key Words: air pollution, apps, Smart City, smartphones, technical memory.本文探讨关于智能城市系统的科技记忆之概念。本文运用英国空气污染监测系统“自动城乡网” (AURN) 以及此一系统的信息如何在智能手机监测应用软件中展现之案例，理论化智能系统的记忆。本文发展加西亚的研究，再思考施蒂格勒的科技记忆的保留之说法，该说法指出记忆是保存在特定科技物品之内、抑或铭刻在该物品之上或之中。为了达到上述目的，本文主张，科技记忆能够具生产性地考量为人工理解的形式。于此，智能系统的记忆，通过为了特定目的揭露物品的特定品质的一系列逻辑进行分析，这些逻辑形塑人们如何理解并回应其所处环境的方式。本文通过AURN的案例，主张智能理解的概念，对于研究一系列智能与非智能科技系统的地理学者而言相当有用。 关键词: 空气污染, 应用软件, 智能城市, 智能手机, 科技记忆。Este artículo examina el concepto de memoria técnica en relación con los sistemas de las ciudades inteligentes. Usando el ejemplo de la Red Urbana y Rural Automática (AURN) del sistema de monitoreo de polución aérea del RU y el modo como la información de este sistema se despliega en las aplicaciones de monitoreo del aire en los teléfonos inteligentes, el artículo teoriza la memoria de los sistemas inteligentes. Desarrollando el trabajo de García, el artículo repiensa los recuentos retencionales de Stiegler sobre memoria técnica, que sugieren que la memoria técnica es conservada o inscrita en o dentro de un objeto técnico particular. Para hacer esto se arguye que la memoria técnica puede ser considerada productivamente como una forma de comprensión artificial. En este caso, la memoria de los sistemas inteligentes se analiza a través de una variedad de lógicas que revelan las cualidades particulares de los objetos para propósitos particulares, las cuales expresan cómo la gente le encuentra sentido a su entorno, y reacciona ante el mismo. Por medio del ejemplo de la AURN, el artículo sugiere que el concepto de comprensión artificial es de utilidad a los geógrafos que estudian una gama de sistemas técnicos inteligentes y convencionales. Palabras clave: polución aérea, aplicaciones, Ciudad Inteligente, teléfonos inteligentes, memoria técnica. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 161-172 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1489214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1489214 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:161-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kai Cao Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Cao Author-Name: Mi Diao Author-X-Name-First: Mi Author-X-Name-Last: Diao Author-Name: Bo Wu Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: A Big Data–Based Geographically Weighted Regression Model for Public Housing Prices: A Case Study in Singapore Abstract: In this research, three hedonic pricing models, including an ordinary least squares (OLS) model, a Euclidean distance–based (ED-based) geographically weighted regression (GWR) model, and a travel time–based GWR model supported by a big data set of millions of smartcard transactions, have been developed to investigate the spatial variation of Housing Development Board (HDB) public housing resale prices in Singapore. The results help identify factors that could significantly affect public housing resale prices, including the age and the floor area of the housing units, the distance to the nearest park, the distance to the central business district (CBD), and the distance to the nearest Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station. The comparison of the three models also explicitly shows that the two GWR models perform much better than the traditional linear hedonic regression model, given the identical variables and data used in the calibration. Furthermore, the travel time–based GWR model has better model fit compared to the ED-based GWR model in the case study. This study demonstrates the potential value of the big data–based GWR model in housing research. It could also be applied to other research fields such as public health and criminal justice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 173-186 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1470925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1470925 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:173-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Otto Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Otto Title: Precarious Participation: Assessing Inequality and Risk in the Carbon Credit Commodity Chain Abstract: In this article, I examine the limitations of payment for ecosystem services (PES) carbon forestry programs in their ability to alleviate rural poverty and mitigate global climate change within the market context in which they operate. Turning to the Scolel’te program in Mexico’s southernmost state, Chiapas, I illustrate how, in 2008, international buyers of carbon credits produced in the region began to alter their sourcing decisions in response to shifting dynamics within the global economy—what I refer to here as market risk. I then use a commodity chains framework to (1) reveal how program managers in Scolel’te sought to protect the program in the face of such risk by using their relative positions of power to govern how carbon credit producing farmers operated and (2) illustrate the implications of this market risk and the decisions of program managers for farmers participating in the program. I find that the governance decisions made by program managers in the face of market risk led to a series of unintended outcomes that included the dissolution of the social relations of production between program managers and carbon credit–producing farmers as well as the social relations within participating communities. As a result, farmers began to leave the program, abandoning their agroforestry plantings and limiting the full realization of the program’s positive environmental and social outcomes in the region. Key Words: carbon forestry, carbon market, commodity chain, Mexico, risk.我于本文中检视生态系统服务（PES）碳森林计画的付费, 在其所施行的市场脉络中, 减轻乡村贫穷与缓和全球气候变迁的能力限制。我转向墨西哥最南方的恰帕斯州中推行的斯科莱特（Scolel’te）计画, 阐述在该区域所生产的碳信用的国际买家, 为何开始转变其源头的决策, 以回应全球经济中的转变动态——我于此称之为市场风险。我接着运用商品鍊的架构来（1）揭露斯科莱特的计画经理人在面临此般风险时, 如何运用其相对的权力位置来管理生产碳信用的农夫如何运作, 以寻求保护该计画；以及（2）阐述此般市场风险以及计画经理人的决策对参与至该计画的农民之意涵。我发现计画经理人在面临市场风险时的治理决策, 导致一系列非计画中的结果, 包含计画经理人和生产碳信用的农民之间的社会生产关系、以及参与该计画的社群中的社会关系的瓦解。农民因而开始背离该计画, 放弃他们的农业森林种植, 并限制了该计画在该区的正面环境与社会结果的全面实现。关键词: 碳森林, 碳市场, 商品鍊, 墨西哥, 风险。En este artículo, examino las limitaciones de los programas de pago por servicios ecosistémicos (PES) de carbono forestal, en lo que se refiere a su capacidad de aliviar la pobreza rural y mitigar el cambio climático global dentro del contexto del mercado dentro del cual operan. Volviendo al programa de Scolel’te en Chiapas, el estado más meridional de México, ilustro cómo, en 2008, los compradores internacionales de créditos de carbono producidos en la región empezaron a alterar sus decisiones sobre fuentes en respuesta a la dinámica cambiante dentro de la economía global––a lo que yo me refiero aquí como riesgo de mercado. Uso luego un marco de cadenas de mercaderías para (1) revelar el modo como los administradores del programa en Scolel’te buscaron proteger el programa frente a tal riesgo usando sus posiciones relativas de poder para dictaminar el modo de operar de los agricultores productores de créditos de carbono; y para (2) ilustrar las implicaciones de este riesgo de mercado y las decisiones de los administradores frente a los agricultores que participaran en el programa. Encuentro que las decisiones de gobernanza tomadas por los administradores de programa frente al riesgo del mercado llevaron a una serie de resultados inesperados que incluyeron la disolución de las relaciones sociales de producción entre los administradores de programa y los agricultores generadores de créditos de carbono, lo mismo que las relaciones sociales dentro de las comunidades participantes. El resultado fue que los agricultores empezaron a salirse del programa, abandonando sus plantíos agroforestales y limitando la cabal realización de los resultados ambientales y sociales positivos del programa para la región. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 187-201 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1490167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1490167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:187-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lauren A. Scanlon Author-X-Name-First: Lauren A. Author-X-Name-Last: Scanlon Author-Name: M. Satish Kumar Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Satish Kumar Title: Ireland and Irishness: The Contextuality of Postcolonial Identity Abstract: The porous boundaries of postcolonial studies are put to the test in examining the Irish question and its position in postcolonial studies. Scholars have explored Ireland through the themes of decolonization, diaspora, and religion, but we propose indigenous studies as a way forward to push the boundaries and apply an appropriate context to view the 1916 Commemorations, a likely focus of Irish studies for years to come. To set the stage for Ireland, we explore the existing literature on postcolonialism and Ireland’s place within it first by reexamining the historical narrative, moving into a postcolonial critique of indigenous articulations presented in the context of the 1916 Commemorations. We ultimately look to embrace a discussion about indigenous studies and its offerings to the Irish question. By analyzing the 1916 Commemorations as a celebration of indigenous culture in a postcolonial state, the tensions of reclaiming within certain geopolitical realities reveal an unexplored space for the Irish question. These tensions are smoothed over by a reclaiming of the diaspora, uniting the mobile indigenous to their homeland as part of the ongoing reimaging of the Irish postcolonial identity. Key Words: decolonization, diaspora, Easter Rising 1916, indigeneity, residuality. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 202-222 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1507812 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1507812 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:202-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonny J. Huck Author-X-Name-First: Jonny J. Author-X-Name-Last: Huck Author-Name: J. Duncan Whyatt Author-X-Name-First: J. Duncan Author-X-Name-Last: Whyatt Author-Name: John Dixon Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Author-Name: Brendan Sturgeon Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Sturgeon Author-Name: Bree Hocking Author-X-Name-First: Bree Author-X-Name-Last: Hocking Author-Name: Gemma Davies Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Author-Name: Neil Jarman Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Jarman Author-Name: Dominic Bryan Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Bryan Title: Exploring Segregation and Sharing in Belfast: A PGIS Approach Abstract: This article presents a novel exploratory investigation into the location and characteristics of spaces that are segregated and shared between Protestant and Catholic communities in Belfast, Northern Ireland (UK). Focusing on a particularly segregated part of the city, this study uses state-of-the-art participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) and visualization techniques to create qualitative, bottom-up maps of segregation and sharing within the city, as experienced by the people who live there. In doing so, it identifies important and previously unreported patterns in segregation and sharing between sectarian communities, challenging normative approaches to PGIS and illustrating how alternative methods might provide deeper insights into complex social geographies such as those of segregation. Finally, the findings of this work are formulated into a set of hypotheses that can contribute to a future research agenda into segregation and sharing, both in Belfast and in other divided cities. Key Words: nonplace, PGIS, segregation, visualization.本文对北爱尔兰（英国）贝尔法斯特的新教与天主教社群之间隔离与分享的空间区位及特徵, 提出崭新的解释性探讨。本研究聚焦该城市中特别受到隔离的部分, 运用最先进的参与式地理信息系统 (PGIS)以及可视化技术, 创造质化、由下而上的当地居民感受到的城市隔离和分享地图。本研究藉由这麽做, 指认出重要且过往未受到报导的教派社群间的隔离与分享模式, 挑战 PGIS 的规范性方法, 并阐明另类方法如何可能对诸如隔离等复杂的社会地理提出更为深刻的洞见。最后, 本研究的发现将形成一组假说, 对于有关在贝尔法斯特与其他分裂城市中的隔离与分享之未来研究议程作出贡献。 关键词：非地方, 参与式地理信息系统 (PGIS), 隔离, 可视化。Este artículo presenta una nueva investigación exploratoria sobre la localización y características de espacios segregados y compartidos entre las comunidades protestantes y católicas de Belfast, Irlanda del Norte (RU). Enfocándose sobre una parte particularmente segregada de la ciudad, este estudio usa sistemas de información geográfica participativos (PSIG) de última generación y técnicas de visualización para crear mapas cualitativos ascendentes de segregación y participación dentro de la ciudad, tal como lo experimenta la gente que reside allí. Al hacerlo, se identifican importantes patrones de segregación y participación entre comunidades sectarias previamente inadvertidos, retando a los PSIG los enfoques normativos e ilustrando el modo como métodos alternativos podrían producir un entendimiento más profundo en las complejas geografías sociales, tales como las de la segregación. Por último, los hallazgos de este trabajo se formulan en un conjunto de hipótesis que pueden contribuir en una futura agenda de investigación de segregación y participación, tanto en Belfast como en otras ciudades divididas Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 223-241 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1480930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1480930 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:223-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cynthia S. Simmons Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia S. Author-X-Name-Last: Simmons Author-Name: Robert Walker Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Author-Name: Stephen Aldrich Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Aldrich Author-Name: Eugenio Arima Author-X-Name-First: Eugenio Author-X-Name-Last: Arima Author-Name: Ritaumaria Pereira Author-X-Name-First: Ritaumaria Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira Author-Name: Edna Maria Ramos de Castro Author-X-Name-First: Edna Maria Ramos de Author-X-Name-Last: Castro Author-Name: Fernando Michelotti Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Michelotti Author-Name: Michael Waylen Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Waylen Author-Name: Aghane Antunes Author-X-Name-First: Aghane Author-X-Name-Last: Antunes Title: Discipline and Develop: Destruction of the Brazil Nut Forest in the Lower Amazon Basin Abstract: This article considers Amazonian environmental change by focusing on political and economic processes in a place-specific context with far-reaching global implications. In particular, we consider the destruction of the Brazil nut forest (BNF) in the lower basin. The Brazil nut tree yields a valuable nontimber forest product, and its loss raises concerns about Amazonia’s agro-ecological sustainability. The article posits the destruction of the BNF as an outcome of land creation, the transformation of soil surfaces into a production factor for market-oriented agriculture. Land creation in the lower basin sparked violent conflict, with the destruction of the BNF as collateral damage. Our account complements earlier research on the political economy of Amazonian development by providing an update tuned to the institutional and economic changes that have led to the region’s engagement with globalized beef markets and to the transformative impact on implicated actors (i.e., peasant, capital, and the state). In addition, the article uses the BNF case to consider current threats to Amazonia. In Brazil, deforestation rates declined after the turn of the millennium, due to environmental policy. Recent numbers show deforestation on the rise, however, as South American nations fast-track large infrastructure projects to transform Amazonia into a transport hub and a continental source of hydropower. The article questions whether Brazil’s environmental policies will sustain the Amazonian forest over the long run; the BNF disappeared despite efforts at conservation buttressed by legislative action. The article uses data from surveys, remote sensing, regional newspapers, and secondary sources based on declassified documents from Brazil’s Armed Forces, the National Truth Commission, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Key Words: Amazon, deforestation, IIRSA, land grab, resource conflict, sustainable development. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 242-265 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1489215 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1489215 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:242-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shaojian Wang Author-X-Name-First: Shaojian Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Chuanglin Fang Author-X-Name-First: Chuanglin Author-X-Name-Last: Fang Author-Name: Laixiang Sun Author-X-Name-First: Laixiang Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Yongxian Su Author-X-Name-First: Yongxian Author-X-Name-Last: Su Author-Name: Xiuzhi Chen Author-X-Name-First: Xiuzhi Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Chunshan Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Chunshan Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Kuishuang Feng Author-X-Name-First: Kuishuang Author-X-Name-Last: Feng Author-Name: Klaus Hubacek Author-X-Name-First: Klaus Author-X-Name-Last: Hubacek Title: Decarbonizing China’s Urban Agglomerations Abstract: China’s urban agglomerations contribute 64 percent to China’s energy-related CO2 emissions and thus play a vital role in determining the future of climate change. There is little information available about city-level energy consumption and CO2 emissions; thus, we employ spatiotemporal modeling using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Line-scan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light imagery. Our findings show that such agglomerations have in fact experienced a remarkable decline in CO2 emission intensity—from 0.43 t/thousand yuan to 0.20 t/thousand yuan between 1995 and 2013, which constitutes an average annual decline of 4.34 percent. Despite still very high CO2 intensities in western China, a convergence of CO2 intensities across the country has occurred over the last few decades. Using panel regression modeling, we analyze differences in the decline of CO2 emission intensities due to regional differences in socioeconomic variables such as economic growth, population, economic structure, population density, and characteristics of urbanization. Factors that have hampered the decline of CO2 intensities are the ongoing industrialization that demands the increase in the production of heavy industry, in infrastructure investment, and in housing stock. Key Words: CO2 emission intensity, nighttime light imagery, spatiotemporal modeling, urban agglomerations.中国的城市集聚, 生产了中国与能源相关的二氧化碳排放的百分之六十四, 因此在决定气候变迁的未来方面扮演了重要角色。但城市层级的能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的可及信息却相当稀少；因此我们运用时空模式化, 该模式化使用防卫气象卫星计画／线形扫描系统（DMSP/OLS）的夜间光影像。我们的研究发现显示, 这些集聚其实经历了二氧化碳排放密集度的明显减少——从1995年的0.43吨／千元到2013年的0.2吨／千元, 每年平均降低百分之四点三四。尽管中国西部的二氧化碳密度仍相当高, 过去数十年来仍发生了全国二氧化碳密度的聚合。我们运用面板迴归模型, 分析因诸如经济成长、人口、经济结构、人口密度与城市化特徵等社会经济变因的区域差异所导致的二氧化碳排放密度降低的差异。阻碍二氧化碳密度降低的因素是需要增加重工业生产、基础建设投资以及房地产需求的持续工业化。 关键词：二氧化碳排放密度, 夜间光影像, 时空模式化, 城市集聚。Las aglomeraciones urbanas de China contribuyen el 64 por ciento de las emisiones chinas de CO2 relacionadas con energía, para así desempeñar un papel vital en la determinación futura del cambio climático. Hay poca información disponible acerca del consumo de energía a nivel de ciudad y de las emisiones de CO2; entonces, empleamos modelado espaciotemporal usando imágenes de luminosidad nocturna del Programa Satelital Meteorológico de la Defensa/Sistema Operacional de Escaneo en Línea (DMSP/OLS). Nuestros hallazgos muestran que de hecho tales aglomeraciones han experimentado una notable disminución en la intensidad de la emisión de CO2 ––de 0.43t/miles de yuanes a 0.20t/miles yuanes entre 1995 y 2013, lo cual constituye una declinación promedio anual de 4.34 por ciento. Pese a las intensidades de CO2 en China occidental todavía demasiado altas, una convergencia de intensidades del CO2 a través del país ha ocurrido durante las pasadas pocas décadas. Usando modelado de regresión de panel, analizamos las diferencias de la declinación de las intensidades en la emisión de CO2 debidas a diferencias regionales en variables socioeconómicas tales como crecimiento económico, población, estructura económica, densidad de población y características de la urbanización. Los factores que han dificultado la declinación en las intensidades del CO2 son la industrialización en marcha que demanda incremento en la producción de la industria pesada, en inversiones para infraestructura y en el inventario de vivienda. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 266-285 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1484683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1484683 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:266-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anthony C. Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Anthony C. Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: Representing the Presence of Absence in Cartography Abstract: A key cartographic challenge associated with the rise of big data is to show when spatial data observations are missing or to communicate variables that indicate absence. For example, showing where people are tweeting during a disaster might be interesting, but visually identifying where normal signals are missing could in fact highlight the most affected places. Parcel data might be fully present, but attributes of their observations could convey qualities of absence (e.g., abandoned structures). Current geovisualization approaches normally do not show anything at all when data are missing or contain qualities of absence and only in rare cases might use a specific hue to highlight the presence of absence on maps. This work argues that people perceive missingness and absence in a way that is distinct from other spatial data qualities, and we propose a typology of static and dynamic means by which we can draw user attention to the presence of absence. To explore the application of these techniques, I use urban parcel data to visualize patterns of property blight in a Detroit neighborhood. Based on conceptual development and case study application, I propose research challenges to evaluate visual representations of missing and absent information on maps. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 286-300 Issue: 1 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1473754 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1473754 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:1:p:286-300 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xueyuan Ong Author-X-Name-First: Xueyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Ong Author-Name: Yi-Chen Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yi-Chen Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Paiboon Sithithaworn Author-X-Name-First: Paiboon Author-X-Name-Last: Sithithaworn Author-Name: Carl Grundy-Warr Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Grundy-Warr Author-Name: Opal Pitaksakulrat Author-X-Name-First: Opal Author-X-Name-Last: Pitaksakulrat Title: Dam Influences on Liver Fluke Transmission: Fish Infection and Human Fish Consumption Behavior Abstract: Infectious diseases associated with dams in many parts of the world suggest a strong possibility of similar occurrence in Southeast Asia, but little is known about the influences of dams on disease occurrences in Southeast Asia, where a wide range of water-related diseases are present. An important public health issue in Southeast Asia is opisthorchiasis, the infection from liver fluke spread by ingesting raw or undercooked freshwater fish. This study investigated the effects of the Ubolratana reservoir in Thailand on Opisthorchis viverrini infection through the analyses of fish species assemblage and fish host infection in the reservoir and rivers, human fish consumption behavior, and their interactions. Multivariate analyses for community ecology and surveys of human practices were used to examine human–environment interactions involved in O. viverrini transmission. The results showed that the reservoir and the rivers harbored different fish species of varied O. viverrini infection densities, with the reservoir having higher overall infection rates than the rivers. Although the preferred species for raw fish dishes was found with low infection, several high-infection species were commonly consumed. The reservoir might have implications for opisthorchiasis risk through the potential change of fish species assemblage and the supply of high O. viverrini–infected fish to most of the villages around it. This study underscored the need to consider human–environment interactions for understanding the risks of disease transmission. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 755-772 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2015.1122508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2015.1122508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:755-772 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel A. Griffith Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Griffith Author-Name: E Scott Morris Author-X-Name-First: E Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Morris Author-Name: Vaishnavi Thakar Author-X-Name-First: Vaishnavi Author-X-Name-Last: Thakar Title: Spatial Autocorrelation and Qualitative Sampling: The Case of Snowball Type Sampling Designs Abstract: Hidden populations are defined as subsets of a larger population that are hard to target with traditional (e.g., random) sampling methods. For qualitative research, difficulties of achieving a good sample could include the time of day surveys are conducted, the safety of interviewers in areas with high crime rates, or the unwillingness of members in a hidden population to interact with researchers. Various chain-driven methods, such as snowball sampling (SS) and respondent-driven sampling (RDS), have been developed as techniques to reach hidden populations. Such methodologies have been implemented in previous research for investigations into the networks of people associated with illicit drug use and other risky behavior. To date, some of these studies have considered the contribution to variance inflation attributed to the effects of social network (SN) autocorrelation but not to spatial autocorrelation. This article implements a probabilistic simulation based on two RDS network data sets: one from Rio de Janeiro and another from the Colorado Springs metropolitan region. The network configurations are studied with respect to their associated geographic landscapes and a set of selected census variables. The results of the simulations demonstrate a lack of bias on the mean of the demographic variables and impacts on sample-to-sample variability attributed to both SN autocorrelation and spatial autocorrelation in the presence of other sources of excess variance. Findings reported in this article offer insights into designing future studies using network-based sampling strategies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 773-787 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1164580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1164580 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:773-787 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergio J. Rey Author-X-Name-First: Sergio J. Author-X-Name-Last: Rey Title: Space–Time Patterns of Rank Concordance: Local Indicators of Mobility Association with Application to Spatial Income Inequality Dynamics Abstract: In the study of income inequality dynamics, the concept of exchange mobility plays a central role. Applications of classical rank correlation statistics have been used to assess the degree to which individual economies swap positions in the income distribution over time. These classic measures ignore the underlying geographical pattern of rank changes. Rey (2004) introduced a spatial concordance statistic as an extension of Kendall's rank correlation statistic, a commonly employed measure of exchange mobility. This article suggests local forms of the global spatial concordance statistic: local indicators of mobility association (LIMA). The LIMA statistics allow for the decomposition of the global measure into the contributions associated with individual locations. They do so by considering the degree of concordance (stability) or discordance (exchange mobility) reflected within an economy's local spatial context. Different forms of the LIMAs derive from alternative expressions of the neighborhood and neighbor set. Additionally, the additive decomposition of the LIMAs permits the development of a mesolevel analytic to examine whether the overall space–time concordance is driven by either interregional or intraregional concordance. The measures are illustrated in a case study that examines regional income dynamics in Mexico. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 788-803 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1151336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1151336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:788-803 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucy W. Mburu Author-X-Name-First: Lucy W. Author-X-Name-Last: Mburu Author-Name: Marco Helbich Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Helbich Title: Crime Risk Estimation with a Commuter-Harmonized Ambient Population Abstract: Residential population data are frequently employed to link the crime incidence of an area with the number of residents to estimate the underlying risk. Human mobility patterns cause shifts in the baseline population, however, that can potentially influence the crime statistics. This study therefore employed an ambient population that combined residential population data with data depicting the commuting activity in small administrative areas. The effects of the commuter-harmonized ambient population on crime were then evaluated in a series of negative binomial regression models. The models also controlled for criminogenic factors and incorporated eigenvector spatial filtering to adjust for spatial effects. The results show significant effects of commuting patterns on crime outcomes. For certain crimes, such as violence, theft, and disorder, the inbound commuters are significantly associated with high risk. It was further discovered that an offset variable comprising the commuter-harmonized ambient population data models the crime outcomes more reliably than when residential population data are used. Spatial filtering was found to effectively eradicate residual spatial autocorrelation after accounting for effects of the predictor variables. We conclude that calculating crime rates using the residential population does not constitute an accurate risk measure and that the ambient population has crucial implications for realistic and reliable target representation and crime modeling. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 804-818 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1163252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1163252 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:804-818 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Name: Jacqueline W. Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline W. Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Name: Lauren C. Porter Author-X-Name-First: Lauren C. Author-X-Name-Last: Porter Author-Name: Eric Jefferis Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Jefferis Author-Name: Eric Shook Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Shook Title: Context and Spatial Nuance Inside a Neighborhood's Drug Hotspot: Implications for the Crime–Health Nexus Abstract: New geographic approaches are required to tease apart the underlying sociospatial complexity of neighborhood decline to target appropriate interventions. Typically maps of crime hotspots are used with relatively little attention being paid to geographic context. This article helps further this discourse using a topical study of a neighborhood drug microspace, a phrase we use to include the various stages of production, selling, acquiring, and taking, to show how context matters. We overlay an exploratory data analysis of three cohort spatial video geonarratives (SVGs) to contextualize the traditional crime rate hotspot maps. Using two local area analyses of police, community, and ex-offender SVGs and then comparing these with police call for service data, we identify spaces of commonality and difference across data types. In the Discussion, we change the scale to consider revealed microspaces and the interaction of both “good” and “bad” places. We enrich the previous analysis with a mapped spatial video assessment of the built environment and then return to the narrative to extract additional detail around a crime-associated corner store next to a community center. Our findings suggest that researchers should reevaluate how to enrich typical hotspot approaches with more on-the-ground context. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 819-836 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1164582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1164582 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:819-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edmund J. Zolnik Author-X-Name-First: Edmund J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zolnik Title: Inducing Demand by Expanding Road Capacity: Controlling for the Rebound Effect Abstract: Expanding road capacity and raising fuel economy are two policy mechanisms to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but each is susceptible to feedback effects that might offset their overall effectiveness at promoting sustainable transportation. Expanding road capacity engenders more traffic through the induced demand effect and raising fuel economy encourages more use through the rebound effect. Research on each feedback effect is evident in the sustainable transportation literature. However, research on their interaction is lacking. To fill this void, this article analyzes how additional road capacity and higher fuel economy interact to affect individual vehicle kilometers of travel (VKT) in metropolitan areas across the United States. The article pools individual data from the respective 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys (NHTS) and adopts a novel methodological approach known as multilevel modeling to estimate a three-level VKT model that nests individuals within vehicles within metropolitan areas. Data on fuel economy at the vehicle level provide an accurate estimate of the rebound effect and data on additional capacity at the metropolitan area level provide an accurate estimate of the induced demand effect. Results indicate that the feedback effects do indeed interact to affect individual travel behavior. Further research with three time points of individual data from the NHTS is necessary to establish a trend, but the empirical results suggest that the interaction between these feedback effects decreases their efficacy to mitigate GHG emissions. However, some of these effects could be offset by higher road and fuel prices. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 837-852 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1167584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1167584 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:837-852 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Nathan Green Author-X-Name-First: W. Nathan Author-X-Name-Last: Green Author-Name: Ian G. Baird Author-X-Name-First: Ian G. Author-X-Name-Last: Baird Title: Capitalizing on Compensation: Hydropower Resettlement and the Commodification and Decommodification of Nature–Society Relations in Southern Laos Abstract: Compensation programs for hydropower dam resettlement have far-reaching effects, including restructuring nature–society relations in support of capital accumulation. Although critical scholarship has shown the structural limitations of compensation programs for reducing poverty after resettlement, here we draw on the specific case of the Xepian-Xenamnoy hydroelectric dam project in the Xekong River Basin in southern Laos to explore the transformation of nature–society relations among the Heuny people. We argue that the compensation processes of valuation, abstraction, and privatization of property relations have contributed to the variegated commodification of land and other natural resources used by the Heuny. In contrast to arguments that capitalist expansion leads to ever increasing commodification, however, we demonstrate that compensation variously decommodifies other natural resources, such as certain nontimber forest products and wild fisheries, keeping other things, such as swidden fields and forest land, noncommodified. Moreover, these processes of variegated commodification are spatially variable, largely dependent on Heuny conceptions of space, thus affecting the commodification of land and other natural resources. Ultimately, by linking compensation to processes of (de)-commodification in its various forms, we suggest new ways in which capitalist social relations are being transformed and expanded through hydropower-induced resettlement. Furthermore, we call into question the ability of material compensation to restore previous livelihood and environmental conditions, as changes brought on by the compensation process itself have much deeper and profound implications when it comes to nature–society relations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 853-873 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1146570 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1146570 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:853-873 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Y. Lo Author-X-Name-First: Alex Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Lo Author-Name: Lewis T. O. Cheung Author-X-Name-First: Lewis T. O. Author-X-Name-Last: Cheung Title: Geographies of Social Capital: Catastrophe Experience, Risk Perception, and the Transformation of Social Space in Postearthquake Resettlements in Sichuan, China Abstract: This article explores the relationships between catastrophe experience and risk perception, social interaction, and household response to future catastrophes. Our main argument recognizes the geographical context in which social capital is formed and reproduced. Social relationships and norms adjust to the social landscape, which can be transformed by the spatial consequences of natural catastrophes. We therefore argue that sources of household resilience could be derived from the spatial transformation of social practices and not necessarily from catastrophe experience and risk perception directly. A case study was conducted in two postearthquake rural communities in China. The inquiry is primarily based on a household survey of 371 local residents and is further supported by an analysis of additional in-depth interviews and a review of key changes in the neighborhoods under study. The findings challenge the assumption that catastrophe experience and risk perception are related to residents' intentions to prepare for future catastrophes. Nonetheless, the relationship might be mediated by social relationships and social norms. Catastrophe experience and risk perception can be construed as a geographical contextual factor. Further analysis provides one example of such a factor: The spatial features of postearthquake resettlements have increased the proximity between residents. This shift facilitates neighborly interaction and risk communication across a neighborhood. We discuss the nonlinear, dynamic relationships between the variables examined and the grounding of social capital in space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 874-890 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1159502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1159502 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:874-890 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Ellis Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Ellis Author-Name: Richard Wright Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Matthew Townley Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Townley Title: State-Scale Immigration Enforcement and Latino Interstate Migration in the United States Abstract: In the late 2000s, several U.S. states and local governments enacted legislation to make work and life difficult for unauthorized immigrants within their jurisdictions. We investigate how these devolved immigration enforcement laws affected the migration of Latinos to these states. We find that after these hostile policies came into effect, noncitizen and naturalized Latinos from states without such policies were much less likely to move to states with them than in the 1990s. U.S.-born Latinos exhibit migration aversion to hostile states, albeit at a weaker level. Fear of discrimination and the blending of Latinos with different legal status within families might account for this broad Latino group migration response. Hostile policies produced no significant change in the interstate migration patterns of a control group of U.S.-born whites. A counterfactual analysis indicates that absent these enforcement regimes, the migratory redistribution of Latinos to hostile states from other states in the late 2000s would have continued the dispersive pattern of the late 1990s. We draw parallels between our research and state policy effects on U.S. internal migration for other groups. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 891-908 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2015.1135725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2015.1135725 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:891-908 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Conor Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Conor Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Title: Race, Space, and Electric Power: Jim Crow and the 1934 North Carolina Rural Electrification Survey Abstract: Some scholars have recently put forward the concept of energopower—the harnessing of electricity and fuel—as a way to rethink the energetic basis of biopower. In this article, I refine this idea by tracing the use of race in rural electrification planning in North Carolina during the New Deal 1930s. Drawing on archival fieldwork that examines and reconstructs the 1934 North Carolina Rural Electrification Survey, I chart the ways in which race was used to readjust and reshape projections of electricity consumption and the planning of electricity distribution line construction. This is particularly clear in the use of a metric called the correction factor that allowed electricity planners to negotiate the contradictions between the materiality of networked electricity service, based on connections, and the prevailing attitudes toward race, which were built around disconnection. Although the overall influence of the 1934 Survey on the location of electricity distribution in North Carolina remains an open question, this work highlights the ways an energopolitical project—rural electrification—intersects with a key biopolitical technology—state racism, thus providing a better understanding of the relationship between energy and social power. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 909-931 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1151335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1151335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:909-931 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke Bergmann Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann Author-Name: Mollie Holmberg Author-X-Name-First: Mollie Author-X-Name-Last: Holmberg Title: Land in Motion Abstract: Globalization entwines human lives with distant fields and forests. In response, our approach to land is relational yet also computational. We calculate and map intricate connections among land uses and distant populations mediated by both commodity chains and capital, thereby unpacking, deepening, extending, and pluralizing recent methods estimating land footprints of commodity consumption. After constructing networks of approximately 130 million direct connections among land uses, economic activities, and peoples of the world in 2007, we trace infinities of indirect interconnections. Dominant absolute-space approaches to human–environment relations facilitate local comparisons of population and resources, but our relational quantitative approach provides maps and metrics that illustrate how uneven development under neoliberal globalization results in strong global net redistributions of various per capita benefits from land use, especially from Global South to Global North. From the perspective of capital investment, the median square meter of global land use contributes to futures of human populations outside, not inside, of the country of that land. Many connections to land reach us in the form of manufactured goods and services, not just through food and fibers. Our conclusions require simultaneous examination of the indirect interconnections of all commodities, activities, and places; our characterizations of land and globalization thus differ from the forms of evidence used in studies examining single commodity chains or offered by direct trade statistics, although the results are often complementary. We show that geographical political economy and relational quantitative approaches to space have much to offer understandings of land in the Anthropocene. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 932-956 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1145537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1145537 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:932-956 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sallie Yea Author-X-Name-First: Sallie Author-X-Name-Last: Yea Title: Everyday Spaces of Human Trafficking: (In)visibility and Agency Among Trafficked Women in U.S. Military-Oriented Clubs in South Korea Abstract: Spaces of human trafficking can be perceived as “total,” akin to those of the prison and the detention center, because of the intense surveillance, bodily compliance through discipline, removal of freedom, and restricted mobility they create. Although Foucault's panopticon and Goffman's related concept of the total institution have some merit in conceptualizing these situations, geographical scholarship on institutions and regimes of incarceration has advanced important critiques of prisons as total institutions, arguing among other things for the potential of incarcerated subjects to resist and express agency. Drawing on de Certeau, these arguments focus on agency that is expressed through manipulating and subverting the disciplining gaze of power in highly embodied ways. This article examines these everyday expressions of agency in the context of bars and clubs located around U.S. military bases in South Korea, where many of the female migrant laborers are trafficked entertainers. Despite the growing scholarly engagement with human trafficking, comparatively little research attends to everyday resistance and agency in such situations or what spaces of human trafficking might tell us about the nature and geography of incarceration. In response, this article advances a perspective that centers on shadow play in everyday spaces of incarceration to illuminate the operations of resistance and agency in situations of human trafficking. It also draws attention to some of the limits in understanding resistance in such situations through the models and practices of labor activism derived through a consideration of ostensibly free laborers. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 957-973 Issue: 4 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1157012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1157012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:4:p:957-973 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nik Heynen Author-X-Name-First: Nik Author-X-Name-Last: Heynen Author-Name: Dani Aiello Author-X-Name-First: Dani Author-X-Name-Last: Aiello Author-Name: Caroline Keegan Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Keegan Author-Name: Nikki Luke Author-X-Name-First: Nikki Author-X-Name-Last: Luke Title: The Enduring Struggle for Social Justice and the City Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 301-316 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1419414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1419414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:301-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clive Barnett Author-X-Name-First: Clive Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Title: Geography and the Priority of Injustice Abstract: This article considers the challenges that follow from giving conceptual priority to injustice in the analysis of political life. Human geography, urban studies, and related fields of spatial theory meet this challenge halfway, insofar as expressions of injustice through social movement mobilizations are given primacy over philosophical elaborations of justice. The privileging of practice over theory, however, reproduces a structure of thought in which justice continues to be understood as an egalitarian ideal against which injustice shows up as an absence or deviation. The practical primacy accorded to expressed claims of injustice inadvertently displaces a model of authoritative, monological reasoning about the meaning of justice from ideal theory onto explanatory accounts and ontologies of space. Basic assumptions about how spatial theory matters to questions of justice are disclosed by tracing the recurrent disavowal of “liberalism” in debates on social justice and the city, the just city, and spatial justice. Thinking about claims of injustice in a double sense—as involving demands on others that require vindication—calls into question the value of inherited ideals of the political significance of the “the city,” by drawing attention to the enactment of distributed public spaces of claims-making, reasoning, and accountable action. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 317-326 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1365581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365581 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:317-326 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melissa W. Wright Author-X-Name-First: Melissa W. Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: Against the Evils of Democracy: Fighting Forced Disappearance and Neoliberal Terror in Mexico Abstract: On 26 September 2014, Mexican police forces in Iguala, Guerrero, attacked and abducted four dozen students known as normalistas (student teachers); some were killed on the spot and the rest were never seen again. Within and beyond Mexico, rights activists immediately raised the alarm that the normalistas had joined the country's growing population of “the disappeared,” now numbering more than 28,000 over the last decade. In this article, I draw from a growing scholarship within and beyond critical geography that explores forced disappearance as a set of governing practices that shed insight into contemporary democracies and into struggles for constructing more just worlds. Specifically, I explore how an activist representation of Mexico's normalistas as “missing students” opens up new political possibilities and spatial strategies for fighting state terror and expanding the Mexican public within a repressive neoliberal and global order. I argue that this activism brings to life a counterpublic as protestors declare that if disappearance is “compatible” with democracy, as it appears to be within Mexico, then disappeared subjects demand new spaces of political action. They demand a countertopography where the disappeared citizens of Mexico make their voices heard. Activists demonstrate such connections as they compose countertopographies for counterpublics across the Americas landscape of mass graves, prisons, and draconian political economies, mostly constructed in the name of democracy and on behalf of securing citizens. Understanding how Mexico's activists confront the intransigent problems of state terror, spanning from dictatorships to democracies, offers vital insights for struggles against policies for detaining and disappearing peoples there and elsewhere in these neoliberal times. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 327-336 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1365584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365584 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:327-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert W. Lake Author-X-Name-First: Robert W. Author-X-Name-Last: Lake Title: Locating the Social in Social Justice Abstract: A concept of social justice in which the social names a subset of justice suggests that the social constitutes a distinct sphere within which a distinctively social justice is produced and experienced and within which a specifically social injustice can be addressed. Theorists from Dewey to Latour to Foucault, however, have questioned the conceptualization of the social as a separate substantive domain within which a distinctively social justice can be found. I seek to move from a substantive to a relational conceptualization of the social in social justice, drawing from Dewey's concept of the social as an associative rather than an aggregative relation. A relational approach situates the social not in a delimited substantive domain within which justice can be assessed but as a mode of collective association through which justice is performed and produced. Relocating the social from a substantive sphere to a relational practice transforms the problem of social justice. Rather than assessing the justice of outcomes within a specifically social sphere, the problem of social justice addresses the interactive practices of social actors engaged in the collective project within which justice is dialectically and simultaneously a process and an outcome, a means and an end. I illustrate the challenges of practicing a relational conception of social justice in an antidisplacement protest against a neighborhood redevelopment proposal in Camden, New Jersey. The case study suggests that furthering the goal of social justice focuses on everyday practices of associative interaction in which relations of democratic equality are undermined or encouraged. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 337-345 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1374827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1374827 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:337-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Loretta Lees Author-X-Name-First: Loretta Author-X-Name-Last: Lees Author-Name: Sandra Annunziata Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Annunziata Author-Name: Clara Rivas-Alonso Author-X-Name-First: Clara Author-X-Name-Last: Rivas-Alonso Title: Resisting Planetary Gentrification: The Value of Survivability in the Fight to Stay Put Abstract: In-depth studies of and attempts to theorize or conceptualize resistance to gentrification have been somewhat sidelined by attention to the causes and effects of gentrification in the now rather extensive gentrification studies literature. Yet resistance to gentrification is growing internationally and remains a (if not the) key struggle with respect to social justice in cities worldwide. In this article, we address this gap head on by (re)asserting the value of survivability for looking at resistance to gentrifications around the globe. U.S. urban scholars have been at the forefront of writing about resistance to gentrification, especially in cities like San Francisco and New York City, but in a situation of planetary gentrification it is imperative that we learn from other examples. Critically, we argue that practices of survivability can be scaled up, down, and in between, enabling the building of further possibilities in the fight against gentrification, the fight to stay put. There needs to be a stronger and more determined international conversation on the potential of antigentrification practices worldwide and here we argue that survivability has a lot to offer these conversations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 346-355 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1365587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365587 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:346-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hyun Bang Shin Author-X-Name-First: Hyun Bang Author-X-Name-Last: Shin Title: Urban Movements and the Genealogy of Urban Rights Discourses: The Case of Urban Protesters against Redevelopment and Displacement in Seoul, South Korea Abstract: Despite significant contributions made to progressive urban politics, contemporary debates on cities and social justice are in need of adequately capturing the local historical and sociopolitical processes of how people have come to perceive the concept of rights in their struggles against the hegemonic establishments. These limitations act as constraints on overcoming hegemony imposed by the ruling class on subordinate classes and restrict a contextual understanding of such concepts as the right to the city in non-Western contexts, undermining the potential to produce locally tuned alternative strategies to build progressive and just cities. In this regard, this article discusses the evolving nature of urban rights discourses that were produced by urban protesters fighting redevelopment and displacement, paying particular attention to the experiences in Seoul that epitomized speculative urban accumulation under the (neoliberalizing) developmental state. Method-wise, the article makes use of archival records (protesters' pamphlets and newsletters), photographs, and field research archives. The data are supplemented by the author's in-depth interviews with former and current housing activists. The article argues that the urban poor have the capacity to challenge the state repression and hegemony of the ruling class ideology; that the urban movements such as the evictees' struggles against redevelopment are to be placed in the broader contexts of social movements; that concepts such as the right to the city are to be understood against the rich history of place-specific evolution of urban rights discourses; and that cross-class alliance is key to sustaining urban movements. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 356-369 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1392844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1392844 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:356-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Solange Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Solange Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz Title: Urban Precarity and Home: There Is No “Right to the City” Abstract: Employing qualitative and ethnographic data from field research in 2009 and 2017 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, this article seeks to position urban housing and the home at the center of discussions about social and spatial justice and the right to the city. A focus on housing and home is largely absent in the literature on the right to the city. This article contributes to the literature on the right to the city through an analysis of the struggle for the right to housing and to the city by social organizations and residents who live in informal housing in Buenos Aires, Argentina. I argue that precarious housing—through the threat of eviction and lack of affordable options—affects poor urban residents' right to housing and right to the city and hinders the struggle for social justice. In this study, home is theorized as a central space from which urban dwellers are able to create stable spaces, access urban resources, and contribute to the social fabric and development of the city. As such, precarious housing is understood not simply as experienced at the scale of the home but rather as a primary space from which the right to the city is endeavored, challenged, and denied. I examine how urban injustice and precarity are routinely produced and experienced and argue that without access to stable housing and social change, there is no right to the city. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 370-379 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1392284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1392284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:370-379 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Manissa M. Maharawal Author-X-Name-First: Manissa M. Author-X-Name-Last: Maharawal Author-Name: Erin McElroy Author-X-Name-First: Erin Author-X-Name-Last: McElroy Title: The Anti-Eviction Mapping Project: Counter Mapping and Oral History toward Bay Area Housing Justice Abstract: The Anti-Eviction Mapping Project is a data visualization, data analysis, and oral history collective documenting gentrification and resistance in the San Francisco Bay Area. In this article, we discuss the history and methodology of our narrative mapmaking, situating our work in the tradition of critical geography, critical race studies, as well as feminist and decolonial science studies. Aligned with activist work that is fighting for a future beyond the current tech-dominated political economy of speculative real estate and venture capital, our project maps sites of resistance, while remembering spaces lost and struggled for. In this article, we highlight the connections between countermapping, oral history, and housing justice work. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 380-389 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1365583 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365583 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:380-389 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate Swanson Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Swanson Title: From New York to Ecuador and Back Again: Transnational Journeys of Policies and People Abstract: In this article, I explore the surprising and unexpected turns that have developed since zero tolerance policing was exported from New York to Ecuador at the turn of the new millennium. Drawing from fifteen years of ethnographic research with young indigenous Ecuadorians, I demonstrate how the impacts of displacement can extend far beyond the local scale. Street work has long been a key survival strategy for the indigenous Kisapincha. Yet, as growing poverty forced rising numbers onto the streets, cities in Ecuador responded by importing punitive neoliberal urban policies to cleanse and sanitize the streets. Deprived of critical income, many Kisapincha turned to transnational migration to seek better opportunities in the United States. Since then, young Kisapincha men and women have endured brutal 9,000-km journeys through South America, Central America, and Mexico to work in garment sweatshops and as day laborers in the United States. This research reveals how existing inequalities are reproduced and exacerbated in the drive to gentrify and modernize cities. I argue that zero tolerance policing in Ecuador pushed many former street vendors to migrate to New York City. These transnational displacements and scalar disruptions have led to profound injustices and intergenerational trauma for the Kisapincha. To untangle the hidden geographies of urban change, I suggest that scholars adopt ethnographic and longitudinal approaches to expose the long-term and unforeseen ramifications of policy mobilities over time and space. Key Words: Ecuador, indigenous, migration, policy mobilities, zero tolerance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 390-398 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1368987 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1368987 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:390-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aretina R. Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: Aretina R. Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Author-Name: Kenneth Foote Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: Foote Title: Police Torture in Chicago: Theorizing Violence and Social Justice in a Racialized City Abstract: Harvey's Social Justice and the City was published just as a major case of social injustice was unfolding on Chicago's South Side. Starting in the early 1970s and continuing for almost twenty years, police officers under Detective Jon Burge tortured confessions from as many as 200 black men. We use the contrast between Social Justice and the City and the Chicago police torture cases to emphasize the work that geographers have accomplished since the 1970s in theorizing race, space, and place. The torture cases have led to a decades-long struggle for justice and reparations waged by survivors, families, and activists. Here we examine the spatiality of the torture and how racialized practices of policing, housing, and employment operate across scales, sometimes amplifying the effects of each practice. Looking backward from the 1970s it is possible to see the torture cases as an extension of a long history of racial violence rooted deeply in U.S. history. Looking forward, these cases have clear parallels with contemporary events, including recent “blue-on-black” police killings and the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement. Our aim, more broadly, is to begin theorizing violence within the larger debate over social justice in the contemporary U.S. city and to examine more closely how violence has been used repeatedly in Chicago and other U.S. cities to enforce social and spatial definitions of “race” and racial boundaries. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 399-410 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1402671 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1402671 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:399-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alec Brownlow Author-X-Name-First: Alec Author-X-Name-Last: Brownlow Title: The Uneven Geographies of America's Hidden Rape Crisis: A District-Level Analysis of Underpolicing in St. Louis Abstract: The article uses ratios of rape and homicide to explore the underpolicing of rape in U.S. cities. In doing so, I build on Yung's (2014) rate-based model and identify a statistic (the c-value) that can be used to rapidly assess or rank the policing behaviors of different metropolitan departments. I apply this method to a finer scale analysis of district-level crime in the city of St. Louis, Missouri. When combined with demographic data in a geographic information system, results suggest that police in precincts serving majority black constituencies are more likely to undercount rape than their peers attached to precincts that serve constituencies with fewer blacks. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 411-423 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1365588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365588 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:411-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carrie Mott Author-X-Name-First: Carrie Author-X-Name-Last: Mott Title: Building Relationships within Difference: An Anarcha-Feminist Approach to the Micropolitics of Solidarity Abstract: Nuanced understandings of praxes of solidarity are critical for grassroots political activists from diverse backgrounds to be able to work together. Since the early 2000s, the primary concern of grassroots political activism in Tucson has been migrant justice and opposition to the militarization of the U.S.–Mexico border. In the aftermath of Arizona's notorious 2010 racial profiling legislation, SB 1070, The Protection Network Action Fund (ProNet) was founded as a collaboration between migrant activist members of The Protection Networks and their allies, with the expressed goal of fundraising to support migrant-led activism in Tucson. ProNet's strategy is rooted in long-term relationship building between migrant activists and predominantly white allies and a commitment to address micropolitical challenges within Tucson, where white-led humanitarian aid groups often remain unaware of activism in Spanish-speaking Chican@ and Latin@ communities. This article examines ProNet as an example of anarcha-feminist solidarity work rooted in a praxis of autonomous horizontal organizing that also takes deliberate steps to negotiate the differences in embodied social privilege that accompany race, class, gender, language, and documentation status. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 424-433 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1385378 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1385378 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:424-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lorraine Dowler Author-X-Name-First: Lorraine Author-X-Name-Last: Dowler Author-Name: A. Marie Ranjbar Author-X-Name-First: A. Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Ranjbar Title: Praxis in the City: Care and (Re)Injury in Belfast and Orumiyeh Abstract: This article builds on the geographic literature of nonviolence with the feminist literature of care ethics and positive security to explore the potential for a praxis that promotes relational urban social justice. We examine two cities—Belfast, Northern Ireland, and Orumiyeh, Iran—that have historically endured political struggles that continue to undermine the quality of urban life. We analyze vulnerability to political, environmental, and infrastructural violence in these two urban landscapes with an eye toward “just praxis” and “positive security,” as we outline the ways in which Belfast and Orumiyeh are reinjured by institutional practices that purportedly seek urban social justice. First, we argue for the importance of care praxis in the light of the entanglement of a murder investigation with the Boston College oral history program “The Belfast Project,” which recorded testimony from former and current members of paramilitary groups. Second, we examine an environmental justice movement in Orumiyeh, where activists navigate a contested political terrain shaped by state violence toward ethnic minorities and punitive economic sanctions from the international community. From this perspective, a just praxis acknowledges the ubiquity of violent conflict while it distinguishes global readings that occur from a distance to the intimate and interminable experiences of violence that take place in urban places. We argue that a more critical engagement with the relationship between care and vulnerability reveals the enormous potential of imagining geographies of existing and evolving relationalities of care rather than global assumptions from afar about vulnerable communities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 434-444 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1392843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1392843 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:434-444 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jasmine Arpagian Author-X-Name-First: Jasmine Author-X-Name-Last: Arpagian Author-Name: Stuart C. Aitken Author-X-Name-First: Stuart C. Author-X-Name-Last: Aitken Title: Without Space: The Politics of Precarity and Dispossession in Postsocialist Bucharest Abstract: The eviction of families from historically nationalized and recently restituted houses in Romania is tied in complicated ways to postsocialist transitional justice policies. Delayed enactment of restitution legislation and inconsistent application leave families, and neglected houses, in a precarious state. As families remain in place, they create a politics that pushes against dispossession. Evidence of this push comes from a study of Roma families, who are arguably the most marginalized of Romania's low-income peoples. Theoretically, we draw on Butler and Athanasiou's understanding of precarity and dispossession and Askins's emotional citizenry, from which we find a glimmer of hope in the everyday performance of the political among threatened families. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 445-453 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1368986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1368986 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:445-453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David J. Roberts Author-X-Name-First: David J. Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Author-Name: John Paul Catungal Author-X-Name-First: John Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Catungal Title: Neoliberalizing Social Justice in Infrastructure Revitalization Planning: Analyzing Toronto's More Moss Park Project in Its Early Stages Abstract: A public consultation process is currently underway to gather ideas on the revitalization of a park and community center in one of Toronto's most economically diverse neighborhoods. This project is a partnership between a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)-focused community center, a private philanthropist, and the City of Toronto. In this article, we argue that More Moss Park is illustrative of the neoliberalization of social justice, in which social justice is touted as central to both the end goal of the project and the planning process that will shape it. We focus on three political moves that underwrite the neoliberalization of social justice in the project. The first is the technicalization of social justice as “know-how,” a form of expertise that one of the main partners claims to have gained via its history of working for sexual minority communities and that it claims to be able to offer in other sociospatial contexts. The second is the normalization of an anonymous private donor as a necessary “silent” partner in urban development whose foremost concern is social justice in the form of neighborhood improvements for marginalized communities. The third is the use of crises of neighborhood insecurity and of budget shortfalls as planning problems whose solutions rest on the suspension of normal planning approaches, thus justifying the use of a public–private partnership. These moves illustrate the ways in which social justice has become neoliberalized not only through narrowing its scope but also through using it as ideological armature to mask marginalizations emerging from urban neoliberalism itself. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 454-462 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1365589 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365589 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:454-462 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kian Goh Author-X-Name-First: Kian Author-X-Name-Last: Goh Title: Safe Cities and Queer Spaces: The Urban Politics of Radical LGBT Activism Abstract: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) visibility is at a high. Gay marriage is a reality. Gay urban enclaves are threatened by their own success, historic icons of the movement subsumed by urban development. Yet violence and homelessness continue, and socioeconomic disparities are reinforced in LGBT communities, particularly among women, people of color, young and old, and gender-nonconforming. Overlapping identities and systems of oppression exacerbate the marginalization of LGBT-identified people, creating “unjust geographies” that intertwine race, class, gender, and sexuality. These queer struggles play out in gay centers and in urban areas far from those. How might researchers understand the complex and intersectional nature of queer marginalization in urban space today, situated within multiple modes of social and spatial oppression? How might those involved in the envisioning and making of cities contribute to the social movements still fighting for change and justice? Building on theories of critical geography and queer theory, this article explores the organizing work of queer activist organizations in two New York City neighborhoods, including the author's participatory role as a designer and activist: FIERCE's campaign for a queer youth center in the West Village and the Audre Lorde Project's safe neighborhood campaign in Bedford-Stuyvesant. Through an analysis of the strategies, politics, and spatial implications of such work, the article delineates the ways in which queer community organizers on the ground are fighting for social and spatial change, outside and despite dominant economic and sociopolitical structures. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 463-477 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1392286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1392286 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:463-477 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Junjia Ye Author-X-Name-First: Junjia Author-X-Name-Last: Ye Author-Name: Brenda S. A. Yeoh Author-X-Name-First: Brenda S. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Yeoh Title: Disciplining Deserving Subjects through Social Assistance: Migration and the Diversification of Precarity in Singapore Abstract: Cities are not only associated with incommensurable human diversity but also play a pivotal role in generating, assembling, and mobilizing differences. Alongside neoliberal processes that drive migrant-led diversification in global cities, we are witnessing growing inequality and precarity in populations of long-term residents that are themselves heterogeneous. Indeed, the diversification of peoples in the global city is also paralleled by the diversification of precarity. Yet, the ways in which new configurations of difference are producing more nuanced if still shadowy subjects of citizenship deserve more conceptual and contextualized attention. Although much has been written on the management of migration, far less attention has been focused on the management of multiplying forms of precarity resulting from insecure sociolegal status, disadvantaged labor market position, and deeply inscribed social prejudice. Even less has been documented on how these forms of management set up specific vernaculars about and subjects of citizenship, migrancy, and precariousness. This article addresses social inequality and the relationality of subject making in the context of diversification in Singapore, a city-state that has a particular historical understanding of diversity through a fixed formulaic “multiracialism.” Drawing on state narratives and interview data, we analyze organized social support for both migrants and citizens both by state organizations and nongovernmental organizations to demonstrate the limits and possibilities of change and continuity in the production of precarity in the diversifying city. In doing so, we aim to extend scholarship of the global city beyond the well-debated issue of social polarization in the global city and to highlight the diversity and relationality of precariousness in a contemporary non-Western global city. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 478-485 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1374826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1374826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:478-485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Joseph Richardson Author-X-Name-First: Michael Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Richardson Title: Occupy Hong Kong? Gweilo Citizenship and Social Justice Abstract: The 2017 election of Hong Kong's chief executive has been the catalyst for recent campaigns for social justice. The date marks twenty years since the handover of British colonial rule to China (through the 1984 Sino–British Joint Declaration) and democracy itself is again being questioned. Ultimately, Hong Kongers are concerned with universal suffrage and specifically that the chief executive is elected from just 1,200 members of an electoral committee in a city of more than 7 million people (Census 2011). Occupy Hong Kong took hold of several areas of the city in 2014, with campaigners employing the use of nonviolence and civil disobedience to challenge social and political injustice; their mantra was “Occupy Central with Love and Peace” (OCLP). Through a postcolonial lens, this article analyzes the political engagement of fifteen white Hong Kong city workers. The biographies of the research participants differ: Some are permanent residents who are the children of pre-1997 expatriates, and others more contemporary economic migrants. Underpinning this research is the Cantonese term gweilo, which is particularly useful in explaining “whiteness” in Hong Kong, and I use it to investigate claims about their apparent apathy. Its nuanced definitions and meanings are especially significant in the postcolonial era and contribute to broader discussions of citizenship and social justice in the city. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 486-498 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1385379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1385379 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:486-498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Safransky Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Safransky Title: Land Justice as a Historical Diagnostic: Thinking with Detroit Abstract: Debates around urban land—who owns it, who can access it, who decides, and on what basis—are intensifying in the United States. Fifty years after the end of legally sanctioned segregation, rising rents in cities across the country are displacing poor people, particularly people of color. In this article, I consider debates around land in Detroit. Building on work in critical race studies, indigenous studies, and decolonial theory, as well insights from community activists, I introduce and develop what I call a “historical diagnostic.” This justice-oriented analytical approach illuminates the racialized dispossession that haunts land struggles and foregrounds the historical antecedents to and aspirations of contemporary land justice movements. Drawing on research conducted in Detroit between 2010 and 2012, I analyze instances when the moral economy of land becomes visible, including a truth and reconciliation process, the period when the state of Michigan placed the city under emergency management, and a tax foreclosure auction. An examination of these events reveals alternative ways of knowing and being in relation to land that we might build upon to confront displacement in cities today. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 499-512 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1385380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1385380 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:499-512 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Barraclough Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Barraclough Title: Wrangling Settler Colonialism in the Urban U.S. West: Indigenous and Mexican American Struggles for Social Justice Abstract: This article contributes to geographical scholarship on settler colonialism by exploring its urban valences in the U.S. West. Urban development in the U.S. West has long been guided by ideologies of the cowboy and frontier, which seek to explain and justify settler occupation of indigenous and Mexican land. Produced overwhelmingly in cities, frontier narratives have shaped urban landscapes and organized urban industries in powerful ways. As a result, indigenous and migrant populations in the urban U.S. West must wrestle with frontier myths—and the institutions that produce them—in their struggles for social justice. In this article, I examine two recent struggles over urban land use, economic development, and public space in the U.S. West that engaged settler myths of the frontier. These include the purchase, relocation, and operation of Rawhide Wild West Town in Phoenix, Arizona, by the Gila River Indian Community and failed efforts by charros (Mexican cowboys) to use a major sports facility in Las Vegas, Nevada. Together, these cases show that U.S. settler colonialism is far from settled but that settler nostalgia for the frontier—and the urban institutions that produce it—imposes real limits on the abilities of indigenous and marginalized peoples to pursue and achieve their visions of social justice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 513-523 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1374825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1374825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:513-523 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Morgan Grove Author-X-Name-First: Morgan Author-X-Name-Last: Grove Author-Name: Laura Ogden Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Ogden Author-Name: Steward Pickett Author-X-Name-First: Steward Author-X-Name-Last: Pickett Author-Name: Chris Boone Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Boone Author-Name: Geoff Buckley Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Buckley Author-Name: Dexter H. Locke Author-X-Name-First: Dexter H. Author-X-Name-Last: Locke Author-Name: Charlie Lord Author-X-Name-First: Charlie Author-X-Name-Last: Lord Author-Name: Billy Hall Author-X-Name-First: Billy Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Title: The Legacy Effect: Understanding How Segregation and Environmental Injustice Unfold over Time in Baltimore Abstract: Legacies of social and environmental injustices can leave an imprint on the present and constrain transitions for more sustainable futures. In this article, we ask this question: What is the relationship of environmental inequality and histories of segregation? The answer for Baltimore is complex, where past practices of de jure and de facto segregation have created social and environmental legacies that persist on the landscape today. To answer this question, we examine the interactions among past and current environmental injustices in Baltimore from the late 1880s to the present using nearly twenty years of social and environmental justice research from the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES), a long-term social–ecological research project. Our research demonstrates that patterns and procedures in the city's early history of formal and informal segregation, followed by “redlining” in the 1930s, have left indelible patterns of social and environmental inequalities. These patterns are manifest in the distribution of environmental disamenities such as polluting industries, urban heat islands, and vulnerability to flooding, and they are also evident in the distribution of environmental amenities such as parks and trees. Further, our work shows how these legacies are complicated by changing perceptions of what counts as an environmental disamenity and amenity. Ultimately, we argue that the interactions among historical patterns, processes, and procedures over the long term are crucial for understanding environmental injustices of the past and present and for constructing sustainable cities for the future. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 524-537 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1365585 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365585 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:524-537 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan De Lara Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: De Lara Title: “This Port Is Killing People”: Sustainability without Justice in the Neo-Keynesian Green City Abstract: This article examines how regional policymakers in Southern California deployed a green growth strategy that cemented racial, environmental, and class precariousness into the region's ecological fabric. It uses participant observation and extant data to show how environmentalist statecraft provided ideological cover for a type of neo-Keynesian logistics growth regime that used infrastructure spending to stimulate the economy without addressing underlying issues of racial, economic, and environmental justice. Urban political ecology and racial capitalism are used as theoretical frameworks to stretch the boundaries of how sustainability is conceptualized and to challenge assumptions behind a green capitalism framework. Finally, the article examines how labor and environmental justice activists used what Sze et al. (2009, 836) called “cultural and ecological discourses” to challenge the green capitalist agenda by incorporating subaltern spatial imaginaries. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 538-548 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1393328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1393328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:538-548 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriela Valdivia Author-X-Name-First: Gabriela Author-X-Name-Last: Valdivia Title: “Wagering Life” in the Petro-City: Embodied Ecologies of Oil Flow, Capitalism, and Justice in Esmeraldas, Ecuador Abstract: This article uses a political ecology approach to examine how urban residents of the refinery city of Esmeraldas “wager life” under conditions of social and chemical toxicity associated with oil capitalism. The article draws on the scholarship on affective economies and critical oil geographies to trace the knotting of social reproduction and oil capital in Esmeraldas and to illustrate how “cruel optimisms” (Berlant 2011) allow city-dwellers to make sense of everyday life amidst frontier-style petro-capitalism. Focusing on personal narratives of social reproduction, affect, and hope in the city, the article first argues that “justice” can be contradictory and politically ambivalent and, second, challenges fixed readings of resistance, refusal, or submission in resource extraction–dominated sites. Rather than presupposing resistance to petro-capitalism or submission to its workings, the article illustrates the liveliness of urban justice struggles and how attention to embodied ecologies and affective oil economies deepens scholarship on social justice. Key Words: cruel optimisms, environmental justice, petro-capital, social reproduction, urban political ecology. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 549-557 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1369389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1369389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:549-557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Simpson Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Simpson Author-Name: Jen Bagelman Author-X-Name-First: Jen Author-X-Name-Last: Bagelman Title: Decolonizing Urban Political Ecologies: The Production of Nature in Settler Colonial Cities Abstract: This article contributes to the decolonization of urban political ecology (UPE) by centering the ongoing processes of colonization and its resistances that produce urban natures in settler colonial cities. Placing the UPE literature in conversation with scholarship on settler colonialism and Indigenous resurgence, we demonstrate how the ecology of the settler colonial city is marked by the imposition of a colonial socionatural order on existing Indigenous socionatural systems. Examining the case of Lekwungen territory, commonly known as Victoria, British Columbia, we consider how parks, property lines, and settler agriculture are inscribed on a dynamic food system maintained by the Lekwungen over millennia. The erasure of the Lekwungen socioecological system, however, has never been complete. Efforts of the Lekwungen and their allies to continue managing these lands as part of an Indigenous food system have resulted in conflict with volunteer conservationists and parks officials who assert their own jurisdictional authority over the space. Drawing on interviews and participant observation research, we argue that the seemingly quotidian and everyday acts of tending to urban greenspace by these groups are actually of central importance to struggles over the reproduction of UPEs in the settler colonial city. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 558-568 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1392285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1392285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:558-568 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Burns Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Burns Title: Datafying Disaster: Institutional Framings of Data Production Following Superstorm Sandy Abstract: In the wake of disasters, communities organize to produce spatial data capturing knowledge about the disaster and to fill gaps left by formal emergency responders. The ways in which communities affect overall response efforts can produce inequalities, disempowerment, or further marginalization. Increasingly, this organizing and knowledge production occurs through digital technologies and, recently, digital humanitarianism has become an important suite of such technologies. Digital humanitarianism includes technologies like the crowd-sourced crisis mapping platform Ushahidi and the community of volunteers Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team, which focuses on the amateur-generated global base map OpenStreetMap. Digital humanitarianism is shifting how needs and knowledges are captured and represented as data following disasters. These transformations raise important questions for geographers interested in the sociopolitical and institutional processes that frame data production and representation. In this article, I contribute to geographers' efforts to understand the institutional and community-based politics that frame the types of data that are produced in disaster contexts by drawing on an ethnographic project that took place in both Washington, DC, and New York City after Superstorm Sandy in 2012. I show that digital humanitarians produced data in the Rockaway Peninsula of New York in response to perceived gaps on the part of formal emergency responders. In so doing, they represented needs, individuals, and communities in ways that local community advocacy organizations found problematic. These findings shed light on the politics and struggles around why particular data sets were produced and the motives behind capturing particular disaster-related needs and knowledge as data. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 569-578 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1402673 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1402673 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:569-578 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathan McClintock Author-X-Name-First: Nathan Author-X-Name-Last: McClintock Title: Cultivating (a) Sustainability Capital: Urban Agriculture, Ecogentrification, and the Uneven Valorization of Social Reproduction Abstract: Urban agriculture (UA), for many activists and scholars, plays a prominent role in food justice struggles in cities throughout the Global North, a site of conflict between use and exchange values and rallying point for progressive claims to the right to the city. Recent critiques, however, warn of its contribution to gentrification and displacement. With the use–exchange value binary no longer as useful an analytic as it once was, geographers need to better understand UA's contradictory relations to capital, particularly in the neoliberal sustainable city. To this end, I bring together feminist theorizations of social reproduction, Bourdieu's “species of capital” and critical geographies of race to help demystify UA's entanglement in processes of ecogentrification. In this primarily theoretical contribution, I argue that concrete labor embedded in household-scale UA—a socially reproductive practice—becomes cultural capital that a sustainable city's growth coalition in turn valorizes as symbolic sustainability capital used to extract rent and burnish the city's brand at larger scales. The valorization of UA occurs, by necessity, in a variegated manner; spatial agglomerations of UA and the ecohabitus required for its misrecognition as sustainability capital arise as a function of the interplay between rent gaps and racialized othering. I assert that ecogentrification is not only a contradiction emerging from an urban sustainability fix but is central to how racial capitalism functions through green urbanization. Like its contribution to ecogentrification, I conclude, UA's emancipatory potential is also spatially variegated. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 579-590 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1365582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365582 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:579-590 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Margaret Pettygrove Author-X-Name-First: Margaret Author-X-Name-Last: Pettygrove Author-Name: Rina Ghose Author-X-Name-First: Rina Author-X-Name-Last: Ghose Title: From “Rust Belt” to “Fresh Coast”: Remaking the City through Food Justice and Urban Agriculture Abstract: Rising levels of urban food insecurity and diet-related disease have led to many inquiries into the urban food environment and its relation to health. Community-based food activism and urban agriculture (UA) provide alternatives to conventional food systems and promote food justice. Forms of food activism include community gardens, farmers' markets, antihunger initiatives, legislative advocacy, food literacy campaigns, and organic food consumption. Although many benefits are noted, scholars also contend that food activism often serves to bolster neoliberal structures by encouraging neoliberal citizen subjectivities or engaging in localized activities that do not directly challenge broader structural injustices. To the extent that neoliberalization is a racist (and racialized) process, the reproduction of neoliberal structures contributes to reproducing racial difference. This article examines the complexities of food activism within the context of neoliberal governance, with particular attention to the role of the local entrepreneurial state and its interactions with nonstate actors. City government and private development agencies promote UA as a means of neoliberal economic development that operates via public–private partnership to revitalize and generate value from central city neighborhoods. In so doing, these actors appropriate discourses from community-based UA organizations to legitimize their political–economic interests. Community-based organizations in turn recognize these interests and engage strategically with the city and private agencies to survive in the context of heightened resource competition and performance pressures within the nonprofit sector. Our research is based on seven years of fieldwork in Milwaukee, collecting data through intensive semistructured interviews, participant observations, and documents analysis. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 591-603 Issue: 2 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1402672 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1402672 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:2:p:591-603 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emeline Comby Author-X-Name-First: Emeline Author-X-Name-Last: Comby Author-Name: Yves-François Le Lay Author-X-Name-First: Yves-François Author-X-Name-Last: Le Lay Author-Name: Hervé Piégay Author-X-Name-First: Hervé Author-X-Name-Last: Piégay Title: Power and Changing Riverscapes: The Socioecological Fix and Newspaper Discourse Concerning the Rhône River (France) Since 1945 Abstract: Riverscapes are constructs that mix natural components with political, socioeconomic, and technical strategies. This article shows how the riverscapes of the Rhône in France have changed under the influence of different power relations. We use newspapers to highlight the potential of news outlets as a data source with which to apply Foucault’s critical and genealogical methods and to develop a political ecology of socioecological fixes. Media coverage is proxied by a content analysis and textual data analysis of 1,079 articles published in Le Monde from 1945 to 2013. We study variations of newspaper discourse to create five chronological narratives: (1) the reconstruction of France and the creation of new landscapes, (2) the promotion of national development through navigation, (3) the quest for energy independence through dams and nuclear power plants, (4) the abandonment of major projects, and (5) the definition of pollution and flooding as national problems at the same time as the rediscovery of landscapes as local amenities. River landscapes are related to national political objectives, even though schemes for the Rhône seem to be ever less geared to national ambitions. In specific contexts, bottom-up advocacy coalitions occasionally prove powerful enough to influence socioecological trajectories: Their power seems to be on the rise as the national project wanes. They are often opposed to new socioecological fixes. Although political drivers are instrumental in shaping the Rhône, economic dynamics are crucial. Energy production seems to be a good indicator for monitoring socioecological fixes along major rivers because it involves fixed capital. Key Words: construction of riverscape, discourse, political ecology, socioecological fix, temporal patterns. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1671-1690 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1580134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1580134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1671-1690 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrich Oslender Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich Author-X-Name-Last: Oslender Title: Geographies of the Pluriverse: Decolonial Thinking and Ontological Conflict on Colombia’s Pacific Coast Abstract: Recent debates in decolonial thinking have engaged the notion of the pluriverse to question the concept of universality at the heart of Western epistemology and hermeneutics that has historically underpinned processes of colonial domination and exploitation. The idea of the pluriverse calls for a coexistence of many worlds as an acknowledgment of the entanglements of diverse cosmologies. These entanglements are often of a conflictual nature, in that different ways of being in the world are intricately linked through the colonial matrix of power, leading to what has been termed ontological conflicts. Although much of this literature on decoloniality is highly sophisticated on a conceptual level, it often displays a dearth of ethnographic evidence, which would strengthen its theoretical claims. In this article I attend to this critique by first reviewing the principal arguments regarding the pluriverse and ontological conflicts to then offer an in-depth examination of what such a pluriverse might actually look like in particular places. For this I examine the world in the Pacific coast region of Colombia that is constituted through what I call the aquatic space—an assemblage of relations resulting from human entanglements with an aquatic environment characterized by intricate river networks, significant tidal ranges, and labyrinthine mangrove swamps. This aquatic space, I argue, has informed the political organization of Afro-Colombian communities in the region in a conflict with capitalist modernity, which, crucially, is not merely about land rights and resource extraction but an ontological conflict over ways of being in the world. I finish by suggesting that the pluriverse constitutes a third space, challenging our accustomed ways of thinking spatially and ontologically. Key Words: Afro-Colombia, aquatic space, coloniality of power, modernity, third space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1691-1705 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1572491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1572491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1691-1705 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Albert E. Fulton Author-X-Name-First: Albert E. Author-X-Name-Last: Fulton Author-Name: Catherine H. Yansa Author-X-Name-First: Catherine H. Author-X-Name-Last: Yansa Title: Native American Land-Use Impacts on a Temperate Forested Ecosystem, West Central New York State Abstract: Land survey records (LSRs) describing forest species composition prior to extensive European American settlement are critical sources of information on past environmental controls of forest dynamics in eastern North America. Embedded within these historical data sources is evidence of prior Native American land use. This study expands on previous LSR-based analyses of Seneca and Iroquoian populations’ impacts on the temperate forests of west central New York State. We use an enhanced array of geospatial LSR vegetation data beyond conventional bearing tree data and implement, for the first time, combined indirect ordination of vegetation data along major environmental gradients and numerical classification of discrete upland vegetation communities. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed three main drivers of vegetation dynamics in the study area: (1) fire frequency (53.7 percent of total variance); (2) soil productivity (22.6 percent variance); and (3) Native American land use (15.9 percent variance). Agglomerative hierarchical clustering reinforced the primacy of these gradients by delineating two major forest types differentiated primarily by fire frequency and secondarily by soil productivity. Seneca and Iroquoian agricultural villages were preferentially concentrated within fire-tolerant dry upland forests on high-productivity soils within the interior portion of the Lake Ontario Lowland. Fire-tolerant, dry upland forests on low-productivity soils were situated on the adjacent Appalachian Plateau, which was likely used by indigenous populations for silvicultural land-use activities. Native American disturbance of temperate forested ecosystems likely varied across the diverse culture areas of eastern North America, with the Seneca and Iroquois representing an extreme end-member within a broad continuum of anthropogenic disturbance. Key Words: forest composition, land survey records, land-use history, Native Americans, vegetation disturbance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1706-1728 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1587281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1587281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1706-1728 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gemma Davies Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Author-Name: John Dixon Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Author-Name: Colin G. Tredoux Author-X-Name-First: Colin G. Author-X-Name-Last: Tredoux Author-Name: J. Duncan Whyatt Author-X-Name-First: J. Duncan Author-X-Name-Last: Whyatt Author-Name: Jonny J. Huck Author-X-Name-First: Jonny J. Author-X-Name-Last: Huck Author-Name: Brendan Sturgeon Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Sturgeon Author-Name: Bree T. Hocking Author-X-Name-First: Bree T. Author-X-Name-Last: Hocking Author-Name: Neil Jarman Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Jarman Author-Name: Dominic Bryan Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Bryan Title: Networks of (Dis)connection: Mobility Practices, Tertiary Streets, and Sectarian Divisions in North Belfast Abstract: Long-standing tensions between Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland have led to high levels of segregation. This article explores the spaces within which residents of north Belfast move within everyday life and the extent to which these are influenced by segregation. We focus in particular on the role that interconnecting tertiary streets have on patterns of mobility. We adapt Grannis’s (1998) concept to define T-communities from sets of interconnecting tertiary streets within north Belfast. These are combined with more than 6,000 Global Positioning System (GPS) tracks collected from local residents to assess the amount of time spent within different spaces. Spaces are divided into areas of residents’ own community affiliations (in-group), areas not clearly associated with either community (mixed), or areas of opposing community affiliation (out-group). We further differentiate space as being either within a T-community or along a section of main road. Our work extends research on T-communities by expanding their role beyond exploring residential preference, to explore, instead, networks of (dis)connection through which social divisions are expressed via everyday mobility practices. We conclude that residents are significantly less likely to move within mixed and out-group areas and that this is especially true within T-communities. It is also evident that residents are more likely to travel along out-group sections of a main road if they are in a vehicle and that women show no greater likelihood than men to move within out-group space. Evidence from GPS tracks also provides insights into some areas where mixing appears to occur. Key Words: GIS, Northern Ireland, postconflict, segregation, T-communities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1729-1747 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1593817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1593817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1729-1747 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Robbins Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Robbins Author-Name: Sarah A. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Sarah A. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Title: Return of the Repressed: Native Presence and American Memory in John Muir’s Boyhood and Youth Abstract: Naturalist John Muir has often been criticized for his relative silence on the role of native peoples in occupying, forging, and tending the environments that he so often described as wilderness. His work is further marked by the absence of reflection on the elimination of native peoples from the land in and around the exact locales he revered most in his writing. Muir’s The Story of My Boyhood and Youth, published in 1912–1913, is an anomalous part of the naturalist’s historically important oeuvre in this regard. Unlike his earlier works, which commonly neglected accounts of native people in the United States, this book contains numerous descriptions of Native American people and lifeways. Exploring the text in its historical context, this research deploys psychoanalytic geography to understand the surprising return of natives to Muir’s landscapes and memories. That Native Americans, so absent or ignored in Muir’s previous work, would return in such full force in a late reflection, the research suggests, is no coincidence. The text, we conclude, represents the return of repressed memory, affecting the U.S. psyche at the time. Unable to consciously address complicity in, and benefits derived from, the violent removal of Native Americans from the landscapes of Muir’s youth, he (and, in turn, America) becomes the revolutionary progenitor for a national park system predicated in part on the expulsion, both discursive and physical, of native peoples. These expulsions are necessarily revisited again, as ghosts inscribed in a textual return of repressed memory, with significant implications for the conservation movement. Key Words: conservation, political ecology, preservation, psychoanalytic geography, wilderness. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1748-1757 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1613956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1613956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1748-1757 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yaffa Truelove Author-X-Name-First: Yaffa Author-X-Name-Last: Truelove Title: Gray Zones: The Everyday Practices and Governance of Water beyond the Network Abstract: In Delhi, India, the centralized water supply is highly fractured and sporadic, reaching less than half of residents on an everyday basis. As a result, urbanites across social groups coproduce water infrastructure through reliance on a host of alternate sources, technologies, and political actors. Such diverse delivery configurations and plural logics do not fit the conventional dualistic framing of urban water governance as either state or private, legal or illegal, and divided along the geographies of formal or informal settlements, however. This article instead shows that everyday water is procured and governed through a “gray zone” of hybrid institutional and infrastructural arrangements. By tracing diverse water regimes across Delhi’s settlements, I show that gray zones are (1) characterized by political assemblages that defy dualisms such as legal–illegal, formal–informal, and public–private; (2) typified by a spectrum of differing legitimacies associated with the practices and (il)legality of water and its infrastructures; and (3) produced through, and productive of, social power relations and embodied forms of intersecting gender, class, caste, and ethno-religious differences in the city. This article demonstrates that gray zones provide a heuristic device to analyze in/formality, infrastructure, and governance in cities of the Global South such as Delhi, contributing to a situated and embodied urban political ecology of water. My findings reveal that gray zones of water have distinct embodied and political ramifications that produce unequal hydrosocial geographies not only within the city but also at the neighborhood, household, and bodily scales. Key Words: Delhi, embodied urban political ecology, feminist political ecology, infrastructure, urban water governance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1758-1774 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1581598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1581598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1758-1774 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew C. Hill Author-X-Name-First: Andrew C. Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Author-Name: Martin Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Author-Name: Fei Yuan Author-X-Name-First: Fei Author-X-Name-Last: Yuan Author-Name: Christopher T. Ruhland Author-X-Name-First: Christopher T. Author-X-Name-Last: Ruhland Title: Intensification of Midwestern Agriculture as a Regional Climate Modifier and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Moisture Source Abstract: Agricultural land use changes have likely played an important role in modifying local and regional climate factors. According to a recent study, summers in the Midwest were significantly cooler and wetter due to the dramatic increases in production of corn and soybeans caused by an intensification of agricultural practices (Alter et al. 2018). In this context, this study examines regional changes manifested in multiple climate variables and directly quantifies the magnitude of potential moisture contributions from Midwest corn and soybean agriculture. Meteorological data were collected for daily minimum, maximum, and dewpoint temperatures over a sixty-one-year study period from fifty-nine National Weather Service first-order stations and cooperative network stations. Regional growing season climatology for two study regions that focused on the rain-fed Midwest Corn Belt and the southern United States extending to the Gulf Coast was analyzed. Further, vapor pressure deficit was calculated to ascertain any regional changes. Field surveys of corn and soybean crop transpiration were used in a multivariate model to estimate lower atmospheric moisture contributions at midday during peak season directly from intensified rain-fed agriculture. Findings indicate an increase in regional dewpoint, associated with elevated nocturnal minimums and suppression of both daily maximum and vapor pressure deficit, concentrated in the Midwest Corn Belt, which was not evident within the South. The estimation results of the atmospheric moisture contributions from the Corn Belt confirm the intensification of Midwestern agriculture as a regional climate modifier. Key Words: agriculture, dewpoint, energy balance, humidity, regional climate. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1775-1794 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1598842 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1598842 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1775-1794 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuqin Jiang Author-X-Name-First: Yuqin Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang Author-Name: Zhenlong Li Author-X-Name-First: Zhenlong Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Susan L. Cutter Author-X-Name-First: Susan L. Author-X-Name-Last: Cutter Title: Social Network, Activity Space, Sentiment, and Evacuation: What Can Social Media Tell Us? Abstract: Hurricanes are one of the most common natural hazards in the United States. To reduce fatalities and economic losses, coastal states and counties take protective actions, including sheltering in place and evacuation away from the coast. Not everyone adheres to hurricane evacuation warnings or orders. In reality, evacuation rates are far less than 100 percent and are estimated using posthurricane questionnaire surveys to residents in the affected area. To overcome limitations of traditional data collection methods that are costly in time and resources, an increasing number of natural hazards studies have used social media data as a data source. To better understand social media users’ evacuation behaviors, this article investigates whether activity space, social network, and long-term sentiment trends are associated with individuals’ evacuation decisions by measuring and comparing Twitter users’ evacuation decisions during Hurricane Matthew in 2016. We find that (1) evacuated people have larger long-term activity spaces than nonevacuated people, (2) people in the same social network tend to make the same evacuation decision, and (3) evacuated people have smaller long-term sentimental variances than nonevacuated people. These results are consistent with previous studies based on questionnaire and survey data and thus provide researchers a new method to study human behavior during disasters. Key Words: big data, disaster management, evacuation, hurricane, social media. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1795-1810 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1592660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1592660 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1795-1810 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian M. Napoletano Author-X-Name-First: Brian M. Author-X-Name-Last: Napoletano Author-Name: John Bellamy Foster Author-X-Name-First: John Bellamy Author-X-Name-Last: Foster Author-Name: Brett Clark Author-X-Name-First: Brett Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Author-Name: Pedro S. Urquijo Author-X-Name-First: Pedro S. Author-X-Name-Last: Urquijo Author-Name: Michael K. McCall Author-X-Name-First: Michael K. Author-X-Name-Last: McCall Author-Name: Jaime Paneque-Gálvez Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Paneque-Gálvez Title: Making Space in Critical Environmental Geography for the Metabolic Rift Abstract: Marx’s concept of metabolic rift has emerged as a prominent theoretical framework with which to explain the socioecological crises of capitalism. Yet, despite its relevance to key concerns in critical environmental geography, it has remained marginal within the field. Here we address this by distinguishing between metabolic rift theory and two predominant Marxist approaches in environmental geography: the production-of-nature thesis and posthumanist world ecology. We follow this comparative assessment with a detailed analysis of metabolic rift theory and a brief overview of how the concept relates to key concerns in critical environmental geography. We conclude by discussing how a stronger engagement with the metabolic rift approach could benefit the field. Key Words: Marxism, materialist dialectic, nature–society relationship, production of nature, world ecology hybridism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1811-1828 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1598841 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1598841 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1811-1828 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jean Connolly Carmalt Author-X-Name-First: Jean Connolly Author-X-Name-Last: Carmalt Title: Critical Geographies of Human Rights and the Spatial Dimensions of International Law Violations in Rakhine State, Myanmar Abstract: The term critical geographies of human rights refers to the idea that law, society, geography, and injustice are mutually constitutive. This article proposes one possible theoretical framework for analyzing critical geographies of human rights, drawing from scholarship in critical human geography, sociolegal studies, and public international law. The article uses a case study regarding the Rohingya population of Myanmar to analyze how this theoretical approach works in practice, asking how narratives about the term Rohingya are built into, and reinforced by, legal definitions of belonging, exclusion, and citizenship. It argues that the situation of the Rohingya illustrates the international legal dimensions of material injustice while showing how human rights discourse is part of ongoing geopolitical dynamics. Examining the situation of the Rohingya thus provides a way to understand how critical geographies of human rights can be used to analyze the relationship between law, geography, and injustice. Key Words: citizenship, human rights, legal geography, Myanmar, sociolegal studies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1829-1844 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1570839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1570839 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1829-1844 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Riley Andrade Author-X-Name-First: Riley Author-X-Name-Last: Andrade Author-Name: Kelli L. Larson Author-X-Name-First: Kelli L. Author-X-Name-Last: Larson Author-Name: David M. Hondula Author-X-Name-First: David M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hondula Author-Name: Janet Franklin Author-X-Name-First: Janet Author-X-Name-Last: Franklin Title: Social–Spatial Analyses of Attitudes toward the Desert in a Southwestern U.S. City Abstract: Land change due to urbanization often results in the loss of desert ecosystems. The loss of desert land affects ecological and social processes in arid cities, such as habitat provisioning, the extent and intensity of the urban heat island, and outdoor recreation opportunities. Understanding the human–environment dynamics associated with environmental change is critical to understanding and managing the implications of urban growth. Few studies, however, have empirically examined people’s attitudes about hot, arid environments such as deserts. The primary objectives of our study are to (1) identify how patterns of attitudes are spatially distributed throughout neighborhoods in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, and (2) determine how attitudes toward the desert are shaped by social and environmental attributes. We found that desert attitudes are spatially clustered throughout neighborhoods. Positive views of the desert are fortified in high-income areas and those near preserved desert parks, whereas negative attitudes are clustered in areas associated with lower socioeconomic status and in neighborhoods with relatively grassy landscaping. Negative perceptions toward the desert are stronger among Latino residents and in low-income neighborhoods, where environmental hazards, especially extreme heat, and the perceived risks associated with such hazards are more prominent. Overall, we found that factors shaping attitudes in arid landscapes, including socioeconomic status and social identity, are similar to those that shape attitudes toward urban forests and greenspace in more temperate environments. Understanding attitudes toward the desert can help strengthen the connection between the regional environment and the local community, ultimately encouraging land preservation in arid cities. Key Words: deserts, environmental attitudes, extreme heat, open space, vulnerability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1845-1864 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1580498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1580498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1845-1864 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paula Satizábal Author-X-Name-First: Paula Author-X-Name-Last: Satizábal Author-Name: Wolfram H. Dressler Author-X-Name-First: Wolfram H. Author-X-Name-Last: Dressler Title: Geographies of the Sea: Negotiating Human–Fish Interactions in the Waterscapes of Colombia’s Pacific Coast Abstract: The realities of many coastal dwellers have been shaped by their interactions with fish and water along the world’s waterscapes. However, human and cultural geographers have largely overlooked how waterscapes influence coastal people’s behaviors and social interactions. Studies of geographies of the sea have acknowledged the importance of human–nonhuman interactions in the context of fluid ocean spaces and political economies. Critically engaging capitalist, industrialized perspectives of oceans, our article contributes to this literature to study how Afro-descendant small-scale fishers in the Gulf of Tribugá respond to intensifying neoliberal fishing regimes in Colombia’s Pacific coast. We do so by examining how fishers negotiate diverse representations of fish and how these influence their behaviors and practices over time and space. We bring the sea to the center of inquiry to investigate how the sociomaterial character of fish intersects with political, economic, and cultural forces and how they influence perceptions, access, and use of oceans. We argue that the scarcity induced by industrial fisheries overexploitation has changed people’s access to and control over fish and enabled biodiversity conservation discourses to marketize and transform fishing practices. This process has added value to fish through the creation of marine protected areas and the rebranding of fish in terms of traceability and “valued-added” sustainability. In this context, however, we highlight how fishers and their practices have endured through situated institutional practices despite being wrapped up in the complex power dynamics that have marginalized Afro-descendant people in Colombia since colonial times. Key Words: assemblage, Colombia, geographies of the sea, institutions, neoliberalism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1865-1884 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1587282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1587282 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1865-1884 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine V. Gough Author-X-Name-First: Katherine V. Author-X-Name-Last: Gough Author-Name: Thilde Langevang Author-X-Name-First: Thilde Author-X-Name-Last: Langevang Author-Name: Paul W. K. Yankson Author-X-Name-First: Paul W. K. Author-X-Name-Last: Yankson Author-Name: George Owusu Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Owusu Title: Shaping Geographies of Informal Education: A Global South Perspective Abstract: This article aims to shape understandings of the geographies of informal education by exploring an aspect of education that has been broadly overlooked by geographers to date—apprenticeships—within a Global South context. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in Accra, Ghana, where young male and female apprentices learn a trade alongside master craftspeople, the nature of the apprenticeship system and how it is evolving are explored. The article develops an analytical framework for examining the dynamics of informal education with three core elements: the people and everyday praxes; the materialities, technologies, and spatialities of the learning process; and the regulatory apparatus. The apprenticeship system in Ghana is shown to be constantly evolving, with some aspects of the learning process remaining informal, some being formalized, and still others informalized; the extent and nature of these processes vary between trades and over time. The article thus demonstrates how the boundary between informal and formal education is far from clear-cut, with processes of informalization and formalization occurring concomitantly. Calls are made to expand the agenda of geographies of informal education in both the Global North and South to incorporate livelihood-related issues, including apprenticeships, and geographers are challenged to rethink the informal–formal divide within education. This timely research thus forms part of broader trends to consider how addressing the Global South forces a rethinking and revisioning of theoretical frameworks. Key Words: Africa, apprenticeship, education, Ghana, informal. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1885-1902 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1602466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1602466 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1885-1902 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lesley Head Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Head Author-Name: Natascha Klocker Author-X-Name-First: Natascha Author-X-Name-Last: Klocker Author-Name: Olivia Dun Author-X-Name-First: Olivia Author-X-Name-Last: Dun Author-Name: Ikerne Aguirre-Bielschowsky Author-X-Name-First: Ikerne Author-X-Name-Last: Aguirre-Bielschowsky Title: Cultivating Engagements: Ethnic Minority Migrants, Agriculture, and Environment in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia Abstract: Despite decades of challenge to the Enlightenment dualisms of Western environmental thought, they remain deeply embedded with respect to agriculture because of the ways in which cultivation is implicated in humanity’s move out of nature and into culture. In contrast, in non-Western contexts, scholars have more commonly discussed cultivation as a close engagement between humans and the more-than-human world. Emergent research examines how environmental engagements change in the encounters of migration from Majority to Minority Worlds, providing new ideas and practices for sustainable futures. We contribute to these debates with a study in the Sunraysia region of Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin, an area facing significant climate change impacts. We examine environmental engagements of ethnic minority migrants (Burundian, Hazara, Tongan, Vietnamese, and Italian) alongside Anglo-Australian residents. Findings identify both differences and connections between these groups and show complex interweavings of environmental engagement, ethnic background, migration history, and generational change. Groups perceive and respond to the local environment differently and in the context of their premigration experience, challenging dominant (Minority World) perceptions of environment as a freestanding and separate entity. The strongest cross-cutting theme is valuing environment for its food provision, associated with positive emotions and an ethic of care. Participants relate to food gardens rather than farms as places of pleasure and close engagement. Australian farms are understood as places where different rules apply and harmful chemicals must be used. Food gardens are an important site of cross-cultural encounter and experiment that can move environmental scholarship forward in the search for alternative futures. Key Words: agriculture, cultivation, migration, settler colonialism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1903-1921 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1587286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1587286 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1903-1921 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Cloke Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Cloke Author-Name: Simon Dickinson Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Dickinson Title: Transitional Ethics and Aesthetics: Reimagining the Postdisaster City in Christchurch, New Zealand Abstract: The 2010 and 2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, resulted in significant loss of life and injury and in the devastation of much of the center and east of the city. They also shook the foundations, structures, and assumed relations that had previously made the city legible, and in their aftermath the city was marked not only by a mournful sense of living with the hurt but also by coconstructions of new senses of life and place, involving alternative imaginations and performances of place. In this article we focus on how the event of the Christchurch earthquakes has summoned forth previously repressed and little noticed ideas and practices of transitional urbanism. Starting with localized performances of improvised community empowerment, a group of emergent transitional organizations in the city has begun to model new kinds of ethical fidelity to the perceived nature and potential of the earthquake event, especially in terms of transitional experimentation, civic rights of in-commonness, and the performance of aesthetic connection. With the passage of time, transitional organizations have connected these local priorities into wider international networks of transitionalism, acting as imagineers of transnational transitional activity. We argue, therefore, that the irruption of alternative imaginations and performances generated by the earthquakes needs to be understood in terms of both local and transnational assemblages of transition. Not only has fidelity to the event of the Christchurch earthquakes afforded opportunities to reshape collective engagements at the local level but it has also begun to influence transitionist activity in broader global society. Key Words: Christchurch earthquakes, event, fidelity, transitional ethics and aesthetics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1922-1940 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1570838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1570838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1922-1940 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer Baka Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Baka Author-Name: Arielle Hesse Author-X-Name-First: Arielle Author-X-Name-Last: Hesse Author-Name: Erika Weinthal Author-X-Name-First: Erika Author-X-Name-Last: Weinthal Author-Name: Karen Bakker Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Bakker Title: Environmental Knowledge Cartographies: Evaluating Competing Discourses in U.S. Hydraulic Fracturing Rule-Making Abstract: In this article, we evaluate competing environmental knowledge claims in U.S. hydraulic fracturing (HF) regulation. We conduct a case study of the Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM) rule-making process over the period from 2012 to 2015, which was the first attempt to update federal oil and gas regulations in thirty years. Our study addresses a gap in the energy geographies and environmental governance literatures, which have yet to evaluate systematically HF-related decision-making processes at the policymaking scale. We mobilize theoretical insights from science and technology studies on boundary objects and critical environmental discourse analysis to conduct a “cultural cartography” of the BLM’s rule-making process. Our analysis of a subset of 1.4 million public comments submitted to the BLM, combined with fifteen stakeholder interviews, focuses on (1) who participated in the rule-making process; (2) the types of knowledge claims advanced in support or opposition of the rule; and (3) how these claims affected the rule-making process. In contrast to recent literature that finds increased “horizontality” of environmental knowledge production, we find a clear hierarchy that privileges government knowledge—including federal government–sponsored research and existing laws—above all other categories of evidence cited. As such, we argue that government knowledge—which in this case brought disparate stakeholder groups together to debate HF regulation—functions as a key boundary object in the rule-making process. We conclude with a discussion of implications for both research and policy. Key Words: boundary work, Bureau of Land Management, hydraulic fracturing, regulation, rule making. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1941-1960 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1574549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1574549 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1941-1960 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice Mah Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Mah Author-Name: Xinhong Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xinhong Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Accumulated Injuries of Environmental Injustice: Living and Working with Petrochemical Pollution in Nanjing, China Abstract: This article examines perceptions of living and working with toxic pollution in two periurban petrochemical areas in Nanjing, China, a heavily polluted megacity on the Yangtze River. Despite the concentrated geography of the petrochemical industry in Nanjing, protests over pollution have been small scale and highly localized, paralleling dynamics in many “cancer villages” of rural China. This contrasts with high-profile anti-PX (paraxylene) protests that have happened in Xiamen, Dalian, and other cities in China over the past decade. This article draws on twenty-five semistructured interviews and participant observation with workers and residents in both petrochemical areas. We extend the idea of the “hidden injuries of class” (Sennett and Cobb 1972) to analyze the cumulative effects of social and environmental inequalities in China, contributing to interdisciplinary debates about environmental justice and health, environmental pollution in China, and the lived experiences of toxic geographies. We argue that people living and working with petrochemical pollution in Nanjing, China, experienced accumulated injuries of environmental injustice: multilayered and intersecting effects on health and well-being, which reflect social inequalities between different populations. Accumulated injuries of environmental injustice emerged in interrelated ways: epistemic injustices about toxic exposures; unequal and inadequate compensations for environment harm; and collective frustrations over political powerlessness. The research has wider implications for analyzing the complex social effects of living and working with environmental injustice in different places around the world. Key Words: China, environmental health, environmental justice, petrochemical industry, toxic pollution. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1961-1977 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1574551 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1574551 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1961-1977 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robbin Jan van Duijne Author-X-Name-First: Robbin Jan Author-X-Name-Last: van Duijne Author-Name: Jan Nijman Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Nijman Title: India’s Emergent Urban Formations Abstract: This article reports on a research project on urbanizing India with a bearing on core theoretical and methodological debates in urban studies. These debates refer to the conceptualization and “measurement” of what is urban, the relationship between urbanization and economic development, and the possibilities of comparative urbanism. Our empirical focus is not on India’s major cities but on the rural–urban transition where geographically dispersed urban formations are taking shape. The analysis is based on detailed census and other government data in combination with observations from two extended periods of fieldwork in northeastern India. We outline evidence of substantial urban growth at the rural–urban transition, growth that has thus far largely gone unnoticed because of deficient measurement and limited conceptualizations of what constitutes the urban. We present our ideas and hypotheses on these emergent urban formations, along with a methodology that combines observations “from above” and “from below.” This research at the proverbial edges of the discipline, we argue, is highly relevant to the theoretical debates that are at its core. Key Words: emergent urban formations, India, rural–urban transition, urbanization, urban theory. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1978-1998 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1587285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1587285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1978-1998 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Richardson Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Richardson Title: Sovereignty, the Hyperreal, and “Taking Back Control” Abstract: This article explores one of the most pressing and challenging issues of our time—the disjuncture between populist images of absolute sovereignty and its practical, functional, and material operation. It seeks to connect postmodern conceptualizations of sovereignty to the challenges shaping national and global politics. Drawing on the work of Jean Baudrillard, it highlights the ways in which the operation of sovereignty has become conflated and confused with imaginaries of sovereignty. Through Baudrillard’s lens of the hyperreal, sovereignty can be seen as increasingly functioning beyond a delusionary parody and instead as an unverifiable truth. The sovereignty of the hyperreal, which is explored in the first half of this article, foregrounds a theoretical disconnect between truth and falsehood; the latter half attempts to connect postmodern interpretations of sovereignty with Britain’s efforts to exit the European Union and the negotiation of waning U.S. hegemony. Using the two case studies of Brexit and the “America First” presidency of Donald Trump, the article analyzes political speeches and media accounts to explore how the hyperreal provides a logic for decoding populist sociospatial imaginaries of sovereignty, while also anticipating the fallout from an eventual and inevitable realization of loyalty and obedience to an illusion. Key Words: Baudrillard, Brexit, hyperreality, sovereignty, United States. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1999-2015 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1587283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1587283 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:1999-2015 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Manuscript Reviewers Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2016-2017 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1656984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1656984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:2016-2017 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Annals, Volume 109 Index Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2018-2029 Issue: 6 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1656985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1656985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:6:p:2018-2029 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Sheppard Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Sheppard Author-Name: James Tyner Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Tyner Title: Forum on Geography and Militarism: An Introduction Abstract: The discipline of geography has a long albeit uneven engagement with militarism. This is witnessed in the on-going efforts of geographers to influence military policy as well as the development of technologies used in military action. This forum, based on papers originally presented at the 2014 Association of American Geographers annual meeting in Tampa, Florida, provides a critical introduction to contemporary issues related to geographies of militarism. Collectively, these essays demonstrate that geographers located within the nonmilitary academy have failed to reflect adequately on the implications of militarism on the discipline. Consequently, we forward the argument that the American Association of Geographers must initiate a review of the relationship between academic geography and militarism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 503-505 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2015.1131141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2015.1131141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:503-505 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joe Bryan Author-X-Name-First: Joe Author-X-Name-Last: Bryan Title: Geography and the Military: Notes for a Debate Abstract: In the United States, Geography and the military have never been far apart. Their intertwined history has been essential to the discipline's institutional reproduction and the workings of U.S. imperialism. Recent instances of militarism in Geography return this history to the fore, posing a number of challenges. They demonstrate the futility of geographical research for its own sake, naïvely assuming that knowledge of the world produced by geographers is inherently neutral. That same attitude leaves Geography powerless to confront its utility to the military, treating the discipline's militarization as an inevitable coincidence. The current appearance of militarism in U.S. Geography proves both positions untenable. Confronting the extent of this relationship, both past and present, draws attention to how militarism shapes Geography's objects of inquiry and methods of research. That effort must be matched by documentation of the variety of ways in which geographical knowledge is appropriated for military ends. The task is enormous and can only be done collectively lest geographers want to blindly surrender the legitimacy of the discipline to its military application. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 506-512 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1145507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1145507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:506-512 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joel D. Wainwright Author-X-Name-First: Joel D. Author-X-Name-Last: Wainwright Title: The U.S. Military and Human Geography: Reflections on Our Conjuncture Abstract: In recent years, the U.S. military-intelligence community has shown a growing interest in human geography. This article examines the available literature to consider this trend. I contend that the growing military-intelligence use of human geography, both as a concept and as a practice, deserves critical scrutiny. Although military involvement in geographical research is a long-standing and well-recognized fact, the growing emphasis on human geography per se marks a notable shift: not only a change in terminology—from anthropology of human terrain to human geography and geospatial intelligence—but also a shift in underlying military strategy and concepts. Because this shift has potentially profound implications for the discipline, substantive debate over the military's employment of human geography is urgently needed. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 513-520 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1145508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1145508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:513-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua Inwood Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Inwood Author-Name: Anne Bonds Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Bonds Title: Confronting White Supremacy and a Militaristic Pedagogy in the U.S. Settler Colonial State Abstract: We argue that understanding contemporary geographies of race and militarism is predicated on understandings of settler colonialism and white supremacy. Settler colonialism is a continuously unfolding project of empire that is enabled by and through specific racial configurations that are tied to geographies of white supremacy. In a U.S. context, settler colonialism begins with the removal of first peoples from the land and the creation of racialized and gendered labor systems that make the land productive for the colonizers. In this context, settler colonialism is an enduring structure—an interrelated political, social, and economic process that continuously unfolds—requiring continued reconfigurations and interventions by the state. Such a framing connects landscapes of militarism and geopolitics with everyday forms of violence, social difference, and normalized power hierarchies and relationships of oppression. Building from these insights we argue that theorizations of U.S. militarism must be connected to the spatialities of white supremacy and grounded in the U.S. imperial settler state. Finally, we end by engaging with a broader discussion on the ways in which the discipline and academic institutions are complicit in practices that contribute to white supremacy, poverty, inequality, and the continuation of settler colonial practices. For these reasons it is necessary to cultivate a broadly conceived and militantly uncompromising peace agenda premised on antiviolence and the rejection of the racism (and its intersections with gender, class, and sexuality) implicit in the settler colonial state. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 521-529 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1145510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1145510 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:521-529 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Koopman Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Koopman Title: Beware: Your Research May Be Weaponized Abstract: Geography, although long used for war, offers powerful tools for making peace. Yet in a context of pervasive surveillance and high military interest in geography, it is important to be cautious that research is not misused or even weaponized (used by armed actors to do harm). This possibility should be more explicitly discussed in methods classes, committees, and ethics reviews. It is heartening that there is a growing commitment in geography to doing work for peace and justice, but given current levels of both military and police surveillance, we could all use more tools and guidance for how to do such work ethically. These conversations are currently rare. Geography methods textbooks say surprisingly little on the misuse of research more generally and nothing about armed actors in particular. We could also offer each other tips on how to look for and track the use of our research by the military and share more stories of what we have found. The potential of weaponization should not scare us off from peace and justice research but rather inspire us to do that work more carefully, which includes having more sophisticated conversations about potential misuse. Not only do we need to be wary of, teach, and speak out against the growing military use of geography, but I also urge us to work for a growing but careful use of the tools and insights of geography in struggles for peace and justice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 530-535 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1145511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1145511 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:530-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shannon O'Lear Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: O'Lear Title: Unconventional Classroom: Critical Work with Special Operations Forces Officers Abstract: As part of a discussion on geography and militarism, this article describes my work with midlevel officers in the Army Special Operations Forces who enroll in a graduate-level course I teach on environmental geopolitics. The theoretical framework for the course is critical geopolitics, a highly relevant subfield for these students but one to which most of them have never been exposed. Here, I draw from critical security studies and discuss what I teach to these students before providing examples of how they demonstrate what they learn in the class. Throughout the article, I consider how this work in some ways destabilizes an academic–military binary and how, at other times, the dividing line is clear. I suggest that critical scholarship might usefully continue to engage with groups beyond the academy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 536-542 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1145512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1145512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:536-542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trevor J. Barnes Author-X-Name-First: Trevor J. Author-X-Name-Last: Barnes Title: American Geographers and World War II: Spies, Teachers, and Occupiers Abstract: This article reviews the military duties of a number of U.S. geographers during World War II. It divides those duties into three kinds: spies, teachers, and occupiers. In each case, a specific form of geographical expertise was deployed—instrumental to achieving a particular military end. In particular, the article examines the roles of geographers: first, in the analysis of military intelligence at the Office of Strategic Services; second, in the provision of geographical courses for the university-based Civil Affairs Training School and the Army Specialized Training Program; and, finally, as agents of occupation in Japan once World War II ended. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 543-550 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1145513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1145513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:543-550 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael D. Luehmann Author-X-Name-First: Michael D. Author-X-Name-Last: Luehmann Author-Name: Brad G. Peter Author-X-Name-First: Brad G. Author-X-Name-Last: Peter Author-Name: Christopher B. Connallon Author-X-Name-First: Christopher B. Author-X-Name-Last: Connallon Author-Name: Randall J. Schaetzl Author-X-Name-First: Randall J. Author-X-Name-Last: Schaetzl Author-Name: Samuel J. Smidt Author-X-Name-First: Samuel J. Author-X-Name-Last: Smidt Author-Name: Wei Liu Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Kevin A. Kincare Author-X-Name-First: Kevin A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kincare Author-Name: Toni A. Walkowiak Author-X-Name-First: Toni A. Author-X-Name-Last: Walkowiak Author-Name: Elin Thorlund Author-X-Name-First: Elin Author-X-Name-Last: Thorlund Author-Name: Marie S. Holler Author-X-Name-First: Marie S. Author-X-Name-Last: Holler Title: Loamy, Two-Storied Soils on the Outwash Plains of Southwestern Lower Michigan: Pedoturbation of Loess with the Underlying Sand Abstract: Soils on many of the outwash plains in southwestern Michigan have loamy upper profiles, despite being underlain by sand-textured outwash. The origin of this upper, loamy material has long been unknown. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatio-textural characteristics of these loamy-textured sediments to ascertain their origin(s). The textural curves of this material have distinct bimodality, with clear silt and sand peaks. Because the sand peaks align with those in the outwash below, we conclude that the upper material is a mixture of an initially silty material with the sand from below, forming loamy textures. By applying a textural filtering operation to the data, we determined its original characteristics; nearly all of the soils originally had silt loam upper profiles, typical for loess. Field data showed that the loamy material is thickest east of a broad, north–south trending valley (the Niles-Thornapple Spillway) that once carried glacial meltwater. The material becomes thinner, generally better sorted, and finer in texture eastward, away from this channel. We conclude that the loamy mantle on many of the adjacent outwash plains is silt-rich loess, derived from the Niles-Thornapple Spillway and its tributary channels and transported on mainly westerly winds. The spillway was active between ca. 17.3 and 16.8 k cal. years ago. At this time, a large network of tunnel channels existed beneath the stagnant Saginaw lobe ice. Meltwater from the lobe funneled silt-rich sediment into the spillway, rendering it a prodigious silt source. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 551-572 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1115388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1115388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:551-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jared D. Margulies Author-X-Name-First: Jared D. Author-X-Name-Last: Margulies Author-Name: Nicholas R. Magliocca Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas R. Author-X-Name-Last: Magliocca Author-Name: Matthew D. Schmill Author-X-Name-First: Matthew D. Author-X-Name-Last: Schmill Author-Name: Erle C. Ellis Author-X-Name-First: Erle C. Author-X-Name-Last: Ellis Title: Ambiguous Geographies: Connecting Case Study Knowledge with Global Change Science Abstract: Case studies have long been a gold standard for investigating causal mechanisms in human–environment interactions. Yet it remains a challenge to generalize across case studies to produce knowledge at broader regional and global scales even as the effort to do so, mostly using metastudy methods, has accelerated. One major obstacle is that the geographic context of case study knowledge is often presented in a vague and incomplete form, making it difficult to reuse and link with the regional and global contexts within which it was produced and is therefore most relevant. Here we assess the degree to which the quality of geographic description in published land change case studies limits their effective reuse in spatially explicit global and regional syntheses based on 437 spatially bounded cases derived from 261 case studies used in published land change metastudies. Common ambiguities in published representations of case geographic contexts were identified and scored using three indicators of geographic data quality for reuse in spatially explicit regional and global metastudy research. Statistically significant differences in the quality of case geographic descriptions were evident among the six major disciplinary categories examined, with the earth and planetary sciences evidencing greater clarity and conformance scores than other disciplines. The quality of case geography reporting showed no statistically significant improvement over the past fifty years. By following a few simple and readily implemented guidelines, case geographic context reporting could be radically improved, enabling more effective case study reuse in regional to global synthesis research, thereby yielding substantial benefits to both case study and synthesis researchers. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 572-596 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1142857 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1142857 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:572-596 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Derek H. Alderman Author-X-Name-First: Derek H. Author-X-Name-Last: Alderman Author-Name: Joshua Inwood Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Inwood Title: Mobility as Antiracism Work: The “Hard Driving” of NASCAR's Wendell Scott Abstract: This article explores spatial mobility as a form of African American resistance and self-determination. We argue for examining the everyday activism and “countermobility work” of ordinary people of color as they move in ways that subvert, negotiate, and survive white supremacy. These ideas are developed through a historical case study not typically identified with the black civil rights struggle, specifically the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) and the “hard driving” of Wendell Scott. The first and only African American driver to win at NASCAR's top level, Scott raced throughout the segregated South and faced considerable discrimination in what was otherwise an all-white sport. We offer a critical (re)reading of Scott's racing career as antiracism mobility work and focus on the bodily, social, and technological practices he employed to maintain and even enhance his mobility around tracks and to and from races. Scott did not represent his efforts in terms of civil rights activism, but it is important to contextualize black resistance outside the confines of formal protest to include the struggle for survivability and material reproduction. The work of racing and driving was part of Scott's geographically situated political practice and important to the struggle to access and move about the sport of stock car track racing and hence the larger U.S. landscape of citizenship. Our discussion has implications for analyzing historic practices of resistance but also has currency for understanding how countermobility practices remain central to resisting continuing racial discrimination. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 597-611 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1118339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1118339 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:597-611 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenjie Wu Author-X-Name-First: Wenjie Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Jianghao Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jianghao Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Tianshi Dai Author-X-Name-First: Tianshi Author-X-Name-Last: Dai Title: The Geography of Cultural Ties and Human Mobility: Big Data in Urban Contexts Abstract: A largely unexplored big data application in urban contexts is how cultural ties affect human mobility patterns. This article explores China's intercity human mobility patterns from social media data to contribute to our understanding of this question. Exposure to human mobility patterns is measured by big data computational strategy for identifying hundreds of millions of individuals' space–time footprint trajectories. Linguistic data are coded as a proxy for cultural ties from a unique geographically coded atlas of dialect distributions. We find that cultural ties are associated with human mobility flows between city pairs, contingent on commuting costs and geographical distances. Such effects are not distributed evenly over time and space, however. These findings present useful insights in support of the cultural mechanism that can account for the rise, decline, and dynamics of human mobility between regions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 612-630 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1121804 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1121804 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:612-630 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamie Lorimer Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Lorimer Author-Name: Clemens Driessen Author-X-Name-First: Clemens Author-X-Name-Last: Driessen Title: From “Nazi Cows” to Cosmopolitan “Ecological Engineers”: Specifying Rewilding Through a History of Heck Cattle Abstract: Rewilding has become a hot topic in nature conservation. Ambitious schemes are afoot to rewild continental Europe and North America. Hopes are being invested in the political, economic, and therapeutic potentials of future wilds. Popular and scientific enthusiasms for the wild are frequently ahistorical and apolitical, however. This article begins to address this problem. It offers one genealogy of rewilding, focusing on a history of Heck cattle and their deployment in European rewilding projects. These animals were back-bred by two German zoologists in the 1930s, with Nazi patronage, for release as hunting prey in the annexed territories of Eastern Europe. Some cattle survived the war and their offspring have become prominent, alongside new back-breeding initiatives, in contemporary efforts to rewild a unifying Europe. Cattle now figure as cosmopolitan ecological engineers, whose grazing will create functional, wild landscapes. This genealogy examines what and where is understood to be wild and who is authorized to make such decisions in this story. Drawing cautiously on this extreme example, it examines historic rewilding as a form of reactionary modernism. It critically traces the emergence, persistence, and transformation of various ontologies, geographies, and epistemologies of wildness in Europe to position contemporary rewilding as a mode of ecomodernism. When compared, rewilding under Nazi rule and in the contemporary European Union are found to be different in every relevant problematic respect. Reflecting on differing conceptions of what it means to be modern helps specify a multiplicity of rewildings past and present. The article concludes with a set of criteria for discriminating among rewildings to inform the emergence and analysis of this conservation paradigm. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 631-652 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1115332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1115332 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:631-652 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Dempsey Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Dempsey Author-Name: Daniel Chiu Suarez Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Chiu Author-X-Name-Last: Suarez Title: Arrested Development? The Promises and Paradoxes of “Selling Nature to Save It” Abstract: Mainstream environmentalism and critical scholarship are abuzz with the promise and perils (respectively) of what we call for-profit biodiversity conservation: attempts to make conserving biodiverse ecosystems profitable to large-scale investment. But to what extent has private capital been harnessed and market forces been enrolled in a thoroughly remade conservation? In this article we examine the size, scope, and character of international for-profit biodiversity conservation. Despite exploding rhetoric around environmental markets over the last two decades, the capital flowing into market-based conservation remains small, illiquid, and geographically constrained and typically seeks little to no profit. This marginal character of for-profit conservation suggests that this project continues to underperform as a site of accumulation and as a conservation financing strategy. Such evidence is at odds with the way this sector is commonly portrayed in mainstream environmental conservation literature but also with some critical geographical scholarship. We present a more puzzling situation: Although for-profit conservation has long been promoted as a logical, easy fix to ecological degradation, it remains negligible to and largely outside of global capital flows. We argue that this project has important consequences, but we understand its effects in terms of how it reaffirms narrowed, antipolitical explanations of biodiversity loss, instills neoliberal political rationalities among conservationists, and forecloses alternative and progressive possibilities capable of resisting status quo logics of accumulation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 653-671 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1140018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1140018 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:653-671 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clare Herrick Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Herrick Title: Global Health, Geographical Contingency, and Contingent Geographies Abstract: Health geography has emerged from under the “shadow of the medical” to become one of the most vibrant of all the subdisciplines. Yet, this success has also meant that health research has become increasingly siloed within this subdisciplinary domain. As this article explores, this represents a potential lost opportunity with regard to the study of global health, which has instead come to be dominated by anthropology and political science. Chief among the former's concerns are exploring the gap between the programmatic intentions of global health and the unintended or unanticipated consequences of their deployment. This article asserts that recent work on contingency within geography offers significant conceptual potential for examining this gap. It therefore uses the example of alcohol taxation in Botswana, an emergent global health target and tool, to explore how geographical contingency and the emergent, contingent geographies that result might help counter the prevailing tendency for geography to be side-stepped within critical studies of global health. At the very least, then, this intervention aims to encourage reflection by geographers on how to make explicit the all-too-often implicit links between their research and global health debates located outside the discipline. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 672-687 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1140017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1140017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:672-687 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian G. R. Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Ian G. R. Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: Scorched Atmospheres: The Violent Geographies of the Vietnam War and the Rise of Drone Warfare Abstract: This article explores the violent geographies of the Vietnam War. It argues that the conflict is crucial for understanding the security logics and spatialities of U.S. state violence in the war on terror. An overarching theme is that U.S. national security has inherited and intensified the atmospheric forms of power deployed across Southeast Asia, including ecological violence, the electronic battlefield, counterinsurgency (the Phoenix Program), and drone surveillance. All of these attempted to pacify and capture hostile circulations of life and place them within the secured and rationalized interiors of the U.S. war machine. The article thus expands on the concept of atmospheric warfare. This is defined as a biopolitical project of enclosure to surveil, secure, and destroy humans and nonhumans within a multidimensional warscape. Since modern state power is becoming ever more atmospheric—particularly with the rise of drone warfare—dissecting the origins of that violence in the Vietnam War is a vital task. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 688-704 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1115333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1115333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:688-704 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Brannstrom Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Brannstrom Title: The Discovery of Hispanic Child Labor in Agriculture in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas: A Life Geography Approach Abstract: A life geography approach is used to analyze the production of social science knowledge regarding Mexican-origin child agricultural workers in south Texas during the early 1940s. The protagonist in this article, Amber Arthun Warburton, worked for the U.S. Children's Bureau during the early 1940s and authored one of many reports analyzing conditions of children in U.S. agriculture. She was the first social scientist to report on labor relations in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, with particular attention to working and educational conditions of Mexican-origin children. Two aspects of Warburton's unpublished work—her analysis of child labor in terms of Marx's reserve army of labor and her description of living conditions through fieldwork—are examined here. The experience of Amber Warburton suggests how educated women, facing discrimination in academia, navigated personal and bureaucratic challenges while generating social knowledge, offering comparison to experiences of female geographers working outside academia. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 705-721 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2015.1131142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2015.1131142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:705-721 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathryn Grace Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Grace Author-Name: Nicholas N. Nagle Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas N. Author-X-Name-Last: Nagle Author-Name: Greg Husak Author-X-Name-First: Greg Author-X-Name-Last: Husak Title: Can Small-Scale Agricultural Production Improve Children's Health? Examining Stunting Vulnerability among Very Young Children in Mali, West Africa Abstract: Stunting affects an individual's educational and wage-earning potential and can even affect the next generation of children. Most research of childhood stunting focuses on the determinants and correlates that lead to stunting—through nutritional or early infant experiences, with one potential solution to stunting being an increased supply of locally produced food. This research examines the interplay of community-level cropped area as a factor relating to childhood stunting. We use the most recently collected Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data for Mali, very high resolution remotely sensed imagery, and other remotely sensed data relating to geophysical characteristics to examine the impact of local cultivation on children's health. We focus on evaluating the environmental, community, household, and individual characteristics of the children who report healthy anthropometrics despite the presence of specific stunting risk factors. In adopting this approach to studies of children's health we can shed light on how small-scale agricultural production impacts childhood stunting among at-risk children. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 722-737 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2015.1123602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2015.1123602 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:722-737 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ali Karimi Author-X-Name-First: Ali Author-X-Name-Last: Karimi Title: Street Fights: The Commodification of Place Names in Post-Taliban Kabul City Abstract: The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 ended the Taliban rule and brought to power a coalition government whose members had spent most of the previous decade fighting each other. After 2001, the rivalry between these groups was mainly pursued in the cultural sphere where each was fighting to shape the narrative of the war. Place names have been one of the main domains in which this ideological conflict has been fought. The contestation over place names in Kabul city has turned these mundane geographical signs into coveted commodities of great symbolic significance. This article examines the practice of place naming in post-Taliban Kabul to explore the cultural challenges of state-building in a postwar city. Based on official data and field observations, this article is informed by recent theoretical developments in the field of critical toponymy and specifically draws on the emerging debates on commodification of place names. In the post-Taliban era, the article shows, place names have turned into resources for accumulation of symbolic capital and political recognition. As a result, the state offers toponyms to buy political loyalty and nonstate groups often appropriate them illegally. The article contributes to existing scholarship on commodification of place names by linking it to questions of postwar state-building and spatialization of ethnic identity. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 738-753 Issue: 3 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1115334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1115334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:3:p:738-753 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Rodgers Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Rodgers Author-Name: Rezaul Mahmood Author-X-Name-First: Rezaul Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood Author-Name: Ronald Leeper Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Leeper Author-Name: Jun Yan Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Yan Title: Land Cover Change, Surface Mining, and Their Impacts on a Heavy Rain Event in the Appalachia Abstract: It is hypothesized that land cover change (LCC), driven by mountain top removal (MTR), in the Appalachian region of eastern Kentucky would change biogeophysical properties of land surface and subsequently various atmospheric boundary layer parameters and precipitation. In this research, we have conducted model-based sensitivity experiments of atmospheric response of a significant flash flood–producing rainfall event by modifying land cover and topography. These reflect recent LCC, including MTR. We have used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for this purpose. The study found changes in amount, location, and timing of precipitation. LCC also modified various surface fluxes, moist static energy, planetary boundary layer height, and local-scale wind circulation. This study reports that there was an increase in sensible heat flux (H) for bare soil simulation (post-MTR) compared to pre-MTR conditions (increased elevation with no altered land cover). Allowing for growth of vegetation, the grass simulation resulted in a decrease in H. With regard to latent heat flux (LE), there was a notable decrease from pre-MTR to post-MTR simulations. For the grass and forest simulations, LE increased and were comparable to the pre-MTR simulation. Under the pre-MTR condition, the total precipitation was at its highest level. For the simulated loss of vegetation (bare soil) and elevation (post-MTR), there was a decrease in precipitation. With grass land cover, precipitation increased in all areas of interest. Forest land cover resulted in slightly higher simulated precipitation than grass. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1187-1209 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1460249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1460249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1187-1209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niamh K. Shortt Author-X-Name-First: Niamh K. Author-X-Name-Last: Shortt Author-Name: Esther Rind Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Rind Author-Name: Jamie Pearce Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Pearce Author-Name: Richard Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Author-Name: Sarah Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Title: Alcohol Risk Environments, Vulnerability, and Social Inequalities in Alcohol Consumption Abstract: Alcohol and alcohol-related harm are key public health challenges. Research has shown that individual-level factors, such as age and sex, are important predictors of alcohol consumption, but such factors provide only a partial account of the drivers of consumption. In this article, we argue that individual-level factors interact with features of the risk environment to increase the vulnerability of individuals to such environments. Features of the alcohol risk environment include the density of alcohol premises in a neighborhood. Previous research has shown that neighborhoods with a higher density of alcohol outlets have higher levels of both alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm. There has, however, been a distinct lack of attention paid to the differential ways in which particular sociodemographic groups might be more vulnerable to such risk environments. In this article, we address the risk environment through a primary focus on the local supply and availability of alcohol products (captured using a measure of outlet density) and the relationship with the harmful use of alcohol. Using responses to the Scottish Health Survey (2008–2011), we explore vulnerability through the interaction between individual-level socioeconomic position, measured using household income, and environmental risk to assess differential social vulnerability to such environments. We report findings showing that those in the lowest income groups might be disproportionately affected by outlet density. This evidence suggests that risk environments might not affect us all equally and that there could be socially differentiated vulnerability to such environments. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1210-1227 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1431105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1431105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1210-1227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Surprise Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Surprise Title: Preempting the Second Contradiction: Solar Geoengineering as Spatiotemporal Fix Abstract: Climate change is increasingly understood as a potential crisis for global financial stability and thus liberal-capitalist hegemony. The primary crisis management strategy is “green capitalism”—renewable energy, carbon markets, natural capital, and so on—that aims to ameliorate the climate crisis while opening new realms of commodification and accumulation. A central obstacle facing this ad hoc strategy is the temporal disjuncture between its decades-long instantiation, the increasing rate of climatic change, and potential for vast climate-driven costs and losses. In this context, I examine solar geoengineering—specifically stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI)—as an emergent tactic. Previously considered an “emergency Plan B” should mitigation efforts fail, leading centers of geoengineering research increasingly frame SAI as a mechanism capable of slowing the rate of climatic change. Examining research at Harvard University, which suggests that—paired with substantial emissions cuts—SAI can potentially “buy time” for mitigation and adaptation, I argue that SAI should be understood as a preemptive spatiotemporal fix for the second contradiction of capitalism. Second contradiction theory contends that capitalist-driven environmental degradation can engender systemic crisis, and climate change is currently its most expressed manifestation. In modifying planetary albedo to expand the atmospheric waste sink and thus decrease the rate of change, SAI can potentially preempt the emergence of the second contradiction. This framework expands connections between spatiotemporal fixes and socioecological crises by focusing on systemic underproduction and argues that SAI should be understood not as an aberrant “emergency” measure but as an increasingly normalized tactic emerging within existing forms of hegemony. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1228-1244 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1426435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1426435 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1228-1244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stacy Anne Harwood Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Harwood Author-Name: Ruby Mendenhall Author-X-Name-First: Ruby Author-X-Name-Last: Mendenhall Author-Name: Sang S. Lee Author-X-Name-First: Sang S. Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Cameron Riopelle Author-X-Name-First: Cameron Author-X-Name-Last: Riopelle Author-Name: Margaret Browne Huntt Author-X-Name-First: Margaret Browne Author-X-Name-Last: Huntt Title: Everyday Racism in Integrated Spaces: Mapping the Experiences of Students of Color at a Diversifying Predominantly White Institution Abstract: Many college campuses promote themselves as integrated multicultural spaces where students from diverse backgrounds live, study, and play together in unity. Drawing from eleven focus groups and an online survey with more than 4,800 students of color, this study reveals that many students of color experience racial hostility and exclusion in their daily routines. Using the concept of racial microaggressions, we expand the definition of racism to identify three representational spaces that reflect the lived experiences of students of color at a predominantly white institution: (1) fortified, a space of white dominance where students of color often experience explicit racism; (2) contradictory, a space of covert racial dominance where students of color regularly experience being treated as second-class citizens; and (3) counter, a space created as an act of resistance or survival for students of color but one that also faces opposition. This study demonstrates that the inclusive, racially harmonious multicultural campus is an imaginary geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1245-1259 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1419122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1419122 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1245-1259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heng Cai Author-X-Name-First: Heng Author-X-Name-Last: Cai Author-Name: Nina S. N. Lam Author-X-Name-First: Nina S. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Lei Zou Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Zou Author-Name: Yi Qiang Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Qiang Title: Modeling the Dynamics of Community Resilience to Coastal Hazards Using a Bayesian Network Abstract: Studies on how variables of community resilience to natural hazards interact as a system that affects the final resilience (i.e., their dynamical linkages) have rarely been conducted. Bayesian network (BN), which represents the interdependencies among variables in a graph while expressing the uncertainty in the form of probability distributions, offers an effective way to investigate the interactions among different resilience components and addresses the natural–human system as a whole. This article employs a BN to study the interdependencies of ten resilience variables and population change in the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB) at the census block group scale. A genetic algorithm was used to identify an optimal BN where population change, a cumulative resilience indicator, was the target variable. The genetic algorithm yielded an optimized BN model with a cross-validation accuracy of 67 percent over a period of 906 generations. Six variables were found to have direct impacts on population change, including level of threat from coastal hazards, hazard damage, distance to coastline, employment rate, percentage of housing units built before 1970, and percentage of households with a female householder. The remaining four variables were indirect variables, including percentage agriculture land, percentage flood zone area, percentage owner-occupied house units, and population density. Each variable has a conditional probability table so that its impacts on the probability of population change can be evaluated as it propagates through the network. These probabilities could be used for scenario modeling to help inform policies to reduce vulnerability and enhance disaster resilience. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1260-1279 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1421896 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1421896 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1260-1279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Havice Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Havice Title: Unsettled Sovereignty and the Sea: Mobilities and More-Than-Territorial Configurations of State Power Abstract: How do mobilities associated with oceans and the resources inside of them shape the spatial and temporal dimensions of state sovereignty? As an entry point into this question, this article explores the fifty-year, multistate struggle over access to, and control over, highly migratory tuna stocks in the Pacific Ocean, focusing on the historical relationship among Pacific Island states, the United States, and the United States–flagged tuna fishing fleet. The analysis corroborates scholarship in resource geography and political geography that demonstrates that sovereignty is neither inherently territorial nor exclusively organized on a state-by-state basis, enhancing it to show that the lively nature of oceans and mobile global capital extracting resources from them create a wide range of political possibilities for state influence. The findings reveal that to gain control over, or access to, mobile ocean resources, states construct and express sovereignty in relation to each other and the interests of global capital. At times, multiple and conflicting legal institutions and definitions of sovereignty over the same set of resources can simultaneously be in play. The result is temporally and spatially dynamic sovereignty that is continuously negotiated among “foreign” and “national” interests forced together by fluid ocean materialities and the mobile nature of transnational fishing capital vying for extraction privileges. This analysis reveals mobilities as generative of more-than-territorial institutional innovations that continuously remake the spatial contours of state sovereignty over resources. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1280-1297 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1446820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1446820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1280-1297 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allison Hayes-Conroy Author-X-Name-First: Allison Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes-Conroy Title: Somatic Sovereignty: Body as Territory in Colombia's Legión del Afecto Abstract: Responding to decades of conflict in Colombia, a social initiative known as the Legión del Afecto began in Medellín as a peacebuilding effort among academics, community leaders, and young activists. Attention to the body, particularly bodily feelings, sensations, and emotions, has been central to the peacebuilding methodology of the Legión. The initiative has used a focus on the body not only to produce alternative practices of territory that help keep people alive but also (and therein) to materialize the possibility of feeling differently within targeted spaces. What ultimately drives collective action in the Legión is the possibility for increased autonomy over spatial structures of feeling. The ways in which body and territory have been merged in the initiative echo wider trends regarding territory as a theme in Latin American social movements. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1298-1312 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1424529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1424529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1298-1312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuchen Li Author-X-Name-First: Yuchen Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yichun Xie Author-X-Name-First: Yichun Author-X-Name-Last: Xie Title: A New Urban Typology Model Adapting Data Mining Analytics to Examine Dominant Trajectories of Neighborhood Change: A Case of Metro Detroit Abstract: This article develops an integrated methodology to investigate dominant trajectories of neighborhood change that are often confronted in urban studies. Currently, researchers are using k-means cluster analysis to establish diverse neighborhood typologies and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify socioeconomic interactions explaining the neighborhood typologies. Little attention has been given to longitudinal trajectories and dynamics of neighborhood evolution over a long period. Our new model adapts a newly developed dynamic sequential analysis (the weighted minimum edit distance algorithm) in big data analytics to sort and identify dominant trajectories of neighborhood change. Our model also innovatively synthesizes three statistical procedures—k-means, PCA, and analysis of variance—to derive the weight matrix, which naturally integrates the core characteristics of urban neighborhood changes into the sequential reordering. Using the census data in Metro Detroit over five census years (1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010), this model was tested to identify a unique city's demographic and socioeconomic transition pattern in the past forty years. This model successfully provided a thorough analysis of the neighborhood typologies and exhibited a much-enhanced performance in identifying long-term trajectories of urban evolution. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1313-1337 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1433016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1433016 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1313-1337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Schoenberger Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Schoenberger Author-Name: Alice Beban Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Beban Title: “They Turn Us into Criminals”: Embodiments of Fear in Cambodian Land Grabbing Abstract: Our efforts to research the land grab in Cambodia were thwarted on multiple fronts. This article emerges from our collective experiences of fear and intimidation to reconsider land grabs as a project that produces fear and is reliant on fear. Recent literature on resource conflict focuses on acts of physical violence, but for people who live near spaces of land grabs, the everyday is marked by a different kind of violence, an incoherence and pervasive fear that threatens people's sense of self and the entire social fabric of their worlds. We ground our analysis in insights from several years of ethnographic and survey research experience in land conflict areas in Cambodia, detailing how shadowy networks of actors involved in land grabbing layer memories of war and authoritarian regimes with new threats to control populations and facilitate capital accumulation. We argue that in this context, the “grab” is not just a physical enclosure of land but an affective grab that precedes, surrounds, and reverberates beyond the site of the grab itself. Our article seeks to make theoretical contributions in two ways: theorizing fear as a tool of governance that facilitates state control and capital accumulation and, through this analysis, broadening the ontology of land grabs by foregrounding affect in processes of dispossession to show how the grab reverberates beyond bounded sites. The researcher is also subject to violence, raising questions about what ways of knowing are possible as fear shapes the research process and the subjectivities of both researchers and research participants. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1338-1353 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1420462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1420462 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1338-1353 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate A. Berry Author-X-Name-First: Kate A. Author-X-Name-Last: Berry Author-Name: Sue Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Sue Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Title: The Making of White Water Citizens in Australia and the Western United States: Racialization as a Transnational Project of Irrigation Governance Abstract: This article examines the role of settler irrigation systems and water governance in establishing and reinforcing tenacious imperial geographies of whiteness. Through an analysis of the lives and work of two powerful men who made foundational contributions to establishing irrigation economies and water governance systems in Australia and the Western United States, we investigate the racialized sociospatial processes that bound whiteness to water. Alfred Deakin (1856–1919) and Elwood Mead (1858–1936) were men of science, technology, and politics who actively circulated in and shaped transnational flows of knowledge about whiteness and racial hierarchies. As Deakin and Mead vigorously promoted particular social and political systems associated with irrigation, steering water flows toward uses regarded as modern and productive according to taken-for-granted norms, they imagined, naturalized, and privileged a white water citizenry. In the process, they contributed to the dispossession and displacement of Indigenous peoples as well as marginalizing Other water users, most notably Asian migrants. These men's hydro-imaginaries, which were endorsed and enacted by their respective governments, served to motivate a form of state protection of family farms, inculcate civic self-reliance and local organization, and establish the white water citizen, a baseline against which others were expected to conform. By examining the making of white water citizens, we hope to contribute to Indigenous geographies and studies of racialization in rural places, as well as the effects of irrigation in settler nations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1354-1369 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1420463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1420463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1354-1369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guangwen Song Author-X-Name-First: Guangwen Author-X-Name-Last: Song Author-Name: Lin Liu Author-X-Name-First: Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Wim Bernasco Author-X-Name-First: Wim Author-X-Name-Last: Bernasco Author-Name: Luzi Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Luzi Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Author-Name: Suhong Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Suhong Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Weiwei Liao Author-X-Name-First: Weiwei Author-X-Name-Last: Liao Title: Testing Indicators of Risk Populations for Theft from the Person across Space and Time: The Significance of Mobility and Outdoor Activity Abstract: In recent years, it has increasingly been recognized that due to the uncertain geographic context problem caused by daily human mobility, the residential population is too static to serve as a valid measure of the population at risk for criminal victimization. Various alternative measures have been suggested instead. Guided by the routine activity approach, this study furthers the concept of crime risk population and its measurement across space and time. Using exceptionally comprehensive data sets on population mobility and on theft from the person in a large city in China, we select the best indicator of the risk population from the following four candidates: residential population, subway ridership, taxi ridership, and mobile phone users. Controlling for the potentially confounding effects of offender and guardian presence, we show that on both weekdays and weekends, the best indicators of risk population vary over the course of the day. In the morning, residential population outperforms other measures. In the afternoon and evening, taxi ridership and phone users are better indicators. Although the mobile phone user base forms an arguably more representative measure of ambient population, during some periods taxi ridership is superior because it provides a better indicator of outdoor (as opposed to indoor) activities. In terms of practical applications to security policy and law enforcement, these findings can help identify crime hot spots by calculating accurate crime risks. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1370-1388 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1414580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1414580 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1370-1388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wanyun Shao Author-X-Name-First: Wanyun Author-X-Name-Last: Shao Author-Name: Maaz Gardezi Author-X-Name-First: Maaz Author-X-Name-Last: Gardezi Author-Name: Siyuan Xian Author-X-Name-First: Siyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Xian Title: Examining the Effects of Objective Hurricane Risks and Community Resilience on Risk Perceptions of Hurricanes at the County Level in the U.S. Gulf Coast: An Innovative Approach Abstract: Communities' risk perceptions can influence their abilities to cope with coastal hazards such as hurricanes and coastal flooding. Our study presents an initial effort to examine the relationship between community resilience and risk perception at the county level, through innovative construction of aggregate variables. Using the 2012 Gulf Coast Climate Change Survey merged with historical hurricane data and community resilience indicators, we first apply a spatial statistical model to construct a county-level risk perception indicator based on survey responses. Next, we employ regression to reveal the relationship between contextual hurricane risk factors and community resilience on one hand and county-level perceptions of hurricane risks on the other. Results of this study are directly applicable in the policymaking domain as many hazard mitigation plans and adaptation policies are designed and implemented at the county level. Specifically, two major findings stand out. First, the contextual hurricane risks represented by peak height of storm surge associated with the last hurricane landfall and land area exposed to historical storm surge flooding positively affect county-level risk perceptions. This indicates that another threat of hurricanes—wind risks—needs to be clearly communicated with the public and fully incorporated into hazard mitigation plans and adaptation policies. Second, two components of community resilience—higher levels of economic resilience and community capital—are found to lead to heightened perceptions of hurricane risks, which suggests that concerted efforts are needed to raise awareness of hurricane risks among counties with less economic and community capital. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1389-1405 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1426436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1426436 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1389-1405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Revill Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Revill Author-Name: John R. Gold Author-X-Name-First: John R. Author-X-Name-Last: Gold Title: “Far Back in American Time”: Culture, Region, Nation, Appalachia, and the Geography of Voice Abstract: This article develops a geography of voice to address the ways in which cultures, regions, and nations are imagined, figured, and defined. It adopts Connor's (2000) notion of vocalic space as a starting point from which to explore folk song collecting practices in Appalachia. It develops this in relation to Bauman and Briggs's (2003) postcolonial critique of the status of language and speech in ethnographic theory. Historically, the Appalachian region has received substantial ethnographic cultural study. Working with insights supplied by the collecting activities and subsequent writings of two key collectors—Cecil Sharp (1859–1924) and Alan Lomax (1915–2002)—this article offers a sociomaterial conception of voice key to its affective politics and examines historical theorizations. These are first derived from folklore and ethnography, later anthropology and sociology, and second, articulated with regard to geographies of region and nation. These are then considered in relation to geographer James Duncan's (1980, 1998) critique of the superorganic as an explanation of regional cultural distinctiveness. It concludes by arguing that a geography of voice can contribute to critical approaches to regionalism. An understanding of how vocalic spaces are figured and assembled is key to explaining how culture can be translated through levels of abstraction in ways that can marginalize and disenfranchise the very peoples given voice in regional studies of culture. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1406-1421 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1431104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1431104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1406-1421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lei Zou Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Zou Author-Name: Nina S. N. Lam Author-X-Name-First: Nina S. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Heng Cai Author-X-Name-First: Heng Author-X-Name-Last: Cai Author-Name: Yi Qiang Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Qiang Title: Mining Twitter Data for Improved Understanding of Disaster Resilience Abstract: Coastal communities faced with multiple hazards have shown uneven responses and behaviors. These responses and behaviors could be better understood by analyzing real-time social media data through categorizing them into the three phases of the emergency management: preparedness, response, and recovery. This study analyzes the spatial–temporal patterns of Twitter activities during Hurricane Sandy, which struck the U.S. Northeast on 29 October 2012. The study area includes 126 counties affected by Hurricane Sandy. The objectives are threefold: (1) to derive a set of common indexes from Twitter data so that they can be used for emergency management and resilience analysis; (2) to examine whether there are significant geographical and social disparities in disaster-related Twitter use; and (3) to test whether Twitter data can improve postdisaster damage estimation. Three corresponding hypotheses were tested. Results show that common indexes derived from Twitter data, including ratio, normalized ratio, and sentiment, could enable comparison across regions and events and should be documented. Social and geographical disparities in Twitter use existed in the Hurricane Sandy event, with higher disaster-related Twitter use communities generally being communities of higher socioeconomic status. Finally, adding Twitter indexes into a damage estimation model improved the adjusted R2 from 0.46 to 0.56, indicating that social media data could help improve postdisaster damage estimation, but other environmental and socioeconomic variables influencing the capacity to reducing damage might need to be included. The knowledge gained from this study could provide valuable insights into strategies for utilizing social media data to increase resilience to disasters. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1422-1441 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1421897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1421897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1422-1441 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessie P. H. Poon Author-X-Name-First: Jessie P. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Poon Author-Name: Jane Pollard Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Author-Name: Yew Wah Chow Author-X-Name-First: Yew Wah Author-X-Name-Last: Chow Title: Resetting Neoliberal Values: Lawmaking in Malaysia's Islamic Finance Abstract: In economic geography and cognate disciplines, a good deal of attention has been paid to the roles of investors, lenders, analysts, advisors, actuaries, and other skilled financial professionals in forming and reproducing financial and other markets. Relatively neglected, by contrast, is the work of lawyers, judges, and other legal agents. This article redresses this imbalance by making two contributions. First, we highlight the role of legal labor in financial market formation in Malaysia, specifically the role of Shariah jurists and translators in institutionalizing the (re)production of Islamic values in market life. Second, drawing on cases of financial litigation and interviews with Shariah scholars, we argue that Malaysia's strategy to develop its Islamic financial governance institutions, to bolster its international stature, and to extend the regional, national, and international reach and mobility of its Islamic values is intrinsically geographical in nature. The strategy involves a rescaling and consolidation of legal spaces and institutions—including the Central Bank, the juridical system, Islamic universities, research think tanks, and their Shariah bureaucrats and professionals—to facilitate the geographical mobility of Malaysian sharia expertise to otherwise secular legal spaces. Yet, we argue that this strategy has not led to a retreat from neoliberal influence but rather to a reordering of market values and norms that collateralize moral risks in addition to market risks. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1442-1456 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1439723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1439723 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1442-1456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Grant Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Grant Title: Channeling Xining: Tibetan Place-Making in Western China during the Era of Commodity Housing Abstract: Through an analysis of Tibetan place-making in China's Xining City, I argue that a focus on channeling in place-making provides a way to move beyond typical accounts of resistance and domination in urban spaces. In China's frontier cities, an ethno-territorial institutional framework has resulted in the curtailment of how and where Tibetans and other ethnic minority groups may construct places. Furthermore, a nationwide urbanization project centered around the privatization of commodity housing and resulting in the hanification of the urban environment is producing a hegemonic urbanism that appears to be reducing urban difference. Yet Tibetans in Xining are channeling their place-making efforts to not simply fit in with or fight against urbanization but to assert their own meanings and rhythms and satisfy their own place-making desires. In doing so, they are learning how to navigate urban regulations and sensibilities while creating a rhizomatic network of urban places. The result is a piecemeal approach that has allowed a minority ethnic identity to thrive in the city through the creation of a diffuse but connected urbanism. Channeling highlights the careful path that marginal place-makers must tread as they find their way through territorial regulations and commercialism in the city. This research is based on seventeen months of ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with forty-five Xining urbanites. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1457-1471 Issue: 5 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1446821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1446821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:5:p:1457-1471 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Sheppard Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Sheppard Title: Thinking Geographically: Globalizing Capitalism and Beyond Abstract: In the spirit of strengthening its intellectual foundations and clarifying its contributions to making sense of Earth, we should resist any inclination to treat geography as a club—a discipline with boundaries to be policed and defended. I advocate for the strengths of thinking geographically, a way of being in the world open to all. This means attending to the geography of knowledge production; how spatiotemporalities shape and are shaped by socionatural processes; the emergent more-than-human world; the variety of ontologies, epistemologies, and methodologies underlying knowledge claims; and the world not only as it is but also as it should be. Thinking geographically about globalizing capitalism can problematize the particular sociospatial positionalities from which commonsense understandings of capitalism have metastasized. Europe did not invent capitalist practices but became globalizing capitalism's center of calculation, catalyzed by the spatial dynamics of colonialism elevating Europe relative to its predecessors. Thinking geographically undermines the mainstream account of globalizing capitalism emanating from Europe, that of a rising tide capable of lifting all boats and bringing prosperity to all hard-working and responsible individuals and well-governed territories. Indeed, such body- and place-based accounts obscure how asymmetric connectivities between places and interscalar dynamics, coevolving with uneven geographical development, coproduce unequal sociospatial positionality and conditions of possibility for those propagating and encountering globalizing capitalism. Capitalism also cannot be understood, or practiced, simply as an economic process; its economic aspects are co-implicated with political, cultural (gendered, raced, etc.), social, and biophysical processes, in ways that repeatedly exceed and undermine any “laws of economics.” Thinking geographically necessitates acknowledging space for alternative, more-than-capitalist experiments and trajectories, enriched by peripheral experiences of and encounters with globalizing capitalism. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1113-1134 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1064513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1064513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1113-1134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Megan K. Walsh Author-X-Name-First: Megan K. Author-X-Name-Last: Walsh Author-Name: Jennifer R. Marlon Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer R. Author-X-Name-Last: Marlon Author-Name: Simon J. Goring Author-X-Name-First: Simon J. Author-X-Name-Last: Goring Author-Name: Kendrick J. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Kendrick J. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Daniel G. Gavin Author-X-Name-First: Daniel G. Author-X-Name-Last: Gavin Title: A Regional Perspective on Holocene Fire–Climate–Human Interactions in the Pacific Northwest of North America Abstract: Wildfire plays an important role in ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest, but past relationships among fire, climate, and human actions remain unclear. A multiscale analysis of thirty-four macroscopic charcoal records from a variety of biophysical settings was conducted to reconstruct fire activity for the Pacific Northwest (PNW) during the past 12,000 years. Trends in biomass burning and fire frequency are compared to paleoenvironmental and population data at a variety of temporal and spatial scales to better understand fire regime variability on centennial- to millennial-length time scales. PNW fire activity in the early Holocene is linked to climatic and vegetation changes; however, increased fire activity in the middle to late Holocene is inconsistent with long-term trends in temperature and precipitation. Two hypotheses are explored to explain the rise in fire activity after ca. 5,500 calendar years before present, including greater climate variability and increased human use of fire. Climatic changes such as increased El Niño/Southern Oscillation event frequency during the past approximately 6,000 years could have led to hydrologic shifts conducive to more frequent fire events, despite overall trends toward cooler and moister conditions. Alternatively, increasing human populations and their associated uses of fire might have increased biomass burning. Centennial-scale changes in fire activity, such as during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, closely match widespread shifts in both climate and population, suggesting that one or both influenced the late-Holocene fire history of the PNW. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1135-1157 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1064457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1064457 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1135-1157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Graham Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Author-Name: Ralph K. Straumann Author-X-Name-First: Ralph K. Author-X-Name-Last: Straumann Author-Name: Bernie Hogan Author-X-Name-First: Bernie Author-X-Name-Last: Hogan Title: Digital Divisions of Labor and Informational Magnetism: Mapping Participation in Wikipedia Abstract: There are now more than 3 billion Internet users on our planet. The connections afforded to all of those people, in theory, allow for an unprecedented amount of communication and public participation. The goal of this article is to examine how those potentials match up to actual patterns of participation. By focusing on Wikipedia, the world's largest and most used repository of user-generated content, we are able to gain important insights into the geographies of voice and participation. This article shows that the relative democratization of the Internet has not brought about a concurrent democratization of voice and participation. Despite the fact that it is widely used around the world, Wikipedia is characterized by highly uneven geographies of participation. The goal of highlighting these inequalities is not to suggest that they are insurmountable. Our regression analysis shows that the availability of broadband is a clear factor in the propensity of people to participate on Wikipedia. The relationship is not a linear one, though. As a country approaches levels of connectivity above about 450,000 broadband Internet connections, the ability of broadband access to positively affect participation keeps increasing. Complicating this issue is the fact that participation from the world's economic peripheries tends to focus on editing about the world's cores rather than their own local regions. These results ultimately point to an informational magnetism that is cast by the world's economic cores, virtuous and vicious cycles that make it difficult to reconfigure networks and hierarchies of knowledge production. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1158-1178 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1072791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1072791 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1158-1178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qunying Huang Author-X-Name-First: Qunying Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: David W. S. Wong Author-X-Name-First: David W. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Title: Modeling and Visualizing Regular Human Mobility Patterns with Uncertainty: An Example Using Twitter Data Abstract: Traditional space–time paths show the spatiotemporal trajectories of individuals in one to several days. Based on data for such short periods, these space–time paths might not be able to show regular activity patterns, which are pertinent to various types of planning and policy analysis. Travel data gathered for longer periods might capture regular activity patterns, but footprints captured by these data also include irregular activities, introducing noises or uncertainty. Our objective is to determine the representative spatiotemporal trajectories of individuals, accounting for stochastic disturbances and spatiotemporal variability, but using activity data with longer duration. Therefore, we explore using Twitter data, which have relatively low and irregular spatial and temporal resolutions. This article introduces a methodology to construct individual representative space–time paths using various aggregation and spatiotemporal clustering techniques. To depict and visualize spatiotemporal trajectories with uncertain information, we propose space–time cones of variable sizes to reflect the spatial precision of the paths and use colors on the cones to represent the confidence level. To illustrate the proposed methodology, we use the geo-tagged tweets for an extended period. Our analysis indicates that the representative space–time path reasonably describes an individual's regular activity patterns. As visual elements, cones and cone colors effectively show the varying geographical precision along the path and changing certainty levels across different path segments, respectively. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1179-1197 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1081120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1081120 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1179-1197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mazhuvanchery Avarachen Sherly Author-X-Name-First: Mazhuvanchery Avarachen Author-X-Name-Last: Sherly Author-Name: Subhankar Karmakar Author-X-Name-First: Subhankar Author-X-Name-Last: Karmakar Author-Name: Devanathan Parthasarathy Author-X-Name-First: Devanathan Author-X-Name-Last: Parthasarathy Author-Name: Terence Chan Author-X-Name-First: Terence Author-X-Name-Last: Chan Author-Name: Christian Rau Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Rau Title: Disaster Vulnerability Mapping for a Densely Populated Coastal Urban Area: An Application to Mumbai, India Abstract: Coastal urban cities frequently face multiple hazards, including potentially disastrous extreme events. To combat this, vulnerability assessment is essential to developing an effective mitigation strategy. This study proposes a framework to assess the vulnerability of any densely populated urban area to disasters by considering both the population and the assets that are at risk. A set of indicators is also proposed to assess the vulnerability of social and socioeconomic systems, infrastructure, critical facilities, and adaptive capacity. The components of vulnerability were evaluated individually, using an accessible open source geographic information system at a fine 1-km grid scale, providing an insight into the spatial variability of the vulnerability. The optimal weight for individual indicators was assigned using data envelopment analysis to minimize subjective judgment and establish confidence in the results obtained. To decorrelate and reduce the dimensionality of the multivariate data, principal component analysis was performed. The proposed methodology was demonstrated on the twenty-four wards of Mumbai under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai and showed the mideastern part of Mumbai as the most vulnerable—mainly due to the increase in population and the marginal workers' ratio. A reduction in social vulnerability has been observed, however, across the city through improvement in the literacy rate and the main workers' ratio. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1198-1220 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1072792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1072792 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1198-1220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian G. Baird Author-X-Name-First: Ian G. Author-X-Name-Last: Baird Author-Name: Noah Quastel Author-X-Name-First: Noah Author-X-Name-Last: Quastel Title: Rescaling and Reordering Nature–Society Relations: The Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Dam and Laos–Thailand Electricity Networks Abstract: In 2010, the largest hydropower dam ever constructed in Laos, the Nam Theun 2 (NT2) Power Project, was completed with crucial—indeed, deal-making—support from the World Bank. Although the vast majority of the electricity produced by the project is exported to neighboring Thailand, the most important negative social and environmental impacts have occurred in Laos. While much attention has focused on the dam reservoir, there have been significant effects downstream from the project along the Xe Bang Fai (XBF) River, a major tributary of the mainstream Mekong River. In this article we examine the complex relationships between energy produced by NT2 and energy consumption patterns in Thailand. We link varying electricity demand in Thai air conditioning, fluctuating water releases from the NT2 dam, and downstream changes in XBF hydrology. Taking a political ecology approach, we emphasize how NT2 is part of rescaling electricity production and consumption networks, changes to their modes of ordering, and the reworking of nature–society relations. Although NT2 involves a complex array of social and environmental civil society concerns for Thailand, Laos, and global society, this was largely obscured by the commercial and technical orientation of its novel governance systems. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1221-1239 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1064511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1064511 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1221-1239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qing Tian Author-X-Name-First: Qing Author-X-Name-Last: Tian Author-Name: Daniel G. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Daniel G. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Lin Zheng Author-X-Name-First: Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng Author-Name: Shuhua Qi Author-X-Name-First: Shuhua Author-X-Name-Last: Qi Author-Name: Ying Liu Author-X-Name-First: Ying Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Luguang Jiang Author-X-Name-First: Luguang Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang Title: The Role of Cross-Scale Social and Environmental Contexts in Household-Level Land-Use Decisions, Poyang Lake Region, China Abstract: As rural households worldwide become increasingly engaged in urban economies and regional and global markets, agricultural land use is increasingly under influences of macrolevel forces. Investigating the cross-scale processes behind land-use decisions of rural households is important for understanding the deferential effects of macrolevel forces across local social and environmental contexts. We combined quantitative analysis of household surveys and qualitative analysis of interviews and participant observations in eight villages in the Poyang Lake Region of China to investigate how macrolevel forces associated with policy reforms in China (i.e., urban job markets and agricultural markets) interact with microlevel factors (i.e., the biophysical environment, location, and household demographics) to shape land-use decisions of rural households. We also found differential regional government interventions that reinforced preexisting biophysical conditions to affect household crop choices, contributing to the maintenance of intensive two-season rice production in select agricultural bases. Our use of multilevel modeling and qualitative analysis enabled an improved understanding of the cross-scale processes behind household land-use decisions, which has practical implications for securing food production and promoting sustainable land use. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1240-1259 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1060921 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1060921 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1240-1259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William A. V. Clark Author-X-Name-First: William A. V. Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Author-Name: Eva Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: John Östh Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Östh Author-Name: Bo Malmberg Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Malmberg Title: A Multiscalar Analysis of Neighborhood Composition in Los Angeles, 2000–2010: A Location-Based Approach to Segregation and Diversity Abstract: There continues to be cross-disciplinary interest in the patterns, extent, and changing contexts of segregation and spatial inequality more generally. The changes are clearly context dependent but at the same time there are broad generalizations that arise from the processes of residential sorting and selection. A major question in U.S. segregation research is how the growth of Asian and Hispanic populations is influencing patterns of segregation and diversity at the neighborhood level. In this article we use a variant of a nearest neighbor approach to map, graph, and evaluate patterns of race and ethnicity at varying scales. We show that using a multiscalar approach to segregation can provide a detailed and more complete picture of segregation. The research confirms work from other studies that segregation is decreasing between some groups and increasing between others, and the patterns, and processes can be described as dynamic diversity. In a series of maps of ethnic clusters and population homogeneity we show how metropolitan areas, represented in this case by Los Angeles, now display patterns of complex living arrangements with multiple groups inhabiting both local neighborhoods and wider community spheres. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1260-1284 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1072790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1072790 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1260-1284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James A. Tyner Author-X-Name-First: James A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tyner Author-Name: Sokvisal Kimsroy Author-X-Name-First: Sokvisal Author-X-Name-Last: Kimsroy Author-Name: Savina Sirik Author-X-Name-First: Savina Author-X-Name-Last: Sirik Title: Nature, Poetry, and Public Pedagogy: The Poetic Geographies of the Khmer Rouge Abstract: Between 1975 and 1979, more than 2 million men, women, and children died in what has become known as the Cambodian genocide. In just under four years, approximately one quarter of the country's prewar population succumbed to arbitrary murder, torture, detention, starvation, and disease. Amidst these acts of destruction, however, the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK; the Khmer Rouge) advanced various pedagogical practices, including the promotion of poetry. Superficially, poems produced by the Khmer Rouge are literary forms of propaganda. Such a conclusion is incomplete. Through a reading of Khmer Rouge–era poetry, this article contributes to two themes in geography: fictive and public pedagogy. We argue that the Khmer Rouge used poetry as a form of public pedagogy. More specifically, Khmer Rouge–era poetry presented nature as the fulcrum on which society was to be transformed. The cultivation of a proper political consciousness required the nurturing of a community identity of what Democratic Kampuchea was to become. This argument is developed in five sections. First, we provide a brief overview of literary geographies. We then consider the transformative power of public education. Third, we provide an overview of educational policies under the Khmer Rouge. This is followed by a discussion of nature as conceived by the CPK. Our main empirical analysis of Khmer Rouge poetry is presented in the fifth section. Finally, we conclude with a consideration of the politics of creative interventions as a form of public pedagogy. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1285-1299 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1066740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1066740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1285-1299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Breandán Ó hUallacháin Author-X-Name-First: Breandán Author-X-Name-Last: Ó hUallacháin Author-Name: Kevin Kane Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Kane Author-Name: Sean Kenyon Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Kenyon Title: Invention in the United States City System Abstract: This article draws on several empirical regularities underlying central place theory (CPT) to enhance understanding of the uneven distribution of invention in the U.S. city system, especially the immense array of specializations that comprise national technological advance. CPT depicts city systems as collections of places in which functions expand in number as city size increases. Small cities have few functions and large cities many. A long-term hierarchical system is successively inclusive if large cities have all of the functions of smaller cities and some additional ones. The functions investigated here are 399 patent classes distributed across 366 U.S. metropolitan areas in the period from 2000 to 2011. Evidence is strong that patent classes with large numbers of awards are widely spread across the city system. This leads to the average sizes of places active in generating patents in the robust classes to be significantly smaller compared with the average sizes of areas that generate patents in unusual classes. Small cities are tied to national technological advance through the generation of patents in the most active and ubiquitous inventive specialties. Inventors in large cities are more likely to invent in unusual domains. Bigger areas are significantly more diversified compared with smaller ones. The system is not, however, strictly successively inclusive. Whereas 88.3 percent of all patent class–area pairs are generated in at least 50 percent of equally sized and bigger areas, only 20.5 percent of pairs are 100 percent strictly hierarchical. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1300-1323 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1074497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1074497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1300-1323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O. Muller Author-X-Name-First: Peter O. Author-X-Name-Last: Muller Author-Name: Alexander B. Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Alexander B. Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Title: Harm J. de Blij, 1935–2014 Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1324-1329 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1079989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1079989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1324-1329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Manuscript Reviewers Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1330-1331 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1076310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1076310 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1330-1331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Annals, Volume 105 Index Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1332-1337 Issue: 6 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1096111 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1096111 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:6:p:1332-1337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wansang Ryu Author-X-Name-First: Wansang Author-X-Name-Last: Ryu Author-Name: Douglas J. Sherman Author-X-Name-First: Douglas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sherman Title: Foredune Texture: Landscape Metrics and Climate Abstract: Coastal dunes are sensitive ecosystems because of their location at the juncture of terrestrial, marine, and atmospheric environments. This is especially the case for foredunes and the vegetation they support. Considerable attention is paid to the characteristics of foredunes and dune vegetation, but there has been no systematic study of patterns of bare sand on foredune surfaces—foredune textures—and the climate variables controlling those patterns. We used landscape metrics to quantify foredune textures for twenty-two coastal locations in the contiguous United States and cluster analysis to classify textures using those metrics. Four types of texture were identified: (1) active, where bare sand averages more than 80 percent of the dune surface and sand patches are close together; (2) composite, with about 50 percent bare sand area and sand patches that are close together and of minimal complexity; (3) aggregated, where bare sand is about 23 percent of the surface and the sand patches are moderately adjacent, of relatively low complexity, and relatively far apart; and (4) inactive, where the bare sand averages about 6 percent of the surface and the patches are complex in shape and widely spaced. These types are discernible using four climate variables. We used those variables to derive multiple regression models to predict key landscape metrics and use Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate predictions to forecast changes in foredune textures through the twenty-first century. We find that vegetation cover should increase at 82 percent of our sites. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 903-921 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.923723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.923723 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:903-921 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ting L. Lei Author-X-Name-First: Ting L. Author-X-Name-Last: Lei Author-Name: Daoqin Tong Author-X-Name-First: Daoqin Author-X-Name-Last: Tong Author-Name: Richard L. Church Author-X-Name-First: Richard L. Author-X-Name-Last: Church Title: Designing Robust Coverage Systems: A Maximal Covering Model with Geographically Varying Failure Probabilities Abstract: Covering models have been used in a wide range of modeling and geospatial analysis applications ranging from planning emergency services to natural reserve design. One topic in coverage modeling that has received considerable research attention is addressing uncertainty due to facility unavailability and service disruptions. In this article, we propose a covering model that maximizes the expected coverage of demand by considering the possibility of facility failures. Unlike existing models that assume a uniform failure probability across all sites in an area, the proposed model can account for spatially varying failure probabilities and describes better the underlying geographic processes that cause facility failures. The model is posed as a spatial optimization problem using integer linear programming. We compare two different formulations of the covering model and discuss their properties. The proposed model formulations have been tested computationally using a warning sirens data set that has been widely used in assessing covering models. We conclude with a summary of findings as well as possible directions of future research. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 922-938 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.923722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.923722 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:922-938 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason K. Blackburn Author-X-Name-First: Jason K. Author-X-Name-Last: Blackburn Author-Name: Ted L. Hadfield Author-X-Name-First: Ted L. Author-X-Name-Last: Hadfield Author-Name: Andrew J. Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Name: Martin E. Hugh-Jones Author-X-Name-First: Martin E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hugh-Jones Title: Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Anthrax in White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, and Hematophagous Flies in West Texas during the Summertime Anthrax Risk Period Abstract: White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, anthrax epizootics have been frequently documented in Texas over the last two decades. Once outbreaks begin, there is evidence for the potential role of hematophagous flies as vectors for the disease. Hypotheses on the role of biting flies in the transmission of anthrax date back more than a century. Both laboratory experiments and field studies have provided evidence of a biting fly transmission pathway. In particular, several studies have implicated biting flies during severe wildlife outbreaks in North America. Despite these implications, there is a lack of spatial analysis relating flies and anthrax. Here we report on the spatial patterns of anthrax in white-tailed deer on a well-studied ranch with a documented anthrax history. These patterns were evaluated against the spatiotemporal patterns of biting flies during the anthrax risk period. Unbaited fly traps were used to collect flies across the study ranch from June through August 2005. Kernel density analysis confirmed biting fly hotspots concentrated in the areas with highest densities of deer carcasses. The average nearest neighbor index confirmed that deer carcasses were spatially clustered and density estimates suggest that these are in proximity to areas supporting high fly populations. Dual kernel density analysis of carcasses and deer population identified a large dry riverine habitat as a high anthrax risk. Fly catch rates across the period identified a similar pattern to the anthrax risk surface. The high overlap between areas of sustained high fly catch rates and anthrax cases does suggest a relationship warranting future research. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 939-958 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.914834 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.914834 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:939-958 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pauline van den Berg Author-X-Name-First: Pauline Author-X-Name-Last: van den Berg Author-Name: Astrid Kemperman Author-X-Name-First: Astrid Author-X-Name-Last: Kemperman Author-Name: Harry Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: Harry Author-X-Name-Last: Timmermans Title: Social Interaction Location Choice: A Latent Class Modeling Approach Abstract: Social contacts are an important aspect of an individual's quality of life. Social contacts take place at a certain time and location: Geography matters, for instance, at home or a work location or at different types of (local) facilities such as schools, shops, sports, and catering facilities. For urban planners, it is essential to know which locations provide opportunities for social interaction. As this knowledge is currently largely lacking, more empirical research is needed. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to analyze the diversity of participation in social activities at different locations and the relationship among social interaction location, sociodemographic characteristics, and characteristics of the residential environment. The analyses are based on two-day social interaction diary data that were collected in 2008 among 747 respondents living in the Eindhoven region in The Netherlands. A latent class multinomial logit model is used to segment respondents in terms of their social activity location choices. The article reports findings of several descriptive analyses and the latent class model. Four latent classes are identified, showing different patterns in choices for social activity locations. Latent class membership can be explained by household and personal time-use characteristics (e.g., gender, age, household type, number of face-to-face social interactions, frequency of contact with neighbors), as well as characteristics of the residential environment (e.g., urban density, distance to several facilities, and satisfaction with local facilities). The findings could provide useful information for local governments and planners regarding the importance of public facilities for social interaction of various segments of the population to support individual well-being and neighborhood livability. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 959-972 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.924726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.924726 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:959-972 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diana Suhardiman Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: Suhardiman Author-Name: Mark Giordano Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Giordano Title: Legal Plurality: An Analysis of Power Interplay in Mekong Hydropower Abstract: The changing notion of state territoriality highlights overlapping power structures at international, national, and local scales and reveals how states can be “differently” powerful. This article analyzes how the interplay of these power structures shapes the dynamics of natural resource management in one of the world's fastest changing transboundary basins, the Mekong. Taking the Lao People's Democratic Republic as a case study, we highlight the existing inconsistency and institutional discrepancies in land, water, and environmental policy related to hydropower and illustrate how they are manifested in multiple decision-making frameworks and overlapping legal orders. The resulting legal plurality reveals the inherently contested terrain of hydropower but, more important, it illustrates how the central state has been able to use contradictory mandates and interests to further its goals. The specific Mekong hydropower case demonstrates that an understanding of power geometries and scale dynamics is crucial to meaningful application of social and environmental safeguards for sustainable dam development. More broadly, the case sheds light on the important role of states’ various agents and their multiple connections, partially explaining how the achievement of the central state's goals can be derived from legal plurality rather than hindered by it. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 973-988 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.925306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.925306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:973-988 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin McFarlane Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: McFarlane Author-Name: Renu Desai Author-X-Name-First: Renu Author-X-Name-Last: Desai Author-Name: Steve Graham Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Title: Informal Urban Sanitation: Everyday Life, Poverty, and Comparison Abstract: The global sanitation crisis is rapidly urbanizing, but how is sanitation produced and sustained in informal settlements? Although there are data available on aggregate statistics, relatively little is known about how sanitation is created, maintained, threatened, and contested within informal settlements. Drawing on an ethnography of two very different informal settlements in Mumbai, this study identifies key ways in which informal sanitation is produced, rendered vulnerable, and politicized. In particular, four informal urban sanitation processes are examined: patronage, self-managed processes, solidarity and exclusion, and open defecation. The article also considers the implications for a research agenda around informal urban sanitation, emphasizing in particular the potential of a comparative approach, and examines the possibilities for better sanitation conditions in Mumbai and beyond. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 989-1011 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.923718 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.923718 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:989-1011 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oliver Belcher Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Belcher Title: Staging the Orient: Counterinsurgency Training Sites and the U.S. Military Imagination Abstract: This article is a descriptive narrative of the U.S. military's “cultural awareness” training for counterinsurgency doctrine at the Muscatatuck Urban Training Center (MUTC) in Indiana. Within the narrative, I show how the “Arab,” “Afghan,” and “culturally sensitive soldier” are constituted within the U.S. military imagination through the practices and spaces of MUTC. Drawing on recent work in “new materialism” and the material geographies of late-modern war, the article argues that the circulation of “culture” within the U.S. military is not an indifferent exercise in familiarity with an occupied population, nor a mere knowledge production. Rather, cultural awareness must be understood as an instrumental activity through which identities are positioned and habitually put to use, like tools, to orient strategic and tactical operations in counterinsurgency contexts. Counterinsurgency training sites such as MUTC are ideal for interrogating how cultural identities acquire a status of serviceability akin to what Heidegger (1962) once called “equipment” or “paraphernalia” that inform the practices of everyday military occupation in Afghanistan and Iraq. In my thick description of the MUTC, I examine the function and silences of the site of the U.S. military's imagination, which I deliberately leave vague here but whose orders, phantoms, and figures I elaborate fully in the narrative. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1012-1029 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.924736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.924736 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:1012-1029 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan M. Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Susan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Title: Development Capital: USAID and the Rise of Development Contractors Abstract: Development assistance from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is conceptualized as flowing through an assemblage that includes heterogeneous subjects and objects and that has coevolved with USAID's contracting regime. Key assemblage elements are contractors (firms, nongovernmental organizations, individuals), contracts, and procurements, and key flows include capital, knowledge, and people. The focus of this article is the rise over the past forty years of a lucrative development contracting industry in the United States, through a relational examination of USAID contractors and other key elements in the assemblage. This article traces the contemporary U.S. development assistance contracting assemblage and its geographies. This entails identifying and mapping the assemblage's component elements, its networks and flows, with the overall aim being to take steps toward building a critical geographical understanding of development capital. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1030-1051 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.924749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.924749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:1030-1051 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Faria Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Faria Title: “I Want My Children to Know Sudan”: Narrating the Long-Distance Intimacies of Diasporic Politics Abstract: Attending to the gendered intimacies of diasporic politics offers rich insights for studies of transnationalism, nationalism, and citizenship. This article focuses on South Sudan and the narrative accounts of thirty U.S.-resettled women collected in the transitional era prior to independence in 2011. Their stories point to the embodied nature of political subjectivity enacted during this time through everyday parental acts in the United States, care for family in South Sudan, and emergent community-based engagement and activism in and between both places. This work extends studies of transnationalism, nationalism, and citizenship by drawing on the productive junctures of feminist political and emotional geographies. It does so first by attending to oft-marginalized and gendered subjects and spaces of politics and, second, by recognizing the intimate and affective scalings through which long-distance political subjects distantly engage with, take responsibility for, and actively remake their home. Here I pay attention to the work of feelings: grief, nostalgia, worry, excitement, ambivalence, and anger that drive and are evoked by long-distance nationalisms and citizenships. Intimately binding distant places, people, and moments, they demonstrate the emotional valence of diasporic politics. Finally, this article calls for empirical attention to new nationalisms and citizenships emerging through places like the contemporary South Sudan, those with histories of multiple colonialisms, marked by shifting geometries of power, and shaped from afar by the political intimacies of the diaspora. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1052-1067 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.914835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.914835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:1052-1067 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Edna Wangui Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Edna Author-X-Name-Last: Wangui Title: Livelihood Shifts and Gender Performances: Space and the Negotiation for Labor among East Africa's Pastoralists Abstract: In the last few decades there has been a distinct shift in Masai pastoral livelihoods in Kenya's rangelands, creating new livelihood activities and new gendered demands on labor. This article builds on new feminist political ecologies (FPEs) that incorporate recent developments in postructuralist and performative theorizations of gender. I extend new FPE theoretically, through the incorporation of Arendt's theory of action, especially her theorization of plurality. Plurality allows us to capture the unique dynamics of the performance of negotiation for labor control displayed by Masai husbands and wives. I also extend FPE empirically, through the examination of an African and pastoralist context. I pay attention to the role that space plays in the process of negotiating gendered inequality. Based on forty in-depth interviews complemented by ethnographic fieldwork, the research demonstrates that the women and men interviewed are deeply aware of how space conveys particular meanings during negotiations. In all instances, the effectiveness of each man and woman's performance cannot be understood outside of this spatial context. As pastoral livelihoods shift, the boundaries of what it means to be a Masai are pushed. In this context, the disciplinary power of culture and the meanings of gender become destabilized, allowing for a renegotiation and forging of gender norms and subjectivities. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1068-1081 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.924734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.924734 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:1068-1081 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy Trauger Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Trauger Title: Is Bigger Better? The Small Farm Imaginary and Fair Trade Banana Production in the Dominican Republic Abstract: Fair Trade is a certification system designed to create social change in production and consumption patterns, primarily in agricultural products, by shaping what happens on the production end of the supply chain through a certification and regulatory system. Previous research on Fair Trade investigated the workings and benefits of Fair Trade production models, with little attention paid to how the Fair Trade model might fail to meet its objectives. Research on Fair Trade would suggest that if inequality and exploitation exist in the Fair Trade supply chain, it would be experienced by the most marginalized actors, such as the temporary workers hired by smallhold farmers, who are frequently invisible in the Fair Trade literature and documents on banana production in the Caribbean. Through a global ethnography of the organic and Fair Trade banana supply chain in the Dominican Republic, this research reveals how Fair Trade as a “spatial fix” for capital and a “small farm imaginary” work to marginalize a particular class of workers. It also reveals the unseen sociality of Fair Trade standards in the systemic and structural assumptions in the small farm production model that Fair Trade promotes. The study finds that smallhold workers are essential to sustaining the market for Fair Trade bananas in a form of functional dualism between smallholders and plantations. In a counterintuitive outcome of the workings of Fair Trade, workers might be better off in the medium-scale plantation model unique to the Dominican Republic. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1082-1100 Issue: 5 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.923720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.923720 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:5:p:1082-1100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Ferretti Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Ferretti Title: Traveling in Lifeworlds: New Perspectives on (Post) Humanism, Situated Subjectivities, and Agency from a Travel Diary Abstract: This article argues for building bridges between humanistic geographical traditions and current posthumanistic approaches destabilizing the centrality and the very epistemological status of the human subject. Extending and putting in relation recent literature highlighting the possible continuities over the ruptures between these traditions and feminist scholarship arguing for the political relevancy of intimate writings and emotional geographies, I analyze an exceptional archival document recently discovered in the Anne Buttimer archives at University College Dublin: Buttimer’s travel diary relating her 1965 and 1966 trips to France and continental Europe, when she began to build her transnational and multilingual scholarly networks. Buttimer was one of the first geographers to explore “lifeworlds,” and this document simultaneously reveals the emotional experiences of discovery and the role played in that by circumstances and external agencies decentering and problematizing subjective intentionality. These journeys profoundly affected Buttimer’s early scholarly career, leading to her first critical questionings of the institutions in which she was inserted. Complementing recent claims for a “new humanism” taking onboard the critiques coming from scholars informed by “anti/posthumanism,” I argue that the mobility, situatedness, and relational nature of in-becoming subjects, at the same time acting and being acted on, allows for reconsidering human subjectivity and agency in more complex contexts. The document that I analyze shows how human subjectivity can be considered as an actor in relational and circumstantial encounters, contextually building lifeworlds, rather than a despotic monopolist of knowledge and agency as suggested by some simplified narratives. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1653-1669 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1715197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1715197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1653-1669 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Manley Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Manley Author-Name: Maarten van Ham Author-X-Name-First: Maarten Author-X-Name-Last: van Ham Author-Name: Lina Hedman Author-X-Name-First: Lina Author-X-Name-Last: Hedman Title: Inherited and Spatial Disadvantages: A Longitudinal Study of Early Adult Neighborhood Careers of Siblings Abstract: Understanding how inequalities are transmitted through generations and restrict upward spatial mobility has long been a concern of geographic research. Previous research has identified that the neighborhood in which someone grows up is highly predictive of the type of neighborhood he or she will live in as an independent adult. What remains largely unknown is the relative contribution of geography compared to the contribution of the family context in forming these individual life outcomes. The aim of this article is to better understand the role of the spatial–temporal contexts of individuals in shaping later life outcomes, by distinguishing between inherited disadvantage (socioeconomic position) and spatial disadvantage (the environmental context in which children grow up). We use a sibling design to analyze the neighborhood careers of adults after they have left the parental home, separating out the roles of the family from that of the neighborhood in determining residential careers. We employ rich Swedish Register data to construct a quasi-experimental family design to analyze residential outcomes for sibling pairs and contrast real siblings against a control group of “contextual siblings.” We find that real siblings live more similar lives in terms of neighborhood experiences during their independent residential careers than contextual sibling pairs but that this difference decreases over time. The results show the importance of geography, revealing long-lasting stickiness of spatial–temporal contexts of childhood. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1670-1689 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1747970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1747970 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1670-1689 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hudson Spivey Author-X-Name-First: Hudson Author-X-Name-Last: Spivey Title: Governing the Fix: Energy Regimes, Accumulation Dynamics, and Land Use Changes in Japan’s Solar Photovoltaic Boom Abstract: This article examines the role of recent reforms to Japan’s energy governance regime in stimulating fixed capital investments in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and analyzes the investment trends and land use changes that are emerging as a result. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, the Japanese government passed a feed-in tariff (FIT) to incentivize renewable energy production, followed by the liberalization of the small-scale retail power market. Although recent geographical scholarship suggests that fixed capital investments in renewable energy might function as a socioecological fix for capital accumulation, analyzing these reforms through the lens of institutional political economy reveals a crucial limitation facing investors seeking renewed accumulation through a socioecological fix: The state, as the extraeconomic agent charged with sustaining accumulation at the national scale, maintains the capacity to shape conditions of profitability in the electric power sector. Additionally, this article offers a typology of investment patterns and land use changes that have resulted from the growing market in renewables. The guaranteed return on investment offered by the FIT has stimulated demand for space to site solar projects. This demand, coupled with Japan’s strict farmland protections, has led investors to pursue projects in novel configurations that challenge established assumptions about power density and the land demands of solar PV. By bringing the insights of Marxian state theory to bear on the political ecology of fixed infrastructure, this article contributes an empirical analysis of the political ecological dimensions of state action in governing renewable energy transitions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1690-1708 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1740080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1740080 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1690-1708 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brenda S. A. Yeoh Author-X-Name-First: Brenda S. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Yeoh Author-Name: Bittiandra Chand Somaiah Author-X-Name-First: Bittiandra Chand Author-X-Name-Last: Somaiah Author-Name: Theodora Lam Author-X-Name-First: Theodora Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Kristel F. Acedera Author-X-Name-First: Kristel F. Author-X-Name-Last: Acedera Title: Doing Family in “Times of Migration”: Care Temporalities and Gender Politics in Southeast Asia Abstract: The prevailing labor migration regime in Asia is underpinned by rotating-door principles of enforced transience, where low-wage migrant labor gains admission into host nation-states based on short-term, time-limited contracts and where family reunification and permanent settlement at destination are explicitly prohibited. In this context, we ask how migrant-sending families in Southeast Asian “source” countries—Indonesia and the Philippines—sustain family life in the long-term absence of one or both parents (often mothers). Through temporal concepts of rhythm, rupture, and reversal, we focus on how temporal modalities of care for left-behind children intersect with gendered power geometries in animating transnational family politics around care. First, by paying heed to the structuring effects of rhythm on social life, we show how routinized care rhythms built around mothers as caregivers have a normalizing and naturalizing effect on the conduct of social life and commonplace understanding of family well-being. Second, we explore the potential rupture to care rhythms triggered by the migration of mothers turned breadwinners and the extent to which gendered care regimes are either conserved, reconstituted, or disrupted in everyday patterns and practices of care. Third, we examine the circumstances under which gender role reversal becomes enduring, gains legitimacy among a range of poly care rhythms, or is quickly undone with the return migration of mothers in homecoming. The analysis is based primarily on research on Indonesian and Filipino rural households conducted in 2017 using paired life story interviews with children and their parental or nonparental adult caregivers. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1709-1725 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1723397 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1723397 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1709-1725 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jens Kandt Author-X-Name-First: Jens Author-X-Name-Last: Kandt Author-Name: Justin van Dijk Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: van Dijk Author-Name: Paul A. Longley Author-X-Name-First: Paul A. Author-X-Name-Last: Longley Title: Family Name Origins and Intergenerational Demographic Change in Great Britain Abstract: We develop bespoke geospatial routines to typify 88,457 surnames by their likely ancestral geographic origins within Great Britain. Linking this taxonomy to both historic and contemporary population data sets, we characterize regional populations using surnames that indicate whether their bearers are likely to be long-settled. We extend this approach in a case study application, in which we summarize intergenerational change in local populations across Great Britain over a period of 120 years. We also analyze much shorter term demographic dynamics and chart likely recent migratory flows within the country. Our research demonstrates the value of family names in characterizing long-term population change at regional and local scales. We find evidence of selective migratory flows in both time periods alongside increasing demographic diversity and distinctiveness between regions in Great Britain. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1726-1742 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1717328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1717328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1726-1742 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Isabelle Anguelovski Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle Author-X-Name-Last: Anguelovski Author-Name: Anna Livia Brand Author-X-Name-First: Anna Livia Author-X-Name-Last: Brand Author-Name: James J. T. Connolly Author-X-Name-First: James J. T. Author-X-Name-Last: Connolly Author-Name: Esteve Corbera Author-X-Name-First: Esteve Author-X-Name-Last: Corbera Author-Name: Panagiota Kotsila Author-X-Name-First: Panagiota Author-X-Name-Last: Kotsila Author-Name: Justin Steil Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Steil Author-Name: Melissa Garcia-Lamarca Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia-Lamarca Author-Name: Margarita Triguero-Mas Author-X-Name-First: Margarita Author-X-Name-Last: Triguero-Mas Author-Name: Helen Cole Author-X-Name-First: Helen Author-X-Name-Last: Cole Author-Name: Francesc Baró Author-X-Name-First: Francesc Author-X-Name-Last: Baró Author-Name: Johannes Langemeyer Author-X-Name-First: Johannes Author-X-Name-Last: Langemeyer Author-Name: Carmen Pérez del Pulgar Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Pérez Author-X-Name-Last: del Pulgar Author-Name: Galia Shokry Author-X-Name-First: Galia Author-X-Name-Last: Shokry Author-Name: Filka Sekulova Author-X-Name-First: Filka Author-X-Name-Last: Sekulova Author-Name: Lucia Argüelles Ramos Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Argüelles Ramos Title: Expanding the Boundaries of Justice in Urban Greening Scholarship: Toward an Emancipatory, Antisubordination, Intersectional, and Relational Approach Abstract: Supported by a large body of scholarship, it is increasingly orthodox practice for cities to deploy urban greening interventions to address diverse socioenvironmental challenges, from protecting urban ecosystems to enhancing built environments and climate resilience or improving health outcomes. In this article, we expand the theoretical boundaries used to challenge this growing orthodoxy by laying out a nuanced framework that advances critical urban environmental justice scholarship. Beginning from the now well-supported assumption that urban greening is a deeply political project often framed by technocratic principles and promotional claims that this project will result in more just and prosperous cities, we identify existing contributions and limits when examining urban green inequities through the traditional lenses of distributional, recognition, and procedural justice. We then advocate for and lay out a different analytical framework for analyzing justice in urban greening. We argue that new research must uncover how persistent domination and subordination prevent green interventions from becoming an emancipatory antisubordination, intersectional, and relational project that considers the needs, identities, and everyday lives of marginalized groups. Finally, we illustrate our framework’s usefulness by applying it to the analysis of urban residents’ (lack of) access to urban greening and by operationalizing it for two different planning and policy domains: (1) greening for well-being, care, and health and (2) greening for recreation and play. This final analysis serves to provide critical questions and strategies that can hopefully guide new urban green planning and practice approaches. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1743-1769 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1740579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1740579 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1743-1769 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Weiqiang Lin Author-X-Name-First: Weiqiang Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Title: Evental Infrastructure: Momentous Geographies of Technoscience Production Abstract: This article addresses recent valorizations of infrastructure as a vital lens for understanding and explaining the constitution of modern life. It argues that greater care needs to be shown toward the evental (or events-led) underpinnings of infrastructure to accurately grasp the latter’s space-ordering powers. Indeed, existing work on infrastructure has tended to stress the postformative political effects of infrastructure, omitting the events-led triggers that continually reproduce technoscience realities. Even among scholars who recognize the role of social agencies in technoscience production, the propensity remains to treat these interactions as a bundle of rational negotiations and contestations that then go on to determine infrastructure’s final forms. To foster new appreciations of the deep dynamics responsible for infrastructure’s production, this article uses the case of an airspace upgrade in the South China Sea to demonstrate the centrality of events—including engineered ones—in steering technoscience development in air transport. It considers how a series of reframings, ruptures, and catastrophes—corresponding with commercial, affective, and accidental events—have precipitated fifteen years of modifications to airspace infrastructure in Southeast Asia. Analyzing two aviation report series alongside meeting proceedings, news articles, and semistructured interviews with a postqualitative touch, the article calls for renewed attention on the various exigencies that uncertainly drive infrastructural (and wider spatial) outcomes. The article concludes by reflecting on the theoretical purchase of evental infrastructure and the momentous geographies through which its politics must be tackled. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1770-1786 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1724766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1724766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1770-1786 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenna Xi Author-X-Name-First: Wenna Author-X-Name-Last: Xi Author-Name: Catherine A. Calder Author-X-Name-First: Catherine A. Author-X-Name-Last: Calder Author-Name: Christopher R. Browning Author-X-Name-First: Christopher R. Author-X-Name-Last: Browning Title: Beyond Activity Space: Detecting Communities in Ecological Networks Abstract: Emerging research suggests that the extent to which activity spaces—the collection of an individual’s routine activity locations—overlap provides important information about the functioning of a city and its neighborhoods. To study patterns of overlapping activity spaces, we draw on the notion of an ecological network, a type of two-mode network with the two modes being individuals and the geographic locations where individuals perform routine activities. We describe a method for detecting “ecological communities” within these networks based on shared activity locations among individuals. Specifically, we identify latent activity pattern profiles, which, for each community, summarize its members’ probability distribution of going to each location, and community assignment vectors, which, for each individual, summarize his or her probability distribution of belonging to each community. Using data from the Adolescent Health and Development in Context Study, we employ latent Dirichlet allocation to identify activity pattern profiles and communities. We then explore differences across neighborhoods in the strength and within-neighborhood consistency of community assignment. We hypothesize that these aspects of the neighborhood structure of ecological community membership capture meaningful dimensions of neighborhood functioning likely to covary with economic and racial composition. We discuss the implications of a focus on ecological communities for the conduct of “neighborhood effects” research more broadly. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1787-1806 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1715779 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1715779 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1787-1806 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Mikulewicz Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Mikulewicz Title: The Discursive Politics of Adaptation to Climate Change Abstract: Adaptation to climate change is a policy objective of rapidly growing importance for development programming across the Global South. This article offers an interrogation of the discursive politics surrounding the term based on insights from postcolonial theory. By employing a theoretical framework rooted in the concepts of imaginative geographies and discursive violence, this contribution seeks to deconstruct how adaptation is being imagined and promoted by development actors in a Global South context. The underlying study adopts a multisited, institutional ethnography to critically analyze an adaptation project in São Tomé and Príncipe (STP) implemented jointly by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the national government. The article presents evidence for how agents of development (re)produce an imaginative geography of the country’s vulnerability and engage in a discursive violence that renders project beneficiaries vulnerable on the one hand, and seeks to transform them into model adaptation subjects on the other. It discusses how local residents have been effectively excluded from the project based on their perceived vulnerabilities and points to critical political theory and “imaginative countergeographies” as ways in which the disempowering representations of the Global South as vulnerable and the discursive violence committed against its residents can be counteracted. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1807-1830 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1736981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1736981 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1807-1830 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben Derudder Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Derudder Author-Name: Peter J. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Peter J. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Three Globalizations Shaping the Twenty-first Century: Understanding the New World Geography through Its Cities Abstract: In this article we attempt to understand the new world geography through its cities by treating corporate globalization from the perspective of cities insofar as they are central to the global networks that make large-scale economic processes possible. To this end, we draw on a conceptual and empirical extension of world city network research to describe the major globalization phases that have been shaping the twenty-first century. After situating our world city network research in the much broader field of research on globalizing cities, we retell the narrative of the extensive, intensive, and Chinese globalization phases as reflected in the office networks of 175 of the world’s largest producer services firms across 707 cities. A purposeful combination of connectivity and multivariate analysis is used to reveal cumulative, interacting, overlapping, and unfolding geographies of global economic patterns. We argue that these three key globalizations are shaping the global context of economic processes in the twenty-first century and describe the urban geography of each of these globalizations to understand their broader meanings within today’s global economy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1831-1854 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1727308 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1727308 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1831-1854 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeon-Young Kang Author-X-Name-First: Jeon-Young Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Author-Name: Jared Aldstadt Author-X-Name-First: Jared Author-X-Name-Last: Aldstadt Author-Name: Rebecca Vandewalle Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Vandewalle Author-Name: Dandong Yin Author-X-Name-First: Dandong Author-X-Name-Last: Yin Author-Name: Shaowen Wang Author-X-Name-First: Shaowen Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: A CyberGIS Approach to Spatiotemporally Explicit Uncertainty and Global Sensitivity Analysis for Agent-Based Modeling of Vector-Borne Disease Transmission Abstract: Although agent-based models (ABMs) provide an effective means for investigating complex interactions between heterogeneous agents and their environment, they might hinder an improved understanding of phenomena being modeled due to inherent challenges associated with uncertainty in model parameters. This study uses uncertainty analysis and global sensitivity analysis (UA-GSA) to examine the effects of such uncertainty on model outputs. The statistics used in UA-GSA, however, are likely to be affected by the modifiable areal unit problem. Therefore, to examine the scale-varying effects of model inputs, UA-GSA needs to be performed at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Unfortunately, performing comprehensive UA-GSA comes with considerable computational cost. In this article, our cyberGIS-enabled spatiotemporally explicit UA-GSA approach helps to not only resolve the computational burden but also measure dynamic associations between model inputs and outputs. A set of computational and modeling experiments shows that input factors have scale-dependent impacts on modeling output variability. In other words, most of the input factors have relatively large impacts in a certain region but might not influence outcomes in other regions. Furthermore, our spatiotemporally explicit UA-GSA approach sheds light on the effects of input factors on modeling outcomes that are particularly spatially and temporally clustered, such as the occurrence of communicable disease transmission. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1855-1873 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1723400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1723400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1855-1873 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Audrey Joslin Author-X-Name-First: Audrey Author-X-Name-Last: Joslin Title: Dividing “Above” and “Below”: Constructing Territory for Ecosystem Service Conservation in the Ecuadorian Highlands Abstract: Payments for ecosystem services (PES) arrangements aim to influence human activities in critical ecosystems that produce, among other services, water, biodiversity, and carbon sinks. In practice, PES arrangements ultimately seek to redefine and territorialize space for conservation. Establishing control over activities within a targeted area is challenging, however, particularly when these areas are carved from landscapes where people are living and working. Drawing on an empirical case study of a water fund PES from Ecuador called Fondo para la Proteccion del Agua (FONAG), this article employs data from participant observation, key informant interviews, and archival documents to examine labor of the páramo guards, the local residents directly paid as employees of FONAG for their work as intermediaries between the water fund and rural Andean communities. Their labor goes toward (1) patrolling the páramo ecosystem “above” in higher elevations and (2) recruiting the collective labor of their neighbors to do conservation work from “below” in lower elevations. The páramo guards’ labor directly contributes to enforcing FONAG’s territorial claim on the land, necessary to pursue the commodification of ecosystem services that are derived from it. In highlighting the tensions and contradictions that emerge from the guard position, this article demonstrates how territorial claiming through market-based environmental governance entails labor and multiple governmentalities to circulate value. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1874-1890 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1735988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1735988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1874-1890 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Bissell Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bissell Author-Name: Elizabeth R. Straughan Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth R. Author-X-Name-Last: Straughan Author-Name: Andrew Gorman-Murray Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Gorman-Murray Title: Losing Touch with People and Place: Labor Mobilities, Desensitized Bodies, Disconnected Lives Abstract: Losing touch is a pervasive bodily experience that has received surprisingly little geographical attention. Developing geographical thought on mobility and touch, our article aims to provide a more comprehensive account of the geographies of losing touch. Conceptually, we propose that enclosure and exposure are two spatial metaphors that can help to understand processes of losing touch in terms of reconfigured body–environment relations. Substantively, we explore losing touch by referring to experiences of mobile workers who work away from home for periods of time. Reflecting on interview encounters with male mobile workers in Australia, we present four distinctive experiences of losing touch and analyze them in terms of enclosure and exposure. For our mobile workers, losing touch is an iterative process of desensitization that can crystallize in tipping points where losing touch eventually becomes sharply registered in sensation, potentially catalyzing new forms of agency. We conclude that losing touch can be understood as a form of estrangement that is intensified by mobile work regimes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1891-1906 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1725417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1725417 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1891-1906 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark D. O. Adams Author-X-Name-First: Mark D. O. Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Author-Name: Susan Charnley Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Charnley Title: The Environmental Justice Implications of Managing Hazardous Fuels on Federal Forest Lands Abstract: U.S. federal government agencies play an important role in mitigating some risks posed to communities by natural hazard events, especially communities with high proportions of low-income or minority residents. Ongoing efforts of the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) to reduce the buildup of forest fuels on national forests, particularly in dry mixed-conifer forests of the U.S. West, are an example. Federal land management agencies must comply with the Executive Order on Environmental Justice (EJ Order, 59 Fed. Reg 7629, 1994), but there is scant documentation of whether these agencies have substantively complied with the EJ Order in implementing land management activities. There is also little quantitative environmental justice (EJ) research on dispersed rural populations, such as those often found adjacent to national forests. Our research addresses these gaps. We apply a novel mixed-methods approach, including quantitative pattern analysis and interviews with forest managers, to examine whether the benefits of wildfire risk reduction created on twelve national forests in four western U.S. states were equitably distributed among nearby populations. We found that EJ impacts might have occurred on all twelve forests, but they tended to be localized and context specific. We also learned from interviewees that EJ was not considered in decisions about where and how to conduct wildfire hazard reduction and that EJ populations rarely engaged in collaborative project planning apart from the formal tribal consultation process. Our research expands the range of quantitative geographical analysis of EJ issues and our methods could be adopted by land management agencies to achieve more equitable distribution of costs and benefits from their management activities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1907-1935 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1727307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1727307 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1907-1935 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Pykett Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Pykett Author-Name: Tess Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Tess Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Name: Bernd Resch Author-X-Name-First: Bernd Author-X-Name-Last: Resch Title: From Urban Stress to Neurourbanism: How Should We Research City Well-Being? Abstract: Urbanicity has long been associated with stress, anxiety, and mental disorders. A new field of neurourbanism addresses these issues, applying neuroscience laboratory methods to tackle global urban problems and promote happier and healthier cities. Exploratory studies have trialed psychophysiological measurement beyond laboratories, capitalizing on the availability of biosensing technologies to capture geo-located physiological markers of emotional responses to urban environments. This article reviews the emerging conceptual and methodological debates for urban stress research. City authorities increasingly favor new data-driven and technology-enabled approaches to governing smart cities, with the aim that governments will be enabled to pursue evidence-based urban well-being policies. Yet there are few signs that our cities are undergoing the transformative, structural changes necessary to promote well-being. To face this urgent challenge and to interrogate the technological promises of our future cities, this article advances the conceptual framework of critical neurogeography and illustrates its application to a comparative international study of urban workers. It is argued that biosensing data can be used to elicit socially and politically relevant narrative data that centers on body–mind–environment relations but exceeds the individualistic and often behaviorist confines that have come to be associated with the quantifying technologies of the emerging field of neurourbanism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1936-1951 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1736982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1736982 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1936-1951 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monica Vasile Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Vasile Title: The Rise and Fall of a Timber Baron: Political Forests and Unruly Coalitions in the Carpathian Mountains of Romania Abstract: Concerns over deforestation are growing along with the climate crisis. This is particularly unsettling in relation to the rise of populist authoritarian regimes. In this article I reveal the connections between forests, neoliberalism, authoritarianism, and cronyism, through an in-depth ethnographic study of the Romanian Carpathian forests after the fall of socialism in 1989. The study examines the intricate entanglements between forest extraction, party politics, and informal territorial governance that emerged over the last thirty years. It argues that unruly coalitions shaped forest history. It focuses on the central figure of the timber baron, who ran businesses in connection with state office politics and maintained provincial authoritarian control over resources by tapping into paternalist dependencies of rural mountain dwellers. The article uses the analytic tools of political ecology and the conceptual framework developed by studies on resource frontiers and political forests combined with the anthropology of postsocialism. I draw on field research from 2004 to 2016, in which I collected data through systematic fieldwork, interviews, and surveys, complemented with official reports and media coverage. The article uses a narrative ethnographic writing approach. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1952-1968 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1723399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1723399 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1952-1968 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alicia Hayashi Lazzarini Author-X-Name-First: Alicia Hayashi Author-X-Name-Last: Lazzarini Title: Reinvestment, Resource “Rushes,” and the Inalienability of Place: Land’s Active Layerings in Mozambique Abstract: For industry proponents, the Xinavane Sugar Mill, Mozambique’s largest sugar estate, has been rehabilitated from postconflict subsistence farming to agroindustrial productivity. Such investment-oriented narratives seek to erase earlier land dispossessions and uneven accumulation. Drawing ethnographic research together with Mozambican Land Cadaster and archival documents, this article rethinks land and place to challenge the global resource “rush” literatures, taking seriously the layers of investment, disinvestment, and reinvestment that enable contemporary financial flows. The article argues to understand land in its historical layerings, to examine how colonial legacy in southern Africa configures land use today. Analyzing three waves of Xinavanian investment, the article examines dispossession, contestation, and plantation expansions and contractions, to yield two key interventions. First, rather than providing mere background to today’s investment and land transformations, Xinavane’s historical layers actively produce the possibilities and limits for making land an investable commodity. Second, through fictions of capitalist success wrought by land and labor control, capitalist state–private efforts have sought to alienate Xinavane. This has been a repeated attempt to resignify Xinavane from being a deeply rooted, heterogeneous African place, to a space of capitalist industrial placelessness. Residents assert, however, that Xinavane cannot be rent from its multivalent meanings and social fabrics, disrupting these capitalist-centric fictions. Xinavanians maintain that land, and place, are in fact inalienable. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1969-1992 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1740079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1740079 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1969-1992 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason Henderson Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Henderson Title: EVs Are Not the Answer: A Mobility Justice Critique of Electric Vehicle Transitions Abstract: Within climate–energy–transport scholarship and professions there is a growing consensus that electric vehicles (EVs), which include personal cars, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), vans, and pickup trucks, are essential for decarbonizing mobility. This article urges caution and pause before an EV lock-in and calls on geographers and other scholars, professionals, and sustainability advocates to consider the multiscale environmental and social problems associated with EVs. The article begins by reviewing the mainstream assumptions about mass EV uptake, with particular emphasis on projections forecasting more, not fewer, cars in the future. Using a mobility justice framework, I ask who is making these assumptions and why and discuss the influence of liberal economic theory on future projections of EVs. I next consider assumptions about the environmental efficacy and decarbonization potential of mass EV uptake and review how EV production and consumption might escalate rather than reduce global resource and energy demand. I also scale down to cities and describe how EVs will lay claim to many of the same spaces designated for green mobility, such as cycle tracks, bus lanes, and compact, walkable spaces. The conclusion proposes research questions to consider with regard to EVs, future transportation, future geographies, and future carbon emissions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1993-2010 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1744422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1744422 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:1993-2010 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Glen MacDonald Author-X-Name-First: Glen Author-X-Name-Last: MacDonald Title: Climate, Capital, Conflict: Geographies of Success or Failure in the Twenty-First Century Abstract: Anthropogenic climate change will disproportionately affect equatorial regions and closely adjacent areas, referred to here as the Fateful Ellipse. The vulnerability of these regions is exacerbated by a lack of capital for adaptive measures against the impacts of climate change. The increasing transference of capital from governmental control to private hands, and the increasing concentration of such capital into the hands of fewer individuals raises further concerns about capacity to mitigate or adapt to climate change. In addition, conflicts arise regarding the choice of climate change solutions. Ironically, the people of the Fateful Ellipse, who are most vulnerable to climate change, produce the lowest amount of carbon per capita. As a result of the colonial enterprise, including slavery, they also paid a heavy price toward the economic ascendency of Europe and North America and the Industrial Revolution that fueled the rise in greenhouse gas production. The discipline of geography itself owes some measure of its development and ascendency to colonialism and the exploitation of the Fateful Ellipse. As geographers we have the capacity, and a special responsibility, to contribute to the development of climate change solutions and global environmental justice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2011-2031 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1800300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1800300 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:2011-2031 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Manuscript Reviewers Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2032-2033 Issue: 6 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1822658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1822658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:6:p:2032-2033 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeremy J. Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy J. Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Title: Bureaucratic Territory: First Nations, Private Property, and “Turn-Key” Colonialism in Canada Abstract: Since 2006, successive Canadian governments have worked to create private property regimes on lands reserved for First Nations. This article examines how the state framed the theory and history of Aboriginal property rights to achieve this goal. It then shows how, under the pretense of restoration, bureaucrats developed legislation that would create novel political spaces where, once converted to private property, reserved lands would function as a new kind of federal municipality in Canada. These changes took place in two ways: First, bureaucrats situated Aboriginal property within the state apparatus and reconfigured Indigenous territorial rights into a series of “regulatory gaps” regarding voting thresholds, certainty of title, and the historical misrepresentation of First Nations economies. Second, the government crafted legislation under what is known as the First Nations Property Ownership Initiative that, by closing regulatory gaps, would produce private property regimes analogous to municipal arrangements elsewhere in Canada. These bureaucratic practices realigned internal state mechanisms to produce novel external boundaries among the state, Indigenous lands, and the economy. By tracking how bureaucratic practices adapted to Indigenous refusals of state agendas, the article shows how the bureaucratic production of territory gave form to a new iteration of settler-colonialism in Canada. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 901-916 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1403878 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1403878 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:901-916 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David P. Dethier Author-X-Name-First: David P. Author-X-Name-Last: Dethier Author-Name: William B. Ouimet Author-X-Name-First: William B. Author-X-Name-Last: Ouimet Author-Name: Sheila F. Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Sheila F. Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Author-Name: Maneh Kotikian Author-X-Name-First: Maneh Author-X-Name-Last: Kotikian Author-Name: Will Wicherski Author-X-Name-First: Will Author-X-Name-Last: Wicherski Author-Name: Rachel M. Samuels Author-X-Name-First: Rachel M. Author-X-Name-Last: Samuels Title: Anthropocene Landscape Change and the Legacy of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Mining in the Fourmile Catchment, Colorado Front Range Abstract: Human impacts on earth surface processes and materials are fundamental to understanding the proposed Anthropocene epoch. This study examines the magnitude, distribution, and long-term context of nineteenth- and twentieth-century mining in the Fourmile Creek catchment, Colorado, coupling airborne LiDAR topographic analysis with historical documents and field studies of river banks exposed by 2013 flooding. Mining impacts represent the dominant Anthropocene landscape change for this basin. Mining activity, particularly placer operations, controls floodplain stratigraphy and waste rock piles related to mining cover >5% of hillslopes in the catchment. Total rates of surface disturbance on slopes from mining activities (prospecting, mining, and road building) exceed pre-nineteenth-century rates by at least fifty times. Recent flooding and the overprint of human impacts obscure the record of Holocene floodplain evolution. Stratigraphic relations indicate that the Fourmile valley floor was as much as two meters higher in the past 2,000 years and that placer reworking, lateral erosion, or minor downcutting dominated from the late Holocene to present. Concentrations of As and Au in the fine fraction of hillslope soil, mining-related deposits, and fluvial deposits serve as a geochemical marker of mining activity in the catchment; reducing As and Au values in floodplain sediment will take hundreds of years to millennia. Overall, the Fourmile Creek catchment provides a valuable example of Anthropocene landscape change for mountainous regions of the Western United States, where hillslope and floodplain markers of human activity vary, high rates of geomorphic processes affect mixing and preservation of marker deposits, and long-term impact varies by landscape location. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 917-937 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1406329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1406329 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:917-937 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noah J. Durst Author-X-Name-First: Noah J. Author-X-Name-Last: Durst Title: Racial Gerrymandering of Municipal Borders: Direct Democracy, Participatory Democracy, and Voting Rights in the United States Abstract: As cities expand their jurisdictional borders via the process of municipal annexation, they sometimes leave low-income and minority enclaves perpetually excluded on the urban fringe, a process known as municipal underbounding. Despite a number of small-scale studies documenting the gerrymandering of municipal borders, robust empirical evidence of its extent is limited and little is known about the institutional factors that facilitate or stymie efforts to underbound poor and minority communities. In this article, a metropolitan area matching design is used to measure the effect of state annexation laws and federal protection of voting rights under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act on municipal underbounding between 1990 and 2010 in the United States. The analysis finds that laws that facilitate participation by city residents in annexation decisions lead to the underbounding of black neighborhoods, whereas those that provide third-party oversight of annexation decisions or expand opportunities for participation by residents living on the fringe lead to the inclusion of black neighborhoods. There is little evidence that such patterns of underbounding are driven by economic or fiscal considerations. In light of the 2013 invalidation by the Supreme Court of Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act, there is likely a nascent return to racial gerrymandering of municipal borders occurring in the South, particularly in states where city residents are granted some measure of influence over annexation. The results suggest the need for renewed attention to local government boundary changes and their role in facilitating and exacerbating racial discrimination. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 938-954 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1403880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1403880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:938-954 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kasia Paprocki Author-X-Name-First: Kasia Author-X-Name-Last: Paprocki Title: Threatening Dystopias: Development and Adaptation Regimes in Bangladesh Abstract: Development in Bangladesh is increasingly defined by and through an adaptation regime, a socially and historically specific configuration of power that governs the landscape of possible intervention in the face of climate change. It includes institutions of development, research, media, and science, as well as various state actors both nationally and internationally. The adaptation regime operates through three interrelated processes: imagination, experimentation, and dispossession. Each of these processes is produced and manifested both materially and epistemically. The adaptation regime is built on a vision of development in which urbanization and export-led growth are both desirable and inevitable. For the rural poor, this entails dispossession from agrarian livelihoods and outmigration. As this shift contributes to the expansion of production of export commodities such as garments and frozen shrimp, the threat of climate change and its associated migrations is reframed as an opportunity for development and growth. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 955-973 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1406330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1406330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:955-973 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Dyson Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Dyson Title: Love Actually: Youth Mediators and Advisors in North India Abstract: This article uses ethnographic research conducted in Bemni, a village in Uttarakhand, north India, to make a distinctive contribution to geographies of love. Building on fieldwork with young people between sixteen and thirty years old who work as “mediators” or “advisors” in Bemni in relation to premarital or extramarital affairs, I argue that practices and narratives of romantic love are strongly implicated in processes of social change. In the rural Uttarakhandi context, young people often use the idea of being specialists in “love” to bolster their own position and resolve conflict. I also provide a counterpoint to geographical youth research stressing the reactionary politics of marginalized young people. I show instead that in a region relatively unaffected by strong religious- or caste-based conflict, youth are able to ameliorate rather than exacerbate violent action, even while they reproduce aspects of caste, class, and gender inequality. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 974-988 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1403879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1403879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:974-988 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brad G. Peter Author-X-Name-First: Brad G. Author-X-Name-Last: Peter Author-Name: Joseph P. Messina Author-X-Name-First: Joseph P. Author-X-Name-Last: Messina Author-Name: Sieglinde S. Snapp Author-X-Name-First: Sieglinde S. Author-X-Name-Last: Snapp Title: A Multiscalar Approach to Mapping Marginal Agricultural Land: Smallholder Agriculture in Malawi Abstract: Marginal agricultural lands are defined here by suboptimal biophysical conditions and historically variable or low agricultural production. We characterize these areas using remotely sensed information to disentangle the biophysical and possible social factors driving marginality. Considering both the modifiable areal unit problem and the ecological fallacy problem, the heuristic we propose is generalizable across geographies and scales and provides information at multiple decision-making levels through a multiscalar interannual variability model. We present results from our study of Malawi, where the landscape is densely cultivated and smallholder farmers frequently occupy marginal lands, to illustrate the potential of a multiscalar analysis in a place where food insecurity alleviation is needed and where remote sensing can provide necessary information. Our framework for identifying marginal agricultural lands consists of (1) locating long-term agricultural land, (2) measuring interannual productivity of long-term farmed locations, and (3) assessing marginal biophysical land characteristics and the fundamental climate niche for the dominant crop (in this case maize). Productivity and marginality in Malawi are spatially organized, and an assessment of productivity at multiple scales highlights the importance of presenting both global and local spatiotemporal variability for managing agroecological variance. By disaggregating broad classes of historically marginal production and the underlying drivers of marginality, different intervention efforts can intelligently target areas most likely to receive maximum benefit. These methodologies can be applied by both policymakers and scholars to identify and target marginal agricultural areas for improved productivity and for the support of smallholder farmer livelihoods. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 989-1005 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1403877 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1403877 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:989-1005 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard M. Medina Author-X-Name-First: Richard M. Author-X-Name-Last: Medina Author-Name: Emily Nicolosi Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Nicolosi Author-Name: Simon Brewer Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Brewer Author-Name: Andrew M. Linke Author-X-Name-First: Andrew M. Author-X-Name-Last: Linke Title: Geographies of Organized Hate in America: A Regional Analysis Abstract: Hate in the United States today is narrowly understood but widely used as a politically charged term. Recently, political blame-placing on outsiders such as immigrants has bred a climate of hate and provided fuel for organizations that promote hostility toward others based on marginal group identification. This study investigates patterns of hate groups across space and their drivers with respect to socioeconomic and ideological variables for counties in the United States. Linear and spatial filtering with eigenvector (SFE) models are used to infer relationships between socioeconomic and ideological variables and the number of hate groups within U.S. counties. Additionally, geographically weighted regression (GWR) is used to identify spatial patterns of those relationships. We find that distinct regions of hate can be delineated with variations of hate group activity according to the independent and control variables employed. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1006-1021 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1411247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1411247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:1006-1021 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Lunstrum Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Lunstrum Title: Capitalism, Wealth, and Conservation in the Age of Security: The Vitalization of the State Abstract: This article illustrates how for-profit actors and private wealth vitalize state power, here in the form of advancing the state's project of militarized conservation. My contribution complements, first, the neoliberal natures and conservation literature, which largely sees state power as diminished by neoliberal processes or else reinvented as a handmaiden of capital. In contrast and by drawing in part on Gramscian perspectives of state natures, the study shows how capitalism and wealth help consolidate state power and do so by enabling green militarization. More specifically, drawing on the case of commercial rhino poaching in Southern Africa, I show how state power is vitalized by the contributions of for-profit military corporations and the private wealth of affluent benefactors financing rhino relocation. Vitalization here encompasses how these economic actors and their contributions help the state shore up power over territory and resources but at a deeper level enable biopolitical intervention in the realm of (rhino) life and (poacher) death. In so doing, these actors and contributions allow the state to further establish its own significance and centrality, that is, its own vitality. The article is hence a call for a more robust reinsertion of the state back into our investigations of the economy, nature, and conservation and especially their intersections. By bringing together the neoliberal conservation, Gramscian state natures, and green militarization literatures, the article equally offers a view into how these intersections can result in novel, often lethal forms of militarized state making. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1022-1037 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1407629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1407629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:1022-1037 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Wachsmuth Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Wachsmuth Author-Name: Hillary Angelo Author-X-Name-First: Hillary Author-X-Name-Last: Angelo Title: Green and Gray: New Ideologies of Nature in Urban Sustainability Policy Abstract: In the past two decades, urban sustainability has become a new policy common sense. This article argues that contemporary urban sustainability thought and practice is coconstituted by two distinct representational forms, which we call green urban nature and gray urban nature. Green urban nature is the return of nature to the city in its most verdant form, signified by street trees, urban gardens, and the greening of postindustrial landscapes. Gray urban nature is the concept of social, technological, urban space as already inherently sustainable, signified by dense urban cores, high-speed public transit, and energy-efficient buildings. We develop Lefebvre's ideas of the realistic and transparent illusions as the constitutive ideologies of the social production of space to offer a framework for interpreting contemporary urban sustainability thinking in these terms and concretize this argument through case studies of postindustrial greening in the Ruhr Valley, Germany; municipal sustainability planning in Vancouver, Canada; and the Masdar smart city project in Abu Dhabi. We conclude by examining the implications of green and gray urban natures for the politics of urban sustainability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1038-1056 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1417819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1417819 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:1038-1056 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Petrović Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Petrović Author-Name: Maarten van Ham Author-X-Name-First: Maarten Author-X-Name-Last: van Ham Author-Name: David Manley Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Manley Title: Multiscale Measures of Population: Within- and between-City Variation in Exposure to the Sociospatial Context Abstract: Appreciating spatial scale is crucial for our understanding of the sociospatial context. Multiscale measures of population have been developed in the segregation and neighborhood effects literatures, which have acknowledged the role of a variety of spatial contexts for individual outcomes and intergroup contacts. Although existing studies dealing with sociospatial inequalities increasingly explore the effects of spatial scale, there has been little systematic evidence on how exposure to sociospatial contexts changes across urban space, both within and between cities. This article presents a multiscale approach to measuring potential exposure to others. Using individual-level register data for the full population of The Netherlands and an exceptionally detailed multiscalar framework of bespoke neighborhoods at 101 spatial scales, we measured the share of non-Western ethnic minorities for three Dutch cities with different urban forms. We created individual and cumulative distance profiles of ethnic exposure, mapped ethnic exposure surfaces, and applied entropy as a measure of scalar variation to compare potential exposure to others in different locations both within and between cities. The multiscale approach can be implemented for examining a variety of social processes, notably segregation and neighborhood effects. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1057-1074 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1411245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1411245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:1057-1074 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leif V. Brottem Author-X-Name-First: Leif V. Author-X-Name-Last: Brottem Title: Dig Your Own Well: A Political Ecology of Rural Institutions in Western Sub-Saharan Africa Abstract: This article examines the influence of changing demographic and human mobility patterns on present-day local institutions and access to basic services in Mali, West Africa. It offers a new political ecological perspective on how local institutions function in rural West Africa and how the spatial character of these institutions shapes service access. The article brings together evidence from archival sources, census data spanning the twentieth century, field surveys, and cartographic data in a novel geospatial analysis of decentralized governance in the western Malian region of Kayes. The article's principal argument is that historically higher population densities in Kayes's semiarid Sahelian zone compared with its subhumid Sudanian zone resulted in higher numbers of officially recognized villages and smaller administrative territories in the former. As population growth took off in the subhumid zone in recent decades, this important institutional difference—codified by law under a succession of governments—has created stark disparities in access to the most fundamental public service: safe drinking water. This article measures these disparities at several geographic scales and explains their causes, which include the permanent settlement of frontier areas where disease vectors had historically kept populations sparse and mobile. These findings reveal the fundamental yet overlooked spatial form and function of rural institutions that have a critical development mandate in one of the poorest regions in the world. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1075-1095 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1406328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1406328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:1075-1095 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice Evans Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Title: Cities as Catalysts of Gendered Social Change? Reflections from Zambia Abstract: Across the world, people in urban rather than rural areas are more likely to support gender equality. To explain this global trend, this article engages with geographically diverse literature and comparative rural–urban ethnographic research from Zambia. It argues that people living in interconnected, heterogeneous, densely populated areas are more likely to see women performing socially valued, masculine roles. Such exposure incrementally erodes gender ideologies, catalyzing a positive feedback loop and increasing flexibility in gender divisions of labor. Women in densely populated areas also tend to have greater access to health clinics and police and so are more able to control their fertility and secure external support against gender-based violence. The urban is not inevitably disruptive, though. Experiences of the urban are shaped by international and national policies, macroeconomic conditions, and individual circumstances. Through this comparative ethnography, this article contributes to literature on the drivers of change and continuity in gender ideologies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1096-1114 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1417820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1417820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:1096-1114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bi Yu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Bi Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yafei Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yafei Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Donggen Wang Author-X-Name-First: Donggen Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Qingquan Li Author-X-Name-First: Qingquan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: William H. K. Lam Author-X-Name-First: William H. K. Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Shih-Lung Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Shih-Lung Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: Understanding the Impacts of Human Mobility on Accessibility Using Massive Mobile Phone Tracking Data Abstract: Many existing accessibility studies ignore human mobility due to the lack of large-scale human mobility data. This study investigates the impacts of human mobility on accessibility using massive mobile phone tracking data collected in Shenzhen, China. In this study, human mobility information is extracted from mobile phone tracking data using a time-geographic approach. The accessibility of each phone user is evaluated using fine spatial resolution across the entire city. The impacts of human mobility on accessibility are quantified by using relative accessibility ratios between phone users and a virtual stationary user in the same residential location. Results of this study enrich understandings of how land use influences relationships between human mobility and accessibility. For resource-poor regions with sparse service facilities, human mobility can greatly enhance individual accessibility. In contrast, for resource-rich regions with dense service facilities, human mobility can even reduce individual accessibility. Overall, human mobility can reduce spatial inequity of accessibility for people living in different regions of the city. The results of this study also have several important methodological implications for including human mobility and time dimension in accessibility evaluations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1115-1133 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1411244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1411244 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:1115-1133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam J. Barker Author-X-Name-First: Adam J. Author-X-Name-Last: Barker Title: Deathscapes of Settler Colonialism: The Necro-Settlement of Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada Abstract: This article considers the influence of burials and memorials to colonial soldiers from an earlier era on contemporary social and cultural landscapes in Canada. Through the example of a landscape centered on Smith's Knoll, a burial ground for war dead from the British-American War of 1812, it explores the process of necro-settlement: the strengthening of settler colonial claims to land based on the development of complex, meaning-laden landscapes of dead and memory. This article consists of three parts: The first situates geographical studies of deathscapes alongside theories about settler colonialism through intersecting discourses of land use. The second includes a settler colonial microhistorical geography of Smith's Knoll and the local deathscape that surrounds it. The third section draws on this case study to reveal new perspectives on the role of burial and memorial in settler colonial place-making and the erasure of Indigenous histories and peoples. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1134-1149 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1406327 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1406327 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:1134-1149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth A. Wentz Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: A. Wentz Author-Name: Melinda Shimizu Author-X-Name-First: Melinda Author-X-Name-Last: Shimizu Title: Measuring Spatial Data Fitness-for-Use through Multiple Criteria Decision Making Abstract: This article presents a new methodology for data fitness-for-use assessment. Most current measures of data quality rely on metadata and other data producer-derived information. This creates a void of options for a user-driven assessment of data quality when metadata are sparse or unavailable, as is often the case with citizen science and volunteered geographic information. This article puts forward data fitness-for-use (DaFFU), a method that can be adapted for a wide range of data uses. Using the mathematical framework of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM), we create a method to select the best data set from multiple options using a select set of user criteria. The DaFFU methodology is demonstrated with both a simple exemplar and a detailed case study for watershed management. The simple exemplar illustrates how varying parameters and weights influence the outcome. The case study on watershed management considers four possible data sets and six data quality criteria for wetland delineation and an application toward watershed nitrogen retention, each of which has a claim on being of the “best” quality, depending on which data quality aspect the user evaluates. The DaFFU methodology allows the user to consider these data in terms of how they will be used and to use selected data quality measures. Case study results show this methodology is a robust and flexible approach to quantitatively assessing multiple data sets in terms of their intended use. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1150-1167 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1411246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1411246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:1150-1167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fei-Ying Kuo Author-X-Name-First: Fei-Ying Author-X-Name-Last: Kuo Author-Name: Tzai-Hung Wen Author-X-Name-First: Tzai-Hung Author-X-Name-Last: Wen Author-Name: Clive E. Sabel Author-X-Name-First: Clive E. Author-X-Name-Last: Sabel Title: Characterizing Diffusion Dynamics of Disease Clustering: A Modified Space–Time DBSCAN (MST-DBSCAN) Algorithm Abstract: Epidemic diffusion is a space–time process, and showing time-series disease maps is a common way to demonstrate an epidemic progression in time and space. Previous studies used time-series maps to demonstrate the animation of diffusion process. Epidemic diffusion patterns were determined subjectively by visual inspection, however. There currently are still methodological concerns in developing effective analytical approaches for profiling diffusion dynamics of disease clustering and epidemic propagation. The objective of this study is to develop a geocomputational algorithm, the modified space–time density-based spatial clustering of application with noise (MST-DBSCAN), for detecting, identifying, and visualizing disease cluster evolution, which takes the effect of the incubation period into account. We also map the MST-DBSCAN algorithm output to visualize the diffusion process. Dengue fever case data from 2014 were used as an illustrative case study. Our results show that compared to kernel-smoothed mapping, the MST-DBSCAN algorithm can better identify the evolution type of any cluster at any epoch. Furthermore, using only one two-dimensional map (and graphs), our approach can demonstrate the same diffusion process that time-series maps or three-dimensional space–time kernel plotting displays but in an easy-to-read manner. We conclude that our MST-DBSCAN algorithm can profile the spatial pattern of epidemic diffusion in detail by identifying disease cluster evolution. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1168-1186 Issue: 4 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1407630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1407630 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:4:p:1168-1186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mona Domosh Author-X-Name-First: Mona Author-X-Name-Last: Domosh Title: Radical Intradisciplinarity: An Introduction Abstract: This forum brings together five essays that explore the potential and the limitations of geography's intradisciplinarity. Each one, authored by a pair of geographers who share a common thematic interest but who come from different subareas of the discipline, represents the results of thinking, speaking, and writing across the methodological, conceptual, and theoretical divides that characterize our discipline and academic knowledge in general. As experiments in doing intradisciplinary work and the difficult pluralism that we hope that work connotes, these essays underline the promise and demonstrate the confines of intradisciplinary work and its radical potential. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1229596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1229596 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Elwood Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Elwood Author-Name: Harriet Hawkins Author-X-Name-First: Harriet Author-X-Name-Last: Hawkins Title: Intradisciplinarity and Visual Politics Abstract: In the context of geography's heterogeneous engagements with the visual, we present an experiment in doing radical intradisciplinarity in which we make a case for the possibilities of visual politics. Conducting cross-readings of maps and artwork, we explore how radical intradisciplinarity might enable us to explore a visual politics committed to seeing what is and also what might be. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 4-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1230413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1230413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:4-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel A. Friess Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Friess Author-Name: Tariq Jazeel Author-X-Name-First: Tariq Author-X-Name-Last: Jazeel Title: Unlearning “Landscape” Abstract: Landscape is a key concept in geography, one that has been critically engaged with by geography's subdisciplines using various conceptual and methodological approaches. Thus, landscape should be a key foundation with which to engage intradisciplinarity within geography. From a variety of strands within geography, however, the definitions that have emerged around landscape can still exclude a range of other voices and perspectives that can usefully contribute to, define, and reconstitute landscape. In this article, we present an argument from different perspectives about the limits of the landscape concept. We present two examples of the use of the landscape concept within physical and human geography, showing in both how the inclusion of other voices and spatial traditions is essential for more inclusive descriptions and provincializations of the concept itself. We argue that, ultimately, efforts to unlearn our strictly defined and bounded concept of landscape will allow us to engage radical difference in spatial terms. We also suggest that beyond just intradisciplinarity within geography, geographers should work hard to incorporate other voices, traditions of thought, and ecologies in and beyond the conceptual domain of landscape. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 14-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1230414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1230414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:14-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Becky Mansfield Author-X-Name-First: Becky Author-X-Name-Last: Mansfield Author-Name: Martin Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Title: Nature: A Conversation in Three Parts Abstract: This conversation considers the contemporary popularity across the academy and among the wider public of the idea that humans and nature are always interconnected, as reflected especially in the idea of the Anthropocene. On the one hand, the popularity of nondualist ideas and related practices suggests the widespread acceptance of concepts long at the core of geographical thought and, as such, these new phenomena seem to be something to be celebrated by geographers. On the other hand, these nondualist ideas and practices are also unleashing new forms of politics, particularly regarding efforts to engineer a range of new natures, including bodies, ecosystems, and the earth system writ large. Therefore, we propose that geography's longstanding and intradisciplinary attention to interconnections among humans and nature is as essential now as ever. We no longer have to convince others that humans and nature are interconnected, but rather than celebrate this, our task now is to investigate how nondualism works and with what effects. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 22-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1230418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1230418 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:22-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Daniels Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Daniels Author-Name: Patrick J. Bartlein Author-X-Name-First: Patrick J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bartlein Title: Charting Time Abstract: We discuss two shared elements in the temporal perspective of human and physical geography—chronology and narration. An example of the use of these elements is in practice provided by repeat photography, a technique used in both subdisciplines, but these elements also are deployed in the development of the theories that shape the fields. We argue that their role in enhancing the “telling of temporal and spatial stories” can contribute to the resolution of issues beyond what is usually thought of as the domain of academic geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 28-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1230420 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1230420 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:28-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua Barkan Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Barkan Author-Name: Laura Pulido Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Pulido Title: Justice: An Epistolary Essay Abstract: This exchange of letters considers the relationship between geography and different formulations of justice. On one hand, social movements have made visible the particular geographies of racialized, gendered, and class-based injustice. For this reason, the discipline of geography can be useful for social justice activists making justice claims. On the other hand, the public and private institutions to which justice claims are addressed often treat justice as a stable “thing” that can be achieved through protocols and procedures. Moreover, these institutionalized approaches to justice often limit justice claims, at times even enabling the unjust actions that initiated struggles for justice in the first place. Inasmuch as geographic knowledge is incorporated into this disciplining of justice, it, too, potentially limits social struggles. By considering this tension, we highlight the tremendous need for justice and the poverty of our institutionalized responses to that need. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 33-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1230422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1230422 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:33-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George P. Malanson Author-X-Name-First: George P. Author-X-Name-Last: Malanson Author-Name: Dale L. Zimmerman Author-X-Name-First: Dale L. Author-X-Name-Last: Zimmerman Author-Name: Mitch Kinney Author-X-Name-First: Mitch Author-X-Name-Last: Kinney Author-Name: Daniel B. Fagre Author-X-Name-First: Daniel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Fagre Title: Relations of Alpine Plant Communities across Environmental Gradients: Multilevel versus Multiscale Analyses Abstract: Alpine plant communities vary, and their environmental covariates could influence their response to climate change. A single multilevel model of how alpine plant community composition is determined by hierarchical relations is compared to a separate examination of those relations at different scales. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of species cover for plots in four regions across the Rocky Mountains created dependent variables. Climate variables are derived for the four regions from interpolated data. Plot environmental variables are measured directly and the presence of thirty-seven site characteristics is recorded and used to create additional independent variables. Multilevel and best subsets regressions are used to determine the strength of the hypothesized relations. The ordinations indicate structure in the assembly of plant communities. The multilevel analyses, although revealing significant relations, provide little explanation; of the site variables, those related to site microclimate are most important. In multiscale analyses (whole and separate regions), different variables are better explanations within the different regions. This result indicates weak environmental niche control of community composition. The weak relations of the structure in the patterns of species association to the environment indicates that either alpine vegetation represents a case of the neutral theory of biogeography being a valid explanation or that it represents disequilibrium conditions. The implications of neutral theory and disequilibrium explanations are similar: Response to climate change will be difficult to quantify above equilibrium background turnover. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 41-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1218267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1218267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:41-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stuart E. Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: Stuart E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Author-Name: John P. Lovette Author-X-Name-First: John P. Author-X-Name-Last: Lovette Author-Name: Mercy J. Borbor-Cordova Author-X-Name-First: Mercy J. Author-X-Name-Last: Borbor-Cordova Author-Name: Marco Millones Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Millones Title: The Carbon Holdings of Northern Ecuador's Mangrove Forests Abstract: Within a geographic information systems environment, we combine field measures of mangrove tree diameter, mangrove species distribution, and mangrove tree density with remotely sensed measures of mangrove location and mangrove canopy cover to estimate the mangrove carbon holdings of northern Ecuador. We find that the four northern estuaries of Ecuador contain approximately 7,742,999 t (±15.47 percent) of standing carbon. Of particularly high carbon holdings are the Rhizophora mangle–dominated mangrove stands found in and around the Cayapas-Mataje Ecological Reserve in northern Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, and certain stands of Rhizophora mangle in and around the Isla Corazón y Fragata Wildlife Refuge in central Manabí Province, Ecuador. Our field-driven mangrove carbon estimate is higher than all but one of the comparison models evaluated. We find that basic latitudinal mangrove carbon models performed at least as well, if not better, than the more complex species-based allometric models in predicting standing carbon levels. In addition, we find that improved results occur when multiple models are combined as opposed to relying on any one single model for mangrove carbon estimates. The high level of carbon contained in these mangrove forests, combined with the future atmospheric carbon sequestration potential they offer, makes it a necessity that they are included in any future payment for ecosystem services strategy aimed at using forest systems to offset CO2 emissions and mitigate predicted CO2-driven temperature increases. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 54-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1226160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1226160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:54-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy W. Collins Author-X-Name-First: Timothy W. Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Sara E. Grineski Author-X-Name-First: Sara E. Author-X-Name-Last: Grineski Author-Name: Danielle X. Morales Author-X-Name-First: Danielle X. Author-X-Name-Last: Morales Title: Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Environmental Injustice: Unequal Carcinogenic Air Pollution Risks in Greater Houston Abstract: Disparate residential hazard exposures based on disadvantaged gender status (e.g., among female-headed households) have been documented in the distributive environmental justice literature, yet no published studies have examined whether disproportionate environmental risks exist based on minority sexual orientation. To address this gap, we use data from the U.S. Census, American Community Survey, and the Environmental Protection Agency at the 2010 census tract level to examine the spatial relationships between same-sex partner households and cumulative cancer risk from exposure to hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) emitted by all ambient emission sources in Greater Houston (Texas). Findings from generalized estimating equation analyses demonstrate that increased cancer risks from HAPs are significantly associated with neighborhoods having relatively high concentrations of resident same-sex partner households, adjusting for geographic clustering and variables known to influence risk (i.e., race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, renter status, income inequality, and population density). HAP exposures are distributed differently, however, for same-sex male versus same-sex female partner households. Neighborhoods with relatively high proportions of same-sex male partner households are associated with significantly greater exposure to cancer-causing HAPs, whereas those with high proportions of same-sex female partner households are associated with less exposure. This study provides initial empirical documentation of a previously unstudied pattern and infuses current theoretical understanding of environmental inequality formation with knowledge emanating from the sexualities and space literature. Practically, results suggest that other documented health risks experienced in gay neighborhoods could be compounded by disparate health risks associated with harmful exposures to air toxics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 72-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1218270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1218270 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:72-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah L. Bell Author-X-Name-First: Sarah L. Author-X-Name-Last: Bell Author-Name: Benedict W. Wheeler Author-X-Name-First: Benedict W. Author-X-Name-Last: Wheeler Author-Name: Cassandra Phoenix Author-X-Name-First: Cassandra Author-X-Name-Last: Phoenix Title: Using Geonarratives to Explore the Diverse Temporalities of Therapeutic Landscapes: Perspectives from “Green” and “Blue” Settings Abstract: A growing evidence base highlights “green” and “blue” spaces as examples of “therapeutic landscapes” incorporated into people's lives to maintain a sense of well-being. A commonly overlooked dimension within this corpus of work concerns the dynamic nature of people's therapeutic place assemblages over time. This article provides these novel temporal perspectives, drawing on the findings of an innovative three-stage interpretive geonarrative study conducted in southwest England from May to November 2013, designed to explore the complex spatial–temporal ordering of people's lives. Activity maps produced using accelerometer and Global Positioning system (GPS) data were used to guide in-depth geonarrative interviews with thirty-three participants, followed by a subset of go-along interviews in therapeutic places deemed important by participants. Concepts of fleeting time, restorative time, and biographical time are used, alongside notions of individual agency, to examine participants' green and blue space experiences in the context of the temporal structures characterizing their everyday lives and the biographical experiences contributing to the perceived importance of such settings over time. In a culture that by and large prioritizes speed, dominated by social ideals of, for example, the productive worker and the good parent, participants conveyed a desire to shift from fleeting time to restorative time, seeking a balance between embodied stillness and therapeutic mobility. This was deemed particularly important during more stressful life transitions, such as parenthood, employment shifts, and the onset of illness or impairment, when participants worked hard to tailor their therapeutic geographies to shifting well-being needs and priorities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 93-108 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1218269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1218269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:93-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jing Ma Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Author-Name: Gordon Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: Gordon Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Author-Name: Guanpeng Dong Author-X-Name-First: Guanpeng Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: Wenzhong Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Wenzhong Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Inequality in Beijing: A Spatial Multilevel Analysis of Perceived Environmental Hazard and Self-Rated Health Abstract: Environmental pollution is a major problem in China, subjecting people to significant health risk. Surprisingly little is known, though, about how these risks are distributed spatially or socially. Drawing on a large-scale survey conducted in Beijing in 2013, we examine how environmental hazards and health, as perceived by residents, are distributed at a fine (subdistrict) scale in urban Beijing and investigate the association between hazards, health, and geographical context. A Bayesian spatial multilevel logistic model is developed to account for spatial dependence in unobserved contextual influences (neighborhood effects) on health. The results reveal robust associations between exposure to environmental hazards and health. A unit decrease on a five-point Likert scale in exposure is associated with increases of 15.2 percent (air pollution), 17.5 percent (noise), and 9.3 percent (landfills) in the odds of reporting good health, with marginal groups including migrant workers reporting greater exposure. Health inequality is also evident and is associated with age, income, educational attainment, and housing characteristics. Geographical context (neighborhood features like local amenities) also plays a role in shaping the social distribution of health inequality. The results are discussed in the context of developing environmental justice policy within a Chinese social market system that experiences tension between its egalitarian roots and its pragmatic approach to tackling grand public policy challenges. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 109-129 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1224636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1224636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:109-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Feng Wang Author-X-Name-First: Feng Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Elizabeth A. Mack Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Mack Author-Name: Ross Maciewjewski Author-X-Name-First: Ross Author-X-Name-Last: Maciewjewski Title: Analyzing Entrepreneurial Social Networks with Big Data Abstract: As we begin to understand who uses particular social media platforms, this user information represents a way forward for understanding the types of research questions for which big data might prove valuable. In this respect, the use of social media data for analyzing entrepreneurial networks represents a promising research domain. Not only does the user profile of social media users overlap substantially with the profile of entrepreneurs, but research highlights that the entrepreneurial process is a fundamentally networked activity. Given this research promise, this study analyzes digitally mediated interactions using Twitter data collected about a variety of actors engaged in entrepreneurial networks for the United States over an eighteen-month period. Analytical results reveal that the hashtags used in this analysis (#smallbiz and #entrepreneur) do capture (albeit not exhaustively) well-known actors in entrepreneurial networks, as well as important subtleties in the geography of locales engaged in these networks. The article closes with an agenda for big data research on entrepreneurship that highlights the important role of geographers in unraveling these networked geographies given the complexities of ground-truthing geographic information from big data sources. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 130-150 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1222263 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1222263 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:130-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew T. Huber Author-X-Name-First: Matthew T. Author-X-Name-Last: Huber Title: Hidden Abodes: Industrializing Political Ecology Abstract: In this article, I argue that political ecology has neglected examining the “hidden abodes” of industrial factory production. I suggest a visit to such sites can expand and deepen what counts as both ecology and politics in the field. Ecologically speaking, the industrial secondary sector is not only at the center of the overall “metabolism” between society and nature but also is central in producing many large-scale ecological problems like climate change. Politically, although much of political ecology focuses on marginalization, dispossession, and what I call “following the politics” (i.e., protest and resistance movements), industrial environments often entail uncontested power over massive flows of raw materials, energy, and waste. I suggest that political ecology analysis can use chains of explanation to make these industrial ecologies political. To illustrate the argument, I focus on a large industrial nitrogen fertilizer facility in southern Louisiana. In the empirical sections of this article, I examine its control over the highly politicized chemical compounds of natural gas (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Although the industrial facility largely benefits from its access to and control over these substances, the politics of them is directed elsewhere along the commodity chain to naturalized areas more familiar to political ecologists (e.g., sites of natural gas extraction or agricultural application). I conclude by suggesting that making this kind of analysis political requires that we disseminate our analysis and critiques to broader publics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 151-166 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1219249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1219249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:151-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin D. Neimark Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin D. Author-X-Name-Last: Neimark Author-Name: Saskia Vermeylen Author-X-Name-First: Saskia Author-X-Name-Last: Vermeylen Title: A Human Right to Science?: Precarious Labor and Basic Rights in Science and Bioprospecting Abstract: Does everyone have the right to benefit from science? If so, what shape should benefits take? This article exposes the inequalities involved in bioprospecting through a relatively neglected human right, the right to benefit from science (HRS). Although underexplored in the literature, it is acknowledged that market-based conservation practices, such as bioprospecting, often rely on cheap “casual” labor. In contrast to critical discourses exposing the exploitation and misappropriation of indigenous people's cultural and self-determination rights in relation to bioprospecting (i.e., biopiracy), the exploitation of a low-skilled labor force for science has been little examined from a human rights perspective. Reliance on cheap labor is not limited just to those directly involved in creating local biodiversity inventories but constitutes a whole set of other workers (cooks, porters, and logistical support staff), who contribute indirectly to the advancements of science and whose contribution is barely acknowledged, let alone financially remunerated. As precarious workers, it is difficult for laborers to use existing national and international labor laws to fight for recognition of their basic rights or easily to rely on biodiversity and environmental laws to negotiate recognition of their contribution to science. We explore to what extent the HRS can be used to encourage governments, civil society, and companies to provide basic labor and social rights to science. This should be of keen interest to geographers, who for the most part have limited engagement in human rights law, and has wider significance for those interested in exploitative labor and rights violations in the emerging bio- and green economy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 167-182 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1218749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1218749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:167-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sapana Doshi Author-X-Name-First: Sapana Author-X-Name-Last: Doshi Author-Name: Malini Ranganathan Author-X-Name-First: Malini Author-X-Name-Last: Ranganathan Title: Contesting the Unethical City: Land Dispossession and Corruption Narratives in Urban India Abstract: In this age of global inequality, how people talk of corruption matters. This article examines the role of corruption narratives in struggles against land enclosures (“land grabs”) in two Indian cities. Drawing on ethnographic research on land grabs in Mumbai and Bangalore and critical corruption and geography literatures, we argue that corruption talk by slum-based and lower middle-class residents and activists advances an ethical critique of contemporary capitalism. In our cases, corruption discourse upends mainstream development agendas that narrowly equate corruption with individual acts of bribery and the long-standing notion in India that corruption manifests mainly among the poor and lower rungs of the state. Instead, we find that “corruption” serves as a cultural, semantic, and moral rubric that expresses and shapes a sense of structural injustice in this moment of sharpening urban inequality. Specifically, corruption talk is leveraged to identify and challenge the mechanisms underlying elite land grabs and the hypocritical policing of the poor. Corruption discourse also provides a meaningful framework to voice discontent over the betrayal of the “public interest”—defined here as housing and economic dispossession. Taking care not to unequivocally celebrate its progressive potential, we find that corruption discourse can be and has been repurposed in disruptive ways. We therefore posit the need to examine how corruption politics are expanding—rather than disappearing—from geographies of advanced capitalism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 183-199 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1226124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1226124 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:183-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chih Yuan Woon Author-X-Name-First: Chih Yuan Author-X-Name-Last: Woon Title: Children, Critical Geopolitics, and Peace: Mapping and Mobilizing Children's Hopes for Peace in the Philippines Abstract: This article focuses on the role and agency of children in shaping the trajectories and outcomes of peace in Mindanao in the southern Philippines. Through the analysis of children's narratives that are articulated around their vision maps of peace, I argue that such cartographic representations and dialogues of the everyday open up opportunities for them to critically reflect on their understandings of and hopes for peace. This essentially contributes to children's formation as active geopolitical actors, allowing them to negotiate broader structures, relations, and identifications of violence to situate their aspirations for peace. Rather than viewing such embodied spatial practices as having no wider political implications, I showcase efforts that seek to mobilize children's hopeful imag(in)ings for the harnessing of coalitional formations toward transformative possibilities. This enables the development of ethical relationships between local communities and other relevant stakeholders, leading to the formulation of appropriate strategies to stamp out the reproduction of violence across generations. In so doing, this article aligns to yet extends emerging literatures that cast attention on the different actors and their grounded enactments of peace. Specifically, it calls for the explicit acknowledgment of children's involvement in the rethinking and remaking of issues pertaining to geopolitics (and peace) that should be seen as closely intertwined with the everyday lives of children throughout the world. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 200-217 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1218268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1218268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:200-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harng Luh Sin Author-X-Name-First: Harng Luh Author-X-Name-Last: Sin Title: Selling Ethics: Discourses of Responsibility in Tourism Abstract: This article explores the grammars of responsibility through a discourse analysis of selected travel guidebooks and argues that critical theory and popular media have so far failed to bridge the gap between ideologies and practices of responsibilities. As it stands, an unspoken assumption that a particular set of practices (e.g., buying goods labeled as fair trade or boycotting sweatshop-produced clothing) is perpetuated as undeniably responsible. As long as important questions on what constitutes being ethical and by whose standards this is evaluated against is neglected, however, there is a danger of pursuing practices deemed irrefutably responsible, although they are not responsible or ethical at all. Building on the postcolonial critiques on literature in geographies of responsibilities (Raghuram, Madge, and Noxolo 2009; Jazeel and McFarlane 2010; Noxolo, Raghuram, and Madge 2011), this article interrogates the discourses of responsibility circulated in popular media and, using examples from tourism, highlights the problematic nature of perpetuating a series of universalized instructions regarding one's responsibilities, while revealing the many inconsistencies advocated once one takes a closer and more critical look at what is suggested. What is needed is an effort to close the gap between practices and ideologies of responsibility, where a conscious postcolonial understanding of the variance of ideals of responsibilities across time and space is reflected in our practices and how we understand practices of responsibilities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 218-234 Issue: 1 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1218266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1218266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:1:p:218-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mei-Po Kwan Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Po Author-X-Name-Last: Kwan Author-Name: Tim Schwanen Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Schwanen Title: Geographies of Mobility Abstract: This introductory piece sets the context for the special issue and explains its rationale. It offers a series of reflections on the rise of the mobilities turn and its relations with preexisting research traditions, most notably transportation geography. Rather than placing different approaches in opposition and favoring one over others, we contend that all need to be seen as situated, partial, and also generative modes of abstraction. Each of these approaches makes mobility exist in specific and ultimately simplified and selective ways. In addition, we argue that geography as a pluralistic discipline will benefit from further conversations between modes of conceptualizing, theorizing, and examining mobility. We outline five lines along which such conversations can be structured: conceptualizations and analysis, inequality, politics, decentering and decolonization, and qualifying abstraction. The article concludes with discussion on three fruitful directions for future research on mobility. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 243-256 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2015.1123067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2015.1123067 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:243-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julie Cidell Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Cidell Author-Name: Devon Lechtenberg Author-X-Name-First: Devon Author-X-Name-Last: Lechtenberg Title: Developing a Framework for the Spaces and Spatialities of Transportation and Mobilities Abstract: Recent debates over space and spatiality have touched on a variety of different fields within geography but have rarely considered transportation or mobilities. Mobile objects and actors can be seen as occupying space only temporarily; as constructing space through their travels (including waiting to travel); as being present and absent before, after, and during their travels; or a host of other possibilities that complicate the geographer's basic question: What is where? A theoretical consideration of the spatialities of transportation and mobilities could offer new analytic tools not only for scholars in these areas but for those interested in the production of space more broadly. It also offers the possibility to bring together transportation geography and mobilities under one framework. This article draws on the work of Kamil Skrbek, a Czech geographer active in the twentieth century, to explore four kinds of spaces: spaces of movement, spaces of transportation, structural transportation space, and areas of transportation. These four types include different extents infrastructure, vehicles, and passengers; places through which these objects pass or bypass; social, cultural, and economic discourses and meanings; and lived experiences of those within and outside of various transportation networks. Using the example of the shipment of crude oil by rail within North America, we explicate how these different spaces are relevant to the issue and what they offer to an analysis of this important topic that existing approaches cannot. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 257-265 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1100060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1100060 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:257-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Byron Miller Author-X-Name-First: Byron Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: Jason Ponto Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Ponto Title: Mobility Among the Spatialities Abstract: Despite the explosive growth of mobilities research, much sociospatial theory continues to be rooted in a sedentarist perspective, failing to incorporate the insights of this burgeoning field. Mobilities research, in contrast, often considers a variety of sociospatial relations, yet stops short of coherent integration with other dimensions of sociospatiality. In this article, we examine the mobilities turn in light of Jessop, Brenner, and Jones's (2008) TPSN framework, which recognizes the polymorphic nature of sociospatial relations. We discuss the interrelationships between mobility and the four distinct sociospatialities identified by Jessop, Brenner, and Jones: territory (T), place (P), scale (S), and networks (N). Each of these sociospatialities is coimplicated with mobility: Territory concerns the malleable areal and bordered structure of the state and the uneven freedoms granted, and constraints imposed on, objects and bodies as they attempt to move through and across political jurisdictions; place emphasizes the embedded and performative nature of mobility and considers place-appropriate and place-transgressive activity; scale concerns movement associated with the tangled and politicized processes of scale production and examines how mobility is affected by the uneven scaling of power, resources, opportunity, and identity; networks address flows of bodies, objects, and knowledge across space, through specific channels. To illustrate the coimplicated relationships among mobility and territory, place, scale, and networks, we examine the practice of automobility, stressing the ontological contingency of mobility: Neither mobility nor fixity can be assumed. Mobility is, rather, a social, cultural, and political achievement, inherently power-laden and recursively bound up in the production of territory, place, scale, and networks. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 266-273 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1120150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1120150 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:266-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mei-Po Kwan Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Po Author-X-Name-Last: Kwan Title: Algorithmic Geographies: Big Data, Algorithmic Uncertainty, and the Production of Geographic Knowledge Abstract: Drawing on examples from human mobility research, I argue in this article that the advent of big data has significantly increased the role of algorithms in mediating the geographic knowledge production process. This increased centrality of algorithmic mediation introduces much more uncertainty to the geographic knowledge generated when compared to traditional modes of geographic inquiry. This article reflects on important changes in the geographic knowledge production process associated with the shift from using traditional “small data” to using big data and explores how computerized algorithms could considerably influence research results. I call into question the much touted notion of data-driven geography, which ignores the potentially significant influence of algorithms on research results, and the fact that knowledge about the world generated with big data might be more an artifact of the algorithms used than the data itself. As the production of geographic knowledge is now far more dependent on computerized algorithms than before, this article asserts that it is more appropriate to refer to this new kind of geographic inquiry as algorithm-driven geographies (or algorithmic geographies) rather than data-driven geography. The notion of algorithmic geographies also foregrounds the need to pay attention to the effects of algorithms on the content, reliability, and social implications of the geographic knowledge these algorithms help generate. The article highlights the need for geographers to remain attentive to the omissions, exclusions, and marginalizing power of big data. It stresses the importance of practicing critical reflexivity with respect to both the knowledge production process and the data and algorithms used in the process. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 274-282 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1117937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1117937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:274-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amit Birenboim Author-X-Name-First: Amit Author-X-Name-Last: Birenboim Author-Name: Noam Shoval Author-X-Name-First: Noam Author-X-Name-Last: Shoval Title: Mobility Research in the Age of the Smartphone Abstract: At the end of 2014, over 93 percent of the world's population owned cellular phones, with penetration rates that exceeded 100 percent in most developed countries. Mobile phones have become an integral part of our lives and have had a significant impact on society—including on individuals' daily movement and mobility patterns. Cellular phones have also been used for research and have been employed to collect time–space data about the mobility of relatively large populations. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the potential of advanced mobile phones—known as smartphones—in the investigation of the geographies of mobility. We discuss how these devices can be employed in research, tracking individuals in time and space and functioning as location-aware survey tools in real time, among other things. We also engage in a debate over the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of smartphones in this context and highlight new research trends that are beginning to appear following the introduction of smartphones. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 283-291 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1100058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1100058 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:283-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Virginia Parks Author-X-Name-First: Virginia Author-X-Name-Last: Parks Title: Rosa Parks Redux: Racial Mobility Projects on the Journey to Work Abstract: The iconic image of Rosa Parks sitting at the front of a bus documents the most famous commute in history. Rosa Parks was traveling home from work when she refused to give her seat to a white passenger in 1955, an act of civil disobedience that set the Montgomery bus boycott in motion and propelled civil rights onto the national stage. Sixty years later, cities in the putatively postracial era continue to generate profound racial inequalities. Drawing on Rosa Parks's defiant commute as a framing device, I situate the journey to work as a racial mobility project that extends from historic urban processes of racial discrimination, reveals lived experiences of intersectional inequality, and generates future racial disparities. I define commuting as a racial mobility project that organizes, redistributes, and mobilizes resources along racial lines in conjunction with the movement of bodies across space. This framework links the discourses of race and mobility, both of which highlight the dynamics of politics and power. By positioning the journey to work as a racial mobility project, this article seeks to resituate the commute for geographers—conceptually, empirically, and politically—at the nexus of geography, mobility, and the struggle for racial justice in the city. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 292-299 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1100061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1100061 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:292-299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valerie Preston Author-X-Name-First: Valerie Author-X-Name-Last: Preston Author-Name: Sara McLafferty Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLafferty Title: Revisiting Gender, Race, and Commuting in New York Abstract: In the 1990s, many women commuted shorter distances and less time than men, and research underscored the pernicious effects of racial and ethnic segregation and access to transportation on minority women's commuting. Since then, growing income inequality and the bifurcation of employment between well-paid and secure jobs and a growing number of insecure and poorly paid jobs have been accompanied by the concentration of jobs at central and suburban locations and the transformation of women's roles in the labor market. We investigate some of the geographical implications of these trends by analyzing commuting in the New York metropolitan region. In 2010, gender and race differences in commuting varied across the metropolitan area. Regression analysis demonstrates that the impacts of wages and household composition on commuting differ between the highly valued center that has benefited from private and public investment, the suburbs where traditional gender roles persist, and the deteriorating inner ring where minority women still commute long times on slow public transit. The findings highlight racial and gender disparities in geographical access to employment within the metropolitan region. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 300-310 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1113118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113118 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:300-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meghan Cope Author-X-Name-First: Meghan Author-X-Name-Last: Cope Author-Name: Brian H. Y. Lee Author-X-Name-First: Brian H. Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Mobility, Communication, and Place: Navigating the Landscapes of Suburban U.S. Teens Abstract: In the context of sprawl and car dependence in U.S. metropolitan areas, young people—especially teens in middle-class suburbs—create new mobility practices with near-universal adoption of cellphones and high levels of access to automobiles. The growth in the use of handheld mobile devices for communication and information might enhance independent mobility and accessibility for higher socioeconomic segments of the youth population. In a project with teens in two high schools near Burlington, Vermont, representing somewhat different land-use contexts, we examined how often and in what ways teens use information and communication technologies (ICTs) to arrange transportation, what travel needs are being met and which transportation modes are used, and how household situations contextualize the use of ICTs for mobility. We explore the ways in which access to cellphones and cars affects how high school teens organize and enact their daily lives in suburban and rural contexts. We employ a conceptual framework that connects mobility, communication, and place based on the notion that contemporary teens generate new intersections among the built, digital, and social landscapes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 311-320 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2015.1124017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2015.1124017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:311-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marta Maria Maldonado Author-X-Name-First: Marta Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Maldonado Author-Name: Adela C. Licona Author-X-Name-First: Adela C. Author-X-Name-Last: Licona Author-Name: Sarah Hendricks Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Hendricks Title: Latin@ Immobilities and Altermobilities Within the U.S. Deportability Regime Abstract: In this article, we explore how racialized constructions of a “Latin@ threat” serve as ideological underpinning for the practices of the U.S. deportability regime and also fuel broader practices of policeability, with consequences for Latin@ mobilities and immobilities. Drawing from ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews with Latin@s in Perry, Iowa, we discuss “the border within” as an extension of border politics and borderlands rhetorics to the U.S. heartland, explore imposed mobilities and immobilities, and also recognize tactical immobilities and altermobilities undertaken by Latin@s. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 321-329 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1106304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1106304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:321-329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mimi Sheller Author-X-Name-First: Mimi Author-X-Name-Last: Sheller Title: Connected Mobility in a Disconnected World: Contested Infrastructure in Postdisaster Contexts Abstract: Drawing on research in postearthquake Haiti, with reference to other postdisaster situations, this article examines how uneven mobility and communication systems often reinforce unequal distributions of network capital and thereby reproduce uneven physical and informational space. The reflexive mobile methodology highlights how postdisaster humanitarian mobilizations, including interventions by diaspora members and researchers, could inadvertently intensify uneven access to blended physical and digital infrastructures. Focusing on the intersection of disaster logistics with systems for mobile communication, remote data collection, aerial vision technologies, and data visualizations assisted by satellites and aerial photography, the article draws on two specific local examples of contested water and energy infrastructure to explore how recipients of international aid contest unequal network capital and struggle against the reproduction of uneven spatialities and mobilities. In conclusion, it suggests that critical awareness of uneven network capital and more reflexive efforts to build connectivity across differentiated mobility systems, communication platforms, and scales might help lessen the negative retrenching of differential mobilities during postdisaster recovery. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 330-339 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1113114 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113114 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:330-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noelani Eidse Author-X-Name-First: Noelani Author-X-Name-Last: Eidse Author-Name: Sarah Turner Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: Natalie Oswin Author-X-Name-First: Natalie Author-X-Name-Last: Oswin Title: Contesting Street Spaces in a Socialist City: Itinerant Vending-Scapes and the Everyday Politics of Mobility in Hanoi, Vietnam Abstract: In 2008, Hanoi's municipal government banned street vending from numerous sites, significantly delineating and redefining access to urban space. The ban privileges certain forms of movement by designating streets and sidewalks for the fluid movements of “modern” transportation, rather than the staccato “traditional” mobilities of street vendors who stop frequently to ply their trade. In this article, we explore the everyday mobilities of Hanoi's vendors in light of this ban, focusing on the careful negotiations vendors undertake to secure rights to the city's streets and highlighting how vendor mobilities are socially, politically, and culturally produced and reworked. We combine Cresswell's six facets of mobility with Kerkvliet's everyday politics to form a hybrid everyday politics of mobility. In doing so we highlight vendors' daily experiences of mobility and the politics affecting itinerant vendors compared to their stationary counterparts. Based on eight months of fieldwork in Hanoi, incorporating interviews, mobile ethnographic methods, and vendor journaling, this article contributes an in-depth examination into the politics of (im)mobility in the Global South, considering how mobility is framed and produced in a distinctly socialist context. By focusing on the everyday politics of vending in Hanoi and the tactics undertaken to carve out mobilities in the urban landscape, we illustrate these vendors' daily lived realities as well as their connections with and contestations of local, regional, and global political–economic systems. We find mobility is a mechanism of resistance, as vendors strive to maintain mobile livelihoods despite threats of state sanctions and exclusion. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 340-349 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1117936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1117936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:340-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elaine Stratford Author-X-Name-First: Elaine Author-X-Name-Last: Stratford Title: Mobilizing a Spatial Politics of Street Skating: Thinking About the Geographies of Generosity Abstract: Estimates suggest that tens of millions of people skateboard for transport and pleasure—it is a mobility practice both instrumental and playful. That play is important for creativity, connection, and positive affect is known. Yet skating is often typified as mere vandalism, despite the fact that, intrinsic worth aside, its hybridity is instructive: It invites consideration of the spatial politics of the street and the possibility of accommodating this and, indeed, other forms of “alternative” movement. Arguably, the prospect of such generous geographies is fundamental to ideas about the right to the city, an entitlement embracing responsibilities to one another. Nevertheless, given the ongoing dominance of automobility and widespread anxieties about skating, the tendency has been to try and contain it in parks and regulate its presence on streets, not least by creating design solutions to render it difficult to engage in. A corollary of these strategies, in combination with skaters' own resolve to claim rights to the city, is that skaters move on to roadways. These armatures have not been designed generously to accommodate forms of mobility apart from motor vehicles—and sometimes pedestrians and cyclists. Consequently, skaters are among the millions who die on the roads annually. In relative terms, the number is minute; nevertheless, each death invokes this question: How can we mobilize a spatial politics of street skating by thinking about the geographies of generosity in ways that might avoid such events? Reflecting on that question is the purpose of this article. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 350-357 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1100062 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1100062 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:350-357 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stuart C. Aitken Author-X-Name-First: Stuart C. Author-X-Name-Last: Aitken Title: Locked in Place: Young People's Immobilities and the Slovenian Erasure Abstract: The case of Slovenia's erased minority populations (Izbrisani) is cited as one of the worst human rights abuses in contemporary Europe. While engaging debates on the nation-state and neoliberalism, this article discusses the struggles of Izbrisani youth from 1992 to the present day through a consideration of the spatial effects of erasure, including trauma to families forced apart and young people locked in place. Theoretical insights are drawn from Agamben's ideas about bare life, Rancière's politicization of aesthetics, and Žižek's notion of radical ethical acts, which respectively provide lenses for understanding Izbrisani youth privations, awakenings, and transformations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 358-365 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1100059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1100059 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:358-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie Price Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Price Author-Name: Derek Breese Author-X-Name-First: Derek Author-X-Name-Last: Breese Title: Unintended Return: U.S. Deportations and the Fractious Politics of Mobility for Latinos Abstract: A record-breaking 4.2 million people have been removed from the United States since 2000, with migrants from Latin America accounting for over 93 percent of all removals. The U.S. policy shift toward forced removals (commonly referred to as deportations) underscores many mobility politics and paradoxes that Latinos experience. Their determination to be mobile and leave their countries of origin often results in encountering various legal challenges in the United States that might limit their mobility within the United States and, sometimes, result in their involuntary mobility through forced return. This article is grounded in the politics of mobility literature interested in the frictions created within constellations of mobility that create unintended return. Drawing from administrative data produced by the Department of Homeland Security, Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC) data, and the U.S. Census, this research (1) documents the scope and uneven practice of forced removal; (2) suggests how unintended return is affecting Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras; and (3) develops the unintended returnee as an important mobility subject. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 366-376 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1120149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1120149 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:366-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lynn A. Staeheli Author-X-Name-First: Lynn A. Author-X-Name-Last: Staeheli Author-Name: David J. Marshall Author-X-Name-First: David J. Author-X-Name-Last: Marshall Author-Name: Naomi Maynard Author-X-Name-First: Naomi Author-X-Name-Last: Maynard Title: Circulations and the Entanglements of Citizenship Formation Abstract: Citizenship is given form, meaning, and power through the transactions and circulations that constitute it. Our focus in this article is the ways in which circulations through networks and institutions that extend beyond nation-states are enacted and encouraged through pedagogies and practices that moor habits of citizenship in daily lives. Although there has been significant attention to those practices at national and local levels, there has been relatively little attention to the ways that floating sites of citizenship formation are entwined with, but also seem to be suspended above, other sites. There are at least three ways in which circulations both construct those sites and are entwined in citizenship formation: They are the reason that the seeming contradiction between cosmopolitanism and efforts to moor citizens to place becomes unremarkable; they enable and shape the modes of interaction that conjoin politics and emotional geographies; and they are part of the way in which a common understanding of active citizenship is accepted almost without question. We use the examples of two international conferences for young citizen-activists to illustrate our arguments regarding the circulations of ideas, norms, and practice that are central to citizenship formation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 377-384 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1100063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1100063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:377-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Rowen Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Rowen Title: The Geopolitics of Tourism: Mobilities, Territory, and Protest in China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong Abstract: This article analyzes outbound tourism from mainland China to Hong Kong and Taiwan, two territories claimed by the People's Republic of China, to unpack the geopolitics of the state and the everyday, to theorize the mutual constitution of the tourist and the nation-state, and to explore the role of tourism in new forms of protest and resistance. Based on ethnographies of tourism practices and spaces of resistance conducted between 2012 and 2015 and supported by ethnographic content analysis, this article demonstrates that tourism mobilities are entangled with shifting forms of sovereignty, territoriality, and bordering. The case of China, the world's fastest growing tourism market, is exemplary. Tourism is profoundly affecting spatial, social, political, and economic order throughout the wider region, reconfiguring leisure spaces and economies, transportation infrastructure, popular political discourse, and geopolitical imaginaries. At the same time that tourism is being used to project Chinese state authority over Taiwan and consolidate control over Tibet and Xinjiang, it has also triggered popular protest in Hong Kong (including the pro-democracy Umbrella Movement and its aftermath), and international protest over the territorially contested South China Sea. This article argues that embodied, everyday practices such as tourism cannot be divorced from state-scale geopolitics and that future research should pay closer attention to its unpredictable political instrumentalities and chaotic effects. In dialogue with both mobilities research and borders studies, it sheds light not only on the vivid particularities of the region but on the cultural politics and geopolitics of tourism in general. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 385-393 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1113115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113115 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:385-393 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Bissell Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bissell Title: Micropolitics of Mobility: Public Transport Commuting and Everyday Encounters with Forces of Enablement and Constraint Abstract: Politics in geographical research on mobilities evaluates the nature of power and control of mobility and considers how people are differently enabled and constrained by these processes. Politics is usually approached along subject-centered lines where the task is to identify who is enabled and who is constrained and subsequently to account for the hidden mechanisms of power behind this unevenness. This article argues that what these subject-centered analyses can risk underplaying are the very transformations that mobility practices such as commuting themselves actually give rise to. This article draws on qualitative fieldwork during an evening train commute between Sydney and Wollongong in Australia to argue that the politics of mobilities needs to attend to ongoing processes of “micropolitical” transformation that take place through events and encounters, changing relations of enablement and constraint in the process. My argument is that we need to expand our understanding of what constitutes mobility politics to understand the nature and reach of the multiple forces that are at play, affecting and transforming life in this zone. This potentially enables us to more sensitively evaluate questions of responsibility and intervention. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 394-403 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1100057 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1100057 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:394-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deborah Naybor Author-X-Name-First: Deborah Author-X-Name-Last: Naybor Author-Name: Jessie P. H. Poon Author-X-Name-First: Jessie P. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Poon Author-Name: Irene Casas Author-X-Name-First: Irene Author-X-Name-Last: Casas Title: Mobility Disadvantage and Livelihood Opportunities of Marginalized Widowed Women in Rural Uganda Abstract: The adverse effect of mobility restrictions on the livelihood of economically marginalized women in rural Africa is considerable. This study investigates the space–time paths of twenty-seven widowed women in rural Uganda through methodological pluralism that integrates multiple sources of quantitative and qualitative data collected from Global Positioning System tracking, in-depth interviews, and participant observation. Geographic information systems mapping of activity space suggests that mobility patterns are characterized by frequent short repetitive trips and less flexible space–time budgets. In turn, this reduces opportunities to pursue diversified sources of income that enhance livelihood. Statistical regressions and qualitative interviews also show, however, that access to use of motorized vehicles such as cars and motorcycle taxis significantly strengthens livelihood by reducing time poverty, rendering time as a resource for pursuing income opportunities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 404-412 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1113110 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113110 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:404-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lorraine van Blerk Author-X-Name-First: Lorraine Author-X-Name-Last: van Blerk Title: Livelihoods as Relational Im/mobilities: Exploring the Everyday Practices of Young Female Sex Workers in Ethiopia Abstract: Age is now considered alongside other differentiating categories for exploring mobility experiences, yet little work has emerged conceptualizing the im/mobilities of marginalized young people living in particularly difficult circumstances. This article, therefore, explores the relational im/mobilities of young female sex workers in Ethiopia aged between fourteen- and nineteen-years-old to understand how their livelihoods are shaped by the connections between their relations with others, im/mobilities, and survival in everyday life. The article draws on detailed narratives and participatory mobility mapping with sixty young sex workers in two locations in Ethiopia. Conceptually this article moves beyond sedentary and nomadic conceptions of mobility to what Jensen (2009) termed critical mobility thinking, where lives do not just happen in static enclaves or nomadic wanderings but are connected through multiple communities of interest and across time and space. Through these processes, everyday livelihoods are shaped and experienced. Further, drawing on Massey's (2005) relational geographical theory, where sociotemporal practices constitute places in a complex web of flows, the article reveals that young sex workers' critical im/mobilities are relational: Their livelihoods and identities are shaped within and between places based on their ability to move or not. The article reveals that these relational im/mobilities are important for securing work, protection, and accessing services, both within and between places and across a variety of sex work livelihoods. The article concludes by demonstrating that consideration of livelihoods as relational and mobile is central for the development of appropriate interventions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 413-421 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1113116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113116 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:413-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy E. Ritterbusch Author-X-Name-First: Amy E. Author-X-Name-Last: Ritterbusch Title: Mobilities at Gunpoint: The Geographies of (Im)mobility of Transgender Sex Workers in Colombia Abstract: Drawing from geo-ethnographic data collected during a participatory action research (PAR) project funded by the National Science Foundation and subsequent research conducted in Colombia with marginalized youth populations, this article explores the sociospatial exclusion and (im)mobility of the oppressed, subjugated, and persecuted through the social cartographies, geo-narratives, and auto-photographic images of transgender sex workers that were displaced by paramilitary-led gender-based violence and forced to leave their birth cities and rural communities in Colombia at an early age. As is the case for thousands of victims of the armed conflict in Colombia, displaced transgender populations seek refuge and opportunity in the streets of Bogotá, Colombia. The (im)mobilities of transgender sex workers are explored in two stages—the forced, violent mobilities of their displacement, followed by their experiences of discrimination, sociospatial exclusion, and persecution through hate crimes and social cleansing killings on arrival in Bogotá. This article discusses how research actors constructed their own spaces of cohesion and resistance to the multifaceted discrimination and marginalization from mainstream urban society through PAR. The PAR project presented in this article continues as part of the broader struggle of transgender sex workers to challenge the exclusionary discourses and praxis that limit their mobilities and autonomy in the city. This article concludes with examples of how research actors use the action-driven elements of PAR to negotiate, analyze, and resist the relationships of power and violence embedded within their urban environment and begin to re-present and change the reality of their immobility within the city. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 422-433 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1113112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113112 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:422-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gina Porter Author-X-Name-First: Gina Author-X-Name-Last: Porter Title: Mobilities in Rural Africa: New Connections, New Challenges Abstract: Fluid interdependencies of mobility—physical and virtual—are growing rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa: The remarkable expansion of mobile phone networks is bringing a tangible new dimension of connectivity into mobility, transport, and access equations on the ground. This article draws on in-depth field research, including co-investigation with two groups often disadvantaged in their physical mobility, youth and older people, to explicate some current African developments and their departure from prevailing Western-based conceptualizations of space–time interactions (regarding the potential for space–time flexibility and microcoordination afforded by mobile phones). Despite the fact that face-to-face interaction is often of great significance in Africa, when the value attached to personalized relationships is balanced against factors of widespread poverty and irregular, sometimes very dangerous transport, the potential for phone substitution appears greater than in many Western contexts. Better distance management through phone use could be particularly closely associated with populations with very low disposable incomes or those whose physical mobility is limited; for instance, by disability, infirmity, age, or gender. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 434-441 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1100056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1100056 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:434-441 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asha Best Author-X-Name-First: Asha Author-X-Name-Last: Best Title: The Way They Blow the Horn: Caribbean Dollar Cabs and Subaltern Mobilities Abstract: In this article, I map subaltern mobilities: practices of movement that I define as flexible, vernacular, and specific to postcolonial subjects. I do so through a six-month ethnography of “dollar cabs” used by Caribbean immigrants in Brooklyn, New York—taxis recognized not by exterior color or medallion but by the way they blow their horns, the familiarity between driver and passengers, and other diacritics this article critically attends to. These discursive geographies and practices allow Caribbean immigrants to navigate the U.S. urban landscape and to interact with each other in unique ways. Because dollar cabs often operate outside of dominant structures of licensure, they have been studied primarily as informal paratransit systems. This article offers a critique of the framework of informality as it relates to mobilities of subaltern subjects and argues that, given their focus on systems rather than practices, scholars have foreclosed on the analytical possibilities of fully understanding the social within these geographies of mobility. Through this ethnography I make a significant theoretical and methodological intervention by showing how both international and local subaltern movements and flows have disrupted, produced, and been affected by the global city. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 442-449 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1120148 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1120148 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:442-449 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justin Spinney Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Spinney Title: Fixing Mobility in the Neoliberal City: Cycling Policy and Practice in London as a Mode of Political–Economic and Biopolitical Governance Abstract: Academic interest in utility cycling has burgeoned in recent years with significant literature relating to the health and environmental benefits of cycling, the efficacy of cycle-specific infrastructure, and the embodied experiences of cycling. Yet with few exceptions, none of these accounts conceptualizes cycling as a mode of neoliberal governance through which circulation and quality of labor are improved. This article seeks to address this absence, positioning cycling in relation to broader biopolitical and political–economic governance in two ways: Focusing on the recent experiences of London (UK) it argues first that cycle promotion is a principally biopolitical “mobility” fix that seeks to operate through shaping individuals as entrepreneurs of the self who will move more efficiently. Second, and in relation to this biopolitics of cycling, it suggests that the minimal spatial fixing embodied in cycle-specific infrastructure represents a metaphorical fix resulting from tensions created between the enterprise of cycling, the realities of practicing it in hostile urban environments, and the temporary networks of actors that produce it as such. In doing so, the article contends that what is being materialized is a narrow productivist framing of cycling both materially and discursively in the shape of commuter-focused infrastructure and promotion that effectively marginalizes subaltern and alternative performances. The article concludes by arguing that theorizing the promotion and practice of cycling as part of broader processes of neoliberalization should help to direct future research agendas for cycling and critical mobilities scholarship more broadly. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 450-458 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2015.1124016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2015.1124016 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:450-458 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Baker Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: Ian R. Cook Author-X-Name-First: Ian R. Author-X-Name-Last: Cook Author-Name: Eugene McCann Author-X-Name-First: Eugene Author-X-Name-Last: McCann Author-Name: Cristina Temenos Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Temenos Author-Name: Kevin Ward Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Ward Title: Policies on the Move: The Transatlantic Travels of Tax Increment Financing Abstract: Growing influence of the new mobilities paradigm among human geographers has combined with a long and rich disciplinary tradition of studying the movement of things and people. Yet how policy ideas and knowledge are mobilized remains a notably underdeveloped area of inquiry. In this article, we discuss the mobilization of policy ideas and policy models as a particularly powerful type of mobile knowledge. The article examines the burgeoning academic work on policy mobilities and points toward a growing policy mobilities approach in the literature, noting the multidisciplinary conversations behind the approach as well as the key commitments of many of its advocates. This approach is illustrated using the travels of tax increment financing (TIF) with the role of learning and market-making within efforts to introduce TIF in more cities highlighted. In conclusion, we discuss some of the political and practical limits that often confront efforts to mobilize policy ideas. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 459-469 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1113111 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113111 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:459-469 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yujie Hu Author-X-Name-First: Yujie Author-X-Name-Last: Hu Author-Name: Fahui Wang Author-X-Name-First: Fahui Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Temporal Trends of Intraurban Commuting in Baton Rouge, 1990–2010 Abstract: Based on the 1990–2010 Census Transportation Planning Package data of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, this research analyzes the temporal trends of commuting patterns in both time and distance. In comparison to previous work, commuting length is calibrated more accurately by Monte Carlo–based simulation of individual journey-to-work trips to mitigate the zonal effect. First, average commute distance kept climbing between 1990 and 2010, whereas average commute time increased between 1990 and 2000 but then slightly dropped toward 2010. Second, urban land use remained a good predictor of commuting pattern over time (e.g., explaining up to 90 percent of mean commute distance and about 30 percent of mean commute time). Finally, the percentage of excess commuting increased significantly between 1990 and 2000 and stabilized afterward. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 470-479 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1113117 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113117 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:470-479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shiran Zhong Author-X-Name-First: Shiran Author-X-Name-Last: Zhong Author-Name: Ling Bian Author-X-Name-First: Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Bian Title: A Location-Centric Network Approach to Analyzing Epidemic Dynamics Abstract: Recent health threats, such as the SARS, H1N1, and ebola pandemics, have stimulated great interest in network models to study the transmission of communicable diseases through human interaction and mobility. Most current network models have focused on an individual-centric perspective where individuals are represented as nodes and the interactions among them as edges. Few of these models are concerned with the discovery of the spatial patterns and dynamics of epidemics. We propose a location-centric, transmission network approach, in which nodes denote locations and edges denote possible disease transmissions between locations. We then identify the dynamics of transmission flows, the dynamics of critical locations, and the spatial–temporal extent of transmission pathways to assess the impact of these spatial dynamics on the evolution of an epidemic. Results show that transmission flows shift from elementary schools to middle schools and finally universities and professional schools at different phases of an epidemic. Critical locations, identified using network analysis, are responsible for the upsurge in transmission flows during the peaks of the epidemic. The length of transmission pathways shows a power law distribution and their spatial extent is rather small. Insights gained from this study will help devise spatially sensitive strategies to control communicable diseases. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 480-488 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1113113 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113113 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:480-488 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yang Xu Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Shih-Lung Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Shih-Lung Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Ziliang Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Ziliang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Ling Yin Author-X-Name-First: Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Yin Author-Name: Feng Lu Author-X-Name-First: Feng Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Jie Chen Author-X-Name-First: Jie Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Zhixiang Fang Author-X-Name-First: Zhixiang Author-X-Name-Last: Fang Author-Name: Qingquan Li Author-X-Name-First: Qingquan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Another Tale of Two Cities: Understanding Human Activity Space Using Actively Tracked Cellphone Location Data Abstract: Activity space is an important concept in geography. Recent advancements of location-aware technologies have generated many useful spatiotemporal data sets for studying human activity space for large populations. In this article, we use two actively tracked cellphone location data sets that cover a weekday to characterize people's use of space in Shanghai and Shenzhen, China. We introduce three mobility indicators (daily activity range, number of activity anchor points, and frequency of movements) to represent the major determinants of individual activity space. By applying association rules in data mining, we analyze how these indicators of an individual's activity space can be combined with each other to gain insights of mobility patterns in these two cities. We further examine spatiotemporal variations of aggregate mobility patterns in these two cities. Our results reveal some distinctive characteristics of human activity space in these two cities: (1) A high percentage of people in Shenzhen have a relatively short daily activity range, whereas people in Shanghai exhibit a variety of daily activity ranges; (2) people with more than one activity anchor point tend to travel further but less frequently in Shanghai than in Shenzhen; (3) Shenzhen shows a significant north–south contrast of activity space that reflects its urban structure; and (4) travel distance in both cities is shorter around noon than in regular work hours, and a large percentage of movements around noon are associated with individual home locations. This study indicates the benefits of analyzing actively tracked cellphone location data for gaining insights of human activity space in different cities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 489-502 Issue: 2 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1120147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1120147 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:2:p:489-502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lynn M. Resler Author-X-Name-First: Lynn M. Author-X-Name-Last: Resler Author-Name: Yang Shao Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Shao Author-Name: Diana F. Tomback Author-X-Name-First: Diana F. Author-X-Name-Last: Tomback Author-Name: George P. Malanson Author-X-Name-First: George P. Author-X-Name-Last: Malanson Title: Predicting Functional Role and Occurrence of Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) at Alpine Treelines: Model Accuracy and Variable Importance Abstract: At some alpine treelines in the Rocky Mountains, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)—a keystone species—plays a central role in tree island development through facilitation. Whitebark pine occurs both as a solitary tree and also as a component of tree islands, although relative importance of these two patterns varies geographically. We examine the utility of four predictive models to understand how the functional role of a keystone species varies spatially with biophysical conditions. We use a novel data set to predict whitebark pine's functional role, characterized by spatial association and relative position within a tree island at three North American Rocky Mountain treelines. For the study areas combined, and at a study area level, we compared prediction accuracy and variable importance among these modeling approaches: general linear models, classification and regression trees, random forests, and support vector machines. Results revealed that the keystone role of whitebark pine varied spatially. For the combined model, growing season temperature and slope curvature were the most important predictive variables for association and relative position, as revealed by overall agreement among the four models. Prediction accuracy and variable importance varied at the study area level, though, indicating that different conclusions could be drawn from each model, if examined independently. We advocate comparing results from different modeling approaches for complex, field-derived data sets because it might enable a better understanding of model and variable selection and appropriateness of input data resolution. Furthermore, comparative modeling enables assessment of the relative predictive and interpretive capacities of each modeling approach. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 703-722 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.910072 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.910072 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:703-722 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Li An Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: An Author-Name: Alex Zvoleff Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Zvoleff Author-Name: Jianguo Liu Author-X-Name-First: Jianguo Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: William Axinn Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Axinn Title: Agent-Based Modeling in Coupled Human and Natural Systems (CHANS): Lessons from a Comparative Analysis Abstract: Coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) are characterized by many complex features, including feedback loops, nonlinearity and thresholds, surprises, legacy effects and time lags, and resilience. Agent-based models (ABMs) are powerful for handling such complexity in CHANS models, facilitating in-depth understanding of CHANS dynamics. ABMs have been employed mostly on a site-specific basis, however. Little of this work provides a common infrastructure with which CHANS researchers (especially nonmodeling experts) can comprehend, compare, and envision CHANS processes and dynamics. We advance the science of CHANS by developing a CHANS-oriented protocol based on the overview, design concepts, and details (ODD) framework to help CHANS modelers and other researchers build, document, and compare CHANS-oriented ABMs. Using this approach, we show how complex demographic decisions, environmental processes, and human–environment interaction in CHANS can be represented and simulated in a relatively straightforward, standard way with ABMs by focusing on a comparison of two world-renowned CHANS: the Wolong Nature Reserve in China and the Chitwan National Park in Nepal. The four key lessons we learn from this cross-site comparison in relation to CHANS models include how to represent agents and the landscape, the need for standardized modules for CHANS ABMs, the impacts of scheduling on model outcomes, and precautions in interpreting “surprises” in CHANS model outcomes. We conclude with a CHANS protocol in the hope of advancing the science of CHANS. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 723-745 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.910085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.910085 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:723-745 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Graham Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Author-Name: Bernie Hogan Author-X-Name-First: Bernie Author-X-Name-Last: Hogan Author-Name: Ralph K. Straumann Author-X-Name-First: Ralph K. Author-X-Name-Last: Straumann Author-Name: Ahmed Medhat Author-X-Name-First: Ahmed Author-X-Name-Last: Medhat Title: Uneven Geographies of User-Generated Information: Patterns of Increasing Informational Poverty Abstract: Geographies of codified knowledge have always been characterized by stark core–periphery patterns, with some parts of the world at the center of global voice and representation and many others invisible or unheard. Many have pointed to the potential for radical change, however, as digital divides are bridged and 2.5 billion people are now online. With a focus on Wikipedia, which is one of the world's most visible, most used, and most powerful repositories of user-generated content, we investigate whether we are now seeing fundamentally different patterns of knowledge production. Even though Wikipedia consists of a massive cloud of geographic information about millions of events and places around the globe put together by millions of hours of human labor, the encyclopedia remains characterized by uneven and clustered geographies: There is simply not a lot of content about much of the world. The article then moves to describe the factors that explain these patterns, showing that although just a few conditions can explain much of the variance in geographies of information, some parts of the world remain well below their expected values. These findings indicate that better connectivity is only a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the presence of volunteered geographic information about a place. We conclude by discussing the remaining social, economic, political, regulatory, and infrastructural barriers that continue to disadvantage many of the world's informational peripheries. The article ultimately shows that, despite many hopes that a democratization of connectivity will spur a concomitant democratization of information production, Internet connectivity is not a panacea and can only ever be one part of a broader strategy to deepen the informational layers of places. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 746-764 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.910087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.910087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:746-764 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell C. Weaver Author-X-Name-First: Russell C. Author-X-Name-Last: Weaver Author-Name: Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen Author-X-Name-First: Sharmistha Author-X-Name-Last: Bagchi-Sen Title: Evolutionary Analysis of Neighborhood Decline Using Multilevel Selection Theory Abstract: This article proposes an analytical framework of neighborhood decline grounded in evolutionary multilevel selection (MLS) theory. We demonstrate that MLS allows for the unification of at least two distinct theoretical approaches—the ecological and the political economy approaches—to analyzing urban change. From these developments we generate three hypotheses about intracity dynamics. The hypotheses are tested with longitudinal data using space–time regression, simulation, and spatial hedonic methods. The methodology and results reveal that qualitative neighborhood change is endogenously determined through the actions of neighborhood households, but such that household actions and neighborhood sociospatial organization are shaped by externally driven sorting processes. Further, household behaviors are highly dependent on microlevel neighborhood contexts. These findings suggest that existing schools of neighborhood change are not mutually exclusive. Rather, their interplay at multiple spatial resolutions showcases the hierarchical and evolutionary nature of cities. Such insights can be usefully incorporated into urban policy discourses. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 765-783 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.910088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.910088 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:765-783 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heidi E. Hausermann Author-X-Name-First: Heidi E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hausermann Title: Unintended Developments: Gender, Environment, and Collective Governance in a Mexican Ejido Abstract: This article examines the unintended outcomes of a neoliberal program designed to privatize Mexico's communal lands. Although postrevolutionary agrarian law excluded women from official landholding and leadership positions, steps toward land privatization inadvertently increased women's access to land, government resources, and political power. Using ethnographic and survey data collected in a Veracruz ejido, I demonstrate how Mexico's agrarian counterreforms triggered novel subjectivities and practices. While men acted as self-imagined private property owners and decreased participation in traditional governance institutions, women became registered land managers and leaders for the first time in the ejido's history. These interlocking processes stopped the land-titling program in its tracks and reinvigorated collective governance. Even state actors charged with carrying out ejido privatization were implicated in the empowerment of rural women and failure to fully privatize land. This research contributes to nature–society debates by arguing neoliberalism does not always end economic self-determination and communal governance in agrarian contexts. Rather, I demonstrate the ways in which processual policy, subjectivity, authority formation, objects, and environmental narratives combine to produce new political trajectories with positive implications for rural women and the environment. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 784-800 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.910075 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.910075 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:784-800 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leila M. Harris Author-X-Name-First: Leila M. Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Title: Imaginative Geographies of Green: Difference, Postcoloniality, and Affect in Environmental Narratives in Contemporary Turkey Abstract: Analyzing everyday environmental imaginaries from contemporary Turkey through the lenses of postcolonial, emotional-affective, and nature–society geographies, this article offers insights into shifting nature–society relations and possibilities. Based on a series of interviews and focus groups conducted in four sites (Istanbul, Ankara, Diyarbakır, and Şanlıurfa), the concept of imaginative geographies of green is offered to highlight social and spatial differences as central to the articulation of green visions and movements. The research foregrounds several social and spatial gradients specific to the Turkish context, including east–west divides both within and beyond Turkey (i.e., Kurdish–Turkish and eastern–western Turkey, as well as notions of Turkishness and Europeanness). The work also suggests that environmental imaginaries have deeply emotional, ambivalent, and power-laden associations. Apart from the implications of the work for enriched understandings of emergent environmental possibilities in this context, the conclusion touches on ramifications for European Union accession debates as well as new directions for work on environmental citizenship and movements in the global south. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 801-815 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.892356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.892356 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:801-815 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Lunstrum Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Lunstrum Title: Green Militarization: Anti-Poaching Efforts and the Spatial Contours of Kruger National Park Abstract: Building from scholarship charting the complex, often ambivalent, relationship between military activity and the environment, and the more recent critical geographical work on militarization, this article sheds light on a particular meshing of militarization and conservation: green militarization. An intensifying yet surprisingly understudied trend around the world, this is the use of military and paramilitary personnel, training, technologies, and partnerships in the pursuit of conservation efforts. I introduce this concept, first, as a call for more sustained scholarly investigation into the militarization of conservation practice. More modestly, the article offers its own contribution to this end by turning to South Africa's Kruger National Park, the world's most concentrated site of commercial rhino poaching. Focusing on the state's multilayered and increasingly lethal militarized response to what is itself a highly militarized practice, I illustrate how the spatial qualities of protected areas matter immensely for the convergence of conservation and militarization and the concrete forms this convergence takes. For Kruger, these include its status as a national park framed by a semiporous international border and its expansive, often dense terrain. Steering clear of spatial determinism, I equally show how spatial contours authorize militarization only once they articulate with particular assumptions and values; for Kruger these amount to political–ecological values regarding the nation-state, its sovereignty, and its natural heritage. The result is an intensifying interlocking of conservation and militarization that frequently produces unforeseen consequences. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 816-832 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.912545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.912545 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:816-832 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Schwanen Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Schwanen Author-Name: Donggen Wang Author-X-Name-First: Donggen Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Well-Being, Context, and Everyday Activities in Space and Time Abstract: Against the background of increased interest in subjectively experienced well-being in economics, psychology, and the social sciences, this article analyzes how such well-being is associated with geographical context, social contacts, and life circumstances. The empirical analysis of data collected in Hong Kong is used to elaborate and support two main claims. The first is that geography matters to not only overall well-being but also momentary well-being and that researchers should be careful to specify the influence of geographical context correctly. We therefore employ an approach that is informed by various strands of time–geographical thought and find that life satisfaction is associated more strongly with geographical context than is momentary well-being. Second, we confirm positive relations between social contacts and experienced well-being but extend earlier research by showing that these relations stretch across multiple timescales and depend to some extent on the duration of an activity episode and with whom the activity episode is undertaken. This means that the use of simple indicators of social capital is inadequate for making the complex linkages between well-being and people's social contacts understandable in empirical research. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 833-851 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.912549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.912549 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:833-851 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam D. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Adam D. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Author-Name: Ashby H. B. Monk Author-X-Name-First: Ashby H. B. Author-X-Name-Last: Monk Title: Frontier Finance Abstract: A growing community of long-time-horizon institutional investors that includes sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, and other beneficiary institutions located in cities outside of the major international financial centers (IFCs) is pushing back against the misaligned incentives and power asymmetries present in the for-profit asset management industry. This expanding group of beneficiary institutions, which we define as frontier investors, is retaking responsibility of the end-to-end management of assets through insourcing and direct investing, which allows them to bypass the markets and service providers in IFCs. This article elucidates this organizational cum geographical change, which we call frontier finance. In setting the theoretical context, this article presents a conceptual model of frontier places vis-à-vis the market for global financial services and the market for financial assets at the global scale. This is followed by a presentation of field studies of a significant cross section of large beneficiary institutions from around the world in their attempts to insource asset management. Notwithstanding the significance of change at the level of some individual organizations, there is an insufficient critical mass of organizations at this stage successfully implementing change such that the conventional functional and spatial structure of asset management faces an existential threat and that the dominance of IFCs in the allocation of global flows of capital is in doubt. This confirms the enduring forces of centralization in global financial markets and the importance of agglomeration economies in the market for financial services. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 852-868 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.912543 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.912543 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:852-868 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bo Malmberg Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Malmberg Author-Name: Eva K. Andersson Author-X-Name-First: Eva K. Author-X-Name-Last: Andersson Author-Name: Zara Bergsten Author-X-Name-First: Zara Author-X-Name-Last: Bergsten Title: Composite Geographical Context and School Choice Attitudes in Sweden: A Study Based on Individually Defined, Scalable Neighborhoods Abstract: This article contributes both to the expanding literature on the effect of school choice and to the literature focusing on how to measure and conceptualize neighborhood effects. It uses a novel approach to the measurement of geographical context to analyze neighborhood influences on school choice attitudes among Swedish parents. Data on attitudes come from a survey of 3,749 families with children in upper primary school. Geographical context is measured using multi-scalar contextual factors based on socioeconomic indicators for individually defined, bespoke neighborhoods that incorporate from 12 to 12,800 people. The results show that parental motives for choosing schools in Sweden are strongly influenced by the social and ethnic composition of their own and their adjacent neighborhoods. Contrary to most other studies, we find effects of socioeconomic context stronger than the effects of the parents’ own social and ethnic background. Thus, parents living in academic, high-income areas put little stress on attending an assigned school, close-to-home schools, or stating that the municipality has influenced their decision. Furthermore, these attitudes become even stronger if nearby neighborhoods are dominated by visible minorities and disadvantaged groups. Supported by Sampson's ideas of coordinated perceptions among inhabitants in the same neighborhoods, we explain these surprisingly strong contextual effects with the idea that school choice motives are especially sensitive to neighbors’ ideas and easily influenced as measured preferences in a survey. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 869-888 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.912546 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.912546 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:869-888 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate Driscoll Derickson Author-X-Name-First: Kate Driscoll Author-X-Name-Last: Derickson Title: The Racial Politics of Neoliberal Regulation in Post-Katrina Mississippi Abstract: After Hurricane Katrina devastated the landscape of much of coastal Mississippi, regional boosters frequently made the counterintuitive claim that the damage wrought by the storm actually represented an opportunity. Based on extensive empirical research and drawing from literature on racialization, white privilege, urban neoliberalism, and disaster capitalism, I show that the “opportunity” the storm produced was to remake the landscape in ways that deepen the neoliberalization of governance in the region. The justification of these governing and accumulation strategies hinged on the twin discourses of the region as a “blank slate” and the racial narrative of what Thomas (2011) calls “banal multiculturalism.” The relationship between the governing and accumulation strategies on the one hand, and the cultural politics of race on the other, are best understood, I argue, through the lens of the often-overlooked regulation approach. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 889-902 Issue: 4 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.912542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.912542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:4:p:889-902 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Coates Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Coates Author-Name: Anja Nygren Author-X-Name-First: Anja Author-X-Name-Last: Nygren Title: Urban Floods, Clientelism, and the Political Ecology of the State in Latin America Abstract: In this article, we examine the coproduction of hazardous urban space and new formations of clientelist state governance. Work on hazards and vulnerability frequently demonstrates how hazardous urban spaces are produced, but a critical understanding of state power is often left untouched. Correspondingly, scholars analyzing clientelism and state formation habitually discuss the configuration of new forms of governance and the consolidation of state power without intersecting these processes with the production of vulnerabilities and “hazardous nature.” Drawing on ethnographic research in urban areas susceptible to serious floods and landslides in Brazil and Mexico, we argue that clientelist governance and state making, including complex forms of political favoritism, create urban hazardscapes, as much as the management of urban disasters acts to reconfigure patron–client relations within “hazardstates.” The article contributes to an emerging body of literature analyzing linkages between urban environmental governance, state authority, and the reproduction of vulnerability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1301-1317 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1701977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1701977 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1301-1317 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayona Datta Author-X-Name-First: Ayona Author-X-Name-Last: Datta Title: The “Smart Safe City”: Gendered Time, Speed, and Violence in the Margins of India’s Urban Age Abstract: Speed is fundamental to shaping visions of the modern city and of contemporary urban life. Notions of speed and acceleration have produced distinct conceptualizations of rapid urbanization as a rush toward progress and opportunity. In this article, I examine what speed looks like from the margins, when seen through the struggles of young women in the urban peripheries who are coping with the precarity of working in the city, while negotiating deeply entrenched gender power relations within the home. By examining how speed is conceptualized through the trope of the “smart safe city” and what this means for those living in the digital and urban margins, I examine how a negotiation of time becomes fundamental to gendered life in the urban periphery. Using methods of time-mapping, participatory workshops, WhatsApp diaries, and in-depth interviews, I argue that for those in the margins, everyday life is entrenched in time struggles between the rhythms of the city and the rhythms of family life. Although the focus on the “smart safe city” in India mobilizes the logics of a technological fix, for young women the mobile phone is a significant technology to cope with daily time struggles. This article concludes that although transformations of ideas of speed and time in the smart safe city shape practices of measuring, visualizing, and representing violence against women through technology, those in the urban peripheries encounter and negotiate its spatiotemporalities through a slow violence of life that is invisible and unfolding over time and space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1318-1334 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1687279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1687279 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1318-1334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael E. Martin Author-X-Name-First: Michael E. Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Nadine Schuurman Author-X-Name-First: Nadine Author-X-Name-Last: Schuurman Title: Social Media Big Data Acquisition and Analysis for Qualitative GIScience: Challenges and Opportunities Abstract: Qualitative geographic information systems (GIS) have come a long way since the original call from critical GIS scholars in the 1990s. The invention of the geoweb as well as big data sources for qualitative information have enabled qualitative GIS to actually be implemented. Academic researchers are now grappling with how best to engage with and use qualitative spatial data. Our focus is on using qualitative data from social media sources. We review the process of collecting and analyzing patterns based on qualitative spatial data using methods from GIScience as well as new techniques from computational linguistics. We review these methods through the lens of critical qualitative GIScience. We reflect critically on the ethics associated with implementation of social qualitative data. Qualitative GIS has reached a critical juncture where the data, methods, and tools have enabled new questions to be asked that were previously not possible to pose. In this article we look to provide guidance and clarity for researchers engaging with geo-social and spatial qualitative data. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1335-1352 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1696664 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1696664 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1335-1352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wim Carton Author-X-Name-First: Wim Author-X-Name-Last: Carton Title: Rendering Local: The Politics of Differential Knowledge in Carbon Offset Governance Abstract: Environmental governance relies on the translation of socioecological knowledge across disciplines and cultural–political boundaries. Comparatively few studies have, however, examined how such expert knowledge is translated back into the local contexts where projects are implemented. This article explores these processes of translation for the case of forest-based carbon offsetting using a case study of the Trees for Global Benefits project in Uganda. Based on successive fieldwork in two project regions, it examines how climate change, carbon, and carbon trading are understood by project participants and what work these understandings perform as part of the governance of carbon offsets. The article identifies a distinctive “rendering local” of project logics and rationale, which occurs in part as a management strategy by the project organizers and is in part the outcome of participants’ own articulations of offsetting concepts within the socioecological contexts in which they are embedded. Although these often unruly translations provide tensions and contradictions within the sociomaterial assemblage that constitutes the offset market, they also serve to facilitate project management. The dynamics identified here highlight the uneven geographies of environmental knowledge as instrumental to the governance of the offset market, therefore warranting closer attention by scholars studying carbon forestry and neoliberal environmentalism more generally. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1353-1368 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1707642 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1707642 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1353-1368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alun Jones Author-X-Name-First: Alun Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Manipulating Diplomatic Atmospheres: The United Nations Security Council and Syria Abstract: This article connects growing interest in affective atmospheres in human geography with critical geographies of diplomacy. Diplomats inhabit, discuss, and operate in and through atmospheres. Specifically, and uniquely, this article explores atmospheric manipulation by them and its connection to geopolitical claim making. In this way, it adds to the work in human geography on atmospheres by revealing its politics; that is, how atmospheres through spatiotemporal and relational processes are manipulated to do the work of geopolitics. Importantly, it also exposes how atmospheres are not incidental, accidental, or unimportant to geographies of diplomacy. Manifestly, atmospheres are political and have consequences. This article is grounded empirically in accounts of atmosphere in the United Nations Security Council by its high-level current diplomatic members. The focus is on the intensity of their “lived” experience and their registering and appraisal of the emerging, transitioning, and transformative atmospheres in the Council. Crucially, their accounts link the complexities of atmospheric perturbations, diplomatic “moments,” and subjectivity with manipulation. Collectively, they expose the cognitively penetrable although differentially affected nature of atmospheric manipulation and how the staging of an atmosphere is taken up and reworked by diplomatic bodies. The specific context for the study of atmospheric manipulation is a Council meeting on the worsening political and humanitarian crisis in Syria and the formulation of a military response by three of its permanent members (the United States, France, and the United Kingdom) in April 2018. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1369-1385 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1696665 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1696665 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1369-1385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shino Shiode Author-X-Name-First: Shino Author-X-Name-Last: Shiode Author-Name: Narushige Shiode Author-X-Name-First: Narushige Author-X-Name-Last: Shiode Title: Crime Geosurveillance in Microscale Urban Environments: NetSurveillance Abstract: Events and phenomena such as crime incidents and outbreak of an epidemic tend to form concentrations of high risk known as hotspots. Geosurveillance is an increasingly popular notion for detecting and monitoring the emergence of and changes in hotspots. Yet the existing range of methods is not designed to accurately detect emerging risks at the microscale of street address level. This study proposes NetSurveillance, a method for monitoring the emergence of significant concentrations of events along the intricate network of urban streets. Through a simulation test, the study demonstrates the high accuracy of NetSurveillance in detecting such clusters, outperforming its conventional counterpart conclusively when applied at the individual street address level. Empirical analysis of drug incidents from Chicago also illustrates its capacity to identify rapid outbursts of crimes as well as a more gradual buildup of such a concentration, and their disappearance, either as a one-off or as part of a recurrent hotbed. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1386-1406 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1696663 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1696663 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1386-1406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farhana Sultana Author-X-Name-First: Farhana Author-X-Name-Last: Sultana Title: Embodied Intersectionalities of Urban Citizenship: Water, Infrastructure, and Gender in the Global South Abstract: Scholars have demonstrated that citizenship is tied to water provision in megacities of the Global South where water crises are extensive and the urban poor often do not have access to public water supplies. Drawing from critical feminist scholarship, this article argues for the importance of analyzing the connections between embodied intersectionalities of sociospatial differences (in this instance, gender, class, and migrant status) and materialities (of water and water infrastructure) and their relational effects on urban citizenship. Empirical research from the largest informal settlement in Dhaka, Bangladesh, as well as surrounding affluent neighborhoods, demonstrates that differences in water insecurity and precarity not only reinforce heightened senses of exclusion among the urban poor but affect their lived citizenship practices, community mobilizations, and intersectional claims-making to urban citizenship, recognition, and belonging through water. Spatial and temporal dimensions of materialities of water and infrastructure intersect with embodiments of gender, class, and migrant status unevenly in the urban waterscape to create differentiated urban citizens in spaces of abjection and dispossession. The article argues that an everyday embodied perspective on intersectionalities of urban citizenship enriches the scholarship on the water–citizenship nexus. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1407-1424 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1715193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1715193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1407-1424 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate Coddington Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Coddington Author-Name: Deirdre Conlon Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre Author-X-Name-Last: Conlon Author-Name: Lauren L. Martin Author-X-Name-First: Lauren L. Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: Destitution Economies: Circuits of Value in Asylum, Refugee, and Migration Control Abstract: In this article, we argue that destitution economies of migration control are specific circuits of exchange and value constituted by migration control practices that produce migrant and refugee destitution. Comparative analysis of three case studies, including border encampment in Thailand, deprivation in U.S. immigration detention centers, and deterrence through destitution in the United Kingdom, demonstrate that circuits of value depend on the detachment of workers from citizenship and simultaneously produce both migrant destitution and new forms of value production. Within destitution economies, migration and asylum’s particular juridico-political position as domestic, foreign, and securitized allows legal regimes to produce migrants and asylum seekers as distinct economic subjects: forsaken recipients of aid. Although they might also work for pay, we argue that destitute migrants and asylum seekers have value for others through the grinding labor of living in poverty. That is, in their categorization as migrants and asylum seekers, they occupy a particular position in relation to economic circuits. These economic circuits of migration control, in turn, rely on the destitution of mobile people. Our approach advances political geographies of migration, bordering, and exclusion as well as economic geographies of marketization and value, arguing that the predominance of political analysis and critique of immigration and asylum regimes obscures how those regimes produce circuits of value in and through law, state practices, and exclusion. Furthermore, law, state power, and forced mobility constitute circuits of value and marketization. Conceptualizing these migration control practices as destitution economies illuminates novel transformations of the political and economic geographies of migration, borders, and inequality. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1425-1444 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1715196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1715196 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1425-1444 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Falguni Mukherjee Author-X-Name-First: Falguni Author-X-Name-Last: Mukherjee Title: Institutional Networks of Association for GIS Use: The Case of an Urban Local Body in India Abstract: In the past decade, India has witnessed rapid urban transformation leading to a changing urban governance culture in the country. This has prompted a growing push toward informationization of government practices coupled with the government’s ambition of building an information infrastructure. Urban local bodies (ULBs) in particular have become the arena for implementation of planning policies conceptualized by the central government as it strives to manage the urban population and fulfill its information technology ambitions. In this process, there has been a growing use of geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial technologies by Indian ULBs. GIS use by Indian ULBs is highly uneven and variable, however. This unevenness can be explained by using literature on critical GIS and politics of scale. Critical GIS highlights the importance of power relations and institutional structures in an organization’s GIS practices, and politics of scale helps to understand the complexities of network formation and power relations embedded in such networks that facilitate an organization’s GIS use. Through an in-depth case study of Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC), this study demonstrates that active construction of scalar politics and networks of association is key in a ULB’s attempts toward spatial engagement. SMC constructs thematic and territorial networks of association to procure material and discursive resources and uses “scale jumping” as a representational strategy to garner political influence. Such a strategy enables SMC to form alliances with key actors and navigate power structures facilitating their GIS use, reflecting the politicized nature of GIS constructions for urban governance by an Indian ULB. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1445-1463 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1691495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1691495 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1445-1463 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tyler Harlan Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: Harlan Title: Conservation or Decarbonization? Small Hydropower and State Logics of Green Development in China Abstract: Through an analysis of small hydropower (SHP) in China, I argue that logics of green development offer a framework for analyzing why, how, and to what intended effect the state pursues different green agendas over time and space. For decades, China’s central and provincial governments framed SHP as a model of green development, but in 2016 they instituted SHP restrictions due to ecological impacts and electricity waste, a situation blamed on local officials haphazardly approving too many plants. This interpretation, however, ignores a major shift in state logic for promoting SHP, first for conservation-based development in rural areas and then for low-carbon development in urban areas. These logics—which I abbreviate as conservation and decarbonization—are based on different political–economic problems that green development is meant to solve for the state, different places targeted for intervention, and different distributions of benefits and costs. Using this framework, I argue that a shift to decarbonization in the mid-2000s incentivized cash-strapped local governments in rural western China to build as many SHP plants as possible to export electricity and build local industries, leading to a subsequent “bust.” I illustrate this trajectory using case studies of three prefectures in Yunnan province. This article thus enriches scholarship on state–nature relations by theorizing the role of the state in shaping dominant discourses and practices of green development across space and their uneven outcomes. Key Words: China, conservation, decarbonization, green development, renewable energy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1464-1482 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1684874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1684874 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1464-1482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fulong Wu Author-X-Name-First: Fulong Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Jie Chen Author-X-Name-First: Jie Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Fenghua Pan Author-X-Name-First: Fenghua Author-X-Name-Last: Pan Author-Name: Nick Gallent Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Gallent Author-Name: Fangzhu Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Fangzhu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Assetization: The Chinese Path to Housing Financialization Abstract: Although the literature on the financialization of housing pays most attention to mortgaged and securitized homeownership and the penetration of capital into subsidized rental housing, forms of financialization are varied. In China, housing commodification and privatization has underpinned a growth in homeownership. One of the outcomes of financialization of housing is the transformation of owner-occupied housing into a financial asset for households’ wealth. Despite a relatively low level of residential mortgage lending in China, both the absolute volume of mortgages and the proportion of gross domestic product they represent are now rising. Housing value appreciation has driven a significant increase in the financing of housing consumption through multiple channels. This article examines these channels and suggests that the financialization of housing in China is a critical part of the country’s overall development model. It is further argued that the root of housing financialization in China is not mortgage securitization but the creation of owner-occupied housing as a financialized asset to propel the wider financialization of the Chinese economy in the context of state-controlled financial environment. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1483-1499 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1715195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1715195 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1483-1499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ziqi Li Author-X-Name-First: Ziqi Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: A. Stewart Fotheringham Author-X-Name-First: A. Stewart Author-X-Name-Last: Fotheringham Author-Name: Taylor M. Oshan Author-X-Name-First: Taylor M. Author-X-Name-Last: Oshan Author-Name: Levi John Wolf Author-X-Name-First: Levi John Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf Title: Measuring Bandwidth Uncertainty in Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression Using Akaike Weights Abstract: Bandwidth, a key parameter in geographically weighted regression models, is closely related to the spatial scale at which the underlying spatially heterogeneous processes being examined take place. Generally, a single optimal bandwidth (geographically weighted regression) or a set of covariate-specific optimal bandwidths (multiscale geographically weighted regression) is chosen based on some criterion, such as the Akaike information criterion (AIC), and then parameter estimation and inference are conditional on the choice of this bandwidth. In this article, we find that bandwidth selection is subject to uncertainty in both single-scale and multiscale geographically weighted regression models and demonstrate that this uncertainty can be measured and accounted for. Based on simulation studies and an empirical example of obesity rates in Phoenix, we show that bandwidth uncertainties can be quantitatively measured by Akaike weights and confidence intervals for bandwidths can be obtained. Understanding bandwidth uncertainty offers important insights about the scales over which different processes operate, especially when comparing covariate-specific bandwidths. Additionally, unconditional parameter estimates can be computed based on Akaike weights accounts for bandwidth selection uncertainty. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1500-1520 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1704680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1704680 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1500-1520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kalli F. Doubleday Author-X-Name-First: Kalli F. Author-X-Name-Last: Doubleday Title: Tigers and “Good Indian Wives”: Feminist Political Ecology Exposing the Gender-Based Violence of Human–Wildlife Conflict in Rajasthan, India Abstract: This qualitative study, based on fifty-two focus groups, interviews, and participant observation within a 10-km buffer around Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, India, builds on Monica Ogra’s foundational work bringing together feminist political ecology and human–wildlife conflict studies. Specifically, it exposes gender-based violence as a hidden cost of the socioenvironmental network of the tiger reserve landscape. This study asks these questions: How do gendered geographies in and around a protected area influence tiger reintroduction, and how do tiger reintroductions influence gendered geographies? What is the nature of the relationships between women’s economic and gender roles and attitudes toward tigers (original and reintroduced), and what are the main factors influencing this relationship? This research finds that (1) gender-based violence is a hidden cost of women working in and around Sariska and the reintroduced tigers, a hidden cost of human–wildlife conflict otherwise unnoted in the literature, (2) this hidden cost is not solely the product of human–wildlife encounters but in large part a consequence of the highly patriarchal society that dictates gendered human–environmental relations. The results and presented framework seek to inform developing debates and theory around just conservation, gender-based violence in relation to environmental change, human dimensions of apex predator conservation, and sustainable rural livelihoods in and adjacent to protected areas. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1521-1539 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1723396 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1723396 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1521-1539 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel W. Clayton Author-X-Name-First: Daniel W. Author-X-Name-Last: Clayton Title: The Passing of “Geography’s Empire” and Question of Geography in Decolonization, 1945–1980 Abstract: Critical engagement with the relations between geography and empire has become integral to the view that geography is a power-laden venture rather than an impartial or self-contained discipline. The literature on this imbroglio, however, focuses either on the imperial past or on present-day colonialisms and pays scant attention to the postwar era of decolonization (1945–1980). Why is this so? What happened when the empires that geography had helped to shape came to an end after World War II? What impact did decolonization have on the discipline? It is claimed that decolonization had a marginal place in postwar geography but can still be discerned, in buried forms, and that some geographers wrote about it with perspicacity. This contention is pursued with reference to the writing of Western (mainly U.S., British, and French) and some African and Asian geographers and probes how decolonization was differently positioned within different geographical traditions and debates and how geographical knowledge both advanced and challenged understanding of this process. This article promotes a comparative approach to the two facets of the title and delineates both differences and commonalities in geographers’ views and experiences. There are two key findings: First, geographers were much more interested in the everyday geographical violence of decolonization than in its high politics or the writings of revolutionaries; second, this concern prompted some to observe that questions of decolonization were subordinated too easily to ones of development. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1540-1558 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1715194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1715194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1540-1558 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harold A. Perkins Author-X-Name-First: Harold A. Author-X-Name-Last: Perkins Title: Killing One Trout to Save Another: A Hegemonic Political Ecology with Its Biopolitical Basis in Yellowstone’s Native Fish Conservation Plan Abstract: Yellowstone National Park implements a native fish conservation plan to control translocated trout species competing with native cutthroat trout. Under the plan, millions of lake trout are removed from Yellowstone Lake and park streams are poisoned to eradicate other translocated trout species. Killing trout introduced by officials decades earlier is a significant reversal in fisheries management. This article employs a biopolitical analysis of data derived qualitatively from semistructured interviews, relevant documents, and participant observation in the field. Results reveal a diversity of sometimes antagonistic stakeholders subjecting themselves to the practice of killing formerly revered fish based on truth claims circulating around the crisis-based conservation of native fish populations and ecosystem health. Stakeholders support logics of killing in relation to their varied engagements with fish, leading to a multiplicity of biopolitical motivations endorsing nativism in Yellowstone. From this multiplicity emerges a conservation hegemon where power over life and death is enacted in many corners of the biosocial collective but trends toward dominant knowledge and practice vested in the National Park Service. Theorizing killing for conservation as a hegemonic political ecology reconceptualizes the place of species outside of problematic dichotomies like native and nonnative. Instead, species are either hegemonic or counterhegemonic based on their lively positions relative to the conservation hegemon, leading to more honestly articulated motivations behind resource management goals associated with the practice of killing for conservation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1559-1576 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1723395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1723395 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1559-1576 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Ekers Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Ekers Author-Name: Stefan Kipfer Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Kipfer Author-Name: Alex Loftus Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Loftus Title: On Articulation, Translation, and Populism: Gillian Hart’s Postcolonial Marxism Abstract: This article reviews Gillian Hart’s unique anticolonial Marxism, which she deftly deploys to explore questions regarding development, capitalism, and the post-apartheid trajectories of South Africa, focusing in particular on the articulations of race, class, gender, and nationalism therein. We argue that Hart’s careful engagement with Gramsci’s work enables her to be particularly attentive to both materiality and meaning in particular historical and geographical conjunctures. In so doing, we focus on how Hart enrolls and furthers understandings of articulation, language, and populism to develop a conjunctural analysis that is sensitive to the differentiation and politics of racialized capitalism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1577-1593 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1715198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1715198 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1577-1593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Connor J. Cavanagh Author-X-Name-First: Connor J. Author-X-Name-Last: Cavanagh Author-Name: Teklehaymanot Weldemichel Author-X-Name-First: Teklehaymanot Author-X-Name-Last: Weldemichel Author-Name: Tor A. Benjaminsen Author-X-Name-First: Tor A. Author-X-Name-Last: Benjaminsen Title: Gentrifying the African Landscape: The Performance and Powers of for-Profit Conservation on Southern Kenya’s Conservancy Frontier Abstract: Across eastern and southern Africa, conservation landscapes increasingly extend far beyond the boundaries of government-owned protected areas. Several countries have now granted full legal recognition to various types of private or otherwise nonstate conservation arrangements, thereby often seeking to create novel opportunities for ostensibly “green” capital investments in various for-profit conservation enterprises. Following the adoption of the 2013 Wildlife Conservation and Management Act in Kenya, for instance, nonstate conservancies now encompass 6.36 million hectares—or 11 percent of the country’s land area—with at least a further 3 million hectares proposed or in the process of territorialization. Examining the consequences of this precipitous rise of conservancies in southern Kenya’s Maasai Mara region, we suggest that—in addition to significant potential for considerable profit margins to be realized by individual firms—these investments retain a number of other unique powers or capacities to transform prevailing varieties of environmental governance. In this case, these capacities manifest in two interrelated forms: first, in the dissemination of environmental crisis narratives that stigmatize pastoralist communities and thus drive down land rents or values and, second, in the recapitalization of conservation territories and the reconfiguration of prevailing land uses in ways that enable novel forms of rural gentrification via the capture of heightened or differential ground rents. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1594-1612 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1723398 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1723398 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1594-1612 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Grove Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Grove Author-Name: Savannah Cox Author-X-Name-First: Savannah Author-X-Name-Last: Cox Author-Name: Allain Barnett Author-X-Name-First: Allain Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Title: Racializing Resilience: Assemblage, Critique, and Contested Futures in Greater Miami Resilience Planning Abstract: This article responds to the following paradox: As government actors have begun to operationalize resilience in a variety of ways and contexts, critical analyses of resilience have continued to sidestep empirical complexity in favor of “black boxing” the concept. This article advances a different analytical path. Drawing on a case study of Greater Miami resilience initiatives, and reading across literatures on critical race theory, critical resilience studies, and Foucauldian-inspired understandings of critical practice, the article develops an inductive framework for analyzing resilience politics and its intersection with prevailing racial formations. Doing so allows us to make sense of two seemingly contradictory events: how, on the one hand, resilience initiatives are topologically recalibrating techniques that produce and manage racialized difference in the Miami metropolitan economy to govern uncertain futures—specifically, segregation, centralization, expertise, and gradualism—and how, on the other hand, activists are mobilizing resilience to both critique and challenge these techniques and their legacies of racial exclusion. We thus argue that resilience is a site of indeterminate politics and that inductive modes of inquiry can help unpack how resilience comes to reinforce uneven power relations—and thus identify previously overlooked possibilities for strategic intervention. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1613-1630 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1715778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1715778 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1613-1630 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kimberley Anh Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Kimberley Anh Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Title: The Problem with Solutions: Development Failures in Bangladesh and the Interests They Obscure Abstract: Long described as the “largest poorest” country, Bangladesh has been a prime target for massive infusions of foreign aid for decades. Through historical and ethnographic investigation, I document how flood control and agricultural intensification projects underwritten by foreign institutions exacerbate vulnerability to water crises in Bangladesh. These ostensibly pro-poor water governance and economic development programs engender cycles of crop loss, groundwater and soil salinization, reduced fisheries, and impeded navigation that erode agrarian livelihoods, thereby reproducing the conditions and rationale for continued flows of aid dollars into the country. Shifting attention away from depoliticized problems and solutions, I develop the concept of the interest-shed as a broadly applicable method for intervening in cycles of failure by examining the interests that they serve. This framework can also be used in the planning process by enabling differently situated groups to evaluate how proposed schemes include, ignore, or prioritize their interests. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1631-1651 Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1707641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1707641 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:1631-1651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: z_i-z_ii Issue: 5 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1781493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1781493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:5:p:z_i-z_ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy W. Hawkins Author-X-Name-First: Timothy W. Author-X-Name-Last: Hawkins Title: Simulating the Impacts of Projected Climate Change on Streamflow Hydrology for the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Abstract: A gridded model was developed to simulate the hydrology of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, the largest estuary in the United States. CMIP3 and CMIP5 climate projections were used to drive the model to assess changes in streamflow and watershed-wide hydrology. Index of agreement values indicated good model performance. Annual average temperature is projected to increase 1.9°C to 5.4°C by 2080 to 2099, with the greatest warming occurring in summer and fall in the northern part of the watershed. Annual total precipitation is projected to increase between 5.2 percent and 15.2 percent by 2080 to 2099, with the largest increases generally occurring in winter. Average evapotranspiration and rainfall are projected to increase while snowfall, snow water storage, and snowmelt decrease. Subsurface moisture is projected to decrease during the warmer months and the time to recharge increases and, in some cases, never actually occurs. Changes in annual runoff for all 346 climate projections averaged 0 percent (2020–2039), –1.5 percent (2050–2069), and –5.1 percent (2080–2099). There is a 48 percent, 52 percent, and 60 percent chance, respectively, for the future time periods that annual runoff will be less than baseline values (1950–1999). Extreme runoff projections are overwhelmingly associated with the negative end of the distribution. Runoff increases are confined to January through March and to higher elevations. This study is novel in its use of a large number of climate models, the gridded nature of the hydrologic model, and the simulation of several hydrologic variables, all of which allowed for the assessment of both uncertainty in the projections and variation across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 627-648 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1039108 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1039108 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:627-648 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob Napieralski Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Napieralski Author-Name: Ryan Keeling Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Keeling Author-Name: Mitchell Dziekan Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell Author-X-Name-Last: Dziekan Author-Name: Chad Rhodes Author-X-Name-First: Chad Author-X-Name-Last: Rhodes Author-Name: Andrew Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Author-Name: Kelly Kobberstad Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Kobberstad Title: Urban Stream Deserts as a Consequence of Excess Stream Burial in Urban Watersheds Abstract: The Rouge River watershed, a highly urbanized watershed in southeast Michigan, has substantial impervious surface coverage, relatively high population density, and modified stream network (e.g., stream straightening and burial, dams, and underground retention). The number of stream channels and order decreases, increasing flooding, reducing water quality, and decreasing aquatic species. This study defines, identifies, and describes the progression of the geographic pattern of urban stream deserts—defined as those areas within a watershed that exhibit no surface stream channels due to the effects of human development and population growth. Urban stream deserts are identified and characterized using three data sets: (1) historical aerial imagery, (2) historical census boundary and tables, and (3) stream network data. Flowlines digitized off aerial photos from 1949 are compared against 2013 flowlines to identify areas of the watershed now devoid of stream channels. In the Rouge River watershed, stream density has decreased since 1949, which coincides with a rapid population increase and systematic burial of urban streams. Urban stream deserts in the Rouge River watershed constitute 23 percent of the watershed area, but these areas included as much as 66 percent of the watershed population in 1950 (as the urban stream deserts were developing) and dropped to 41 percent in 2010. This conceptual model of urban stream deserts is applicable to many urban and industrialized areas that have replaced stream channels with infrastructure during periods of economic growth, only to experience depopulation, aging infrastructure, and, as a result, degraded, modified, or altogether buried stream networks. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 649-664 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1050753 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1050753 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:649-664 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Smallman-Raynor Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Smallman-Raynor Author-Name: Andrew Cliff Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Cliff Author-Name: Anna Barford Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Barford Title: Geographical Perspectives on Epidemic Transmission of Cholera in Haiti, October 2010 Through March 2013 Abstract: The current epidemic of El Tor cholera in the Caribbean republic of Haiti is one of the largest single outbreaks of the disease ever recorded. The prospects are that the epidemic will continue to present challenges to workers in public health medicine, epidemiology, and allied fields in the social sciences for years to come. This article introduces geographers to the environmental context of the Haiti cholera epidemic, the principal data sources available to analyze the occurrence of the epidemic, and evidence regarding its geographical origins and dispersal during the first thirty months of the epidemic, October 2010 through March 2013. Using weekly case data collated by the Haitian Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population (MSPP), techniques of time series analysis are used to examine inter- and intradepartmental patterns of cholera activity. Our analysis demonstrates a pronounced lag structure to the spatial development of the epidemic (Artibonite and northern departments → Ouest and metropolitan Port-au-Prince → southern departments). Observed variations in levels of epidemiological integration, both within and between departments, provide new perspectives on the spatiotemporal evolution of the epidemic to its March 2013 pattern. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 665-683 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1050755 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1050755 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:665-683 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy W. Collins Author-X-Name-First: Timothy W. Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Sara E. Grineski Author-X-Name-First: Sara E. Author-X-Name-Last: Grineski Author-Name: Jayajit Chakraborty Author-X-Name-First: Jayajit Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty Author-Name: Marilyn C. Montgomery Author-X-Name-First: Marilyn C. Author-X-Name-Last: Montgomery Author-Name: Maricarmen Hernandez Author-X-Name-First: Maricarmen Author-X-Name-Last: Hernandez Title: Downscaling Environmental Justice Analysis: Determinants of Household-Level Hazardous Air Pollutant Exposure in Greater Houston Abstract: Environmental justice (EJ) research has relied on ecological analyses of coarse-scale areal units to determine whether particular populations are disproportionately burdened by toxic risks. This article advances quantitative EJ research by (1) examining whether statistical associations found for geographic units translate to relationships at the household level; (2) testing competing explanations for distributional injustices never before investigated; (3) examining adverse health implications of hazardous air pollutant (HAP) exposures; and (4) applying an underutilized statistical technique appropriate for geographically clustered data. Our study makes these advances by using generalized estimating equations to examine distributive environmental inequities in the Greater Houston (Texas) metropolitan area, based on primary household-level survey data and census block–level cancer risk estimates of HAP exposure from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In addition to main statistical effects, interaction effects are modeled to examine whether minority racial or ethnic status modifies the effects of other variables on HAP cancer risk. In terms of main effects, Hispanic and black status as well as the desire to live close to public transit exhibit robust associations with HAP cancer risk. Interaction results reveal that homeownership and homophily (i.e., the desire to live among people culturally similar to oneself) are associated with higher HAP cancer risk among Hispanics and blacks but with lower risk among whites. Disproportionate risks experienced by Hispanics and blacks are attributable neither to dampened risk perceptions nor the desire to live close to work. These findings have implications for EJ research and practice in Greater Houston and elsewhere. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 684-703 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1050754 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1050754 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:684-703 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David O’Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: O’Sullivan Author-Name: Steven M. Manson Author-X-Name-First: Steven M. Author-X-Name-Last: Manson Title: Do Physicists Have Geography Envy? And What Can Geographers Learn from It? Abstract: Recent years have seen an increasing amount of work by physicists on topics outside their traditional research domain, including geography. We explore the scope of this development, place it in a historical context dating back at least to statistical physics in the nineteenth century and trace the origins of more recent developments to the roots of computational science after World War II. Our primary purpose is not historical, however. Instead, we are concerned with understanding what geographers can learn from the many recent contributions by physicists to understanding spatiotemporal systems. Drawing on examples of work in this tradition by physicists, we argue that two apparently different modes of investigation are common: model-driven and data-driven approaches. The former is associated with complexity science, whereas the latter is more commonly associated with the fourth paradigm, more recently known as “big data.” Both modes share technical strengths and, more important, a capacity for generalization, which is absent from much work in geography. We argue that although some of this research lacks an appreciation of previous geographical contributions, when assessed critically, it nevertheless brings useful new perspectives, new methods, and new ideas to bear on topics central to geography, yet neglected in the discipline. We conclude with some suggestions for how geographers can build on these new approaches, both inside and outside the discipline. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 704-722 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1039105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1039105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:704-722 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Lambert Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Author-Name: Michael Solem Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Solem Author-Name: Sirpa Tani Author-X-Name-First: Sirpa Author-X-Name-Last: Tani Title: Achieving Human Potential Through Geography Education: A Capabilities Approach to Curriculum Making in Schools Abstract: This article provides the theoretical underpinnings for an innovative international collaborative project in the field of geography education named GeoCapabilities. The project attempts to respond in new ways to enduring challenges facing geography teachers in schools. These include the need to find convincing expression of geography's contribution to the education of all young people and coping with the apparent divergence of geography in educational settings and its highly disparate expression as a research discipline in university departments. The project also hopes to contribute to the development of a framework for communicating the aims and purposes of geography in schools internationally, because here, too, there is great variety in definitions of national standards and even of disciplinary allegiances (including, e.g., the social studies, humanities, and biological sciences). GeoCapabilities does not seek to flatten such divergences, for one of geography's great strengths is its breadth. The long-term goal is to establish a secure platform for the international development of teachers’ capacities as creative and disciplined innovators. The project encourages teachers to think beyond program delivery and implementation and to embrace their role as the curriculum makers. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 723-735 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1022128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1022128 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:723-735 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chao Fan Author-X-Name-First: Chao Author-X-Name-Last: Fan Author-Name: Wenwen Li Author-X-Name-First: Wenwen Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Levi J. Wolf Author-X-Name-First: Levi J. Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf Author-Name: Soe W. Myint Author-X-Name-First: Soe W. Author-X-Name-Last: Myint Title: A Spatiotemporal Compactness Pattern Analysis of Congressional Districts to Assess Partisan Gerrymandering: A Case Study with California and North Carolina Abstract: Compactness of a congressional district is a traditional principle in adjudicating gerrymandering claims in political redistricting. During the last decade, many states have used compactness as an important criterion to constrain the presence of gerrymandering in the redistricting process. In this study, we conducted an array of spatiotemporal analyses aiming to evaluate the changes in compactness between the 112th and 113th Congressional districting plans in California and North Carolina, two states that have been well known for their heavy gerrymandering for years. We employed classic shape-based compactness measures, moment-of-inertia-based measures, and measures of partisan bias to assess the districting plans from multiple angles, including irregularity of district boundaries, spatial dispersion, population-weighted shape dispersion, and partisan symmetry. This new and combined use of spatial measures evidenced remarkable increases on the average compactness scores for California's Congress, suggesting general alleviation of the bipartisan gerrymandering in the previous plan. On the contrary, the partisan gerrymandering in North Carolina intensified in the current map, indicated by the substantial decline in the compactness scores for a majority of the districts. Analysis of partisan bias in the districting plans suggested a very slight bias toward Democrats in California in both districting plans. In North Carolina, the partisan advantage shifted from Democrats to Republicans during redistricting. Comparative analysis between the two families of spatial measures revealed the superiority of the moment of inertia family to the classic shape-based indexes for measuring compactness of congressional districts. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 736-753 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1039109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1039109 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:736-753 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Martin Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Samantha Cockings Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Cockings Author-Name: Samuel Leung Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Leung Title: Developing a Flexible Framework for Spatiotemporal Population Modeling Abstract: This article proposes a general framework for modeling population distributions in space and time. This is particularly pertinent to a growing range of applications that require spatiotemporal specificity; for example, to inform planning of emergency response to hazards. Following a review of attempts to construct time-specific representations of population, we identify the importance of assembling an underlying data model at the highest resolution in each of the spatial, temporal, and attribute domains. This model can then be interrogated at any required intersection of these domains. We argue that such an approach is necessary to moderate the effects of what we term the modifiable spatiotemporal unit problem in which even detailed spatial data might be inadequate to support time-sensitive analyses. We present an initial implementation of the framework for a case study of Southampton, United Kingdom, using bespoke software (SurfaceBuilder247). We demonstrate the generation of spatial population distributions for multiple reference times using currently available data sources. The article concludes by setting out key research areas including the enhancement and validation of spatiotemporal population methods and models. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 754-772 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1022089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1022089 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:754-772 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pontus Hennerdal Author-X-Name-First: Pontus Author-X-Name-Last: Hennerdal Title: Beyond the Periphery: Child and Adult Understanding of World Map Continuity Abstract: It is well established that map projections make it difficult for a map reader to correctly interpret angles, distances, and areas from a world map. A single map projection cannot ensure that all of the intuitive features of Euclidean geometry, such as angles, relative distances, and relative areas, are the same on the map and in reality. This article adds an additional difficulty by demonstrating a clear pattern of naïveté regarding the site at which a route that crosses the edge of a world map reappears. The argument is that this naïve understanding of the peripheral continuation is linear, meaning that the proposed continuation is along the straight line that continues tangentially to the original route when it crosses the edge. In general, this understanding leads to an incorrect interpretation concerning the continuation of world maps. It is only in special cases—such as radial routes on a planar projection and peripherally latitudinal routes on a cylindrical or pseudocylindrical projection with a normal aspect—that the actual peripheral continuation of the world map is linear. The data used in this article are based on questionnaires administered to 670 children aged nine to fifteen and eighty-two adults. This naïve understanding of the peripheral continuation, which leads to errors, was found to be entirely dominant among the children, regardless of the projection, and was clearly observed among the adults when the projection was cylindrical with a normal aspect. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 773-790 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1022091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1022091 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:773-790 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abigail H. Neely Author-X-Name-First: Abigail H. Author-X-Name-Last: Neely Title: Internal Ecologies and the Limits of Local Biologies: A Political Ecology of Tuberculosis in the Time of AIDS Abstract: South Africa is known for its high rates of HIV and tuberculosis (TB), where HIV has provided fertile ground for the transmission of TB. Indeed, HIV–TB coinfection is widely understood as one of the, if not the, biggest health problems in the country. In practice, doctors and nurses understand that unusual cases of tuberculosis indicate HIV and they make diagnosis and treatment plans accordingly. International treatment standards and protocols inform this practice as doctors pay little attention to individual people and the political–economic, cultural, social, and environmental contexts in which they live. Political ecology, with its nested, place-based analysis, provides an excellent framework for understanding health in South Africa in the context of poverty; local understandings; and global policies, protocols, and priorities. To develop a political ecology of health, this article builds on the concept of local biologies, which understands health at the community scale as simultaneously biological, cultural, and social. Illustrated with the story of one HIV-negative woman's case of miliary TB, this article incorporates local biologies into a political ecology of health that mobilizes scales from the global to the “internal ecologies” of individual bodies. Centering its analysis on the place of the body, this article offers surprising insights into the HIV/AIDS epidemic. By examining the science of miliary tuberculosis alongside population-scale understandings of HIV–TB coinfection in a specific context, this article challenges the way we understand the health impacts of HIV/AIDS, suggesting that the epidemic has negative health implications even for those who are HIV negative. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 791-805 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1015097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1015097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:791-805 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Richards Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Richards Author-Name: Leah VanWey Author-X-Name-First: Leah Author-X-Name-Last: VanWey Title: Where Deforestation Leads to Urbanization: How Resource Extraction Is Leading to Urban Growth in the Brazilian Amazon Abstract: Developing the Amazon into a major provider of internationally traded mineral and food commodities has dramatically transformed broad expanses of tropical forests to farm and pasturelands and to mining sites. The environmental impacts of this transformation, as well as the drivers underlying the process, have already been well documented. In this article we turn our analytical lenses to another, less examined effect of Amazon land use and environmental change, namely, the creation and development of new urban areas. Here we argue that urban growth in the Amazon is a direct residual of international interest in the production of traded commodities and of the capacity of local urban residents to capture capital and value before it is extracted from the region. Specifically, we suggest that urban growth is occurring fastest where cities have access to both rural export commodities and export corridors. We also show correlations between urban growth and lower rural population density and cities' capacities to draw migrants from beyond their immediate rural surroundings. More broadly, we argue that urbanization in the Amazon is better interpreted as a symptom rather than a driver of the region's land use and land cover change. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 806-823 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1052337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1052337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:806-823 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anthony Ince Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Ince Title: From Middle Ground to Common Ground: Self-Management and Spaces of Encounter in Organic Farming Networks Abstract: This article deploys the anarchist notion of self-management to critically investigate the global organic farming network World-Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms (WWOOF) as an initiative that offers insights into the possibilities and challenges of encounter. WWOOF facilitates the giving of food, accommodation, and hands-on learning experiences for volunteers, in exchange for their labor on organic farms. It operates as a moneyless sharing economy, designed as a site of mutual learning and cultural exchange. Literatures on encounter divide between brief tourist encounters of difference and everyday encounters in diverse, usually urban, communities. In linking these two bodies of work, I argue that the principle of self-management, as conceived by anarchist thinkers, can help develop a unified, critical framework for making sense of encounter event spaces. This adds important nuance to theorizations of encounter by recognizing the entwinement of the intimate and the structural, foregrounding the capacity of people to autonomously create shared spaces of interdependence. The case study indicates that structural contradictions and inequalities in voluntary relationships within statist-capitalist systems can seriously undermine otherwise promising interpersonal encounters. By articulating self-management as a tool for both analyzing and producing spaces of encounter, this article offers new possibilities for a more holistic and unified analytical framework. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 824-840 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1039110 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1039110 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:824-840 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lise Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Lise Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Laurie Trautman Author-X-Name-First: Laurie Author-X-Name-Last: Trautman Author-Name: Peter B. Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Peter B. Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Title: Latino Immigrants and Rural Gentrification: Race, “Illegality,” and Precarious Labor Regimes in the United States Abstract: This article examines the emergence of immigrant-based precarious labor regimes in U.S. rural areas undergoing gentrification. Drawing on field-based research in rural Georgia and Colorado, we explore how Latino and Latina immigrant workers were recruited to places that had been largely off the map of Latino immigrant settlement prior to the late 1990s to work in service and construction employment stimulated by gentrification. We trace evolving recruitment and labor practices that drew on hierarchies of race and “illegality” to fundamentally improve the productivity and profitability of gentrification-linked sectors. Key to this process was the active recruitment of Latino workers in the 1990s and early 2000s (usually recruited off subcontracted crews hired out from distant metropolitan areas) and the establishment of personal relations of loyalty and dependence between those workers and their white bosses. Over time, these personal relationships often produced informal labor brokers for business owners, brokers who facilitated access to immigrant networks necessary for further recruitment of immigrant workers and critical to producing the high degree of flexibility and discipline that began to characterize these emerging labor regimes. Our analysis makes two key theoretical contributions. First, by exploring how precarious labor regimes become instantiated into rural spaces we decenter the urban in our understanding of these regimes as theorized by Theodore and others. Second, we highlight the importance of attending to the imbrication of class, race, and “illegality” in rural gentrification research. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 841-858 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1052338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1052338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:841-858 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hilda E. Kurtz Author-X-Name-First: Hilda E. Author-X-Name-Last: Kurtz Title: Scaling Food Sovereignty: Biopolitics and the Struggle for Local Control of Farm Food in Rural Maine Abstract: Recent scholarship highlights the play of biopower in and through policies and practices shaping food systems, but says little about the practices of resistance to such power. Alternative food movements mobilize critique of and resistance to an industrialized food system from many perspectives. This article examines food sovereignty activism in Maine as an illuminating instance of contemporary biopolitics. This article investigates a “food sovereignty ordinance” passed in eleven towns in Maine since 2011 as an important moment in the biopolitical struggle over the nature of food systems. The ordinance exempts direct transactions of farm food from licensure and inspection in an effort to maintain the viability of small, diversified farms in a struggling rural economy. The ordinance effectively carves out a space of food sovereignty in each town that enacts it, thereby protecting conditions of life and livelihood within local food networks. The analysis focuses on the spatiality of the practices that comprise biopolitics, with attention to the scalar politics in play as well; that is, the ways in which modalities of power shape and are shaped by social, economic, and political scales of organization. This exploration of the scaling of biopolitics in relation to the concept of food sovereignty suggests insights into the contours of other moments of struggle over food regulations. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 859-873 Issue: 4 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1022127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1022127 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:4:p:859-873 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul A. Knapp Author-X-Name-First: Paul A. Author-X-Name-Last: Knapp Author-Name: Justin T. Maxwell Author-X-Name-First: Justin T. Author-X-Name-Last: Maxwell Author-Name: Jason T. Ortegren Author-X-Name-First: Jason T. Author-X-Name-Last: Ortegren Author-Name: Peter T. Soulé Author-X-Name-First: Peter T. Author-X-Name-Last: Soulé Title: Spatiotemporal Changes in Comfortable Weather Duration in the Continental United States and Implications for Human Wellness Abstract: We examined the spatial distribution of monthly, seasonal, and annual changes in comfortable weather hours (CWHs) between 1950 and 2011 and explored the relationship between human wellness and the amount and timing of CWHs. Using a thermohygrometric index based on air temperature and dewpoint temperature recorded every three hours from thirty-five U.S. cities, we determined whether changes in human thermal comfort were coincident with warming and more humid atmospheric conditions. We tested for significant trends in CWHs for every season for each city for nighttime, daytime, and total (i.e., night and day) periods. Although approximately 75 percent of the cities did not experience significant changes in CWHs on an annual basis, total changes in CWHs were marked by increases during spring and decreases in summer conditions, with the largest positive changes in CWHs found during spring nights, spring days, and autumn nights and the largest negative changes during summer nights and days. Spatially, increases in CWHs were principally located west of 117°W and decreases in cities east of 81°W. Significant relationships existed between wellness metrics and seasonal and annual CWHs. Greater CWHs during the summer were positively correlated with happiness and well-being and negatively correlated with obesity. These results suggest that further declines in summer CWHs for cities might affect human wellness, as peak optimal weather conditions shift toward spring and autumn months. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1095058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1095058 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guanpeng Dong Author-X-Name-First: Guanpeng Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: Jing Ma Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Author-Name: Richard Harris Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: Gwilym Pryce Author-X-Name-First: Gwilym Author-X-Name-Last: Pryce Title: Spatial Random Slope Multilevel Modeling Using Multivariate Conditional Autoregressive Models: A Case Study of Subjective Travel Satisfaction in Beijing Abstract: This article explores how to incorporate a spatial dependence effect into the standard multilevel modeling (MLM). The proposed method is particularly well suited to the analysis of geographically clustered survey data where individuals are nested in geographical areas. Drawing on multivariate conditional autoregressive models, we develop a spatial random slope MLM approach to account for the within-group dependence among individuals in the same area and the spatial dependence between areas simultaneously. Our approach improves on recent methodological advances in the integrated spatial and MLM literature, offering greater flexibility in terms of model specification by allowing regression coefficients to be spatially varied. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms are derived to implement the proposed model. Using two-level travel satisfaction data in Beijing, we apply the proposed approach as well as the standard nonspatial random slope MLM to investigate subjective travel satisfaction of residents and its determinants. Model comparison results show strong evidence that the proposed method produces a significant improvement against a nonspatial random slope MLM. A fairly large spatial correlation parameter suggests strong spatial dependence in district-level random effects. Moreover, spatial patterns of district-level random effects of locational variables have been identified, with high and low values clustering together. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 19-35 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1094388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1094388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:19-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth C. Delmelle Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth C. Author-X-Name-Last: Delmelle Title: Mapping the DNA of Urban Neighborhoods: Clustering Longitudinal Sequences of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Change Abstract: The spatial pattern of longitudinal trends in neighborhood socioeconomic dynamics has long been implied by traditional urban models dating back to the Chicago School; however, empirical studies beyond the mapping of change between two points in time are surprisingly limited. This article introduces a methodology to the study of spatial–temporal patterns of neighborhood socioeconomic change. The approach first involves establishing discrete classes of neighborhoods following a k-means clustering procedure and then applies a sequential pattern mining algorithm to determine the similarity of longitudinal sequences. Sequences are then clustered to derive a typology of neighborhood trajectories. The method is employed in an empirical analysis of neighborhood change from 1970 to 2010 for all census tracts in the cities of Chicago and Los Angeles. In Chicago, this time period was marked by a sustained process of center city revitalization through two distinct upgrading processes, whereas in Los Angles, neighborhood upgrading largely came in the form of suburban upgrading. The spatial structure of neighborhood dynamics in Chicago resembled patterns described by Chicago School theorists, whereas the dynamics of Los Angeles deviated from this ordered regularity. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 36-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1096188 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1096188 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:36-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiajun Qiao Author-X-Name-First: Jiajun Author-X-Name-Last: Qiao Author-Name: Jay Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jay Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Xinyue Ye Author-X-Name-First: Xinyue Author-X-Name-Last: Ye Title: Spatiotemporal Evolution of Specialized Villages and Rural Development: A Case Study of Henan Province, China Abstract: Regional economic development is inherently uneven as determined by the local conditions and available resources. Specialized villages (SVs) in China played a very important role in the development and economic transformation in rural areas. By integrating regional spatial structure theory, multilevel network theory, and spatial interface theory, this article examines the spatial and temporal evolution of SVs in Henan Province, China. Results from the analyses show that the development of SVs over time progressed in four stages, each corresponding to important adjustments in national agricultural policy. SVs were distributed unevenly in space and the distribution seemed to be scale-dependent. At a macrolevel, SVs displayed a dispersed pattern over a large area. SVs showed localized clusters at a microlevel, however, also exhibiting a core–periphery structure. Rural economic development in China showed that SVs formed a multilevel network hierarchy. We also observed that SVs were often in transitional areas including urban–rural and plain–mountain interfaces and administrative marginal zones. Finally, spatiotemporal clusters of SVs helped to identify the locations and time periods when SVs grew significantly for analysis of impacts by national policies on rural development. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 57-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1086951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1086951 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:57-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toru Ishikawa Author-X-Name-First: Toru Author-X-Name-Last: Ishikawa Title: Spatial Thinking in Geographic Information Science: Students' Geospatial Conceptions, Map-Based Reasoning, and Spatial Visualization Ability Abstract: This article discusses spatial thinking in geographic information science (GIScience), through an empirical examination of experts' and students' geospatial conceptions and thematic map reading. The first study examined the structures in which GIScience concepts are conceptualized by experts and students. In experts' conceptions, clusters for geospatial data, GIS applications, geospatial entities–operations–relations, and maps were identified. In students' conceptions, similar clusters were observed but they were structured differently, with the terms interrelated less closely. High-spatial students' conceptions corresponded to those of experts to a greater degree. The second study examined geospatial reasoning and showed that thematic map reading consisted of various components differing in their relationship with spatial ability. High-spatial students tackled thematic map reading by identifying more spatial distributions and comparing multiple maps more frequently. They did not necessarily make more statements about reasons for the observed patterns. It is important to distinguish spatial thinking and thinking about space, the latter of which involves geographical, beyond purely spatial, components. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 76-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1064342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1064342 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:76-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ying Long Author-X-Name-First: Ying Author-X-Name-Last: Long Author-Name: Yao Shen Author-X-Name-First: Yao Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Author-Name: Xiaobin Jin Author-X-Name-First: Xiaobin Author-X-Name-Last: Jin Title: Mapping Block-Level Urban Areas for All Chinese Cities Abstract: As a vital indicator for measuring urban development, urban areas are expected to be identified explicitly and conveniently with widely available data sets, thereby benefiting planning decisions and relevant urban studies. Existing approaches to identifying urban areas are normally based on midresolution sensing data sets, low-resolution socioeconomic information (e.g., population density) in space (e.g., cells with several square kilometers or even larger towns or wards). Yet, few of these approaches pay attention to defining urban areas with high-resolution microdata for large areas by incorporating morphological and functional characteristics. This article investigates an automated framework to delineate urban areas at the block level, using increasingly available ordnance surveys for generating all blocks (or geounits) and ubiquitous points of interest (POIs) for inferring density of each block. A vector cellular automata model was adopted for identifying urban blocks from all generated blocks, taking into account density, neighborhood condition, and other spatial variables of each block. We applied this approach for mapping urban areas of all 654 Chinese cities and compared them with those interpreted from midresolution remote sensing images and inferred by population density and road intersections. Our proposed framework is proven to be more straightforward, time-saving, and fine-scaled compared with other existing ones. It asserts the need for consistency, efficiency, and availability in defining urban areas with consideration of omnipresent spatial and functional factors across cities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 96-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1095062 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1095062 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:96-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bram Büscher Author-X-Name-First: Bram Author-X-Name-Last: Büscher Title: Reassessing Fortress Conservation? New Media and the Politics of Distinction in Kruger National Park Abstract: The idea of protected areas as fortress conservation has long been debated and heavily criticized. In practice, however, the paradigm is alive and well and has, in some cases and especially due to rapid increases in poaching, seen major reinforcements. This article contributes to discussions that aim to reassess fortress conservation ideas and practices by analyzing how new online media are changing the politics of access to and control over increasingly militarized protected areas. Focusing on South Africa's Kruger National Park, one of the most iconic and mediated conservation areas globally, this article argues that new media such as online groups, webcams, and mobile phone apps encourage a new politics of social distinction in relation to the park and what it represents. These politics of distinction lead to complex new ways in which the boundaries of “fortress Kruger” are rendered (more) permeable and (more) restrictive at the same time. The article concludes that it is precisely through rendering park boundaries more permeable that new media technologies could help to reinforce the racialized and unequal hierarchies of the social order that fortress conservation was built on. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 114-129 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1095061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1095061 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:114-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liz Carlisle Author-X-Name-First: Liz Author-X-Name-Last: Carlisle Title: Making Heritage: The Case of Black Beluga Agriculture on the Northern Great Plains Abstract: This article considers the perils and potential of an increasingly popular alternative food commodity: heritage and heirloom foods. Drawing on ethnographic research with Black Beluga lentil farmers in Montana, I develop a process-based means of conceptualizing heritage agriculture, to avoid the pitfalls of simply reifying old crop varieties. This article makes three contributions to scholarship on alternative food commodities: (1) modeling a method of generative critique of alternative food movements that are in danger of being undermined by their articulation as commodity markets, (2) demonstrating how feminist ethnography of situated knowledge production can provide insight into processes of cross-species learning through which alternative food systems are created and sustained, and (3) suggesting that a reflexive approach to alternative food movement praxis is the best means of fostering environmental sustainability and social justice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 130-144 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1086629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1086629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:130-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pauline M. McGuirk Author-X-Name-First: Pauline M. Author-X-Name-Last: McGuirk Author-Name: Harriet Bulkeley Author-X-Name-First: Harriet Author-X-Name-Last: Bulkeley Author-Name: Robyn Dowling Author-X-Name-First: Robyn Author-X-Name-Last: Dowling Title: Configuring Urban Carbon Governance: Insights from Sydney, Australia Abstract: In the political geography of responses to climate change, and the governance of carbon more specifically, the urban has emerged as a strategic site. Although it is recognized that urban carbon governance occurs through diverse programs and projects—involving multiple actors and working through multiple sites, mechanisms, objects, and subjects—surprisingly little attention has been paid to the actual processes through which these diverse elements are drawn together and held together in the exercise of governing. These processes—termed configuration—remain underspecified. This article explores urban carbon governance interventions as relational configurations, excavating how their diverse elements—human, institutional, representational, and material—are assembled, drawn into relation, and held together in the exercise of governing. Through an analysis of two contrasting case studies of urban carbon governance interventions in Sydney, Australia, we draw out common processes of configuring and specific sets of devices and techniques that gather, align, and maintain the relations between actors and elements that constitute intervention projects. We conclude by reflecting on the implications of conceiving of governing projects as relational configurations for how we understand the nature and practice of urban carbon governance, especially by revealing the diverse modes of power at work within processes of configuring. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 145-166 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1084670 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1084670 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:145-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leah S. Horowitz Author-X-Name-First: Leah S. Author-X-Name-Last: Horowitz Title: Rhizomic Resistance Meets Arborescent Assemblage: UNESCO World Heritage and the Disempowerment of Indigenous Activism in New Caledonia Abstract: This article draws on Deleuze and Guattari's concepts of arborescent and rhizomic assemblages to examine encounters between large-scale conservation and grassroots resistance to industry. I explore how the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) World Heritage listing of New Caledonia's reefs contributed to the demise of Rhéébù Nùù, an indigenous activist group that had been targeting a multinational mining project. I also interrogate how an assemblage's form enables certain modalities of power while constraining others and how these differences in power modalities inform relationships between types of assemblages. Mistakenly expecting assistance in protecting their coral reef from mining impacts, Rhéébù Nùù relinquished the coercive power inherent to their rhizomic form in favor of participation in UNESCO's arborescent structure via World Heritage “management committees”—a globally promoted, but locally inappropriate, comanagement diagram that targeted local fishing activities despite an absence of overfishing. Thus, this article argues that rhizomic structures have unique means of influence, exercised through particular modalities of power, which might be lost through cooptation into arborescent assemblages that exercise different modalities of power and might employ locally inappropriate diagrams. Ultimately, conservation does not only result in the extension of state powers, as the literature has shown; as this study demonstrates, it can surreptitiously support the extension of environmentally damaging industrial development at the expense of grassroots action. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 167-185 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1090270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1090270 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:167-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerry Shannon Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Shannon Title: Beyond the Supermarket Solution: Linking Food Deserts, Neighborhood Context, and Everyday Mobility Abstract: Most research on urban food deserts has employed spatial measures of accessibility, recording distances to various food stores from place of residence. Despite the popularity of this approach, empirical support for its prediction of dietary and health outcomes has been inconsistent. One reason might be the ways in which food deserts frame food access as fundamentally an issue of food supply. This article suggests a complementary approach that examines how store characteristics, neighborhood context, and individual mobility interact to shape food provisioning practices. I recruited thirty-eight participants living in two low-income neighborhoods of Minneapolis, Minnesota, tracking their daily mobility and the food sources they used over a five-day study period. Follow-up interviews gathered more information on the food stores used by participants. Project results show that participants were highly mobile in their food shopping, visiting 153 different locations on 217 different shopping trips at an average distance of 3.4 km from home. Reported store quality was closely tied to neighborhoods' economic and racial composition, and in several cases, food purchasing and consumption occurred en route to other destinations. Future research on urban food access could benefit by studying how food access is intertwined with broader livability issues such as housing and transportation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 186-202 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1095059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1095059 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:186-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell Weaver Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Weaver Author-Name: Chris Holtkamp Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Holtkamp Title: Determinants of Appalachian Identity: Using Vernacular Traces to Study Cultural Geographies of an American Region Abstract: This article uses data on two vernacular traces, toponyms and business names, to explore and analyze cultural geographies of the U.S. Appalachian region. First, cluster detection is applied to a set of generic place names (toponyms) that are found to be components of a relatively unique Appalachian geographic vernacular. The results from this exercise are then mapped onto common spatial representations of the Appalachian region, where they are combined with a selected marker of perceived regional identity—businesses that have the character string “Appalachia” in their name—to construct a study area for subsequent analysis. Finally, data are collected for places inside of the derived study area to examine determinants of Appalachian identity in a zero-inflated count regression model. The findings convey important insights about specific heritage and environmental variables that correlate with, and likely contribute to the production of, patterns of Appalachian identity in the United States. In addition, the conceptual model and methodology of the article are claimed to be transferrable to other studies of cultural regions, heritage, and identity, both inside and outside of Appalachia. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 203-221 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1090266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1090266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:203-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Kingsbury Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Kingsbury Title: Rethinking the Aesthetic Geographies of Multicultural Festivals: A Nietzschean Perspective Abstract: Critiquing dismissals in geography of the aesthetics of multicultural festivals as bland, superficial, and apolitical, this article illustrates how they can be also invigorating, imaginative, and empowering. To elaborate my argument, I draw on interviews and participant observations of the 2010 Fusion Festival (hereafter Fusion), an annual event located in the “ethnoburban” context of the city of Surrey, British Columbia. My theoretical framework uses Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of aesthetic “justification,” which refers to art's capacity to infuse human experience with constructive meaning and affirmative power. For Nietzsche, aesthetic justification incorporates two artistic forces: the Apollonian, which refers to illusion, beauty, and order, and the Dionysian, which refers to music, sensuality, and ecstasy. The article explores three ways through which Apollonian and Dionysian delimitations of space and time justify the multicultural values and identities of Fusion's participants: first, how the Apollonian illusions of “cultural pavilions” manifest the creative capacities of local communities; second, how musical and theatrical performances generate Dionysian senses of belonging among performers and audience members; and third, how the embodied and transfiguring practices of dancing, painting, singing, and dressing up shift perspectives in ways that affirm diversity, combat despair, and raise awareness about protecting the environment. The article concludes by considering some future directions in geographical research on the aesthetics of multicultural festivals. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 222-241 Issue: 1 Volume: 106 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1096761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1096761 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:106:y:2016:i:1:p:222-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Todd W. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Todd W. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Title: Seasonal Frequency and Spatial Distribution of Tornadoes in the United States and Their Relationship to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation Abstract: Tornadoes are extremely destructive phenomena that can cause tremendous loss of life and catastrophic damage to the natural and built landscape. Their frequency of occurrence varies notably from season to season and from year to year. Tornado variability in the United States and its covariates have been the focus of numerous recent studies. The El Niño/Southern Oscillation has emerged as a covariate with some predictive skill, but most recent studies have focused on its link to tornado activity in boreal winter and spring. This study provides an analysis of the relationship between tornado activity in the United States and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation in all four seasons and for multiple regions. In doing so, this study illustrates that the relationship between tornado activity and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation is seasonally and regionally dependent. The relationship in winter and spring is confirmed but only in the Southeast and Midwest regions. Furthermore, the relationship is stronger in winter than in spring in the Southeast and Midwest. The ability of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation to predict the odds of below- or above-normal tornado activity is also greatest in winter in these regions. There is little evidence of a relationship between tornado frequency and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation in summer and fall, with the exception of a positive correlation between the El Niño/Southern Oscillation in spring and tornado frequency in summer. Key Words: El Niño/Southern Oscillation, seasonal tornado frequency, spatial distribution of tornadoes, United States. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1033-1051 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1511412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1511412 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1033-1051 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yingjie Hu Author-X-Name-First: Yingjie Author-X-Name-Last: Hu Author-Name: Chengbin Deng Author-X-Name-First: Chengbin Author-X-Name-Last: Deng Author-Name: Zhou Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Zhou Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: A Semantic and Sentiment Analysis on Online Neighborhood Reviews for Understanding the Perceptions of People toward Their Living Environments Abstract: The perceptions of people toward neighborhoods reveal their satisfaction with their living environments and their perceived quality of life. Recently, there is an emergence of Web sites designed for helping people to find suitable places to live. On these Web sites, current and previous residents can review their neighborhoods by providing numeric ratings and textual comments. Such online neighborhood review data provide novel opportunities for studying the perceptions of people toward their neighborhoods. In this article, we analyze such online neighborhood review data. Specifically, we extract two types of knowledge from the data: (1) semantics, or the semantic topics (or aspects) that people talk about regarding their neighborhoods, and (2) sentiments, or the emotions that people express toward the different aspects of their neighborhoods. We experiment with a number of different computational models in extracting these two types of knowledge and compare their performances. The experiments are based on a data set of online reviews about the neighborhoods in New York City, which were contributed by 7,673 distinct Web users. We also conduct correlation analyses between the subjective perceptions extracted from this data set and the objective socioeconomic attributes of New York City neighborhoods and find similarities and differences. The effective models identified in this research can be applied to neighborhood reviews in other cities for supporting urban planning and quality of life studies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1052-1073 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1535886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1535886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1052-1073 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Ferring Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Ferring Author-Name: Heidi Hausermann Author-X-Name-First: Heidi Author-X-Name-Last: Hausermann Title: The Political Ecology of Landscape Change, Malaria, and Cumulative Vulnerability in Central Ghana’s Gold Mining Country Abstract: Following the 2008 global financial crisis, small-scale gold mining operations proliferated worldwide. Along Ghana’s Offin River, the landscape has been radically transformed by mining, including disruptions to agriculture and surface hydrology, with adverse health outcomes. Yet, health research on small-scale mining tends to focus on miners’ mercury exposure. Further, studies on the relationships between disease and landscape change typically examine disease clustering and risk factor identification, rather than complex nature–society dynamics shaping infection and uneven vulnerability. Combining ethnographic, remote sensing, and quantitative methodological approaches, we detail how the socioecological outcomes of mining—from food insecurity and water-logged pits to profound anxiety and mercury contamination—combine to increase local malaria incidence. We argue that these changes interact with existing sociostructural conditions and Plasmodium falciparum’s unique biological capacities to render women and children most vulnerable to the disease. We suggest that mental health profoundly shapes malaria incidence and, countering individualized constructions of risk, family members’ health is deeply interconnected. This article contributes to current geographic debates in several ways. First, a cumulative vulnerability approach helps scholars conceptualize how biological, psychological, structural, and social conditions interrelate to shape humans’ conjunctural vulnerabilities along axes of difference, particularly in health contexts. We also highlight the importance of materiality in mediating vulnerability and malaria dynamics. Finally, we argue for more scholarly attention to familial relationships of care and mental health, heretofore unexplored topics in political ecologies of health. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1074-1091 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1535885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1535885 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1074-1091 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shiloh Deitz Author-X-Name-First: Shiloh Author-X-Name-Last: Deitz Author-Name: Katie Meehan Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Meehan Title: Plumbing Poverty: Mapping Hot Spots of Racial and Geographic Inequality in U.S. Household Water Insecurity Abstract: Household water insecurity is a global threat to human health and development, yet existing metrics lack a systematic consideration of geographic inequality and spatial variation. In this article, we introduce the notion of plumbing poverty as a conceptual and methodological heuristic to examine the intersectional nature of infrastructure, space, and social inequality. Plumbing poverty is understood in a dual sense: first, as a material and infrastructural condition produced by social relations that fundamentally vary through space and, second, as a methodology that operationalizes the spatial exploration of social inequality. Drawing on millions of census records, we strip household water security down to a single vital measure—the presence of complete household plumbing—to assess its spatial and sociodemographic trends. We identify distinct hot spots (geographic clusters of higher than average values) of plumbing poverty, track its social and spatial variance, and expose its fundamentally racialized nature. Our study finds that plumbing poverty is neither spatially nor socially random in the United States. Rather, plumbing incompleteness is spatially clustered in certain regions of the country and is clearly racialized: Living in an American Indian or Alaskan Native, black, or Hispanic household increases the odds of being plumbing poor, and these predictors warp and woof through space. In considering who experiences the slow violence of infrastructural dysfunction, a geography that is simultaneously ignored and unevenly expressed in the United States, we argue that analyses of space and social difference are central to understanding household water insecurity and must be prioritized in the development of cross-comparable metrics and global measurement tools. Key Words: census microdata, hot spot analysis, household water insecurity, infrastructural geographies, IPUMS.家户水资源不安全，是对人类健康与发展的全球危害，但既有的度量，却缺乏对地理不均和空间变异的系统性考量。我们于本文中引入“配管贫穷”一词，作为概念与方法论上的启发，以检视基础建设、空间与社会不均之间的相互交织本质。配管贫穷以双重观念进行理解：首先作为由根本上具有空间变异的社会关系所生产的物质与基础建设条件，再者，作为操作社会不均的空间探索之方法。运用数以百万计的人口普查纪录，我们将家户水资源安全拆解成单一的重要测量——完整家户配管的存在——以评估其空间和社会人口趋势。我们指认配管贫穷的显着热点（较平均值为高的地理群聚), 追溯其社会和空间变异，并揭露其根本上的种族化本质。我们的研究发现，在美国，配管贫穷在空间或社会上并非具任意性。反之，配管不全在空间上集中于美国的若干区域，并明显是种族化的：居住于美国印地安人或阿拉斯加原住民族、黑人或西裔的家户中，增加了配管不足的机会，且这些预测指标随着空间经纬而异。在考量什麽人经历基础建设功能障碍的慢性暴力中——一种在美国同时受到忽略并不均展现的地理——我们主张，空间与社会差异的分析，是理解家户水资源不安全的核心，并且必需在建立横跨可比较的度量和全球测量工具时给予优先顺序。关键词：人口普查微观数据，热点分析，家户水资源不安全，基础建设地理学，微观共享整合数据库（IPUMS）。La inseguridad en la disponibilidad de agua potable para uso doméstico es una amenaza global para la salud y el desarrollo humano, aunque las métricas existentes adolecen de la falta de consideración sistemática de la desigualdad geográfica y la variación espacial. En este artículo presentamos la noción de pobreza de plomería como heurística conceptual y metodológica para examinar la naturaleza interseccional de la infraestructura, el espacio y la desigualdad social. La pobreza de plomería se entiende en un sentido dual: primero, como una condición material e infraestructural producida por las relaciones sociales que fundamentalmente varían a través del espacio, y, segundo, como una metodología que operacionaliza la exploración espacial de la desigualdad social. Basándonos en millones de registros censales, desnudamos la seguridad del agua para uso doméstico, hasta convertirla en una sencilla medida vital—la presencia de una cabal plomería en el hoga—para evaluar sus tendencias espaciales y sociodemográficas. Identificamos puntos calientes perceptibles (agrupamientos geográficos con valores más altos que el promedio) de pobreza de plomería, rastreamos su varianza social y espacial, y exponemos su naturaleza fundamentalmente racializada. Nuestro estudio establece que la pobreza de plomería en los Estados Unidos no es ni espacial ni socialmente aleatoria. En vez de eso, la plomería deficiente se presenta agrupada espacialmente en ciertas regiones del país y es claramente racializada: Vivir en un hogar de indígenas americanos o nativos de Alaska, negro o hispánico, incrementa las posibilidades de ser pobre en plomería, y tales predictores campean a través del espacio. Al considerar quién experimenta la lenta violencia de la disfunción estructural, una geografía que es simultáneamente ignorada y expresada de manera desigual en los Estados Unidos, consideramos que los análisis de espacio y de diferencia social son centrales para entender la inseguridad del agua para uso doméstico y debe tener prioridad en el desarrollo de métricas comparables y herramientas de medición de uso global. Palabras clave: análisis de puntos calientes, geografías infraestructurales, inseguridad de agua potable, microdatos censales, IPUMS. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1092-1109 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1530587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1530587 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1092-1109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan M. Winter Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Winter Author-Name: Fiona L. Bowen Author-X-Name-First: Fiona L. Author-X-Name-Last: Bowen Author-Name: Trevor F. Partridge Author-X-Name-First: Trevor F. Author-X-Name-Last: Partridge Author-Name: Jonathan W. Chipman Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan W. Author-X-Name-Last: Chipman Title: Future Extreme Event Risk in the Rural Northeastern United States Abstract: Future climate change impacts on humans will be determined by the convergence of evolving physical climate and socioeconomic systems. Rural areas of the northeastern United States have experienced increased temperature and precipitation extremes, especially over the past three decades, and face unique challenges due to their physical isolation, natural-resource–dependent economies, and high poverty rates. To explore the impacts of future extreme events on vulnerable, rural populations in the Northeast, we analyzed future (2046–2075) annual maximum daily maximum temperature, annual minimum daily minimum temperature, annual maximum daily precipitation, and annual minimum two-week summer precipitation for two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios using four global climate models and gridded temperature and precipitation observations. We then combined those projections with estimates of county-level population and relative income for 2060 to calculate changes in extreme person-events compared to a historical period (1976–2005), with a focus on Northeast counties that are rural (less than 250,000 people) and vulnerable (in the bottom income quartile). For all counties and lowest income quartile counties in the rural Northeast, extreme heat person-events increase nineteen-fold and twenty-nine fold, respectively, under the high greenhouse gas emissions scenario, far exceeding the decrease in extreme cold person-events. The number of extreme precipitation and drought person-events does not significantly change across the rural Northeast. For the high greenhouse gas emissions scenario, counties in the bottom two income quartiles experience the 1976–2005 once-per-year daily heat event twenty-three times per year by 2046–2075; the lower greenhouse gas emissions scenario reduces the incidence to eleven times per year. Key Words: climate change, climate impacts, extreme events, northeastern United States, vulnerability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1110-1130 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1540920 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1540920 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1110-1130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel Rufat Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Rufat Author-Name: Eric Tate Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Tate Author-Name: Christopher T. Emrich Author-X-Name-First: Christopher T. Author-X-Name-Last: Emrich Author-Name: Federico Antolini Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Antolini Title: How Valid Are Social Vulnerability Models? Abstract: Social vulnerability models are becoming increasingly important for hazard mitigation and recovery planning, but it remains unclear how well they explain disaster outcomes. Most studies using indicators and indexes employ them to either describe vulnerability patterns or compare newly devised measures to existing ones. The focus of this article is construct validation, in which we investigate the empirical validity of a range of models of social vulnerability using outcomes from Hurricane Sandy. Using spatial regression, relative measures of assistance applicants, affected renters, housing damage, and property loss were regressed on four social vulnerability models and their constituent pillars while controlling for flood exposure. The indexes best explained housing assistance applicants, whereas they poorly explained property loss. At the pillar level, themes related to access and functional needs, age, transportation, and housing were the most explanatory. Overall, social vulnerability models with weighted and profile configurations demonstrated higher construct validity than the prevailing social vulnerability indexes. The findings highlight the need to expand the number and breadth of empirical validation studies to better understand relationships among social vulnerability models and disaster outcomes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1131-1153 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1535887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1535887 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1131-1153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob Shell Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Shell Title: The Enigma of the Asian Elephant: Sovereignty, Reproductive Nature, and the Limits of Empire Abstract: This article examines the dependency of British teak logging and shipbuilding on elephant-based labor in Burma (Myanmar) and India during the nineteenth century. Asian elephants were essential as a means of commodity extraction, offering irreplaceable forms of mobility across difficult forest terrain. At the same time, from the standpoint of colonial control, a frustrating feature of the elephants was their unwillingness to mate when in captivity, raising the issue of how to replenish this animal workforce. Practices of elephant stewardship in Burma, where trained elephants were released into the forest on a nightly basis to roam and mate, became of great interest to the very technics of empire. This release system came with a political limitation, however: The humans in the forest adept at working this system of nightly elephant releases presented challenges to colonial control, not least because of the nature of the work such people did, which occurred in a zone beyond the view of the state. These elephant tenders, and perhaps by extension the elephants themselves, were “Zomian” in J. C. Scott’s sense of being spatially state-evasive—indeed, means of politically evasive mobility was the most robust use-value of the trained elephants. The case of colonial elephant logging stands as an important indicator that if an intelligent creature with irreplaceable labor power refuses to compromise sovereign control over its practices of reproduction, the creature could force territorial and political concessions from the surrounding edifice of power. The article draws mainly on archival research and also on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2013 and 2017. Key Words: Burma (Myanmar), colonialism, elephants, logging, Zomia. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1154-1171 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1536534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1536534 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1154-1171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cecilia Tomori Author-X-Name-First: Cecilia Author-X-Name-Last: Tomori Author-Name: Kate Boyer Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Boyer Title: Domestic Geographies of Parental and Infant (Co-) Becomings: Home-Space, Nighttime Breastfeeding, and Parent–Infant Sleep Abstract: This article explores how understandings of parental and infant personhood are negotiated in and through the space of the home. We argue that through spatial practices of creating and using (and not using) nurseries, understandings of parental and infant personhood are both made and unmade. Analysis is based on a rich body of ethnographic research undertaken between 2006 and 2009 with eighteen middle-class breastfeeding families and their communities in the United States, which we analyze through lenses of new materialist and Deleuzian theory. We begin by considering some of the ways in which homes are modified by parents-to-be prior to birth, positing these changes as an effort to call forth both particular kinds of embodied interrelations between parents and babies, as well as infant subjects who possess the specific capacity to sleep independently from a young age. We then argue that lived nighttime practice postbirth often confounds planned bodily, affective, and somatic geographies, driven by agentic infants themselves who express their own strong preferences about staying near their parents’ bodies to both sleep and breastfeed. Our research reveals parents negotiating how and where they sleep in collaboration with their new infants, often settling on spatial arrangements that do not reflect either expert advice or their own prebirth plans. This work advances scholarship in and beyond geography by furthering understanding of the intimate spaces of early parenting (including nighttime domestic geographies) about which little is currently known, thus extending scholarship across fields of children’s geographies, geographies of parenting, geographies of the home, geographies of the night, and geographies of sleep. Key Words: breastfeeding, geographies of the home, infant sleep, materiality, nighttime, parenting. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1172-1187 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1558628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1558628 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1172-1187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caitlin Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Caitlin Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Sarah Lindley Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Lindley Author-Name: Stefan Bouzarovski Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Bouzarovski Title: The Spatially Varying Components of Vulnerability to Energy Poverty Abstract: A household’s vulnerability to energy poverty is socially and spatially variable. Efforts to measure energy poverty, however, have focused on narrow, expenditure-based metrics or area-based targeting. These metrics are not spatial per se, because the relative importance of drivers does not vary between neighborhoods to reflect localized challenges. Despite recent advancements in geographically weighted methodologies that have the potential to yield important information about the sociospatial distribution of vulnerability to energy poverty, the phenomenon has not been approached from this perspective. For a case study of England, global principal component analysis (PCA) and local geographically weighted PCA (GWPCA) are applied to a suite of neighborhood-scale vulnerability indicators. The explicit spatiality of this methodological approach addresses a common criticism of vulnerability assessments. The global PCA reaffirms the importance of well-established vulnerabilities, including older age, disability, and energy efficiency. It also demonstrates striking new evidence of vulnerabilities among precarious and transient households that are less well understood and have become starker during austerity. In contrast, rather than providing a single estimate of propensity to energy poverty for neighborhoods based on a national understanding of what drives the condition, the GWPCA identifies a diverse array of vulnerability factors of greatest importance in different locales. These local results destabilize the geographical configurations of an urban–rural and north–south divide that typify understandings of deprivation in this context. The geographically weighted approach therefore draws attention to vulnerabilities often hidden in policymaking, allowing for reflection on the applicability of spatially constituted methodologies to wider social vulnerability assessments. Key Words: energy poverty, geographically weighted PCA, GIS, spatial analysis, vulnerability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1188-1207 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1562872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1562872 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1188-1207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ritwick Ghosh Author-X-Name-First: Ritwick Author-X-Name-Last: Ghosh Title: Appetite for Imprecision: The Role of Bureaucracy in Implementing a Pay-for-Performance Program Abstract: Pay-for-performance (PfP) conservation programs emphasize data and modeling to more cost-effectively target incentive payments. Geographers question the rationalist impulse to quantify and problematize the role of techno-science—models, metrics, accounting protocols, and standards—in performing economic rationalities. The critique of techno-science, however, directs empirical research toward the political economy of knowledge production with little consideration of the role of bureaucratic organization in performing calculations. In this article, I study the bureaucratic work in coordinating the largest agri-environmental PfP program in the United States—the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). Data for this article were collected in North Dakota, a top-five CSP recipient state. Through semistructured interviews and participant observation of bureaucratic encounters with farmers in localized offices, I found that the situated nature of the street-level bureaucracy placed it in a unique position to interpret, probe, undermine, and promote the PfP agenda. The article argues that data-driven technologies in the CSP were designed with a considerable appetite for imprecision. The appetite for imprecision reflects a structural problem conditioned by the interaction of economic rationality with the nature of technical innovation, administrative rationalities, and political opportunism. Given the momentum to expand data-driven technologies in conservation, the article calls on geographers to consider the dynamic and incomplete ways in which data are mobilized in practice and what efforts to be more transparent eventually conceal. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1208-1225 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1540919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1540919 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1208-1225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ganeshwari Singh Author-X-Name-First: Ganeshwari Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Author-Name: Simrit Kahlon Author-X-Name-First: Simrit Author-X-Name-Last: Kahlon Author-Name: Vishwa Bandhu Singh Chandel Author-X-Name-First: Vishwa Bandhu Singh Author-X-Name-Last: Chandel Title: Political Discourse and the Planned City: Nehru’s Projection and Appropriation of Chandigarh, the Capital of Punjab Abstract: This article aims to understand how the political discourse shaped and underwrote the creation of the planned city of Chandigarh. This has been achieved by carrying out critical discourse analysis of speeches and writings of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and also by relating them to the wider discourses of nationalism, planning, and modernism that were prevalent at the time of the building of the city. The focus is on how the city was conceived by Nehru and how through a selective and partial projection of its characteristics he created an image of the new city that was an embodiment of the ideals and goals of the newly independent State of India. Using such mechanisms, he appropriated a provincial capital and constructed it as a symbol of the entire nation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1226-1239 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1507816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1507816 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1226-1239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Scott R. Stephenson Author-X-Name-First: Scott R. Author-X-Name-Last: Stephenson Author-Name: Neil Oculi Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Oculi Author-Name: Alex Bauer Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Bauer Author-Name: Stephanie Carhuayano Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Carhuayano Title: Convergence and Divergence of UNFCCC Nationally Determined Contributions Abstract: The wide spectrum of national priorities and attendant climate positions among parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have been a hallmark of international climate negotiations. The Paris Agreement was lauded as a landmark step toward global climate action because it represented a consensus of more than 190 countries. Taken in a vacuum, however, the agreement masks important differences in climate positions and capabilities among its signatory parties. Because the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are the key instruments of post-Paris climate commitments, analysis of salient themes revealed in the NDCs is critical to understanding the dynamics of climate negotiations. We present a quantitative content analysis of 165 NDCs to investigate convergence and divergence in the positions of UNFCCC parties and party groupings. We use a hierarchical cluster analysis based on references to key terms of climate discourse to measure the internal cohesion of traditional party groupings and emergent coalitions. Our analysis shows that the greatest difference in NDC content occurs between the Annex I (composed mainly of the Umbrella Group, European Union, Environmental Integrity Group, and unaffiliated parties) and non-Annex I countries. Furthermore, we show that the landscape of climate priorities is considerably more complex than a binary Annex I–non-Annex I divide, as indicated by convergence on climate action between large developing economies and smaller, less developed, active negotiator groupings. Understanding congruence and disparities among NDCs, and their potential to promote cooperation or division among parties, will be critical to developing equitable and sustainable long-term climate solutions. Key Words: climate change, climate policy, cluster analysis, NDC, UNFCCC. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1240-1261 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1536533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1536533 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1240-1261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alun Jones Author-X-Name-First: Alun Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Julian Clark Author-X-Name-First: Julian Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Title: Performance, Emotions, and Diplomacy in the United Nations Assemblage in New York Abstract: Emotions are crucial to geographies of performance, yet our understanding of their role in diplomacy is not well developed despite many calls, especially from feminist geographers, for greater attention to the study of emotional geopolitics. This article addresses that deficit. We do so by focusing on diplomatic performance as a key component in the anthropology of the state. We argue that performances link statehood with statecraft to create geopolitical power in what we term spaces of possibility. Although state claim making materializes through diplomatic performances, we show that its enactment has been lamentably neglected in terms of its emotional dimensions—even though performance and emotions are constitutive of world making. Representing the state is an active “lived experience” for diplomats that exposes the challenges and vulnerabilities of personal performance through everyday political geographies. Consequently, here we set out a new research agenda for an emotional geopolitics that directly addresses the pivotal role of performance in state claim making through diplomacy. Our focus for this is the topography of action of the United Nations (UN) in New York. Deploying assemblage thinking and using rich empirical data, we illustrate the centrality of material, visceral, and sensual embodiments as they emerge out of and through diplomatic claim making in a range of spaces of possibility. In doing so, we demonstrate how emotions are inseparable facets of everyday UN diplomatic life. Key Words: assemblage, diplomacy, emotions, performance, United Nations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1262-1278 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1509689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1509689 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1262-1278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Mahony Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Mahony Title: Historical Geographies of the Future: Airships and the Making of Imperial Atmospheres Abstract: This article explores the elemental encounters and imaginative geographies of empire to develop a new means of engaging with the historical geographies of the future. Futures have recently become an important topic of historical and cultural inquiry, and historical geographers have an important role to play in understanding the place of the future in the past and in interrogating the role of posited futures in shaping action in historical presents. Drawing on literature from science and technology studies, a framework is developed for engaging with the material and imaginative geographies that coalesce around practices of imagination, expectation, and prediction. This framework is then used to reconstruct efforts to develop airship travel in the British Empire in the 1920s and 1930s. At a moment of imperial anxiety, airships were hoped to tie the empire together by conveying bodies, capital, and military capacity between its furthest points. Confident projections of the colonization of global airspace were nonetheless undermined by material encounters with a vibrant, often unpredictable atmospheric environment. The article aims to spur renewed work on the historical geographies of the future, while also contributing to debates on the cultural and political geographies of the atmosphere and of atmospheric knowledge making. Key Words: atmosphere, empire, future, mobility, technology. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1279-1299 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1530968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1530968 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1279-1299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob C. Miller Author-X-Name-First: Jacob C. Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: Embodied Architectural Geographies of Consumption and the Mall Paseo Chiloé Controversy in Southern Chile Abstract: In recent years, the geographies of architecture have expanded to include the affective and emotive dimensions of everyday life and the politics of urban space. This article explores these embodied geographies of architecture in an emerging urban landscape that has the built environment at its core: the postdictatorship retail landscape of neoliberal Chile. By drawing on findings from ethnographic research around the role of affect and emotion in the controversial development of a particular shopping mall in southern Chile, we get a better sense of how retail capital expands into new territories and how it responds to and enrolls embodied geographies in the process. Although this process does include the expansion of a particular kind of spatial technology that works through affective architectural interventions, this article also illustrates how such an expansion relies on prevailing imaginative and emotional geographies in important ways. As such, this embodied architectural geography does not sideline human subjectivity but explores its complex relationship with the materiality of landscape and affective architectural space. Key Words: affect, emotion, imaginative geography, landscape, shopping mall. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1300-1316 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1535311 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1535311 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1300-1316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Han Li Author-X-Name-First: Han Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yao Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Yao Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Yehua Dennis Wei Author-X-Name-First: Yehua Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Title: Institutions, Extreme Weather, and Urbanization in the Greater Mekong Region Abstract: Climate change threatens many developing countries with more frequent and intense extreme weather events. Researchers, however, have not comprehensively examined how extreme weather influences urbanization and sustainable development. Based on the spatial estimates of precipitation, tropical cyclones, and temperature for the period of 2000 to 2010, we establish an eleven-year climatological record and calculate anomalies at the county and district level in the Greater Mekong Region (GMR). Combining this with urbanization data from the World Bank, we relate weather patterns to growth rates in urban population and urban land use and find that the above-average rainfall in the wet season along with more frequent cold waves and tropical cyclones tend to retard urban development. In contrast, crop failures caused by increasingly severe droughts during the dry season and heat waves accelerate rural–urban migration and the agglomeration of urban poverty. By identifying institutionally varying effects, we further find that nonsocialist countries have additional sensitivity to most weather extremes than more centralized socialist countries, which have stronger ability to mobilize resources for disaster management and relief. Our study contributes to the understanding of effects of weather shocks on socioeconomic outcomes in societies rapidly integrating with the global economy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1317-1340 Issue: 4 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1535884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1535884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:4:p:1317-1340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark A. Fonstad Author-X-Name-First: Mark A. Author-X-Name-Last: Fonstad Title: Mountains: A Special Issue Abstract: The special issues of the Annals allow the editors to highlight themes of international significance that showcase the breadth and depth of geography in a format accessible to a broad array of readers. This ninth special issue of the Annals of the AAG focuses on mountains. The understanding of mountain environments and peoples has been a focus of individual geographers for centuries and for the organized discipline of geography for more than a century; more recently, the geographical interest in mountain regions among researchers has been growing rapidly. The articles contained within are from a wide spectrum of researchers from different parts of the world who address physical, political, theoretical, social, empirical, environmental, methodological, and economic issues focused on the geography of mountains and their inhabitants. The articles in this special issue are organized into three themed sections with very loose boundaries between themes: (1) physical dynamics of mountain environments, (2) coupled human–physical dynamics, and (3) sociocultural dynamics in mountain regions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 235-237 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1260898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1260898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:235-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christy E. Briles Author-X-Name-First: Christy E. Author-X-Name-Last: Briles Title: Controls on Mountain Plant Diversity in Northern California: A 14,000-Year Overview Abstract: A network of eight Holocene paleoenvironmental records from lakes in the Klamath Mountains of Northern California provides insights on how diverse coniferous forests are maintained in the face of climate change. Pollen data suggest that in most cases plants kept pace with climate change. The steep costal-to-inland precipitation gradient resulted in asynchronous responses to climate change with coastal forests responding before inland sites. This was likely due to the proximity to oceans, warm valleys, and the differential responses to changes in ocean upwelling. Plants growing on soils with heavy metals showed little response to Holocene climate variability, suggesting that they experienced stability during the Holocene, which helps explain the localized plant diversity on the harsh soils. Plant communities on soils without heavy metals adjusted their ranges along elevational gradients in response to climate change, however. Fires were a common occurrence at all sites and tracked climate; however, sites that were more coastal experienced fewer fires than inland sites. Fire severity remained similar through the Holocene at individual sites; however, it was low to moderate at southern locations and higher at more northern locations. The article highlights historical factors that help explain the diversity of plant species in the forests of Northern California and provides insights for managing these complex ecosystems. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 238-249 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1232617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1232617 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:238-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew G. Fountain Author-X-Name-First: Andrew G. Author-X-Name-Last: Fountain Title: The Scientific Discovery of Glaciers in the American West Abstract: The American West has been the proving ground for a number of earth sciences, including the study of glaciers. From their discovery by Western science in the late 1800s and continuing to the present day, studies of these glaciers have made important contributions to our understanding of glacial processes and to the recent assessments of global sea level rise. The growth of this science was founded on the interplay between trained scientists and dedicated nonprofessionals. This report summarizes the early history of glacier discovery and explorations in the West. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 250-259 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1260440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1260440 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:250-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Åke Hellström Author-X-Name-First: Robert Åke Author-X-Name-Last: Hellström Author-Name: Alfonso Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Alfonso Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández Author-Name: Bryan Greenwood Mark Author-X-Name-First: Bryan Greenwood Author-X-Name-Last: Mark Author-Name: Jason Michael Covert Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Michael Covert Author-Name: Alejo Cochachín Rapre Author-X-Name-First: Alejo Cochachín Author-X-Name-Last: Rapre Author-Name: Ricardo Jesús Gomez Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Jesús Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez Title: Incorporating Autonomous Sensors and Climate Modeling to Gain Insight into Seasonal Hydrometeorological Processes within a Tropical Glacierized Valley Abstract: Peru is facing imminent water resource issues as glaciers retreat and demand for water increases, yet limited observations and model resolution hamper understanding of hydrometerological processes on local to regional scales. Much of current global and regional climate studies neglect the meteorological forcing of lapse rates (LRs) and valley and slope wind dynamics on critical components of the Peruvian Andes' water cycle, and herein we emphasize the wet season. In 2004 and 2005 we installed an autonomous sensor network (ASN) within the glacierized Llanganuco Valley, Cordillera Blanca (9° S), consisting of discrete, cost-effective, automatic temperature loggers located along the valley axis and anchored by two automatic weather stations. Comparisons of these embedded hydrometeorological measurements from the ASN and climate modeling by dynamical downscaling using the Weather Research and Forecasting model elucidate distinct diurnal and seasonal characteristics of the mountain wind regime and LRs. Wind, temperature, humidity, and cloud simulations suggest that thermally driven up-valley and slope winds converging with easterly flow aloft enhance late afternoon and evening cloud development, which helps explain nocturnal wet season precipitation maxima measured by the ASN. Furthermore, the extreme diurnal variability of along-valley-axis LR and valley wind detected from ground observations and confirmed by dynamical downscaling demonstrate the importance of realistic scale parameterizations of the atmospheric boundary layer to improve regional climate model projections in mountainous regions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 260-273 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1232615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1232615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:260-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Phillip H. Larson Author-X-Name-First: Phillip H. Author-X-Name-Last: Larson Author-Name: Norman Meek Author-X-Name-First: Norman Author-X-Name-Last: Meek Author-Name: John Douglass Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Douglass Author-Name: Ronald I. Dorn Author-X-Name-First: Ronald I. Author-X-Name-Last: Dorn Author-Name: Yeong Bae Seong Author-X-Name-First: Yeong Bae Author-X-Name-Last: Seong Title: How Rivers Get Across Mountains: Transverse Drainages Abstract: Although mountains represent a barrier to the flow of liquid water across our planet and an Earth of impenetrable mountains would have produced a very different geography, many rivers do cross mountain ranges. These transverse drainages cross mountains through one of four general mechanisms: antecedence—the river maintains its course during mountain building (orogeny); superimposition—a river erodes across buried bedrock atop erodible sediment or sedimentary rock, providing a route across what later becomes an exhumed mountain range; piracy or capture—where a steeper gradient path captures a lower gradient drainage across a low relief interfluve; and overflow—a basin fills with sediment and water, ultimately breaching the lowest sill to create a new river. This article reviews research that aids in identifying the mechanism responsible for a transverse drainage, notes a major misconception about the power of headward eroding streams that has dogged scholarship, and examines the transverse drainage at the Grand Canyon in Arizona. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 274-283 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1203283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1203283 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:274-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yanan Li Author-X-Name-First: Yanan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yingkui Li Author-X-Name-First: Yingkui Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Xiaoyu Lu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoyu Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Jon Harbor Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Harbor Title: Geomorphometric Controls on Mountain Glacier Changes Since the Little Ice Age in the Eastern Tien Shan, Central Asia Abstract: The linkage between glacier change and climate has garnered significant attention in recent decades, but little is known about the role of local geomorphometric factors on glacier changes since the Little Ice Age (LIA), approximately 100 to 700 years ago. This study examines the spatial pattern of changes in glacier area in the eastern Tien Shan based on geomorphological mapping of LIA glacial extents and contemporary glaciers from the Second Glacier Inventory of China. Partial least squares regression was applied to examine the correlations between geomorphometric factors, including glacier area, slope, aspect, shape, elevation, and hypsometry, and relative glacier area loss, both in the whole area and in three subregions (the Boro-Eren Range, the Bogda Range, and the Karlik Range). Our results show that the area of 640 mapped LIA glaciers decreased from 791.6 ± 18.7 km2 to 483.9 ± 31.2 km2 between 2006 and 2010, a loss of 38.9 ± 2.7 percent. The losses for three subregions are 43.4 ± 3.2 percent, 35.9 ± 2.4 percent, and 30.2 ± 1.8 percent, respectively. Elevation, slope, and area of a glacier are the three most significant geomorphometric factors to glacier area change, at both regional and subregional scales. The west–east decreasing trend of glacier retreat and different variances explained in subregional regressions might reflect the influence from the shifting dominance of the westerlies and the Siberian High. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 284-298 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1248552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1248552 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:284-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cary J. Mock Author-X-Name-First: Cary J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mock Author-Name: Kristy C. Carter Author-X-Name-First: Kristy C. Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Author-Name: Karl W. Birkeland Author-X-Name-First: Karl W. Author-X-Name-Last: Birkeland Title: Some Perspectives on Avalanche Climatology Abstract: Avalanche climatology is defined as the study of the relationships between climate and snow avalanches, and it contributes in aiding avalanche hazard mitigation efforts. The field has evolved over the past six decades concerning methodology, data monitoring and field collection, and interdisciplinary linkages. Avalanche climate research directions are also expanding concerning treatment in both spatial scale and temporal timescales. This article provides an overview of the main themes of avalanche climate research in issues of scale from local to global, its expanding interdisciplinary nature, as well as its future challenges and directions. The growth of avalanche climatology includes themes such as its transformation from being mostly descriptive to innovative statistical methods and modeling techniques, new challenges in microscale efforts that include depth hoar aspects and increased field studies, expanding synoptic climatology applications on studying avalanche variations, efforts to reconstruct past avalanches and relate them to climatic change, and research on potential avalanche responses to recent twentieth-century and future global warming. Some suggestions on future avalanche climatology research directions include the expansion of data networks and studies that include lesser developed countries, stronger linkages of avalanche climate studies with GIScience and remote sensing applications, more innovative linkages of avalanches with climate and societal applications, and increased emphases on modeling and process-oriented approaches. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 299-308 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1203285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1203285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:299-308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Baker Perry Author-X-Name-First: L. Baker Author-X-Name-Last: Perry Author-Name: Anton Seimon Author-X-Name-First: Anton Author-X-Name-Last: Seimon Author-Name: Marcos F. Andrade-Flores Author-X-Name-First: Marcos F. Author-X-Name-Last: Andrade-Flores Author-Name: Jason L. Endries Author-X-Name-First: Jason L. Author-X-Name-Last: Endries Author-Name: Sandra E. Yuter Author-X-Name-First: Sandra E. Author-X-Name-Last: Yuter Author-Name: Fernando Velarde Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Velarde Author-Name: Sandro Arias Author-X-Name-First: Sandro Author-X-Name-Last: Arias Author-Name: Marti Bonshoms Author-X-Name-First: Marti Author-X-Name-Last: Bonshoms Author-Name: Eric J. Burton Author-X-Name-First: Eric J. Author-X-Name-Last: Burton Author-Name: I. Ronald Winkelmann Author-X-Name-First: I. Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Winkelmann Author-Name: Courtney M. Cooper Author-X-Name-First: Courtney M. Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Name: Guido Mamani Author-X-Name-First: Guido Author-X-Name-Last: Mamani Author-Name: Maxwell Rado Author-X-Name-First: Maxwell Author-X-Name-Last: Rado Author-Name: Nilton Montoya Author-X-Name-First: Nilton Author-X-Name-Last: Montoya Author-Name: Nelson Quispe Author-X-Name-First: Nelson Author-X-Name-Last: Quispe Title: Characteristics of Precipitating Storms in Glacierized Tropical Andean Cordilleras of Peru and Bolivia Abstract: Precipitation variability in tropical high mountains is a fundamental yet poorly understood factor influencing local climatic expression and a variety of environmental processes, including glacier behavior and water resources. Precipitation type, diurnality, frequency, and amount influence hydrological runoff, surface albedo, and soil moisture, whereas cloud cover associated with precipitation events reduces solar irradiance at the surface. Considerable uncertainty remains in the multiscale atmospheric processes influencing precipitation patterns and their associated regional variability in the tropical Andes—particularly related to precipitation phase, timing, and vertical structure. Using data from a variety of sources—including new citizen science precipitation stations; new high-elevation comprehensive precipitation monitoring stations at Chacaltaya, Bolivia, and the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru; and a vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar—this article synthesizes findings from interdisciplinary research activities in the Cordillera Real of Bolivia and the Cordillera Vilcanota of Peru related to the following two research questions: (1) How do the temporal patterns, moisture source regions, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation relationships with precipitation occurrence vary? (2) What is the vertical structure (e.g., reflectivity, Doppler velocity, melting layer heights) of tropical Andean precipitation and how does it evolve temporally? Results indicate that much of the heavy precipitation occurs at night, is stratiform rather than convective in structure, and is associated with Amazonian moisture influx from the north and northwest. Improving scientific understanding of tropical Andean precipitation is of considerable importance to assessing climate variability and change, glacier behavior, hydrology, agriculture, ecosystems, and paleoclimatic reconstructions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 309-322 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1260439 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1260439 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:309-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Pons Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Pons Author-Name: Matthew J. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Matthew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Daniel Griffin Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Griffin Author-Name: Edwin J. Castellanos Author-X-Name-First: Edwin J. Author-X-Name-Last: Castellanos Author-Name: Kevin J. Anchukaitis Author-X-Name-First: Kevin J. Author-X-Name-Last: Anchukaitis Title: On the Production of Climate Information in the High Mountain Forests of Guatemala Abstract: Guatemala's population is dependent on cash crops and subsistence agriculture, the yield of which depends on both the timing and quantity of rainfall. Detailed knowledge about Guatemala's past, current, and future climate is therefore critical to the well-being of a country so reliant on agriculture. Relatively little information about Guatemala's climate exists, though, due to sparse instrumental records and limited high-resolution paleoclimate data. Given this situation, the development of climate data is the necessary first step toward facilitating improved decision making and robust adaptation in the face of predicted future climate change. Here we document how we successfully used tree rings to produce an annually resolved paleoclimate record from Guatemala stretching back to the late seventeenth century. These data provide a more comprehensive understanding of the range of natural variability in local and regional hydroclimate. This increased understanding could then be used to generate locally relevant climate information, to assist in planning, and toward reducing climate-related vulnerability at regional to local scales in agriculturally dependent communities. Our goal herein is to begin to close the gap between climate data generation and the use of relevant agrometeorological information in Guatemala by identifying key participants, decision makers, and modes of stakeholder engagement that are critical to coproduce climate information in the mountain regions of Guatemala. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 323-335 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1235481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1235481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:323-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Whelan Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Whelan Author-Name: Andrew J. Bach Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bach Title: Retreating Glaciers, Incipient Soils, Emerging Forests: 100 Years of Landscape Change on Mount Baker, Washington, USA Abstract: Glacial forelands are harsh environments where incipient pedogenesis provides the basis for vegetation establishment and succession. The Easton Glacier foreland on Mount Baker, Washington, has till deposited during five time intervals over the last 100 years as determined from historic ground and air photos. A soil chronosequence was established on the different age surfaces to assess rates of pedogenesis. As hypothesized, all soil variables, except pH, showed increasing values on progressively older surfaces, with several orders of magnitude increase between the active till and the 100-year surface. Till on ice showed no vegetation cover, low organic matter (0.4 percent), little to no nitrogen content (maximum 0.001 percent), minimal carbon (maximum 0.0083 percent), and a carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 5.9. The 100-year-old surface has continuous vegetation cover, high organic matter (12.6 percent), 0.67 percent nitrogen, and 9.47 percent carbon, and the C/N ratio was at its highest (22.6). Organic matter content started higher than expected in fresh till and gradually increased before vegetation became established, suggesting aeolian deposition of detritus built soil fertility. We estimate that after about sixty years of exposure, till surfaces became fully covered with vegetation and soil organic matter increased by almost 2,800 percent (0.4–12.6 percent). This rapid rate of soil development, given a short growing season, is hypothesized to be related to several edaphic conditions (topographic setting relative to established vegetation, aspect, and andesitic parent material), rather than a normal condition for the Cascades Range as a whole, demonstrating that ongoing climate change is affecting many environmental processes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 336-349 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1235480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1235480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:336-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Carey Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Carey Author-Name: Olivia C. Molden Author-X-Name-First: Olivia C. Author-X-Name-Last: Molden Author-Name: Mattias Borg Rasmussen Author-X-Name-First: Mattias Borg Author-X-Name-Last: Rasmussen Author-Name: M Jackson Author-X-Name-First: M Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Author-Name: Anne W. Nolin Author-X-Name-First: Anne W. Author-X-Name-Last: Nolin Author-Name: Bryan G. Mark Author-X-Name-First: Bryan G. Author-X-Name-Last: Mark Title: Impacts of Glacier Recession and Declining Meltwater on Mountain Societies Abstract: Glacierized mountains are often referred to as our world's water towers because glaciers both store water over time and regulate seasonal stream flow, releasing runoff during dry seasons when societies most need water. Ice loss thus has the potential to affect human societies in diverse ways, including irrigation, agriculture, hydropower, potable water, livelihoods, recreation, spirituality, and demography. Unfortunately, research focusing on the human impacts of glacier runoff variability in mountain regions remains limited, and studies often rely on assumptions rather than concrete evidence about the effects of shrinking glaciers on mountain hydrology and societies. This article provides a systematic review of international research on human impacts of glacier meltwater variability in mountain ranges worldwide, including the Andes, Alps, greater Himalayan region, Cascades, and Alaska. It identifies four main areas of existing research: (1) socioeconomic impacts; (2) hydropower; (3) agriculture, irrigation, and food security; and (4) cultural impacts. The article also suggests paths forward for social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences research that could more accurately detect and attribute glacier runoff and human impacts, grapple with complex and intersecting spatial and temporal scales, and implement transdisciplinary research approaches to study glacier runoff. The objective is ultimately to redefine and reorient the glacier-water problem around human societies rather than simply around ice and climate. By systematically evaluating human impacts in different mountain regions, the article strives to stimulate cross-regional thinking and inspire new studies on glaciers, hydrology, risk, adaptation, and human–environment interactions in mountain regions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 350-359 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1243039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1243039 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:350-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathan Clay Author-X-Name-First: Nathan Author-X-Name-Last: Clay Title: Agro-environmental Transitions in African Mountains: Shifting Socio-spatial Practices Amid State-Led Commercialization in Rwanda Abstract: Agricultural commercialization has been slow to take hold in mountain regions throughout the world. It has been particularly limited by challenges of mechanization, transportation access, and governance. Efforts at green-revolution style development have met with persistent failures in highland sub-Saharan Africa, where agricultural systems are often finely tuned to complex and dynamic social–ecological contexts. In Rwanda, a mountainous country in east central Africa, development efforts have long aimed to transition away from largely subsistence-based production that relies on high labor input toward commercial farming systems that are rooted in capital investment for marketable goods. Since 2005, Rwanda's land policy has become increasingly ambitious, aiming to reduce the 85 percent of households involved in agriculture to 50 percent by the year 2020. The country's Crop Intensification Program (CIP) compels farmers to consolidate land and cultivate government-selected crops. Although state assessments have touted the productivity gains created through the CIP, others speculate that households could be losing access to crucial resources. Research from both sides, however, has focused squarely on the CIP's immediate successes and failures without considering how households are responding to the program within the context of the complex and variable mountain environment. Drawing from political ecology and mountain geography, this article describes recent state-led agricultural commercialization in Rwanda as a partial and contested process. By analyzing complex land-use and livelihood changes, it fills an important conceptual and empirical research gap in understanding the environmental and social dynamics of the agrarian transitions of the highlands of Africa. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 360-370 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1254019 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1254019 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:360-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen A. Farley Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Farley Author-Name: Leah L. Bremer Author-X-Name-First: Leah L. Author-X-Name-Last: Bremer Title: “Water Is Life”: Local Perceptions of Páramo Grasslands and Land Management Strategies Associated with Payment for Ecosystem Services Abstract: Andean páramo grasslands have long supported human populations that depend on them as forage for livestock and, increasingly, have been recognized as critical water sources with large soil carbon stores and high levels of biodiversity. Recent conservation efforts have used payment for ecosystem services (PES) to incentivize land management that aims to enhance ecosystem services related to water, carbon, and biodiversity, as well as local livelihoods. Data to assess ecological and social outcomes of these programs are limited, however. In particular, a better understanding of how incentivized land management practices affect the local values and uses of páramos is needed. We conducted interviews with PES participants on their perceptions of the value of páramos and of management practices incentivized through PES—afforestation and removal of burning—and linked them with data on ecological outcomes of those practices. We found that local perceptions of páramo values include provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services, underpinning basic needs, security, health, and social relations. In some cases, local perceptions align with research on ecological outcomes of PES, whereas in others, expectations of PES participants are unlikely to be met. We also found examples of both synergies—where PES land management strengthens an existing páramo value—and trade-offs, in which existing benefits might be diminished. By improving understanding of how people perceive the benefits they obtain from páramos and how participation in PES is likely to affect those uses and values, our findings help connect local perceptions with ecological science to inform policy and management. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 371-381 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1254020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1254020 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:371-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sven Fuchs Author-X-Name-First: Sven Author-X-Name-Last: Fuchs Author-Name: Veronika Röthlisberger Author-X-Name-First: Veronika Author-X-Name-Last: Röthlisberger Author-Name: Thomas Thaler Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Thaler Author-Name: Andreas Zischg Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Zischg Author-Name: Margreth Keiler Author-X-Name-First: Margreth Author-X-Name-Last: Keiler Title: Natural Hazard Management from a Coevolutionary Perspective: Exposure and Policy Response in the European Alps Abstract: A coevolutionary perspective is adopted to understand the dynamics of exposure to mountain hazards in the European Alps. A spatially explicit, object-based temporal assessment of elements at risk to mountain hazards (river floods, torrential floods, and debris flows) in Austria and Switzerland is presented for the period from 1919 to 2012. The assessment is based on two different data sets: (1) hazard information adhering to legally binding land use planning restrictions and (2) information on building types combined from different national-level spatial data. We discuss these transdisciplinary dynamics and focus on economic, social, and institutional interdependencies and interactions between human and physical systems. Exposure changes in response to multiple drivers, including population growth and land use conflicts. The results show that whereas some regional assets are associated with a strong increase in exposure to hazards, others are characterized by a below-average level of exposure. The spatiotemporal results indicate relatively stable hot spots in the European Alps. These results coincide with the topography of the countries and with the respective range of economic activities and political settings. Furthermore, the differences between management approaches as a result of multiple institutional settings are discussed. A coevolutionary framework widens the explanatory power of multiple drivers to changes in exposure and risk and supports a shift from structural, security-based policies toward an integrated, risk-based natural hazard management system. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 382-392 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1235494 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1235494 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:382-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Megan Mills-Novoa Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Mills-Novoa Author-Name: Sophia L. Borgias Author-X-Name-First: Sophia L. Author-X-Name-Last: Borgias Author-Name: Arica Crootof Author-X-Name-First: Arica Author-X-Name-Last: Crootof Author-Name: Bhuwan Thapa Author-X-Name-First: Bhuwan Author-X-Name-Last: Thapa Author-Name: Rafael de Grenade Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: de Grenade Author-Name: Christopher A. Scott Author-X-Name-First: Christopher A. Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Title: Bringing the Hydrosocial Cycle into Climate Change Adaptation Planning: Lessons from Two Andean Mountain Water Towers Abstract: Glaciers, snowpack, rivers, lakes, and wetlands in mountain regions provide freshwater for much of the world's population. These systems, however, are acutely sensitive to climate change. In Andean water towers, which supply freshwater to more than 100 million people, climate change adaptation planning is critical. Adaptation plans, however, are more than just documents; they inform and are informed by sociopolitical processes with major implications for hydrosocial relations in mountain water towers. Noting the inadequate scholarly attention to climate change in relation to the hydrosocial cycle, we draw on the hydrosocial literature to examine and compare climate change adaptation plans from mountain water tower regions of Piura, Peru, and the Santiago metropolitan region in Chile. Through a hydrosocial lens, we find that these plans reinforce hydrosocial relations such as upstream–downstream disparities that tend to exclude those who access water informally, have differing ontologies of water, or have livelihoods outside of dominant economic sectors. Our analysis suggests that the Andean plans reinforce current water access patterns, missing a key opportunity to reenvision more inclusive hydrosocial relationships in the context of a changing climate. This study encourages further engagement between the climate change adaptation and hydrosocial literature within and beyond mountain water tower regions. Critical hydrosocial analysis of adaptation plans reveals gaps that must be addressed in future planning and implementation efforts if adaptation is going to provide meaningful pathways for change. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 393-402 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1232618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1232618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:393-402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcus Nüsser Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Nüsser Author-Name: Susanne Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Susanne Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Title: Nanga Parbat Revisited: Evolution and Dynamics of Sociohydrological Interactions in the Northwestern Himalaya Abstract: Regular availability of glacier and snow meltwater is essential for irrigated crop cultivation in the northwestern Himalaya. Based on a case study from the Nanga Parbat region in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, general patterns and site-specific particularities of irrigation networks in semiarid high mountain regions are conceptualized as continuously evolving sociohydrological interactions. These interactions are shaped by an interplay of glacio-fluvial runoff, water distribution, socioeconomic setting, institutional arrangements, external development interventions, and historical trajectories. Building on the paradigm of sociohydrology that changes in water availability coevolve with socioeconomic and land use transitions, this article explores glacier fluctuations and associated developments in meltwater-dependent crop cultivation in the Rupal Valley. The evolution of irrigation networks is analyzed using multitemporal high-resolution satellite imagery, repeat photography, and primary socioeconomic data collected in successive field surveys. Changes are historically contextualized with the help of archival material such as colonial reports and cadastral maps. This integrative study discovered the extension of cultivated areas, an increase in individual field numbers, and a reduction in average field size against the background of population increase and glacier retreat. Despite socioeconomic and environmental changes, the strong coupling of the human–water system remains intact, demonstrating a high degree of persistence of sociohydrological features over time. Adaptive strategies, however, often fail in the face of unpredictable natural processes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 403-415 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1235495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1235495 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:403-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fausto O. Sarmiento Author-X-Name-First: Fausto O. Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmiento Author-Name: J. Tomás Ibarra Author-X-Name-First: J. Tomás Author-X-Name-Last: Ibarra Author-Name: Antonia Barreau Author-X-Name-First: Antonia Author-X-Name-Last: Barreau Author-Name: J. Cristóbal Pizarro Author-X-Name-First: J. Cristóbal Author-X-Name-Last: Pizarro Author-Name: Ricardo Rozzi Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Rozzi Author-Name: Juan A. González Author-X-Name-First: Juan A. Author-X-Name-Last: González Author-Name: Larry M. Frolich Author-X-Name-First: Larry M. Author-X-Name-Last: Frolich Title: Applied Montology Using Critical Biogeography in the Andes Abstract: More than most other landforms, mountains have been at the vanguard of geographical inquiry. Whether promontories, cultural works on slopes, or even metaphorical/spiritual heights, mountain research informs current narratives of global environmental change. We review how montology shifts geographic paradigms via the novel approach of critical biogeography in the Andes. We use it to bridge nature and society through indigenous heritage, local biodiversity conservation narratives, and vernacular nature–culture hybrids of biocultural landscapes (BCLs), focusing on how socioecological systems (SES) enlighten scientific query in the Andes. In our Andean study cases, integrated critical frameworks guide the understanding of BCLs as the product of long-term human–environment interactions. With situated exemplars from place naming, wild edible plants, medicinal plants, sacred trees, foodstuffs, ritualistic plants, and floral and faunal causation, we convey the need for cognition of mountains as BCLs in the Anthropocene. We conclude that applied montology allows for a multi-method approach with the four Cs of critical biogeography, a model that engages forward-looking geographers and interdisciplinary Andeanists in assessments for sustainable development of fragile BCLs in the Andes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 416-428 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1260438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1260438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:416-428 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth R. Young Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth R. Author-X-Name-Last: Young Author-Name: Alexandra G. Ponette-González Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra G. Author-X-Name-Last: Ponette-González Author-Name: Molly H. Polk Author-X-Name-First: Molly H. Author-X-Name-Last: Polk Author-Name: Jennifer K. Lipton Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer K. Author-X-Name-Last: Lipton Title: Snowlines and Treelines in the Tropical Andes Abstract: Examination of the dynamism of snowlines and treelines could provide insights into environmental change processes affecting land cover in the tropical Andes Mountains. Further, land cover at these ecotones represents a powerful lens through which to monitor and understand ecological processes across biophysical gradients while acknowledging their socioenvironmental dimensions. To illustrate this approach, we draw on recent research from two sites in the high tropical Andes where, at the regional scale, land cover assessments document retreating glaciers and changing amounts of forest cover, even though steep topographic gradients impose spatial shifts at much finer scales. Our results show that heterogeneous patterns of glacier recession open up new ecological spaces for plant colonization, potentially forming new grasslands, shrublands, and wetlands. In addition, treeline shifts are tied to changes in woody plant dominance, which can vary in rate and pattern as a result of aspect, past land use, and current livelihoods. We suggest that the telecoupling of regional and global biophysical and socioeconomic drivers of land use and land cover change to specific landscape combinations of elevation, aspect, and slope position might explain much of the spatial heterogeneity that characterizes landscape stasis and flux in mountains. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 429-440 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1235479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1235479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:429-440 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karl S. Zimmerer Author-X-Name-First: Karl S. Author-X-Name-Last: Zimmerer Author-Name: Hildegardo Córdova-Aguilar Author-X-Name-First: Hildegardo Author-X-Name-Last: Córdova-Aguilar Author-Name: Rafael Mata Olmo Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Mata Olmo Author-Name: Yolanda Jiménez Olivencia Author-X-Name-First: Yolanda Author-X-Name-Last: Jiménez Olivencia Author-Name: Steven J. Vanek Author-X-Name-First: Steven J. Author-X-Name-Last: Vanek Title: Mountain Ecology, Remoteness, and the Rise of Agrobiodiversity: Tracing the Geographic Spaces of Human–Environment Knowledge Abstract: We use an original geographic framework and insights from science, technology, and society studies and the geohumanities to investigate the development of global environmental knowledge in tropical mountains. Our analysis demonstrates the significant relationship between current agrobiodiversity and the elevation of mountain agroecosystems across multiple countries. We use the results of this general statistical model to support our focus on mountain agrobiodiversity. Regimes of the agrobiodiversity knowledge of scientists, government officials, travelers, and indigenous peoples, among others, interacting in mountain landscapes have varied significantly in denoting geographic remoteness. Knowledge representing pre-European mountain geography and diverse food plants in the tropical Andes highlighted their centrality to the Inca Empire (circa 1400–1532). The notion of semiremoteness, geographic valley–upland differentiation, and the similitude-and-difference knowledge mode characterized early Spanish imperial rule (1532–1770). Early modern accounts (1770–1900) amplified the remoteness of the Andes as they advanced global ecological sciences, knowledge standardization, and racial representations of indigenous people as degraded, with scant attention to Andean agriculture and food. Global agrobiodiversity knowledge increasingly drew on corresponding representations of mountain remoteness. Our integration of the biogeophysical–social sciences with the geohumanities reveals distinctive geographies of agrobiodiversity knowledge. Assumed remoteness of mountain agrobiodiversity is not inherent but rather is actively formed in relation to global societies and knowledge systems and is thus relational. Connectivity and claims to territorial and indigenous autonomy distinguish newly emergent characteristics of agrobiodiversity. The multifunctionality and political geography of agrobiodiversity are integral to current mountain environments, societies, and sustainability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 441-455 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1235482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1235482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:441-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ashwini Chhatre Author-X-Name-First: Ashwini Author-X-Name-Last: Chhatre Author-Name: Shikha Lakhanpal Author-X-Name-First: Shikha Author-X-Name-Last: Lakhanpal Author-Name: Satya Prasanna Author-X-Name-First: Satya Author-X-Name-Last: Prasanna Title: Heritage as Weapon: Contested Geographies of Conservation and Culture in the Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area, India Abstract: Mountains are one of the last refuges of biodiversity worldwide. As the global discourse on nature conservation becomes prominent within sustainability debates and local populations continue to be blamed for environmental destruction, projected territorial expansion of protected areas will likely lead to high levels of conflict and contestation around mountains of the world. At the same time, deeper penetration of transnational advocacy networks and wider connections of civil society will bring new tools of resistance to bear on this conflict. We propose that democracy plays an increasingly critical role in assisting local opposition to thwart new restrictions on access to natural areas prioritized for conservation. We illustrate this larger argument through the case of the Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (GHNPCA), recently designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Indian Himalayas. In their opposition to exclusion, local communities have employed heritage as a weapon, successfully marshaling the representation of the region as the “Valley of the Gods” and putting their cultural heritage to work against global conservation agendas. Tourism posters depicting the sacred geography of numerous local deities allow local communities to justify opposition to the conservation status that restricts access to their gods, while channeling their demands through elected representatives. The state navigates this complex territory between global and local heritage uneasily, primarily through a series of compromises at the local level. This article focuses on the ways in which mountain heritage—local and global, cultural and natural—is negotiated in the crucible of democracy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 456-464 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1243040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1243040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:456-464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen F. Cunha Author-X-Name-First: Stephen F. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunha Title: Perestroika to Parkland: The Evolution of Land Protection in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan Abstract: This article traces the evolution of land protection in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan. The Pamirs form the “Roof of the World,” where the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Tian Shan, and Kunlun Shan ranges converge. Field and archival research identified (1) the origin and diffusion of parks and protected areas across the globe, (2) the biophysical properties of the Pamir Mountains that inspired the conservation efforts, (3) the sequence of land protection from national park to supranational World Heritage recognition, and (4) the characteristics of the Pamir Mountains that justify UNESCO Biosphere Reserve status. Stalin forcefully depopulated these highlands in the 1930s. Tense Soviet–Sino relations in the 1960s and the prolonged Soviet–Afghan war further restricted human movements. When Gorbachev's perestroika allowed return migration in the mid-1980s, Tajik farmers and Kirghiz pastoralists resettled a landscape of thriving plants and wildlife. Concurrently, a nascent coalition of citizen scientists and government officials began advocating for a park. In 1992 the government established the Tajik National Park to protect environmental and sacred sites, promote traditional economic activity, and develop tourism. The antecedent Soviet collapse, civil war, economic upheaval, and renewed conflict in Afghanistan, however, complicated land protection. In 2013, UNESCO designated the Tajik National Park as a World Heritage Site. Establishing a Biosphere Reserve is the next step to promoting transboundary conservation with the adjacent protected areas in China, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The potential reserve size, terrain, and demographic trajectory are consistent with the Man and the Biosphere model. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 465-479 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1248551 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1248551 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:465-479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harry W. Fischer Author-X-Name-First: Harry W. Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer Title: Harnessing the State: Social Transformation, Infrastructural Development, and the Changing Governance of Water Systems in the Kangra District of the Indian Himalayas Abstract: Despite a proliferation of programs and policies aimed at promoting local resource management, we still have limited knowledge of the conditions under which state interventions can be a supportive force in everyday aspects of common pool resource governance. This article explores growing state involvement in community-managed irrigation systems of the Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh, India. Here, agriculture is dependent on water channeled from glacial streams through networks of irrigation canals that have been sustained by local traditions of collective action for centuries. In recent years, however, growing off-farm employment has shifted the center of the agrarian economy and undermined shared norms of collective resource governance, just as state institutions have increasingly identified water systems as an object of development intervention. In this article, I document how irrigation management has been incrementally reinvented through changing institutional arrangements and new infrastructural forms over the past three decades, as existing patterns of collective action have increasingly found expression by leveraging development resources of the state. To the extent that socioeconomic changes associated with broader processes of development are likely to strain commons governance systems in mountain and other regions in the coming years, such collaborative engagements between local collective management and state support systems could become increasingly prevalent. This case suggests the need for new theoretical tools to guide analysis of evolving relationship between communities and state institutions in common pool resource governance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 480-489 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1232614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1232614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:480-489 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mabel Denzin Gergan Author-X-Name-First: Mabel Denzin Author-X-Name-Last: Gergan Title: Living with Earthquakes and Angry Deities at the Himalayan Borderlands Abstract: The Indian Himalayan Region, a climate change hotspot, is witnessing a massive surge in hydropower development alongside a dramatic rise in natural hazard events. This article explores indigenous people's response to this intersection of concerns around hazards and contentious development beyond more legible instances of social movements or resistance. Through an ethnographic case study located in the Eastern Himalayan state of Sikkim, the site of a 6.9 magnitude earthquake, controversial hydropower projects, and an indigenous antidam protest, I show how people's relationship with a sacred, animate landscape is not easily translatable into the clear goals of environmental politics. Antidam activists and environmentalists link growing ecological precarity in Sikkim to state-led hydropower construction, but for many lay indigenous people, these earthquakes raise deeper cultural anxieties. I demonstrate how these anxieties are grounded in a longer history of the contested relationship between marginalized peoples and hegemonic state and nonstate powers, a relationship that continues in the fraught relationship of the Himalayan margins to the Indian state. I argue that critical engagements with indigenous environmentalism must be in dialogue with diverse interpretations and registers of loss and erasure. In this I follow recent calls to decolonize the Anthropocene that demand that we move beyond a politics of urgency to examine the slow, historical processes of erasure under colonialism and imperialism. I highlight these narratives to argue for a more holistic approach to the uneven impacts of climate change on mountainous environments and their inhabitants. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 490-498 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1209103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1209103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:490-498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Esther Jacobson-Tepfer Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobson-Tepfer Author-Name: James E. Meacham Author-X-Name-First: James E. Author-X-Name-Last: Meacham Title: The Sacred Mountain Shiveet Khairkhan (Bayan Ölgiy aimag, Mongolia) and the Centering of Cultural Indicators in the Age of Nomadic Pastoralism Abstract: Located in the upper valley of Tsagaan Gol, in northwestern Mongolia's Altai Mountains, the sacred mountain Shiveet Khairkhan is surrounded by archaeological monuments extending in time from the Bronze Age (early third millennium BCE) through the Turkic Period (sixth to ninth centuries CE). The character of the high valley it centers and the extended physical context including rivers and glaciated mountains call to mind a sacred diagram involving a mountainous landscape, directionality, and color symbolism. Such general associations with Buddhist concepts would not be the reason Shiveet Khairkhan is considered sacred, however. The wealth of archaeology around the mountain's base and lining the Tsagaan Gol river valley indicates that this status might go back for several thousand years, to a period much earlier than Buddhism. The material presented here derives from two decades of original archaeological survey and documentation and draws on the approaches of several different disciplines. By considering this topic in terms of integrated approaches, it is possible to suggest the complexity of Shiveet Khairkhan within its larger cultural and geographical context and to explore the ways in which this mountain might have become designated as sacred. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 499-510 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1207501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1207501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:499-510 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Knapp Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Knapp Title: Mountain Agriculture for Global Markets: The Case of Greenhouse Floriculture in Ecuador Abstract: Mountain agriculture has been conceptualized in terms of altitudinal zones, verticality, and agroecosystems, but an alternative framework is that of adaptive dynamics, conceptualizing farming in terms of choice between options based on optimizing returns in different frameworks of rational decision making in different production zones. In this framework, production zones are not defined solely in terms of altitude but also in terms of soil, slope, and access to irrigation. A recent option in the irrigated production zone has been greenhouse floriculture, which has become one of the most globally competitive agricultural exports in equatorial mountains. In Ecuador, greenhouse floriculture expanded in the 1990s partly in response to favorable trade agreements but also due to diffusion of technologies from multiple sources and local entrepreneurship. Interviews with various actors and fieldwork provide details on greenhouse adaptive strategies and suggest that this agroindustrial activity has proven unusually resilient to changes in global trade patterns and changes in climate. It has provided an option for employment that has stemmed outmigration and encouraged some immigration of labor. At the same time, there are concerns regarding impacts on water resources and regarding pesticide impacts. Excessively static or ecosystemicist conceptions of mountain environments and agricultural strategies fail to anticipate the full range of possibilities for development in the diverse production zones of high-altitude regions. These possibilities also help to contest assertions about the inevitable decline of mountain agriculture in the face of modernization and globalization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 511-519 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1203282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1203282 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:511-519 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew M. Linke Author-X-Name-First: Andrew M. Author-X-Name-Last: Linke Author-Name: Frank D. W. Witmer Author-X-Name-First: Frank D. W. Author-X-Name-Last: Witmer Author-Name: Edward C. Holland Author-X-Name-First: Edward C. Author-X-Name-Last: Holland Author-Name: John O'Loughlin Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: O'Loughlin Title: Mountainous Terrain and Civil Wars: Geospatial Analysis of Conflict Dynamics in the Post-Soviet Caucasus Abstract: Existing research on the relationship between mountainous terrain and conflict has generally been implemented using crude metrics capturing the actions and motivations of armed groups, both insurgent and government. We provide a more geographically nuanced investigation of two specific propositions relating mountainous terrain to violent conflict activity. Our study covers five wars in the Caucasus region: the second North Caucasus war in Chechnya and neighboring republics (1999–2012); Islamist and Russian government conflict in the same area (2002–2012); fighting between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Nagorno-Karabakh (1990–2012); and battles between Georgia and separatists in South Ossetia (1991–2012) and Abkhazia (1992–2012). Our analysis of insurgent and government violence reciprocity illustrates some expected patterns of what we call the operational costs of context. By varying the dimensions for our units of analysis—the context within which violent interactions take place—however, we arrive at differing conclusions. Our research represents a meaningful and transparent engagement with the influences of the well-known and understudied modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) in geographically sensitive analysis. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 520-535 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1243038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1243038 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:520-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Galen Murton Author-X-Name-First: Galen Author-X-Name-Last: Murton Title: Making Mountain Places into State Spaces: Infrastructure, Consumption, and Territorial Practice in a Himalayan Borderland Abstract: This article looks at a trans-Himalayan borderland to see how new road development projects affect social and sovereign relationships across mountain landscapes between Chinese Tibet and Mustang, Nepal. Research asked about local experiences with new forms of motorized transport and popular consumption of Chinese-manufactured commodities to understand what factors led the Nepali state to undertake new bureaucratic projects in a historically peripheral space. Employing a dialectic framework of mobility and containment, a materialist-territorial analysis reveals how transborder infrastructure development affects trade relations and consumption practices in the Nepal–China borderlands and, in turn, how these dynamics condition state-making processes at social and geopolitical levels. Following the cross-scalar trajectory of one rural road project from local grassroots initiative to national development program to international transportation network, I argue that the economic interests of a place-based project with regional cultural connections set in motion an expanding presence of Nepali state apparatuses in a trans-Himalayan borderland space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 536-545 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1232616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1232616 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:536-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lindsay A. Skog Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay A. Author-X-Name-Last: Skog Title: Khumbi yullha and the Beyul: Sacred Space and the Cultural Politics of Religion in Khumbu, Nepal Abstract: Many parts of the Himalaya are at once indigenous people's homelands, national parks or conservation areas, world-renowned trekking and mountaineering destinations, and the sites of ongoing ecological and socioeconomic development interventions. In addition, for many residents, protective territory deities reside in nearby peaks, and valleys between provide sacred places of refuge. Like in mountain regions elsewhere, these meanings represent overlapping and entwined claims of authority and territory from the state, indigenous communities, development agencies, and religious institutions. In this article I consider the ways in which resident Sherpas in Khumbu, Nepal, negotiate the overlapping spaces, authorities, and territories associated with understandings of the region as Khumbi yullha's—a local deity—territory and the Nyingma Buddhist institutional claim to the region as a beyul—a sacred, hidden valley refuge, which development actors, both inside and outside the Khumbu Sherpa community, have attempted to mobilize as a sacred landscape supporting environmental conservation initiatives. Based on eighteen months of fieldwork in 2009 to 2010 and 2013, I focus on the spatiality of the cultural politics of religion in Khumbu in competing claims of territory from the Buddhist monastic institution and localized practices and the ways in which such constructions shape the outcomes of intervention programs. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 546-554 Issue: 2 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1210498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1210498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:2:p:546-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ate Poorthuis Author-X-Name-First: Ate Author-X-Name-Last: Poorthuis Author-Name: Dominic Power Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Power Author-Name: Matthew Zook Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Zook Title: Attentional Social Media: Mapping the Spaces and Networks of the Fashion Industry Abstract: In this article we use big data methods to analyze the attention paid to the fashion industry on social media. The article argues that for the fashion industry, like many industries, the core product is a form of knowledge that is dependent on gaining and holding people’s attention. To understand this attentional economy, social media offers a unique window because it is increasingly a central space within which fashion knowledge is created and shared. Using long-term, geotagged big data from Twitter, we analyze the hitherto difficult-to-explore spaces and places of the global fashion industry. The article suggests that the data confirm the ideas that there are a series of global fashion capitals that are especially important to the industry and that attention paid to fashion is highly uneven and varied across industry functions, national origins, and companies. Evidence is presented that attention to fashion is a global phenomenon that does not always directly link to where fashion products are sold. Attention to fashion is both a market-making mechanism for the industry as well as an indicator of wider social and cultural processes of tastemaking and identity formation within which fashion is entwined. The article concludes by suggesting that such data offer geographers new ways of looking at and linking economic, social, and cultural spaces and geographies and that social media analysis can help bridge boundaries that divide geographers. Key Words: attention economy, big data, economic geography, fashion industry, social media. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 941-966 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1664887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1664887 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:941-966 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paige Marie Patchin Author-X-Name-First: Paige Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Patchin Title: Thresholds of Empire: Women, Biosecurity, and the Zika Chemical Vector Program in Puerto Rico Abstract: The recent emergence of a new strand of the Zika virus evinces the global entwinement of viral, human, and animal ecologies on a dynamic planet. Capable of shaping physiological development in utero and transmittable by both mosquitoes and sex, Zika ignited fears about the plasticity of the human form in the face of infectious disease, the permeability of nation-state borders to infectious disease, and the lifetime health care costs of infectious disease. In the United States, these fears were mapped onto the “unincorporated territory” of Puerto Rico, where one fifth of the population was predicted to contract the virus. This article examines U.S. government chemical intervention in Puerto Rico, which I argue was underpinned by a contradictory mapping of the island as inside the United States in terms of risk and outside the United States in terms of rights. Puerto Rican women were spatialized as the threshold between the agency of the virus and the future of the U.S. population. When they were perceived to fail in properly managing their bodies and homes, aerial chemical fumigation was threatened in an aggressive display of U.S. sovereign power. This article offers careful and critical geographic analysis of how imperial state power is extended in the name of health and how women in different places are made into biosecurity objects. It also notes a broader destructive logic that positions the reproductive capacities of poor women outside of Northern states as the pivot between an increasingly unruly nonhuman world and the future. Key Words: biosecurity, chemical geographies, empire (Puerto Rico), gender, Zika. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 967-982 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1655386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1655386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:967-982 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela M. Babb Author-X-Name-First: Angela M. Author-X-Name-Last: Babb Title: America’s “Thrifty Food Plan”: Hunger, Mathematics, and the Valuation of Nutrition Assistance Abstract: The Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) determines maximum entitlements (i.e., food stamp allotments) for participants of the federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP); it was last modified in 2006 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP). The TFP is a low-cost diet generated from a geometric program that incorporates data on current consumption patterns, federal nutritional and dietary guidelines, nutrient profiles of food groups, food prices, and predetermined budgets for seventeen age–sex groups. Scholars have previously critiqued the TFP for excluding labor time, underestimating household food waste, and ignoring geographical variation in food prices. In this article, I apply literatures from critical food studies and political economy of food to further deconstruct the TFP data and geometric program. I argue that the TFP reifies an industrial neoliberal capitalist valuation of food via federal dietary guidelines and relative price data. Moreover, the CNPP’s use of current consumption data as a proxy for palatability works to naturalize and depoliticize the structural and social inequalities of national and global food systems. Finally, a critical evaluation of the TFP mathematics reveals an unstable geometric program that requires multiple subjective manipulations to solve. This analysis shows that the TFP calculation reproduces a food budget insufficient for SNAP households to procure nutritious, culturally appropriate diets, essentially doing work to perpetuate hunger and poverty in the United States. I offer recommendations for changing this national valuation of food and nutrition assistance. Key Words: EBT, food justice, food security, food stamps, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 983-1004 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1664889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1664889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:983-1004 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George P. Malanson Author-X-Name-First: George P. Author-X-Name-Last: Malanson Author-Name: Risto Virtanen Author-X-Name-First: Risto Author-X-Name-Last: Virtanen Author-Name: Andrea J. Britton Author-X-Name-First: Andrea J. Author-X-Name-Last: Britton Author-Name: Borja Jiménez-Alfaro Author-X-Name-First: Borja Author-X-Name-Last: Jiménez-Alfaro Author-Name: Hong Qian Author-X-Name-First: Hong Author-X-Name-Last: Qian Author-Name: Alessandro Petraglia Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro Author-X-Name-Last: Petraglia Author-Name: Marcello Tomaselli Author-X-Name-First: Marcello Author-X-Name-Last: Tomaselli Author-Name: David Cooper Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Name: Christian Damm Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Damm Author-Name: Richard H. Pemble Author-X-Name-First: Richard H. Author-X-Name-Last: Pemble Author-Name: Robert B. Brett Author-X-Name-First: Robert B. Author-X-Name-Last: Brett Title: Hemispheric- and Continental-Scale Patterns of Similarity in Mountain Tundra Abstract: Understanding the full range of biodiversity patterns from local to global scales, through the study of the drivers of multiscale plant community composition and diversity, is a current goal of biogeography. A synthetic understanding of to what extent vegetation compositional patterns are produced by biotic factors, geography, or climate and how these patterns vary across scales is needed. This lack hinders prediction of the effects of climate change in global vegetation. Variation in community composition is examined in relation to climatic difference and geographic distance at hemispheric and continental scales. Vascular plants and bryophytes in thirteen mountain regions were analyzed: eight in Europe and five in North America, nine midlatitude and four oroarctic. Species composition differed between continents and between oroarctic and midlatitude regions. Patterns of paired regional similarity with distance were significant for all pairs and intercontinental pairs but not for those within Europe and North America. Climatic variables accounted for most of the variance in vegetation patterns revealed by general linear models of ordinations, but geographic variables of Moran eigenvectors and latitudinal zones were also important and significant. The effects of geography were typically twice as strong for vascular plants as for bryophytes. The importance of geography at these scales suggests that past evolutionary and ecological processes are as important as current fit to any climatic niche. Interpretation of observations of the impacts of global climate change should recognize geographic context and phylogeny, and policies to mitigate them, such as assisted migration, should be cautious. Key Words: Alpine, beta diversity, climate, distance, oroarctic. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1005-1021 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1677450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1677450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1005-1021 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dylan Shane Connor Author-X-Name-First: Dylan Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Connor Author-Name: Myron P. Gutmann Author-X-Name-First: Myron P. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutmann Author-Name: Angela R. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: Angela R. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Kerri Keller Clement Author-X-Name-First: Kerri Keller Author-X-Name-Last: Clement Author-Name: Stefan Leyk Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Leyk Title: How Entrenched Is the Spatial Structure of Inequality in Cities? Evidence from the Integration of Census and Housing Data for Denver from 1940 to 2016 Abstract: How entrenched is the spatial structure of inequality in cities? Although recent discussions provide conflicting answers to this question, the absence of long-term, longitudinal neighborhood data curtails direct examination of the issue. Focusing on the city of Denver, we develop a new strategy for analyzing neighborhood dynamics from 1940 to the present day. Our analysis of these data reveals surprising persistence in the income rank of neighborhoods between 1940 and 2016, which appears to be driven by the enduring position of white, upper-income places at the top of the neighborhood hierarchy. When low-income neighborhoods do rise in income rank, we find that change tends to be spatially concentrated in specific areas of the city and accelerates during broader historical episodes of urban change. We conclude that neighborhood inequality in Denver has endured over long periods of time and through substantial shifts in the wider urban landscape. Key Words: gentrification, GIS, inequality, neighborhoods, spatial demography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1022-1039 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1667218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1667218 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1022-1039 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy Donovan Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Donovan Title: When the Vertical Becomes Horizontal: Experiencing Exploding Mountains in Borderlands Abstract: This article uses a case study from Latin America to investigate the geological politics surrounding borderland volcanoes. As scientific technologies for volcano monitoring improve and the number of volcanoes monitored globally increases, a growing awareness of transborder volcanic risk is developing. In parallel to this, developments in geopolitics have started to embrace the idea of vertical territory: territory as a material volume, reemphasizing the geological in politics and the political in geology. This article considers the dynamics of territory through time, with a particular focus on extreme “geo-events” that reshape institutions, reveal cross-border differences in nation-state assemblages, and redistribute the earth in dynamic ways. This raises interesting challenges for scientists because of the diverse scientific histories and institutional structures between nations, but it also raises potential geopolitical challenges. The article thus argues that volcanoes can provide focal points for the politics of the geos, as experienced by communities and by scientists: Awareness of “the other” side of the volcano border and experiencing the activity of the earth in a liminal setting are important in how people interpret the earth and their own identities. Volcanic eruptions highlight the diversity of institutional approaches across the border and can provoke reconfiguration of national priorities. Key Words: disaster risk, geopolitics, political geology, territory, volcanic risk. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1040-1058 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1677213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1677213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1040-1058 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sébastien Dujardin Author-X-Name-First: Sébastien Author-X-Name-Last: Dujardin Title: Planning with Climate Change? A Poststructuralist Approach to Climate Change Adaptation Abstract: This article calls for a stronger engagement by geographers with the concept of socionature as a vehicle for guiding adaptation thinking in development planning. Drawing on literatures from poststructuralist geographies, it argues for a relational, hybrid ontology of climate change adaptation grounded in multiple perspectives, knowledges, and more-than-human relations. Going beyond this stance, a framework based on the idea of planning with climate change is proposed for a revised approach to adaptation that calls for more-than-social planning practices embedded in radically more integrative planning processes and the redistribution of power across the climate and planning systems. The article ends by highlighting some of the key challenges that such a project faces for scholars working in the field of planning and development research. Key Words: climate change adaptation, development, human geography, planning, poststructuralist theory. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1059-1074 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1664888 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1664888 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1059-1074 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelsey N. Ellis Author-X-Name-First: Kelsey N. Author-X-Name-Last: Ellis Author-Name: Daniel Burow Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Burow Author-Name: Kelly N. Gassert Author-X-Name-First: Kelly N. Author-X-Name-Last: Gassert Author-Name: Lisa Reyes Mason Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Reyes Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Author-Name: Megan S. Porter Author-X-Name-First: Megan S. Author-X-Name-Last: Porter Title: Forecaster Perceptions and Climatological Analysis of the Influence of Convective Mode on Tornado Climatology and Warning Success Abstract: Tornadogenesis occurs in a variety of storm types, or convective modes, each having a unique climatology and challenges in their detection and warning. Some warnings result in false alarms, meaning that no tornado occurred within the warning polygon. We used a mixed-methods approach to assess how convective mode––discrete supercell, cell in cluster, cell in line, or quasi-linear convective system (QLCS)––affects the tornado climatology and National Weather Service (NWS) procedures within three County Warning Areas (CWAs): Memphis (MEG), Nashville (OHX), and Morristown (MRX), Tennessee. We used three data sets: tornadoes (2003–2014) categorized by convective mode, false alarms (2012–2016) categorized by convective mode, and eleven interviews of NWS forecasters. The CWAs had no significant difference in mode frequency when removing replication from multiple-tornado events. However, when outbreaks were included, discrete supercell and QLCS signals were identified in MEG and OHX, respectively. Convective mode, season, and time of day were strongly associated. Tornadic discrete supercells followed a traditional severe weather pattern of spring and daytime occurrences and caused fewer false alarms. More QLCS tornadoes happened at night and in winter. Cells in lines and clusters accounted for larger proportions of events in the false-alarm data set than the tornado data set. Forecasters noted challenges in detecting tornadoes in convective modes other than discrete supercells, including short-lived QLCS tornadoes. Key forecaster concerns other than convective mode included storm speed, outbreaks, and lack of ground-truthing at night. Forecasters differed in their motivation to either warn on every tornado or avoid false alarms. Key Words: climatology, false alarm, QLCS, supercell, tornado. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1075-1094 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1670042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1670042 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1075-1094 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Faria Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Faria Author-Name: Sarah Klosterkamp Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Klosterkamp Author-Name: Rebecca Maria Torres Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Torres Author-Name: Jayme Walenta Author-X-Name-First: Jayme Author-X-Name-Last: Walenta Title: Embodied Exhibits: Toward a Feminist Geographic Courtroom Ethnography Abstract: Courtroom ethnographies are very rare in English-, German-, and Spanish-language legal geography. Yet courtrooms are dense spaces through which legal subjects, spaces, and instruments are performed, created, disciplined, and managed. In this article, we develop a feminist geographic ethnography of the court. This approach attends to the affective, intimate, and bodily politics of courtroom subjects, spaces, and moments, connecting these with wider structural processes of legal, sociocultural, political, and economic life. To develop this approach, we draw collaboratively on our work on immigrant detention hearings, corporate fraud, antiterrorist trials, and our conversations and reflections together as feminist geographers. We use four embodied exhibits—the file cabinet, the legal pad, the cloakroom ticket, and the cell phone—to make manifest four elements of our feminist methodology. These integrate grounded data sets, embodied transcriptions, global intimate analyses of legal power, and antithetical-activist scholarship. We assert that feminist courtroom ethnographies offer vital and deeply geographical insights into the spatial work of power in and through the legal system, connecting everyday legal goings-on and the transscalar structural machinations of state violence. Key Words: courtroom ethnography, feminist geography, feminist methodology, legal geography, political geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1095-1113 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1680233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1680233 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1095-1113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra Jasper Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Jasper Title: Acoustic Ecologies: Architecture, Nature, and Modernist Experimentation in West Berlin Abstract: Existing geographical research on sound has largely focused on the relationship between music and place. The actual places of music—concert halls, opera houses, and other listening and performance spaces—have remained an empirical lacuna. Concert halls are influential agents over urban space. They are not only flashpoints of urban culture, they also technologically mold urban space and transform our acoustic experience of the city. In this article, I use the modern concert hall as a conceptual and empirical window on the world to examine the relationship between sound, modernity, and urban space. The Berlin Philharmonie, designed by the German architect Hans Scharoun and completed in 1963, is considered one of the most influential modern concert halls and a precursor to the currently prevalent vineyard-style design. It is suggested that Scharoun’s radically democratic spatial design is significantly different from the contemporary boosterism of iconic halls and the widening scope of a late-modern economy of experiential intensity. A close reading of Scharoun’s modernist experiments with sound in postwar Berlin highlights the underexplored theoretical and political tensions around what we might refer to as acoustic modernism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1114-1133 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1673143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1673143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1114-1133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Willie Jamaal Wright Author-X-Name-First: Willie Jamaal Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: The Morphology of Marronage Abstract: A number of texts have addressed desires for and iterations of freedom throughout the Black diaspora. Although conceptualizations of freedom are often employed and interrogated in critical scholarship, less attention is given to the landscapes onto which politics are performed. This article draws from scholarship in Black and Ethnic Studies along with Geography to argue that the ability of select fugitive groups to obtain forms of spatial autonomy is reliant on their ability to seek, find, and settle within difficult and seemingly uninhabitable landscapes. Using marronage as a conceptual tool, I posit that quests for freedom through fugitivity have often relied on the topographic and geomorphologic traits of natural environments. To illustrate marronage as a landscape of political possibility, I close with examples from the United States, Mexico, and Vietnam to demonstrate how across time and space, devalued landscapes have serviced subterfuge and provided sustenance for long-suffering communities. Key Words: geomorphology, landscape, marronage, uneven geographical development, value. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1134-1149 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1664890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1664890 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1134-1149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sam Comber Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Comber Author-Name: Daniel Arribas-Bel Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Arribas-Bel Author-Name: Alex Singleton Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Singleton Author-Name: Guanpeng Dong Author-X-Name-First: Guanpeng Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: Les Dolega Author-X-Name-First: Les Author-X-Name-Last: Dolega Title: Building Hierarchies of Retail Centers Using Bayesian Multilevel Models Abstract: The perceived quality of urban environments is intrinsically tied to the availability of desirable leisure and retail opportunities. In this article, we explore methodological approaches for deriving indicators that estimate the willingness to pay for retail and leisure services offered by retail centers. Most often, because the quality of urban environments cannot be qualified by a natural unit, the willingness to pay for an urban environment is explored through the lens of the residential housing market. Traditional approaches control for individual characteristics of houses, meaning that the remaining variation in the price can be unpacked and related to the availability of local amenities or, equivalently, the willingness to pay. In this article, we use similar motivations but exchange housing prices for residential properties with property taxes paid by nondomestic properties to glean hierarchies of retail centers. We outline the applied methodological steps that include very recent, nontrivial contributions from the literature to estimate these hierarchies and provide clear instructions for reproducing the methodology. Using the case study of England and Wales, we undertake a series of econometric experiments to rigorously assess retail center willingness to pay (RWTP) as a test of the methods reviewed. We build intuition toward our preferred specification, a Bayesian multilevel model, that accounts for the possibility of a spatial autoregressive process. Overall, the applied methodology describes a blueprint for building hierarchies of retail spaces and addresses the limited availability of spatial data that measure the economic and social value of retail centers. Key Words: econometrics, retail geography, spatial statistics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1150-1173 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1667219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1667219 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1150-1173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sabina Lawreniuk Author-X-Name-First: Sabina Author-X-Name-Last: Lawreniuk Title: Intensifying Political Geographies of Authoritarianism: Toward an Anti-geopolitics of Garment Worker Struggles in Neoliberal Cambodia Abstract: Cambodia’s recent crackdown on freedoms of expression, association, and assembly coincides with the wider geopolitical ascent of illiberal democracy. Scholarly and public discourse suggests that we are now witnessing a global authoritarian turn, possibly linked to the current conditions of late neoliberal capitalist development where deprivations linked to state rollback have engendered a corrective state rollout. The language of the global authoritarian turn, however, echoes earlier unhelpful and totalizing readings of neoliberal expansion as a process of top-down diffusion. To counter this, this article argues for a recentering of local geographies in understanding authoritarian neoliberalism and a renewed focus on the bottom-up dynamics of its articulation in specific contexts. Drawing from a detailed study of garment worker activism, this article unravels the two-way relationship that unfolds between the intensified experiences of capital and resistance in Cambodia and the intensifying political geography of authoritarianism that reverberates as a result. Forwarding an antigeopolitical reading of authoritarian neoliberalism in Cambodia, the article recasts the current crisis underway in Cambodia, disrupting the notion of an authoritarian turn. Rather than the top-down imposition of a new model of autocratic government, the crackdown is shown to represent an intensification of existing authoritarian neoliberalism provoked by geopolitics from below. Here, intensification reflects a demographic and spatial shift in the concentration of authoritarian strategies toward Cambodia’s garment workers. Key Words: anti-geopolitics, authoritarianism, Cambodia, neoliberalism, resistance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1174-1191 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1670040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1670040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1174-1191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shaina Potts Author-X-Name-First: Shaina Author-X-Name-Last: Potts Title: Law as Geopolitics: Judicial Territory, Transnational Economic Governance, and American Power Abstract: The extension of domestic U.S. judicial authority to govern transnational economic relations involving foreign governments beyond official U.S. borders has been an important but largely overlooked component of the post–World War II international economic order. Using a critical spatial lens to analyze important U.S. common law changes, I show that a key strategy for achieving this extension has been redefining legal dichotomies to recode activity once considered public, political, and in the executive domain as private, commercial, nonpolitical, and judicial. This process has contributed to the depoliticization of fraught geopolitical conflicts and the production of a neoliberal global economy. The expansion of what I call judicial territory has occurred in response to acute political and economic challenges to U.S. interests and has been a means of forging an international economic order with the United States at the forefront. It has unilaterally extended U.S. state space and restricted the economic sovereignty of other countries, in ways that have benefited U.S. and transnational capital and underwritten the extraction of resources into the United States, especially from the Global South. At the same time, the unique characteristics of the common law have helped make these imperial relations hegemonic. Key Words: economy, hegemony, imperialism, law, territory. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1192-1207 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1670041 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1670041 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1192-1207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michal Braier Author-X-Name-First: Michal Author-X-Name-Last: Braier Title: The Right to Light: Visibility and Government in the Rio Grande Valley Colonias Abstract: Examining the Right to Light campaign carried out by colonia residents in south Texas, this article analyzes the relationship among three axes: the effects of the Valley’s urban geography on the grassroots struggle of marginalized citizens to install streetlights to attain material illumination and security; the ensuing visibility of these citizens to governing apparatus and their increased susceptibility to mechanisms of management and control; and, finally, the production of political visibility in the public sphere through collective action. I show how struggles over distribution of regional and national resources, social recognition, and political participation not only give shape to concrete spaces but also shape how colonia residents understand their own subjectivities as a concerned public. Considering the relationship between materiality, visibility, and power, I argue that the problem of darkness is deeply connected to racialized distinctions between citizens and immigrants, between legality and illegality, and between those who deserve to be part of the urban community and those who are obliged to stay outside its boundaries. Key Words: concerned publics, political visibility, streetlight infrastructure, Texas colonias, U.S.–Mexico border. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1208-1223 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1674127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1674127 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1208-1223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Hunter Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Hunter Title: Race and the Geographies of Education: Markets, White Tone, and Racial Neoliberalism Abstract: Geographical concepts have been widely and effectively employed to understand the imposition of market principles on schooling systems. This article brings this literature into tension with critical race theory and specifically David Goldberg’s analysis of “racial neoliberalism” that foregrounds the constitutive role of race in marketization. It begins by surveying and mapping 350 publications in the field of the “geographies of education.” Although rich and varied, and offering new insights into race, existing literature tends to develop theory from case studies located in the Global North rather than the Global South. The article then turns to South Africa, one of many postcolonies where a European minority established racially segregated schools and where private and semiprivate schools have a long history. Drawing on the work of Bourdieu and Gramsci, and considering the period from the 1950s to the present, it shows the shift from a modernist project of racial segregation to marketization and racial-cultural hierarchies it calls white tone. By outlining how schools’ competition for prestige leads to the valuing of “white” phenotypic traits and cultural practices, the article demonstrates the centrality of race to market formation and thereby helps to provincialize the concept of neoliberalism. Key Words: geographies of education, postcolonial, racial neoliberalism, South Africa. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1224-1243 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1673144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1673144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1224-1243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Pollio Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Pollio Title: Incubators at the Frontiers of Capital: An Ethnographic Encounter with Startup Weekend in Khayelitsha, Cape Town Abstract: Technology incubators are one of the infrastructural ends at the urban frontiers of capital. When built in areas of poverty in cities of the Global South, these hubs cultivate entrepreneurialism and opportunities for profit at the intersection of development and technological innovation. They promise to address the social challenges of urban marginality with remunerative market solutions. In Cape Town, Africa’s so-called Silicon Cape, the largest technology incubator of the city ventured into its most marginal township—Khayelitsha—in 2015, pledging to lay the infrastructural groundwork for fruitful entrepreneurial innovation. This article recollects, ethnographically, an important moment at the outset of this incubator: a fifty-four-hour franchised hackathon, Startup Weekend, which took place in September 2015 as an inaugural event. The argument of this article is that such an incubator was a sociotechnical formation meant to create the conditions for entrepreneurship in a deprived urban area, relying on a web of material and immaterial connections; that it materialized the rationalities of millennial development as well as alternative goals; and that, as infrastructure, it was patched with diverse aspirations and improvised forms of sociality. The article thus contributes to an urban geography of development that acknowledges its uncertainties and singularities as political openings. Key Words: Cape Town, infrastructure, millennial development, technology incubator. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1244-1259 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1680232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1680232 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1244-1259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mengmeng Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Mengmeng Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Jiang Xu Author-X-Name-First: Jiang Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Calvin King Lam Chung Author-X-Name-First: Calvin King Lam Author-X-Name-Last: Chung Title: Scalar Politics and Uneven Accessibility to Intercity Railway in the Pearl River Delta, China Abstract: Focusing on the state as a contradiction-ridden, multiscalar institutional ensemble, this article interrogates the relationships between scalar politics and uneven development through two interrelated arguments. First, uneven development reflects the historical layering of the scalar architecture of state regulation. It is produced by the interplay between contradictions of sociospatial interests among state agents owing to the prevailing scalar division of labor and inherent patterns of uneven development inscribed by earlier rounds of state scalar arrangements. Second, actual patterns of this state-driven uneven development are mediated by a variety of discourses, through which contending state agents bargain for and against particular forms of state rescaling to assert their power and interests. Illustrating these arguments, this article examines the recent development of the Pearl River Delta Intercity Railway System through a combination of quantitative analysis, interviews, and documentary review. It reveals a pattern of uneven accessibility that defies conventional wisdom, with the region’s most developed cities possessing the worst station accessibility. It is found that this unevenness stems from conflicts between scalar state agents with differentiated powers over the railway regime on what constitutes the most efficient siting of stations, reinforced by disparities in economic and railway development attributable to historical state scalar selectivities. The scalar politics that resulted was discursively mediated, as the contending state agents leveraged various discourses, evoking a medley of scales of governance and issues to defend for their preferred station locations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1260-1277 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1680231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1680231 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1260-1277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marianna Pavlovskaya Author-X-Name-First: Marianna Author-X-Name-Last: Pavlovskaya Author-Name: Craig Borowiak Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Borowiak Author-Name: Maliha Safri Author-X-Name-First: Maliha Author-X-Name-Last: Safri Author-Name: Stephen Healy Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Healy Author-Name: Robert Eletto Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Eletto Title: The Place of Common Bond: Can Credit Unions Make Place for Solidarity Economy? Abstract: About 6,000 financial cooperatives, called credit unions, with more than 103 million members manage over $1 trillion in collective assets in the United States but are largely invisible and seen as inferior to private banks. In contrast to banks that generate profit for outside investors and do not give voice to customers, these not-for-profit institutions have a democratic governance structure and a mission to provide good services to their members. We use diverse economies and critical/feminist geographic information system (GIS) approaches to theorize them as noncapitalist alternatives to banks and possible sites of social transformation toward a solidarity economy. Using the case of cooperative finance in New York City, we analyze spatial patterns, characteristics, and placemaking practices of credit unions with different kinds of the common bond, a principle that unites a financial community, and in relation to urban geographies of class and race. We find that credit unions provide a historically proven mechanism for collective resistance to marginalization by racial capitalism and, depending on the common bond type, make place by (1) providing financial inclusion in poor and minority neighborhoods; (2) scaling up solidarity finance through participation of middle classes; and (3) diverting assets from capitalist investment into social reproduction and livelihoods. Credit unions express the racialized wealth of their communities, however, and create spatial exclusions that pose a challenge to postcapitalist movements such as solidarity economy. These findings are applicable to other places marked by segregation and call for further inquiry into possibilities and barriers to solidarity finance. Key Words: credit unions, financial geography, New York City, placemaking, solidarity economy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1278-1299 Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1685368 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1685368 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:1278-1299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: z_i-z_i Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1705123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1705123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:z_i-z_i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: z_ii-z_ii Issue: 4 Volume: 110 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1706990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1706990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:110:y:2020:i:4:p:z_ii-z_ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Audrey Kobayashi Author-X-Name-First: Audrey Author-X-Name-Last: Kobayashi Title: The Dialectic of Race and the Discipline of Geography Abstract: This article uses a biographical approach to trace the ways in which major thinkers in the discipline and, in particular, past presidents of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) in their Presidential Addresses have conceptualized race. Race thinking emerged during the Enlightenment and, in geography, became more explicitly environmentalist through the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century. By the mid-twentieth century, environmentalism was surpassed, but most human geographers, including cultural geographers, urban geographers influenced by the Chicago School of urban sociology, or radical geographers, tended to avoid projects on race. I want to highlight the advances in antiracist scholarship by geographers of color since the 1970s. They have received too little attention, although they influenced a new generation of geographers. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1101-1115 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.958388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.958388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1101-1115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenwen Li Author-X-Name-First: Wenwen Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Tingyong Chen Author-X-Name-First: Tingyong Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Elizabeth A. Wentz Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Wentz Author-Name: Chao Fan Author-X-Name-First: Chao Author-X-Name-Last: Fan Title: NMMI: A Mass Compactness Measure for Spatial Pattern Analysis of Areal Features Abstract: Spatial pattern analysis plays an important role in geography for understanding geographical phenomena, identifying causes, and predicting future trends. Traditional pattern analysis tools assess cluster or dispersed patterns of geographical features based on the distribution of nonspatial attributes. These metrics ignore the shape of spatial objects—a critical consideration. The study of shape analysis, on the other hand, measures the compactness, elongation, or convexity of an areal feature based merely on geometry, without considering patterns of its attribute distribution. This article reports our efforts in developing a new pattern analysis method called the normalized mass moment of inertia (NMMI) that integrates both shape and nonspatial attributes into the analysis of compactness patterns. The NMMI is based on a well-known concept in physics—the mass moment of inertia—and is capable of detecting the degree of concentration or diffusion of some continuous attribute on an areal feature. We termed this the mass compactness. This measure can be reduced to a shape compactness measure when the attribute is evenly distributed on the feature. We first describe the theoretical model of the NMMI and its computation and then demonstrate its good performance through a series of experiments. We further discuss potentially broad applications of this approach in the contexts of urban expansion and political districting. In the political districting context, higher NMMI of a congressional district suggests a lower degree of gerrymander and vice versa. This work makes an original and unique contribution to spatial pattern and shape analysis by introducing this new, effective, and efficient measure of mass compactness that accounts for both geometric and spatial distribution. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1116-1133 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.941732 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.941732 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1116-1133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tony H. Grubesic Author-X-Name-First: Tony H. Author-X-Name-Last: Grubesic Author-Name: Ran Wei Author-X-Name-First: Ran Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Author-Name: Alan T. Murray Author-X-Name-First: Alan T. Author-X-Name-Last: Murray Title: Spatial Clustering Overview and Comparison: Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Computational Expense Abstract: Cluster analysis continues to be an important exploratory technique in scientific inquiry. It is used widely in geography, public health, criminology, ecology, and many other fields. Spatial cluster detection is driven by geographic information corresponding to the location of activities, requiring appropriate and meaningful treatment of space and spatial relationships combined with observed attributes of location and events. To date, this has meant utilizing dedicated measures and techniques to structure and account for distance, neighbors, contiguity, irregular geographic morphology, and so on. Unfortunately, all spatial clustering approaches, regardless of their theoretical underpinning, statistical foundation, or mathematical specification, have limitations in accuracy, sensitivity, and the computational effort required for identifying clusters. As a result, a major challenge in practice is determining which technique(s) will provide the most meaningful insights for a particular substantive issue or planning context. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview and evaluation of spatial clustering techniques, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the most widely applied approaches. Results suggest that performance varies significantly in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and computational expense. This is noteworthy because the misidentification of clusters, whether false positives or false negatives, has the potential to bias not only hypothesis formulation but also pragmatic facets of policy, process, and planning efforts within a region. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1134-1156 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.958389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.958389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1134-1156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael A. Niedzielski Author-X-Name-First: Michael A. Author-X-Name-Last: Niedzielski Author-Name: E. Eric Boschmann Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Eric Boschmann Title: Travel Time and Distance as Relative Accessibility in the Journey to Work Abstract: The ability to access places of opportunity is dependent on the land use distribution, the transportation network connecting homes and activity sites, and sociodemographic-dependent mobility. Accessibility indicators are used as a planning tool to capture accessibility variations in the assessment and development of social, land use, and transportation policy. A number of metrics have been proposed to understand patterns of unequal access that typically fall under overlapping three pairs of contrasting notions of accessibility: place- versus person-based, normative versus positive, and potential versus actual. Variations in accessibility for different people in different locations might arise from the dynamic nature of the people–space–transportation triad. What is less explored is how these dynamics, resulting from the confluence of changing urban structures, diverging mobility resources, and socioeconomic transformations, might reveal unusual accessibility experiences based on unexpected travel time and distance relations. Quite simply, longer (shorter) distances can be traversed in shorter (longer) travel times than would be expected given a specific people–space–transportation situation. Using this linear and nonlinear perspective on time–distance relations, we define a new pair of contrasting notions: monotonic versus nonmonotonic accessibility to investigate diverging commuting experiences. We demonstrate this idea by performing a place-based analysis of commuting data disaggregated by poverty status in the Denver metropolitan area. We find that (1) unexpected commuting experiences do exist and constitute a signification portion of commutes; (2) accessibility variations that are generally not anticipated by traditional place-based metrics; and (3) expected and inverted commuting experiences exist adjacent to each other. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1156-1182 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.958398 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.958398 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1156-1182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jake Fleming Author-X-Name-First: Jake Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming Title: Political Ecology and the Geography of Science: Lesosady, Lysenkoism, and Soviet Science in Kyrgyzstan's Walnut–Fruit Forest Abstract: As part of a growing engagement with science studies, political ecologists have worked to theorize environmental science. They have situated science by juxtaposing it with other types of knowledge and have attended not only to science's application but also to its production and circulation. Despite these efforts, science is portrayed in most political ecology as brought to the field site already finished, rather than constructed there through embodied practices designed for use in live scientific debates. I argue that scientists doing science transform the sites in which they work, that political ecologists have not adequately theorized field-based examples of this process, and that help can be found in the geography of science. To this end, I present a historical geography of the Lysenkoist and field-based heredity science that informed a program of forest modification in Soviet Central Asia in the mid-twentieth century. This program, which used horticultural techniques to construct forest-orchards (lesosady) in the walnut–fruit forests of Soviet Kirgizia, entered the landscape into scientific controversies, with ramifications for human–forest interactions in Kyrgyzstan today. Field sciences, like Lysenkoist heredity, have geographies that immerse them in and transform the world. By telling them, political ecologists can better illuminate where and how the doing of science has shaped encounters between people and their environments. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1183-1198 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.941733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.941733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1183-1198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory L. Simon Author-X-Name-First: Gregory L. Author-X-Name-Last: Simon Title: Vulnerability-in-Production: A Spatial History of Nature, Affluence, and Fire in Oakland, California Abstract: Vulnerability-in-production is offered as a theoretical construct to highlight two interrelated aspects of vulnerability: a process where landscapes are altered and developed in a manner that retains their productivity for property owners and other stakeholders and a recursive and relational process that is always in production and inscribed unevenly over time and space. The 1991 Oakland Hills (Tunnel) Firestorm remains the largest conflagration—in terms of numbers of dwellings destroyed—in California's history. Using the Tunnel Fire as a starting point for analysis, this article argues for the dedicated application of spatial history analysis to vulnerability. A first spatial history section highlights how land development strategies from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s contributed to the production of vulnerable conditions in Oakland. A second section describes how conservative homeowner politics and state tax restructuring spanning the 1950s to the 1980s further generated vulnerabilities throughout the city. A third spatial history section reveals processes that undergird and connect uneven patterns of affluence and vulnerability within Oakland. Collectively, these sections enhance our epistemic commitment to the study of vulnerability through spatial–historical analysis that uses diverse data, visualizations, and analytic techniques; our understanding of vulnerability as a recursive and relational process; and our appreciation for the political ecological nature of vulnerability—where affluence and levels of net vulnerability are highly uneven yet also deeply intertwined in their production. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1199-1221 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.941736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.941736 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1199-1221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Angus Fraser Author-X-Name-First: James Angus Author-X-Name-Last: Fraser Author-Name: Melissa Leach Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: Leach Author-Name: James Fairhead Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Fairhead Title: Anthropogenic Dark Earths in the Landscapes of Upper Guinea, West Africa: Intentional or Inevitable? Abstract: Drawing on the recent identification of anthropogenic dark earths (ADEs) in West Africa's Upper Guinea forest region, this article engages with Amazonian debates concerning whether such enriched soils were produced intentionally or not. We present a case study of a Loma settlement in Northwest Liberia in which ethnography, oral history, and landscape mapping reveal subsistence practices and habitus that lead African dark earths (AfDEs) to form inevitably around settlements and farm camps. To consider the question of intentionality and how the inevitability of AfDE is experienced, we combine historical and political ecology with elements of nonrepresentational theory. The former show how the spatial configuration of AfDEs in the landscape reflect shifting settlement patterns shaped by (1) political and economic transformations, mediated by (2) enduring ritual practices and social relations between first-coming and late-coming social groups that are symbolically related as uncles and nephews. We use nonrepresentational theory to show how the Loma phenomenological experience of these soils and their origins is better conceptualized in terms of sensual objects, the formation of which is inflected by these social and political processes. We thus reframe the debate away from intentionality, to theorize enriched anthropogenic soils and landscapes in terms of shifting sociocultural, political, and historical factors interplaying with the practical, sensually experienced, and inevitable effects of everyday life. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1222-1238 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.941735 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.941735 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1222-1238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff Garmany Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: Garmany Title: Space for the State? Police, Violence, and Urban Poverty in Brazil Abstract: This article explores the relationships between policing and space, querying perceived divisions between the state and society through an investigation of police work. By examining the tenuous position that police officers occupy (e.g., of state actor one moment and nonstate actor the next), it unpacks the state–society contradictions embodied by police. More directly, this article argues that state–society imaginaries are fraught with a host of epistemological tensions and that police work—and, in particular, moments of conflict and police violence—shows clearly the problems and abuses engendered by binary state–society frameworks. Through a case study of a favela community (low-income urban settlement) in northeast Brazil, it illustrates how distance between the state and civil society—and the discretion state actors hold over nonstate actors—relates to moments of police violence and ongoing abuse. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1239-1255 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.944456 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.944456 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1239-1255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine Brickell Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Brickell Title: “The Whole World Is Watching”: Intimate Geopolitics of Forced Eviction and Women's Activism in Cambodia Abstract: Through fourteen in-depth interviews1 conducted in February 2013 with women from Boeung Kak Lake—a high-profile community under threat in Phnom Penh—this article argues that the occurrence of, and activism against, forced eviction is an embodiment of “intimate geopolitics.” The article demonstrates the manifold relationship that forced eviction reflects and ferments between homes, bodies, the nation-state, and the geopolitical transformation of Southeast Asia. Forced eviction is framed as a geopolitical issue, one that leads to innermost incursions into everyday life, one that has spurred on active citizenship and collective action evidencing the injustices of dispossession to diverse audiences, and one that has rendered female activists’ intimate relationships further vulnerable. In doing so, it charts how Boeung Kak Lake women have rewritten the political script in Cambodia by publicly contesting the inevitability accorded to human rights abuses in the post-genocide country. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1256-1272 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.944452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.944452 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1256-1272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomas Frederiksen Author-X-Name-First: Tomas Author-X-Name-Last: Frederiksen Title: Authorizing the “Natives”: Governmentality, Dispossession, and the Contradictions of Rule in Colonial Zambia Abstract: British colonial rule in Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries straddled a contradiction between promoting radical social transformation and maintaining political order. This article explores the relationship between changing techniques of rule and the stability of rule; in particular, the proletarianization and dispossession of African populations and production of an extractive economy in colonial Zambia. The 1920s saw the transition from charter rule by the British South Africa Company to the Colonial Office and the end of widespread rural unrest. Using archival and secondary sources, two key interventions marked a new mode of governing and spatial reorganization of power are examined: indirect rule through Native authorities and the constitution of Native reserves. These interventions sought to rework the political landscape and align relations between men and things in ways that furthered the aims of both extractive capitalism and colonial rule. The consequences and limitations of these new forms of intervention are examined by bringing together Marxist ideas of dispossession and the contradictions of colonial rule and Foucault's work on governmental power. In the final sections, a wider set of relations and processes beyond the state that worked to produce economic forms of subjectivity are explored, before arguing that the hallmark of techniques of rule that became widespread in British colonial sub-Saharan Africa is that they stabilized dispossession and worked to resolve central contradictions of colonial rule. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1273-1290 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.944453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.944453 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1273-1290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas Blomley Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Blomley Title: Making Space for Property Abstract: A modern-day treaty process in British Columbia, Canada, involving First Nations1 and the federal and provincial governments, entails a struggle to carve out both metaphoric and material space for indigenous land and title. Despite considerable opposition, the state has insisted that First Nations will hold their treaty lands as a form of “fee simple,” this being the way most private property owners hold property, granting broad rights to access, use, and alienation. This is said to generate what the state terms certainty, a concept predicated on the idea of property as a priori, singular, and definite. I explore the resultant contest through a performative lens that treats property not as essence, but as effect. Tracing the complicated ways in which fee simple is performed in the treaty process reveals that fee simple is anything but. Multiple, competing, and overlapping fee simples are in circulation. The identification of this multiplicity offers valuable lessons for our understanding of the contemporary space of postcolonial reconciliation. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1291-1306 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.941738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.941738 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1291-1306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamie Gillen Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Gillen Title: Tourism and Nation Building at the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Abstract: Using evidence from what is probably Vietnam's most visited tourism site, the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City, this article explores the presentation of the “American War” in the construction of nationhood. The article has three objectives. First, I illustrate how nation-building in a postcolonial and postimperial context is generated through tourism, specifying how the Communist Party communicates Vietnam to lay international tourist audiences. Tourism's political instrumentality for the party is highlighted here. Second, I show how the United States is imaginatively constructed to shape Vietnam's identity. Finally, I use the conclusion to reflect on the implications for the “Asian Century” when considering Vietnam's multifaceted connections to the United States and the West. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1307-1321 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.944459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.944459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1307-1321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Manuscript Reviewers Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1322-1323 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.958400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.958400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1322-1323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Annals, Volume 104 Index Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1324-1328 Issue: 6 Volume: 104 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2014.958403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2014.958403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:104:y:2014:i:6:p:1324-1328 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruth C. Heindel Author-X-Name-First: Ruth C. Author-X-Name-Last: Heindel Author-Name: Jonathan W. Chipman Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan W. Author-X-Name-Last: Chipman Author-Name: Ross A. Virginia Author-X-Name-First: Ross A. Author-X-Name-Last: Virginia Title: The Spatial Distribution and Ecological Impacts of Aeolian Soil Erosion in Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland Abstract: Aeolian soil erosion is responsible for erosional landforms, or deflation patches, that are ubiquitous in the Kangerlussuaq region of West Greenland. Deflation patches are identifiable as bare regions within a mosaic of shrub and graminoid tundra, and have the potential to alter regional carbon cycling and vegetation dynamics. Understanding the spatial distribution of deflation patches is an important first step in establishing the drivers, controls, and ecological impacts of wind erosion in the region. Using high-resolution WorldView-2 satellite imagery, we created a land cover classification and percentage vegetation cover map to investigate the regional distribution and variability of deflation patches. Across the study area, deflation patches account for 22 percent of the terrestrial land surface and occur in greater density closer to the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Farther away from the GrIS, local topography plays a larger role in determining the distribution of deflation patches, with wind erosion tending to occur on steep south–southeast-facing slopes. Parallels between the distribution of deflation patches and local wind patterns suggest that katabatic winds are an important driver behind deflation patch occurrence. Within deflation patches, graminoid cover increases with distance from the GrIS, due either to a lesser degree of erosion or to a longer recovery time. In the context of recent circumpolar shrub expansion, deflation might locally limit the dominance of shrubs by creating habitat more suitable for graminoids and is an important factor to consider when predicting vegetation changes in West Greenland. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 875-890 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1059176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1059176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:875-890 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Li An Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: An Author-Name: Ming-Hsiang Tsou Author-X-Name-First: Ming-Hsiang Author-X-Name-Last: Tsou Author-Name: Stephen E. S. Crook Author-X-Name-First: Stephen E. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Crook Author-Name: Yongwan Chun Author-X-Name-First: Yongwan Author-X-Name-Last: Chun Author-Name: Brian Spitzberg Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Spitzberg Author-Name: J. Mark Gawron Author-X-Name-First: J. Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Gawron Author-Name: Dipak K. Gupta Author-X-Name-First: Dipak K. Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta Title: Space–Time Analysis: Concepts, Quantitative Methods, and Future Directions Abstract: Throughout most of human history, events and phenomena of interest have been characterized using space and time as their major characteristic dimensions, in either absolute or relative conceptualizations. Space–time analysis seeks to understand when and where (and sometimes why) things occur. In the context of several of the most recent and substantial advances in individual movement data analysis (time geography in particular) and spatial panel data analysis, we focus on quantitative space–time analytics. Based on more than 700 articles (from 1949 to 2013) we obtained through a key word search on the Web of Knowledge and through the authors' personal archives, this article provides a synthetic overview about the quantitative methodology for space–time analysis. Particularly, we highlight space–time pattern revelation (e.g., various clustering metrics, path comparison indexes, space–time tests), space–time statistical models (e.g., survival analysis, latent trajectory models), and simulation methods (e.g., cellular automaton, agent-based models) as well as their empirical applications in multiple disciplines. This article systematically presents the strengths and weaknesses of a set of prevalent methods used for space–time analysis and points to the major challenges, new opportunities, and future directions of space–time analysis. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 891-914 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1064510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1064510 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:891-914 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: EunHye Yoo Author-X-Name-First: EunHye Author-X-Name-Last: Yoo Author-Name: C. Rudra Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Rudra Author-Name: M. Glasgow Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Glasgow Author-Name: L. Mu Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Mu Title: Geospatial Estimation of Individual Exposure to Air Pollutants: Moving from Static Monitoring to Activity-Based Dynamic Exposure Assessment Abstract: Spatiotemporal variability of air pollutant concentrations and individuals' mobility are likely to play an important role in health outcomes and, therefore, time–activity-based exposure assessments are likely to be more sensitive compared to static residence-based air pollution estimates. Applied research on the effects of the variability underlying air pollutant concentrations and individuals' mobility on personal exposure estimates remain limited, however. We demonstrate how consideration of individuals' mobility and the spatiotemporal variability of ambient air pollution affect personal exposure estimates using both real-world data and simulated environmental conditions. Our findings suggest that time–activity-based exposure estimates might be quite similar to static estimates if spatiotemporal patterns of air pollution concentration surfaces lack autocorrelation or if an individual has a low level of mobility. There can be substantial differences, though, between two approaches when the air pollution concentrations are characterized by a model of air pollution that shows low variation over time and space and individuals' time spent away from home is substantial. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 915-926 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1054253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1054253 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:915-926 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Travis Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Travis Title: Visual Geo-Literary and Historical Analysis, Tweetflickrtubing, and James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) Abstract: Situated at the intersection of the arts and sciences, Humanities GIS (HumGIS) are contributing to new knowledge systems emerging in the digital, spatial, and geo-humanities. This article discusses the conceptualization and operationalization of two HumGIS models engaging the cartographical and discursive tools employed by James Joyce to compose Ulysses ([1922] 1992). The first model is used to perform a visual geo-literary historical analysis by transposing Homeric and Dantean topologies on a spatialized narrative of Joyce's work. The second model integrates Ulysses within a social media map to interpret Bloomsday 2014 digital ecosystem spatial performances in Dublin and globally. This article suggests that HumGIS models reflecting human contingency, idiosyncrasy, and affect, drawing on literary, historical, and social media tools, sources, and perceptions, might offer GIScience, neogeography, and big data studies alternative spatial framings and modeling scenarios. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 927-950 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1054252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1054252 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:927-950 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Manley Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Manley Author-Name: Ron Johnston Author-X-Name-First: Ron Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston Author-Name: Kelvyn Jones Author-X-Name-First: Kelvyn Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Dewi Owen Author-X-Name-First: Dewi Author-X-Name-Last: Owen Title: Macro-, Meso- and Microscale Segregation: Modeling Changing Ethnic Residential Patterns in Auckland, New Zealand, 2001–2013 Abstract: Most world cities can now be characterized as multiethnic and multicultural in their population composition, and the residential patterning of their major component ethnic groups remains a topic of substantial research interest. Many studies of the degree of residential segregation of ethnic groups recognize that this is multiscalar in its composition, but few have incorporated this major feature into their analyses: Those that do mostly conclude that segregation is greater at the microscale than at the macroscale. This article uses a recently developed alternative procedure for assessing the degree of segregation that differs from all others in that it analyzes the geography of all groups simultaneously, providing a single, synoptic view of their relative segregation; can incorporate data for more than one date and therefore evaluate the statistical significance of the extent of any change over time; operates at several geographical scales, allowing appreciation of the extent of clustering and congregation for the various ethnic groups at different levels of spatial resolution; and—most important—is based on a firm statistical foundation that allows for robust assessments of differences in the levels of segregation for different groups between each other at different scales over time. This modeling procedure is illustrated by a three-scale analysis of ethnic residential segregation in Auckland, New Zealand, as depicted by the country's 2001, 2006, and 2013 censuses. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 951-967 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1066739 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1066739 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:951-967 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David A. Plane Author-X-Name-First: David A. Author-X-Name-Last: Plane Author-Name: Peter A. Rogerson Author-X-Name-First: Peter A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rogerson Title: On Tracking and Disaggregating Center Points of Population Abstract: In this article we explore methods for tracking and disaggregating five alternately defined mean and median center points of population, measures that can help in interpreting the forces underlying shifting settlement patterns. We argue that the point that minimizes the sum of squared great circle distances is more conceptually appealing than the center point located via the method currently employed by the U.S. Census Bureau. We also suggest that the point of minimum aggregate distance—as deployed in many other geographic applications—provides an interesting alternative to the median center historically used in population analysis, which is the crossing point of the medial lines of latitude and longitude. We then propose methods to disaggregate any of the alternatively defined center points into multiple points useful for tracking and comparing the relative influences of each of the components of population change: births, deaths, domestic (or internal) migration, and immigration. Similarly, we track and examine the shifting locations of the center points of various age, sex, and race or ethnicity groups. In a final section, we suggest that the increasing average and standard distances of individuals from the median and mean centers result from the increasingly bicoastal distribution of the U.S. population. As summary measures of all of the changes in population occurring anywhere across the nation's land area, centers of population provide an interesting conceptual platform for drilling into the variegated geographic patterns and disparate demographic forces that underlie a country's population distribution. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 968-986 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1066742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1066742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:968-986 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Wright Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: S. Wright Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Author-Name: Andrew J. Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Name: Jacqueline W. Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline W. Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Title: Historic Disease Data as Epidemiological Resource: Searching for the Origin and Local Basic Reproduction Number of the 1878 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Memphis, Tennessee Abstract: Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases continue to pose considerable regional and global concerns. A vital contribution to be made by geographers is in developing an understanding of the spatial structure of these epidemics across various scales. Confidentiality concerns and a general lack of individual data from many developing world areas mean that individual or subneighborhood-scale epidemic information is often unavailable. One alternative potential source of data is historical epidemics. Although these data exist in the form of board of health reports, these should not be considered complete, and the onus is on the researcher to perform due diligence on data validation and identifying supplementary spatial and cultural context. This article presents an example of such a methodological task for the 1878 yellow fever epidemic of Memphis, which leads to exploration of two important spatial questions: the correct origin of the epidemic in the city and its associated local basic reproduction number, which is the number of ensuing cases stemming from an original. This article should be viewed as a template for a subsequent series of fine-scale historical epidemic analyses, which together can produce an important conduit into further development of spatial epidemiological theory. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1-16 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1059167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1059167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:1-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seth E. Spielman Author-X-Name-First: Seth E. Author-X-Name-Last: Spielman Author-Name: Alex Singleton Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Singleton Title: Studying Neighborhoods Using Uncertain Data from the American Community Survey: A Contextual Approach Abstract: In 2010 the American Community Survey (ACS) replaced the long form of the decennial census as the sole national source of demographic and economic data for small geographic areas such as census tracts. These small area estimates suffer from large margins of error, however, which makes the data difficult to use for many purposes. The value of a large and comprehensive survey like the ACS is that it provides a richly detailed, multivariate, composite picture of small areas. This article argues that one solution to the problem of large margins of error in the ACS is to shift from a variable-based mode of inquiry to one that emphasizes a composite multivariate picture of census tracts. Because the margin of error in a single ACS estimate, like household income, is assumed to be a symmetrically distributed random variable, positive and negative errors are equally likely. Because the variable-specific estimates are largely independent from each other, when looking at a large collection of variables these random errors average to zero. This means that although single variables can be methodologically problematic at the census tract scale, a large collection of such variables provides utility as a contextual descriptor of the place(s) under investigation. This idea is demonstrated by developing a geodemographic typology of all U.S. census tracts. The typology is firmly rooted in the social scientific literature and is organized around a framework of concepts, domains, and measures. The typology is validated using public domain data from the City of Chicago and the U.S. Federal Election Commission. The typology, as well as the data and methods used to create it, is open source and published freely online. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1003-1025 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1052335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1052335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:1003-1025 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Richards Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Richards Title: What Drives Indirect Land Use Change? How Brazil's Agriculture Sector Influences Frontier Deforestation Abstract: From 2000 to 2005, high returns from soybeans set off an unprecedented expansion of agricultural production across Brazil. The expansion occurred concurrently with a sharp rise in deforestation, leading academics and policymakers to question the extent and means by which the growing agricultural sector was driving regional forest loss. In this article, I consider and question the underlying drivers of indirect land use change, namely the potential impact of soybean expansion on beef prices and of land use displacement, via migration. I then present field-level results documenting the displacement process in Mato Grosso and Pará States of the Amazon. These results question the extent to which tropical Amazon deforestation is attributable to land use displacement; however, I argue that the agricultural sector could drive deforestation through other channels, namely through regional land markets. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1026-1040 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1060924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1060924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:1026-1040 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Hatvany Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Hatvany Author-Name: Donald Cayer Author-X-Name-First: Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Cayer Author-Name: Alain Parent Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Title: Interpreting Salt Marsh Dynamics: Challenging Scientific Paradigms Abstract: From its inception as an object of study, salt marshes were conceived as a form of continual accumulation. For more than a century this paradigm structured the understanding of tidal marshes in Canada's St. Lawrence estuary and was used by physical and human geographers, biologists, agronomists, and ecologists to encourage marsh reclamation as a form of collaboration with nature. In the 1980s, this school of thought abruptly gave way to a school of generalized erosion. This new paradigm, resulting from the scientific and social reaction to the Anthropocene and the advent of applied research in risk management, underlies a crisis narrative used to promote intervention by concerned actors to protect marshes and human infrastructure. Although the changing socioeconomy of salt marshes is well known, the evolution of scientific thinking about them continues to be depicted in positivist terms. Critical reflection on salt marshes as a social construction of nature, however, demonstrates a clear chain of links between cultural values, scientific practices, and research outcomes. Lack of recognition of this subject–object problem impedes the current investigation of salt marsh dynamics as a function of both erosion and growth processes. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1041-1060 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1059172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1059172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:1041-1060 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jenny Pickerill Author-X-Name-First: Jenny Author-X-Name-Last: Pickerill Title: Cold Comfort? Reconceiving the Practices of Bathing in British Self-Build Eco-Homes Abstract: Living sustainably involves a broad spectrum of practices, from relying on a technological fix to a deep green vision. The latter is often articulated by advocates and critics alike as involving shifting to a simpler lifestyle that dispenses with some of the (perceived) frivolous or environmentally damaging attachments to luxury or convenience. This article explores practices of reconceiving comfort in the context of the social and material architectures of eco-housing. Comfort is defined as an ongoing process, a negotiation between different elements (e.g., climate, materials and bodies) in a particular place. This article uses three case studies of self-built eco-communities in Britain (Green Hills, Landmatters, and Tinkers Bubble) and analyzes their bathrooms and bathing practices. In the eco-communities' bathing practices, comfort was reconceived as not being reliant on particular facilities, furniture, or temperature, as not private but as collective and shared, and as an embodied relation. This article demonstrates the relationality of comfort, how it is therefore possible to reconceive comfort, and how comfort can be understood as a practice. This focus on practices also challenges social practice theories to more purposefully engage with those already living a highly ecological lifestyle to understand how radical change is navigated. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1061-1077 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1060880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1060880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:1061-1077 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yi'En Cheng Author-X-Name-First: Yi'En Author-X-Name-Last: Cheng Title: Biopolitical Geographies of Student Life: Private Higher Education and Citizenship Life-Making in Singapore Abstract: Drawing on eleven months of fieldwork in Singapore, this article uses the case of young people studying at a private higher education institute to study the biopolitical geographies of student life. I focus on the analytic lens of biopolitical citizenship as one way to understand how biopower works in and through the material relations and practices of social reproduction. I critically examine how young people are engaging with and performing biopolitics in ways that attempt to (re)define what constitutes a “mainstream,” viable, classed, and gendered citizenship life. I also explore students' (“alternative”) biopolitical performances through their critical evaluations of state-led discourses, their ability to invent hope as a way of coping and living, and their online enactment of a form of modest activism. Additionally, this article offers an initial engagement with Kraftl's (2015) theorization of alternative biopolitical projects in educational spaces and introduces the concepts of “pulling” and “pushing” to frame the paradoxical manner in which young people engage with biopolitics. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1078-1093 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1059179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1059179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:1078-1093 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caitlin Henry Author-X-Name-First: Caitlin Author-X-Name-Last: Henry Title: Hospital Closures: The Sociospatial Restructuring of Labor and Health Care Abstract: Since 2003, more than twenty hospitals in New York City have closed because of debt and a state-driven downsizing program. During this same time period, the labor market for nurses has tightened substantially, shifting from an overall nurse shortage since the 1980s to a job shortage since the mid-2000s. Drawing on an analysis of media and government publications on hospital closures since 2003 and interviews with nurses working in the metropolitan area, I argue that hospital closures and the new job shortage are intertwined. By pushing an austerity agenda in the wake of the 2008 economic crisis, New York City and state government agencies as well as private health care institutions are actively restructuring—or “rightsizing”—the health care sector. Ultimately, this is a downsizing of care provisions by another name. Capitalism's continued devaluation of social reproduction manifests in New York City as a restructuring of the spaces and work of health care. Hospital closures are central to this restructuring that involves the mutually constituted transformations in the built environment, health care provisioning, and the nursing profession. In conclusion, this process risks making good health and good jobs less accessible. Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1094-1110 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1059169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1059169 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:1094-1110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Corrigendum Journal: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Pages: 1111-1111 Issue: 5 Volume: 105 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2015.1086592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00045608.2015.1086592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:105:y:2015:i:5:p:1111-1111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pontus Hennerdal Author-X-Name-First: Pontus Author-X-Name-Last: Hennerdal Author-Name: Michael Meinild Nielsen Author-X-Name-First: Michael Meinild Author-X-Name-Last: Nielsen Title: A Multiscalar Approach for Identifying Clusters and Segregation Patterns That Avoids the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem Abstract: One problem encountered in analyses based on data aggregated into areal units is that the results can depend on the delineation of the areal units. Therefore, a particular aggregation at a specific scale can yield an arbitrary result that is valid only for that specific delineation. This problem is called the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), and it has previously been shown to create issues in analyses of clusters and segregation patterns. Many analyses of segregation and clustering use the ratio or difference between a value for an areal unit and the corresponding value for a larger area of reference. We argue that the results of such an analysis can also be rendered arbitrary if one does not examine the effects of varying the geographical extent of the area of reference to test whether the analysis results are valid for more than a specific areal delineation. We call this the part of the MAUP that is related to the area of reference. In this article, we present and demonstrate a multiscalar approach for studying segregation and clustering that avoids the MAUP, including the part of the problem related to the area of reference. The proposed methods rely on multiscalar aggregation of the k nearest neighbors of a location in a statistical comparison with a larger area of reference consisting of the K nearest neighbors. The methods are exemplified by identifying clusters and segregation patterns of the Hispanic population in the contiguous United States. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 555-574 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:555-574 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hyeongmo Koo Author-X-Name-First: Hyeongmo Author-X-Name-Last: Koo Author-Name: Yongwan Chun Author-X-Name-First: Yongwan Author-X-Name-Last: Chun Author-Name: Daniel A. Griffith Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Griffith Title: Optimal Map Classification Incorporating Uncertainty Information Abstract: A choropleth map frequently is used to portray the spatial pattern of attributes, and its mapping result heavily relies on map classification. Uncertainty in an attribute has an influence on map classification and, accordingly, can generate an unreliable spatial pattern. Only a few studies, however, have explored the implications of uncertainty in map classification. Recent studies present methods to incorporate uncertainty in map classification and generate a more reliable spatial pattern. Nevertheless, these methods often produce an undesirable result, with most observations assigned to one class, and struggle to find an optimal result. The purpose of this article is to expand the discussion about finding an optimal classification result considering data uncertainty in a map classification. Specifically, this article proposes optimal classification methods based on a shortest path problem in an acyclic network. These methods use dissimilarity measures and various cost and objective functions that simultaneously can consider attribute estimates and their uncertainty. Implementation of the proposed methods is in an ArcGIS environment with interactive graphic tools, illustrated with a mapping application of the American Community Survey data in Texas. The proposed methods successfully produce map classification results, achieving improved homogeneity within a class. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 575-590 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:575-590 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Niedomysl Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Niedomysl Author-Name: Ola Hall Author-X-Name-First: Ola Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Author-Name: Maria Francisca Archila Bustos Author-X-Name-First: Maria Francisca Author-X-Name-Last: Archila Bustos Author-Name: Ulf Ernstson Author-X-Name-First: Ulf Author-X-Name-Last: Ernstson Title: Using Satellite Data on Nighttime Lights Intensity to Estimate Contemporary Human Migration Distances Abstract: For well over a century, migration researchers have recognized the lack of adequate distance measures to be a key obstacle for advancing understanding of internal migration. The problem arises from the convention of spatially defining migration as the crossing of administrative borders. Because administrative regions vary in size, shape, and settlement patterns, it is difficult to tell how far movers go, raising doubts about the generalizability of research in the field. This article shows that satellite data on nighttime lights can be used to infer accurate measures of migration distance. We first use the intensity of nighttime lights to locate mean population centers that closely correspond to mean population centers calculated from actual population data. Until now, locating mean population centers accurately has been problematic, as it has required highly disaggregated population data, which are lacking in many countries. The nighttime lights data, which are freely available on a yearly basis, solve this challenge. We then show that this information can be used to accurately estimate migration distances. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 591-605 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1270191 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1270191 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:591-605 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Schuch Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Schuch Author-Name: Andrew Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Name: Joel Davidson Author-X-Name-First: Joel Author-X-Name-Last: Davidson Title: Reducing Lead Exposure Risk to Vulnerable Populations: A Proactive Geographic Solution Abstract: Recent headlines highlight disparities in childhood lead poisoning in urban areas yet discourse does not address the lack of primary prevention options. Previous geographic information systems (GIS) approaches, concentrated on census tracts or ZIP codes, miss contextual understanding of lead exposure and make intervention impractical. Through the combination of electronic medical record (EMR) data from an urban children's hospital and spatial video geonarrative (SVG), we show how blood lead level researchers, clinicians, and public health planners can become more proactive in prediction and intervention strategies through the development of an environmental lead index (ELI). Kernel density estimation (KDE) clusters of geocoded locations of children with elevated blood lead (EBL), from 2012 to 2014, were identified using GIS. Analyses identify an increased relative risk for African American and Asian patients compared to white patients and Nepali and non-English-speaking patients compared to English-speaking patients. Fine-scale analyses of EBL clusters reveal nuances of exposure and environmental characteristics that are not identifiable at an aggregate level. Initial testing of the ELI was conducted using identified locations of EBL and non-EBL test results. The mean ELI score was higher among EBL parcels, and comparison proportions of ELI variables between EBL and non-EBL parcels found a statistically significant increase in four variables. Preliminary results support the use of the ELI as a predictive tool; further validation is needed. The technology and the method are translatable to other environments and health conditions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 606-624 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261689 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:606-624 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dylan Shane Connor Author-X-Name-First: Dylan Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Connor Title: Poverty, Religious Differences, and Child Mortality in the Early Twentieth Century: The Case of Dublin Abstract: Across many cities in the early twentieth century, one in five children died before their fifth birthday. There is much we do not know about how infant and child mortality was reduced or why it declined at different rates across populations. This article investigates mortality using data from 13,247 families in Dublin City in the 1900s with a novel approach that incorporates geographic information systems, spatially derived predictors, and multilevel modeling. In the early twentieth century, Dublin had one of the highest early-age mortality rates in the British Empire. Whereas experts attributed the death of young children to the unhygienic behaviors of indigenous Roman Catholics, others made claims of a social injustice rooted in economic inequality and the indifference of public authorities toward the health of the lower classes. This article finds that high Catholic mortality was mainly driven by poverty and the conditions engendered by residential segregation. Low mortality rates among Dublin's small Jewish population are not easily explained by location or economic characteristics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 625-646 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261682 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261682 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:625-646 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wolfram H. Dressler Author-X-Name-First: Wolfram H. Author-X-Name-Last: Dressler Title: Contesting Moral Capital in the Economy of Expectations of an Extractive Frontier Abstract: In Southeast Asia, actors in civil society have negotiated new social and economic realities at the conjuncture of intensifying governance and commodity production in frontier areas. As these spaces intersect, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and their allies have reflected on the legitimacy of their interventions in terms of how local farmers view contrasting benefits relative to the changing expectations and promises emerging at the nexus of governance and commodity production. This article explores how a long-standing NGO network on Palawan Island, the Philippines, has drawn on its moral capital and legitimacy in forging a grassroots consortium that has implemented the carbon governance mechanism, REDD+, in a changing rural economy of expectations—one that is contested and differentiated based on its offerings and aspirations. I argue that as the NGO consortium CODE REDD tried to reframe REDD+ as a means of supporting indigenous livelihoods and climate change mitigation, it has placed its integrity and leverage at risk, as other indigenous farmers have rejected the claims and promises of the NGO REDD+ platform. I focus on a case where the NGO consortium's efforts to reframe REDD+ in terms of indigenous, propoor discourse progresses well in some quarters, aligning with anti–oil palm social movements, but fails to meet the growing aspirations of former indigenous allies who question the consortium in favor of investing in oil palm on ancestral lands. I conclude by suggesting that as NGOs adjust their political objectives by adopting market-based governance, they could lose leverage in negotiating the impact of lucrative commodity booms. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 647-665 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261684 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:647-665 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harvey Neo Author-X-Name-First: Harvey Author-X-Name-Last: Neo Author-Name: C. Y. Chua Author-X-Name-First: C. Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Chua Title: Beyond Inclusion and Exclusion: Community Gardens as Spaces of Responsibility Abstract: Geographers have a sustained interest in urban community gardens because such spaces provide a meaningful lens to interrogate the complexities of living at the intersection of nature–society relationships. Most community gardens strive to perform the dual functions of reconnecting urban residents with nature and strengthening the community. More recently, in the context of neoliberal urban restructuring, community gardens have also been viewed as platforms for the mobilization of inclusive sociopolitical arrangements to counteract the ill effects of urban problems. Common to this literature is the implicit assumption that a good community garden must necessarily be inclusive or that, conversely, community gardens that are exclusionary are bad. We argue that framing community gardens as spaces of responsibility is another way to reengage with the epistemology of community gardens. Instead of only asking how, and to what extent, community gardens are inclusionary or exclusionary, we can augment our understanding of the realities of managing a garden by asking what responsibilities are associated with any given community garden. Among other things, the answer to this question requires one to trace the responsibilization process of gardeners. Through the case study of Singapore, we argue that responsibilization invariably engenders practices of inclusion and exclusion in community gardens. Framed thusly, we first move away from the reductive view that apparent exclusionary practices in a community garden render that garden to be normatively undesirable. Second, we can appreciate why many community gardens—even seemingly inclusive ones—have shades of exclusions embedded in them. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 666-681 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261687 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:666-681 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisabeth A. Stoddard Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stoddard Author-Name: Alida Cantor Author-X-Name-First: Alida Author-X-Name-Last: Cantor Title: A Relational Network Vulnerability Assessment of the North Carolina Hog Industry Abstract: Vulnerability and biosecurity scholars argue for the need to analyze vulnerability to hazards as a relational process. We propose a network vulnerability assessment that fills this gap by drawing on actor-network theory, rooted networks, and an analytical framework from vulnerability literature that analyzes exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity to hazards. We demonstrate how to conduct such an assessment and the value of this approach through a network vulnerability assessment of North Carolina's hog industry to a potential foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak. This approach allows us to analyze how power-laden relationships among humans and nonhumans create and stabilize exposure routes for FMD. A relational process allows us to analyze the sensitivity of the network from the unique perspectives of different actants, from which we can see that the relationships of some can trigger the agency of others, including the FMD virus. This more-than-human analysis allows us to see that the species and breed of actants have a significant impact on the sensitivity of the network to biohazards. Understanding adaptive capacity as networked, we examine how the processes of actant rootedness and mobility shape the network's ability to adapt to a disaster. We see that the need to circulate pigs through the network daily makes it impossible to adapt to a disaster that stops that circulation, creating tens of millions of pig bodies to dispose of. Rooted in North Carolina's coastal plains, the network lacks the capacity to safely dispose of these bodies, creating a secondary disaster of mass water contamination. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 682-699 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261679 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:682-699 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Levi Gahman Author-X-Name-First: Levi Author-X-Name-Last: Gahman Title: Crip Theory and Country Boys: Masculinity, Dis/Ability, and Place in Rural Southeast Kansas Abstract: This article examines the discursive and material practices of rural masculinity in Southeast Kansas by foregrounding ability and place as essential in understanding gender. It draws on empirical data gathered from autoethnographic participant-observer research conducted in the region. I begin with a synopsis of critical studies on masculinity in the field of human geography and proceed by offering a summary of research specifically addressing rural masculinities. I then illustrate contrasting perspectives surrounding dis/ability as a concept and also provide an in-depth overview of crip theory. I next describe the research context and methods utilized during the project, as well as how men use their bodies as conduits through which cultural norms pertaining to “manhood” are expressed, affirmed, and reproduced. My results demonstrate how situated assertions of masculinity are inextricably linked to ability, (hetero)sexuality, and sociospatial context, as well as how the pervasive yet veiled pressures of heteronormativity and compulsory able-bodiedness and able-mindedness impose banal and strictly policed social boundaries in regard to belonging and inclusion. The piece is thus a “cripping” of hegemonic notions of manhood in rural Southeast Kansas suggesting that both ability and place are necessary constituent elements for any critical analysis of masculinity. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 700-715 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1249726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1249726 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:700-715 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Reid-Musson Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Reid-Musson Title: Grown Close to Home™: Migrant Farmworker (Im)mobilities and Unfreedom on Canadian Family Farms Abstract: Migrant farmworkers in Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) are bound by unfree labor relations. Migrants are employed by and live adjacent to Canadian family farms. Extending current research on Canada's SAWP, I specifically conceptualize the family farm as a locus of unfree labor relations. The article identifies how employers impose mobility controls around migrants' freedom to leave their workplaces, circumscribing where, how, and when migrants can circulate in Canadian communities. Growers use discourses and practices of paternal care and protection to justify these controls, revealing the familial features of employer–employee relationships. Harnessing a relational understanding of the family farm, I argue that worker (im)mobilities reveal key features of extant family farm relationships. Direct involvement by state officials and legal frameworks undergirding the SAWP effectively enable and sanction employer practices. Contributing to mobilities research, I identify how family farms exercise and directly benefit from state-sanctioned forms of power that allow them to restrict and regulate migrants' mobilities at localized levels. With relevance to both Canadian and U.S. contexts, the power to “fix” farm labor in place is highly desirable for family farms as a labor control mechanism. Material geographies of everyday (im)mobility help employers and states secure high levels of labor control from this low-wage migrant labor force. Arguments are based on qualitative research with fifteen migrant farmworkers employed on ten farms in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada, as well as additional interviews with sending government officials, local civil society, and growers. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 716-730 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261683 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:716-730 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Asher Ghertner Author-X-Name-First: D. Asher Author-X-Name-Last: Ghertner Title: When Is the State? Topology, Temporality, and the Navigation of Everyday State Space in Delhi Abstract: This article seeks to insert questions of temporality into the core of geographical analysis of the state. It does so by drawing on extended fieldwork in slums and so-called unauthorized colonies in Delhi, India, to describe how those who live on the margins of the state employ a topological sensibility in accessing, influencing, and “timing” the state. By attending to the temporal rhythms of these residents' everyday efforts to secure water, electricity, and building permission, the article proposes two topological figures that move beyond narrower spatial metaphors that read that state either as a fixed, hierarchically scaled entity or as a flat, wholly malleable assemblage without consequential spatial order or historicity. These are the topological state and the state outside itself. The analysis of the topological state centers on how real-time connections are forged between residents and key nodes in the bureaucracy, producing momentary reconfigurations of state form that allow low-level state actors to capture authority even as bureaucratic hierarchy is maintained. The analysis of the state outside itself focuses on how the routine actions of water engineers and municipal officers challenge the common conceptual mapping of the state as a surface with an inside and outside. Taken together, these figures reveal a temporally adept mode of political agency open to conjunctural possibilities and proximate connections but often dismissed as a near-sighted political disposition symptomatic of the poor and marginal classes' submission to clientalist politics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 731-750 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261680 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:731-750 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher K. Uejio Author-X-Name-First: Christopher K. Author-X-Name-Last: Uejio Title: Temperature Influences on Salmonella Infections across the Continental United States Abstract: Salmonella spp. are one of the most common causes of gastrointestinal illness in humans. Elevated temperatures increase Salmonella spp.'s growth rate and likelihood that the food consumer will develop a severe illness. Climate and Salmonella associations have only been reported for a few U.S. states. This study investigated associations between temperature and reported human Salmonella infections from 2006 to 2014. The study analyzed state-level relationships across the contiguous United States. States voluntarily report weekly human Salmonella cases to the Nationally Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Representative weather conditions were created by population weighting temperature from the North American Land Data Assimilation System. Time series analysis using generalized additive models associated temperature against Salmonella infections while controlling for temporal patterns and the size of the population at risk. The study also investigated temperature and Salmonella infection transmission thresholds. In twenty-five states, higher weekly temperatures increased reported Salmonella infections. Each degree (°C) rise in temperature increased the risk of reporting a case by 1.3 to 5.9 percent. Many of these states were located in the Southwest, east central states, Midwest and Great Plains, and Northeast regions. Only temperatures above a state-specific threshold increased cases in four states. Above each threshold, a 1°C temperature increase translated into 5.6 to 22.8 percent more cases. Weekly temperatures increased reported human Salmonella infections across a much larger portion of the United States than published research suggests. Knowledge of places and periods of time where climate increases Salmonella risk can help target surveillance and health interventions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 751-764 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2016.1261681 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2016.1261681 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:751-764 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mona Domosh Author-X-Name-First: Mona Author-X-Name-Last: Domosh Title: Genealogies of Race, Gender, and Place Abstract: Through a case study of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's interventions into the lives of sharecroppers and tenant farmers in early twentieth-century Alabama, I show how gendered and racialized norms of family and family life were used to keep African American farmers tied to the land, thus uncovering a relatively unexamined geography of containment. At stake for the U.S. government, local and regional leaders, and cotton plantation owners were the extremely large profits generated by dominance of the global cotton market, profits made possible only from the labor of indebted African American sharecroppers and tenant farmers. I document, in other words, how a new technology of racial governance, of keeping people in place, was developed and articulated to maintain U.S. economic power. By doing so, I highlight the importance of understanding the interrelated historical geographies of race, gender, and place in the United States, thus demonstrating the contemporary significance of a critical historical geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 765-778 Issue: 3 Volume: 107 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1282269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1282269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:107:y:2017:i:3:p:765-778 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mei-Po Kwan Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Po Author-X-Name-Last: Kwan Author-Name: Tim Schwanen Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Schwanen Title: Context and Uncertainty in Geography and GIScience: Advances in Theory, Method, and Practice Abstract: This article introduces the background and contents of this forum, which includes six articles based on presentations in the opening and closing plenary sessions of the featured theme on “Context and Uncertainty in Geography and GIScience” at the 2017 American Association of Geographers (AAG) annual meeting in Boston. The purpose of the featured theme was to explore and deepen our understanding of the spatiotemporal uncertainties in the contextual influences on human behavior, practice, and experience. The articles in this forum focus on specific themes concerning context and uncertainty in geographic and GIScience research. They provide a helpful discussion of the complexity and challenges of specific issues through different theoretical and methodological perspectives. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1473-1475 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1457910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1457910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1473-1475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael F. Goodchild Author-X-Name-First: Michael F. Author-X-Name-Last: Goodchild Title: A GIScience Perspective on the Uncertainty of Context Abstract: Geographers have long sought to understand and explain geographic phenomena through their dependence on the properties of site and situation. Yet the characterization of situation or context is fraught with numerous forms of uncertainty, related to data, the selection of situation variables, the geographic scale and extent of context, and the concept of context itself. Research into the uncertainties of geographic information has advanced substantially over the past three decades. New geographic information system techniques are becoming available that allow greater freedom to hypothesize about scale and extent, and new creative approaches to privacy protection might allow greater access in the future to fine-resolution data. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1476-1481 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1416281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1416281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1476-1481 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mei-Po Kwan Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Po Author-X-Name-Last: Kwan Title: The Limits of the Neighborhood Effect: Contextual Uncertainties in Geographic, Environmental Health, and Social Science Research Abstract: This article draws on recent studies to argue that researchers need to be attentive to the limits of the neighborhood effect as conventionally understood. It highlights the complexities of contextual influences and the challenges in accurately representing and measuring individual exposures to those influences. Specifically, it discusses the idiosyncratic and multidimensional nature of contextual effects, the temporal complexities of contextual influences, the frame dependence of exposure measures, selective mobility bias, and publication bias in neighborhood effects research. It also discusses how contextual uncertainties could be mitigated in future research (e.g., through collecting and using high-resolution space–time data and moving toward frame-independent exposure measures with results that are not affected by how data are organized with respect to space and time). Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1482-1490 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1453777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1453777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1482-1490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamie R. Pearce Author-X-Name-First: Jamie R. Author-X-Name-Last: Pearce Title: Complexity and Uncertainty in Geography of Health Research: Incorporating Life-Course Perspectives Abstract: Geographers, including those interested in the relationships between health and place, have made important contributions to how, when, and where humans are exposed to and influenced by different spatial contexts. Using detailed and sometimes real-time spatial and temporal data, geographers have enhanced our understanding of how people move within and between different social and physical environments and the implications for health outcomes and behaviors. Yet almost all of this work focuses on spatial–temporal mobility over short time periods (e.g., day, week), and there has been little effort to understand the extent to which people are exposed to different types of places and environments over their full life span. This article examines the analytic possibilities of, and technical challenges to, incorporating this uncertainty into a life-course framework to better understand (1) the accumulation of environmental circumstances over life and (2) whether there are critical periods during life when aspects of place are particularly pertinent in understanding health. It is argued that this approach not only offers opportunities to better understand the complex relationships between health and place (and other social outcomes) but can strengthen the evidence for causal relationships between the environment and health. Finally, there is a brief discussion of some of our own nascent work considering these issues using longitudinal data collected in the United Kingdom. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1491-1498 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1416280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1416280 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1491-1498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel A. Griffith Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Griffith Title: Uncertainty and Context in Geography and GIScience: Reflections on Spatial Autocorrelation, Spatial Sampling, and Health Data Abstract: One of the conference themes for the 2017 American Association of Geographers (AAG) annual meeting was “Uncertainty and Context in Geography and GIScience.” It included a triplet of special sessions cosponsored by the Spatial Analysis and Modeling (SAM) and the Health & Medical Geography (HMG) specialty groups. One session dealt with spatial autocorrelation, another featured spatial sampling, and a third focused on public health data. A conceptual framework and overviews of these three sessions emphasize research frontiers and advances in theory, method, and research practice that address challenges of uncertainty and context in geography and GIScience. This article summarizes these three sessions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1499-1505 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1416282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1416282 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1499-1505 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Schwanen Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Schwanen Title: Uncertainty in Contextual Effects on Mobility: An Exploration of Causality Abstract: Although various forms of uncertainty have been examined in studies of how geographical contexts influence mobility in recent years, this article argues that greater attention should be paid to those types that cannot be tackled automatically with better data or analysis techniques. Using cycling adoption and levels as an example, it reflects on some of the uncertainties resulting from reliance in empirical research on the assumption of causality as regularity in conjunction between dependent and independent variables. It suggests that working with other understandings of causality can begin to shed light on difficult-to-detect forms of ignorance and generate more dynamic and precise insights into how contexts condition and shape behaviors and spatial practices. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1506-1512 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1456313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1456313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1506-1512 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenzhong Shi Author-X-Name-First: Wenzhong Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Author-Name: Anshu Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Anshu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Xiaolin Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Xiaolin Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Min Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Min Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Challenges and Prospects of Uncertainties in Spatial Big Data Analytics Abstract: Knowledge extraction from spatial big data (SBD) with advanced analytics has become a major trend in research and industry. Meanwhile, the increasingly complex SBD and its analytics face proliferating challenges posed by uncertainties in them. Linked to various characteristics of SBD, the uncertainties emerge and propagate in each stage of SBD analytics. To avoid unreliable knowledge and losses resulting from the uncertainties and to ensure the value of authentic knowledge, this article proposes uncertainty-based SBD analytics. Uncertainty-based SBD analytics strive to understand, control, and alleviate uncertainties and their propagation in each stage of geographic knowledge extraction. Key topics involved in uncertainty-based SBD analytics include, for example, place-based heuristics for learning urban structure and place-based analytics on broader knowledge extraction tasks; dealing with the biases and inferencing the semantics in cell phone tracking data; quality assessment of unstructured spatial user-generated contents and the rectification of location shifts and time elapses between humans' activities and corresponding online contents they generate; and uncertainty handling in sophisticated black-box analytics with SBD such as deep learning. Challenges and the latest advances in each of these topics are presented, and further research for addressing these challenges is suggested in this article. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1513-1520 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1421898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2017.1421898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1513-1520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Name: Chaz Felix Author-X-Name-First: Chaz Author-X-Name-Last: Felix Author-Name: Susanne Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: Susanne Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Author-Name: Jayakrishnan Ajayakumar Author-X-Name-First: Jayakrishnan Author-X-Name-Last: Ajayakumar Author-Name: Peter R. Kerndt Author-X-Name-First: Peter R. Author-X-Name-Last: Kerndt Title: Contextualizing Overdoses in Los Angeles's Skid Row between 2014 and 2016 by Leveraging the Spatial Knowledge of the Marginalized as a Resource Abstract: Opioid drug overdoses in the United States have continued to rise since 2014. Overdoses are one of several interlinked health challenges faced by marginalized populations. Here we side with the argument that these populations can also be a valuable resource to address these challenges, and we use methods that can elevate this critical belief into real-world application. In this article, we use spatially inspired interviews from both marginalized and provider participants in the Los Angeles Skid Row to map out the microspaces of drug activity. The resulting map reveals a complex space in terms of drug types and associated social activities. These geonarratives reveal a nuanced space of locations, activities, and context—how these substances enter Skid Row, the associated violence, and the physical and emotional toll on the marginalized. We find both quantitative and qualitative support that the “street” community is complex, full of variation in terms of where people live, how they live, and the social fabric that has evolved. We suggest that these data can be used to reduce the structural violence often found in many “solutions” to the homeless and their problems. Instead we show that the marginalized could be used to provide a vital resource not only in terms of their knowledge and their communities but also in delivering medical care. We end by suggesting that this approach to data collection could evolve into an ongoing resource that could develop into a near-real-time tool to reduce overdose mortalities. Key Words: geonarrative, GIS, marginalized, overdose, Skid Row. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1521-1536 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1471386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1471386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1521-1536 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thom Davies Author-X-Name-First: Thom Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Title: Toxic Space and Time: Slow Violence, Necropolitics, and Petrochemical Pollution Abstract: This article explores how time interacts forcefully with the experience of living within toxic spaces. Through ethnographic research and interviews with residents of a contaminated town in Louisiana, the article unpacks the uncertain temporalities of industrial pollution and potential means of resistance. Putting Mbembe's (2003) postcolonial treatise on necropolitics in conversation with Nixon's (2011) work on slow violence, the article examines the racialized, uneven, and attritional experience of petrochemical pollution in a former plantation landscape. By exploring the necropolitics of place, the article reveals how unjust exposure to toxic chemicals creates contemporary “death-worlds” that are experienced in temporally uncertain and constricting ways. The oppressive nature of uncertain temporality makes the material assemblages of petrochemical infrastructure daily environmental concerns. Yet by focusing on the lived experience of communities inhabiting this toxic geography, the article notes how witnessing gradual changes to the local environment has become a barometer for perceiving chronic pollution. The idea of “slow observation” is posited as a useful counterpoint to slow violence and the permanent wounding of toxic pollution. Slow observation is an important aspect of living with sustained environmental brutality and offers a potential means of political resistance and doing undone environmental justice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1537-1553 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1470924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1470924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1537-1553 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam David Morton Author-X-Name-First: Adam David Author-X-Name-Last: Morton Title: The Urban Revolution in Victor Serge Abstract: The Russian Revolution was an example of what one of its participant-witnesses, John Reed, called “intensified history.” At the same time as Ten Days That Shook the World was published, another of the Russian Revolution's witness-chroniclers was documenting the transformations of space in Red Petrograd under the name of Victor Serge (1890–1947). By analyzing the space of the city and the condition of urban revolution in the writings of Victor Serge, we can explore the historical–geographical restructuring of spaces of state power within conditions of revolution and counterrevolution. With a specific focus on Conquered City (Serge [1932] 2011a) in the context of Red Petrograd and The Case of Comrade Tulayev (Serge [1948] 2004), set during the Great Terror in Moscow and Soviet Russia, my focus highlights the struggle between revolution and counterrevolution reflected in these works that both address in different and connected ways the struggle for space, the spatial logistics of the state, and how the modern state organizes space relevant to geographical studies. In Conquered City and The Case of Comrade Tulayev, such spatial awareness is intensely present, including a focus on the logic of repressive space, to reveal how the state separates, disperses, forces, and constrains the historical geographies of space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1554-1569 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1471387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1471387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1554-1569 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bartosz Grudzinski Author-X-Name-First: Bartosz Author-X-Name-Last: Grudzinski Author-Name: Claire M. Ruffing Author-X-Name-First: Claire M. Author-X-Name-Last: Ruffing Author-Name: Melinda D. Daniels Author-X-Name-First: Melinda D. Author-X-Name-Last: Daniels Author-Name: Michael Rawitch Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Rawitch Title: Bison and Cattle Grazing Impacts on Baseflow Suspended Sediment Concentrations within Grassland Streams Abstract: Prior to European colonization and the introduction of cattle, bison were the prominent grazing ungulates throughout North American grasslands. Yet, relative zoogeomorphic impacts between bison and cattle on grassland streams remain largely unknown. Utilizing a paired watershed study design, we compared baseflow suspended sediment concentrations across ten watersheds and four grazing treatments (ungrazed, bison-grazed, moderately stocked cattle-grazed, and intensively stocked cattle-grazed) in the Flint Hills subregion of the Great Plains. Additionally, we determined whether periods of increased thermal stress led to higher sediment concentrations within each treatment. Water samples were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS, mg/L), nonvolatile suspended solids (NVSS, mg/L), and percentage organic matter (POM, percent). Intensively stocked cattle-grazed treatments produced significantly higher TSS and NVSS concentrations relative to ungrazed (TSS p = 0.012, NVSS p < 0.01) and bison-grazed treatments (TSS p = 0.082, NVSS p < 0.01). Moderately stocked cattle-grazed treatments contained significantly higher NVSS concentrations relative to bison-grazed treatments (p = 0.057). Bison-grazed and ungrazed treatments contained similar sediment concentrations (TSS and NVSS p > 0.10). Additionally, intensively and moderately stocked cattle-grazed treatments showed a significant increase in sediment concentrations with increasing temperature (p = 0.024 and p = 0.08, respectively), whereas bison-grazed and ungrazed treatments did not (p > 0.10). At the subdaily timescale, the highest sediment concentrations within cattle-grazed treatments and the greatest difference in sediment concentrations between cattle-grazed and ungrazed treatments coincided with the hottest daily temperatures, further highlighting that cattle-grazing impacts are influenced by thermal conditions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1570-1581 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1457430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1457430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1570-1581 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenan Li Author-X-Name-First: Kenan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Nina S. N. Lam Author-X-Name-First: Nina S. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Title: Geographically Weighted Elastic Net: A Variable-Selection and Modeling Method under the Spatially Nonstationary Condition Abstract: This study develops a linear regression model to select local, low-collinear explanatory variables. This model combines two well-known models: geographically weighted regression (GWR) and elastic net (EN). The GWR model posits that the regression coefficients vary as a function of location and focuses on solving the problem of explaining the relationships under the spatially nonstationary condition, which a global model cannot solve. GWR cannot fulfill the task of variable selection, however, which is problematic when there are many explanatory variables with nonnegligible multicollinearity. On the other hand, the EN model is a member of the regulated regression family. EN can trim the number of explanatory variables and select the most important ones by adding penalty terms in its cost function, and it has been proven to be robust under the high-multicollinearity condition. The EN model is a global model, however, and does not consider the spatial nonstationarity. To overcome these deficiencies, we proposed the geographically weighted elastic net (GWEN) model. GWEN uses the kernel weights derived from GWR and applies EN locally to select variables for each geographical location. The result is a set of locally selected, low-collinear explanatory variables with spatially varying coefficients. We demonstrated the GWEN method on a data set relating population changes to a set of social, economic, and environmental variables in the Lower Mississippi River Basin. The results show that GWEN has the advantages of both the high prediction accuracy of GWR and the low multicollinearity among explanatory variables of EN. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1582-1600 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1425129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1425129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1582-1600 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Morgan Robertson Author-X-Name-First: Morgan Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson Title: Flexible Nature: Governing with the Environment in the Development of U.S. Neoliberalism Abstract: The environment is organic to the neoliberal turn, not just as more or less cooperative material inputs or as a surface on which the changes to production and labor relations play out. The frequent finding that nature is being privatized and commodified in new ways is often described as nature's neoliberalization, but these trends do not exhaust the ways in which nature is integral to recent economic transformations. This article is structured around two claims. First, the ways of representing the environment economically that the neoliberal natures literature tends to represent as quite new are actually present and important at the origins of neoliberal policy. A brief genealogy of neoliberalism and nature in U.S. economic policy of the 1970s is surveyed in support of this. Second, work on neoliberal natures has emphasized the commodification and privatization of nature under neoliberalism at the expense of analyzing the environment's role in other important features of neoliberalism. Using qualitative policy analysis and an examination of three modern cases of environmental policy, this article traces the connections between the governance of nature and the governance of other parts of the economy with reference to the more specific economic transformations identified as “post-Fordist.” These similarities are not due to the new application of an established set of techniques of economic governance but because nature was internal to neoliberalism from the beginning not just as resources but as a set of relationships useful for stabilizing capital accumulation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1601-1619 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1459172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1459172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1601-1619 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt Author-X-Name-First: Kuntala Author-X-Name-Last: Lahiri-Dutt Author-Name: Arnab Roy Chowdhury Author-X-Name-First: Arnab Author-X-Name-Last: Roy Chowdhury Title: In the Realm of the Diamond King: Myth, Magic, and Modernity in the Diamond Tracts of Central India Abstract: From being “the cradle” of raw diamonds in the world in the eighteenth century, India has turned into an insignificant producer of rough diamonds today. Yet, even now, the indigenous Gonds mine diamonds artisanally in a remote location in central India, largely hidden away from public vision. This article presents an exposition of artisanal diamond mining in central India from the humanistic tradition in geography to illuminate the “realm” of the Gonds, where magic and social relations rule imaginaries of the diamonds in the particular place. It argues that the imaginations of diamonds and their mining by indigenous miners in Panna are shaped through the prism of their particular regional history, myth, geography, and culture. Without faith in the restrictive authority of science, capital, and state, and refusing domestication, the miners dig, smuggle, and spend for the savoir vivre. They remain dynamic and rely on traditional ideas of luck, masculinity, and success. They bind themselves to work and to each other in ways that preclude the possibility of amassing wealth and direct wealth in ways that reaffirm their dependence on the miner's life. The argument is illustrated through the story of protagonist Ramu, who proudly spends the earnings from his big diamond find. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Panna, Madhya Pradesh State in central India, this article explores the magic of artisanal diamond mining, shows how place shapes such mining, and shows how informal mining shapes the context. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1620-1634 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1449629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1449629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1620-1634 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Klimaszewski-Patterson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Klimaszewski-Patterson Author-Name: Peter J. Weisberg Author-X-Name-First: Peter J. Author-X-Name-Last: Weisberg Author-Name: Scott A. Mensing Author-X-Name-First: Scott A. Author-X-Name-Last: Mensing Author-Name: Robert M. Scheller Author-X-Name-First: Robert M. Author-X-Name-Last: Scheller Title: Using Paleolandscape Modeling to Investigate the Impact of Native American–Set Fires on Pre-Columbian Forests in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA Abstract: Ethnographic accounts document widespread use of low-intensity surface fires by California's Native Americans to manage terrestrial resources, yet the effects of such practices on forest composition and structure remain largely unknown. Although numerous paleoenvironmental studies debate whether proxy interpretations indicate climatic or anthropogenic drivers of landscape change, available data sources (e.g., pollen, charcoal) are generally insufficient to resolve anthropogenic impacts and do not allow for hypothesis testing. We use a modeling approach with LANDIS-II, a spatially explicit forest succession and disturbance model, to test whether the addition of Native American–set surface fires was necessary to approximate vegetation change as reconstructed from fossil pollen. We use an existing 1,600-year pollen and charcoal record from Holey Meadow, Sequoia National Forest, California, as the empirical data set to which we compared modeled results of climatic and anthropogenic fire regimes. We found that the addition of anthropogenic burning best approximated fossil pollen–reconstructed vegetation change, particularly during periods of prolonged cooler, wetter periods coinciding with greater regional Native American activity (1550–1050 and 750–100 cal yr BP). For lightning-caused wildfires to statistically approximate the pollen record required at least twenty times more ignitions and 870 percent more area burned annually during the Little Ice Age (750–100 cal yr BP) than observed during the modern period (AD 1985–2006), a level of natural fire increase we consider highly improbable. These results demonstrate that (1) anthropogenic burning was likely an important cause of pre-Columbian forest structure at the site and (2) dynamic landscape models provide a valuable method for testing hypotheses of paleoenvironmental change. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1635-1654 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1470922 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1470922 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1635-1654 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlo E. Sica Author-X-Name-First: Carlo E. Author-X-Name-Last: Sica Title: Plugging the Pipeline: Realizing the Value of Natural Gas in the 1930s United States Abstract: Questions of value lie at the heart of current debates over capital–nature relations in nature–society geography. The moments of valorization and realization of value occur within the broader circulation process of capital, yet in nature–society geography we tend to focus on the nature–capital relations at the stage of productive capital when labor valorizes commodities. The stage of commodity capital, when consumers realize value through the transformation of commodities into money, can also be a major driver for capital–nature relations. In the case of natural gas in the 1930s United States, the circulation of capital was blocked for independent producers, leading them to vent methane (a potent greenhouse gas) directly into the atmosphere. Four vertically integrated firms—the Power Trust—used their power over interstate gas pipelines to block competitors' commodities from reaching markets. The Power Trust was ensuring that the value of its commodity capital was successfully realized, by blocking its competitors' gas from exchange and value realization. Its competitors—the independents—found themselves with no ability to realize the value of their gas and opted instead to dump it into the atmosphere through the process of gasoline stripping. The importance of realization within the wider capital circulation process is not only a historical–geographical problem. Modern utilities and energy companies are compelled to realize the value crystallized in fossil fuels, despite the availability and superiority of renewable energy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1655-1667 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1462140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1462140 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1655-1667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clionadh Raleigh Author-X-Name-First: Clionadh Author-X-Name-Last: Raleigh Author-Name: Caitriona Dowd Author-X-Name-First: Caitriona Author-X-Name-Last: Dowd Title: Political Environments, Elite Co-Option, and Conflict Abstract: This article establishes a framework for understanding the ways in which subnational governance arrangements produce divergent types and dynamics of political violence. The variation in agents of governance, how a regime shapes its territorial presence and subnational relationships, structures the forms of violent conflict that emerge within and across states. We first acknowledge four distinct types of political environments based on regime depth and subnational elite authority and fragmentation. We then apply these political environment categorizations and logics to the political violence patterns, agents, and risks across key states in Africa. We find that violence across countries varies based on distinct power dynamics that emerge from relations between the central authority and subnational elites. We conclude that the organization of power determines the type and risk of conflict that affects states. Although the interaction among local governance, co-optive arrangements, and violence has been largely neglected in the literature, this article proposes an alternative and generalizable interpretation of governance across developing states, based on subnational patterns of authority. This article contributes to a growing focus on political settlements—rather than national institutions—in explaining governance stability and violence. Key Words: Africa, conflict, domestic politics, political geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1668-1684 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1459459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1459459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1668-1684 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian King Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: King Author-Name: Marina Burka Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Burka Author-Name: Margaret S. Winchester Author-X-Name-First: Margaret S. Author-X-Name-Last: Winchester Title: HIV Citizenship in Uneven Landscapes Abstract: The HIV/AIDS epidemic has taken on a new course in recent years with expanded access to antiretroviral therapy in the Global South. Although this transition is extending the lives of individuals for years or even decades, it is also creating new relationships between citizens and the state that are driven by resource needs specific to HIV management. This article details findings from an ongoing research project in northeast South Africa that is examining the social and ecological impacts of HIV/AIDS. Qualitative interviews are combined with ethnographic observations of a rural primary care clinic to document the ways in which residents and health care institutions are managing HIV. While initiating care for HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy, clinics and other health care agencies advocate behavioral practices that challenge existing cultural norms and spatial economies, particularly in the realm of nutrition and food access. The importance of accessing certain foods is advocated as necessary for maintaining bodily health, yet this therapeutic citizenship confronts historical systems of inequality produced through spatial segregation. The consequence is that the coupling of drug provision with public health interventions produces uneven opportunities for health management that are mediated by cultural, ecological, and political systems in the era of managed HIV. Key Words: health, health and environment, HIV/AIDS, political ecology of health, South Africa, therapeutic citizenship. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1685-1699 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1457428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1457428 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1685-1699 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alistair Fraser Author-X-Name-First: Alistair Author-X-Name-Last: Fraser Title: Mexico's “Sugar Tax”: Space, Markets, Resistance Abstract: Sugar consumption recently has become an object of political deliberation in the context of public health concerns about “obesity” and high prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes. Mexico has attracted significant attention in this regard, especially since its government introduced a “sugar tax” in 2013. The sugar tax was widely acclaimed by public health campaigners as a victory amidst an otherwise corporate-run foodscape. In this article, I interrogate the political debate over the tax as it played out in the Mexican Congress in 2013 and 2015. Analysis of political debates has value when it takes seriously the sociospatial constitution of the economy and its unending iterability. Debates illuminate interrelations among space, markets, and resistance; that is, core issues engaged by scholars in geography (and beyond) in the light of the expanding scope and depth of market relations. I argue that the debate sheds light on the concept of “foodscapes of hope,” to which geographers have turned to summarize new spatial formations regarding the production and consumption of food. Specifically, I argue that foodscapes of hope emerge via processes of “marketization”—and using the political debate regarding Mexico's sugar tax I demonstrate how geography is drawn on and reproduced when marketization occurs. Space, markets, and resistance are bound up with one another in complex interassociations. Against this backdrop, the frontiers of intellectual deliberation on “alternative” social formations must engage the full significance of market relations, a challenge that geographers are well placed to meet. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1700-1714 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1457429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1457429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1700-1714 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Cooke Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Cooke Author-Name: Ruth Lane Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Lane Title: Plant–Human Commoning: Navigating Enclosure, Neoliberal Conservation, and Plant Mobility in Exurban Landscapes Abstract: Conservation on private land in exurban landscapes is habitually framed around the private property parcel. Neoliberal conservation programs that position private property as exclusive territory for conservation action are compounding the property-centric focus of exurban conservation practices. This framing conflicts with an understanding of ecologies as socionatures that are geographically dispersed and temporally contingent, as well as the implications of landscape-scale species migration driven by climate change. Here we explore whether the agency and mobility of plants across property boundaries offer an avenue for more meaningful alternatives to exurban conservation that are not bounded by the territory of private property. The conservation practices of exurban landholders in Victoria, Australia, were explored through qualitative interviews and property walks. The mobility of plants in the form of spreading, seeding, and suckering through fence lines reflects a form of more-than-human territorial enactment that can bring attention to shared and relational ecologies, while unsettling the notion of control over conservation practice that accompanies property ownership. We explore the potential of the recent reengagement with commoning—in the form of plant–human commoning practices—to position plants as active collaborators in commoning, rather than as the objects of human commoning. Although attentive to the challenges of multispecies coalitions in conservation, we suggest that plant–human commoning could offer new possibilities for conservation that is grounded in the affordances of plants, as a counter to neoliberal governance and the individualization and privatization of exurban landscapes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1715-1731 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1453776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1453776 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1715-1731 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sango Mahanty Author-X-Name-First: Sango Author-X-Name-Last: Mahanty Title: Correction to: Contingent Sovereignty: Cross-Border Rentals in the Cambodia–Vietnam Borderland Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1732-1732 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1500808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1500808 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1732-1732 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruth C. Heindel Author-X-Name-First: Ruth C. Author-X-Name-Last: Heindel Author-Name: Jonathan W. Chipman Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan W. Author-X-Name-Last: Chipman Author-Name: Ross A. Virginia Author-X-Name-First: Ross A. Author-X-Name-Last: Virginia Title: Correction to: The Spatial Distribution and Ecological Impacts of Aeolian Soil Erosion in Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1733-1733 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1472481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1472481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1733-1733 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Manuscript Reviewers Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1734-1735 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1522196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1522196 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1734-1735 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Annals, Volume 108 Index Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1736-1746 Issue: 6 Volume: 108 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1522197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1522197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:108:y:2018:i:6:p:1736-1746 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Taylor Shelton Author-X-Name-First: Taylor Author-X-Name-Last: Shelton Author-Name: Ate Poorthuis Author-X-Name-First: Ate Author-X-Name-Last: Poorthuis Title: The Nature of Neighborhoods: Using Big Data to Rethink the Geographies of Atlanta’s Neighborhood Planning Unit System Abstract: Neighborhoods have long held a central place in the analysis and planning of urban spaces. Despite this centrality, the exact definition of a neighborhood, as well as how and where to draw its boundaries, has remained unclear. Although these questions have generated significant academic debate, they have arguably little effect on people’s everyday lives or decision-making processes. Atlanta, Georgia, represents a different case, however, because of the city’s system of neighborhood planning units (NPUs), which has shaped the city’s planning and political processes since the mid-1970s. Despite significant changes within the city’s intraurban geography since the 1970s, however, the geography of the NPU system has remained largely unchanged. As such, this article attempts to harness the potentials of big data to rethink the nature and geographies of Atlanta’s neighborhoods. Drawing on archival documents, historic maps of the city’s neighborhoods, and new sources of big data, this article explores the evolution of Atlanta’s neighborhoods from the 1960s up to the present day. In particular, our analysis highlights the fundamentally fuzzy, fluid, and relational nature of neighborhoods, both in the ways in which neighborhoods are defined by political and administrative entities and through the everyday lives of residents. Ultimately, this work calls into question the idea of the neighborhood as a natural, preexisting, discrete, and static spatial unit and points to the utility of using new sources of data and analytical techniques for revealing this underlying relationality. Key Words: big data, neighborhoods, regionalization, sociospatial theory, urban geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1341-1361 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1571895 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1571895 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1341-1361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingrid Behrsin Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Author-X-Name-Last: Behrsin Title: Rendering Renewable: Technoscience and the Political Economy of Waste-to-Energy Regulation in the European Union Abstract: Drawing on insights at the intersection of political ecology and studies that examine neoliberalism as an approach to scientific governance, this article interrogates the scientific rationales that underpin (1) waste incineration’s categorization as a type of renewable energy technology in the European Union (EU) and (2) the market expansions that enable the financial viability of the region’s waste-to-energy (WTE) industry. This investigation builds on the emerging literature on renewable energy infrastructure as socioecological fix and is driven by the question, “How has WTE come to serve as a renewable energy source and socioecological fix in the European Union?” I demonstrate how specific scientific methods and formulas in EU waste and energy policy serve to prop up WTE production as a type of renewable energy and support the construction and subsequent expansion of a regional market in municipal solid waste trade. In sum, this article provides a contemporary empirical example of the connected scientific and political economic processes through which an energy source is classified as renewable and the ensuing capital accumulation opportunities that this designation produces. In doing so, it contributes to dialogues about the political ecology of renewable energy transitions, especially those that articulate a critique of the scientific logics and uneven social power relations related to those transitions. Its normative objective is to illuminate the political economic logics embedded in the technoscience of renewable energy policy and thus open up spaces for alternate discourses and knowledge claims around the renewability of controversial energy technologies to emerge and take hold. Key Words: renewable energy transitions, socioecological fix, technoscience, waste-to-energy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1362-1378 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1569492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1569492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1362-1378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Deuchar Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Deuchar Title: Strategically “Out of Place”: Unemployed Migrants Mobilizing Rural and Urban Identities in North India Abstract: Increasing numbers of young people are migrating across the Global South to pursue tertiary education and find employment. In north India, though, as elsewhere, migrants are often unable to realize the kind of social mobility to which they aspire. This article examines the ways in which educated yet unemployed male migrants perform identities to contend their marginality. Through a multisited ethnography, during which I accompanied participants to their rural villages as well as the regional city of Dehradun, I argue that young men strategically mobilize identities that register them as “out of place.” By drawing together critical migration studies and mobilities literatures, I show how young men perform rural identities in urban areas and urban identities in rural ones to realize status and respect. In a context of widespread unemployment and uncertainty, this is an important strategy through which migrants seek to position themselves as worthy youth with meaningful prospects, at the same time as they leave open the possibility of both rural and urban futures. Key Words: identities, India, migrants, mobilities, young men. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1379-1393 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1541402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1541402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1379-1393 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna E. Klene Author-X-Name-First: Anna E. Author-X-Name-Last: Klene Author-Name: Frederick E. Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Frederick E. Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Title: Urban Geocryology: Mapping Urban–Rural Contrasts in Active-Layer Thickness, Barrow Peninsula, Northern Alaska Abstract: The maximum depth of seasonal thaw is a critical design factor for civil infrastructure in permafrost regions. Although maps of active-layer thickness (ALT) have been created for localized areas in undisturbed terrain, this has rarely been done within urbanized areas. The modified Berggren solution was used to map ALT at a resolution of 30 × 30 m over the 150-km2 Barrow Peninsula in northern Alaska. Emphasis was placed on analyzing differences in accuracy obtained in urbanized and relatively undisturbed tundra. Although the modified Berggren solution is known to provide more accurate estimates of frost and thaw depth than the Stefan solution, it has not been used previously in mapping applications. As part of the Barrow Urban Heat Island Study, seventy-one miniature data loggers were installed in and surrounding the City of Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow) to measure air and soil temperature. The resulting data were used to calculate air and soil surface temperature fields, as well as summer n-factors, based on nine urban and rural land-cover classes. Regional soil and land-cover maps were used to obtain additional input data. Validation was performed by comparing probed ALT measurements with predicted pixel values. Model results confirm that the presence of urban infrastructure increases both the magnitude and the geographic variability of ALT relative to surrounding undisturbed tundra. The Berggren solution performed well for estimating mean values for land-cover classes in both rural and urban areas and has considerable potential as a tool for mapping ALT in other applications. Key Words: active layer, Alaska, Barrow, frozen ground, geocryology, mapping, permafrost, urban, Utqiaġvik. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1394-1414 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1549972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1549972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1394-1414 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eun-hye Yoo Author-X-Name-First: Eun-hye Author-X-Name-Last: Yoo Title: How Short Is Long Enough? Modeling Temporal Aspects of Human Mobility Behavior Using Mobile Phone Data Abstract: Time–location data collected from location-sensing technologies have the potential to advance our understanding of human mobility. Existing human activity studies tend to ignore a critical issue in data collection—the time period for which the activity data will be collected. Our study investigated this significant gap in the literature on temporal aspects of human mobility behavior—how many days constitute a period long enough to capture individuals’ highly organized activity episodes and how they vary among individuals with heterogeneous demographic and social-economic characteristics. To determine a minimum number of days to capture individuals’ highly organized activity episodes in activity space, we examined a distribution of Kullback–Leibler divergence indexes. To evaluate the differences in the minimal number of observation days per subgroup whose demographic and economic characteristics are heterogenous, we used a Bayesian profile regression model. Our study showed that the estimated minimum number of days required to capture routine activity patterns was 13.5 days with a standard deviation of 6.64. We found that participant’s age, employment status, size of household, and accessibility to downtown, food, and physical activity, as well as economic status of residential environment, are important factors that affect temporal aspects of mobility behavior. Key Words: Bayesian profile regression, human mobility, Kullback–Leibler divergence, mobile phone data, temporal regularity. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1415-1432 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1586516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1586516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1415-1432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Fischer Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer Title: Constraining Risk Narratives: A Multidecadal Media Analysis of Drinking Water Insecurity in Bangladesh Abstract: Sustainable development agendas in Bangladesh are frequently framed in the media as being constrained by water insecurity and the decision-making challenges posed by multiple risks of both natural and human origins. This article suggests, however, that the reverse also occurs: The boundaries of risk narratives constructed by the media serve to mitigate public concerns, reinforce national development agendas, and legitimize structural changes of the dominant institutions. These relationships are explored through a set of risk discourse filters that merge content analysis approaches with the defining phenomena of risk society theory. Advancing an inventory of 3,211 drinking water specific articles published by the Ittefaq newspaper between 1980 and 2016, the analysis identifies three temporal clusters of discursive behaviors and content focus that contribute a historic perspective of how Bengali newspapers construct, define, and react to multiple water safety crises, specifically cholera and arsenic. The risk discourse filters suggest that the media’s problematization of drinking water remains aligned to nation-building processes and the political narratives of development successes defined by international targets. The results map the discursive distribution of concerns across geographies and risk positions, extending interpretations of how and where blame is allocated. The inventory reveals an identifiable temporal and content pattern of inclusion and exclusion of topics and draws links to the overall institutional dynamics of political and economic change. Key Words: arsenic, Bangladesh, media, risk, water security. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1433-1453 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1570840 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1570840 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1433-1453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sam Halvorsen Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Halvorsen Author-Name: Bernardo Mançano Fernandes Author-X-Name-First: Bernardo Mançano Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes Author-Name: Fernanda Valeria Torres Author-X-Name-First: Fernanda Valeria Author-X-Name-Last: Torres Title: Mobilizing Territory: Socioterritorial Movements in Comparative Perspective Abstract: Why does territory matter to social movements and what does it allow them to achieve? Despite the ever-apparent centrality of territory—the appropriation and control of space through forms of power—to social movements worldwide (e.g., protest camps, land occupations, indigenous activism, squatting, neighborhood organizing), there has been a surprising lack of attention to this question by Anglophone geographers. This article develops Brazilian geographer Fernandes’s notion of “socioterritorial movements” as an analytical category for social movements that have as their central objective the appropriation of space in pursuit of their political project. It does so by contrasting the concept of socioterritorial movement to those of social movement and sociospatial movement and proposing four axes of analysis for socioterritorial movements. First, territory is mobilized as the central strategy for realizing a movement’s aims. Second, territory informs the identity of socioterritorial movements, generating new political subjectivities. Third, territory is a site of political socialization that produces new encounters and values. Fourth, through processes of territorialization, deterritorialization, and reterritorialization, socioterritorial movements create new institutions. These axes are further elaborated through the comparative analysis of two case studies: the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, a large peasant movement in Brazil, and the Tupac Amaru Neighborhood Organization, an urban social movement from northwest Argentina. Comparison is deployed as an expansive mode of analysis to open up the concept of socioterritorial movement and indicate potential lines of enquiry for further study. Key Words: Argentina, MST, social movements, socioterritorial movements, territory. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1454-1470 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1549973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1549973 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1454-1470 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Bohannon Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Bohannon Author-Name: Mikhail Blinnikov Author-X-Name-First: Mikhail Author-X-Name-Last: Blinnikov Title: Habitat Fragmentation and Breeding Bird Populations in Western North Dakota after the Introduction of Hydraulic Fracturing Abstract: This study quantifies the amount of habitat fragmentation experienced since the introduction of hydraulic fracturing in the Bakken region of North Dakota, using the Little Missouri National Grassland as a study area. All development in and immediately surrounding the Grassland was digitized for successive years between 2003 and 2016, and populations of grassland bird species were used as a proxy for measuring the effects of development within the Grassland during these same years. Results show that hydraulic fracturing has had a measurable but small impact on the Grassland overall; large portions of the Grassland have not yet seen large-scale oil development, whereas the northernmost portion of the Grassland has seen a substantial increase in fragmentation. Of thirteen bird species investigated, the Sprague’s pipit (Anthus spragueii) showed a significant decrease in population as habitat fragmentation increased, whereas the other twelve species did not have a significant relationship to fragmentation. We suggest that further development in the region could result in increased stresses placed on the local ecosystems. Key Words: Bakken, breeding birds, habitat fragmentation, hydraulic fracturing, North Dakota. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1471-1492 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1570836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1570836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1471-1492 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wangshu Mu Author-X-Name-First: Wangshu Author-X-Name-Last: Mu Author-Name: Daoqin Tong Author-X-Name-First: Daoqin Author-X-Name-Last: Tong Title: Choropleth Mapping with Uncertainty: A Maximum Likelihood–Based Classification Scheme Abstract: Choropleth mapping provides a powerful way to visualize geographical phenomena with colors, shadings, or patterns. In many real-world applications, geographical data often contain uncertainty. How to incorporate such uncertainty into choropleth mapping is challenging. Although a few existing methods attempt to address the uncertainty issue in choropleth mapping, there are limitations to widely applying these methods due to their strong assumption on the distribution of uncertainty and the way in which similarity or dissimilarity is assessed. This article provides a new classification scheme for choropleth maps when data contain uncertainty. Considering that in a choropleth map, units in the same class are assigned with the same color or pattern, this new approach assumes the existence of a representative value for each class. A maximum likelihood estimation–based approach is developed to determine class breaks so that the overall within-class deviation is minimized while considering uncertainty. Different methods—including linear programming, dynamic programming, and an interchange heuristic—are developed to solve the new classification problem. The proposed mapping approach has been applied to map the median household income data from the American Community Survey and simulated disease occurrence data. Test results show the effectiveness of the new approach. The linkage between the new approach and the existing methods is also discussed. Key Words: choropleth mapping, map classification, maximum likelihood estimation, uncertainty. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1493-1510 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1549971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1549971 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1493-1510 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vanessa Lamb Author-X-Name-First: Vanessa Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Author-Name: Melissa Marschke Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: Marschke Author-Name: Jonathan Rigg Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Rigg Title: Trading Sand, Undermining Lives: Omitted Livelihoods in the Global Trade in Sand Abstract: Sand is a scarce resource, extracted from rivers and coasts at rates that exceed its natural renewal. Yet, little is understood about the political economy of sand extraction, the livelihood vulnerabilities produced, or why sand grabbing is occurring at unprecedented rates in particular locations. Drawing together literature on global production network approaches in economic geography and debates on sustainable livelihoods in development geography—two literatures rarely in conversation with one another—we reveal the links between new, globalized, cross-border articulations of poverty and prosperity and the sand trade. We situate our sand case in Southeast Asia across three sites, namely, in Singapore, the world’s top sand importer; Cambodia, a top-ten global exporter of sand; and an emerging exporter, Myanmar. We examine how sand mining affects, directly and indirectly, a range of livelihoods, specifically fisheries in Cambodia, riverbank agriculture in Myanmar, and migrant labor in Singapore. Drawing on our empirical work, we argue that linking these two literatures with empirical data on sand provides an approach that is broad in its connections and simultaneously grounded in specific practices, places, and people. This enables us to better account for often overlooked aspects in the production, erosion, and transfer of value. Key Words: global production networks, livelihoods, precarity, sand mining, Southeast Asia. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1511-1528 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1541401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1541401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1511-1528 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Pierce Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Pierce Author-Name: Katherine B. Hankins Author-X-Name-First: Katherine B. Author-X-Name-Last: Hankins Title: The City as “Dissonant” Fetish: Urban (Re)production, Gentrification, and the Conceptual Limits of Commodity Fetishism Abstract: This article exposes important conceptual limits to urban commodification in theorizing urban (re)production. We interrogate the concept of commodity fetishism—the process through which commodities come to be seen as performing the social and economic relations of their production in the marketplace—and argue that efforts to commodify the city for consumption generally produce a “dissonant fetish.” We examine urban commodity fetishism among gentrifiers in Atlanta, Georgia. Understanding the city as a dissonant fetish has the potential to reframe geographical attention to dynamics of gentrification and urban development more broadly. Key Words: commodification, fetishization, gentrification, urban development, urban (re)production. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1529-1540 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1545562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1545562 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1529-1540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Brinkley Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Brinkley Title: Cities as Coral Reefs: Using Rugosity to Measure Metabolism across the Urban Interface Abstract: Drawing from ecology, this research translates the metric of rugosity to urban and agricultural studies. Typically used to estimate the topography of complex ecosystems, rugosity is an important edge proxy and provides simple correlates for total ecosystem metabolism, growth, and resilience. This research uses the perimeter of urban areas to estimate urban rugosity. The relationship between urban rugosity and vitality of both urban and periurban agricultural land uses is empirically explored through spatial multivariate analysis. Findings show that longer urban interfaces are associated with greater population growth and higher agricultural sales. The resulting county-level model predicts that for every kilometer of urban interface, the annual agricultural sales increase by ∼$230,000. Urban areas with interfaces less than 65 km in length tended to lose population, and every kilometer of urban interface corresponded to a county population gain of roughly 250 people over the 2000 to 2010 time period. By showing a statistically significant positive relationship between the urban interface length and both population gain and agricultural productivity, this research lays the groundwork for future studies investigating how longer, less concentric urban interfaces might support the long-term vitality of both urban and agricultural areas alike. Key Words: edge effects, multifunctional agriculture, urban growth, urban morphology, urban planning. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1541-1559 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1573133 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1573133 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1541-1559 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nan Ding Author-X-Name-First: Nan Author-X-Name-Last: Ding Author-Name: Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen Author-X-Name-First: Sharmistha Author-X-Name-Last: Bagchi-Sen Title: An Analysis of Commuting Distance and Job Accessibility for Residents in a U.S. Legacy City Abstract: Job accessibility has been examined over the years, especially in older industrial cities. More specifically, job accessibility of different groups of workers remains a topic of interest for targeted policymaking to improve economic conditions. This article analyzes the commuting distance sensitivity of different groups of workers and applies commuting distance sensitivity to job accessibility calculation. The Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics (LEHD) data set is used to calculate job-specific distance decay parameters, commuting threshold, and job accessibility. Suitable jobs are controlled by income and industry sector. A conditional distance decay function based on commuting distance sensitivity is introduced and applied to job accessibility. Distance affects job accessibility only beyond a certain threshold, which varies by worker characteristics. The results show that workers in different income, age, and industry categories have varying commuting thresholds; that is, the distance they are willing to commute to get to a job. Commuting threshold is expected to affect the value and spatial distribution of job accessibility. When considering commuting threshold, adding more jobs nearby might not reduce commuting distance to a large extent. Future studies need to understand the process that will inform residents about job opportunities so that accessibility can translate into employment. Key Words: commuting distance sensitivity, conditional distance decay, job accessibility, LEHD, low-wage jobs. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1560-1582 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1580133 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1580133 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1560-1582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qing Pei Author-X-Name-First: Qing Author-X-Name-Last: Pei Author-Name: Zachary Nowak Author-X-Name-First: Zachary Author-X-Name-Last: Nowak Author-Name: Guodong Li Author-X-Name-First: Guodong Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Chong Xu Author-X-Name-First: Chong Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Wing Ki Chan Author-X-Name-First: Wing Ki Author-X-Name-Last: Chan Title: The Strange Flight of the Peacock: Farmers’ Atypical Northwesterly Migration from Central China, 200 BC–1400 AD Abstract: A common Chinese proverb—“A peacock flies southeast”—could describe the normative idea of the southeasterly spread of agriculturalists as a trend in historical China. Indeed, northwest China was the least attractive place to agriculturalists because of its much harsher climatic conditions. Previous research on the historical northwesterly movements of Chinese farmers has relied on isolated case studies and suggested a variety of causes. This study is the first attempt to bridge geographical and historical methodologies considering the influences of climate change to supplement current ideas about Chinese migration. This study surveyed 195 individual cases of northwesterly migration of agriculturalists from central China and along the Silk Road Region from 200 BC to 1400 AD, comparing historical records of these migration cases to extensive paleoclimate data. We found statistical evidence that the northwesterly movements of farmers increased when the climate was drier. The historical records were consulted to explain this seemingly atypical pattern. We conclude that the agriculturalists’ northwesterly migration increased during dry periods mainly as a response to the southward invasion of northern nomads, which was also a result of increased aridity. These conclusions add to the growing literature that indicates climate change as a central driver in intergroup conflict, having geopolitical implications. Forward-looking strategies relating to trade and immigration in the region, including the One Belt and One Road Initiative, should consider the shrinkage of rainfall under the potential threats of global warming. Increased aridity could have sizable effects on political, social, or economic structures far from north-central China. Key Words: climate change, historical China, northwesterly migration of agriculturalists, One Belt and One Road Initiative, paleoclimate archive. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1583-1596 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1570837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1570837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1583-1596 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy W. Collins Author-X-Name-First: Timothy W. Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Sara E. Grineski Author-X-Name-First: Sara E. Author-X-Name-Last: Grineski Title: Environmental Injustice and Religion: Outdoor Air Pollution Disparities in Metropolitan Salt Lake City, Utah Abstract: The distributive environmental justice literature has expanded beyond examining only race- and class-based injustices, but no studies have focused on religion’s influence on disparate environmental risks. We address that gap using data from the decennial U.S. Census, American Community Survey, and Environmental Protection Agency for 2010 census tracts to examine a proxy measure of Mormon prevalence, racial and ethnic composition, and socioeconomic status as predictors of seven indicators of outdoor air pollution in metropolitan Salt Lake City, Utah. Results from multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses show that greater Mormon prevalence and white composition each independently predict lower levels of air pollution; moreover, Mormon prevalence and whiteness are the strongest predictors in the models. Results also demonstrate that greater proportions of Hispanic, black, and Pacific Islander residents predict higher levels of air pollution, suggesting that systemic white privilege oppresses those groups such that they experience air pollution disparities. Mormons are socially privileged in Salt Lake City, and findings indicate that their collective power serves to protect them from air pollution. Exploratory GEE interaction analyses reveal that disparities in exposure to particulate matter based on higher Hispanic composition are attenuated under conditions of high Mormon prevalence. Findings indicate that white privilege or racial oppression and Mormon privilege operate distinctively and, to a lesser degree, interactively as determinants of distributive environmental injustices in Salt Lake City. Although affiliation with a contextually dominant religion (Mormonism) among residents in Salt Lake City shapes neighborhood patterns of environmental inequality, future studies should examine the role of religion in both producing and ameliorating environmental injustice. Key Words: air pollution, environmental justice, race, ethnicity, religion. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1597-1617 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1546568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1546568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1597-1617 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick D. Nunn Author-X-Name-First: Patrick D. Author-X-Name-Last: Nunn Author-Name: Loredana Lancini Author-X-Name-First: Loredana Author-X-Name-Last: Lancini Author-Name: Leigh Franks Author-X-Name-First: Leigh Author-X-Name-Last: Franks Author-Name: Rita Compatangelo-Soussignan Author-X-Name-First: Rita Author-X-Name-Last: Compatangelo-Soussignan Author-Name: Adrian McCallum Author-X-Name-First: Adrian Author-X-Name-Last: McCallum Title: Maar Stories: How Oral Traditions Aid Understanding of Maar Volcanism and Associated Phenomena during Preliterate Times Abstract: Ancient stories recalling catastrophic events were developed, sometimes encoded in myth, and passed down across several millennia in largely oral contexts. Volcanism is well suited to such stories and there are examples of extant stories recalling eruptions that occurred several millennia ago. This study focuses on a subset of these stories—those that recall the formation and subsequent (hazard-related) manifestations of maar volcanoes. Because these form as a result of the mixing of magma and groundwater, which produces explosive phreatomagmatic eruptions, they are among the most memorable catastrophic volcanic phenomena. Ancient stories recalling maar formation are known from Australia where cultural isolation for most of the past 65,000 years explains the extraordinary longevity and replication fidelity of such stories. Stories referring to the postformation developments of maars from Lake Albano in Italy are also described, together with less readily interpreted stories from elsewhere. Motif analysis suggests that preliterate peoples incorporated their observations of maar formation into stories as the shrieks of birds (escaping gas) and the approach of demons (eruptions), as well as narrative details such as the sky turning red and the ground surface twisting and cracking. Motifs referring to posteruption activity at maars include those that recall craters filling with water and ones that recall associated breaches of crater rims, lahars, and flooding downslope. The existence of maar stories of the kinds described and their demonstrable potential for adding detail and explanation to particular events several millennia ago should encourage geographers to treat such information sources with more respect than has been customary. Key Words: lahar, local knowledge, maar, maar lake, oral traditions, volcanism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1618-1631 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1574550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1574550 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1618-1631 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Ferretti Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Ferretti Title: Decolonizing the Northeast: Brazilian Subalterns, Non-European Heritages, and Radical Geography in Pernambuco Abstract: This article addresses histories and geographies of the northeast of Brazil in the works of radical Pernambuco geographer Manuel Correia de Andrade and his main intellectual inspirations, such as Euclides da Cunha and Josué de Castro. Drawing on current literature on subaltern spaces, critical race studies, and the Modernity–Coloniality–Decoloniality project, I especially consider de Andrade’s works that address popular revolts by marginalized and racialized groups in Brazilian history, including the plurisecular saga of black slaves’ quilombos and their role in the abolition of slavery, as well as the formation of Brazilian territories. My main argument is that the marginalized groups analyzed in these works, similar to more studied cases such as Haiti’s revolutionaries, provided examples of subaltern agency and resistance by taking their freedom by themselves, through direct action, without waiting for legitimation from their European counterparts. Subaltern spaces, intended as spaces of resistance, are key to understanding these movements. The fact that members of the radical circuits of Brazilian and Pernambucan geography in the second half of the twentieth century showed awareness of what today is called the coloniality of power and colonial difference accounts for the effectiveness of studying linguistically and culturally different geographical traditions to decolonize (Western and English-speaking) academia. Key Words: alternative geographical traditions, decolonial turn, northeast of Brazil, quilombos, subaltern space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1632-1650 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1554423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2018.1554423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1632-1650 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maxwell Hartt Author-X-Name-First: Maxwell Author-X-Name-Last: Hartt Title: The Prevalence of Prosperous Shrinking Cities Abstract: The majority of the shrinking cities literature focuses solely on instances of population loss and economic decline. This article argues that shrinking cities exist on a spectrum between prosperity and decline. Taking a wider view of population loss, I explore the possibility of prosperous shrinking cities: if they exist, where they exist, and under what conditions shrinking cities can thrive. Examining census place data from the 1980 to 2010 U.S. Census and American Community Surveys, 27 percent of 886 shrinking cities were found to have income levels greater than their surrounding regions. Shrinking and prosperous shrinking cities of all sizes were found across the United States. Shrinkage was most prevalent in the Rust Belt region and prosperous shrinkage in coastal regions. Prosperous shrinking cities were overwhelmingly found within megapolitan regions and were rarely principal cities. Multivariate regression analysis found that both population (city size) and the severity of shrinkage (magnitude of population loss) had no effect on economic prosperity. Talent (location quotient of education) was found to be the strongest predictor of prosperous shrinkage. Key Words: demographic change, economic prosperity, shrinking city, urban decline. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1651-1670 Issue: 5 Volume: 109 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1580132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2019.1580132 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:109:y:2019:i:5:p:1651-1670 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Evan R. Larson Author-X-Name-First: Evan R. Author-X-Name-Last: Larson Author-Name: Kurt F. Kipfmueller Author-X-Name-First: Kurt F. Author-X-Name-Last: Kipfmueller Author-Name: Lane B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Lane B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: People, Fire, and Pine: Linking Human Agency and Landscape in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Beyond Abstract: The creation and modification of landscape patterns through interactions among people and the environment is a defining focus in the discipline of geography. Here, we contribute to that tradition by placing 500 years of red pine (Pinus resinosa) tree-ring data in the context of archaeological, ethnographic, and paleoecological records to describe patterns of Anishinaabeg land use and fire occurrence in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) of northern Minnesota. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that stories of people, fire, and red pine are tightly interwoven in the BWCAW. We suggest that preferential use and maintenance of specific sites with fire by Border Lakes Anishinaabeg before 1900 led to the xerification of forest communities that produced conditions more desirable to people in a rugged near-boreal landscape. Today, after a century of fire absence, these sites represent fading ecological legacies that are still sought by wilderness users for their recreational values and perceived wilderness character. Ironically, protections granted by the 1964 Wilderness Act are resulting in a decline of the red pine forests once used to help justify establishment of the BWCAW. An opportunity exists for wilderness managers, users, and advocacy groups to reassess the need for active management and the strategic return of frequent fire to the aging pine forests of the BWCAW. Engaging descendent communities of the Border Lakes Anishinaabeg in these efforts could help move beyond conventional approaches to wilderness management and restore the reciprocal relationship between people, fire, and red pine in the BWCAW and beyond. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1768042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1768042 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:1-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke Bergmann Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann Author-Name: Nick Lally Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Lally Title: For geographical imagination systems Abstract: For many, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and related libraries for programming languages define the terrain of geographical computing today. But what if GIS were locales within wider realms of geographical imagination systems (gis), realms more adequate to diverse theoretical commitments of geographical thought? Examining how various thinkers in spatial theory have conceived of phenomena, space, knowledge, and their entanglements, this article advocates for geographical imagination systems that change the infrastructures of geographical computation and broaden its associated objects of intellectual inquiry. In doing so, it centers questions such as: What if knowledge were understood as interpreted experience? What if phenomena were represented as individuated out of process and internal relations? What if spaces and coordinates were coproduced with phenomena? Interludes juxtapose such considerations with concrete possibilities realized by an experimental prototype geographical imagination system under development. As the article also argues, though, crucial to the future of geographic computation adequate to geographical inquiry will be diverse creative conversations in code (valued alongside and) intellectually interwoven with scholarly interventions made through mediums such as the written word. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 26-35 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1750941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1750941 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:26-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Bigger Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Bigger Author-Name: Sophie Webber Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Webber Title: Green Structural Adjustment in the World Bank’s Resilient City Abstract: According to an increasingly prevalent set of discourses and practices within environmental and development finance, cities across the Global South are facing a costly infrastructural crisis stemming from rapid urbanization and climate change that threatens to further entrench poverty and precarity for millions of people. The cost of achieving urban resilience across the world dwarfs available public finance, however, from both development banks and governments themselves. Meanwhile, vast amounts of money on capital markets are searching for profitable investment opportunities. The World Bank is attempting to channel return-seeking investment into urban infrastructure in response to these challenges. To harness this private finance, though, cities must be reformatted in investment-friendly ways. In this article, we chart the emergence of this discourse and associated practices within the World Bank. We call this rescaled and climate-inflected program of leveraged investments coupled with technical assistance Green Structural Adjustment. Drawing on policy documents, reports, and interviews with key staff, we examine programs that include Green Structural Adjustment to show how it aims to restructure local governments to capture new financial flows. Green Structural Adjustment reduces adaptation to a question of infrastructure finance and government capacity building, reinscribing both causes and effects of uneven development while creating spatial fixes for overaccumulated Northern capital in the Global South. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 36-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1749023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1749023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:36-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brittany Cook Author-X-Name-First: Brittany Author-X-Name-Last: Cook Title: The Problem with Empowerment: Social Reproduction and Women’s Food Projects in Jordan Abstract: In Jordan, many women’s small food businesses and nonprofit projects have been supported as a sustainable rural development strategy. The prevalence of these projects in bazaars and festivals in Jordan indicates their prominence. Most studies of these projects have framed them in terms of microfinance or development goals such as women’s empowerment. The framework of empowerment has been widely critiqued, however, for its Western-centric assumptions about gender and economy. Instead, this article asks how women in rural food producing businesses and organizations are shifting social reproduction. By centering the question on social reproduction, or the work—paid or unpaid—that sustains life, food production for sale is not de facto more valuable than food production for the family. Through this focus on social reproduction, I found that rural women’s food projects often used their rural woman identity to build food projects that changed the social and spatial contexts of how they provided for their families. These changes depended heavily on how they engaged with development networks, how they organized or participated in producers’ organizations, and how they produced and sold their food. Analyzing food production as part of broader social reproduction calls attention to the nonmarket consequences of these food projects such as impacts on social relationships, identity, and food as sustenance. Identifying these nonmarket consequences is essential to better understanding how rural development efforts affect the social and economic fabric of rural life without assuming a priori what that life should look like. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 52-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1747971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1747971 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:52-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qingfeng Guan Author-X-Name-First: Qingfeng Author-X-Name-Last: Guan Author-Name: Sijing Cheng Author-X-Name-First: Sijing Author-X-Name-Last: Cheng Author-Name: Yongting Pan Author-X-Name-First: Yongting Author-X-Name-Last: Pan Author-Name: Yao Yao Author-X-Name-First: Yao Author-X-Name-Last: Yao Author-Name: Wen Zeng Author-X-Name-First: Wen Author-X-Name-Last: Zeng Title: Sensing Mixed Urban Land-Use Patterns Using Municipal Water Consumption Time Series Abstract: The biased population coverage and short temporal lengths of newly emerged data sets (e.g., data sets of social media, mobile phones, and smart cards) obstruct the effective analysis of long-term dynamics of landuse patterns, particularly in small and developing cities. This study proposed a framework to delineate and analyze mixed land-use patterns and their evolution using municipal water consumption data. A two-step classification strategy was designed based on the rotation forest scheme to differentiate the socioeconomic types of customers (e.g., residence, commerce, public facility, manufacturing, and recreation) using multiple features extracted from the various forms of water consumption time series. The spatial distributions of the socioeconomic functions were then derived, and the mixed land use was measured using a diversity index based on information entropy. Such an approach was applied to Changshu, a typical developing county-level city in China, for the period 2004 to 2013. The results showed that the urbanization of Changshu experienced both spatial expansion and intensification, with a slightly declining rate of growth in recent years. Apart from the city center, two subcenters have emerged for industrial development. The degree of land-use mixture has increased with urban growth, indicating a maturing of urbanization. This study explored the approach of identifying individual socioeconomic functions by the consumption patterns of municipal services and demonstrated that municipal service data sets can reveal land-use patterns and dynamics at a fine spatial resolution to evaluate urban planning and management, with the advantages of large population coverage and long-term temporal lengths. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 68-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1769463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1769463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:68-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Natalie Koch Author-X-Name-First: Natalie Author-X-Name-Last: Koch Title: The Political Lives of Deserts Abstract: Deserts, like any geographic setting, are not sites where geopolitical dramas simply unfold or “touch down”; rather, they actively constitute geopolitical orders. This article shows how taking deserts rather than states as an entry point can provide a unique lens on geopolitics, state making, and empire. Investigating the political lives of deserts requires asking how they are imagined, narrated, and connected across space and time, and with what effect. To do so, I consider one case of desert-to-desert connection: a long but little-known history of exchange between individuals and institutions in Arizona and the Arabian Peninsula. Taking one example from this history, I show how the “desert” as an environmental imaginary figured in the University of Arizona Environmental Research Laboratory’s joint greenhouse and desalting plant, which was initiated in Abu Dhabi in the late 1960s. Primarily drawing from archival research in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Arizona, I also show how this project fit into shifting geopolitical relations in the Arabian Peninsula’s colonial relations, the rise of the UAE as an independent state, and the role of experts working in the service of broader political agendas of the state and the academy, as well as their own self-interest. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 87-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1766410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1766410 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:87-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juliane Collard Author-X-Name-First: Juliane Author-X-Name-Last: Collard Title: Abnormality as Accumulation Strategy: Orienting Embryos to Capital Abstract: A long tradition of feminist and postcolonial scholarship has insisted on the centrality of social difference to regimes of capital accumulation. This article examines abnormality—one half of a binary categorization that evaluates bodies in relation to their success or failure in terms of health, productivity, and mental or physical capacity—as one such form of social difference. I examine the relationship between abnormality and capitalist value production from the vantage of the abnormal in vitro fertilization embryo. Although exceedingly difficult to commodify, abnormal embryos are multiply oriented to capital, caught up in circuits of value generation as living tools in the development of new (and promissory) biomedical knowledges, products, and profits. Abnormality, I argue, functions to smooth embryos’ entry into the tissue economy by severing their ties to full human life, potentiating new regimes of capital accumulation as it does so. Although emphatically different from the forms of dehumanization to which racialized, gendered, and colonial others are subject—not least because embryos are not full human life—abnormal embryos demonstrate, in very literal fashion, how the production of social difference operates to distribute life itself in ways that enable new accumulation strategies. This research is based on observations and interviews conducted at fertility clinics, scientific expos, embryo research labs, and reproductive medicine conferences in the United States between 2016 and 2018. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 105-120 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1752138 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1752138 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:105-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Junghwan Kim Author-X-Name-First: Junghwan Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Mei-Po Kwan Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Po Author-X-Name-Last: Kwan Title: How Neighborhood Effect Averaging Might Affect Assessment of Individual Exposures to Air Pollution: A Study of Ozone Exposures in Los Angeles Abstract: The neighborhood effect averaging problem (NEAP) can be a serious methodological problem that leads to erroneous assessments when studying mobility-dependent exposures (e.g., air or noise pollution) because people’s daily mobility could amplify or attenuate the exposures they experienced in their residential neighborhoods. Specifically, the NEAP suggests that individuals’ mobility-based exposures tend toward the mean level of the participants or population of a study area when compared to their residence-based exposures. This research provides an in-depth examination of the NEAP and how the NEAP is associated with people’s daily mobility through an assessment of individual exposures to ground-level ozone using the activity-travel diary data of 2,737 individuals collected in the Los Angeles metropolitan statistical area. The results obtained with exploratory analysis (e.g., a scatterplot and histograms) and spatial regression models indicate that the NEAP exists when assessing individual exposures to ozone in the study area. Further, high-income, employed, younger, and male participants (when compared to low-income, nonworking, older, and female participants) are associated with higher levels of neighborhood effect averaging because of their higher levels of daily mobility. Finally, three-dimensional interactive geovisualizations of the space-time paths and hourly ozone exposures of seventy-one selected participants who live in the same neighborhood corroborate the findings obtained from the spatial regression analysis. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 121-140 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1756208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1756208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:121-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Palmer Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Title: Putting Forests to Work? Enrolling Vegetal Labor in the Socioecological Fix of Bioenergy Resource Making Abstract: Large-scale European electricity providers are increasingly replacing coal with renewable biomass wood pellets produced from working forests of the U.S. South. Adopting a posthumanist interpretation of the labor theory of value, this article argues that wood pellet manufacturing constitutes an attempt by energy capital to substitute the “dead labor” of prehistoric plants, embodied in fossil fuels, with the living, “vegetal labor” of forests of the present day. More specifically, the article contends that by capitalizing on the hybrid labor regimes through which the real subsumption of nature in working forests is achieved, energy interests seek to position wood pellets not merely as a viable alternative resource for electricity generation but as a socioecological fix for capitalist crisis linked to climate change in the European energy sector. The legitimacy of this apparent fix depends, however, on normalizing a view of forests not as gradually accumulating carbon sinks but as high-throughput carbon conveyors. Wood pellet manufacturing thus has important implications for conceptual understandings of the role played by labor—both human and vegetal—in efforts to institute socioecological fixes and also for practical efforts to challenge the inherently productivist logics of expanding forest-based bioenergy systems, whether rooted in the U.S. South or elsewhere. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 141-156 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1749022 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1749022 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:141-156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Launius Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Launius Author-Name: Geoffrey Alan Boyce Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Boyce Title: More than Metaphor: Settler Colonialism, Frontier Logic, and the Continuities of Racialized Dispossession in a Southwest U.S. City Abstract: Human geographers have long noted the colonial tropes and frontier imaginaries used to stimulate investment and normalize predatory property speculation within North American cities. Drawing on the insights of indigenous scholars and theorists of settler colonialism, in this article we argue a need to move beyond an analogical deployment of the “frontier” as a mere trope or imaginary and suggest that in settler colonial contexts, like the United States, the frontier and its structuring logic remain an ongoing feature of racial governance and capital accumulation over time. To develop this argument, we examine a genealogy of multiple and heterogeneous cycles of colonization, dispossession, and resistance in Tucson, Arizona. Attending to the racial and racist violence that shapes this history, we consider how the devaluation of nonwhite territorial and economic relations consistently structures urban real estate markets, driving the ongoing displacement and dispossession of communities of color. Viewing the frontier as a structuring logic of racial capitalism (rather than a symbolic motif or metaphorical condition) helps to explain why these racial patterns of dispossession can be observed as a hallmark outcome of processes of gentrification in settler countries like the United States. Meanwhile, through our case study we show how grassroots actors already are using the language of settler colonialism as a framework for naming and analyzing those outcomes just described, indicating a need for greater theoretical work that engages with these grassroots framings and narratives. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 157-174 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1750940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1750940 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:157-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shipeng Sun Author-X-Name-First: Shipeng Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Title: Developing a Comprehensive and Coherent Shape Compactness Metric for Gerrymandering Abstract: Measuring the form and structure of geographic landscapes is fundamental to understanding geospatial phenomena and their dynamics. Shape compactness metrics have been extensively employed in gerrymandering assessment, urban planning, landscape ecology, and other applications. Existing compactness measurements for gerrymandering, however, target particular aspects of gerrymandered shapes such as elongation, indentation, or dispersion without adequately integrating them with spatial context. This article proposes a comprehensive shape compactness metric that coherently integrates these aspects. It first divides a district into nonoverlapping maximum inscribed circles. Then Euclidean distances from the centers of these circles to the district centroid are standardized and regulated using contextual and topological factors like the distribution of attributes, the fixed upper level boundary, and the relationships with other districts. Finally, these regulated distances are aggregated to produce a quantitative compactness measure that, unlike most existing ones, features a threshold for gerrymandering identification and the coherent integration of roundness, convexity, closeness, and spatial context. Applying the new metric to the U.S. Congressional districts exemplifies its differences from existing metrics and also illustrates the necessity and value of coherently combining multiple aspects of gerrymandering in a single shape compactness metric. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 175-195 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1760779 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1760779 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:175-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dany Lapostolle Author-X-Name-First: Dany Author-X-Name-Last: Lapostolle Author-Name: Samuel Challéat Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Challéat Title: Making Darkness a Place-Based Resource: How the Fight against Light Pollution Reconfigures Rural Areas in France Abstract: Light pollution refers to the degradation of darkness through the use of artificial light at night in and around human infrastructures. This pollution is intrinsically related to urbanization and spills out from urban areas to affect both rural and protected areas. Several countries are organizing the fight against light pollution. There, local communities are experimenting with environmental policies designed to protect darkness. The challenge is about preserving biodiversity and fostering the energy transition. In France, a number of pioneering rural areas are experimenting with mechanisms that include this dual implication. Two of them provide the case study for this article. We show how these areas turn darkness into a specific resource. We identify three specification processes. The first obeys an anthropocentric utilitarian rationale and is part of the “economicization” of the environment in the line of shallow ecology. The second follows a rationale of ecocentric conservation and is part of the radical ecologization of the economy, in line with deep ecology. The third is in keeping with an integrated socioecosystemic rationale enshrining the interdependence between development, planning, the preservation of biodiversity, and energy savings. Local areas are plagued with specification controversies. These areas become incubation rooms; that is, spaces for resolving these controversies. These are reflected in a transition operator enabling the local area to take a fresh trajectory in terms of development and planning. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 196-215 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1747972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1747972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:196-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annie Shattuck Author-X-Name-First: Annie Author-X-Name-Last: Shattuck Title: Toxic Uncertainties and Epistemic Emergence: Understanding Pesticides and Health in Lao PDR Abstract: Agrichemicals and other toxicants are now ubiquitous in both human bodies and the environment, yet public debate and scientific practice on their effects are still mired in uncertainty. Recent research in the history of science, feminist science, and technology studies has advanced ways of thinking about ignorance and uncertainty. Combined with key insights from political ecology, specifically the ontological continuity of bodies and environments and the uneven production of both knowledge and exposure, I suggest a conceptual intervention. I propose epistemic emergence—a way of thinking about the relations between forms of often situated, partial, and imperfect evidence that could be greater than the sum of their parts—as a way of working with uncertainty. Epistemic emergence pairs conventional scientific data with lay methods, takes into account the complex ecology in which exposures occur, considers how exposure interacts with social lives, and asks what forms of knowledge might make harm articulate enough for action (Liboiron 2015) in a particular context. Using a case study of community-based biomonitoring in upland Laos where pesticide use was near zero fifteen years ago and today risky levels of biomarkers for insecticide appear in children, I discuss what epistemic emergence might look like in practice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 216-230 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1761285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1761285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:216-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan J. Huck Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Huck Author-Name: Chris Perkins Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Perkins Author-Name: Billy T. Haworth Author-X-Name-First: Billy T. Author-X-Name-Last: Haworth Author-Name: Emmanuel B. Moro Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Moro Author-Name: Mahesh Nirmalan Author-X-Name-First: Mahesh Author-X-Name-Last: Nirmalan Title: Centaur VGI: A Hybrid Human–Machine Approach to Address Global Inequalities in Map Coverage Abstract: Despite advances in mapping technologies and spatial data capabilities, global mapping inequalities are not declining. Inequalities in the coverage, quality, and currency of mapping persist, with significant gaps in remote and rural parts of the Global South. These regions, representing some of the most economically and resource-disadvantaged societies in the world, need high-quality mapping to aid in the delivery of essential services, such as health care, in response to severe challenges such as poverty, conflict, and global climate change. Volunteered geographic information (VGI) has shown potential as a solution to mapping inequalities. Contributions have largely been made in urban areas or in response to acute emergencies (e.g., earthquakes or floods), however, leaving rural regions that suffer from chronic humanitarian crises undermapped. An alternative solution is needed that harnesses the power of volunteer mapping more effectively to address regions in most need. Machine learning holds promise. In this article we propose centaur VGI, a hybrid system that combines the spatial cognitive abilities of human volunteers with the speed and efficiency of a machine. We argue that centaur VGI can contribute to mitigating some of the political and technological factors that produce inequalities in VGI mapping coverage and do so in the context of a case study in Acholi, northern Uganda, an inadequately mapped region in which the authors have been working since 2017 to provide outreach health care services to victims of major limb loss during conflict. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 231-251 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1768822 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1768822 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:231-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Toovey Walker Author-X-Name-First: Robert Toovey Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: NAFTA’s Cartel Economy Abstract: This article combines elements of a personal essay with travel writing, in which geographers have expressed renewed interest. Constructed not through contemplations of the mind but from lived corporeal experience, it reflects both fieldwork discomforts and moments of somatic exhilaration when the mind reacts, producing the epiphany of a new idea or insight. The article follows two researchers who travel through insecure parts of Mexico in an effort to understand how the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has affected the Mexican cattle sector and implications for its forest biomes. Land cover change data show a decline in Mexico’s deforestation rate, and the authors hypothesize that agricultural intensification enabled by the neoliberal reforms of NAFTA are responsible. The article starts with a road trip from Culiacán—home of the Sinaloa cartel—and ends in Chiapas, where the Zapatistas rebelled against NAFTA in 1994. At the Guatemalan border they confirm the unchecked flow of about 1.4 million contraband calves from Central America, on their way to Mexican feedlots. The authors estimate that the herd producing this number of animals would require as much as 100,000 km2 of pasture, presumably formed on mostly forested lands. Thus, deforestation in Mexico might be on the decline but only because its post-NAFTA beef supply chain has displaced it elsewhere. The authors reject their hypothesis about agricultural intensification. The article concludes with a speculation about the melding of Mexico’s corporate and criminal organizations into a cartel economy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 252-265 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1765727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1765727 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:252-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monica Patrice Barra Author-X-Name-First: Monica Patrice Author-X-Name-Last: Barra Title: Good Sediment: Race and Restoration in Coastal Louisiana Abstract: Building on a small, yet growing body of scholarship focused on the political ecology of race and critical race studies of science and technology, this article follows the ways sediment, science, and race intersect on the grounds of environmental restoration in coastal Louisiana. Mobilizing ethnographic field work and historical research conducted with African-American communities and coastal scientists, I empirically expand upon geographer Kathryn Yusoff’s (2018) notion of the “geosocial registers” of the Anthropocene through an examination of the entwined histories of coastal engineering and racial inequality that situate contemporary debates about large scale coastal restoration projects along Louisiana’s disappearing coastline. In dialogue with critical work on the relationship between racism, science, and the constitution of the Anthropocene, I argue that coastal restoration is a geophysical and social process upon which racial inequality is forged and contested. The article concludes by considering how environmental restoration can participate in creating alternative forms of social and environmental repair by aligning the goals of coastal science with those of racial justice for communities of color living in changing coastal landscapes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 266-282 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1766411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1766411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:266-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bradley Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Bradley Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: A Bayesian Modeling Approach for Estimating Earthquake Reconstruction Behavior Abstract: Rebuilding and repairing damaged physical infrastructure is a primary source of disaster aid spending following major earthquakes. Although aid distribution is monitored, it is not well understood how economic support and technical assistance affect reconstruction behavior. This study develops and evaluates a Bayesian item response theory modeling framework for estimating the probability of reconstructive action from household-level survey data. Household responses on reconstruction status, aid received, and willingness to commit additional resources from Inter-Agency Common Feedback Project surveys (n = 5,913) collected eleven, twelve, and fourteen months after the Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake are used to estimate the probability of reconstructive action. Results show differences in marginal reconstruction probabilities ranging from 2 to 78 percent across varying combinations of aid receipt and household willingness to commit additional resources. Estimated reconstruction probabilities are lowest for households with low willingness to commit additional resources and households that have not received a reconstruction-related engineering consultation. All model results showed strong variability with geographic location. These findings provide detailed quantitative estimates of earthquake recovery that have not previously been available and offer a promising methodology for using future postdisaster household-level survey data. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 283-299 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1756207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1756207 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:283-299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel M. Correll Author-X-Name-First: Rachel M. Author-X-Name-Last: Correll Author-Name: Nina S. N. Lam Author-X-Name-First: Nina S. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Volodymyr V. Mihunov Author-X-Name-First: Volodymyr V. Author-X-Name-Last: Mihunov Author-Name: Lei Zou Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Zou Author-Name: Heng Cai Author-X-Name-First: Heng Author-X-Name-Last: Cai Title: Economics over Risk: Flooding Is Not the Only Driving Factor of Migration Considerations on a Vulnerable Coast Abstract: We analyzed the migration consideration factors of residents from the Mississippi River Delta in southern Louisiana, which is under the influence of rising sea levels, subsiding land, and increasing flood risks. Through the use of a telephone survey of 1,125 adult individuals in twenty-four parishes, we gathered the demographic data and flood risk experiences and perceptions of each respondent. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, means comparisons, and logistic regression to determine the factors with the highest influence on migration consideration. Results show that 21.5 percent of respondents considered moving, and they were mostly renters, were mostly younger, had experienced flooding before, and were less satisfied with their current living condition. Flood risk was found to be an important deciding factor, but it is not the most important one. Instead, economic opportunities have a greater effect on respondents’ desire to move or stay. The findings provide useful information and insights into the planning and management of a flood-prone region and whether managed retreat or other mitigation measures would be effective. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 300-315 Issue: 1 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1766409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1766409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:1:p:300-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justin Stoler Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Stoler Author-Name: Diana Ter-Ghazaryan Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: Ter-Ghazaryan Author-Name: Ira Sheskin Author-X-Name-First: Ira Author-X-Name-Last: Sheskin Author-Name: Amber L. Pearson Author-X-Name-First: Amber L. Author-X-Name-Last: Pearson Author-Name: Gary Schnakenberg Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Schnakenberg Author-Name: Dominique Cagalanan Author-X-Name-First: Dominique Author-X-Name-Last: Cagalanan Author-Name: Kate Swanson Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Swanson Author-Name: Piotr Jankowski Author-X-Name-First: Piotr Author-X-Name-Last: Jankowski Title: What’s in a Name? Undergraduate Student Perceptions of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability Key Words and Program Names Abstract: The academic discipline of geography, faced with increasing competition from cognate fields and declining undergraduate enrollments, continues to suffer an identity crisis. In recent decades, many geography programs have instituted department or degree name changes, or otherwise rebranded, without any evidence guiding these decisions. This study begins to build an evidence base for these decisions by presenting results from a survey of 4,388 undergraduates across four U.S. universities to understand how students rate key words that commonly appear in geography course descriptions and titles and phrases that comprise degree and department names. Undergraduates overwhelmingly and consistently preferred simple, thematic types of terms to those that sounded more technical or science oriented. Forms of the word geography were rated significantly lower than words or phrases containing environment and sustainability. Forms of geography that included the word science were rated particularly low. Student ratings varied by class standing, major, gender, high school location (United States vs. outside of the United States), whether the student had previously enrolled in a geography course, and self-perceived numeracy. Multivariable analysis revealed potential opportunities for targeted undergraduate recruiting and curricular development. This study is an important step toward reconciling contemporary student perceptions of geography and related fields with departmental identities and the disciplinary jargon often used in program and course descriptions. We offer a toolkit for implementing similar research at other institutions and ultimately helping geography programs recruit and retain the next generation of geographers. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 317-342 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1766412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1766412 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:317-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sophie Webber Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Webber Author-Name: Helga Leitner Author-X-Name-First: Helga Author-X-Name-Last: Leitner Author-Name: Eric Sheppard Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Sheppard Title: Wheeling Out Urban Resilience: Philanthrocapitalism, Marketization, and Local Practice Abstract: In this article, we examine how urban resilience has emerged as a global urban policy project, offering solutions for cities about how they can adapt to and recover from shocks and stresses, particularly those associated with climate change. We conceptualize this as a multicentric global urban resilience complex, catalyzed until recently by the Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities initiative in concert with the World Bank. The complex is comprised of three components: (1) a global network of foundations, multilateral agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and private-sector goods and services providers, wielding differential power and influence; (2) measurement and assessment devices that both mobilize and define resilience; and (3) initiatives to marketize urban resilience as producing a dividend also for private-sector firms and investors. Northern institutions define what should be done, downscaling this as a sequence of practices, participatory agenda setting, strategizing, and implementation to be followed by cities. Examining how the complex has come to ground in Semarang and Jakarta, Indonesia, we identify ways in which it is reproduced but also criticized and contested. If the complex in many ways is driven by philanthrocapitalist and neoliberal norms and aspirations, its programs also are subject to critique and contestations at the local scale. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 343-363 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1774349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1774349 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:343-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Robsky Huntley Author-X-Name-First: Eric Robsky Author-X-Name-Last: Huntley Author-Name: Matthew Rosenblum Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenblum Title: The Omega Affair: Discontinuing the University of Michigan Department of Geography (1975–1982) Abstract: The University of Michigan Department of Geography was discontinued in 1982, after a grueling review process that saw the discipline’s necessity very publicly called into question. Despite the fact that Michigan’s department was central to most of twentieth-century academic geography’s major intellectual movements, it was also the first in a series of major department closures in the early to mid-1980s. With the exception of the well-known case at Harvard, these events have gone largely unexamined. When austerity arrived following a decade of disinvestment, administrators raised this question: Which disciplines were least essential to the university? We find that many at Michigan had been prepared to answer “geography” since at least the mid-1970s. This answer was at the ready for reasons that had a great deal to do with the department’s self-defense (and its misalignment with its actual practices). We draw on oral histories and archival research at the University of Michigan’s Bentley Historical Library to trace the events surrounding the closure. We see this study as the first in a series of necessary histories that begin from the discipline’s deinstitutionalization rather than its growth and development, what we call breakdown historiography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 364-384 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1760780 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1760780 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:364-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew W. Ellis Author-X-Name-First: Andrew W. Author-X-Name-Last: Ellis Author-Name: Michael L. Marston Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Marston Author-Name: Joseph B. Bahret Author-X-Name-First: Joseph B. Author-X-Name-Last: Bahret Title: Changes in the Frequency of Cool Season Lake Effects within the North American Great Lakes Region Abstract: The North American Great Lakes influence surface weather downwind, distinctly in winter when southward migrating cold air passes over relatively warm lakes. Study of the synoptic atmospheric patterns favorable for lake effects has focused on lake-effect snowfall, the most impactful effect of the lakes. Although the patterns are conducive to lake effects, they might not actually yield discernible modification of downwind surface weather. This study uses historical daily data (1964–1965 through 2017–2018) of weather types to detect cool season (November–April) modification of cold, dry air upwind of the Great Lakes to cool, moist air downwind of the eastern (Erie, Ontario) and western (Michigan, Superior) lakes. A spatial arrangement of weather types across the region is shown to identify individual days characterized by a lake effect. The frequency of lake effects increased through the first one third of the record, but it has since decreased, most profoundly since a change point in the late 1990s and more prominently for the eastern lakes. At stations immediately downwind of the lakes, the result is a changed cool season hydroclimate, with fifty-four-year declines in lake-effect precipitation amount and frequency and in the percentages of seasonal precipitation amount and frequency attributed to lake effects. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 385-401 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1785270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1785270 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:385-401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Paulson Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Paulson Author-Name: Kevin C. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Kevin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Peter S. Alagona Author-X-Name-First: Peter S. Author-X-Name-Last: Alagona Title: The Test of Time: Using Historical Methods to Assess Models of Ecological Change on California’s Hardwood Rangelands Abstract: Geographers and environmental scientists use conceptual models to understand ecological processes and support management decisions. Most of these models are based on short-term experiments and field observations, which might not account for longer term forces that shape ecosystems over decades to centuries. How can scholars use historical sources and methods to improve conceptual models of ecological change? In this article, we present the results of a study that employed methods from environmental history and historical geography to assess three conceptual models that researchers have used to study ecological changes on California’s hardwood rangelands: the succession and climax, state and transition, and cyclical replacement models. The succession and climax model fared poorly at all spatial scales. The historical record contained substantial evidence to support the predictions of the state and transition model at the small spatial scale of the plot or field (0.1–100 ha) and the very large spatial scale of the hardwood rangeland bioregion (4 million ha). The cyclical replacement model performed well at the intermediate scale of the landscape or typical cattle ranch (100–10,000 ha). Historical data and methods hold considerable untapped potential for assessing, building on, and improving conceptual models of ecological change in geography and the environmental sciences. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 402-421 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1782168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1782168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:402-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Williams Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: “The Fabric of Our Lives”?: Cotton, Pesticides, and Agrarian Racial Regimes in the U.S. South Abstract: This article examines the shifting ways in which the dispossessive and toxic effects of agricultural chemicals have been encoded as agrarian best practices. I develop the concept of agrarian racial regimes, based on the work of Cedric Robinson, to examine how constructed hierarchies of human worth are made central to the sale and usage of chemicals. A focus on the politics of pesticides in the Mississippi Delta, a plantation region of the U.S. South, elucidates the ways in which agrarian racial capitalism has been reproduced through shifting antiblack conceptions of racial difference and technological progress. Two key conjunctures serve to draw these dynamics into relief: the development of the application of pesticides by aircraft in the 1920s and 1930s and the shift toward nearly complete mechanization and chemicalization of cotton production in the 1950s and 1960s. Analyzing film and advertisements in this period in the context of the material relations of agriculture and race, I argue that dispossession and toxicity are encoded as best practices through antiblack representations of agrarian whiteness. In the first period, chemicals were positioned as the height of progress through racist depictions of Black workers in the fields. In the second period, in response to Black challenges to white supremacy, the notion of “clean cotton” was deployed to represent Black absence as the height of technological progress and possessive agrarian masculinity. In both instances, racial representation has served to justify unstable and toxic relations of unequal power and profit. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 422-439 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1775542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1775542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:422-439 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevon Rhiney Author-X-Name-First: Kevon Author-X-Name-Last: Rhiney Author-Name: Chris Knudson Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Knudson Author-Name: Zack Guido Author-X-Name-First: Zack Author-X-Name-Last: Guido Title: Cultivating Crisis: Coffee, Smallholder Vulnerability, and the Uneven Sociomaterial Consequences of the Leaf Rust Epidemic in Jamaica Abstract: Since September 2012, the Jamaican coffee industry has been grappling with the coffee leaf rust (CLR) epidemic caused by the fungal pathogen Hemileia vastatrix. The first widespread outbreak affected more than one third of coffee plants across the island, resulting in millions of dollars in lost revenues for the sector. The emergence and spread of the disease have been linked to a confluence of factors ranging from changing climatic conditions to impacts from extreme weather events, improper farm management practices, and institutional and market constraints that restrict control measures. In this article, we use the case of the CLR epidemic to illustrate how its emergence and continued presence in the Jamaican Blue Mountains is inextricably tied to the wider political–economic and ecological conditions under which coffee production takes place and how H. vastatrix’s complex pathogenesis makes the disease difficult to control. Drawing on an empirical study comprising household surveys, focus groups, archival research, and interviews, we demonstrate how smallholder farmers’ ability to manage rust impacts was severely compromised by ecological pressures, resource constraints, bounded knowledge systems, and market and regulatory limitations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 440-458 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1775543 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1775543 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:440-458 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daisuke Murakami Author-X-Name-First: Daisuke Author-X-Name-Last: Murakami Author-Name: Narumasa Tsutsumida Author-X-Name-First: Narumasa Author-X-Name-Last: Tsutsumida Author-Name: Takahiro Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Takahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Author-Name: Tomoki Nakaya Author-X-Name-First: Tomoki Author-X-Name-Last: Nakaya Author-Name: Binbin Lu Author-X-Name-First: Binbin Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Title: Scalable GWR: A Linear-Time Algorithm for Large-Scale Geographically Weighted Regression with Polynomial Kernels Abstract: Although a number of studies have developed fast geographically weighted regression (GWR) algorithms for large samples, none of them has achieved linear-time estimation, which is considered a requisite for big data analysis in machine learning, geostatistics, and related domains. Against this backdrop, this study proposes a scalable GWR (ScaGWR) for large data sets. The key improvement is the calibration of the model through a precompression of the matrices and vectors whose size depends on the sample size, prior to the leave-one-out cross-validation, which is the heaviest computational step in conventional GWR. This precompression allows us to run the proposed GWR extension so that its computation time increases linearly with the sample size. With this improvement, the ScaGWR can be calibrated with 1 million observations without parallelization. Moreover, the ScaGWR estimator can be regarded as an empirical Bayesian estimator that is more stable than the conventional GWR estimator. We compare the ScaGWR with the conventional GWR in terms of estimation accuracy and computational efficiency using a Monte Carlo simulation. Then, we apply these methods to a U.S. income analysis. The code for ScaGWR is available in the R package scgwr. The code is embedded into C++ code and implemented in another R package, GWmodel. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 459-480 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1774350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1774350 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:459-480 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charis Enns Author-X-Name-First: Charis Author-X-Name-Last: Enns Author-Name: Adam Sneyd Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Sneyd Title: More-Than-Human Infrastructural Violence and Infrastructural Justice: A Case Study of the Chad–Cameroon Pipeline Project Abstract: As a new wave of infrastructure expansion takes place globally, there has been a parallel turn to infrastructure in geographical research. This article responds to recent calls within this research for less human-centered engagement with the infrastructure turn. More specifically, this article aims to destablize anthropocentric discussions about infrastructural violence and infrastructural justice. Using the Chad–Cameroon Pipeline Project as a case study, we advance two main points. First, we show that infrastructural violence is not solely directed at humans. Rather, all agents, objects, and conditions—from humans to fish to carbon sequestration—entangled in webs of relations within zones of infrastructural expansion risk being subjected to violence when new and existing infrastructures meet. To illustrate this point, we detail two examples of competitions between new and existing infrastructures along the Chad–Cameroon Pipeline route, which together reveal the various forms of violence experienced by the more-than-human world when new infrastructural arrangements are layered on top of already existing ones. Second, we advance debates on infrastructural justice by adopting a more-than-human perspective in our conceptualization of this term. Recent writing on infrastructural justice has reflected on efforts to repair and rebuild infrastructures to produce more just futures (Sheller 2018). Drawing on the observations and reflections of our fieldwork along the Chad–Cameroon Pipeline route, we argue that just infrastructure projects must not only be inclusive of marginalized human and nonhuman populations but they must also avoid interfering with the infrastructural work done by nature to sustain the more-than-human world. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 481-497 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1774348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1774348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:481-497 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nina Ebner Author-X-Name-First: Nina Author-X-Name-Last: Ebner Author-Name: Kelsey Mae Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Kelsey Mae Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Blood and Borders: Geographies of Social Reproduction in Ciudad Juárez–El Paso Abstract: Each week, thousands of Mexican nationals living in northern Mexican border cities cross the border into the United States with nonimmigrant visas to “donate” blood plasma at commercial collection centers in exchange for a prepaid Visa gift card (valued at up to US$50). For these individuals, many of whom work on maquiladora assembly lines, a single donation can nearly double their weekly wages. If the ability to keep wages low remains a key means of leveraging the border’s competitiveness in the global economy, we argue that the devaluation of maquiladora labor in fact relies on the capacity of communities and households to increasingly absorb the hidden costs of social reproduction. Grounded in two years of ethnographic research in Ciudad Juárez–El Paso, this article argues that plasma donation is an increasingly vital strategy through which Mexican households meet the costs of social reproduction. Further, participation in the cross-border plasma economy is inseparable from institutions and frameworks that govern border crossing. By following the movement of Mexican blood plasma across the border, it becomes possible to understand how the border itself—as a material barrier and geopolitical project—shapes collective capacities for social reproduction. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 498-514 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1782169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1782169 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:498-514 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yang Xu Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Xinyu Li Author-X-Name-First: Xinyu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Shih-Lung Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Shih-Lung Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Feng Lu Author-X-Name-First: Feng Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Ling Yin Author-X-Name-First: Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Yin Author-Name: Bi Yu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Bi Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Effects of Data Preprocessing Methods on Addressing Location Uncertainty in Mobile Signaling Data Abstract: Recent years have witnessed an increasing use of big data in mobility research. Such efforts have led to many insights on the travel behavior and activity patterns of people. Despite these achievements, the data veracity issue and its impact on the processes of knowledge discovery have seldom been discussed. In this research, we investigate the veracity issue of mobile signaling data (MSD) when they are used to characterize human mobility patterns. We first discuss the location uncertainty issues in MSD that would hinder accurate estimations of human mobility patterns, followed by an examination of two existing methods for addressing these issues (clustering-based method and time window–based method). We then propose a new approach that can overcome some of the limitations of these two methods. By applying all three methods to a large-scale mobile signaling data set, we find that the choice of preprocessing methods could lead to changes in the data characteristics. Such changes, which are nontrivial, will further affect the characterization and interpretation of human mobility patterns. By computing four mobility indicators (number of origin–destination trips, number of activity locations, total stay time, and activity entropy) from the outputs of the three methods, we illustrate their varying impacts on individual mobility estimations relevant to location uncertainty issues. Our analysis results call for more attention to the veracity issue in data-driven mobility research and its implications for replicability and reproducibility of geospatial research. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 515-539 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1773232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1773232 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:515-539 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Felipe Irarrázaval Author-X-Name-First: Felipe Author-X-Name-Last: Irarrázaval Title: Natural Gas Production Networks: Resource Making and Interfirm Dynamics in Peru and Bolivia Abstract: Economic geographers have largely shown concern about the interaction between extractive industries and local economies by studying how lead firms create economic linkages with national firms. From a global production networks approach, this work looks to deepen the understanding of interfirm dynamics in extractive industries. This work has a critical position over previous research, however, because such contributions do not consider how resources are socioecologically produced. This article shows that the socioecological relations that make natural gas an exploitable resource are critical to study the articulation between global and local firms. The contingent interaction between states, firms, and the biophysical properties of nature set up the conditions for interfirm dynamics because it creates (or does not create) a steady and continuous demand of services to perform specialized activities. This was the case in Bolivia where the neoliberal reforms of the early 1990 s, the massive involvement of lead firms, and the characteristics of natural gas deposits created conditions to develop industry-specific suppliers. Conversely, Peru has not been able to appraise its natural gas reserves and did not set up conditions for such suppliers. Therefore, the resource-making process is crucial for studying how global production networks and extractive industries are shaping the geography of uneven development. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 540-558 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1773231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1773231 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:540-558 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marion Ernwein Author-X-Name-First: Marion Author-X-Name-Last: Ernwein Title: Bringing Urban Parks to Life: The More-Than-Human Politics of Urban Ecological Work Abstract: Using gestion différenciée in Geneva, Switzerland, as a case study, this article puts the politics of labor at the center of a political ecological analysis of efforts to “ecologize” the design and maintenance of urban parks. The article first highlights how the neomanagerial scripting of an “ecological” mode of managing urban parks reshapes social configurations of work by increasing the uneven distribution of agency and visibility among park workers. It then argues that ecomanagerialism also redefines the boundaries of the work collective itself, as plants shift from being understood as “undead commodities” to “nonhuman laborers.” To elucidate the social implications of the enrollment of plants’ capacities, the article advances an understanding of urban ecological work as more-than-human. The article discusses the role played by understandings of what urban nature should be, and what it should do, in producing and justifying new divisions, hierarchies, and forms of unevenness within the urban ecological workforce. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 559-576 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 06 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1773230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1773230 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:559-576 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tara Quinn Author-X-Name-First: Tara Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn Author-Name: W. Neil Adger Author-X-Name-First: W. Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Adger Author-Name: Catherine Butler Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Butler Author-Name: Kate Walker-Springett Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Walker-Springett Title: Community Resilience and Well-Being: An Exploration of Relationality and Belonging after Disasters Abstract: Community resilience is commonly held to be critical for coping with adversity and disturbance. Although the process of community resilience is often contested and critiqued, the enactment of social relations within communities has been shown to ameliorate the worst impacts of disaster events on the well-being of their members. Here, we propose that well-being in the aftermath of disasters is shaped by processes of relationality and belonging within communities. This study uses data from longitudinal mixed-methods research with flood-affected communities in southwest and eastern England directly affected by long-duration and high-impact floods. Analysis from in-depth interviews conducted over eighteen months and from cross-sectional surveys of affected populations shows that active belonging and relational capital are related to self-reported well-being. The results further show that active belonging is consistently significant for well-being, whereas relational capital is only significantly correlated to well-being later in the recovery period, and that social identity processes are central in the link between community dynamics and well-being. The changing identity processes include altered perceptions of community membership and the use of collective identities to frame personal experience. These results suggest that community resilience processes and their relationship to individual well-being are not fixed but evolve through stress, trauma, and renewal. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 577-590 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1782167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1782167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:577-590 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan J. Gilbertz Author-X-Name-First: Susan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gilbertz Author-Name: Matthew B. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Matthew B. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Jason M. Adkins Author-X-Name-First: Jason M. Author-X-Name-Last: Adkins Title: The Bakken Blind Field: Investigating Planetary Urbanization and Opaqueness in the Oil and Gas Fields of Eastern Montana Abstract: This work advances the critical urban studies literature on “planetary urbanization” by emphasizing the everyday struggles experienced by the people who live in and through planetary transformations. Specifically, we empirically investigated people in eastern Montana who experienced the intensive and extensive oil and gas production of the Bakken Boom via interview and survey data. In the process, we interrogated Lefebvre’s notion of the “blind field” and conclude that what we call the Bakken blind field represents a deeply engrained “habit of the mind” that functions for the energy industry as a means of neutralizing the transformative potential that always lurks in response to persistent socioenvironmentally exploitative practices. We suggest that the degree of illumination that results from personal hardships can determine the degree to which local exploitation is rejected (or accepted) as a necessary result of living with oil and gas. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 591-608 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1774351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1774351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:591-608 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel Randalls Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Randalls Title: A Pioneering Use of Early Computers in Weather and Mortality Research: Ellsworth Huntington’s Work with New York Life Insurance Companies in the 1920s Abstract: Geographers are familiar with Ellsworth Huntington’s influential, yet frequently derided, claims about climatic determinism, eugenics, and the progress of civilization. His work on weather and mortality in New York City, a study conducted under the auspices of the National Research Council and with the extensive collaboration of New York–based life insurance companies, offers a different insight into Huntington’s approach. Although the results of this 1920s research project had a limited impact on the field, the work that produced it represents one of the earliest examples of using computing technology in the atmospheric sciences. Drawing on archival research at Yale University and the National Academy of Sciences, the article argues that not only can Huntington be considered pioneering in his use of early computers but the use of such machines constrained the research in important ways. The limited funding and processing capabilities of early computers, standardized punch card designs, necessary labor and staff time, and clerks’ learned practices all came to define the research project. This demonstrates that early computers did not simply enable more efficient numerical analysis of geographical problems but rather that they were part of sociotechnical configurations that were coemergent from the situated development of technologies within user communities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 609-624 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1773233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1773233 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:609-624 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben Marsh Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Marsh Author-Name: Joseph Wood Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Title: Peirce F. Lewis, 1927–2018 Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 625-632 Issue: 2 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1800301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1800301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:2:p:625-632 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David R. Butler Author-X-Name-First: David R. Author-X-Name-Last: Butler Title: The Anthropocene: A Special Issue Abstract: This special issue of the Annals of the American Association of Geographers is devoted to the Anthropocene, the period of unprecedented human impacts on Earth’s environmental systems. The articles contained in this special issue illustrate that geographers have a diverse perspective on what the Anthropocene is and represents. The articles also show that geographers do not feel it necessary to identify only one starting point for the temporal onset of the Anthropocene. Several starting points are suggested, and some authors support the concept of a time-transgressive Anthropocene. Articles in this issue are organized into six sections, but many of them transcend easy categorization and could easily have fit into two or even three different sections. Geographers embrace the concept of the Anthropocene while defining it and studying it in a variety of ways that clearly show the breadth and diversity of the discipline. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 633-637 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1859312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1859312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:633-637 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Anthony Stallins Author-X-Name-First: J. Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Stallins Title: The Anthropocene: The One, the Many, and the Topological Abstract: Given the many discourses about markers for the Anthropocene, those peripheral to one’s academic niche might elicit indifference or even dismissal. Conversely, a shallow pluralism can take root in which any Anthropocene demarcation matters equally as others. I propose a more diplomatic coexistence of ideas regarding the Anthropocene boundary issue. In this perspective, the choice of when to delineate the Anthropocene’s start and how to signify its presence is analogous to a modifiable areal unit problem. Boundaries can be drawn from a range of anthropogenic phenomena. Geographic subdisciplines have acquired distinctive ways of sublimating socioecological patterns and processes into a timestamp. Less attention, however, is given to how their respective temporal modes and ensuing markers of anthropogenic change overlap and relate to one another. I show how topology, as invoked in the biophysical sciences and social theory, integrates these temporalities of the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene can be framed as a cusp catastrophe, a folded surface in which different modes of change emerge from and coexist with each other. These trajectories of change, the gradual, the threshold driven, and those exhibiting hysteresis, encapsulate the interdependencies among past, present, and future invoked across different delineations of the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene might be less a fixed point in time as it is a moving window where human and natural processes are folded into one another. An Anthropocene represented as a folded surface rather than a timeline incorporates the importance of unpredictably productive responses to the present Anthropocene moment. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 638-646 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1760781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1760781 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:3:p:638-646 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco De Pascale Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: De Pascale Author-Name: Valeria Dattilo Author-X-Name-First: Valeria Author-X-Name-Last: Dattilo Title: The Geoethical Semiosis of the Anthropocene: The Peircean Triad for a Reconceptualization of the Relationship between Human Beings and Environment Abstract: This article seeks to reconcile, as well as operationalize, two different methodological approaches on the basis of some important basic affinities: geoethics and Peircean semiotics. For this purpose, Peirce’s triangle is conceived as a “translator mechanism” to parse the human–planet relationship that cannot be dealt with through actions in pairs but must be considered as a triadic relationship in which geoethics comes into play to develop a new relationship between human beings and environment. Following this, the triangle heuristic will employ the vertices Geoethics–Illness of the Earth–Society as a metaphor of the Anthropocene era through the lens of Peircean semiotics. This triangle method will help investigate some research questions: (1) Is planet illness an icon, index, or a symbol of the negative impact of the society? (2) When do we encounter environmental phenomena constituting images of planet illness? (3) What is the salient perspective from which to study the phenomenon of the Anthropocene? In discussing these issues, the authors call into play the concept of noosphere and propose a new ethical framework guiding human behavior toward the environment. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 647-654 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1843994 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1843994 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:647-654 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey Hoelle Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Hoelle Author-Name: Nicholas C. Kawa Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kawa Title: Placing the Anthropos in Anthropocene Abstract: In this article, we review the place of “the human” in influential approaches to the Anthropocene to expose the diverse conceptualizations of humanity and human futures. First, we synthesize current research on humans as landscape modifiers across space and time, making a key distinction between the “old Anthropocene” (beginning with human food production) and the “new Anthropocene” (coinciding with the start of the Industrial Revolution). Second, we engage critical perspectives on the structuring effects of capitalist and colonialist systems—now periodized as the Capitalocene and Plantationocene, respectively—that have driven environmental degradation and human inequality over the past half-millennium. In the third section, we introduce alternative perspectives from anthropological and ethnographic research that confront the socioecological disruptions of capitalism and colonialism, drawing on indigenous Amazonian perspectives that have a more capacious understanding of the human—including species other than Homo sapiens. Finally, to conclude, we extend our analysis to a broader suite of visions for building socially and environmentally just futures captured in the framework of the pluriverse, which stands in strong contrast with the techno-modernist aspirations for the next stage in which humans become separated from Earth, in space. In recognizing these varied understandings of humanity, we hope to call attention to the diverse possibilities for human futures beyond the Anthropocene. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 655-662 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1842171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1842171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:655-662 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathryn Yusoff Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Yusoff Title: The Inhumanities Abstract: This article proposes the inhumanities as an analytic to address the material confluences of race and environment in the epistemic construction of the humanities and social sciences. As the Anthropocene represents an explicit formation of political geology, from its inception as a means to frame a crisis of environmental conditions to the characterization of future trajectories of extinction, I argue that centering race is a way to reconceptualize and challenge the disciplinary approaches of the humanities, humanism, and the Anthropocene (e.g., the environmental humanities and geohumanities1). Foregrounding the conjoined historic geographies of racialization and ecological transformation through the discipline of geology, within the context of colonial and settler colonial extractivism, sets the conditions for thinking materially about decolonization as a geologic process. I make three interconnected points about the Anthropocene and inhumanities. First, the Anthropocene names a new field of geologically informed power relations that focus attention on the geographies of the inhuman, geologic forces, and the politics of nonlife. Second, the framing of the inhumanities forces a reckoning with the humanist liberal subject that orders the humanities: an invisible and indivisible white subject position that curates racialized geographies of environmental concern, impact, and futurity. Third, the inhumanities makes visible the historic double life of the inhuman as both matter and as a subjective racial category of colonial geographies and its extractive afterlives. In conclusion, I consider the emergence of geopower as a political technology of racial capitalism and governance of the present. Geopower, I argue, is the product of historical geologies of race that subtend a particular form of life marked by extractivism enacted on racialized geosocial strata. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 663-676 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1814688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1814688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:663-676 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul C. Adams Author-X-Name-First: Paul C. Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Title: Language and Groundwater: Symbolic Gradients of the Anthropocene Abstract: This article argues that geographers must study the power of words as integral parts of human–environment relationships, with particular attention to local meanings, to intervene more effectively in the Anthropocene. Words are important tools by which people come to understand environmental changes and develop plans to facilitate mitigation and adaptation or, alternatively, to postpone these responses. This project considers the portion of Texas underlain by the Ogallala aquifer as a system of communication, exploring stakeholder articulations through in-depth interviews. The semiotic concepts of gradients, grading, degradation, and grace are employed to facilitate consideration of how verbal articulations intersect with resource use, conservation, anthropogenic environmental change, and action within a highly conservative political context. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 677-686 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1782724 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1782724 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:677-686 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Reisman Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Reisman Author-Name: Madeleine Fairbairn Author-X-Name-First: Madeleine Author-X-Name-Last: Fairbairn Title: Agri-Food Systems and the Anthropocene Abstract: Understanding the Anthropocene—as both a set of physiological phenomena and as an existential crisis of modernity—requires interrogating Earth-changing transformations in food and agriculture. Agri-food systems are not only at the core of alarming environmental trends; they also offer opportunities to directly engage important challenges to the Anthropocene concept. Many human geographers and other social scientists have raised critiques of the Anthropocene designation as glossing over social inequities, codifying a separation of humans from their environments, and naturalizing current transformations as complete and irreversible. In this article we interrogate the intersection between agri-food studies and critical Anthropocene scholarship, arguing that agri-food systems serve as a through line to competing Anthropocene origin stories, a source of theoretical insight for the complexity of human–environment relations, and a site of agency for engaging alternative futures. First, we examine four of the most commonly proposed starting points for the Anthropocene epoch, arguing that a focus on food and agriculture at each historical moment reveals the limits, frictions, and social unevenness of anthropogenic change. Second, we highlight theoretical tools from critical agrarian studies that help build a more complex understanding of agriculture and the Anthropocene, emphasizing the active role of agroecosystems and the centrality of structural inequalities to agroenvironmental change. Finally, we examine how food- and agriculture-related social movements are working to forge more livable futures by accounting for precisely the matters that characterizations of the Anthropocene as an epoch of global human dominance frequently overlook: socioecological unity and political economic difference. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 687-697 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1828025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1828025 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:687-697 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Title: On Decolonizing the Anthropocene: Disobedience via Plural Constitutions Abstract: This article mobilizes a decolonial critique of the Anthropocene. It argues for a certain epistemic disobedience to what, conceptually and politically, the Anthropocene seeks to legitimate. The article counterposes recent critical and global governance epistemologies, which summon the Anthropocene as a new humanist and statist moment for universal politics, against plural, parochial forms of relational, nonstatist affirmation. Hegemonic governance imaginaries that invoke universalist and naturalizing rationales are shown to reproduce colonial logics. The article argues for marginalized and systematically ignored forms of earthbound relationality that evidence long-standing political and ontological means for responding to modernity’s ecological and social harms. Earthbound and rooted life worlds can affirm ecological responsibility and coconstitution otherwise. Two examples are presented: one from Afro-Caribbean geographies and another from Anishinaabe legal scholarship. Together they evidence enduring ecological reciprocities that unsettle and refuse the totalizing rationalities invoked by Anthropocene horizons. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 698-708 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1779645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1779645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:698-708 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob Bendix Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Bendix Author-Name: Michael A. Urban Author-X-Name-First: Michael A. Author-X-Name-Last: Urban Title: Nothing New under the Sun? George Perkins Marsh and Roots of U.S. Physical Geography Abstract: U.S. geomorphologists and biogeographers often cite early theoretical roots dating back to late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century exemplars such as Powell, Gilbert, Cowles, and Clements, or earlier European contributors like Hutton, Lyell, von Humboldt, and, of course, Darwin. Yet reviews of our intellectual roots often overlook an early and important U.S. contributor: George Perkins Marsh. Marsh’s work on Man and Nature is more often cited in the field of environmental history, where it is appropriately noted as a prescient review of human impacts on the landscape. We suggest, however, that his significance extends beyond early environmental activism and that in fact Marsh describes many concepts and analytical approaches that continue to underlie modern geomorphology and biogeography. Moreover, Marsh’s ideas and approach presaged fundamental concepts central to our current study of the Anthropocene and coupled human–environment systems, as he emphasized interconnections among biotic, geomorphic and human elements, perhaps most notably with regard to impacts of deforestation on flood regimes. There is, therefore, much to learn from Marsh—both about early thinking in physical geography and about the depth of scientific analysis underlying our discipline’s early interest in human impacts. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 709-716 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1761769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1761769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:3:p:709-716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sverker Sörlin Author-X-Name-First: Sverker Author-X-Name-Last: Sörlin Author-Name: Erik Isberg Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Isberg Title: Synchronizing Earthly Timescales: Ice, Pollen, and the Making of Proto-Anthropocene Knowledge in the North Atlantic Region Abstract: The Anthropocene concept frames an emerging new understanding of the human–Earth relationship. It represents a profound temporal integration that brings historical periodization on a par with geological time and creates entanglements between timescales that were previously seen as detached. Because the Anthropocene gets this role of a unifying planetary concept, the ways in which vast geological timescales were incorporated into human history are often taken for granted. By tracing the early history of the processes of synchronizing human and geological timescales, this article aims to historicize the Anthropocene concept. The work of bridging divides between human and geological time was renegotiated and took new directions in physical geography and cognate sciences from the middle decades of the twentieth century. Through researchers such as Ahlmann (Sweden), Seligman (United Kingdom), and Dansgaard (Denmark) in geography and glaciology and Davis (United States) and Iversen (Denmark) in palynology and biogeography, methodologies that became used in synchronizing planetary timescales were discussed and practiced for integrative understanding well before the Anthropocene concept emerged. This article shows through studies of their theoretical assumptions and research practices that the Anthropocene could be conceived as a result of a longer history of production of integrative geo-anthropological time. It also shows the embedding of concepts and methodologies from neighboring fields of significance for geography. By situating and historicizing spaces and actors, texture is added to the Anthropocene, a concept that has hitherto often been detached from the specific contexts and geographies of the scientific work that enabled its emergence. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 717-728 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1823809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1823809 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:717-728 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Barclay Larsen Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Barclay Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen Author-Name: John Harrington Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Harrington Title: Geographic Thought and the Anthropocene: What Geographers Have Said and Have to Say Abstract: Drawing from early modern and contemporary geographic thought, this article explores how the premise of an Anthropocene (Age of Humans) can be used to reinforce enduring modes of human–environment thinking. Anthropocene dialogues build on insights posed by geographers of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries: unity of nature, humans as nature made conscious, humans as nature’s conscience, and time periods as devices for thinking about human–environment relations. Complementing these ideas, contemporary geographers are making compelling statements about the Anthropocene, affirming that interpretations of the proposed geologic time period differ according to socioenvironmental variables, geographic imaginations, local contexts, and critical perspectives. Three forms of human–environment thinking emerge from examining links between early modern geographers and current geographers addressing the Anthropocene: synthesis thinking, epistemological thinking, and ethical thinking. Connections across ideas concerning the Anthropocene and geographic thought will be strengthened by developing systematic chronologies of the human–environment relationship. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 729-741 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1796575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1796575 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:729-741 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Allan James Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Allan James Author-Name: Timothy P. Beach Author-X-Name-First: Timothy P. Author-X-Name-Last: Beach Author-Name: Daniel D. Richter Author-X-Name-First: Daniel D. Author-X-Name-Last: Richter Title: Floodplain and Terrace Legacy Sediment as a Widespread Record of Anthropogenic Geomorphic Change Abstract: Anthropogenic erosion and sedimentation are critical components of global change that involve life-sustaining natural resources of soil and water. Many geomorphic systems have responded to intense land use disturbance with episodic erosion and sedimentation, often orders of magnitude greater than background geological rates in the Holocene. Accelerated sedimentation is a metric for land use change and provides evidence of geomorphic change in fans, floodplains, terraces, deltas, lakes, karst sinks, estuaries, and coastal marine deposits. This review describes high variability in the timing of alluvial sedimentation and the value of bottomland stratigraphy with emphasis on records and heterogeneity of anthropogenic change. Although floodplain sedimentary evidence might be ill-suited for defining the proposed Anthropocene epoch boundary based on stratigraphic boundary criteria, sedimentology and stratigraphy provide rich evidence for long-term human activities that measures buildups of human environmental alterations long before the proposed mid-twentieth-century onset of the Anthropocene. Anthropogenic sedimentation is globally widespread but is too time-transgressive to serve as a stratigraphic indicator for onset of the proposed Anthropocene epoch. The emphasis here is on an example of longue durée; that is, the long record of anthropogenically accelerated sedimentation and the valuable evidence that it provides of human-induced environmental change. A conceptual tripartite model summarizes the evolution of anthropogeomorphic change. Anthropogenic sediments preserve geoarchaeological evidence and other important contextual information in buried landscapes that include human infrastructure, fields, material culture, contaminants, and paleosols. Geomorphic change can threaten food production, flooding, water quality, and so on. Understanding erosion and sedimentation dynamics is a vital concern for humanity. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 742-755 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1835460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1835460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:742-755 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Grant P. Elliott Author-X-Name-First: Grant P. Author-X-Name-Last: Elliott Author-Name: Sydney N. Bailey Author-X-Name-First: Sydney N. Author-X-Name-Last: Bailey Author-Name: Steven J. Cardinal Author-X-Name-First: Steven J. Author-X-Name-Last: Cardinal Title: Hotter Drought as a Disturbance at Upper Treeline in the Southern Rocky Mountains Abstract: As we progress into the Anthropocene, rising temperatures have amplified evaporative demand and rendered heat-induced drought stress, or hotter drought, as the hallmark of climate change moving forward. It remains unknown, however, whether upper treeline environments have been affected. For this study, we grouped previously published and unpublished data from study sites within the southern Rocky Mountains by slope aspect to provide a possible baseline for what we expect for the Anthropocene. We returned to and resampled some of these study sites in the summer of 2019 after twelve years of sharply rising temperatures to measure patterns of seedling establishment. We also returned to a high-elevation site after seventeen years of warming to perform repeat photography in an attempt to capture visual evidence of threshold changes since 2002 in a location where little change had occurred during the twentieth century. Results from this research can be summarized into two main findings: (1) trends in recruitment over the past thirty years suggest that north-facing slopes are increasingly hospitable for successful seedling establishment compared to south-facing slopes at upper treeline and (2) spruce beetle–induced mortality is evident at upper treeline. Conceptually, this means that hotter drought could be progressively enveloping upper treeline along topoclimatic gradients. Unless ongoing trends in temperature deviate from expectations or unless precipitation increases considerably, there is little reason to justify the idea that upper treeline will continue to respond positively to hotter drought conditions during the Anthropocene, especially on south-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 756-770 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1805292 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1805292 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:756-770 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Albert E. Fulton Author-X-Name-First: Albert E. Author-X-Name-Last: Fulton Author-Name: Catherine H. Yansa Author-X-Name-First: Catherine H. Author-X-Name-Last: Yansa Title: Onset of the Paleoanthropocene in the Lower Great Lakes Region of North America: An Archaeological and Paleoecological Synthesis Abstract: Beyond its centrality to debates on the definition of a global chronostratigraphic geologic unit, the Anthropocene concept has served as a useful theoretical construct with which to assess regional-scale anthropogenic impacts on prehistoric ecological systems through the recognition of earlier “Paleoanthropocene” events predating the onset of modern, industrial, global-scale effects. To this end, we present data derived from the archaeological and paleoecological records of the lower Great Lakes region of northeastern North America to evaluate the nature, magnitude, and timing of Native American land use impacts over the course of the Holocene. We identified three phases of emerging and progressively intensifying anthropogenic influence coinciding with initial human paleopopulation increase (5400–2500 BP), regional introduction of maize (Zea mays; 2500–1100 BP), and the regional adoption of maize-based agriculture (1100–300 BP). Each phase was accompanied by notable shifts in one or more proxy indicators of amplified fire regimes (increased soil charcoal deposition, higher lake sediment charcoal influx, greater percentages of fire-tolerant pollen taxa), decreased forest canopy density (increased herbaceous pollen taxa, enriched speleothem δ13C values), paleopopulation growth (increased archaeological 14C date frequencies), and dietary innovations (increased cultigen 14C date frequencies, enriched pottery residue δ13C values). Although prominent climate excursions also greatly influenced forest species composition, forest structure, and disturbance regimes, demographic and cultural factors impinging on Native American subsistence regimes and settlement patterns became increasingly important modulators of ecological processes over the course of the Holocene. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 771-783 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1846489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1846489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:771-783 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Klimaszewski-Patterson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Klimaszewski-Patterson Author-Name: Christopher T. Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Christopher T. Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Author-Name: Scott Mensing Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Mensing Title: Identifying a Pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California Abstract: The beginning of the Anthropocene, a proposed geological epoch denoting human-caused changes to Earth’s systems, and what metrics signify its onset is currently under debate. Proposed initiation points range from the beginning of the Atomic Age to the Industrial Revolution to the adoption of agriculture in the early Holocene. Most of the debate centers on the effects of modern industrially oriented technological and economic development. The effects of preindustrial and preagricultural populations on Earth’s systems are less commonly evaluated. Because the utility of the Anthropocene concept is to denote measurable impacts of human activity on Earth’s systems, we argue that focusing on an exact date or single event ignores time-transgressive, spatially variable processes of anthropogenic ecosystem engineering. We argue instead for a flexible, anthropologically and ecologically informed conceptualization of the Anthropocene—one that recognizes spatial, temporal, and scalar variability in the effects of humans on Earth systems. We present evidence in support of an ecologically informed pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California using a meta-analysis of sedimentological, palynological, and archaeological data sets from California mountains. We argue that use of fire for resource management by pre-Columbian populations was sufficiently frequent and extensive enough to result in widescale anthropogenic modification of California’s biota and that an Anthropocene therefore began in California by at least 650 years ago, centuries before the arrival of Europeans. Recognizing a pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California constructively conceptualizes a marker for human economic–ecological intensification processes that could be more meaningful for policy, resource management, and research than focusing on any single historical event. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 784-794 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1846488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1846488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:784-794 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach Author-X-Name-First: Sheryl Author-X-Name-Last: Luzzadder-Beach Author-Name: Timothy P. Beach Author-X-Name-First: Timothy P. Author-X-Name-Last: Beach Author-Name: Nicholas P. Dunning Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas P. Author-X-Name-Last: Dunning Title: Wetland Farming and the Early Anthropocene: Globally Upscaling from the Maya Lowlands with LiDAR and Multiproxy Verification Abstract: Of multiple ways to assess the geography of the early Anthropocene, three ongoing efforts are establishing the extent, intensity, and chronology of human impacts on landscapes and connecting impacts to global change through greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. Landscapes interact with GHGs, and these have global climate implications. LiDAR, capable of precisely mapping through forest gaps, has revolutionized our ability to characterize and quantify humanized landscapes. In many cases, though, LiDAR is only as good as its accompanying ground verification. This article forges these together to compare a mature literature on wetland contributions to the early Anthropocene in Asia through methane from paddy rice agriculture with the growing literature on a large area of wetland agriculture in the Americas, focusing on the newest discoveries in Central America. Several studies have linked the ∼20 ppm rise in atmospheric CO2 from ∼7000 to 1000 BP with deforestation for global farming; the 100 ppb rise in CH4 from ∼5000 to 1000 BP with wetland farming; and the 7 to 10 ppm decline in CO2 in the sixteenth century CE with reforestation and population collapses of the Americas after the European Conquest. We synthesize the evidence for the onset, duration, and impacts of wetland agriculture in the Maya Lowlands of Mesoamerica to compare their impacts on GHGs and, thus, their contributions to global impacts on climate. This article builds from three decades of studying neotropical humanized landscapes and wetland agroecosystems and more recent quantification from ground-verified LiDAR imagery and synthesizes this growing research and the challenges ahead to gauge the early Anthropocene. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 795-807 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1820310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1820310 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:795-807 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christine Biermann Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Biermann Author-Name: Lisa C. Kelley Author-X-Name-First: Lisa C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kelley Author-Name: Rebecca Lave Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Lave Title: Putting the Anthropocene into Practice: Methodological Implications Abstract: The foundational premise of the Anthropocene, constant across the range of proposed definitions, is that the biophysical world is now profoundly social. This carries substantive methodological implications: If the environment is ecosocial, surely the way it is studied must be, too. Yet, as our bibliometric analysis demonstrates, the bulk of academic articles on the Anthropocene published between 2002 and 2019 focus on its conceptual implications rather than embracing its analytical consequences. Further, of the subset of articles that engage the Anthropocene empirically, fewer than a quarter employ interdisciplinary methods at even a cursory level. In response, we outline an alternative approach, critical physical geography (CPG), which enables researchers to pick up the methodological and conceptual gauntlet thrown down by the Anthropocene. Work in CPG begins from the premise that all biophysical questions are also social, but it goes beyond a simple mixed methods approach to emphasize the politics both of how knowledge is produced and of how it is taken up outside academia. We illustrate the utility of a CPG approach for analysis of the Anthropocene via succinct examples of research in critical dendrochronology, geomorphology, and remote sensing. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 808-818 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1835456 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1835456 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:808-818 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan L. Cutter Author-X-Name-First: Susan L. Author-X-Name-Last: Cutter Title: The Changing Nature of Hazard and Disaster Risk in the Anthropocene Abstract: The concept of the Anthropocene provides the reflexive rubric for examining human alteration of the Earth’s basic natural systems and, in turn, how society responds to and adapts to such changes in its life support systems. Nowhere is this more evident than in natural hazards and disaster risk. This article examines the changing nature of hazard and disaster risk from local to global scales highlighting three thematic areas. The first is the redefinition of what constitutes extremes (lower probability, higher consequence events) and the movement away from characterizing hazards as extreme events to a focus on the chronic or everyday events, the cumulative impacts compounding to produce impacts often far greater than the periodic extreme event. The second theme examines the confluence and complexity in the production and reproduction of hazards and disaster risk. The intersection of natural systems, human systems, and technology produces a tightly coupled and complex array of potential failure modes and large-scale impacts, so much so that when a natural hazard occurs in one part of the world, the consequences extend well beyond the affected region, which in turn affects the global economic system. The third theme is the increasing social, procedural, and spatial inequalities in disaster risk. These three themes are explored using historic and recent examples from North America. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 819-827 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1744423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1744423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:3:p:819-827 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben A. Gerlofs Author-X-Name-First: Ben A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gerlofs Title: Seismic Shifts: Recentering Geology and Politics in the Anthropocene Abstract: A strident focus on atmospheric carbons and on climate change as its distinguishing feature has seen much debate and research surrounding the Anthropocene stray from its conceptual grounding in geology. Yet new research argues that hallmarks of the Anthropocene such as sea-level rise, melting ice sheets, and environmental engineering projects designed to mitigate chronic shortages of potable water all increase the potential of seismic activity, placing geological forces back at the center of conversations on planetary futures. Following calls to consider the political dimensions of environmental change in the Anthropocene, this article examines the multiple layerings of natural hazards, political crises and transformations, and mega-urbanization through the lens of catastrophic geological events, drawing evidence from an ongoing longitudinal study of the devastating Mexico City earthquakes of 1985 and 2017. This case suggests that such events intersect with contemporary political economy in a variety of ways, from the disruption of urban investment patterns and the initiation of processes of mass abandonment or of creative destruction and gentrification to the exacerbation of political crises at scales from the submunicipal to the supranational, the facilitation of social movement formation, and the acceleration of political revolutions such as Mexico’s democratic transition of 2000. These insights offer productive avenues for engaging with the political economies of geological events and processes and the prescriptive powers of geology as a field of knowledge production and political power that increasingly demand attention across an urbanizing planet. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 828-836 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1835458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1835458 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:3:p:828-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heejun Chang Author-X-Name-First: Heejun Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: David J. Yu Author-X-Name-First: David J. Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Samuel A. Markolf Author-X-Name-First: Samuel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Markolf Author-Name: Chang-yu Hong Author-X-Name-First: Chang-yu Author-X-Name-Last: Hong Author-Name: Sunyong Eom Author-X-Name-First: Sunyong Author-X-Name-Last: Eom Author-Name: Wonsuh Song Author-X-Name-First: Wonsuh Author-X-Name-Last: Song Author-Name: Deghyo Bae Author-X-Name-First: Deghyo Author-X-Name-Last: Bae Title: Understanding Urban Flood Resilience in the Anthropocene: A Social–Ecological–Technological Systems (SETS) Learning Framework Abstract: Urban flooding is a major concern in many cities around the world. Together with continuous urbanization, extreme weather events are likely to increase the magnitude and frequency of flood hazards and exposure in populated regions. This article examines the changing pathways of flood risk management (FRM) in Portland, Oregon; Seoul, South Korea; and Tokyo, Japan, which have different histories of land development and flood severity. We used city governance documents to identify how FRM strategies have changed in the study cities. Using a combined framework of social learning with an integrated social–ecological–technological systems (SETS) lens, we show what components of SETS have been emphasized and how FRM strategies have diversified over time. In response to historical flood events, these cities built hard infrastructure such as levees to reduce flood risks. The recent paradigm shift in urban FRM, such as the adoption of socioecological elements in SETS, including floodplain restoration, green infrastructure, and public education, is a response to making cities more resilient or transformative to the anticipated future extreme floods. The pathways that cities have taken and the main emphasis across SETS elements differ by city, however, suggesting that opportunities exist for learning from each city’s experience collectively to tackle global flooding issues. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 837-857 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1850230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1850230 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:837-857 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antoinette M. G. A WinklerPrins Author-X-Name-First: Antoinette M. G. A Author-X-Name-Last: WinklerPrins Author-Name: Carolina Levis Author-X-Name-First: Carolina Author-X-Name-Last: Levis Title: Reframing Pre-European Amazonia through an Anthropocene Lens Abstract: This article examines three intertwined forms of human transformation of Amazonia’s landscapes: (1) anthrosols, (2) cultural or domesticated forests, and (3) anthropogenic earthworks. By acknowledging the extent to which landscapes are humanized, an Anthropocene lens provides an opportunity to examine Amazonia as an Anthropogenic space (anthrome), providing a more realistic approach to understanding the region’s past and for guiding its conservation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 858-868 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1843996 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1843996 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:858-868 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaclyn Guz Author-X-Name-First: Jaclyn Author-X-Name-Last: Guz Author-Name: Dominik Kulakowski Author-X-Name-First: Dominik Author-X-Name-Last: Kulakowski Title: Forests in the Anthropocene Abstract: Disturbances have shaped most terrestrial ecosystems for millennia and are natural and essential components of ecological systems. However, direct and indirect human activities during the Anthropocene have amplified disturbances globally. This amplification, coupled with increasingly unfavorable post-disturbance climatic conditions or ecosystem management that intensifies the initial disturbance, is compromising the resilience of some ecosystems, with cascading effects on Earth system function and ecosystem services. Such dynamics are especially prevalent in forests, which are one of the most important ecosystems on Earth and provide countless ecosystem services for people and nonhuman species. Although climate change and its effects are ubiquitous, they do vary spatially in their intensity, and many ecological systems are more affected by changing land use than by changing climate. Understanding the geographic variation in relationships and feedbacks among climate, vegetation, disturbances, regeneration, and human activity is necessary for developing management strategies that will promote forest resilience (i.e., facilitate ecosystems tolerating and recovering from novel or intensified perturbations without shifting to alternative states controlled by different processes). Successful management strategies will vary geographically depending on the degree of departure from the ecological dynamics that preceded the Anthropocene and the spatial variability in drivers of change. As global environmental change accelerates, conservation areas, and the species and ecosystem services that rely on them, are particularly vulnerable. Where disturbances increase, expanding the size of protected areas and minimizing secondary anthropogenic disturbances are likely to be the only ways to maintain the minimum dynamic area that will cultivate adequate resilience. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 869-879 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1813013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1813013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:869-879 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth R. Young Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth R. Author-X-Name-Last: Young Author-Name: Sisimac Duchicela Author-X-Name-First: Sisimac Author-X-Name-Last: Duchicela Title: Abandoning Holocene Dreams: Proactive Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing World Abstract: Although species have always shifted their ranges, the rapid pace of current biophysical changes and the further complications imparted by human land use provide unprecedented challenges for biodiversity conservation. As a result, goals, methods, and strategies are being reconceptualized. For example, the terms conservation and wilderness protection, and their associated practices, seem to be static and simplistic compared to the challenges of managing novel species assemblages in unique climatic and disturbance regimes. A more proactive approach is developing that builds in the needed adaptations as biophysical change progressed; that would need to consider possible nonlinear ecosystem changes, with threshold effects and ecological surprises; that might force a reconsideration of the goals of ecological restoration; and that might require management of lands today for goals that could be quite different in 50 to 100 years. As examples, this could require such potentially controversial activities as planting trees outside their ranges so that they could serve as part of wildlife habitat in several decades, using prescribed burns, or bringing some species into captivity or botanical gardens until reintroduction becomes feasible. With the Anthropocene providing a potential new label for the current epoch and ongoing research providing new insights into disturbance regimes and successful conservation practices, it is appropriate to rethink implications for sustainability and human–nature relationships in general and for biodiversity in particular. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 880-888 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1785833 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1785833 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:880-888 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas T. Bergmann Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas T. Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann Author-Name: Robert M. Briwa Author-X-Name-First: Robert M. Author-X-Name-Last: Briwa Title: Re-envisioning the Toxic Sublime: National Park Wilderness Landscapes at the Anthropocene Abstract: The Anthropocene concept stimulates much debate among geographers. This wider conversation often neglects the role that visual imagery plays in shaping geographical imaginations of the Anthropocene. This article examines artist Hannah Rothstein’s revisionist collection National Parks 2050 to better understand the intersections of visual imagery and the Anthropocene. Rothstein’s collection draws on Works Progress Administration–style artwork to visualize a bleak future. In particular, her artwork mobilizes the aesthetic of the toxic sublime. To assess National Parks 2050’s use of the toxic sublime, we conducted a visual analysis that found Rothstein’s use of the concept innovative in two important ways. First, Rothstein’s toxic sublime is derived from deeper traditions of the romantic sublime, which diverges from existing understandings of the toxic sublime as the counterpart to a technological sublime. Second, it brings two underexamined themes of the toxic sublime to the fore. The first theme is death and disappearance; the second is scale and the toxic. We argue that Rothstein’s toxic sublime re-instills Burkean sublime’s heightened awareness—here understood as horror and despair—into the romantic natural sublime of U.S. national park wilderness landscapes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 889-899 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1785835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1785835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:889-899 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meredith J. DeBoom Author-X-Name-First: Meredith J. Author-X-Name-Last: DeBoom Title: Climate Necropolitics: Ecological Civilization and the Distributive Geographies of Extractive Violence in the Anthropocene Abstract: The declaration of the Anthropocene reflects the magnitude of human-caused planetary violence, but it also risks disguising the inequitable geographies of responsibility and sacrifice that underlie its designation. Similarly, many existing strategies for climate change mitigation, including the development of low-carbon energy, are critical to reducing carbon emissions and yet simultaneously risk deepening extractive violence against marginalized communities. If the uneven distribution of historical and contemporary climate violence is not recognized and redressed, climate change solutions may increase the burdens borne by the very people, places, and environments expected to experience some of the worst effects of climate change itself. To aid in identifying and analyzing the distributive geographies of geo-power capable of facilitating this perverse outcome, this article develops a theoretical framework –climate necropolitics –for revealing the multiscalar processes, practices, discourses, and logics through which Anthropocenic imaginaries can be used to render extractive violence legitimate in the name of climate change response. Drawing on field work using multiple methods, I illustrate the applied value of climate necropolitics through a case study of the Chinese Communist Party's Ecological Civilization. The analysis reveals how the utopian “green” vision of Ecological Civilization, as promoted by both Chinese and Namibian state actors, has been used to legitimate intensified extractive violence against minority communities living near uranium mines in Namibia. I conclude by discussing how geographers can use multiscalar frameworks like climate necropolitics to develop integrated analyses of the uneven distribution of both social and environmental violence in the Anthropocene. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 900-912 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1843995 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1843995 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:900-912 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harlan Morehouse Author-X-Name-First: Harlan Author-X-Name-Last: Morehouse Author-Name: Marisa Cigliano Author-X-Name-First: Marisa Author-X-Name-Last: Cigliano Title: Cultures and Concepts of Ice: Listening for Other Narratives in the Anthropocene Abstract: The Anthropocene is marked not only by significant environmental changes massively distributed in space and time but also by a substantial proliferation of scientific data. From Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports to growing extinction lists, there is neither a shortage of environmental crises nor data to serve as official evidence of crises. As crucial as these data are, however, questions remain as to how science data-driven approaches police the boundaries of what counts as evidence and risk marginalizing other ways of encountering, knowing, and narrating environmental change. In this article, we address how certain narratives are not being told, or heard, amid European-American climate discourses. Drawing on nature–society studies, political ecology, and environmental philosophy, this article focuses on how prevailing discussions around glacier recession ignore the cultural and conceptual consequences of glacier loss. As glaciers become increasingly iconized in the Anthropocene, they become more detached from cultural and conceptual contexts. Such detachment overlooks how the fate of glaciers is not only a matter of quantifiable loss but is also implicated in everyday encounters, generational experiences, and stories spun at the nexus of ice and culture(s). Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 913-920 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1792266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1792266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:913-920 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mia M. Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Mia M. Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Ruins of the Anthropocene: The Aesthetics of Arctic Climate Change Abstract: In the Anthropocene, ruin appreciation is shifting its focus from crumbling architecture to the deteriorating planet. Whereas Romantic and modern ruin gazing privileged nature’s reconquest of the built environment, now, the carbon-intensive infrastructures of global capitalism are turning nature itself to ruin. By critiquing popular representations of the melting Arctic—a visual trope within Anthropocene aesthetics involving images of shrinking icebergs, melting glaciers, and drowning polar bears—this article explicates how both conceptions of ruins and actual, material processes of ruination are shifting away from manmade infrastructure toward the natural environment. I argue that ruins in the Anthropocene are distinct in that natural ruins, especially icy ones, will not persist on the landscape, particularly as environmental degradation accelerates and is upscaled to encompass entire regions like the Arctic, if not the whole planet. By applying Romantic aesthetic principles, I critique the two dominant categories of representations of the current geological epoch: the picturesque and the sublime. As with Romantic and modern ruin iconography, depictions of Anthropocene ruins harness these elements to induce feelings of awe, melancholy, and resignation. These reactions might now be more problematic, however, because helplessness and passive voyeurism could inhibit action on climate change. I thus conclude that refocusing the Anthropocene gaze on the third aesthetic principle—the beautiful, which emphasizes the tangible and comprehensible—might be more conducive to transforming aesthetics into action and fostering an effective rather than affective ethics of planetary care and stewardship. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 921-931 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1835457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1835457 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:921-931 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine R. Clifford Author-X-Name-First: Katherine R. Author-X-Name-Last: Clifford Author-Name: William R. Travis Author-X-Name-First: William R. Author-X-Name-Last: Travis Title: The New (Ab)Normal: Outliers, Everyday Exceptionality, and the Politics of Data Management in the Anthropocene Abstract: The Anthropocene affects how we manage the environment in many ways, perhaps most importantly by undermining how past conditions act as baselines for future expectations. In a period when historical analogues become less meaningful, we need to forge new practices and methods of environmental monitoring and management, including how to categorize, manage, and analyze the deluge of environmental data. In particular, we need practices to detect emerging hazards, changing baselines, and amplified risk. Some current data practices, however, especially the designation and dismissal of outliers, might mislead efforts to better adapt to new environmental conditions. In this article we ask these questions: What are the politics of determining what counts as “abnormal” and is worthy of exclusion in an era of the ever-changing “normal”? What do data exclusions, often in the form of outliers, do to our ability to understand and regulate in the Anthropocene? We identify a recursive process of distortion at play where constructing categories of abnormal–normal allows for the exclusion of “outliers” from data sets, which ultimately produces a false rarity and hides environmental changes. To illustrate this, we draw on a handful of examples in regulatory science and management, including the Exceptional Event Rule of the Clean Air Act, beach erosion models for nourishment projects, and the undetected ozone hole. We conclude with a call for attention to the construction of “normal” and “abnormal” events, systems, data, and natures in the Anthropocene. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 932-943 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1785836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1785836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:932-943 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Péter Bagoly-Simó Author-X-Name-First: Péter Author-X-Name-Last: Bagoly-Simó Title: What Does That Have to Do with Geology? The Anthropocene in School Geographies around the World Abstract: Based on the growing body of research and vivid scientific discourse, the Anthropocene is slowly making its way into the curricula of geography programs across the world. Unlike academic geography, the school subject seems to be more reluctant when it comes to the Anthropocene’s implicit implementation. Using content analysis, this article explores how geography curricula or compound subjects containing geography for lower secondary education in fifty countries represented the Anthropocene. The results showed that most curricula detached the Anthropocene from geological time and focused, in a disconnected manner, on three of its descriptors, namely, population growth, industrialization, and globalization. Greenhouse gases played a subordinate role. Also, most curricula operated at the national or global scale, leaving little room to navigate processes on several scales. The results also revealed few differences between curricula prescribing geography as an independent subject or as part of compound subjects, such as social studies or social sciences. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 944-957 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1860736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1860736 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:3:p:944-957 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lindsay Naylor Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay Author-X-Name-Last: Naylor Author-Name: Dana Veron Author-X-Name-First: Dana Author-X-Name-Last: Veron Title: Geographic Education in the Anthropocene: Cultivating Citizens at the Neoliberal University Abstract: In the Anthropocene, the charge to address climate change has been taken up by youth. From the landmark climate lawsuit filed in 2015 by twenty-one young people to secure the legal right to a safe climate to the thousands of climate marches and school strikes that took place in 2018 and 2019, young people are making their voices heard. Many undergraduate students enter universities passionate about solving problems related to the changing climate; however, they arrive at a site of conflicting values about education. As the university increasingly treats students as customers, the ability to educate and foster a new generation of climate change–informed and action-oriented citizens is challenged. In this article, we ask how we cultivate citizens in the geography classroom in the Anthropocene. Drawing on our experience cocreating and teaching a climate change and food security class for sophomores, we examine this question to understand the place of geographic education in the neoliberal university in the Anthropocene. Here, we detail an example of coteaching and using a problem-based learning task based on pressing climate change issues as a way of modeling and practicing problem solving that reinforces students’ identification as agents who can act in a climate-changing world. We find that teaching from both a climate science and social or cultural perspective is an important component of students considering where they fit in the Anthropocene. In this article, we offer a model for geography educators for integrative educational experiences, translating student passion for solving problems into momentum toward change. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 958-969 Issue: 3 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1785834 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1785834 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:3:p:958-969 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurie Parsons Author-X-Name-First: Laurie Author-X-Name-Last: Parsons Author-Name: Jonas Østergaard Nielsen Author-X-Name-First: Jonas Østergaard Author-X-Name-Last: Nielsen Title: The Subjective Climate Migrant: Climate Perceptions, Their Determinants, and Relationship to Migration in Cambodia Abstract: This article examines the factors shaping the perception of climate change and the relationship between climate change perception and migration. Drawing on a 691-case survey of climate perceptions in Cambodia, it explores three dimensions of climate change perception. The first is the relationship of climate change perceptions to space, geography, and scale. Second is the influence of livelihoods to climate change perceptions, and third is the relationship of climate perceptions to migration. The results show that perceptions of climate change are not significantly influenced by spatial distance, meaning that divergent or even opposite climate perceptions might coexist within a relatively small geographical area. The data, however, show that climate perceptions are significantly influenced by both engagement in certain primary livelihoods and contextually specified socioeconomic marginality. Despite this subjectivity of climate perceptions, a strong, statistically significant relationship exists between climate change perception and the prevalence of migrants in the household. Overarchingly, the article challenges efforts to infer direct linkages between climate data and human behavior, arguing instead for a more subjectively attuned understanding of the impacts of climate change on migration, to account for the multiple factors that influence perceptions of and responses to climate change. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 971-988 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1807899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1807899 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:971-988 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nipesh Palat Narayanan Author-X-Name-First: Nipesh Author-X-Name-Last: Palat Narayanan Title: Southern Theory without a North: City Conceptualization as the Theoretical Metropolis Abstract: There have been calls to broaden urban theory to incorporate learnings from the Southern or ordinary cities (periphery). These calls are often placed as a counter to the hegemony of the Northern cities (metropolis), which have long been the sites for producing theory. If the metropolis is a concept to describe clustering of power and knowledge, then geographical located-ness of this metropolis in the North is theoretically stifling. Therefore, we need to investigate the formation of metropolises within various cities, to study them in their own right, rather than merely pitching them against the northern cities or theory. Building on the qualitative study of street food sellers, users, and producers, I illustrate contrasting narratives from Colombo and Delhi. I take the lunch-packet sector in Colombo to develop narratives of the city and read it alongside those of the momos (dumpling) sector in Delhi. Through these everyday urban narratives, I build a set of urban imageries, distinct in both cities, and compare them with their planning histories via master plans. Using this juxtaposition, I argue that for the city to be rendered outside of the North’s knowledge hegemony (i.e., for Southern theory), we need to have an interiorized ontological probing. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 989-1001 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1791040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1791040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:989-1001 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Crawford Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Crawford Author-Name: Munshi Khaledur Rahman Author-X-Name-First: Munshi Khaledur Author-X-Name-Last: Rahman Author-Name: Md. Giashuddin Miah Author-X-Name-First: Md. Giashuddin Author-X-Name-Last: Miah Author-Name: Md. Rafiqul Islam Author-X-Name-First: Md. Rafiqul Author-X-Name-Last: Islam Author-Name: Bimal Kanti Paul Author-X-Name-First: Bimal Kanti Author-X-Name-Last: Paul Author-Name: Scott Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Name: Md. Sariful Islam Author-X-Name-First: Md. Sariful Author-X-Name-Last: Islam Title: Coupled Adaptive Cycles of Shoreline Change and Households in Deltaic Bangladesh: Analysis of a 30-Year Shoreline Change Record and Recent Population Impacts Abstract: This research investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of shoreline change and associated population impacts in deltaic Bangladesh. This region is among the world’s most dynamic deltas due to monsoon precipitation that drives tremendous discharge and sediment volumes from the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna drainage basin. Theoretically, it draws on the concept of adaptive cycles that theorizes systems transitioning through phases of growth, conservation, release (collapse), and reorganization, with a focus on the cycle’s release (collapse) phase and coupled linkages between the natural system of shoreline change and social system of household behavior. We use Landsat imagery to produce and describe a thirty-year record of shoreline change for an 80-km stretch of the Lower Meghna estuary. Household survey data characterized population impacts and risk perception for a subregion with high erosion rates. Results identified significant space–time differences and patterns of shoreline change and population impacts consistent with the adaptive cycle. North, central, and south regions exhibited statistically significant differences in space–time patterns of shoreline change. Substantial numbers of households reported displacement due to riverbank erosion and high levels of experience and worry about future displacement. Results demonstrate how geospatial analysis of a multidecade record of shoreline change along with analysis of household survey data can identify regions most vulnerable to riverbank erosion with implications to inform mitigation and adaptation. This work adds empirical demonstration of coupled adaptive cycles to the literature. Limitations and complexities of the adaptive cycle framework are discussed. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1002-1024 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1799746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1799746 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1002-1024 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shaozeng Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Shaozeng Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Bo Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Yuanyuan Tian Author-X-Name-First: Yuanyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Tian Author-Name: Shenliang Chen Author-X-Name-First: Shenliang Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Stand with #StandingRock: Envisioning an Epistemological Shift in Understanding Geospatial Big Data in the “Post-truth” Era Abstract: This article examines an online protest to develop a contextual interpretation of geospatial big data and to challenge the debates on post-truth. In 2016, in support of the local protests against a crude oil pipeline passing through the region, social media users around the world remotely checked in to the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in North Dakota using a technique that we call location spoofing. This collective action thus generated a massive volume of inconsistent locational data that could easily be treated as fake information. Our contextual approach, integrating anthropological methodology, interprets user-generated big data as digital traces of human activities in the broader social–technological network of the involved human and nonhuman actors. This study reveals that the online protesters’ use of location-based features and content recommendation algorithm challenged not only the political and technological authorities but also, at a more profound level, the established ways for determining what is true and who gets to decide what is true for what purpose. We argue that this case of decentralized data generation and dissemination demonstrates an ongoing reconfiguration of the previously established regime of truth that has been monopolized by scientists or politicians. Our unique contextual approach to data interpretation is a pioneering effort to update epistemological assumptions about truth in today’s data-intensive environments. We call on scholars from geography, GIScience, and other disciplines to collectively envision an epistemological shift in our continuous pursuit of knowledge and truth in the so-called post-truth era. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1025-1045 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1782166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1782166 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1025-1045 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Robbins Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Robbins Author-Name: Vaishnavi Tripuraneni Author-X-Name-First: Vaishnavi Author-X-Name-Last: Tripuraneni Author-Name: Krithi K. Karanth Author-X-Name-First: Krithi K. Author-X-Name-Last: Karanth Author-Name: Ashwini Chhatre Author-X-Name-First: Ashwini Author-X-Name-Last: Chhatre Title: Coffee, Trees, and Labor: Political Economy of Biodiversity in Commodity Agroforests Abstract: Tropical and subtropical plantation agriculture has been shown to be compatible with the conservation of biodiversity, but the specific practices, conditions, and farmer strategies associated with such diversity remain poorly understood. In the ecologically rich region of India’s Western Ghats, specifically, farm-scale tree species diversity is a key structural condition explaining avian diversity. Surveying a sample of coffee plantations in the region, we examine farm-scale conditions that give rise to biodiversity. Results suggest that larger plantation size, recent increase in canopy density, and the cultivation of Coffea arabica varieties all encourage tree species diversity necessary for habitat. Results also suggest, however, that these structural conditions are more labor and pesticide intensive. These findings raise some serious questions about the sustainability of biodiversity in this context and suggest difficult trade-offs under conditions of demographic transition, declining labor availability, and concern about chemical inputs. They also reinforce the importance of neo-Chayanovian theories of smallholder behavior throughout geography but especially in the field of political ecology. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1046-1061 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1803726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1803726 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1046-1061 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeremy Slack Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy Author-X-Name-Last: Slack Author-Name: Daniel E. Martínez Author-X-Name-First: Daniel E. Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez Title: Postremoval Geographies: Immigration Enforcement and Organized Crime on the U.S.–Mexico Border Abstract: What happens after deportation? What contexts must Mexican deportees navigate and contend with after removal from the United States? This article explores the challenges for people postremoval in Mexico, particularly by drawing on fieldwork conducted in Tamaulipas, which is home to the Zetas drug trafficking organization and the infamous massacre of seventy-two migrants. We argue that incidental exposure to violence and crime began as an implicit aspect of immigration enforcement and has grown into one of the central tenets of current policy. We take a feminist geopolitical approach to connect the postdeportation experiences of migrants to the policies of deportation, incarceration, and punishment levied against them by the U.S. government. Migrants, particularly those apprehended through the Criminal Alien Program, have been returned to Tamaulipas in concentrated numbers despite its violent reputation. The processes of criminalization have led to a system that prioritizes punishment for migrants, meaning that we cannot extricate experiences that occur after removal from enforcement measures that create those situations. These practices are directly connected to the current wave of policies aimed at stopping asylum seekers, including “metering,” where people are made to wait at the border to apply for asylum at the port of entry, and the Remain in Mexico program (otherwise known as the Migrant Protection Protocols). We argue that enforcement is more complex than “prevention through deterrence” narratives and exposure to nonstate violence in Mexico has slowly become a more integral part of enforcement plans. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1062-1078 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1791039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1791039 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1062-1078 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephan Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Stephan Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Author-Name: David G. Passmore Author-X-Name-First: David G. Author-X-Name-Last: Passmore Title: On Geography and War: New Perspectives on the Ardennes Campaigns of 1940 and 1944 Abstract: We use examples from the European theater in World War II to argue that the assumption that combat is typically chaotic yields only limited insight into the large-scale evolution of military operations. To do this we examine the Ardennes campaigns of 1940 and 1944 in the context of explanatory devices used in physical geography such as complexity, nonlinearity, and emergence. We show that during the successful 1940 offensive that eventually led to the fall of France, the Germans were operating close to a set of thresholds in what we call the strategic space; the success of the offensive was contingent on a rapid advance and outmaneuvering of the Allied forces. In the readily defensible tactical space of the narrow Ardennes valleys, small changes in the conduct of or response to the German advance could have forced delays with profound consequences for the campaign. In 1944, by contrast, the Germans were not operating close to a system threshold and the attacking columns were frequently delayed or halted by determined resistance. Even if resistance had been weak, however, a breakout to Antwerp is unlikely to have been sustainable given the superiority in Allied power and the crippling supply problems facing the Germans. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1079-1093 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1807307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1807307 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1079-1093 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer A. Miller Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer A. Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: Tony H. Grubesic Author-X-Name-First: Tony H. Author-X-Name-Last: Grubesic Title: A Spatial Exploration of the Halo Effect in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Abstract: The outcome of the 2016 presidential election in the United States was partly influenced by factors such as social marginalization and anti-immigrant sentiment, both of which have been associated with the global rise in far-right voting (FRV) outcomes. Sociological hypotheses such as group threat and group contact have been suggested as potential contextual factors in the relationship between immigrant share and far-right support; more recently, the halo effect has been used as a spatial mechanism to explore these relationships. Briefly, the halo effect describes increased FRV in ethnically homogeneous areas that are near ethnically diverse areas. This portentous trend has significant international implications, but differences in the spatial distribution and composition of immigrant share and the spatial scale of analysis have produced inconsistent empirical results. This study addressed the spatial distribution of the halo effect in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and used geographically weighted regression to explore spatial nonstationarity in the relationships between socioeconomic factors and Republican (GOP) support. Spatial nonstationarity is observed when a relationship is not globally consistent such as in large or complex areas where local processes might interact with or overwhelm global processes. We found evidence of spatial nonstationarity in the relationships between GOP support and many socioeconomic factors, including the halo effect. In addition to providing a better understanding of the spatial context of electoral dynamics and their interactions at a local scale, these results indicate that spatial nonstationarity in these relationships might be partially responsible for inconsistent results in previous studies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1094-1109 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1785271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1785271 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1094-1109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Santiago López Author-X-Name-First: Santiago Author-X-Name-Last: López Author-Name: María Fernanda López-Sandoval Author-X-Name-First: María Fernanda Author-X-Name-Last: López-Sandoval Author-Name: Jin-Kyu Jung Author-X-Name-First: Jin-Kyu Author-X-Name-Last: Jung Title: New Insights on Land Use, Land Cover, and Climate Change in Human–Environment Dynamics of the Equatorial Andes Abstract: We provide new insights on land use and climate change in human–environment dynamics of the equatorial Andes. We focused on two provinces (Cotopaxi and Napo) and three communities of Ecuador characterized by similar land tenure regimes but different socioenvironmental contexts. We integrate satellite data classifications and statistical analyses, longitudinal downscaled climate modeling, and interviews with smallholder farmers, to analyze environmental changes between 1991 and 2017, local impacts, and local adaptations. In Cotopaxi, our results reveal a significant growth of forest plantations, irrigated agriculture, and greenhouse infrastructure associated with specific topographic and soil conditions, land and water availability and accessibility, and changing economic opportunities. In Napo, the reduction of montane forest vegetation and expansion of shrub vegetation are noteworthy. These changes are likely linked to feedback mechanisms between conservation and development strategies, exacerbated by contemporary climate change and increased natural hazards risk. Our study shows that mean annual temperature in the region has increased, seasonal change has intensified, annual precipitation has decreased, and the number of frost-free days has increased in relation to the normal period (1961–1990). Our study supports the notion that wide-ranging human adaptations linked to climate and land use changes, market elements (including livelihood transitions, occupational multiplicity, and production rationales), and complex knowledge systems (both indigenous and nonindigenous) are critical to the sustainability of smallholder farmers in the Andes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1110-1136 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1804822 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1804822 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1110-1136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joel Wainwright Author-X-Name-First: Joel Author-X-Name-Last: Wainwright Author-Name: Bryan R. Weaver Author-X-Name-First: Bryan R. Author-X-Name-Last: Weaver Title: A Critical Commentary on the AAG Geography and Military Study Committee Report Abstract: The formation of the American Association of Geographers (AAG) Geography and Military Study Committee by the AAG Council in April 2017 and the submission of the report by the Committee to Council in February 2019 were important events for the discipline. Yet, to date, the Committee’s report has received very little attention or comment. This article provides a critical analysis, focusing on the report’s claim that the AAG should leave it up to individuals whether to engage with the military, an argument made on the grounds of diversity and academic freedom. Although the report’s description of the status quo appears accurate, we find the ethical reasoning and recommended policy changes wanting. Notwithstanding its limitations, the report provides a valuable basis for a clear public discussion about the role of the AAG during a period of focused involvement and investments by the U.S. military–intelligence community in the discipline of geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1137-1146 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1804823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1804823 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1137-1146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernando Luis Hillebrand Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Hillebrand Author-Name: Ulisses Franz Bremer Author-X-Name-First: Ulisses Franz Author-X-Name-Last: Bremer Author-Name: Jorge Arigony-Neto Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Arigony-Neto Author-Name: Cristiano Niederauer da Rosa Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano Niederauer Author-X-Name-Last: da Rosa Author-Name: Cláudio Wilson Mendes Author-X-Name-First: Cláudio Wilson Author-X-Name-Last: Mendes Author-Name: Juliana Costi Author-X-Name-First: Juliana Author-X-Name-Last: Costi Author-Name: Marcos Wellausen Dias de Freitas Author-X-Name-First: Marcos Wellausen Dias Author-X-Name-Last: de Freitas Author-Name: Frederico Schardong Author-X-Name-First: Frederico Author-X-Name-Last: Schardong Title: Comparison between Atmospheric Reanalysis Models ERA5 and ERA-Interim at the North Antarctic Peninsula Region Abstract: The availability of accurate meteorological data is important for the modeling of atmospheric flows, enabling the understanding of climate change in a given environment over time. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of the meteorological data of 2 m temperature (T) and mean sea level pressure (MSLP), obtained through the atmospheric reanalysis models ERA5 and ERA-Interim (ERA-i) in the northern region of the Antarctic Peninsula, covering the period from 1979 to 2018. To carry out the statistical process, local observations from nine weather stations installed in the study region were used, with data available from the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. Statistical analysis evaluated Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient (R), standard deviation (σ), normalized bias, normalized mean absolute error, and normalized root mean square error. Regarding the difference in T¯ between weather stations and reanalysis models, we found a better result for ERA5 (ΔT¯ = −0.34 °C) compared to ERA-i (ΔT¯ = 0.37 °C); however, for the difference in MSLP¯ the ERA-i (ΔMSLP¯ = −0.04 hPa) presented a better response in relation to ERA5 (ΔMSLP¯ = 0.24 hPa). When verifying the local meteorological observations trend, an increase of T in 0.31 °C decade−1 (Esperanza station) and a reduction of MSLP between −0.56 (Bellingshausen station) and −0.80 hPa decade−1 (Jubany station) were recorded. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1147-1159 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1807308 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1807308 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1147-1159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael N. DeMers Author-X-Name-First: Michael N. Author-X-Name-Last: DeMers Author-Name: Joseph J. Kerski Author-X-Name-First: Joseph J. Author-X-Name-Last: Kerski Author-Name: Christopher J. Sroka Author-X-Name-First: Christopher J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sroka Title: The Teachers Teaching Teachers GIS Institute: Assessing the Effectiveness of a GIS Professional Development Institute Abstract: The authors assessed eight years of a national professional development institute focused on providing geographic information systems (GIS) teaching and technical skills for educators, titled Teachers Teaching Teachers GIS (T3G). Through a survey (N = 276 [out of a total population of 450]), the authors determined that the institute generally met its goals of equipping educators so that they could (1) teach GIS concepts and skills for their peers, (2) create GIS-based curricula, and (3) communicate the value of GIS to other disciplines. Over the eight years that the institute ran in a face-to-face format, the institute reflected broad changes in GIS technology and methods, including the transition from desktop to Web-based GIS and the movement to shorter lessons. Our study also revealed challenges and benefits of this model of professional development and broader issues of adoption of GIS in primary, secondary, university, and informal areas of education. These revelations allowed us to expose and evaluate strategies to advance the implementation and effectiveness of the use of GIS in instruction. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1160-1182 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1799745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1799745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1160-1182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gavin Shatkin Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Shatkin Author-Name: Vera Soemarwi Author-X-Name-First: Vera Author-X-Name-Last: Soemarwi Title: Risk and the Dialectic of State Informality: Property Rights in Flood Prone Jakarta Abstract: This article examines the implications of perceptions of an emergent crisis of flood risk for property rights in Jakarta. Jakarta faces devastating future floods due to climate change and other anthropogenic impacts, and the city has experienced severe flood events in recent years. State actors have responded with an aggressive infrastructural agenda that has led to evictions of numerous low-income communities. This has spurred a series of court cases, in which plaintiffs have argued that the evictions violated Indonesian law and specifically violated legal protections of autochthonous land claims. Based on an analysis of court and policy documents and interviews with key actors, this article finds that Jakarta’s crisis of flood risk has intensified what we refer to as the dialectic of state informality and has brought this dynamic to the center of urban politics. This dialectic is defined by contestation between two deeply antagonistic frameworks of planning action. On one hand, state actors and institutions assert their right to unilaterally define what is legitimate and just, and indeed to violate their own laws and regulations where they see fit, as necessary to address societal risk. On the other, communities and advocates argue that this assertion of state power has led to the systematic delegitimation and stigmatization of communities that do not accord with state developmental visions. This critique paradoxically positions informalized communities as proponents of the reassertion of the rule of law in the practice of urban planning. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1183-1199 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1799744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1799744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1183-1199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerry Shannon Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Shannon Title: Dollar Stores, Retailer Redlining, and the Metropolitan Geographies of Precarious Consumption Abstract: For the last twenty years, scholarly research has relied primarily on food deserts as a way to frame geographic disparities in access to healthy foods. The results of this research have been empirically mixed, and the term itself has been critiqued as apolitical. Using the alternative framing of retailer redlining, I analyze the rapid growth of dollar stores in twenty-seven metropolitan areas in the United States. Locations for these stores increased by 62 percent nationally during this time period, an expansion that was consistent in all regions of the country. Using descriptive statistics, cross-sectional, and first-difference models, I analyze how neighborhoods’ racial makeup was associated with changes in dollar store proximity, controlling for household income, population, and overall retailer density. This analysis shows that proximity to dollar stores is highly associated with neighborhoods of color even when controlling for other factors. This result highlights how the growth of dollar stores and similar spaces designed for economically precarious households both reflect and, potentially, contribute to long histories of racial exclusion. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1200-1218 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1775544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1775544 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1200-1218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alun Jones Author-X-Name-First: Alun Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: “The Interpretation Zone”: European Geopolitics and the Interpretive Body Abstract: The interpretive body has been overlooked in geopolitical scholarship despite its central role as a linguistic and cultural intermediary in geopolitical knowledge production and transmission. Interpreting comprises multiple acts designed to capture, represent, and reproduce geopolitical knowledge in all of its uncertain complexities. Drawing on assemblage thinking and embodiment, this article exposes the emergent and uncertain ways in which interpretation and geopolitics collide and reveals the struggles by political and interpretive bodies as they try to not only fix the intent behind geopolitical knowledge transmission but also simultaneously limit its uncertainty. It argues for an embodied geopolitics. Using empirical materials on the lived experience of interpreters in the European Union, the article discloses the experiences that result from the interpretive body’s engagement with geopolitics, episodes that create a consciousness of feelings and trigger emotional responses. I show particularly how the interplay between interpretive and political bodies in the coproduction of geopolitical knowledge can be profoundly unsettling in emotional terms. By uniquely connecting embodied interpretation with geopolitical knowledge production and transmission, the article therefore makes a key contribution to recent scholarship on embodiment in geopolitics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1219-1235 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1803727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1803727 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1219-1235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jia Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Jia Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Title: Spatial Aggregation Entropy: A Heterogeneity and Uncertainty Metric of Spatial Aggregation Abstract: The well-known modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) has received much attention for a long time. There still exists, however, no unified understanding and solution to the MAUP. There is not even a statistic that quantifies the effects of the MAUP. This article proposes a new metric, namely, spatial aggregation entropy (SAE), based on which the spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty of aggregated data of spatial density are defined. The SAE quantifies the changes in spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty caused by spatial aggregation. The SAE is proven to satisfy scale additivity and spatial additivity, which makes it able to quantify the MAUP effects of spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty. Furthermore, spatial additivity extends SAE to local spatial aggregation entropy (LSAE). I distinguish two types of spatial density that are associated and unassociated with area and construct their SAE mathematical formulations. In the case study, the population density and proportion of Wayne County and the state of California are explored. I calculate the SAE and LSAE of transscale spatial aggregations for the studied attributes to demonstrate their validity. The thematic maps of LSAE are made to illustrate the distribution of local spatial heterogeneity changes. Furthermore, the article compares spatial heterogeneity of the population density with its Moran’s I at different scales. Both theoretical and case studies demonstrate that the SAE could well measure spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty changes of the spatial aggregation that reflect their MAUP effects. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1236-1252 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1807309 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1807309 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1236-1252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Yee Leung Author-X-Name-First: Yee Author-X-Name-Last: Leung Author-Name: Wen-Bin Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Wen-Bin Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: A Location-and-Form-Based Distance for Geographical Analysis Abstract: Location and geometric form constitute a fundamental basis for the characterization of objects in space. The traditional distance-based geographical analysis of objects, however, usually ignores information associated with their forms. In this article, we propose a location-and-form-based distance to simultaneously take into account these basic characteristics. For substantiation, the significance of the proposed distance is examined with respect to its methodological contributions and applicability. In terms of methodology, we use pattern analysis by the L statistic as an example to show the form effect on the conventional geographical analysis, which is based solely on the location-based distance, and show how to generalize point distance–based analyses to the analysis of objects with forms. With respect to applicability, we demonstrate the capability of our proposed distance in improving the performance of matching buildings in OpenStreetMap and the corresponding standard reference of an area. It is also applicable to other real-life problems in which object forms are involved. Generally, the location-and-form-based distance and the associated methods can give us a new perspective on the conceptualization of distance. The proposed distance can be further extended to include other object attributes to study spatial relationships of objects based on a general notion of distance. Therefore, the proposed distance is a powerful concept that can comprehensively reveal the multifaceted nature of geographical relationships. This study advances the frontier of theoretical and applied research in geography where distance plays an important role. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1253-1270 Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1785269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1785269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:4:p:1253-1270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barry Flanagan Author-X-Name-First: Barry Author-X-Name-Last: Flanagan Author-Name: Elaine Hallisey Author-X-Name-First: Elaine Author-X-Name-Last: Hallisey Author-Name: J. Danielle Sharpe Author-X-Name-First: J. Danielle Author-X-Name-Last: Sharpe Author-Name: Caitlin E. Mertzlufft Author-X-Name-First: Caitlin E. Author-X-Name-Last: Mertzlufft Author-Name: Marissa Grossman Author-X-Name-First: Marissa Author-X-Name-Last: Grossman Title: On the Validity of Validation: A Commentary on Rufat, Tate, Emrich, and Antolini’s “How Valid Are Social Vulnerability Models?” Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: em-i-em-vi Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1857220 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1857220 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:4:p:em-i-em-vi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel Rufat Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Rufat Author-Name: Eric Tate Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Tate Author-Name: Christopher T. Emrich Author-X-Name-First: Christopher T. Author-X-Name-Last: Emrich Author-Name: Federico Antolini Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Antolini Title: Answer to the CDC: Validation Must Precede Promotion Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: em-vii-em-viii Issue: 4 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1857221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1857221 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:4:p:em-vii-em-viii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: King Him Mok Author-X-Name-First: King Him Author-X-Name-Last: Mok Author-Name: Hung Chak Ho Author-X-Name-First: Hung Chak Author-X-Name-Last: Ho Title: Finding a Home Away from Home: An Explorative Study on the Use of Social Space with the Voices of Foreign Domestic Workers in Hong Kong Abstract: Being far away from friends and family, and sometimes facing hardships at work and in society, foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong have a strong need for access to social space to gather together and to empower each other. At the same time, social space can satisfy their needs for privacy, which has been stripped away from them due to the mandatory live-in rule in the employer’s home. In view of this, we devised an explorative case study to probe into the significance and usage patterns of social space by foreign domestic workers and report our findings using their own statements and experiences. We found that the dual-functional social space is an important physical attribute that aided the development of their social identity, and that they have achieved partial success in sharing—or taking over—the social space that was never intended for the sake of their well-being. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1403-1419 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1813542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1813542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1403-1419 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Asher Ghertner Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Asher Ghertner Title: Postcolonial Atmospheres: Air’s Coloniality and the Climate of Enclosure Abstract: This article urges a consideration of the atmospheric afterlives of fossil-fueled imperialism as not just accumulated gases and particles but also durable spatial dispositions governing how atmospheres are felt, arranged, and imagined. Focusing on the contemporary air pollution crisis in India, it analyzes how governmental responses to death-dealing airs today draw from colonial logics of bodily sequestration from outside threats, partaking in a climate of enclosure. Using archival, legal, and media sources, it excavates the imperial traces of three atmos-spheres, or spaces within which air is imagined, contained, or governed. The first is the Indian lung, an object of exoticized medical interest since the late nineteenth century. Tracing the reemergence of racialized claims of “deficient” Indian lung capacity, the article shows how a colonial epistemology of tropical otherness produces a strategic imperceptibility of today’s pollution-induced illness. The second is the colonial hill station, where colonial theories of medical topography shape present-day discourses of “lung-cleansing” hill vacations, casting atmospheric vulnerability as a natural condition of the tropical plains—the only solution to which is escape. The third is the privatized air offered through air pollution masks and purifiers, which draw from colonial practices of architecture and dress premised on a presumption that “the outside” is a zone of inherent biophysical risk. These three atmospheres together confirm that until the climate of enclosure is challenged, investments in sequestration will supersede structural efforts to produce air otherwise. The article also urges consideration of non-European atmospheres to understand how normative racial categories are reinforced through models of atmosphere. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1483-1502 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1823201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1823201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1483-1502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Pollard Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Author-Name: Evelyn Blumenberg Author-X-Name-First: Evelyn Author-X-Name-Last: Blumenberg Author-Name: Stephen Brumbaugh Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Brumbaugh Title: Driven to Debt: Social Reproduction and (Auto)Mobility in Los Angeles Abstract: Since the financial crisis of 2008, subprime lending in the United States has flourished in auto loan markets. This article charts, for the first time, some of the contours of this underresearched part of the subprime landscape. In so doing, it makes two contributions. First, it widens and resituates debates about subprime lending by building on a suite of feminist political economic scholarship to argue that the sites, practices, and agents of social reproduction provide an essential—and largely neglected—perspective on the endurance and deepening of subprime markets. Second, the article leverages the intrinsically geographical, place-bound nature of social reproduction to provide a more holistic treatment of the financialization of everyday life. The article uses (auto)mobility as a novel vantage point from which to connect hitherto disparate social science literatures on financialization, transportation planning, welfare, and urban form. Drawing on secondary data and qualitative fieldwork in Los Angeles, the research explores the proliferation of subprime auto lending and the gendered, raced, and classed inequalities in mobility that mediate everyday life—the daily commute, the school run, the grocery shopping trip—and the demand for subprime debt. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1445-1461 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1813541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1813541 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1445-1461 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sofia Zaragocin Author-X-Name-First: Sofia Author-X-Name-Last: Zaragocin Author-Name: Martina Angela Caretta Author-X-Name-First: Martina Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Caretta Title: Cuerpo-Territorio: A Decolonial Feminist Geographical Method for the Study of Embodiment Abstract: In the context of current decolonial geographical debates calling for action-oriented approaches to changing geographical knowledge construction, we propose cuerpo-territorio as a way to achieve this goal in Anglophone feminist geography. In Anglophone geography, emotions and embodiment have been studied through a range of ethnographic methods. There are intrinsic limitations of verbal and written data, however, because sensitive emotions might be triggered by an interviewer’s questions and participants might be reluctant to share those. Cuerpo-territorio is a distinct geographical, decolonial feminist method grounded in the ontological unity between bodies and territories. We show how this visual, hands-on, and participatory method can overcome these limits and bring about coproduced validated knowledge. By having participants draw the territory on the body, knowledge is cocreated with the voices and experiences of participants having primacy in the research process. This coconstructed knowledge is produced in an accessible format for participants and the general public, facilitating a process of advocacy by participants themselves. We make the case that research in Anglophone feminist geography concerning embodiment can benefit from employing cuerpo-territorio. This article responds to the need for more practical and methodological action toward decolonizing geography and strengthens existing literature in Anglophone feminist, decolonial, and indigenous geographies that make the connection between embodiment and land through the use of the cuerpo-territorio method from Latin America. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1503-1518 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1812370 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1812370 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1503-1518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xingye Tan Author-X-Name-First: Xingye Author-X-Name-Last: Tan Author-Name: Bo Huang Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Michael Batty Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Batty Author-Name: Jing Li Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Urban Spatial Organization, Multifractals, and Evolutionary Patterns in Large Cities Abstract: Understanding urban spatial organization and evolutionary patterns is critical to formulating spatial development strategies. Multifractal analysis has been effectively applied to investigate urban spatial organization in a multiscale manner. Without effective approaches to deal with local parameters, however, its ability to identify urban spatial arrangements intuitively and morphologically remains limited. Therefore, in this article, a new method is proposed to characterize local characteristics by introducing a new parameter, the slope coefficient βl. This coefficient allows one to define urban spatial structure based on the similarity of local multiscale spatial distributions and explore urban evolutionary patterns. To test its validity, the city of Beijing, China, is selected as a case study. Based on six sets of remote sensing images obtained at six-year intervals from 1988 to 2018, the results show that three types of urban clusters (urban core areas, medium-sized urban settlements, and small villages and towns) dominate the urban spatial organization of Beijing. During the stage of accelerating urbanization, areas of urban growth were dominated by the expansion of urban core areas in the central urban district due to the concentration of population and abundant land resources. During the later process of decelerating urbanization, with declining population growth and limited land resources, the connectivity of urban core areas to the center and periphery, with increasingly scattered medium-sized urban settlement patterns, has become the main mode of urban growth. The findings enable us to reexamine urban spatial organization from a multiscale perspective and provide planning reference for cities experiencing rapid urbanization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1539-1558 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1823203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1823203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1539-1558 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yago Martín Author-X-Name-First: Yago Author-X-Name-Last: Martín Author-Name: Miguel Cívica Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Cívica Author-Name: Erika Pham Author-X-Name-First: Erika Author-X-Name-Last: Pham Title: Constructing a Supercell Database in Spain Using Publicly Available Two-Dimensional Radar Images and Citizen Science Abstract: Supercell thunderstorms are often associated with severe weather conditions, such as tornadoes, hail, strong wind gusts, and heavy rainfall, bringing about potentially significant consequences to populations and assets. Despite potential impacts, a lack of publicly available data has hindered the analysis and characterization of supercell climatology in Spain. We address this problem through a volunteered, collaborative, public effort to develop a database on supercell events from January 2014 through December 2019. Using multiple inclusion criteria and validation steps, we identified 703 thunderstorms with supercell characteristics during the six-year study period. With public participation, we were able to confirm 20.5 percent of the medium-high confidence supercells identified by two-dimensional radar images. Further analyses reveal a spatial distribution with a high degree of activity in the eastern half of Spain, primarily the Mediterranean and northeastern regions. Our data and results show the value of citizen science and public participation and could serve as a foundation for more thorough and sophisticated climatological investigation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1346-1366 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1812371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1812371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1346-1366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucía Argüelles Author-X-Name-First: Lucía Author-X-Name-Last: Argüelles Title: Growing Farming Heroes? Politics of Imaginaries within Farmer Training Programs in California Abstract: As sustainable agriculture turns in fashion, it becomes a contested territory between social movements and institutionality. In this article I analyze how three popular imaginaries around farming are entangled in the institutionalization of farming training programs, as spaces where sustainable agriculture is taught and enacted. These imaginaries relate to the lack of farmers, the responsibilization of farming heroes, and the social value of sustainable agriculture. Using a case study approach, I show how initiatives are molded by imaginaries that (re)construct and (re)define them as they get inserted into formal structures of funding, regulation, and dissemination. The inherited imaginaries are adopted—and adapted—by organizations both unconsciously and strategically. I also untangle how a politics of imaginaries unfolds as the popular social imaginaries about farming are contested and negotiated on the ground by staff members and apprentices. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1385-1402 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1823202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1823202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1385-1402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John P. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: John P. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Kevin Butler Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Butler Author-Name: Song Gao Author-X-Name-First: Song Author-X-Name-Last: Gao Author-Name: Yingjie Hu Author-X-Name-First: Yingjie Author-X-Name-Last: Hu Author-Name: Wenwen Li Author-X-Name-First: Wenwen Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Dawn J. Wright Author-X-Name-First: Dawn J. Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: A Five-Star Guide for Achieving Replicability and Reproducibility When Working with GIS Software and Algorithms Abstract: The availability and use of geographic information technologies and data for describing the patterns and processes operating on or near the Earth’s surface have grown substantially during the past fifty years. The number of geographic information systems software packages and algorithms has also grown quickly during this period, fueled by rapid advances in computing and the explosive growth in the availability of digital data describing specific phenomena. Geographic information scientists therefore increasingly find themselves choosing between multiple software suites and algorithms to execute specific analysis, modeling, and visualization tasks in environmental applications today. This is a major challenge because it is often difficult to assess the efficacy of the candidate software platforms and algorithms when used in specific applications and study areas, which often generate different results. The subtleties and issues that characterize the field of geomorphometry are used here to document the need for (1) theoretically based software and algorithms; (2) new methods for the collection of provenance information about the data and code along with application context knowledge; and (3) new protocols for distributing this information and knowledge along with the data and code. This article discusses the progress and enduring challenges connected with these outcomes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1311-1317 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1806026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1806026 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1311-1317 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yang Xu Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Jingyan Li Author-X-Name-First: Jingyan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Jiaying Xue Author-X-Name-First: Jiaying Author-X-Name-Last: Xue Author-Name: Sangwon Park Author-X-Name-First: Sangwon Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Qingquan Li Author-X-Name-First: Qingquan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Tourism Geography through the Lens of Time Use: A Computational Framework Using Fine-Grained Mobile Phone Data Abstract: Location-aware technologies and big data are transforming the ways we capture and analyze human activities. This has particularly affected tourism geography, which aims to study tourist activities within the context of space and places. In this study, we argue that the tourism geography of cities can be better understood through the time use of tourists captured by fine-grained human mobility observations. By using a large-scale mobile phone data set collected in three cities in South Korea (Gangneung, Jeonju, and Chuncheon), we develop a computational framework to enable accurate quantification of tourist time use, the visualization of their spatiotemporal activity patterns, and systematic comparisons across cities. The framework consists of several approaches for the extraction and semantic labeling of tourist activities, visual-analytic tools (time use diagram, time–activity diagram) for examining their time use, as well as quantitative measures that facilitate day-to-day comparisons. The feasibility of the framework is demonstrated by performing a comparative analysis in three cities during representative days when tourists tended to show more regular patterns. The framework is also employed to examine tourist time use during special events, using Gangneung during the 2018 Winter Olympics (WO) as an example. The findings are validated by comparing the spatiotemporal patterns with the WO calendar of events. The study provides a new perspective that connects time geography and tourism through the usage of spatiotemporal big data. The computational framework can be applied to compatible data sets to advance time geography, tourism, and urban mobility research. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1420-1444 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1812372 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1812372 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1420-1444 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mengzhu Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Mengzhu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Shenjing He Author-X-Name-First: Shenjing Author-X-Name-Last: He Title: From Dissensus to Consensus: State Rescaling and Modalities of Power under the Belt and Road Initiative in Western China Abstract: Under the Belt and Road Initiative, a new city-regionalism has replaced the independent county system in western China to form a new accumulation regime. Drawing on empirical materials related to the annexation of Guanghan to Deyang, this study delves into three research questions: (1) how a new accumulation regime is enabled by a new state spatial selectivity in western China; (2) how the changing opportunity structure as a result of the upscaling of state power from county to city induced opposition from the local society; and (3) how the local state tactically dissolved the dissents to facilitate the state rescaling process. Methodologically, we present a multiscalar and interscalar analytical framework that links scholarly inquiries at multiple scales. Theoretically, through bringing together the territory–place–scale–network approach and the poststructural theory of state power, we reconceptualize state rescaling as a multidimensional process of (re)organizing and manipulating sociospatial relations to enable crisis management and as a power-laden process that relies on state power exercised to construct compliance or consensus and address dissensus. Empirically, this study substantiates the explanatory power of rescaling theories in both temporal and spatial dimensions by presenting a vivid vignette of crisis-driven state rescaling in western China. It also adds to the proliferating debates on the Belt and Road Initiative through offering a new perspective and updated evidence on the reorientation of China’s interior political, economic, and social systems via a rescaling fix. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1519-1538 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1823808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1823808 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1519-1538 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Renee Zahnow Author-X-Name-First: Renee Author-X-Name-Last: Zahnow Author-Name: Min Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Min Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Jonathan Corcoran Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Corcoran Title: The Girl on the Bus: Familiar Faces in Daily Travel and Their Implications for Crime Protection Abstract: Hägerstrand proposed that individuals’ daily mobility is constrained to a particular time–space path by capability, coupling, and authority requirements. This tethering of routine activities to particular places at scheduled times facilitates repetitive bundling of individuals at certain nodes. Associations emerging from repeated, cursory encounters between individuals have been coined familiar strangers. “Familiar strangers” is a unique social phenomenon that emerges where individuals experience repeated visual encounters but never verbally interact. Scholarship suggests that increased familiarity among individuals might incur social benefits at places by reducing individual anonymity and enhancing the moral obligation to obey behavioral norms, which in turn could have a crime protection effect. In this study we spatially and temporally integrate a large smart card data set with a database of crime incidents along with census information to examine the relationship between bus stops with varying concentrations of familiar strangers and the occurrence of three crime types (theft, drug, and nuisance offenses). The findings demonstrate the potential for familiar strangers to provide crime guardianship at bus stops and also highlight the influence of surrounding land use and neighborhood sociodemographic environment on crime risk. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1367-1384 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1828026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1828026 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1367-1384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho Author-X-Name-First: Elaine Lynn-Ee Author-X-Name-Last: Ho Author-Name: Guo Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Guo Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Jian An Liew Author-X-Name-First: Jian An Author-X-Name-Last: Liew Author-Name: Tuen Yi Chiu Author-X-Name-First: Tuen Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Chiu Author-Name: Shirlena Huang Author-X-Name-First: Shirlena Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Brenda S. A. Yeoh Author-X-Name-First: Brenda S. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Yeoh Title: Webs of Care: Qualitative GIS Research on Aging, Mobility, and Care Relations in Singapore Abstract: The connections between time and space have been studied considerably in quantitative and qualitative research on the geographies of care; however, researchers tend to prioritize one approach over the other. Our article integrates analyses of activity spaces and space–time paths with conceptualizations of care developed in qualitative studies to deepen understanding of the spatiotemporal care routines of older adults in Singapore. Using qualitative geographic information systems (QualiGIS), we develop a comparative frame to understand the differential sociopolitical logics that shape the care routines of older adults who are Singapore citizens and nonmigrants vis-à-vis temporary migrants from the People’s Republic of China. Building on recent writing about care assemblages, we conceptualize webs of care as the interlinked chains, in and through which individuals—in this case, older adults—exercise agency to give and receive care in the context of political, institutional, and social structures. Our article shows how the relational thinking of assemblage theory can inform geographic information systems analyses of activity space and space–time paths. We advance research on care assemblages by identifying in actual time–space how various resources within care assemblages (or the lack of) can diminish or enhance the capacity and resilience of older adults to give and receive care. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1462-1482 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1807900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1807900 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1462-1482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joel Wainwright Author-X-Name-First: Joel Author-X-Name-Last: Wainwright Title: Is Critical Human Geography Research Replicable? Abstract: The debate concerning replicable scientific research has reached geography’s shores. This has exposed old fault lines in our discipline, because some forms of geographical inquiry are more amenable to replicability than others. If there is a corner of the discipline that seems especially ill-suited to replicability, it is critical human geography. Almost no work in the subfield exhibits the combination of qualities—explicit and replicable methods; large, numerical data sets; full reporting—that enable reproducibility. Should we care? Although the inability of critical human geographers to reproduce our research results does not constitute a crisis, it is a matter worthy of reflection. Even if it proves difficult to realize, the challenge of designing replicable research promises to generate insights into the relative rigor of our disciplinary practices. Moreover, by clarifying the limits on replicability in social inquiry, we should be better positioned to weigh and mediate between competing values, for instance, the potential conflict between the principle of scientific integrity and the protection of vulnerable research subjects. I contend that producing a rigorous and reproducible geographical research, while also respecting the dignity of subaltern social groups, would require significant changes to standard research practice. To flesh out these claims, I offer concise reflections on the literature from critical human geography research with subaltern social groups. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1284-1290 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1806025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1806025 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:5:p:1284-1290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Sui Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Sui Author-Name: Peter Kedron Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Kedron Title: Reproducibility and Replicability in the Context of the Contested Identities of Geography Abstract: This article situates the current discussion of reproducibility and replicability taking place across the sciences within geographers’ enduring discussion of nomothetic and idiographic approaches, best exemplified by the Hartshorne–Schaefer debate. Although the Hartshorne–Schaefer debate retrospectively set the stage for the development of geography from the 1950s to the present, it is surprising that direct discussions of reproducibility and replicability remain mostly absent from the geographic literature. Drawing from recent literature on reproducibility and replicability in the humanities and physical, social, and computational sciences, it is argued that a deeper focus on these issues will have varied impacts on the discipline. Adopting and improving reproducible practices in geographic research reliant on scientific methods will align geographic research with mainstream scientific inquiry. The discipline’s ever-growing diversity of theoretical perspectives and problem domains also makes it likely that a significant portion of geographic research, like many other fields in science, might not be affected by the issues and concerns of reproducibility and replicability. Moving forward, geographic research might continue to benefit from a pluralist framework that embraces both the nomothetic and idiographic approaches, particularly in a broader research environment increasingly defined by disciplinary synthesis and convergence. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1275-1283 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1806024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1806024 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1275-1283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yi (Victor) Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yi (Victor) Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Paolo Gardoni Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Gardoni Author-Name: Colleen Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Colleen Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Author-Name: Stéphane Guerrier Author-X-Name-First: Stéphane Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrier Title: Empirical Predictive Modeling Approach to Quantifying Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards Abstract: Conventionally, natural hazard scholars quantify social vulnerability based on social indicators to manifest the extent to which locational communities are susceptible to adverse impacts of natural hazard events and are prone to limited or delayed recoveries. They usually overlook the different geographical distributions of social vulnerability at different hazard intensities and in distinct response and recovery phases, however. In addition, conventional approaches to quantifying social vulnerability usually establish the relationship between social indicators and social vulnerability with little evidence from empirical data science. In this article, we introduce a general framework of a predictive modeling approach to quantifying social vulnerability given intensity during a response or recovery phase. We establish the relationship between social indicators and social vulnerability with an empirical statistical method and historical data on hazard effects. The new metric of social vulnerability given an intensity measure can be coupled with hazard maps for risk analysis to predict adverse impacts or poor recoveries associated with future natural hazard events. An example based on data on casualties, house damages, and peak ground accelerations of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal and pre-event social indicators at the district level shows that the proposed approach can be applied for vulnerability quantification and risk analysis in terms of specific hazard impacts. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1559-1583 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1823807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1823807 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1559-1583 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nigel Waters Author-X-Name-First: Nigel Author-X-Name-Last: Waters Title: Motivations and Methods for Replication in Geography: Working with Data Streams Abstract: The article begins with a historical account of Hudson’s rural settlement theory and the various attempts to replicate Hudson’s research. Harvey’s exhortation “by our theories you shall know us” is discussed as a motivation for replication. Motivations not considered are the detection of fraud, mendacity, and incompetence, because these are the domain of reproducible research. Replication research in medicine, psychology, economics, and criminology is reviewed. The varying distinctions between replication and reproducible (R&R) research in each discipline are described. In each discipline the essential papers that have defined the “replication crisis” and the strategies that researchers have presented are discussed. These strategies include recommendations for systematic reviews and the standardization of research protocols, including the PRISMA and STROBE protocols that are now the accepted format for research in medicine. All four disciplines recommend the use of a formal meta-analysis following the systematic reviews of previous research contributions. There follows a brief discussion of a case study of a meta-analysis in geography that represents a model for others to follow and, second, the suggestion that geographically weighted regression analyses can be seen as a method for replicating the validity of a model across space. The article concludes with a review of the recently developed technology of computer and Jupyter Notebook as a way of facilitating research replication. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1291-1299 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1806027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1806027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1291-1299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael F. Goodchild Author-X-Name-First: Michael F. Author-X-Name-Last: Goodchild Author-Name: A. Stewart Fotheringham Author-X-Name-First: A. Stewart Author-X-Name-Last: Fotheringham Author-Name: Peter Kedron Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Kedron Author-Name: Wenwen Li Author-X-Name-First: Wenwen Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Introduction: Forum on Reproducibility and Replicability in Geography Abstract: This introduction provides a brief review of the motivation, background, and context of the Forum. It explains the roles of the six papers in the Forum and the importance of reproducibility and replicability across the broad sweep of contemporary geographic research. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1271-1274 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1806030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1806030 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1271-1274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason A. Tullis Author-X-Name-First: Jason A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tullis Author-Name: Bandana Kar Author-X-Name-First: Bandana Author-X-Name-Last: Kar Title: Where Is the Provenance? Ethical Replicability and Reproducibility in GIScience and Its Critical Applications Abstract: As replicability and reproducibility (R&R) crises develop within emerging convergent inquiry, ethical use of provenance information is central to the establishment and preservation of trust in critical applications of GIScience and geospatial technologies. Today large volumes of geospatial data are generated at high velocity from satellite sensors and unmanned aircraft systems, citizen sensors, geolocation-based data services, global navigation satellite systems, and so on. The extensive use of these data for applications such as disaster and humanitarian response raises the issue of R&R from competing perspectives of location privacy and geospatial data quality. Although geospatial data can be integrated and linked with contextual information to identify individuals’ movements, steps taken to ensure privacy can complicate the multiuser development of high-quality geospatial workflows. Provenance information as digital records of historical (retrospective) and potential future (prospective) geospatial processes is often overlooked, misunderstood, or inadequately addressed. We explore the relationship between provenance information, location privacy, and geospatial data quality in the context of R&R with a focus on disaster analytics. We argue that in the era of big data and deep learning, GIScientists and associated institutions bear greater responsibility both for geospatial workflow quality and for location privacy. Given vastly heterogenous computational landscapes, we provide practical recommendations for ethically driven provenance and R&R research and development within the GIScience community and beyond. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1318-1328 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1806029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1806029 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1318-1328 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Nüst Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Nüst Author-Name: Edzer Pebesma Author-X-Name-First: Edzer Author-X-Name-Last: Pebesma Title: Practical Reproducibility in Geography and Geosciences Abstract: Reproducible research is often perceived as a technological challenge, but it is rooted in the challenge to improve scholarly communication in an age of digitization. When computers become involved and researchers want to allow other scientists to inspect, understand, evaluate, and build on their work, they need to create a research compendium that includes the code, data, computing environment, and script-based workflows used. Here, we present the state of the art for approaches to reach this degree of computational reproducibility, addressing literate programming and containerization while paying attention to working with geospatial data (digital maps, geographic information systems). We argue that all researchers working with computers should understand these technologies to control their computing environment, and we present the benefits of reproducible workflows in practice. Example research compendia illustrate the presented concepts and are the basis for challenges specific to geography and geosciences. Based on existing surveys and best practices from different scientific domains, we conclude that researchers today can overcome many barriers and achieve a very high degree of reproducibility. If the geography and geosciences communities adopt reproducibility and the underlying technologies in practice and in policies, they can transform the way researchers conduct and communicate their work toward increased transparency, understandability, openness, trust, productivity, and innovation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1300-1310 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1806028 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1806028 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1300-1310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wesley Attewell Author-X-Name-First: Wesley Author-X-Name-Last: Attewell Title: Just-in-Time Imperialism: The Logistics Revolution and the Vietnam War Abstract: In this article, I argue that an important yet understudied consequence of the Vietnam War was an imperial turn toward modern logistics management. Drawing on archival documents collected from the National Archives and Records Administration, I track how the U.S. military and the U.S. Agency for International Development increasingly championed logistics management as a way of solving some of the “frictional” supply problems that threatened to paralyze the transnational war effort in South Vietnam. As part of this process, imperial agents cobbled together various infrastructures of supply and provision into a broader, more complex system for managing the transpacific flow of life-sustaining and life-eliminating commodities between the United States and South Vietnam. In this way, the Vietnam War served the U.S. empire-state as an experimental laboratory for repurposing logistics from a capitalist science of economic management into an imperial technology of rule and pacification. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1329-1345 Issue: 5 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1813540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1813540 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:5:p:1329-1345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Brock Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Brock Author-Name: Benjamin K. Sovacool Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Sovacool Author-Name: Andrew Hook Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Hook Title: Volatile Photovoltaics: Green Industrialization, Sacrifice Zones, and the Political Ecology of Solar Energy in Germany Abstract: The development of solar energy has been depicted as a paradigmatic break in unsustainable global growth, largely because it is framed as an innovation with minimal carbon emissions. On the contrary, drawing on literatures from spatial justice and political ecology, including on authoritarian populism, this article analyzes the rise and fall of the solar industry and the associated failures of “green industrialization” in Bitterfeld, East Germany—an area that is characterized by political, economic, and social peripheralization, marginalization, and the rise of the far right. The development of solar energy, we argue, is merely the latest iteration of an industrial growth model that is rooted in a similar modernist mode of development. Based on original mixed methods field research in eastern Germany, it argues that many of the same inequalities that characterize fossil fuels and “gray” (de)industrialization—undemocratic and unsustainable industrial processes, the concentration of corporate power and profits, and externalized waste and pollution—are replicated by solar energy. What is distinct is the fact that such contemporary “green” manufacturing processes appear to negatively affect a wider and more dispersed range of spatial locations, also denying these locales the benefits of accumulation, production, and consumption. This unevenness reflects the reconfiguration of global supply chains over the past thirty years and the nature of green production processes that depend on a wider range of inputs that invariably produce localized sacrifice zones. We offer a spatial justice framework for solar energy, zooming in at the manufacturing stage, to explore the multiple sacrifice zones at the different stages of solar energy. Finally, we highlight the politics of resignation that is the product and foundation of capitalist realism that serves to dispossess communities around solar energy manufacturing sites in eastern Germany and might feed into the rise of the populist far right. The article contributes to the emerging critical literature that analyzes the dark side of renewable energy and, in doing so, reveals the social and ecological costs of energy transitions that continue to be underresearched yet deserve heightened attention. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1756-1778 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1856638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1856638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1756-1778 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Temitope D. Timothy Oyedotun Author-X-Name-First: Temitope D. Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Oyedotun Author-Name: Stephan Moonsammy Author-X-Name-First: Stephan Author-X-Name-Last: Moonsammy Title: Spatiotemporal Variation of COVID-19 and Its Spread in South America: A Rapid Assessment Abstract: The novel COVID-19 disease has affected people in more than 180 countries, accounting for more than 1 million deaths globally to date. This study intends to explore a rapid spatial and temporal assessment of the COVID-19 disease in South America. Data were gathered from the World Health Organization and analyzed using spatial mapping and statistical software. Models were developed based on the established linear relationship between attributable COVID-19-related deaths and confirmed cases. The study adopted both discrete and continuous panel regression models and spatial lag models for the analysis. Statistical analysis validated the linear relationships noticed in COVID-19 modeling. South America saw a rapid rise in cases and deaths within a relatively short period particularly affecting the countries with larger populations. Spatial models showed a positive relationship between population density and confirmed cases and a negative relationship between per capita gross domestic product and attributable deaths. Confirmed cases are likely to spread with more populated countries but, interestingly, increasing wealth can possibly lead to a fall in deaths for South America. This suggests the country’s capacity to invest in the resources necessary to combat the pandemic and shows insight into the potential situation of less developed countries as the pandemic continues. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1868-1879 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1830024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1830024 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1868-1879 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dominique Moran Author-X-Name-First: Dominique Author-X-Name-Last: Moran Author-Name: Phil I. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Phil I. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Jacob A. Jordaan Author-X-Name-First: Jacob A. Author-X-Name-Last: Jordaan Author-Name: Amy E. Porter Author-X-Name-First: Amy E. Author-X-Name-Last: Porter Title: Does Nature Contact in Prison Improve Well-Being? Mapping Land Cover to Identify the Effect of Greenspace on Self-Harm and Violence in Prisons in England and Wales Abstract: This article presents crucial new evidence that prisons with a higher proportion of the area within their perimeter given over to natural vegetation exhibit lower levels of self-harm and violence (both between prisoners and toward staff). Extending prior qualitative prison-level studies that find that nature contact influences prisoners’ self-reported well-being, it uses geographic information systems mapping to generate a new prison greenspace data set, capturing—for a cross section of prisons in England and Wales—the percentage of greenspace within their perimeters. Econometric estimations confirm that greenspace fosters prisoner well-being, in that there are lower levels of self-harm and violence in prisons with more greenspace. These relationships are statistically robust, and they persist when we control for prison size, type, age, and level of crowding. These findings are noteworthy in that they both extend understandings of well-being in custodial environments and have the potential to significantly influence future prison design. The article also provides important new insights demonstrating links between greenspace and well-being that have significance beyond the specifics of carceral environments. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1779-1795 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1850232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1850232 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:6:p:1779-1795 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Stewart Fotheringham Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Fotheringham Author-Name: Ziqi Li Author-X-Name-First: Ziqi Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Levi John Wolf Author-X-Name-First: Levi John Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf Title: Scale, Context, and Heterogeneity: A Spatial Analytical Perspective on the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Abstract: This article attempts to identify and separate the role of spatial “context” in shaping voter preferences from the role of other socioeconomic determinants. It does this by calibrating a multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model of county-level data on percentages voting for the Democratic Party in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. This model yields information on both the spatially heterogeneous nature of the determinants of voter preferences and the geographical scale over which the effects of these determinants are relatively stable. The article, perhaps for the first time, is able to quantify the relative effects of context versus other effects on voter preferences and is able to demonstrate what would have happened in the 2016 election in two scenarios: (1) if context were irrelevant and (2) if every county had exactly the same population composition. In addition, the article sheds light on the nature of the determinants of voter choice in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and presents strong evidence that these determinants have spatially varying impacts on voter preferences. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1602-1621 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1835459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1835459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1602-1621 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff Allen Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: Allen Author-Name: Steven Farber Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Farber Title: Suburbanization of Transport Poverty Abstract: Many cities have undergone spatial redistributions of low-income populations from central to suburban neighborhoods over the past several decades. A potential negative impact of these trends is that low-income populations are concentrating in more automobile-oriented areas, resulting in increased barriers to daily travel and activity participation, particularly for those who are unable to afford a private vehicle. Accordingly, the objective of this article is to analyze the links between increasing sociospatial inequalities, transport disadvantage, and adverse travel behavior outcomes. This is examined first from a theoretical perspective and second via a spatiotemporal analysis for the Toronto region from 1991 to 2016. Findings show that many suburban areas in Toronto are not only declining in socioeconomic status but are also suffering from increased barriers to daily travel evidenced by longer commute times and decreasing activity participation rates, relative to central neighborhoods. Because of these adverse effects, this evidence further supports the need for progressive planning and policy aimed at curbing continuing trends of suburbanization of poverty while also improving levels of transport accessibility in the suburbs. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1833-1850 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1859981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1859981 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:6:p:1833-1850 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bethan Evans Author-X-Name-First: Bethan Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Author-Name: Stacy Bias Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Bias Author-Name: Rachel Colls Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Colls Title: The Dys-Appearing Fat Body: Bodily Intensities and Fatphobic Sociomaterialities When Flying While Fat Abstract: This article offers an exploration of the embodied experiences of flying while fat, based on research with a significantly larger group of people than any previous research on this topic. Theoretically, this article advances geographical understandings of fat embodiment and the embodied experience of transport spaces that attend to micropolitical encounters and comfort (Bissell 2008, 2016). In doing so, we develop an approach to understanding the hyperpresence of the fat body within plane space, drawing together Leder’s (1990) work on embodied “dys-appearance” with Ahmed’s (2004, 2006) work on bodily intensities and queer phenomenology. The article explores how material and social aspects of plane space combine to make fat bodies hyperpresent in ways that, for some, limit self-advocacy. We set this in broader political and economic contexts that frame fatness as mutable and that govern access to air travel in ways that are exclusionary for many fat people. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1816-1832 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1866485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1866485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1816-1832 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wendy Wolford Author-X-Name-First: Wendy Author-X-Name-Last: Wolford Title: The Plantationocene: A Lusotropical Contribution to the Theory Abstract: In this article, I contribute to theorization of the modern era as the Plantationocene, a concept grounded in life on the land and centered around the role of the plantation in sustaining a racialized elite, propelling colonial exploration, creating a core and a periphery, sanctioning forced labor, and shaping both the cultures we consume and the cultural norms we inhabit and perform. I draw on empirical work conducted in the lusotropics (Brazil, Mozambique, and Portugal) as well as on theoretical work in agrarian studies, critical development studies, and political ecology to elaborate on three aspects I argue are necessary to a complete understanding of plantation influences within and beyond its physical borders: the plantation as a concrete set of social relations, the plantation form as a historically specific imperative in the modern world system, and the plantation landscape as a discursive ideal. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1622-1639 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1850231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1850231 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1622-1639 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily L. Cerrito Author-X-Name-First: Emily L. Author-X-Name-Last: Cerrito Author-Name: Cary J. Mock Author-X-Name-First: Cary J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mock Author-Name: Jennifer M. Collins Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer M. Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: The Great Havana Hurricane of 1846: A Reconstruction of the Storm’s Track, Intensity, and Impacts Abstract: This article reconstructed the track, intensity, and societal impacts of the Great Havana Hurricane of October 1846, using all available historical data, which include ship logs, newspapers, diaries, and early instrumental records. Most of the data were extracted from original manuscripts at historical libraries and repositories. Meteorological aspects of the hurricane were analyzed by mapping twice-daily surface synoptic weather maps from geographic information systems methods, estimating central pressures from known wind–pressure relationships derived from modern hurricane studies, and assessing intensity based on damage descriptions from the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale and an inland decay model. The storm was found to be much stronger than previously known. In this study, we clearly define the first known record of a landfalling Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic Basin, which likely ranks among the top of all those known in the modern (1851–present) Atlantic Basin official hurricane database. Although this storm has been previously referred to as one of the most destructive hurricanes in the history of Cuba, the impacts of the Great Havana Hurricane actually spanned well beyond the Caribbean, tracking from Florida through many major populated cities along the East Coast and into Atlantic Canada. Clearly, such a storm today, with much larger metropolitan areas, would have caused enormous economic damage and should be anticipated in long-term hurricane mitigation, zoning, and worst-case scenarios. This study highlights the importance of examining historical documentary sources for extreme events, providing a framework on how to research case studies of premodern Atlantic hurricanes back in time. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1585-1601 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1838257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1838257 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2022:i:6:p:1585-1601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Wigley Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Wigley Title: Do Autonomous Vehicles Dream of Virtual Sheep? The Displacement of Reality in the Hyperreal Visions of Autonomous Vehicles Abstract: Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have received a great deal of attention in recent years, with many commentators asking how these vehicles will “see” to navigate themselves and, more important, avoid colliding with people, other vehicles, and objects. This article analyzes how AVs see and the data sets they create through Jean Baudrillard’s framework of simulation and simulacra, paying attention to how these technologies purify and classify the real into a series of representations. In doing so, it extends the existing critique of data-generating “smart” technologies and automation and additionally draws on visual theory to understand how the hyperreality of AVs is constructed. Technologies employed on AV trials such as light detection and ranging videos and virtual reality produce data sets that create a version of the urban environment that then become the model for decisions regarding the operations and management of the city. Yet, as Baudrillard theorized, such models risk being mistaken for the reality that they represent and the data set itself confusing the nature–culture divide and created hybrid geographies of the city. As a simulacrum that operates on its own underlying logic, the article argues that this version of seeing or visioning the world risks rendering it as an object of scrutiny for state and nonstate actors that override the realities and people of the city. Indeed, techno-visions and testing of AVs can lead to situations in which reality itself is manipulated to conforming with the simulation, further complicating the simulacra of the urban environments in which AV testing takes place. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1640-1655 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1838256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1838256 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1640-1655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tian Lan Author-X-Name-First: Tian Author-X-Name-Last: Lan Author-Name: Paul A. Longley Author-X-Name-First: Paul A. Author-X-Name-Last: Longley Title: Urban Morphology and Residential Differentiation across Great Britain, 1881–1901 Abstract: The nineteenth century saw rapid urbanization and dramatic social change in Great Britain, some of which can now be viewed at national scales for the first time through linkage of georeferenced digital historical data to contemporary and historical framework data. Here, we attempt to georeference every individual address record from the 1881, 1891, and 1901 censuses for Great Britain and to define the fast-growing historical street networks and residential geographies of every urban settlement. We next devise a scale-free historical geodemographic classification using variables common to these three censuses and assign cluster group characteristics to every urban street segment. We also link the evolution of the urban street morphology with changes in residential differentiation and the geodemographic assignments over the twenty-year study period. The results of this intensive data processing make it possible to chart the development of urban residential areas across Great Britain and bring focus to the changing social structures of the cities. We examine these changes with examples drawn from the entire British urban settlement system. Our conclusions discuss the implications of this extensive analysis for improved understanding of the evolution of Great Britain’s urban system. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1796-1815 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1859982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1859982 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1796-1815 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael L. Marston Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Marston Author-Name: Andrew W. Ellis Author-X-Name-First: Andrew W. Author-X-Name-Last: Ellis Title: Delineating Precipitation Regions of the Contiguous United States from Cluster Analyzed Gridded Data Abstract: Spatially homogenous precipitation regions were delineated for the contiguous United States using a gridded data set of daily precipitation. Seasonal means (1981–2010) of four variables, together characterizing seasonal precipitation, were computed and subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA). PCA reduced the original 30,665 grid cells by sixteen precipitation variables (four variables, four seasons) in the data set. The standardized scores of the three retained principal components, which together retain 78.4 percent of the original data set’s variance, were then subjected to three agglomerative hierarchical clustering techniques. Using an objective method, several cluster solutions were examined, and the average linkage thirteen-cluster solution was deemed optimal. The average linkage solution was then subjected to a k-means partitioning technique under the premise that objects are not considered for reassignment during agglomerative hierarchical cluster procedures. The result is fifteen precipitation regions across the contiguous United States. Results indicate that the regions successfully minimize intraregion variability and maximize interregion variability when compared to the nine climate regions defined by the United States National Centers for Environmental Information. It is therefore suggested that the regions defined by this work will better serve research aimed at an improved understanding of long-term hydroclimate change and variability at regional to synoptic scales across the United States. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1721-1739 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1828803 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1828803 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1721-1739 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katharine M. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Katharine M. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: William B. Ouimet Author-X-Name-First: William B. Author-X-Name-Last: Ouimet Title: Reconstructing Historical Forest Cover and Land Use Dynamics in the Northeastern United States Using Geospatial Analysis and Airborne LiDAR Abstract: The northeastern United States experienced extensive deforestation during the seventeenth through twentieth centuries primarily for European agriculture, which peaked in the mid-nineteenth century, and followed by widespread farmstead abandonment and reforestation. Analysis of airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data has revealed thousands of historical land-use features with topographic signatures across the landscape under the region’s now-dense forest canopy. This study investigates two different types of features—stone walls and relict charcoal hearths—both of which are associated with widespread deforestation in the region. Our results demonstrate that LiDAR is an effective tool in reconstructing and quantifying the distribution and magnitude of historical forest cover using these relict land use features as a reliable proxy. Furthermore, these methods allow for direct quantification of cumulative land clearing over time in each town, in addition to the extent, intensity, and spatial distribution of cleared land and forest cover. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1656-1678 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1856640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1856640 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1656-1678 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carolina G. Ojeda Author-X-Name-First: Carolina G. Author-X-Name-Last: Ojeda Author-Name: Edilia Jaque Castillo Author-X-Name-First: Edilia Author-X-Name-Last: Jaque Castillo Author-Name: Sandra Fernández Castillo Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández Castillo Title: Postwildfire Landscape Identity in Mediterranean Ecosystems: Three Study Cases from the Coastal Range of Central Chile Abstract: Mediterranean ecosystems have been more frequently exposed to wildfires in recent decades. Those wildfires are caused by changes in land use and land cover that enable extensive forestry and farming. This qualitative research investigates a changing landscape identity related to a subjective perception after cyclical and seasonal wildfires (2012–2017). In this regard, we conducted twelve semistructured interviews among inhabitants from Quillón, Florida, and Yumbel (Mediterranean central Chile). The questions considered elements of the visual landscape, perception, identity, and management policies regarding landscape. Consequently, the core results of the research are the following: (1) Loss of traditional livelihood becomes more important than the damage of physical characteristics of a landscape (land cover, vegetation, and aesthetic features); (2) the relationship between the individual’s perception of the landscape and the identity of the landscape changed drastically, especially before and after 2017 where wildfires followed patterns that were predicted by inhabitants; and (3) the community’s expectations concerning reconstruction aid from the government were turned into frustration and feelings of helplessness. Considering this information, we suggest that a landscape identity is a holistic approach that helps us to understand the changes generated by fire disturbance in biophysical, social, and economic aspects. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1692-1704 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1850228 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1850228 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2020:i:6:p:1692-1704 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan T. Murray Author-X-Name-First: Alan T. Author-X-Name-Last: Murray Title: Significance Assessment in the Application of Spatial Analytics Abstract: The breadth of spatial analytics relied on in geography is remarkable. These methods are used to gain insight, typically in the context of planning, management, decision making, and policymaking. The challenge is invariably establishing meaning in obtained findings, providing insights and knowledge. This is done, however, in very different ways depending on the spatial analytic approach, with statistical notions of significance a prevailing tool in assessment. This article reviews significance assessment approaches in the application of spatial analytics. Noteworthy in this review is that many approaches can be considered through the lens of sampling. In some cases, the underlying sample is a few or as small as one. There are methods, however, that are based on sampling that is comprehensive, involving an implicit or explicit enumeration of all possible outcomes. This suggests that significance assessment using certain methods accounts for the entire range of possibilities, whereas other methods draw inference from scant sampling. In addition to the sampling perspective, extrapolation as well as indirect accuracy and anecdotal measures of assessment are not uncommon. The comparative review of spatial analytic methods suggests that significance is assessed in many different ways, making meaning interpretation challenging. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1740-1755 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1856639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1856639 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1740-1755 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel R. Block Author-X-Name-First: Daniel R. Author-X-Name-Last: Block Author-Name: Kristin Reynolds Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Reynolds Title: Funding a Peoples’ Food Justice Geography? Community–Academic Collaborations as Geographic Praxis Abstract: Community–academic collaborations that value experience-based knowledge alongside institutional ways of knowing have long been of interest in geography. In 1984, Harvey proposed a “peoples’ geography” that would integrate nonacademic knowledge into the field, increasing geography’s potential to help create a just world. Recent community–academic food justice collaborations have taken up this proposition through initiatives addressing issues from food access to dismantling racism, suggesting possibilities for a “peoples’ food justice geography.” Grant funding is often necessary for such work and might allow for more equitable participation or increase project reach but can necessitate redistribution of time spent on project activities, reinforce hierarchies, or be counterproductive to systemic change. If funding for community–academic food justice collaborations is to help create an inclusive and nonelitist geographic praxis, deeper understanding of its effects is essential. This article explores these possibilities. Drawing from an examination of the U.S. food funding landscape and field experiences in Chicago and New York, we show how funding, or lack thereof, can affect such collaborations. We argue that despite sustained debate about philanthropy and social change, with long-term vision, funding can advance food justice goals. We conclude with reflections on the relevance for a peoples’ food justice geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1705-1720 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1841603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1841603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1705-1720 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan L. Cutter Author-X-Name-First: Susan L. Author-X-Name-Last: Cutter Title: Nature and the Rivers of Life: William L. Graf, 1947–2019 Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1880-1886 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1901477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1901477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1880-1886 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yujie Hu Author-X-Name-First: Yujie Author-X-Name-Last: Hu Author-Name: Xiaopeng Li Author-X-Name-First: Xiaopeng Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Modeling and Analysis of Excess Commuting with Trip Chains Abstract: Commuting, like other types of human travel, is complex in nature, such as trip-chaining behavior involving making stops of multiple purposes between two anchors. According to the 2001 National Household Travel Survey, about half of weekday U.S. workers made a stop during their commute. In excess commuting studies that examine a region’s overall commuting efficiency, commuting is, however, simplified as nonstop travel from homes to jobs. This research fills this gap by proposing a trip-chaining-based model to integrate trip-chaining behavior into excess commuting. Based on a case study of the Tampa Bay region of Florida, this research finds that traditional excess commuting studies underestimate both actual and optimal commute and overestimate excess commuting. For chained commuting trips alone, for example, the mean minimum commute time is increased by 70 percent from 5.48 minutes to 9.32 minutes after trip-chaining is accounted for. The gaps are found to vary across trip-chaining types by a disaggregate analysis by types of chain activities. Hence, policymakers and planners are cautioned with regards to omitting trip-chaining behavior in making urban transportation and land use policies. In addition, the proposed model can be adopted to study the efficiency of nonwork travel. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1851-1867 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1835461 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1835461 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1851-1867 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Levi John Wolf Author-X-Name-First: Levi John Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf Author-Name: Luc Anselin Author-X-Name-First: Luc Author-X-Name-Last: Anselin Author-Name: Daniel Arribas-Bel Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Arribas-Bel Author-Name: Lee Rivers Mobley Author-X-Name-First: Lee Rivers Author-X-Name-Last: Mobley Title: On Spatial and Platial Dependence: Examining Shrinkage in Spatially Dependent Multilevel Models Abstract: Multilevel models have been applied to study many geographical processes in epidemiology, economics, political science, sociology, urban analytics, and transportation. They are most often used to express how the effect of a treatment or intervention might vary by geographical group, a form of spatial process heterogeneity. In addition, these models provide a notion of “platial” dependence: observations that are within the same geographical place are modeled as similar to one another. Recent work has shown that spatial dependence can be introduced into multilevel models and has examined the empirical properties of these models’ estimates. Systematic attention to the mathematical structure of these models has been lacking, however. This article examines a kind of multilevel model that includes both “platial” and “spatial” dependence. Using mathematical analysis, we obtain the relationship between classic multilevel, spatial multilevel, and single-level models. This mathematical structure exposes a tension between a main benefit of multilevel models, estimate shrinkage, and the effects of spatial dependence. We show, both mathematically and empirically, that classic multilevel models may overstate estimate precision and understate estimate shrinkage when spatial dependence is present. This result extends long-standing results in single-level modeling to multilevel models. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1679-1691 Issue: 6 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1841602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1841602 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:6:p:1679-1691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Celeste Winston Author-X-Name-First: Celeste Author-X-Name-Last: Winston Title: Maroon Geographies Abstract: This article synthesizes contributions of a growing body of geographic scholarship on marronage and presents a framework of maroon geographies to guide scholarship and political organizing centered on Black place- making and racial justice. I situate marronage-focused geographic scholarship within Black geographies literature that highlights the reverberations of transatlantic slavery in our current world order and historical and ongoing Black spatial acts of struggle and survival. Based on this scholarship and my own empirical research in Montgomery County, Maryland, I construct a framework of maroon geographies that encompasses physical sites of past flight from slavery as well as spaces produced through contemporary Black struggles. This framework comprises four main features: reworking geographic refuse, Black cooperative place- making, fugitive infrastructure, and a spatial strategy of entanglement. Maroon geographies offer a framework to explicitly address legacies of Black spatial epistemologies and practices that made possible freedom from slavery and that continue to shape sites of radical transformation and possibility. I conclude with a discussion of how the framework can inform scholarship and Black organizing. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2185-2199 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1894087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1894087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2185-2199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Perkins Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Perkins Title: Governing for Growth: Standards, Emergent Markets, and the Lenient Zone of Qualification for Green Bonds Abstract: This article seeks to provide a critical perspective on the roles and effects of standards in governing new markets for sustainability. Departing from a narrow, technocratic interpretation of standards as tools to differentiate within existing markets, we examine the work of standards in configuring and enacting a specific type of environmental market, which we term growth-oriented. Through a case study of one such market for green bonds, the article shows how standards have been strategically enrolled to perform three key roles within an overall operative of growth: (1) codifying and solidifying a dominant conception of the product category, (2) protecting green bonds from stigmatizing iterations, and (3) constructing a lenient zone of qualification. Our work advances on the existing literature by offering a more power-sensitive and spatially explicit conceptualization of environmental standards. It also provides novel theorization of how growth-oriented articulations of the green economy are rendered economic by bringing “just about enough” information, assurance, and promises of green into the market frame. We conclude by reflecting on some of the tensions involved in market-based projects by revealing how the imperative for growth through categorical leniency runs the risk of environmental considerations being subordinated. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2044-2061 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1874866 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1874866 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2044-2061 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Marston Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Marston Title: Of Flesh and Ore: Material Histories and Embodied Geologies Abstract: This article explores the constitution of subterranean space in a Bolivian tin mine through an analysis of the discursive practices that materialize differentially valued people and differentially valued rocks. Drawing on archival and ethnographic research, I examine the processes through which tin miners are formed as socially stratified subjects and tin is mattered in its multiple forms—as mineral, as commodity, and as symbolic metal of modernity. Through this analysis, I develop a conceptual–methodological approach that integrates insights from feminist materialisms with commitments recuperated from “old” materialist geographies; I call this approach material history. Using this analytic, I argue that nonliving matters (1) are always historied before becoming materially entangled with human bodies, (2) are unevenly distributed and unevenly valued across volumetric space, and (3) contribute to the social stratification of the humans who labor with them. In the tin mine, racialized and gendered differences manifest in spatial association with differences in ore quality, ore exhaustion, and technologies of extraction. These arguments show how apparently inanimate matters can be counterintuitively influential in shaping human bodies and human social worlds, where subjects and objects are relationally formed, sorted, and ranked. : . Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2078-2095 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1884524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1884524 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2078-2095 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacqueline M. Vadjunec Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline M. Author-X-Name-Last: Vadjunec Author-Name: Austin L. Boardman Author-X-Name-First: Austin L. Author-X-Name-Last: Boardman Author-Name: Todd D. Fagin Author-X-Name-First: Todd D. Author-X-Name-Last: Fagin Author-Name: Michael P. Larson Author-X-Name-First: Michael P. Author-X-Name-Last: Larson Author-Name: Peter Kedron Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Kedron Author-Name: Brian Birchler Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Birchler Title: Footprints from the Dust Bowl: Using Historical Geographic Information Systems to Explore Land and Resource Access, Use, and Survivability in “No Man’s Land,” Cimarron County, Oklahoma Abstract: Despite the importance of land legacy effects on land use/land cover change (LULCC), historical data remain underutilized in analyses of social–environmental systems (SES). Drought, a slow-onset disaster, serves as an ideal case study to examine how multitemporal LULCC provides context for contemporary land use patterns. We use historical geographic information systems (HGIS) to analyze land ownership change, resource access, and land use in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, the epicenter of the Dust Bowl. We digitize archival county plats covering 1931 through 2014 into an HGIS. Through analysis of ownership information, we trace changes in familial and corporate landholdings during this period, exploring how different landowner types have changed over time. Aerial photography analysis helps to quantify the adoption of irrigation in relation to family survivability. Results show that families with larger landholdings in the 1930s were significantly more likely to persist through the Dust Bowl and continue owning land in the present. Access to the Ogallala Aquifer also increased the duration of land ownership. Corporate operators were most aggressive in adopting irrigation. Results raise questions of sustainability and uneven access to resources. We argue that land legacy has profound impacts nearly a century later. Further, SES studies can benefit from incorporating HGIS into their repertoire. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1906-1930 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1867497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1867497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:1906-1930 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Manuscript Reviewers Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: em-i-em-ii Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1976031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1976031 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:em-i-em-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tarje I. Wanvik Author-X-Name-First: Tarje I. Author-X-Name-Last: Wanvik Author-Name: Håvard Haarstad Author-X-Name-First: Håvard Author-X-Name-Last: Haarstad Title: Populism, Instability, and Rupture in Sustainability Transformations Abstract: The recent surge in populist politics in Europe and North America has challenged many of the policies aimed at advancing sustainable shifts. In this article we argue that this surge necessitates a rethinking of transition and transformation. The mainstream perspective on transitions understands it largely as the proliferation and upscaling of innovative technologies and policy frameworks. We recast sustainability transitions and transformations as continuous processes of assembly and disassembly, driven by rupture and instability. Rather than seeing populist resurgence as a “barrier” to change toward sustainability, we argue that these ruptures and instabilities should be considered inherent to the transformation process itself. The recent local election in Bergen, Norway, witnessed the surge of a new “anti-elite” political party dedicated to protesting road tolls that finance public transport. We hold that although such movements certainly pose challenges to sustainable transitions, they also provide opportunities for revitalizing democratic politics—moving beyond postpolitical managerial governance and inviting new concerns into local and urban transformation processes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2096-2111 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1866486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1866486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2096-2111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Cygankiewicz-Truś Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Cygankiewicz-Truś Author-Name: Wieslaw Ziaja Author-X-Name-First: Wieslaw Author-X-Name-Last: Ziaja Title: From Glaciated Landscape to Unglaciated Seascape: Transformation of the Hambergbreen–Hambergbukta Area, SE Spitsbergen, 1900–2017 Abstract: In 1900 the present Hambergbukta fjord did not exist and its basin was filled with the huge Hambergbreen glacier. The glacier then experienced progressive recession during a period of climate warming. The retreat of its front was perhaps the most spectacular expression of this recession. Eventually, a small bay named Hambergbukta appeared in 1936. By the 1950s the bay had become transformed into a new fjord 6 to 7 km long and 3 to 4 km wide. Its basin was progressively abandoned by the glacier and flooded by the sea. After 1961, the glacier surged and refilled the fjord basin with a fissured glacier tongue, and the fjord coastline became occupied by lateral ice-moraine ridges. Since 1970, the Hambergbreen glacier has undergone progressive recession again, resulting in the formation of the present-day Hambergbukta fjord. There exist significant differences in the landforms found between the northern and southern fjord coastlines: The former consists mainly of preserved lateral ice moraine ridges, whereas in the latter the ice cores have melted and low coastal plains have formed. This transformation continues to the present day. The Hamberbukta fjord has currently achieved its largest dimensions (including length), while being closed off from more inland areas by two tidewater glaciers: remnants of the Hambergbreen and Sykorabreen glaciers, the latter being a tributary glacier of the former in the 1980s. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1949-1966 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1904818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1904818 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:1949-1966 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Herculano Cachinho Author-X-Name-First: Herculano Author-X-Name-Last: Cachinho Author-Name: Daniel Paiva Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Paiva Title: The Enactment of Fast and Slow Time Regimes by Urban Retail and Consumer Services Abstract: This article discusses the enactment of conflicting time regimes in contemporary urban retail and consumer services. We draw on the theories of time–space compression, social acceleration, and the fast–slow dichotomy to argue that retail and consumer services act on urban life by enacting two apparently conflicting time regimes: fast time and slow time. Although retail and consumer services are not able to establish urban time regimes by themselves, they enact time regimes in their stores by offering the temporal resources that consumers need to perform their preferred timestyles. These temporal resources stem from the store’s concepts, sales model and management strategies, and ambiances. We draw on our ongoing field research in Colinas do Cruzeiro, an upper middle-class suburban neighborhood in greater Lisbon, Portugal, which has included field surveys, nonparticipant observation, and semistructured interviews. Our findings identify three time regimes that retail and consumer services in Colinas do Cruzeiro enact in their stores. This finding allows us to understand the processes through which retail, consumer services, and urban rhythms tend to synchronize. We discuss the geographical implications of understanding the processes that underpin the enactment of time regimes in contemporary urban retail and consumer services. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2005-2022 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1863767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1863767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2005-2022 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Junjun Yin Author-X-Name-First: Junjun Author-X-Name-Last: Yin Author-Name: Guangqing Chi Author-X-Name-First: Guangqing Author-X-Name-Last: Chi Title: Characterizing People’s Daily Activity Patterns in the Urban Environment: A Mobility Network Approach with Geographic Context-Aware Twitter Data Abstract: People’s daily activities in the urban environment are complex and vary by individual. Existing studies using mobile phone data revealed distinct and recurrent transitional activity patterns, known as mobility motifs, in people’s daily lives. The limitation in using only a few inferred activity types hinders our ability to examine general patterns in detail. We proposed a mobility network approach with geographic context-aware Twitter data to investigate granular daily activity patterns in the urban environment. We first used publicly accessible geolocated tweets to track the movements of individuals in two major U.S. cities, Chicago and Greater Boston, where each recorded location is associated with its closest land use parcel to enrich its geographic context. A direct mobility network represents the daily location history of the selected active users, where the nodes are physical places with semantically labeled activity types and the edges represent the transitions. Analyzing the isomorphic structure of the mobility networks uncovered sixteen types of location-based motifs, which describe over 83 percent of the networks in both cities and are comparable to those from previous studies. With detailed and semantically labeled transitions between every two activities, we further dissected the general location-based motifs into activity-based motifs, where sixteen common activity-based motifs describe more than 57 percent of transitional behaviors in the daily activities in the two cities. The integration of geographic context from the synthesis of geolocated Twitter data with land use parcels enables us to reveal unique activity motifs that form the fundamental elements embedded in complex urban activities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1967-1987 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1867498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1867498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:1967-1987 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wei Zhai Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhai Author-Name: Mengyang Liu Author-X-Name-First: Mengyang Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Xinyu Fu Author-X-Name-First: Xinyu Author-X-Name-Last: Fu Author-Name: Zhong-Ren Peng Author-X-Name-First: Zhong-Ren Author-X-Name-Last: Peng Title: American Inequality Meets COVID-19: Uneven Spread of the Disease across Communities Abstract: The United States is bearing the brunt of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The spatially uneven viral spread and community inequality will jointly bring about worse consequences. The combined effects on U.S. communities remain unclear, however. Given spatially heterogeneous compliance with the stay-at-home orders and the varying timing of local directives, the uneven spread should be further examined. In this research, we first exploited county-level data to study the spatiotemporal pattern of viral transmission by a Bayesian approach. We then examined the uneven effects of socioeconomic and demographic variables on viral transmission across U.S. counties using geographically weighted panel regressions. Our results show that, first, the early epicenters shifted from the West Coast to the East Coast with a transmission rate of over 2.5 and continued to expand into Midwestern states in May, although the spread in the majority of counties had been greatly mitigated since the middle of April. Second, increased stay-at-home behaviors reduced the transmission of COVID-19 across the United States. The effects of socioeconomic and demographic variables varied from place to place, except that high household income was more consistently associated with a reduction in viral transmission. Finally, when the order was lifted, high household income was found to increase the viral transmission in the Midwestern United States and the high unemployment rate contributed to the viral spread in the Western United States. The knowledge obtained from this study can offer new insights for the containment actions of COVID-19. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2023-2043 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1866489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1866489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2023-2043 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Danyluk Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Danyluk Title: Supply-Chain Urbanism: Constructing and Contesting the Logistics City Abstract: With the development of global logistical systems to coordinate the movement of goods, cities around the world are being reconceived as nodes in circuits of commodity capital. These efforts are reshaping urban environments and provoking novel forms of political resistance. They are also bringing distant places and subjects into new relations of interaction and interdependence. This article traces the web of urban change and contestation that has taken shape around the expansion of the Panama Canal, an infrastructure megaproject with reverberations that have been felt in port cities throughout the Americas. Drawing on research conducted in the Panama City, Los Angeles, and New York City areas, I examine efforts to remake urban space in the name of smooth, efficient circulation—what I call supply-chain urbanism—and the struggles that have ensued over land, labor, and environments. The concept of supply-chain urbanism calls attention to the life-damaging impacts of goods movement on communities and workers, impacts that are unevenly distributed across space, race, and class. Crucially, it also underscores the connections between seemingly disparate episodes of urban change and resistance. Beyond shedding light on emerging forms of logistics-based urbanization, the article illustrates the value of relational methodologies for the study of networked urban dynamics. In disclosing the wider forces, processes, and flows that connect far-flung experiences of urban transformation and struggle, such approaches can apprehend the interlinked character of contemporary urbanization processes in ways that purely local perspectives cannot. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2149-2164 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1889352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1889352 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2149-2164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reza Shaker Author-X-Name-First: Reza Author-X-Name-Last: Shaker Title: “Saying Nothing Is Saying Something”: Affective Encounters with the Muslim Other in Amsterdam Public Transport Abstract: Taking the Muslim other into consideration, this article investigates Muslims’ everyday encounters within the (im)mobile spaces of public transport that entangle bodies with different histories, backgrounds, and imaginaries. Building on affective atmospheres, I propose an embodied understanding of othering practices and traveling with difference in public transport. Employing (auto)ethnography in Amsterdam, I present public transport as a cross-cultural meeting place with spatial negotiation of difference to study everyday travel experiences of young Muslims. Contributing to the field of mobilities studies, this article bridges the gap in the empirical evidence on the role of public transport, race, and religion in the othering of Muslims. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2130-2148 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1866488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1866488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2130-2148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenwen Li Author-X-Name-First: Wenwen Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Chia-Yu Hsu Author-X-Name-First: Chia-Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Hsu Author-Name: Maosheng Hu Author-X-Name-First: Maosheng Author-X-Name-Last: Hu Title: Tobler’s First Law in GeoAI: A Spatially Explicit Deep Learning Model for Terrain Feature Detection under Weak Supervision Abstract: Recent interest in geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) has fostered a wide range of applications using artificial intelligence (AI), especially deep learning for geospatial problem solving. Major challenges, however, such as a lack of training data and ignorance of spatial principles and spatial effects in AI model design remain, significantly hindering the in-depth integration of AI with geospatial research. This article reports our work in developing a cutting-edge deep learning model that enables object detection, especially of natural features, in a weakly supervised manner. Our work has made three innovative contributions: First, we present a novel method of object detection using only weak labels. This is achieved by developing a spatially explicit model according to Tobler’s first law of geography to enable weakly supervised object detection. Second, we integrate the idea of an attention map into the deep learning–based object detection pipeline and develop a multistage training strategy to further boost detection performance. Third, we have successfully applied this model for the automated detection of Mars impact craters, the inspection of which often involved tremendous manual work prior to our solution. Our model is generalizable for detecting both natural and man-made features on the surface of the Earth and other planets. This research has made a major contribution to the enrichment of the theoretical and methodological body of knowledge of GeoAI. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1887-1905 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1877527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1877527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:1887-1905 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: CS Ponder Author-X-Name-First: CS Author-X-Name-Last: Ponder Title: Spatializing the Municipal Bond Market: Urban Resilience under Racial Capitalism Abstract: Majority-Black cities in North America are not often described in the academic literature as such. Racial capitalism is a restorative approach that puts majority-Black cities in the Global North into analytical relation with other cities in the global urban landscape. This is an important step to take for many reasons, including rising interest in conversations about the financial production of urban natures in the context of climate change. Moreover, there is a dearth of mixed method empirics documenting the role of racial capitalism in the production of urban space and urban natures. To address this gap, I pair a case study of Jackson, Mississippi’s, struggle to fund mandated upgrades to its water system with analysis of a data set containing interest rates of approximately 5 million municipal bonds issued between 1970 and 2014. I find that since financial deregulation in 1999 and 2000, majority-Black cities have been charged more than their white counterparts to produce their built environments. These findings reveal a conflation between territorialized Blackness and financial risk. Thus exposed, I argue that the racialization of urban finance has previously unexamined implications for the production of urban natures and the establishment of just transitions and socioecological futures. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2112-2129 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1866487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1866487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2112-2129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesse Rodenbiker Author-X-Name-First: Jesse Author-X-Name-Last: Rodenbiker Title: Making Ecology Developmental: China’s Environmental Sciences and Green Modernization in Global Context Abstract: Although the science of ecology is often understood in antimodernizing terms, this article shows how ecology in China has become a means to articulate green modernization and sustainable development. As scholars predominantly focus on the policy rhetoric surrounding China’s national modernization and sustainable development program called “ecological civilization building,” the origins of how ecology came to take on developmental meanings remain obscure. This article highlights moments of global exchange and knowledge production by Chinese Marxists, earth systems scientists, and economists that produced eco-developmental logics. These logics define an interventionist role for the state, frame urbanization as moral progress, and refashion the role of the peasantry from the revolutionary vanguard to a backward social force impeding modernization. Ecological sciences in China, therefore, lay an epistemological foundation for legitimizing state-led technocratic practices of socioenvironmental engineering and naturalizing social inequalities between “urban” and “rural” people. In highlighting Chinese scientists’ agency in producing knowledge, this article counters diffusionist accounts of science as singular systematically organized branches of knowledge that emanate from the West. Instead, I demonstrate how ecology is contingent on the historical and political conditions through which it takes on meaning. In the context of China, ecology has become integral to environmental governance, state formation, and uneven relations of power. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1931-1948 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1863766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1863766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:1931-1948 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Author-Name: Melpatkwa Matthew Author-X-Name-First: Melpatkwa Author-X-Name-Last: Matthew Author-Name: Kate J. Neville Author-X-Name-First: Kate J. Author-X-Name-Last: Neville Author-Name: Kelsey Wrightson Author-X-Name-First: Kelsey Author-X-Name-Last: Wrightson Title: Colonialism in Community-Based Monitoring: Knowledge Systems, Finance, and Power in Canada Abstract: Community-based monitoring (CBM) programs are increasingly popular models of environmental governance around the world. Accordingly, a handful of review papers have highlighted the various benefits, challenges, and governance models associated with their uptake. These reviews have been pragmatic in their recommendations and have supported CBM scholars and practitioners in implementing and understanding the various possible forms of CBM, but they have largely been silent on issues around the power dynamics implicit in CBM. Structured around explorations of the colonial politics of knowledge, funding, and finance, this article argues that dominant knowledge systems—specifically those that underpin Western, colonial governments and liberal, capitalist economies—shape the provisioning of funding for local programs and determine the significance of different types of community observations in shaping management decisions. To make this argument, we situate our work at the intersection of political economy and knowledge systems, using theoretical insights and empirical examples to show that funding and finance are key sources of power in shaping CBM programs. These are important insights because CBM is often framed as a purely scientific—and therefore politically neutral—activity. Through this work, we explore questions of intellectual property, histories of institutional exclusion and the privileging of certain knowledge systems, and the relationships of trust and mistrust across different groups and authorities, with the aim of stimulating critical discussions on the power relationships in CBM that will be useful to scholars and practitioners. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1988-2004 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1874865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1874865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:1988-2004 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robin Wright Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: Whiteness, Nationalism, and the U.S. Constitution: Constructing the White Nation through Legal Discourse Abstract: Overt expressions of White nationalism and White supremacy are once again mainstream in U.S. politics. Social movements advancing racist and nativist policies often do so through the language of constitutional rights, appealing to the Founding Fathers to advance exclusionary politics. Studying the legal discourse of conservative activists reveals the ideological work of law in buttressing White proprietary claims to the nation. This article investigates the Constitution as a key text and symbol in the current struggle over the hegemony of White supremacy in the United States. Examining the interpretive work of constitutional educators and online commenters, this study performs a discursive analysis of the racial ideology embedded within a conservative constitutional discourse. Tracing this constitutional discourse across multiple platforms and political projects, I find that this constitutional discourse maintains a commitment to White supremacy while disavowing its explicit logic of racial superiority. To conclude, I suggest that rights claims function as territorial claims and can serve as vehicles for restricting, rather than expanding, state membership. As such, geographers interested in populism and nationalism should attend to the way in which rights claims are enrolled in nationalist politics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2062-2077 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1865786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2020.1865786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2062-2077 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kun Wang Author-X-Name-First: Kun Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Junxi Qian Author-X-Name-First: Junxi Author-X-Name-Last: Qian Author-Name: Shenjing He Author-X-Name-First: Shenjing Author-X-Name-Last: He Title: Contested Worldings of E-Waste Environmental Justice: Nonhuman Agency and E-Waste Scalvaging in Guiyu, China Abstract: Current environmental justice (EJ) research is moving beyond the distributional paradigm to embrace frameworks that emphasize the plurality of EJs. This study proposes that actor-network theory (ANT), which foregrounds nonhuman agency and heterogeneous associations, holds great potential for pushing forward this research agenda. It presents an ANT-informed analysis of the plural epistemologies of EJ by focusing on a global e-waste scalvaging hub—Guiyu in China. E-waste is considered a fluid and emergent material actant. The multiplicity of e-waste materialities coconstitutes the disparate worldings of EJ, with a wide range of actors involved in the knowledge-making practices. Disparate EJ realities concerning e-waste scalvaging have been worlded and enacted through the heterogeneous associations among numerous nonhuman actors, including discarded electronic devices, environmental conditions, pollutants, toxic substances, artifacts, discourses, tools and techniques, and a variety of human stakeholders, ranging from nongovernmental organizations, media, and academics to local scalvagers relying on e-waste for livelihood and wealth. In tracing these heterogeneous associations, this study juxtaposes two competing EJ worldings related to the ontological indeterminacy of e-waste. It first problematizes the worlding of North-to-South dumping that not only mispresents the complex geographies of e-waste, but also epitomizes a simplified distributional model of EJ.Then it ventures to theorize an often-neglected and underresearched dimension: EJ as situated capabilities and functionings concerned by the local community. This study thus adds to ongoing efforts to advance pluralist epistemologies of EJ. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2165-2184 Issue: 7 Volume: 111 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1889353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1889353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:111:y:2021:i:7:p:2165-2184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shaolu Yu Author-X-Name-First: Shaolu Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Title: Placing Racial Triangulation, Triangulating Place and Race: Chinese Grocery Stores in the Mississippi Delta during the Jim Crow Era Abstract: Chinese were first imported to the Mississippi Delta1 as the solution to the shortage of Black laborers and the maintenance of the plantation system after the Civil War. As foreigners and people of color, the Delta Chinese found the economic niche of grocery stores in the Jim Crow South. Simultaneously concentrated and scattered around the Delta region, these grocery stores served as multiscalar, multiracial, and multifunctional space triangulated between White and Black, not only as one of the most racially mingled spaces in the Jim Crow South but also as a space for self-mobilization and cultural preservation. By examining the Chinese experiences and Chinese grocery stores in the Mississippi Delta during the Jim Crow Era through a multiscalar lens, this article attempts to incorporate space/place/scale2 into racial triangulation theory. Racial formation is both relational and spatial. Space/place/scale are not only axes of racialization but also constituted, produced, and transformed by historical, socioeconomic, and political processes of racialization and racial formation. The Chinese experience between Black and White exemplifies the power of human agency in rescaling the hegemony of White supremacy through the making of place and identity. This article also echoes with Black geographies and calls for the geographies of non-Whiteness that cross-examine multiracial relationships and advocate for cross-racial solidarity against racism and White supremacy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 97-122 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1907171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1907171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:97-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kamila Jarosz Author-X-Name-First: Kamila Author-X-Name-Last: Jarosz Author-Name: Piotr Zagórski Author-X-Name-First: Piotr Author-X-Name-Last: Zagórski Author-Name: Mateusz Moskalik Author-X-Name-First: Mateusz Author-X-Name-Last: Moskalik Author-Name: Michael Lim Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Lim Author-Name: Jan Rodzik Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Rodzik Author-Name: Karolina Mędrek Author-X-Name-First: Karolina Author-X-Name-Last: Mędrek Title: A New Paraglacial Typology of High Arctic Coastal Systems: Application to Recherchefjorden, Svalbard Abstract: Progressing climate changes and declining ice cover (glacial) are accompanied by an increase in the length of paraglacial coasts. Therefore, issues related to the development and transformation of such areas attract increasing interest. No complex classification of paraglacial coasts has been presented so far. The main aim of this study was the determination of the mutual relations and evolution of paraglacial coasts in a systemic approach (paraglacial, proglacial, periglacial) based on the example of Recherchefjorden (Svalbard). Classification of coasts based on geomorphological mapping of the coasts of Recherchefjorden has been developed in terms of the lithology of sediments, genetic origins of hinterland, morphology, and morphodynamics. Analyses of field data and archival materials permitted the preparation of a model of the evolution of six main groups of coasts. Three groups were designated, characteristic of each of the glacial and paraglacial, and periglacial landscape and conditions causing transitions between particular types of coasts were determined. Due to the comprehensive and universal characteristics used in the development of the scheme and the representative landscapes of the Recherchefjorden region, the classification of High Arctic rock coasts presented here is readily transferable to other regions, potentially facilitating future research, management, and modeling of paraglacial areas. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 184-205 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1898323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1898323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:184-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Woonsup Choi Author-X-Name-First: Woonsup Author-X-Name-Last: Choi Author-Name: Susan Ann Borchardt Author-X-Name-First: Susan Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Borchardt Author-Name: Jinmu Choi Author-X-Name-First: Jinmu Author-X-Name-Last: Choi Title: Human Influences and Decreasing Synchrony between Meteorological and Hydrological Droughts in Wisconsin Since the 1980s Abstract: Hydrological droughts are important for agriculture and other human activities such as navigation and groundwater pumping, so it is necessary to understand their characteristics at various temporal and spatial scales. This study aims to examine the characteristics of hydrological droughts and their propagation from meteorological droughts across Wisconsin. Hydrological droughts were identified for twenty-four U.S. Geological Survey streamflow monitoring sites using the 20th percentile threshold level for each calendar day. Meteorological droughts were identified in the same way using daily precipitation data. Drought events of both types were identified for the period from 1980 to 2018, and the drought in 2012 was examined in detail. Our results indicate that (1) unlike meteorological droughts, hydrological droughts tend to occur more frequently in recent years; (2) characteristics of hydrological droughts are not correlated with those of meteorological droughts or annual precipitation; (3) there are generally three drought regions in Wisconsin showing different drought trends and propagation characteristics; and (4) groundwater withdrawal from unconfined aquifers has exacerbated hydrological droughts. In conclusion, hydrological droughts have become less synchronous with meteorological droughts, which will make drought early warning more challenging. The study sheds light on drought characteristics and propagation in relation to catchment characteristics and human activities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 36-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1883416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1883416 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:36-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michelle Ann Miller Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: A Transboundary Political Ecology of Volcanic Sand Mining Abstract: Sand, the main ingredient of cement, glass, and asphalt, is being mined for urban development and global production at a pace that exceeds natural renewal. Yet research on the sustainability of sand mining has concentrated on extraction rates and socioecological impacts in rivers and coastlines. The potential of active volcanoes to generate a renewable supply of sand through cyclical or intermittent eruptions has been understudied, as have the asymmetrical power relations that animate around this dangerous but financially lucrative industry. This article uses a transboundary political ecology framework to examine the geographically dispersed development interests that drive volcanic sand mining on Mount Merapi, Indonesia’s most active stratovolcano. I argue that to make Mount Merapi’s volcanic sand trade more sustainable, collaborative forms of environmental governance are needed to bridge critical gaps in knowledge about industry practices that create environmental impacts extending well beyond the volcano’s slopes. I develop this argument through three sets of transboundary political ecology themes centered on (1) knowledge boundaries that inform differentiated place-based practices; (2) the transboundary governance dilemma posed by disconnects between upstream mining practices and downstream environmental impacts; and (3) the potential of cross-border governance networks to collaboratively address these policy deficits. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 78-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1914539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1914539 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:78-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jen-Jia Lin Author-X-Name-First: Jen-Jia Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Tetsuo Yai Author-X-Name-First: Tetsuo Author-X-Name-Last: Yai Author-Name: Chi-Hao Chen Author-X-Name-First: Chi-Hao Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Temporal Changes of Transit-Induced Gentrification: A Forty-Year Experience in Tokyo, Japan Abstract: This article proposes an inverted U-curve theory to represent the changes in transit-induced gentrification with increases in mass rapid transit (MRT) station density over time. A forty-year experience on the associations of proximity to MRT stations with college graduate ratios in Tokyo, Japan, was applied to test this theory using the spatial data of MRT stations and population censuses from 1970 to 2010. The college graduate ratio in a neighborhood was adopted to measure gentrification outcome and denoted a phenomenon of early-stage gentrification. Applying a geographic information system and regression methods, empirical results provide long-term evidence of transit-induced gentrification, indicate the critical role of MRT station density in gentrification, and support the inverted U-curve theory. The transit-induced gentrification levels initially increase and then decrease as MRT station densities increase over time. This trend is affected by the MRT station density, macroeconomic environment, and state policy. This research helps to further the understanding of temporal changes in transit-induced gentrification. The inverted U-curve theory needs further tests in cities operating historical MRT systems to verify its global applicability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 247-265 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1910478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1910478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:247-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela R. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: Angela R. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: “How Ya Gonna Keep ’Em Down on the Farm, After They’ve Seen Paree?” World War I Overseas Military Service and Rural Americans’ Postwar Occupational Mobility Abstract: In the aftermath of World War I, U.S. discourse was animated by the concern that demobilized soldiers, having experienced the world outside of their hometowns, would resist returning to farms and to their preinduction occupations. Did military service really encourage an occupational shift? Were rural individuals especially susceptible to and was emplacement in foreign locales especially culpable for this change, as popular culture suggested? Focusing on North Dakota, a state with unusually detailed World War I records, this article uses a novel linked census–military data set and statistical analysis to examine how individuals’ place-based military experience might have inflected their postwar occupational mobility. Whereas univariate models support the contemporary perception that farm boys with overseas service were less likely to remain in agriculture, increasingly complex models suggest more nuanced interpretations, with civilian individual and contextual characteristics and their interaction being significantly predictive of farm leaving. Addressing substantive gaps in World War I historiography by contextualizing neglected subpopulations, this research also shows the value of using quantitative methods to engage with critical military geographies. Operationalizing theories of place–individual co-constitution through the analysis of longitudinal, individual data demonstrates how interest in soldiers’ experiences and in the spatiotemporally distant effects of war can be productively intertwined. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 206-225 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1894086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1894086 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:206-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marion Werner Author-X-Name-First: Marion Author-X-Name-Last: Werner Author-Name: Christian Berndt Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Berndt Author-Name: Becky Mansfield Author-X-Name-First: Becky Author-X-Name-Last: Mansfield Title: The Glyphosate Assemblage: Herbicides, Uneven Development, and Chemical Geographies of Ubiquity Abstract: The ubiquity of chemicals demands new ways of thinking about human–nature assemblages. This article develops a dialogue between agrarian political economy, critical commodity chains research, and chemical geographies through a case study of the world’s most widely used agrochemical: glyphosate, commonly known as Monsanto’s Roundup. In the 1980s, glyphosate triumphed as a benign biocide that promised both safety and effectiveness. This construct made possible a capitalist agricultural assemblage characterized by chemical pervasiveness, first as a chemical replacement for mechanical tillage and since the 1990s as the chemical input for genetically modified seed packages. The ubiquity that characterizes the glyphosate assemblage is also a geography of uneven development comprising shifting firm networks, policies, and trade. Central to this assemblage since 2000, yet largely ignored, is the outsized expansion of second- and third-tier generic pesticide producers, especially in China, for whom glyphosate is part of a network entry and upgrading development strategy. Today, the glyphosate assemblage faces unprecedented challenges from weed resistance and health controversies. Whether and how the herbicide assemblage restabilizes will be determined by the complex environmental and developmental challenges of chemical agriculture and pervasive chemicals broadly, which highlights the need for a transdisciplinary dialogue that cuts across these domains. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 19-35 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1898322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1898322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:19-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Congxiao Wang Author-X-Name-First: Congxiao Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Bailang Yu Author-X-Name-First: Bailang Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Zuoqi Chen Author-X-Name-First: Zuoqi Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yan Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Wei Song Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Song Author-Name: Xia Li Author-X-Name-First: Xia Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Chengshu Yang Author-X-Name-First: Chengshu Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Christopher Small Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Small Author-Name: Song Shu Author-X-Name-First: Song Author-X-Name-Last: Shu Author-Name: Jianping Wu Author-X-Name-First: Jianping Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: Evolution of Urban Spatial Clusters in China: A Graph-Based Method Using Nighttime Light Data Abstract: An urban spatial cluster (USC) describes one or more geographic agglomerations and the linkages among cities. USCs are conventionally delineated based on predefined administrative boundaries of cities, without considering the dynamic and evolving nature of the spatial extent of USCs. This study uses Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light (NTL) satellite images to quantitatively detect and characterize the evolution of USCs. We propose a dynamic minimum spanning tree (DMST) and a subgraph partitioning method to identify the evolving USCs over time, which considers both the spatial proximity of urban built-up areas and their affiliations with USCs at the previous snapshot. China is selected as a case study for its rapid urbanization process and the cluster-based economic development strategy. Four DMSTs are generated for China using the urban built-up areas extracted from DMSP/OLS NTL satellite images collected in 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012. Each DMST is partitioned into various subtrees and the urban built-up areas connected by the same subtree are identified as a potential USC. By inspecting the evolution of USCs over time, three different types of USCs are obtained, including newly emerging, single-core, and multicore clusters. Using the rank-size distribution, we find that large-sized USCs have greater development than medium- and small-sized USCs. A clear directionality and heterogeneity are observed in the expansions of the ten largest USCs. Our study provides further insight for the understanding of urban system and its spatial structures, and assists policymakers in their planning practices at national and regional scales. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 56-77 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1914538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1914538 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:56-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiao Huang Author-X-Name-First: Xiao Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Junyu Lu Author-X-Name-First: Junyu Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Song Gao Author-X-Name-First: Song Author-X-Name-Last: Gao Author-Name: Sicheng Wang Author-X-Name-First: Sicheng Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Zhewei Liu Author-X-Name-First: Zhewei Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Hanxue Wei Author-X-Name-First: Hanxue Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Title: Staying at Home Is a Privilege: Evidence from Fine-Grained Mobile Phone Location Data in the United States during the COVID-19 Pandemic Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exposed and, to some degree, exacerbated social inequity in the United States. This study reveals the correlation between demographic and socioeconomic variables and home-dwelling time records derived from large-scale mobile phone location tracking data at the U.S. census block group (CBG) level in the twelve most populated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and further investigates the contribution of these variables to the disparity in home-dwelling time that reflects the compliance with stay-at-home orders via machine learning approaches. We find statistically significant correlations between the increase in home-dwelling time (∇HDT) and variables that describe economic status in all MSAs, which is further confirmed by the optimized random forest models, because median household income and percentage of high income are the two most important variables in predicting ∇HDT. The partial dependence between median household income and ∇HDT reveals that the contribution of income to ∇HDT is place dependent, nonlinear, and different given varying income intervals. Our study reveals the luxury nature of stay-at-home orders with which lower income groups cannot afford to comply. Such disparity in responses under stay-at-home orders reflects the long-standing social inequity issues in the United States, potentially causing unequal exposure to COVID-19 that disproportionately affects vulnerable populations. We must confront systemic social inequity issues and call for a high-priority assessment of the long-term impact of COVID-19 on geographically and socially disadvantaged groups. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 286-305 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1904819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1904819 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:286-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: em-ii-em-ii Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1926151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1926151 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:em-ii-em-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: em-i-em-i Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1914940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1914940 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:em-i-em-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Sneddon Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Sneddon Author-Name: Francis J. Magilligan Author-X-Name-First: Francis J. Author-X-Name-Last: Magilligan Author-Name: Coleen A. Fox Author-X-Name-First: Coleen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Fox Title: Peopling the Environmental State: River Restoration and State Power Abstract: Dam removal in the United States is an increasingly attractive option for advocates of river restoration. We argue that dam removal in New England (United States) is a useful lens for examining state actors’ capabilities to govern environmental processes. Our analytical framework builds off and integrates strategic-relational approaches (SRAs) to state power and those approaches more concerned with “peopling” the state through state agents’ everyday encounters with civil society. The complex suite of issues—ranging from safety and the environmental benefits of free-flowing rivers to historical preservation and cultural heritage—characterizing dam removal and similar restoration efforts challenge state agents to become more multidimensional in environmental governance. Our research reveals that some state agencies in New England have been more effective than others at adopting these novel roles and managing environmental conflicts. Our research also suggests we view the “state” as a complex collective of relations and actors that exerts power over nature–society relations in strategic and often contradictory ways. Our empirical findings, coupled to more nuanced theories of state–nature relations, direct attention to how state power is unevenly distributed within environmental governance arrangements. These findings also suggest that consideration of environmental interventions directed by state agents has the potential to contribute to a progressive and ecologically mindful set of political commitments. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1913089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1913089 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Collis Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Collis Title: W(h)ither the Indian Act? How Statutory Law Is Rewriting Canada’s Settler Colonial Formation Abstract: This article documents how the Indian Act, the historic legal regime structuring settler colonialism in Canada, is being displaced by new statutory law, as nearly fifty federal statutes passed by successive governments between 2005 and 2020 rewrite First Nations land, taxation, resource, and governance regimes. I focus attention on these new laws, asking how they differ in instrument and ideology from the Indian Act. Particularly, I explore how new legislation responds to the Indian Act’s (unintended) affirmation of the unique political status of Indigenous peoples and manages the long-sedimented legal and regulatory differences between reserve and Canadian jurisdictions. Transferring our attention from the Indian Act to actual sites of legislative activity, we are better positioned to perceive, critique, and challenge the evolving formation of settler colonialism in Canada today. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 167-183 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1919500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1919500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:167-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Weihua Dong Author-X-Name-First: Weihua Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: Tong Qin Author-X-Name-First: Tong Author-X-Name-Last: Qin Author-Name: Tianyu Yang Author-X-Name-First: Tianyu Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Hua Liao Author-X-Name-First: Hua Author-X-Name-Last: Liao Author-Name: Bing Liu Author-X-Name-First: Bing Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Liqiu Meng Author-X-Name-First: Liqiu Author-X-Name-Last: Meng Author-Name: Yu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Wayfinding Behavior and Spatial Knowledge Acquisition: Are They the Same in Virtual Reality and in Real-World Environments? Abstract: Finding one’s way is a fundamental daily activity and has been widely studied in the field of geospatial cognition. Immersive virtual reality (iVR) techniques provide new approaches for investigating wayfinding behavior and spatial knowledge acquisition. It is currently unclear, however, how wayfinding behavior and spatial knowledge acquisition in iVR differ from those in real-world environments (REs). We conducted an RE wayfinding experiment with twenty-five participants who performed a series of tasks. We then conducted an iVR experiment using the same experimental design with forty participants who completed the same tasks. Participants’ eye movements were recorded in both experiments. In addition, verbal reports and postexperiment questionnaires were collected as supplementary data. The results revealed that individuals’ wayfinding performance is largely the same between the two environments, whereas their visual attention exhibited significant differences. Participants processed visual information more efficiently in RE but searched visual information more efficiently in iVR. For spatial knowledge acquisition, participants’ distance estimation was more accurate in iVR compared with RE. Participants’ direction estimation and sketch map results were not significantly different, however. This empirical evidence regarding the ecological validity of iVR might encourage further studies of the benefits of VR techniques in geospatial cognition research. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 226-246 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1894088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1894088 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:226-246 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zohre Ebrahimi-Khusfi Author-X-Name-First: Zohre Author-X-Name-Last: Ebrahimi-Khusfi Author-Name: Maryam Mirakbari Author-X-Name-First: Maryam Author-X-Name-Last: Mirakbari Author-Name: Mojtaba Soleimani-Sardo Author-X-Name-First: Mojtaba Author-X-Name-Last: Soleimani-Sardo Title: Aridity Index Variations and Dust Events in Iran from 1990 to 2018 Abstract: This study was carried out to determine whether the changes in dust concentration (DC) in Iran were attributed to changes in aridity index (AI) from 1990 to 2018. Long-term precipitation and potential evapotranspiration were used to compute the United Nations Environment Program AI and horizontal visibility data were used to calculate the DC in the study area. The DC spatial distribution maps were prepared to better identify areas affected by sand-dust events. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to explore the association between DC and AI in Iran and study stations during the monitoring period. Spatiotemporal variations in DC showed that more than 60 percent of Iran’s area experienced severe wind erosion events in 2001, 2008, and 1990 when AI was less than 0.2. The results also showed that approximately 45 percent of Iran’s area has suffered from the average DC over the study period (565 µg/m3). The incremental changes in DC were observed in almost half of the entire area of Iran during the second period (2000–2008) and one third of this area during the third period (2009–2018). Areas affected by decreasing changes in AI during the second and third periods were 90 percent and 73 percent of the area affected during the previous period, respectively. Overall, there was a significant negative correlation between AI and DC in Iran over the monitoring period (r = −0.51, p value < 0.01). Insignificant positive correlations were observed in humid regions, whereas negative correlations were mostly detected in arid and semiarid regions of Iran. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 123-140 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1896355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1896355 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:123-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chang Xia Author-X-Name-First: Chang Author-X-Name-Last: Xia Author-Name: Anqi Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Anqi Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Anthony G. O. Yeh Author-X-Name-First: Anthony G. O. Author-X-Name-Last: Yeh Title: The Varying Relationships between Multidimensional Urban Form and Urban Vitality in Chinese Megacities: Insights from a Comparative Analysis Abstract: Substantial efforts have been devoted to investigating the effects of urban form on fundamental natural and social patterns. Such efforts, however, focus mostly on the urban and regional scales. Despite fine-scale investigations that have been conducted recently to analyze how the urban landscape influences urban vitality at the local scale, these studies are often based on the two-dimensional shape of spaces and ignore the diversification of economies and activities in various cities throughout the day. This work examined the relationships between multidimensional urban form and urban vitality at the street block level and explored their variations across fifteen megacities in China. Based on the framework of Conzen’s town-plan analysis, multidimensional urban form was quantified from three fundamental aspects: city plan, building forms, and land utilization. The local vitality was measured in social and economic dimensions at different times of day using restaurant data and nighttime lights. Our results revealed the time- and place-varying relationships between urban form and urban vitality and indicated the successes and failures of widely accepted norms of a good city form. In particular, connectivity, compactness, building arrangement, iconic buildings, transport facilities, and open and green spaces were found to be important for urban vitality, whereas land-use mixture and building density presented limited or unintended effects. Furthermore, some urban form indicators could contrarily contribute to vitality for different cities, times, or dimensions, suggesting that urban spaces bearing these qualifications might not be constantly attractive. We suggest a consideration of local spatiotemporal characteristics in urban revitalization policies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 141-166 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1919502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1919502 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:141-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vania Ceccato Author-X-Name-First: Vania Author-X-Name-Last: Ceccato Author-Name: Robin Petersson Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Petersson Title: Social Media and Emergency Services: Information Sharing about Cases of Missing Persons in Rural Sweden Abstract: The aim of this article is to investigate the nature of information sharing in social media about missing persons by using social media data (mostly Twitter) and conventional media coverage (media archives), adopting a platial perspective to this geographical information. By focusing on the cases of three people gone missing, we report on ways in which civil society establishes relational networks through social media to collectively support local searches and share information in rural Sweden. Geographical information systems and visualization techniques underlie the methodology of this study. Findings show that the geography of information sharing in social media about a missing person is not random, revealing a globally dispersed pattern across the country. Information sharing contains more emotional than informational content, hitting a peak of spread after a person is found deceased. This finding indicates that the value of information shared by social media as a problem-solving resource might have so far been overestimated in the process of finding missing persons. In addition, tweets show indications that voluntary organizations constitute a valuable resource in rural contexts but not without impact on the existing networks of stakeholders delivering emergency services. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 266-285 Issue: 1 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1907172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1907172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:1:p:266-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy W. Collins Author-X-Name-First: Timothy W. Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Sara E. Grineski Author-X-Name-First: Sara E. Author-X-Name-Last: Grineski Author-Name: Shawna M. Nadybal Author-X-Name-First: Shawna M. Author-X-Name-Last: Nadybal Title: A Comparative Approach for Environmental Justice Analysis: Explaining Divergent Societal Distributions of Particulate Matter and Ozone Pollution across U.S. Neighborhoods Abstract: Numerous environmental justice (EJ) studies demonstrate that U.S. racial and ethnic minorities experience disparate hazard exposures, but we lack knowledge about how the societal distribution of risk varies between hazard types and how neighborhood-level racial residential segregation influences patterns of environmental injustice. We address those limitations by comparatively analyzing disparities in exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone (O3) across census tracts of the contiguous United States and by elucidating the role of local racial residential segregation in structuring environmental injustices based on minority versus White neighborhood composition. Results indicate divergent societal patterns of exposure to the two pollutants. Tracts with higher PM2.5 have greater proportions of Hispanic, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander residents, whereas tracts with increased O3 have lower proportions of those racialized groups. Additionally, we find that local multigroup racial residential segregation modifies the effect of minority versus White composition on PM2.5 exposures, such that residents of segregated minority neighborhoods breathe air laden with more PM2.5, whereas those in segregated White neighborhoods inhale air with less PM2.5. We find the opposite pattern for O3. Our comparative EJ perspective illuminates how the association between privileged Whiteness and O3 pollution is neither unjust nor equalizes the distribution of risk. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 522-541 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1935690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1935690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:522-541 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Scott M. Freundschuh Author-X-Name-First: Scott M. Author-X-Name-Last: Freundschuh Author-Name: Mark Blades Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Blades Title: Put the Horse NEXT to the Lake and FAR from the Water Tower: Locative Understanding in Geographic Environments Abstract: Locatives, or spatial concepts, are phrases or words that denote place location and are essential for descriptions of locations in space. Despite their importance, how locatives are used and understood in large-scale geographical spaces has received little attention in the literature. Existing research on the cognitive development of locatives by English speakers has focused primarily on locative understanding in one spatial context, that of small-scale tabletop spaces. In addition, these studies have provided few data about the development of locative understanding beyond the age of about seven years. In this article we report the results of a portion of a multiyear study that examined the understanding of locatives in both a small-scale tabletop space and a large landscape model space. Participants of ages three, four, five, seven, and nineyears old and an adult control group responded to these instructions: “Put the [object] [using a locative term] the [in relation to a referent]” in either the tabletop model or the landscape model. The location and the context of object placement were recorded and analyzed. This article focuses on the results of object placement in the model town. Results show a developmental progression in all but two of the twenty locatives tested. In addition, results show that scale and context are important for locative understanding in geographic environments. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 410-431 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1935688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1935688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:410-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neil M. Coe Author-X-Name-First: Neil M. Author-X-Name-Last: Coe Author-Name: Chun Yang Author-X-Name-First: Chun Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Mobile Gaming Production Networks, Platform Business Groups, and the Market Power of China’s Tencent Abstract: The games industry is one of many that have undergone significant restructuring due to the emergence of digital platforms. Since the early 2010s, the industry has shifted rapidly to focus on mobile games as opposed to console and personal computer games. Mobile platforms, particularly application (app) stores that serve as digital distribution platforms for mobile content such as games, have become central to the organization of the industry. Although the existing literature on mobile platforms has tended to focus on the dominant distribution platforms such as Apple’s App Store and Google’s Play Store that prevail in the United States and European countries, the shift to mobile gaming is arguably being led by the Chinese market, where domestic third-party app stores predominate. China is also home to the world’s largest gaming company, Tencent. This article explores the evolving nature of games industry production networks, with a specific focus on the Chinese market and Tencent’s rise to a dominant position in particular. Conceptually, the article combines insights from the platform ecosystem and global production network literatures to demonstrate how Tencent has used strategies of vertical and horizontal integration to create a specific organizational form—the platform business group. This bestows competitive advantages to Tencent that in turn underpin its market power, high levels of value capture, and the wider trend toward duopoly or oligopoly in the sector. The conceptual framing also explains how these developments are heavily shaped by the distinctive regulatory and market characteristics of the Chinese games industry. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 307-330 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1933887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1933887 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:307-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Todd W. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Todd W. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Jennifer M. St. Clair Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer M. St. Author-X-Name-Last: Clair Author-Name: Michael P. McGuire Author-X-Name-First: Michael P. Author-X-Name-Last: McGuire Title: Climatology and Trends of Tornado-Favorable Atmospheric Ingredients in the United States Abstract: Tornadoes cause numerous fatalities and injuries each year in the United States. Understanding the geographic distribution of tornado risk and how it changes over time is critical to our ability to communicate risk and heighten public awareness and preparation—all part of our attempt to reduce the number of tornado-related fatalities and injuries. Tornadoes are most common when certain atmospheric conditions are met, namely, in a humid, unstable atmosphere with vertical wind shear. In this study, we generate seasonal climatologies and track seasonal changes of these atmospheric conditions. Each of these atmospheric conditions is found to change in different ways, creating unique spatiotemporal combinations. For example, wind shear and moisture increased in winter in the Midwest and Mid-South along with tornado counts. In spring, instability, wind shear, and moisture increased by various amounts through the Midwest and Mid-South. In addition to changes in the mean state of atmospheric conditions, trends herein show that variability is also changing. Notable changes include increases in the variability of convective available potential energy in the western portions of the north and south Great Plains in spring and summer and an increase in the variability of wind shear in the Midwest and Mid-South in fall. This study illustrates that atmospheric ingredients interact in complex ways. When considered with other studies, this study also shows that changing atmospheric conditions could be contributing to changes in tornado activity in the United States. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 331-349 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1910479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1910479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:331-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geonhwa You Author-X-Name-First: Geonhwa Author-X-Name-Last: You Title: Spatiotemporal Data-Adaptive Clustering Algorithm: An Intelligent Computational Technique for City Big Data Abstract: The emerging paradigm of the modern city demands big data analytics in urban studies. Data mining techniques for big data have the potential to ascertain strategic insights for current and future cities. Clustering is increasingly growing in data mining, serving as a knowledge discovery tool. This article proposes a spatiotemporal clustering method, called spatiotemporal data-adaptive clustering (STDAC), to cope with clustering challenges, such as feature type, parameter setting, and treating spatial and temporal dimensions as equals. The proposed algorithm takes a dual-structure approach to obtain high-quality clusters and discover temporal changes not detected by other techniques. STDAC refers to the feature type and uses k-fold cross-validation (KCV) to replace the user-defined parameters with the data-driven values. The data-driven threshold from KCV performs as the endogenous variable, thus not requiring a priori assumptions or parameter settings. This article used the bus, taxi passengers, and de facto population data as illustrative case studies. The clustering performances were evaluated based on validation indexes, such as the Davies–Bouldin index (DBI) and Dunn index (DI), where STDAC generally had lower DBI and greater DI. The findings showed that STDAC could yield better clustering performances than other established algorithms. Hence, the proposed method would be promising to future studies requiring spatiotemporal big data analytics in urban studies, administrative management, and other fields. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 602-619 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1935207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1935207 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:602-619 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel R. Montello Author-X-Name-First: Daniel R. Author-X-Name-Last: Montello Author-Name: Sarah E. Battersby Author-X-Name-First: Sarah E. Author-X-Name-Last: Battersby Title: Another Look at the “Mercator Effect” on Global-Scale Cognitive Maps: Not in Areas but in Directions Abstract: The Mercator effect is the widespread and persistent belief among cartographers and others that people’s global-scale cognitive maps are distorted in a particular way because of their exposure to world maps displayed with the common Mercator projection. In particular, such exposure has been claimed to lead people to believe that polar regions, such as Greenland, are much larger than they really are, relative to equatorial regions. Recent studies, however, have found no evidence for a Mercator effect on recalled areas for world regions. Given that a version of the Mercator projection known as the Web Mercator has been used for Web mapping in the last couple of decades, we carried out a replication with samples at two universities, but we also asked respondents to estimate great-circle directions (“as a jet would fly”) from their home city to several other world cities. We again find no support for a Mercator effect on areas estimated from memory, but our novel collection of spherical direction estimates provides clear evidence of a Mercator effect (or that of a similar rectangular projection) on directional beliefs. These results confirm that cognitive maps are not unitary, analogue mental structures but collections of beliefs stored in different formats in separate mental structures that are not necessarily mutually coordinated and integrated. We also introduce a survey of map use that focuses on digital maps and their use for local versus global geographic inquiries. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 468-486 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1931001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1931001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:468-486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Manuel Prieto Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Prieto Title: Indigenous Resurgence, Identity Politics, and the Anticommodification of Nature: The Chilean Water Market and the Atacameño People Abstract: What is “uncooperative” about the commodification of nature? This article argues that critical understandings of neoliberal environmental governance must contend with complex processes of identity formation and mobilization. Drawing on an analysis of water rights formalization in Chile, widely seen as the most radical case of water commodification in the world, this article demonstrates how Indigenous identity works to subvert the processes and politics of commodifying water. A growing body of recent literature (mainly in the Andes) has emphasized the relationship between water control and Indigenous resurgence, stressing how indigeneity can disrupt neoliberalism. Following this approach, and through analyzing oral testimonies from Atacameño people, I highlight the Atacameños’ agency throughout the implementation of the Chilean water model in the Atacama Desert. By studying the Atacameños’ perceptions of the intimate relationship between water, power, and identity politics in their desert homeland, I conclude that the Chilean water model, rather than posing a threat to a genuine identity, has allowed for the articulation of a legitimate Indigenous positionality for the purpose of retaining a collective hydraulic property. The results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the contradictions of the Chilean case and the role of identity politics within the commodification of natural processes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 487-504 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1937036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1937036 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:487-504 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Gandy Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Gandy Title: An Arkansas Parable for the Anthropocene Abstract: The claimed rediscovery of North America’s rarest bird, the ivory-billed woodpecker, in the early 2000s, was one of the most high-profile events in global ornithological history. The reappearance of the bird in a remote locality in eastern Arkansas seemed to vindicate belief in the innate resilience and adaptability of nature, yet within a few months the claims became shrouded in doubt and uncertainty. This article argues that the reasons for the bird’s likely extinction in the early 1940s go beyond the usual parameters of conservation biology to include the violent impetus toward nature unleashed by settler colonialism and the plantation system. The changing ecologies of the Delta are explored through a dialogue between critical landscape studies and emerging perspectives on race, masculinity, and violence that have been extensively occluded under the burgeoning interdisciplinary fascination with the Anthropocene. I conclude that the story of the ivory-billed woodpecker gives credence to a modified reading of the Plantationocene as an alternative conceptual framing for global environmental change. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 368-386 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1935692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1935692 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:368-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Petrović Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Petrović Author-Name: Maarten van Ham Author-X-Name-First: Maarten Author-X-Name-Last: van Ham Author-Name: David Manley Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Manley Title: Where Do Neighborhood Effects End? Moving to Multiscale Spatial Contextual Effects Abstract: There is no theoretical reason to assume that neighborhood effects operate at a constant single spatial scale across multiple urban settings or over different periods of time. Despite this, many studies use large, single-scale, predefined spatial units as proxies for neighborhoods. Recently, the use of bespoke neighborhoods has challenged the predominant approach to neighborhood as a single static unit. This article argues that we need to move away from neighborhood effects and study multiscale context effects. The article systematically examines how estimates of spatial contextual effects vary when altering the spatial scale of context, how this translates across urban space, and what the consequences are when using an inappropriate scale, in the absence of theory. Using individual-level geocoded data from The Netherlands, we created 101 bespoke areas around each individual. We ran 101 models of personal income to examine the effect of living in a low-income spatial context, focusing on four distinct regions. We found that contextual effects vary over both scales and urban settings, with the largest effects not necessarily present at the smallest spatial scale. Ultimately, the magnitude of contextual effects is determined by various spatial processes, along with the variability in urban structure. Therefore, using an inappropriate spatial scale can considerably bias (upward or downward) spatial context effects. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 581-601 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1923455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1923455 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:581-601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lin Liu Author-X-Name-First: Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Hanlin Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Hanlin Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Minxuan Lan Author-X-Name-First: Minxuan Author-X-Name-Last: Lan Title: Agglomerative Effects of Crime Attractors and Generators on Street Robbery? An Assessment by Luojia 1-01 Satellite Nightlight Abstract: Scholars have long confirmed the agglomerative effect in retail geography. The colocation of multiple shops would encourage customers to make multiple stops in a single shopping trip. Does the agglomerative effect exist in illegal activities such as crime? What is a viable measurement of the colocation of facilities that attract or generate crime? These questions have never been explicitly addressed in crime geography. Numerous studies explain crime by the count of facilities, but the count variable ignores the size variation among the facilities. Because facilities are typically associated with lights at night, this study uses Luojia 1-01 satellite nightlight and a Gini coefficient–based adjuster to infer the agglomerative impact of crime attractors and generators in Cincinnati, Ohio. Results show that nightlights have a strong spatial correlation with the facilities and they can effectively capture large-sized and moderate-sized clusters of diverse types of crime attractors and generators. Additionally, negative binomial regression models compare the impacts of these different measures on crime by controlling potential confounding variables representing social disorganization. Results show that the nightlight models outperform the count models. Such advantage is more pronounced in areas where the crime rates are high. This is certainly an encouraging outcome, because both crime research and crime prevention tend to focus on high-crime areas. In sum, this preliminary study on the possible agglomerative effect in illegal activities reveals that nightlight data can effectively measure the agglomeration of crime attractors and generators and that the agglomerative nightlight explains crime better than the popular measure of facility counts. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 350-367 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1933888 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1933888 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:350-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fautemeh Sajadi Bami Author-X-Name-First: Fautemeh Sajadi Author-X-Name-Last: Bami Author-Name: Kamal A. Alsharif Author-X-Name-First: Kamal A. Author-X-Name-Last: Alsharif Author-Name: Hannah Torres Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Torres Title: Water Scarcity in the Face of Hurricanes: Improving the Resilience of Potable Water Supplies in Selected Florida Counties Abstract: Hurricanes threaten drinking water supplies in Florida through problems such as contamination and shortages. The purpose of this research was to review management policies addressing potable water paucity caused by Hurricane Irma. A survey was used to understand these policies’ effects from the general public’s perspective. The perceived effectiveness of these policies was analyzed via cross-tabulations. The results of the study identified several issues with potable water management related to hurricanes: (1) economic constraints that prevent obtaining drinking water, (2) lack of concern or care in maintaining sanitary private wells, (3) inadequacy of policies encouraging locals to prepare for three days without regular water supplies, (4) greater water shortages experienced by younger respondents, and (5) residents who received emergency relief but did not require aid. The results also identified potential improvements in drinking water management in the face of hurricanes and can enhance potable water management to avoid loss of well-being in future hurricanes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 449-467 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1939646 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1939646 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:449-467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yang Xu Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Paolo Santi Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Santi Author-Name: Carlo Ratti Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Ratti Title: Beyond Distance Decay: Discover Homophily in Spatially Embedded Social Networks Abstract: Existing studies suggest distance decay as an important geographic property of online social networks. Namely, social interactions are more likely to occur among people who are closer in physical space. Limited effort has been devoted so far, however, to quantifying the impact of homophily forces on social network structures. In this study, we provide a quantitative understanding of the joint impact of geographic distance and people’s socioeconomic characteristics on their interaction patterns. By coupling large-scale mobile phone, income, and housing price data sets in Singapore, we reconstruct a spatially embedded social network that captures the cell phone communications of millions of phone users in the city. By associating phone users with their estimated residence, we introduce two indicators (communication intensity and friendship probability) to examine the cell phone interactions among places with various housing price values. Our findings suggest that, after controlling for distance, similar places tend to have relatively higher communication intensity than dissimilar ones, confirming a significant homophily effect as a determinant of communication intensity. When the analysis is focused on the formation of social ties, though, the homophily effect is more nuanced. It persists at relatively short distances, whereas at higher distances a tendency to form ties with people in the highest social classes prevails. Overall, the results reported in this study have implications for understanding social segregation in cities. In particular, the physical separation of social groups in a city (e.g., residential segregation) will have a direct impact on shaping communication or social network segregation. The study highlights the importance of incorporating socioeconomic data into the understanding of spatial social networks. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 505-521 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1935208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1935208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:505-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles W. Lafon Author-X-Name-First: Charles W. Author-X-Name-Last: Lafon Author-Name: Georgina G. DeWeese Author-X-Name-First: Georgina G. Author-X-Name-Last: DeWeese Author-Name: William T. Flatley Author-X-Name-First: William T. Author-X-Name-Last: Flatley Author-Name: Serena R. Aldrich Author-X-Name-First: Serena R. Author-X-Name-Last: Aldrich Author-Name: Adam T. Naito Author-X-Name-First: Adam T. Author-X-Name-Last: Naito Title: Historical Fire Regimes and Stand Dynamics of Xerophytic Pine–Oak Stands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, Virginia, USA Abstract: Fire-dependent yellow pine (Pinus) forests are included within the temperate deciduous forest of eastern North America. These forests, which occupy dry slopes and typically contain xerophytic oaks (Quercus), have receded under fire suppression. Understanding historical fire regimes is essential for interpreting and managing these stands. To characterize fire history and vegetation dynamics, we conducted a dendroecological study of fire-scarred trees and age structure in pine stands at four sites in the Appalachian Mountains. Fire interval estimates suggest that before fire suppression began in the early to middle 1900s, fires occurred at approximately three- to eleven-year intervals. Short intervals were probably maintained in part by large-extent fires that spread from sparse ignition points. Fire frequency showed no long-term temporal trend (e.g., no wave of fire) from the middle 1700s through early 1900s despite land–use intensification, including industrial logging and associated wildfires during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Fire occurrence was associated with drought at two sites. Age–structure analyses evoke pyrogenic pine–oak communities that predated industrial disturbances and persisted under a regime of frequent, mixed-severity fires that was likely maintained through a positive feedback with the flammable vegetation. Competing species were established under more recent fire suppression, however, and are poised to replace the pines. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 387-409 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1935206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1935206 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:387-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen Epstein Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: Epstein Author-Name: Julia H. Haggerty Author-X-Name-First: Julia H. Author-X-Name-Last: Haggerty Author-Name: Hannah Gosnell Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Gosnell Title: With, Not for, Money: Ranch Management Trajectories of the Super-Rich in Greater Yellowstone Abstract: Despite the increasing concentration of wealth among high net worth (HNW) individuals and their rising influence as proprietors of natural resources worldwide, the discipline of geography has only recently begun to consider the interactions between the contemporary global super-rich and systems of environmental management. This article addresses a gap in the literature related to the social and ecological implications of ranches owned by the very wealthy. Drawing from a life course perspective, we complicate static representations of landowners and examine HNW ranchland ownership dynamics in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, an iconic conservation area in the U.S. West. Four stories about HNW ranches, compiled through a composite narrative approach, describe how ranch management practices and strategies play out over time and space. The result is a set of management trajectories linked to broader geographies of the super-rich where social–ecological outcomes related to an ability to ranch with, as opposed to for, money reinforces the connections between systems of wealth, elite interests, and land control. Our findings underscore a need for future scholarly efforts attuned to HNW ranch management trajectories as consequential drivers of change in rural areas and critical conservation areas. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 432-448 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1930512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1930512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:432-448 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaoping Shen Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoping Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Author-Name: Limin Wang Author-X-Name-First: Limin Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Xiulan Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Xiulan Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Jiangmei Liu Author-X-Name-First: Jiangmei Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Lijun Wang Author-X-Name-First: Lijun Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Li Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Title: Analysis of Forty Years of Geographic Disparity in Liver Cancer Mortality and the Influence of Risk Factors Abstract: Regional disparities in cancer mortality rates are prevalent at all geographic scales. Area factors such as health conditions, behavior patterns, pollution, and socioeconomic status (SES) have significant impacts on cancer disparity. Efforts to determine the risk factors help to identify interventions that can lower disease burdens. In this study, we focus on liver cancer mortality (LCM), which is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Liver cancer rates have shown significant geographic disparities. We used a comprehensive database and applied innovative statistical models to investigate the influences of area factors on geographic disparities in LCM rates in China. To incorporate the long lag period between exposure and mortality, we integrated databases on LCM, other liver diseases, smoking and alcohol use, pollution, health care resources, censuses, and SES across four decades. Spatial random effect models were developed to address the effects of risk factors. Results showed that higher LCM is linked to less access to and lower availability of medical services and higher levels of water pollution. People in the high LCM area more likely worked in the industrial sector and had higher rates of smoking and alcohol use. Compared to Western countries where populations in high-LCM regions usually were those with the lowest SES, this study revealed that China’s high-LCM areas were the mostly rapidly industrializing regions with higher income, more severe water pollution, and a lack of access to medical services. Study results substantially inform potential policy on the allocation of resources for cancer prevention and control in developing countries. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 563-580 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1919501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1919501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:563-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lindsey G. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey G. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Michael J. Widener Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Widener Author-Name: Bochu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Bochu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Steven Farber Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Farber Author-Name: Leia M. Minaker Author-X-Name-First: Leia M. Author-X-Name-Last: Minaker Author-Name: Zachary Patterson Author-X-Name-First: Zachary Author-X-Name-Last: Patterson Author-Name: Kristian Larsen Author-X-Name-First: Kristian Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen Author-Name: Jason Gilliland Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Gilliland Title: Comparing Household and Individual Measures of Access through a Food Environment Lens: What Household Food Opportunities Are Missed When Measuring Access to Food Retail at the Individual Level? Abstract: Geographers and public health researchers have long been interested in social, spatial, and economic factors that drive access and exposure to food retail. A growing body of evidence draws on mobility data to capture locations accessed by individuals beyond the home address. Given that food-related activities are shared by household members and often gendered, taking an individual-level approach might limit researchers’ ability to accurately describe access to food retail. Using data that includes Global Positioning System trajectories of forty-six adults from twenty-one households in Toronto, this study compares access to food retailers at the individual and household levels and evaluates measurement issues that arise when relying on one household member. Spatial and spatiotemporal measures of access were derived from individual and total household activity spaces. Differences in access were tested for men and women and moderating effects of neighborhood, shopping responsibility, car access, and employment status were investigated. Supermarket density was greater for women when compared with men in the household, as well as their total household measure. Additionally, within-household differences in counts of supermarkets were moderated by neighborhood. Future research should consider the role of place and the contributions of household members when measuring access to food at the individual level. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 542-562 Issue: 2 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1930513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1930513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:2:p:542-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mabel Denzin Gergan Author-X-Name-First: Mabel Denzin Author-X-Name-Last: Gergan Author-Name: Tyler McCreary Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: McCreary Title: Disrupting Infrastructures of Colonial Hydro-Modernity: Lepcha and Dakelh Struggles against Temporal and Territorial Displacements Abstract: To be Indigenous within the modern nation-state is to live with a profound sense of territorial and temporal displacement. Colonial legal regimes situate indigeneity as a condition of temporal stasis, perpetuating the logic of territorial dispossession and erasure. Drawing on research in India and Canada, we focus on Indigenous experiences to theorize the relationship between colonial legal regimes, territory, temporality, and infrastructure. In the Indigenous territories of the Lepchas in the Indian Himalaya and the Dakelh in British Columbia, Canada, hydropower infrastructure effected displacements of Indigenous space-times and sovereignty. Although Indigenous peoples continue to assert legal claims challenging these massive infrastructural projects, colonial legal regimes normalize the often violent imposition of the space-times of state and capitalist development. The Dakelh have challenged the enduring impacts of a 1950s river diversion project; however, Canadian courts legitimized historic displacements, delimiting constitutional protections to current existing Dakelh rights. For the Lepchas, a recent infrastructural boom in the Indian Himalaya is threatening special constitutional provisions upholding tribal customary laws, raising concern among younger Lepchas over the future of their ancestral lands. Despite these threats, we demonstrate how Lepcha and Dakelh relations to time and territory exceed colonial containments. They call into question how the colonial present normalizes historic and ongoing displacements and demand responsibility for the past to craft alternative futures. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 789-798 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1978837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1978837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:789-798 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Ashleigh Weeden Author-X-Name-First: S. Ashleigh Author-X-Name-Last: Weeden Author-Name: Jean Hardy Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Hardy Author-Name: Karen Foster Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Foster Title: Urban Flight and Rural Rights in a Pandemic: Exploring Narratives of Place, Displacement, and “the Right to Be Rural” in the Context of COVID-19 Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated many preexisting challenges facing rural communities and brought tensions in rural–urban relations closer to the surface. This article offers an explorative contribution to discussions in critical geography by comparing media narratives surrounding urban flight to rural places during the COVID-19 pandemic. Comparing field sites in rural Michigan (United States), Ontario (Canada), and the “Atlantic bubble” (Canada), we use an emerging theorization of the “right to be rural” to explore how urban flight and rural displacement are tied to concepts of community, identity, and safety. This approach is grounded in the political economy of rurality and emphasizes the power relations, inequalities, and historical contingencies that structure the experiences of full-time and part-time rural residents during the pandemic. Our exploratory discussion surfaces critical tensions in the geographically and socioeconomically uneven implications of the pandemic, including the “anxious economic acquiescence” experienced in many tourism-dependent rural regions and both the “hard” and “soft” ways in which rural regions responded to increased demands for access. We argue that the political economy of rural–urban relations is critical to understanding the social processes that will shape the “right to be rural” during and after COVID-19. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 732-741 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2003179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2003179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:732-741 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sean F. Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Sean F. Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Title: The Power to Stay: Climate, Cocoa, and the Politics of Displacement Abstract: Displacement due to environmental hazards such as sea-level rise and extreme weather has long been a prominent theme of climate adaptation and migration research. Although the relationship between climate adaptation and displacement is typically associated with the involuntary relocation of human bodies and livelihoods, in this article I offer an alternative perspective. Through an examination of recent trends in the Indonesian cocoa sector, I argue that fixing labor and capital in place—often in the form of smallholder producers—has emerged as a core strategy for corporate entities to manage the threat of their own economic displacement. Although this strategy enables corporate entities to maintain cocoa production in the face of economic and environmental disruption, the associated loss of smallholder mobility, constrained livelihood options, and new forms of financial dependency increase smallholder vulnerability to economic and environmental impacts associated with climate change. This work highlights emerging tensions between climate adaptation, displacement, and agrarian change while raising new questions concerning who and what is displaced and how in the context of climate adaptation in the Global South. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 674-683 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1978839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1978839 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:674-683 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefano Bloch Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: Bloch Title: For Autoethnographies of Displacement Beyond Gentrification: The Body as Archive, Memory as Data Abstract: Motivated by my own experiences with serial eviction, I argue for increased reliance on the body as archive and memory as data to be used in the storytelling process about displacement and unhoming. Increased inclusion of personal reflection in the literature on displacement has the potential to further humanize a discipline that is already well-steeped in utilizing qualitative methods, abstract theorization, and quantification to reveal other people’s experiences of loss, longing, and belonging. I argue that increased reliance on autoethnographic approaches used to reflect on and write about deeply stored, somatic experiences of displacement beyond gentrification has the power to transform not just how we, as geographers, talk about displacement but who it is we invite to do the talking. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 706-714 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1985952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1985952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:706-714 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate Driscoll Derickson Author-X-Name-First: Kate Driscoll Author-X-Name-Last: Derickson Title: Disrupting Displacements: Making Knowledges for Futures Otherwise in Gullah/Geechee Nation Abstract: In this article, I consider the politics of making knowledge and building theory about displacement that has as its goal transformative social change. Drawing on my experience conducting research as a member of the Gullah/Geechee Sustainability Think Tank, I engage with strands of Black feminist thought to consider the politics of pursuing what I call itineraries of verification. I propose a thick conception of the politics of knowledge production as best understood as a bundle of social relations. By thick conception, I mean to inextricably link the products of knowledge production practices (e.g., academic publications, data sets, and other artifacts that are produced through acts of research and systematized knowing) and the institutional, social, interpersonal, and political economic relations that are made and reified in the process. Central to this set of concerns is how social formations are implicitly or explicitly reproduced or reworked in the knowledge production process. In particular, I am skeptical of the assumption that knowledge about systems of power is inherently disruptive of those systems. With respect to research on displacement generally, or in my work with Gullah/Geechees specifically, this critique invites reflection on the political stakes of ways of knowing about processes we wish to disrupt, rework, or abolish. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 838-846 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1996219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1996219 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:838-846 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cinthya Ammerman Author-X-Name-First: Cinthya Author-X-Name-Last: Ammerman Title: Lessons from Fire: The Displaced Radiata Pine on Mapuche Homelands and the California Roots of Chile’s Climate Crisis Abstract: Over the past century, vast swathes of Chile’s biologically diverse temperate rainforest have been replaced with radiata pine monoculture as a direct result of exchanges with California that began during the mid-1800s, when Chile experienced a boom in wheat exports to meet the demand of California gold rush populations. Chile’s “green rush” of radiata pine has hastened the displacement of people and plants and has created a flammable landscape that acts synergistically with climate change to create larger wildfires and longer fire seasons. The work presented here is premised on the understanding that land is a living, storied site that reveals lessons for correcting our behavior. I draw on theoretical contributions from Native American and Indigenous studies to understand the lessons from fire and the importance of traditional ecological knowledges from Mapuche and California Native homelands in response to climate change. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 692-705 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2008225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2008225 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:692-705 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Lunstrum Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Lunstrum Author-Name: Pablo S. Bose Author-X-Name-First: Pablo S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bose Title: Environmental Displacement in the Anthropocene Abstract: This intervention invites more substantial scholarly attention to human displacement in and of the Anthropocene—this current epoch in which humans have become the primary drivers of global environmental change—and sets out an initial framework for its study. The framework is organized around three interrelated contributions. First is the recognition that displacement is driven not just by climate change but also broader forms of environmental change defining the Anthropocene, including biodiversity loss, changes to land and water resources, and the buildup of nuclear debris, along with their intersections. Second, the framework parses out three distinct moments of displacement in the Anthropocene: displacement as a consequence of, prerequisite to, and active response to environmental change. Third, the framework rejects environmental (neo)determinism by showing how displacement across these distinct moments and drivers is more than environmental: It is the articulation of environmental and sociopolitical–economic factors, which are routinely shaped by inequality and play out within a broader series of crises and crisis narratives that drive displacement and hinder viable solutions. We ground these interventions in examples of political conflict, anti-immigrant politics, the posttruth and colonial politics of knowledge production, and the Anthropocene itself as crisis requiring displacement to clean up its mess. Although each example is quite distinct, a common thread stitched across them is colonialism, highlighting a recurring extra-environmental driver of displacement. Taken together, these dynamics underscore that displacement is not an unfortunate by-product of the Anthropocene but woven into its very fabric. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 644-653 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1995316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1995316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:644-653 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asa Roast Author-X-Name-First: Asa Author-X-Name-Last: Roast Author-Name: Deirdre Conlon Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre Author-X-Name-Last: Conlon Author-Name: Glenda Garelli Author-X-Name-First: Glenda Author-X-Name-Last: Garelli Author-Name: Louise Waite Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Waite Title: The Need for Inter/Subdisciplinary Thinking in Critical Conceptualizations of Displacement Abstract: Displacement occupies an ambiguous position in contemporary geographical thought. Displacement through gentrification and regeneration has gained prominence in critical urban geography, even as critical migration, border, and citizenship studies have simultaneously produced a robust literature on transnational displacement and internally displaced persons. In response to emerging crises of global and urban order, this article adds to a consideration of displacement—as concept and methodology—through an urging of attention to three drivers common to urban, subnational, and transnational scales of displacement. Our key argument is to suggest an urgent research agenda addressing the different scales and roles of value, choice, and infrastructure, both as drivers in processes of displacement and as points of learning between subdisciplines. Collectively, our work on migration and urban restructuring shows that large-scale development and resettlement projects, labor markets, and extraordinary measures of crisis management generate new ways in which value is extracted from displaced bodies and depeopled places. Against a tendency to index displacement (in both policy and research methodology) as either voluntary or nonvoluntary, we advance a critique of the choice structure of displacement. We further call attention to the infrastructures and technologies through which displacement is moved from a temporary state of exception to an ongoing state of normality. In doing so, we call for the need to rethink the epistemology of displacement and identify the significance of cross-subdisciplinary conversations for this project. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 626-635 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1997569 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1997569 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:626-635 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey R. Lynch Author-X-Name-First: Casey R. Author-X-Name-Last: Lynch Author-Name: David Bissell Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bissell Author-Name: Lily A. House-Peters Author-X-Name-First: Lily A. Author-X-Name-Last: House-Peters Author-Name: Vincent J. Del Casino Author-X-Name-First: Vincent J. Author-X-Name-Last: Del Casino Title: Robotics, Affective Displacement, and the Automation of Care Abstract: Recent accounts of labor displacement highlight the automation of tasks in care work, long thought to require uniquely human skills. These developments call for a retheorization of displacement that addresses the shifting sites and relations of human labor, while also questioning the humanness of care. This intervention supplements a humanist concern for the displacement of discrete human bodies with a posthuman concern for the displacement of specific affective relations. The emerging robotic care industry illustrates how displacement involves complex reconfigurations of more-than-human intimacy. Developing a micropolitical understanding of technological displacement, we argue that caring as a sensory set of affective relations is being transformed by new regimes of robotic care, and this has crucial implications for theorizations of care, automation, and displacement in geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 684-691 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1985953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1985953 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:684-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patricia Ehrkamp Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Ehrkamp Author-Name: Jenna M. Loyd Author-X-Name-First: Jenna M. Author-X-Name-Last: Loyd Author-Name: Anna J. Secor Author-X-Name-First: Anna J. Author-X-Name-Last: Secor Title: Trauma as Displacement: Observations from Refugee Resettlement Abstract: Trauma does not have a single definition. Within Western paradigms, across humanities and social sciences, it has largely been characterized through temporal and spatial dislocation. Critical studies of trauma, however, suggest that such framings of rupture, catastrophe, and mass displacement can obscure longer term and structural forms of violence, such as colonialism and gender-based violence. This article explores the displacement, emplacement, and transitivity of trauma through the process of refugee resettlement. It is part of a broader qualitative study that traces how trauma concepts and practices are mobilized in the process of refugee resettlement, specifically for Iraqis who are resettled in the United States. This article argues that trauma is neither a one-time event that is endlessly relived and reactivated in identical episodes nor does trauma emplace a singular geography. Rather, trauma can be understood as a set of serial emplacements and displacements across multiple sites, in our case transnationally. Apart from the distress and geopolitics of war, securitized migration policies produce trauma for people who have been displaced. This trauma of family separation, however, should not be regarded merely as an extension of war-making but as an additional manifestation produced by the global refugee regime. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 715-722 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1956296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1956296 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:715-722 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Lauermann Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Lauermann Title: Vertical Gentrification: A 3D Analysis of Luxury Housing Development in New York City Abstract: New York City has experienced a boom in elite “luxury” housing development. With large apartments and expansive amenity spaces, luxury buildings offer uncrowded living in an otherwise densely populated landscape. However, making space for these luxuries requires novel engineering, especially high-rise development. This article maps the expanding footprint of luxury real estate in three dimensions, analyzing 943 housing projects built between 2000 and 2020. It assesses how construction of taller buildings with larger footprints increased height and volume of the built environment, and how these landscape changes interact with social changes related to gentrification. On average, new build luxury development increased height by 6.8 stories and more than doubled building volumes. Building heights and volumes are also significantly larger than neighboring structures. The resulting intensification of land investment leads to new kinds of displacements, especially middle class displacement. Vertical development is closely associated with super-gentrification, the further intensification of gentrification processes in already gentrified or otherwise middle class neighborhoods. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 772-780 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2022451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2022451 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:772-780 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Matthew Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Matthew Author-Name: Elaine (Lan Yin) Hsiao Author-X-Name-First: Elaine (Lan Yin) Author-X-Name-Last: Hsiao Author-Name: Philippe Le Billon Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: Le Billon Author-Name: Galeo Saintz Author-X-Name-First: Galeo Author-X-Name-Last: Saintz Title: Species on the Move: Environmental Change, Displacement and Conservation Abstract: Forced displacement of humans and other species catalyzed by environmental change is anticipated to increase dramatically. Studies suggest that as many as 1.2 billion people are vulnerable to environmental displacement by 2050 and that 50 percent or more of all species are already on the move due to environmental change. Migration is a common adaptive response to shocks and stresses that can also become a shock or stress itself, damaging ecosystems and triggering conflicts. As the prospect of a massive increase in forced displacement comes into focus, how might conservation practices be affected, and what sort of adjustments might be required? This article characterizes this growing challenge, considers its implications for conservation, and outlines responses that could foster socioecologically just outcomes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 654-663 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1999200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1999200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:654-663 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chih Yuan Woon Author-X-Name-First: Chih Yuan Author-X-Name-Last: Woon Author-Name: Klaus Dodds Author-X-Name-First: Klaus Author-X-Name-Last: Dodds Title: Subterranean Displacements and Replacements in Singapore: Politics, Materialities, and Mentalities Abstract: Geographical writings on displacement have highlighted how processes of dispossession are instrumental in rupturing the connection between peoples and place or territory. These studies, however, tend to privilege horizontal and surface-level inquiries, thereby neglecting the ways in which the volumetric and subterranean matter to the analytical sites and lived scales of displacement. Using the case of Singapore, where underground spaces have been championed by the Urban Redevelopment Authority as the new frontier for the land-scarce city-state, we go beyond a human-centric focus to call for attention to the materialities and mentalities (and their associated politics) that are caught up in acts of displacement. In so doing, we not only tease out the surface–subsurface relations and interactions that are closely bounded up with displacements but also illuminate how instances of displacement subsequently map onto practices of replacement. Crucially, although the city-state’s underground plans are in part meant to reduce its ecological footprint emerging from land reclamation, they ironically lead to further environmental degradation given the replacement of materials from subterranean excavations into offshore marine sites. Furthermore, with the large-scale nature of this project, the Singaporean state elites have spared no efforts in displacing prevailing mentalities about the health and safety risks of a subterranean way of life and replacing public confidence and belief in the sociotechnical expertise necessary for going underground. Displacement, as such, should not only signal eviction, expulsion, and exclusion; it can also comprise different forms of replacement designed to secure resilient urban futures. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 763-771 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1997568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1997568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:763-771 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Marie Ranjbar Author-X-Name-First: A. Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Ranjbar Title: The Double Bind of Displacement: U.S. Sanctions, the Muslim Ban, and Experiences of Dislocation for Iranians Pursuing Higher Education in the United States Abstract: In this article, I examine the material and affective impacts of U.S. foreign policy on Iranians pursuing higher education in the United States. I argue that punitive policies against Iran have created a double bind for Iranians, in which in situ displacement becomes a defining feature of life. I first situate the concept of in situ displacement within feminist theories of displacement and geopolitics to describe the incremental loss of economic, political, and social security in daily life, while remaining in place. Second, I analyze how U.S. foreign policy toward Iran results in in situ displacement for Iranian students, including feeling stuck in place due to restrictive visas, long delays in green card processing, and fears that they cannot reenter the United States if they travel to Iran. Drawing on key informant interviews and the analysis of U.S. regulatory documents, I demonstrate how the Trump administration’s Muslim ban laid bare different modalities of violence produced through four decades of punitive policies toward Iran. My analysis of sanctions, alongside the Muslim ban, reveals a complicated patchwork of regulations that are intended to target the Iranian state, yet these policies can have devastating consequences for Iranian students. I conclude with how these cases, although diverse, offer insight into how tensions between the United States and Iran result in multiple and varied forms of displacement, from the scale of the home to the geopolitical. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 723-731 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2004874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2004874 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:723-731 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dean Hardy Author-X-Name-First: Dean Author-X-Name-Last: Hardy Author-Name: Maurice Bailey Author-X-Name-First: Maurice Author-X-Name-Last: Bailey Author-Name: Nik Heynen Author-X-Name-First: Nik Author-X-Name-Last: Heynen Title: “We’re Still Here”: An Abolition Ecology Blockade of Double Dispossession of Gullah/Geechee Land Abstract: Narratives of resilience to sea-level rise too often perpetuate social violence. An abolitionist climate justice praxis necessitates seeing beyond physical inundation to sea-level rise as the sole issue. We argue that sea-level rise is environmental racism, if not always in its racialized outcomes of disproportionate harms, then always in its racialized production of differential value. More than mitigating flood risk when developing Black land futures strategies, to mitigate coastal land loss in the face of rising seas necessitates dismantling “racial regimes of ownership” that are imbued in property relations. Recognizing such, we argue that land futures strategies in the face of rising seas must account for multiple capitalist modes of accumulation but specifically the primitive accumulation process connected to heirs’ property. Here, we argue that racial coastal formations are still underway in how sea-level rise and gentrification are leading to a double dispossession of land and displacing Gullah/Geechee people on Sapelo Island. Although such displacement precipitates loss through harm and violence, in this article we share strategies from abolition ecology praxis to “blockade” these double dispossession processes and, to a degree, even the narrative of loss. To situate the double dispossession narrative within a broader praxis that imagines alternative futures, we till the soil, trace the archives, and tread the marsh and drainage ditches with each other, and in solidarity with other residents, to work toward achieving agricultural revival, property retention, and flood risk mitigation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 867-876 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1989282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1989282 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:867-876 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa C. Kelley Author-X-Name-First: Lisa C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kelley Author-Name: Annie Shattuck Author-X-Name-First: Annie Author-X-Name-Last: Shattuck Author-Name: Kimberley Anh Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Kimberley Anh Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Title: Cumulative Socionatural Displacements: Reconceptualizing Climate Displacements in a World Already on the Move Abstract: Climate-induced displacement is attracting increasing media, state, and scholarly attention, albeit often in a way that situates migration as either an example of climate adaptation or a failure thereof. Whether depicted as success or failure, both framings can invisibilize the preexisting socioenvironmental processes that render climate-induced migrations necessary—or, conversely, that can inhibit them entirely. Perspectives on displacement and environmental migration from within political ecology and human geography offer an alternative register, looking beyond unidirectional socioeconomic or environmental drivers to document how uneven development reproduces displacements relationally and historically. Drawing on these theorizations, as well as empirical research from agrarian Southeast Asia, this article develops the notion of cumulative socionatural displacements as one approach for conceptualizing socioecologically driven displacement in a world already on the move. We demonstrate this approach through an analysis of displacement in Southeast Asia that begins by tracing the evolving state, market, and agroecological relations that have made mobility integral to agrarian viability while setting the stage for more intense climate impacts. In doing so, we also center the long-term (nonclimatic) environmental changes that are often sidelined in both anthropocentric debates on rural displacements and climate doomsday scenarios. We argue that examining climate-induced migration as just one facet of cumulative socionatural displacements is necessary for overcoming the ontological and political impasses engendered by prevailing narratives that collapse climate migration into convenient but misleading binaries. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 664-673 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1960144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1960144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:664-673 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kendra Strauss Author-X-Name-First: Kendra Author-X-Name-Last: Strauss Title: Introduction to Displacements Abstract: In the first months of 2020, the call for papers for the 2022 Special Issue of the Annals of the American Association of Geographers was circulated. It invited papers that engage with multiple forms and meanings of displacements and their geographies: patterns of shifting, dislocation, or putting out of place; substitutions of one idea for another or the unconscious transfer of intense feelings or emotions; activities occurring outside their normal context; and replacements of one thing by another. The COVID-19 pandemic, declared by the World Health Organization shortly after, produced new displacements and intensified existing patterns of displacement and dispossession, including human and more-than-human mobilities and immobilities. At the same time, socionatural displacements—floods, fires, droughts, hurricanes, sea-level rise, species loss, and dislocation—were the backdrop to the displaced and deferred hopes of the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference. The twenty-seven articles in this special issue contend with how we as geographers conceptualize and theorize displacements; the range of sites, spaces, processes, affects, scales, and actors we study with to understand them; and what is at stake politically in how we research displacements. It is also a pandemic archive of academic labor, in which we find traces of displacements within and beyond our discipline. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 621-625 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2029087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2029087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:621-625 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David K. Seitz Author-X-Name-First: David K. Author-X-Name-Last: Seitz Title: “Migration Is Not a Crime”: Migrant Justice and the Creative Uses of Paddington Bear Abstract: Created in 1957, the well-known English children’s book character Paddington Bear is the product of a dizzying number of displacements. Author Michael Bond (1926–2017) was inspired to make Paddington an undocumented migrant by World War II and Cold War mass evacuations in Europe, but he transposed Paddington’s origins to the troped space of “Darkest Africa” only to relocate them to “Darkest Peru.” Fleeing earthquake for England, Bond’s ursine protagonist assumes the name of the London train station where he is “found.” The story’s literary and film critics have challenged its elevation to universality, arguing that it extends colonial discourse and idealizes Paddington as a nonthreatening, assimilated migrant. This article complicates those claims by tracing the character’s emergence as an icon of migrant justice movements in the United Kingdom and Europe, turning to object relations psychoanalysis to examine Paddington’s complex affective pull. Drawing on archival work in Bond’s papers and interviews with his contacts, including migrant justice activists, I contend that although Paddington’s literary construction reflects imperial imaginaries, his reception also attests to the transformative, solidaristic, and creative uses of cultural objects. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 859-866 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1960475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1960475 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:859-866 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Siddharth Sareen Author-X-Name-First: Siddharth Author-X-Name-Last: Sareen Author-Name: Jakob Grandin Author-X-Name-First: Jakob Author-X-Name-Last: Grandin Author-Name: Håvard Haarstad Author-X-Name-First: Håvard Author-X-Name-Last: Haarstad Title: Multiscalar Practices of Fossil Fuel Displacement Abstract: As renewable energy sources increasingly outcompete fossil fuels on cost and efficiency, novel questions arise around how, when, and where renewables can displace fossil energy. We need to understand fossil fuel displacement as a sociopolitical and spatial process. In this article, we focus particularly on the scales and practices of legitimation through which fossil fuel displacement occurs. We advance an understanding of how such displacement is conditioned by incumbent multiscalar arrangements and of how these can be overcome. We suggest that there are different practices of displacement that operate across multiple scales—here conceptualized as discursive, financial, institutional, and infrastructural—and use them to develop an analysis of solar rollout and fossil phase-out in Portugal. Our analysis shows that although renewables have partially displaced fossil fuels both discursively and financially, they have not yet displaced the historically large-scale nature of energy generation. Rather, the persistence of fossil fuel geographies and sectoral institutional arrangements keeps the displacements of energy transition at a spatial remove from citizens. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 808-818 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2000850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2000850 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:808-818 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Solange Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Solange Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz Author-Name: Elizabeth A. Walsh Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Walsh Author-Name: J. A. Cooper Author-X-Name-First: J. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Name: Jeremy Auerbach Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy Author-X-Name-Last: Auerbach Title: Community-Engaged Regenerative Mapping in an Age of Displacement and COVID-19 Abstract: Displacement is detrimental not only to displaced individuals and families but also to the communities left behind and their ability to collectively resist and mobilize against global processes that negatively affect their ability to engage in practices of resilience and regeneration that support well-rooted communities. Critical approaches to the study of displacement should not only focus on mapping vulnerability factors and analyzing dominant power structures driving racial, social, and environmental injustice but should also include the collective resilience, everyday vitality, and community knowledge that characterize rooted urban neighborhoods and build immunity to serial forced displacement. Building on theoretical and methodological foundations in critical, Black, Latinx, and Indigenous geographies; Black feminist theory; and environmental justice, we argue that for mapping to have a positive change outside the already academic understanding of displacement and inequity, we need a methodology to (1) identify intersectional oppressions and name them as such, (2) center community knowledge and strengths enabling resilience, and (3) advance community activism. This methodology requires trust and community engagement but is vulnerable to systems that interrupt the embeddedness of researchers. The response to the COVID-19 pandemic is one such system; not only has the pandemic exacerbated displacement crises, making the need for engaged, critical, and cocreative partnerships even greater, it has abruptly halted opportunities for these community partnerships and regenerative work to happen. Drawing on our experiences attempting these approaches during the COVID-19 pandemic, we discuss challenges that arise when researchers are displaced from field sites, best practices, and implications for future research. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 847-858 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1978838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1978838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:847-858 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Author-Name: Maia L. Butler Author-X-Name-First: Maia L. Author-X-Name-Last: Butler Title: Contending with the Palimpsest: Reading the Land through Black Women’s Emotional Geographies Abstract: Public history depicting Southern landscapes subjugates Black lived experience, foregrounding Anglo settlerism and romanticizing antebellum-era spaces. This article engages a novel and digital humanities platform as counternarrative spaces dismantling dominant narratives informing these landscapes. The Cutting Season (2012) depicts a Black woman engaging folklore, archives, and family history; solving a murder on a plantation; and constructing a counternarrative of the landscape. Similarly, The Texas Freedom Colonies Project Atlas crowdsources stories and archival material to document Black settlements where descendants are displaced-in-place. By recording Black women’s embodied place memories, the site helps Black women resist the deliberate forgetting of endangered settlements and reconstruct emotional geographies. Black women’s counternarratives illuminate their emotional geographies, world building, and rebuilding of communities presumed inert or placeless. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 828-837 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2020615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2020615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:828-837 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jess Bier Author-X-Name-First: Jess Author-X-Name-Last: Bier Title: Displacement without Redistribution: Practicality and Reproduction in the Digitalization of Logistics Abstract: This article analyzes how capitalism is being reproduced through the digitalization of logistics. I examine two cases where efforts are made to digitalize container shipping workflows: a set of global standards for shipping data and a new “sustainable” platform for streamlining the movement of ships through port. In both cases, conceptions and practices of practicality shape digital infrastructures in ways that help maintain the uneven distribution of technology, goods, and capacities in times of otherwise drastic change. Shipping industry publicity tends to emphasize the newness of objects like self-driving cars, but much of the work of digitalizing occurs through the extensive, and comparatively invisible, data infrastructures that are being developed to digitalize processes for displacing goods. Through an analysis of how new digital infrastructures are being implemented, I argue that the narrow range of what is made to be practical under capitalism is reproduced through the ways in which shipping is being digitized. I seek to understand one key aspect of practicality in particular: efforts to maintain the displacement of certain forms of politics from logistics. Such efforts reproduce logistics as a technocratic science while marking, for example, labor and antiracist politics as outside the bounds of consideration. Logistical agents are thus shaping digitalization into a process that is implemented only insofar as it reproduces existing injustice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 781-788 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2020085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2020085 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:781-788 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dimitrios Bormpoudakis Author-X-Name-First: Dimitrios Author-X-Name-Last: Bormpoudakis Author-Name: Panos Bourlessas Author-X-Name-First: Panos Author-X-Name-Last: Bourlessas Title: Revisiting the Natures of War: Aegean Islands and the Ecologies of Displacement during the Civil War (1946–1949) Abstract: Military geographies have engaged with the subject of nonhuman nature in diverse and fruitful ways, mainly under the analytics of environment, landscape, territory (and terrain), and the more-than-human. Despite the diversity of contexts studied, spaces of displacement have not drawn scholarly attention within this literature. Starting from the position that human–nonhuman relations are emplaced, we offer an exploration into the natures of forced displacement during war. Specifically, we show that by extending our vision to spaces of displacement, we can see militarized nature under new, including more hopeful, lights. Drawing empirical material from the published memoirs of women and men displaced to the islands of the Aegean archipelago during the Greek Civil War (1946–1949), we make a twofold case. First, spaces of displacement should be seen as key in the study of militarized geographies, as they explode the ways militarized nature is understood to be reproduced. Second, nonhuman nature, in the context of the spaces of displacement, can act as a vector of emplacement, resistance, resilience, and reworking against the violence of the post–World War II liberal state. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 799-807 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2017259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2017259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:799-807 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Malene H. Jacobsen Author-X-Name-First: Malene H. Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobsen Title: Precarious (Dis)Placement: Temporality and the Legal Rewriting of Refugee Protection in Denmark Abstract: This article addresses the legal reconfigurations of refuge and its consequences for people displaced by war and state violence. Within Western countries signatory to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, refugee protection has traditionally served as a solution to conflict-induced displacement by offering a path to permanent residence and citizenship. Yet, in the wake of recent global “refugee crises,” several countries have introduced new refugee protection statuses that only allow refugees to stay temporarily. In this article, I focus on one such intervention in Denmark introduced in the fall of 2014, which targets Syrian refugees. Through a feminist geo-legal analysis of this statute and surrounding policy documents, I illustrate how the Danish state has mobilized subtle legal interventions to transform the meaning and character of refugee protection. By differentially classifying groups of refugees according to new calculations of threat and risk, I show how these maneuverings work to deny refugees basic rights and make them subject to intimidation, surveillance, and deportation. I argue that this new statute functions as a legal mechanism of sociospatial b/ordering that produces a series of displacements and limits refugees’ access to effective protection under the 1951 Convention. In doing so, I advance critical discussions on temporary protection status, displacement, and refuge. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 819-827 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1999199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1999199 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:819-827 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helga Leitner Author-X-Name-First: Helga Author-X-Name-Last: Leitner Author-Name: Eric Sheppard Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Sheppard Author-Name: Emma Colven Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Colven Title: Market-Induced Displacement and Its Afterlives: Lived Experiences of Loss and Resilience Abstract: We examine residents’ lived experiences of market-induced displacement from informal settlements and of their afterlives in greater Jakarta—the creeping displacement of residents under pressure to sell their land rights to developers and land brokers. We interrogate four aspects of these displacees’ afterlives: housing, livelihoods, rentiership, and commoning. Displacees relocate to cheaper kampungs where they can improve their housing quality. Such individualized gains are counterbalanced by social dispossession: a collective loss of the sociality and mutual aid of kampung living. These experiences are unequal, shaped by households’ differentiated sociospatial positionalities, their agency and resilience, and the larger political economic context. These differentiated experiences are marked by loss, mourning, and hardship but also by the possibilities that displacees create in resettlement: efforts to maintain and re-create kampung ways of life that contest neoliberal world-class urbanism’s emphasis on individualism. Conceptually, our findings question the common partitioning of displacement into voluntary and involuntary; highlight displacees’ conflicting experiences and practices, taking advantage of the exchange value of land while carving out spaces of mutual aid and care; identify the importance of expanding conceptions of dispossession to encompass social and affective registers; and challenge representations of displacees as passive victims of accumulation by dispossession. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 753-762 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2023351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2023351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:753-762 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sharif A. Wahab Author-X-Name-First: Sharif A. Author-X-Name-Last: Wahab Author-Name: Ishan Ashutosh Author-X-Name-First: Ishan Author-X-Name-Last: Ashutosh Title: Rebordering South Asia: Displaced Persons and Urbanization Abstract: This article analyzes displacement in the context of three communities in South Asia: Afghan refugees in Pakistan, Sri Lankan Tamils in India, and Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. In each of these cases, refugee management emerges out of the complexities of geopolitics and humanitarianism and becomes central to urban questions of the right to move and remain in the city. Drawing on scholarship in the geopolitics of migrant (im)mobilities, refugee studies, and South Asia studies, we argue that displacement threatens the contours of belonging and citizenship across South Asian nation-states. For these reasons, the cities where the displaced live have become the locus of national unbelonging and state violence through entangled forms of securitization and urbanization. In particular, we detail the spatial and socioeconomic segregation of displaced populations in which they are subject to mundane bureaucratic violence and the role that social class plays in navigating the exclusions triggered by displacement. In the cities where the displaced settle, the displaced shape the urban economy, whereas the state applies strategies of spatial control that aim to nationalize urban space while maintaining the refugees as forever displaceable. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 742-752 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2023001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2023001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:742-752 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diren Valayden Author-X-Name-First: Diren Author-X-Name-Last: Valayden Title: Provincializing Trump: Organized Displacement in Global Politics Abstract: In this article, I theorize urban displacement as an anti-democratic politics that emerged and intensified at planetary scale in the last fifty years. I call this assault on the conditions of possibility of democratization organized displacement. As democracy has increasingly taken an urban character across the globe, I argue that organized displacement has emerged as a counter-politics. Organized displacement has two constitutive features: social cleansing and urbicide. The goal of this politics is to undermine the heterogeneity of social life in the name of creating an urban order. Finally, I argue that a theory of organized displacement reveals that the relationship between Trump and other right-wing figures is not simply based on a similarity of political forms. Rather, right-wing politics has been constituted through global practices of urban displacement. Trump, then, is not the originator of a new politics. Rather, he can be characterized alongside Bolsonaro and Mugabe as an exemplar of an anti-democratic politics of displacement. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 636-643 Issue: 3 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1977606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1977606 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:3:p:636-643 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dongmei Tang Author-X-Name-First: Dongmei Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Author-Name: Xia Li Author-X-Name-First: Xia Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Xiaocong Xu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaocong Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Xiaoping Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoping Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Han Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Han Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Hong Shi Author-X-Name-First: Hong Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Author-Name: Shuwen Liu Author-X-Name-First: Shuwen Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Han Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Han Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Does the Belt and Road Initiative Really Increase CO2 Emissions? Abstract: There are debates on whether the implementation of the Belt and Road (BR) initiative could significantly increase CO2 emissions in participating countries. Nevertheless, the policy effect of the BR initiative on both consumption- and production-based CO2 emissions has not been fully explored. In this study, we quantified the consumption- and production-based CO2 emissions in BR countries with a multiregional input–output model. Then, a difference-in-differences (DID) model was used to identify the CO2 emissions caused by the BR initiative. Results showed that the production-based CO2 emissions (20.77 Gt) were 11 percent higher than the consumption-based CO2 emissions (18.71 Gt) in BR countries. The BR initiative had a significant, positive effect on per-capita consumption-based CO2 emissions (p value < 0.1), with an average increase of 0.51 t/cap/year, but had no significant effect on per-capita production-based CO2 emissions (p value > 0.1). These results imply that the BR initiative promoted regional consumption to achieve common prosperity and boosted green transformation of regional economy. Moreover, non-BR countries that have consumed CO2-embedded products should take responsibility for the CO2 emitted in BR countries. Participants should give priority to strengthening the cooperation based on their country’s infrastructure conditions rather than the proximity to China. These findings clarify the policy effect of the BR initiative and distinguish the CO2 emission responsibility from both consumption- and production-based perspectives. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 948-967 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1941747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1941747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:948-967 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nari Senanayake Author-X-Name-First: Nari Author-X-Name-Last: Senanayake Title: “We Spray So We Can Live”: Agrochemical Kinship, Mystery Kidney Disease, and Struggles for Health in Dry Zone Sri Lanka Abstract: In March 2015, Sri Lanka’s then-President Maithripala Sirisena launched the Toxic Free Nation Movement as a long-term solution to a mysterious form of kidney disease (CKDu) now endemic in the island’s dry zone. As part of this strategy, in 2016 the movement worked with farmers in north-central Sri Lanka to cultivate indigenous rice varieties without agrochemicals. Yet, within a year, 80 percent of farmers who experimented with indigenous and organic rice farming had switched back to some form of agrochemically intensive cultivation. In this article, I examine farmers’ narratives of why this happened, demonstrating how the movement’s conceptualization of agricultural harm often missed the forms of accounting most salient for residents themselves. Instead, through their testimonies, residents track how polyvalent relationships with agrarian toxicity mediate (1) vulnerabilities to simple reproduction squeezes, (2) reliance on grain fungibility, and (3) strong but bittersweet attachments to dry zone agrarian landscapes. As a consequence, I document how residents respatialize their knotted relationships to agrarian toxicity to include moments of what I call “agrichemical kinship.” I argue that this optic helps us grasp the ways in which agrochemicals simultaneously erode and enable modes of social reproduction against a backdrop of rural stagnation. Following feminist scholars of toxicity, this article not only reveals intimate, yet undertheorized, connections between the field of toxic geographies and the concept of social reproduction but also dashes hopes of any simple equation between banning agrichemical inputs and enacting health in the wake of CKDu. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1047-1064 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1956295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1956295 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1047-1064 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jianwei Huang Author-X-Name-First: Jianwei Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Mei-Po Kwan Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Po Author-X-Name-Last: Kwan Title: Uncertainties in the Assessment of COVID-19 Risk: A Study of People’s Exposure to High-Risk Environments Using Individual-Level Activity Data Abstract: Based on different conceptualizations and measures of individual-level environmental exposure, this study examines how the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP) and the neighborhood effect averaging problem (NEAP) might affect the assessment of COVID-19 risk. Using the COVID-19 data on an open-access government Web site and the individual-level activity data of sixty confirmed COVID-19 cases (infected persons) in Hong Kong, we first represent COVID-19 risk environments using case-based and venues-based high-risk locations. The COVID-19 risk of each of the sixty selected cases is then evaluated by three approaches based on their exposures to the case-based or venues-based risk environments: the mobility-based approach, the residence-based approach, and the activity space–based approach. The results indicate that the UGCoP and the NEAP exist in the assessment of COVID-19 risk, which has significant implications: Ecological COVID-19 studies need to address the uncertainties due to the UGCoP and the NEAP by considering people’s daily mobility. Otherwise, ignoring peoples’ daily mobility and its interactions with complex and dynamic COVID-19 risk environments could lead to misleading results and misinform government nonpharmaceutical intervention measures. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 968-987 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1943301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1943301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:968-987 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julie Vallée Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Vallée Author-Name: Martine Shareck Author-X-Name-First: Martine Author-X-Name-Last: Shareck Author-Name: Yan Kestens Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Kestens Author-Name: Katherine L. Frohlich Author-X-Name-First: Katherine L. Author-X-Name-Last: Frohlich Title: Everyday Geography and Service Accessibility: The Contours of Disadvantage in Relation to Mental Health Abstract: This article investigates everyday geography of young adults and the unequal importance that spatial accessibility to a range of urban services might have for their mental health to identify those who are truly disadvantaged. Whereas the literature on the socially differentiated vulnerability to place effects has traditionally focused on the neighborhood of residence, we consider daily activity locations to explore whether socially disadvantaged populations are more exposed to (differential exposure) or more affected by (differential effect) low spatial accessibility to services compared to their more advantaged counterparts. Data came from 1,983 young adults (between eighteen and twenty-five years old) living in Montreal, Canada. We observed that less educated young adults had lower spatial accessibility to services in their activity space than their more educated counterparts but also that they were more vulnerable to having lower numbers of services in their surroundings: Lower service accessibility in the activity space was associated with poorer mental health among less educated young adults but not among the more educated. We suggest three sociospatial mechanisms related to (1) place experiences, (2) flexibility in spatial behavior, and (3) rules regulating actual access to services to explore why the “objective” lack of services close to residential and activity locations might represent a greater burden to more socially disadvantaged people. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 931-947 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1940824 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1940824 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:931-947 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathryn Gillespie Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Gillespie Title: An Unthinkable Politics for Multispecies Flourishing within and beyond Colonial-Capitalist Ruins Abstract: Colonial-capitalist animal agriculture is a site of ruin and a process of ruination. Farmed animals at the heart of these agricultural systems become sites of production and capital accumulation, their bodies genetically coded for commoditization and their short lives organized around logics of extraction. Farmed animals in settler states like the United States are simultaneously colonized subjects and settler-descendants and, as such, occupy a complex position in imaginaries of anticolonial futures. This article considers the possibility of flourishing for those farmed species never meant to flourish, explaining first how animal agriculture as a taken-for-granted institution forms part of the fabric of the ruination delivered by colonial-capitalism. And yet, even as animals’ bodies are devastated by production and consumption processes, there exist glimmers of possibility for radically different conceptualizations of farmed animals’ lives in multispecies worlds outside of farming contexts. This article analyzes sanctuaries for formerly farmed animals as one such site of possibility. Sanctuaries mark out geographic spaces as sites of hope that manifest in spite of and actively against colonial-capitalist logics, where human–animal relationships are radically redefined, articulated, and practiced—indeed, where animals’ lives are organized around how they can flourish. As such, this article calls for an unthinkable anticolonial politics of multispecies flourishing beyond colonial-capitalism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1108-1122 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1956297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1956297 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1108-1122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julie T. Miao Author-X-Name-First: Julie T. Author-X-Name-Last: Miao Author-Name: Nicholas A. Phelps Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Phelps Title: Urban Sprawl as Policy Sprawl: Distinguishing Chinese Capitalism’s Suburban Spatial Fix Abstract: We examine how China’s urban sprawl is systemically linked to policy sprawl that results from the contradictions inherent within policies but also their magnification by the specifics of policy development and circulation within China. We define the concept of policy sprawl by distinguishing it from policy creep and churn, making a distinct contribution to the extant literature on policy mobility. We illustrate our ideas with reference to special economic zones and featured town policies in China. In conclusion we note differences in capitalism’s suburban spatial fix in the United States and China, the merits of distinguishing a concept of policy sprawl, and the prospects for its export. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1179-1194 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1959294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1959294 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1179-1194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander B. Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Alexander B. Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Author-Name: James D. Sidaway Author-X-Name-First: James D. Author-X-Name-Last: Sidaway Author-Name: Michiel van Meeteren Author-X-Name-First: Michiel Author-X-Name-Last: van Meeteren Title: Ronald John Johnston, 1941–2020 Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1195-1205 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2009721 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2009721 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1195-1205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Angel Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Angel Title: The Flexibility Fix: Low-Carbon Energy Transition in the United Kingdom and the Spatiotemporality of Capital Abstract: The ongoing transition from fossil to renewable energy is said by many within the energy industry to require a more “flexible” electricity system. The suggestion is that the variability of renewable energy resources, alongside the increasing load placed on the electricity grid by decentralized renewable generation and the electrification of heat and transport, requires an enhanced capacity to change the spatial and temporal profiles of electricity supply and demand. Drawing on research within the UK electricity sector, this article contends that electricity flexibility schemes might constitute a socioecological fix for capitalism. I discuss Andreas Malm’s claim that the spatiotemporality of renewable energy presents a limit to capital accumulation and suggest that this is a limit that UK flexibility initiatives seek to overcome. The article concludes by suggesting that electricity system flexibility should not be written off as an inherently reactionary sociotechnical project by virtue of its apparent enrollment within the reproduction of exploitative capitalist relations. Rather, I call attention to the political flexibility of electricity system flexibility and, in doing so, further develop ongoing attempts to theorize the socioecological fix in a more politicized manner. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 914-930 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1941745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1941745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:914-930 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Rusca Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Rusca Author-Name: Noor Jehan Gulamussen Author-X-Name-First: Noor Jehan Author-X-Name-Last: Gulamussen Author-Name: Johanna Weststrate Author-X-Name-First: Johanna Author-X-Name-Last: Weststrate Author-Name: Eugénia Inacio Nguluve Author-X-Name-First: Eugénia Inacio Author-X-Name-Last: Nguluve Author-Name: Elsa Maria Salvador Author-X-Name-First: Elsa Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Salvador Author-Name: Paolo Paron Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Paron Author-Name: Giuliana Ferrero Author-X-Name-First: Giuliana Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrero Title: The Urban Metabolism of Waterborne Diseases: Variegated Citizenship, (Waste)Water Flows, and Climatic Variability in Maputo, Mozambique Abstract: In this article we draw on an interdisciplinary study on drinking water quality in Maputo, the capital of Mozambique, to examine the nature, scale, and politics of waterborne diseases. We show how water contamination and related diseases are discursively framed as household risks, thereby concealing the politics of uneven exposure to contaminated water and placing the burden of being healthy on individuals. In contrast, we propose that uneven geographies of waterborne diseases are best understood as the product of Maputo’s urban metabolism, in which attempts at being sanitary and healthy are caught up in relations of power, class, and variegated citizenship. Waterborne diseases are the result of complex and fragmented circulations and intersections of (waste)waters, generated by uneven urban development, heterogeneous infrastructure configurations, and everyday practices to cope with basic service deficits, in conjunction with increasing climatic variability. The latrine—from which ultimately contamination and diseases spread—is an outcome of these processes, rather than the site to be blamed. This article also advances an interdisciplinary framework for analyzing urban metabolism and deepening its explanatory potential. It serves as a demonstration of how interdisciplinary approaches might be taken forward to generate new readings of more-than-human metabolic processes at distinct temporal and spatial scales. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1159-1178 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1956875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1956875 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1159-1178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Dyson Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Dyson Author-Name: Craig Jeffrey Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Jeffrey Title: Fragments for the Future: Selective Urbanism in Rural North India Abstract: Scholars are increasingly rethinking the urban, the rural, and the urban–rural binary. This article advances understanding of rural and urban imaginaries through examining how young people in a village in north India develop practices that they regard as “urban” to protect rural futures. Young adults (aged eighteen to thirty) in the village of Bemni, Uttarakhand, develop urban-style educational facilities and agricultural practices as well as performances of gender empowerment imagined as urban with a view to improving the functioning of their village and preventing migration to cities. Through analyzing these practices of “selective urbanism,” we point to the production of ideas of urbanism and rurality beyond the metropolitan and large city regions usually studied and the importance especially of the performance of urban fragments in people’s conceptions of rural futures. We also examine how value is attached to ideas of the rural and urban and how people deploy as well as problematize the rural–urban binary. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1008-1022 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1947770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1947770 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1008-1022 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannah Budnitz Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Budnitz Author-Name: Emmanouil Tranos Author-X-Name-First: Emmanouil Author-X-Name-Last: Tranos Title: Working from Home and Digital Divides: Resilience during the Pandemic Abstract: This article offers a new perspective on telecommuting from the viewpoint of the complex web of digital divides. Using the United Kingdom as a case study, this article studies how the quality and reliability of Internet services, as reflected in experienced Internet upload speeds during the spring 2020 lockdown, might reinforce or redress the spatial and social dimensions of digital divisions. Fast, reliable Internet connections are necessary for the population to be able to work from home. Although not every place hosts individuals in occupations that allow for telecommuting or with the necessary skills to effectively use the Internet to telecommute, good Internet connectivity is also essential to local economic resilience in a period like the current pandemic. Employing data on individual broadband speed tests and state-of-the-art time series clustering methods, we create clusters of UK local authorities with similar temporal signatures of experienced upload speeds. We then associate these clusters of local authorities with their socioeconomic and geographic characteristics to explore how they overlap with or diverge from the existing economic and digital geography of the United Kingdom. Our analysis enables us to better understand how the spatial and social distributions of both occupations and online accessibility intersect to enable or hinder the practice of telecommuting at a time of extreme demand. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 893-913 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1939647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1939647 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:893-913 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Laura Zavala Guillen Author-X-Name-First: Ana Laura Zavala Author-X-Name-Last: Guillen Title: Maroon Socioterritorial Movements Abstract: Maroon communities, or communities of descendants of fugitives from slavery, have been long-lasting examples of social movements pursuing political goals through the production and mobilization of space. They have been largely forgotten in academic analyses, however, which, in Latin America, are primarily focused on peasants and indigenous movements. Therefore, drawing on socioterritorial movements readings and maroon studies, this article analyzes how maroon-descendant communities have produced territory in both urban and rural spaces—including areas of forced displacement—locally and transnationally, to survive hegemonies deeply rooted in the legacy of slavery and to achieve political aims. These communities unsettle binary categories of rural and urban socioterritorial movements and monolithic visions of antistate struggle. This transterritorial, rural–urban appropriation of spaces resisting different powers follows the past logic of marronage to achieve freedom and security, re-creating in present times the political vision of historical maroon leaders regarding the construction of a grand Palenque in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1123-1138 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1959293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1959293 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1123-1138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Egan Krauser Author-X-Name-First: Laura Egan Author-X-Name-Last: Krauser Author-Name: Forrest R. Stevens Author-X-Name-First: Forrest R. Author-X-Name-Last: Stevens Author-Name: Andrea E. Gaughan Author-X-Name-First: Andrea E. Author-X-Name-Last: Gaughan Author-Name: Son V. Nghiem Author-X-Name-First: Son V. Author-X-Name-Last: Nghiem Author-Name: Pham Thi Mai Thy Author-X-Name-First: Pham Thi Mai Author-X-Name-Last: Thy Author-Name: Pham Tran Nhat Duy Author-X-Name-First: Pham Tran Nhat Author-X-Name-Last: Duy Author-Name: Le Trung Chon Author-X-Name-First: Le Trung Author-X-Name-Last: Chon Title: Shedding Light on Agricultural Transitions, Dragon Fruit Cultivation, and Electrification in Southern Vietnam Using Mixed Methods Abstract: Agricultural transition represents an essential component of land use and land cover change in countries across the world, as economic and social factors pressure agriculturalists out of traditional subsistence farming into commodity production. Modernization has altered modes of income, land ownership, and livelihood in Southeast Asia drastically in recent years. The Bình Thuận Province of southern Vietnam experienced a particularly radical transformation with the introduction of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) cultivation, which has been profoundly encouraged by outside markets in China, Australia, Japan, and the United States. Dragon fruit plantation dynamics and recent expansion are captured via remotely sensed nighttime lights (NTL) data acquired by the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), revealing a seasonal signal important for differentiating various land uses on the ground. We employed the Breaks for Additive and Seasonal Trend (BFAST) algorithm to reduce and summarize seasonal trends in NTL data and then used the BFAST output combined with a Normalized Difference Lights Index (NDLI) value for each year in the period of 2012 through 2018 in a decision tree classifier to differentiate dragon fruit land use from city lights across the province. The final output was contextualized with a series of semistructured interviews to examine and characterize a changing agricultural landscape associated with dragon fruit cultivation. Dragon fruit plantation in southern Vietnam follows the land system transition pathways of many other agricultural contexts but presents unique physical and social outcomes for further investigation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1139-1158 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1940825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1940825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1139-1158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John G. Stehlin Author-X-Name-First: John G. Author-X-Name-Last: Stehlin Author-Name: Will B. Payne Author-X-Name-First: Will B. Author-X-Name-Last: Payne Title: Mesoscale Infrastructures and Uneven Development: Bicycle Sharing Systems in the United States as “Already Splintered” Urbanism Abstract: Public–private transportation megaprojects such as toll roads and rail networks have received attention as expressions of neoliberal urban development processes, but what we call “mesoscale” mobility infrastructures have become increasingly common in the United States. Such infrastructures are large enough to have systemic qualities (e.g., fixed nodes, instrumented networks, and operational requirements) and complex institutional arrangements but small enough in cost and impact that they do not systemically transform urbanization patterns. In this article, we analyze one such mesoscale infrastructure system, bicycle sharing, across three urban regions in the United States: Austin, Texas, Philadelphia, and the San Francisco Bay Area. We argue that bicycle sharing systems in the United States have three key features: (1) widespread expectations of fiscal self-sufficiency restrict their geographical reach to urban centers; (2) they largely follow existing patterns of racialized uneven development, leading to major service gaps; and (3) their implementation involves contingent institutional configurations that create modest openings for steering them in more equitable directions. At the same time, newer venture capital–funded “dockless” competitors have exploited the coverage gaps of station-based bike sharing without departing from their basic market-driven logic. Mesoscale infrastructural experimentation is increasingly central to efforts to increase mobility options in the United States but, when implemented within existing urban political economies, tends to produce scales of infrastructure that are at odds with more substantive forms of mobility justice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1065-1083 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1956874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1956874 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1065-1083 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sameer H. Shah Author-X-Name-First: Sameer H. Author-X-Name-Last: Shah Author-Name: Leila M. Harris Author-X-Name-First: Leila M. Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Title: Beyond Local Case Studies in Political Ecology: Spatializing Agricultural Water Infrastructure in Maharashtra Using a Critical, Multimethods, and Multiscalar Approach Abstract: Political ecologists (PEs) have powerfully illuminated dynamics responsible for the uneven distribution of resources and risk in society. However, localized PE approaches have been criticized as insufficient for producing careful generalizations needed to affect policymaking. We offer an approach to critically explore factors that shape the distribution of climate adaptation interventions—and their potential equity and sustainability-related implications—across larger, policy-relevant scales. Our methodology uses local field-work findings to inform secondary data collection and specify mesoscale regression models, which reanalyze, at larger spatial scales, potentially meaningful relationships between social, economic, and environmental factors and the distribution of adaptation initiatives. An epistemological heuristic is offered to navigate the consistencies and inconsistencies between local qualitative and mesoscale quantitative data to develop a more comprehensive, yet partial, understanding of scaled political–ecological relations. The integrative approach is applied to analyze how sociospatial and biophysical characteristics affect the distribution of more than 16,000 farm ponds across 352 subdistricts in Maharashtra, an emerging adaptation subsidized by the state government to reduce crop risks from precipitation variability. The degree of compatibility between local qualitative and regional-scale quantitative results can support the development of novel research questions and actionable science for policy change. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 988-1007 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1941746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1941746 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:988-1007 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Adamson Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Adamson Title: Situating El Niño: Toward a Critical (Physical) Geography of ENSO Research Practice Abstract: Modes of climate variability such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have important implications for how climate risks are understood and prepared for. This article establishes a new critical geography of ENSO research practice through examination of the production of ENSO science in three U.S. research centers, chosen for their dominance in ENSO knowledge production and their location outside of “teleconnection” regions. Scientists in these institutions revealed multiple and sometimes conflicting conceptualizations of ENSO and expressed disagreement over which components are most significant for research and wider society. Yet two factors are revealed that tend ENSO science toward the reductive: the increasing conceptualization of ENSO as a modeling problem associated with the importance of general circulation models and an institutional drive for simplicity in indexes and definitions by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Both have implications for disaster management and the broader geographies of risk, by reducing a multifaceted phenomenon into a set of indexes, definitions, and methodologies. The article thus argues for a new research agenda on the critical geographies of ENSO research practice, particularly focusing on the role of institutional priorities in constraining the practice and presentation of science. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 877-892 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1945910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1945910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:877-892 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Armita Kar Author-X-Name-First: Armita Author-X-Name-Last: Kar Author-Name: Huyen T. K. Le Author-X-Name-First: Huyen T. K. Author-X-Name-Last: Le Author-Name: Harvey J. Miller Author-X-Name-First: Harvey J. Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: What Is Essential Travel? Socioeconomic Differences in Travel Demand in Columbus, Ohio, during the COVID-19 Lockdown Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly reshaped urban mobility. During the lockdown, workers teleworked if possible and left home only for essential activities. Our study investigates the spatial patterns of essential travel and their socioeconomic differences during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in comparison with the same period in 2019. Using data from Columbus, Ohio, we categorized travelers into high, moderate, and low socioeconomic status (SES) clusters and modeled travel demand of SES clusters for both phases using spatially weighted interaction models. Then, we characterized the SES variability in essential travel based on frequently visited business activities from each cluster. Results suggest that disparities in travel across SES clusters that existed prior to COVID-19 were exacerbated during the pandemic lockdown. The diffused travel pattern of high and moderate SES clusters became localized and the preexisting localized travel pattern of low SES clusters became diffused. During the lockdown, the low and moderate SES clusters traveled mostly for work with long- and medium-distance trips, respectively, whereas the high SES cluster traveled mostly for recreational and other nonwork purposes with short-distance trips. This study draws some conclusions and implications to help researchers and practitioners plan for resilient and economically vibrant transportation systems in response to future shocks. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1023-1046 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1956876 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1956876 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1023-1046 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patricia Solís Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Solís Author-Name: Amal H. Aljaddani Author-X-Name-First: Amal H. Author-X-Name-Last: Aljaddani Title: Modeling Education Deserts for Veterans and Military Families in the Southern United States Abstract: Despite billions of dollars invested in educational benefits for veterans and active-duty military families under the U.S. Post-9/11 GI Bill, many prospective students are not forging pathways through public institutions of higher education, and funding is disproportionately spent on for-profit colleges. To reveal patterns of lack of access and opportunity, we propose a novel, robust analysis tailored to the situation of veterans and military families in the southern United States. This methodology delineates education deserts using fuzzy algorithms and multivariate spatial analysis to move beyond simple “hotspot” identification of distance from university locations. Results and comparisons of four models confirm different patterns for veterans versus nonveterans and show dynamic regional changes from 2005 through 2017 that reflect shifting demographics, economics, and educational offerings. These insights could inform a roadmap for outreach that accounts for shifting education deserts and potentially workforce opportunities through geographic analysis. This approach represents a potential first step for academic actors, especially in the public sector, who play a role in advancing science, technology, engineering, and math; geography; and geographic information systems to enable veteran and military families to better achieve equitable rates of educational attainment. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1084-1107 Issue: 4 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1947769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1947769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:4:p:1084-1107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Bledsoe Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Bledsoe Title: Neither Ground on Which to Stand, nor Self to Defend: The Structural Denial (and Radical Histories) of Black Self-Defense Abstract: This article examines self-defense as an inherently spatial phenomenon that evidences an assumed right to the individual self and the creation and occupation of space. I argue that self-defense and its claims to space are conceptually and historically denied to Black diasporic populations, as gratuitous violence and the assumption of Black aspatiality void Black claims to self and space. I draw on U.S. laws and legal decisions from the antebellum era through the present to show how anti-Blackness has manifested itself in the legal realm through repeated legal denials of Black self-defense. I argue that at the core of this prohibition of Black self-defense is a societal need to preserve gratuitous violence and aspatiality as tenets of modern humanity. I further argue that, despite this long-standing prohibition, organized Black self-defense has remained important to Black social and political movements throughout the history of the United States. Examining Black movements from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, I show how different movements have used self-defense to realize larger goals and establish and protect spaces in which Black life is fostered. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1296-1312 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1963657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1963657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1296-1312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leigh Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Leigh Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Rents, Experiments, and the Perpetual Presence of Concessionary Weather Insurance Abstract: Geographers have interpreted the rise of weather insurance for small agricultural producers as emblematic of financialization’s inexorable march to capitalize the countryside. Yet this market has proved far less successful than advocates hoped or critics feared. Rather than a speculative tool for surplus extraction from smallholders or a mechanism for their financial subjectification, this article reinterprets weather insurance as an infrastructure of concessionary transfers from the development sector to make market-mediated mechanisms work. These transfers are emblematic of the new distributional terms struck between donors, states, and insurance capital as financial risk transfer is articulated with the extension of fragmentary safety nets. Economic field experiments with insurance have proliferated as venues in which the value of insurance is tested by both economists and experimenting subjects. Just as data from these trials have suggested some positive welfare impacts, they have also indicated target clients are unwilling or unable to pay full market price, thus performing a new justification for the perpetual presence of subsidies. Such transfers present opportunities for reinsurers to command rents through their control of large pools of capital and their interpretive authority over techniques for pricing risk under uncertainty. In a changing climate, reinsurers are poised to collect larger rents from donors’ and governments’ premium subsidies meant to decrease insurance costs for the vulnerable. These dynamics of rent cycling underscore the urgency of building more equitable, systematic risk-sharing infrastructures to replace the current fragmentary archipelagos of weather insurance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1224-1242 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1966294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1966294 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1224-1242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. C. Chang Author-X-Name-First: T. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Title: Van Gogh in the Neighborhood: Creative Placemaking and Community Art in Singapore Abstract: Creative placemaking is a process involving different sectors of society as they collaborate in cultural activities, deepening their relations with each other and the place in which they live and work. As a supposed panacea to the woes of poorly planned spaces and apathetic communities, it hopes to address social exclusion and generate feelings of belonging as the environment is culturally and collectively enhanced. Applying the dual concepts of creative placemaking and community art, this article explores the phenomenon of Void Deck Galleries in Singapore. As more spaces in public residential environments are filled with community-created art works, the relationships between the state, artists, and local communities demand critical examination. Empirical data derived from fieldwork in three void decks in Singapore reveal a proactive state, the coordinating role of an arts organization, and the involvement of an enthusiastic although largely passive local population. The full potential for creative placemaking in Singapore remains frustrated, however, and the discussion identifies reasons for this while also contemplating avenues toward its future accomplishment. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1500-1517 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1977108 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1977108 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1500-1517 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Houser Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Houser Author-Name: Jacob Lehner Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Lehner Author-Name: Alex Smith Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: The Field Geomorphologist in a Time of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Abstract: An increasing number of papers incorporate machine learning (ML) approaches to analyze spatially and temporally rich data sets in geomorphology. These data-driven approaches have the potential to significantly improve our understanding of complex systems across a range of scales and support the development of new theories of landform and landscape development that can eventually be incorporated into predictive models. Coupled with the growing availability of remotely sensed data, geomorphology could move further toward a desk-based science and erosion of the field tradition. Using examples from coastal geomorphology, this review of ML applications argues that the development of models that are scalable and can be translated between sites is dependent on experience in the field. Although ML models are shown to be effective as a surrogate to process-based numerical models, they are only as good as our conceptual understanding of landform and landscape form and evolution. This means that ML is simply a new and powerful tool in the proverbial belt of the geomorphologist and should not come at the expense of the field tradition that informs us of whether ML results are accurate, transferable, and scalable. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1260-1277 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1985956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1985956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1260-1277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Skou Grindsted Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Skou Author-X-Name-Last: Grindsted Title: Algorithmic Finance: Algorithmic Trading across Speculative Time-Spaces Abstract: The speeds at which transactions are completed in global financial markets are accelerating and, in the process, connecting financial centers around the globe like never before. Algorithmic trading at high frequency is a form of automated trading in which machines, rather than humans, make the decision to buy or sell in spatiotemporal sequences. Insofar as they have agency of their own, their actions support the owners of the means of production. These techniques codevelop with new financial geographies. Accordingly, I examine technological change and speculative time-spaces of algorithmic strategies at stock exchanges. By analyzing algorithmic finance, I examine how—and to what extent—time, speed, location, and distance become critical for algorithmic finance by configuring time-spaces as competitive factors. The analysis interprets time-spaces of high-frequency trading strategies through the ways in which algorithmic finance constititutes what I term mobile market-informational epicenters. This article discusses the spatiotemporalities of market information and examines whether space-times of privately owned high-frequency trading infrastructures result in a juxtaposition between “public” and “private” market information across digital and physical space. It thereby responds to the questions of what role geography plays when algorithms make money in microseconds and how techno-financial time-spaces turn into competitive advantage. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1390-1402 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1963658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1963658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1390-1402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yan-Wen Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yan-Wen Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Cheng-Zhi Qin Author-X-Name-First: Cheng-Zhi Author-X-Name-Last: Qin Author-Name: Wei-Ming Cheng Author-X-Name-First: Wei-Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Cheng Author-Name: A-Xing Zhu Author-X-Name-First: A-Xing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Author-Name: Yu-Jing Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yu-Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Liang-Jun Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Liang-Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Title: Automatic Crater Detection by Training Random Forest Classifiers with Legacy Crater Map and Spatial Structural Information Derived from Digital Terrain Analysis Abstract: Detection of craters is important not only for planetary research but also for engineering applications. Although the existing crater detection approaches (CDAs) based on terrain analysis consider the topographic information of craters, they do not take into account the spatial structural information of real craters. In this article, we propose an automatic crater detection approach by training random forest classifiers with data from legacy crater map and spatial structural information of craters derived from digital terrain analysis. In the proposed two-stage approach, first, the cells in a legacy crater map are used as samples to train the random forest classifier at a cell level based on multiscale landform element information. This trained classifier is then applied to identify crater candidates in the areas of interest. Second, an object-level random forest classifier is trained with radial elevation profiles of craters and is subsequently applied to evaluate whether each crater candidate is real. A case study using the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter crater map and lunar digital elevation model with 500-m resolution showed that the proposed approach performs better than AutoCrat (a representative CDA), and can mine the implicit expert knowledge on the spatial structures of real craters from legacy crater maps. The proposed approach could be extended to extract other geomorphologic types in similar application situations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1328-1349 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1960473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1960473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1328-1349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Scharadin Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Scharadin Author-Name: Michele Ver Ploeg Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: Ver Ploeg Author-Name: Chris Dicken Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Dicken Title: Geographic Boundary Definitions and the Robustness of Common Food Retail Environment Measures Abstract: Understanding the relationship between the retail food environment and individual and community health is important for addressing questions about diet-related disease and food security. A wide range of methodological approaches have been used to understand this complex relationship, but the studies have resulted in a lack of consensus on how and whether the food retail environment influences health outcomes and food choice. Inconsistency in measuring the food environment could explain inconsistent results. We calculate five different boundaries of the food retail environment to investigate the robustness of boundary measures. These five boundaries include an administrative boundary (census tract of residence), two Euclidean boundaries, and two network area boundaries. We compare four different aspects of the food retail environment—availability, accessibility, affordability, and realized purchase behavior—across these five fundamentally different geographic boundary definitions. Using the National Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey, Nielsen TDLinx, and Information Resources, Inc. retail and consumer data, we find that food environment measures using administrative boundary definitions are statistically different from all other boundary definitions. We find general similarities within the two Euclidean distance and two network area boundary definitions. Only a small portion of food-at-home purchase events and expenditures by households occur within their own census tract boundary, suggesting the boundary definition has limitations and households are mobile in their food acquisitions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1403-1423 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1977109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1977109 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1403-1423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tess Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Tess Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Title: Restorative and Afflicting Qualities of the Microspace Encounter: Psychophysiological Reactions to the Spaces of the City Abstract: There is a long-standing narrative within health research that nature (or green space) is beneficial for health, whereas urban (or gray spaces) are not. This prior research often focuses on broad, often binary, nature–urban categorizations rather than the particular qualities of the microspace encounter, stimulating embodied stress or restorative human reactions. Drawing on the findings of an interdisciplinary and exploratory mixed-methods study investigating how people physiologically respond to their environment, this article discusses the microspace encounters that can evoke restorative and afflicting human responses. In doing so, this article demonstrates the strengths of combining biosensing technology with qualitative methods but stresses that narrative and psychophysiological capture only identifies a small aspect of an experience. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1461-1483 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1972791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1972791 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1461-1483 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Feiyang Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Feiyang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Becky P. Y. Loo Author-X-Name-First: Becky P. Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Loo Author-Name: Bo Wang Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Aging in Place: From the Neighborhood Environment, Sense of Community, to Life Satisfaction Abstract: Aging in place enables seniors to live at home and in their familiar neighborhoods as long as their health conditions allow. To date, few efforts have been made to examine the linkage between the physical and social aspects of the neighborhood environment, the activity-travel patterns, and their overall effects on life satisfaction. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the existing literature by examining the relationship between older people’s person–environment fit, activity-travel patterns, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Seemingly unrelated regression was applied to analyze questionnaire survey data collected from six community centers for older people in Hong Kong. Using the geographical perspective, the sense of community is further divided into the people and place aspects, with the latter found to have a greater effect on overall life satisfaction. Subjective walkability both directly and indirectly influences life satisfaction. Satisfaction with public transport facilities, health care facilities, and greenery, parks, and promenades indirectly influences older people’s life satisfaction through their sense of community. The percentage of out-of-home activity time spent in the common neighborhood has a strong positive relationship with the sense of community. The findings highlight the importance of high-quality pedestrian infrastructure and public transport facilities in planning for aging in place. After identifying the common neighborhoods, local governments can listen to older people’s needs and make improvements on the infrastructure, services, and facilities in common neighborhoods, as well as the connectivity to these areas. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1484-1499 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1985954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1985954 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1484-1499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Megan Ryburn Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Ryburn Title: “I Don’t Want You in My Country”: Migrants Navigating Borderland Violences between Colombia and Chile Abstract: Through the lens of “navigating borderlands,” this article brings together the anthropology-derived concept of social navigation (Vigh 2006) with a feminist geography approach to borderlands, enriching both. It is based on ethnographic research with Colombian and Venezuelan migrants along the 4,500-km migration route from the Valle del Cauca, Colombia, to Antofagasta, Chile, and additionally informed by further multisited ethnography in Antofagasta and the Valle del Cauca. The borderlands perspective bridges gaps between migration, border, and mobility studies by combining feminist scholarship on transnational social spaces and borders and violence with a reflexive migration trajectories methodology. It considers how the shifting space of the often violent borderland is constructed through interactions between diverse actors. Paying greater attention to the construction of space enhances the analytical potential of social navigation. In turn, analyzing actors’ negotiations of the borderland in terms of navigation illuminates how they move in and through unpredictable spaces. Specifically, this article considers how actors including border officers, transport providers, scammers, and nongovernmental organization workers “police,” “move,” and “reroute” in the borderland. It also reveals how migrants navigate interactions with these varied actors to aguantar (endure/cope/hold on); although not resistance per se, aguantar may sometimes be a form of defiance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1424-1440 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1976097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1976097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1424-1440 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vivian Yi-Ju Chen Author-X-Name-First: Vivian Yi-Ju Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Tse-Chuan Yang Author-X-Name-First: Tse-Chuan Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Hong-Lian Jian Author-X-Name-First: Hong-Lian Author-X-Name-Last: Jian Title: Geographically Weighted Regression Modeling for Multiple Outcomes Abstract: Geographically weighted regression (GWR) has been a popular tool applied in various disciplines to explore spatial nonstationarity for georeferenced data. Such a technique, however, typically restricts the analysis to a single outcome variable and a set of explanatory variables. When analyzing multiple interrelated response variables, GWR fails to provide sufficient information about the data because it only allows separate modeling for each response variable. This study attempts to address this gap by introducing a geographically weighted multivariate multiple regression (GWMMR) technique that not only explores spatial nonstationarity but also accounts for correlations across multivariate responses. We first present the model specification of the proposed method and then draw the associated statistical inferences. Several modeling issues are discussed. We also examine finite sample properties of GWMMR using simulation. For an empirical illustration, the new technique is applied to the stop-and-frisk data published by the New York Police Department. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the GWMMR. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1278-1295 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1985955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1985955 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1278-1295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly Kay Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Kay Author-Name: Renee Tapp Author-X-Name-First: Renee Author-X-Name-Last: Tapp Title: Un/Making Assets: The Institutional Limits to Financialization Abstract: This article contributes to contemporary debates within the financialization and assetization literatures by examining the sale of tax credits in U.S. property markets over the last twenty years. Whereas the vast majority of research on financial assets focuses on the income-generating aspects of property, this article considers a more holistic approach to assets. Through detailed empirical analysis of syndication in historic tax credit and conservation easement markets, we demonstrate how assets are not just sources of income or cash flow but also—critically—sources of expense reduction. Drawing from relevant U.S. tax law and related legal provisions, we trace three interlocking components in the assetization process: enabling and disabling legislation, the structures and typologies of property ownership, and the actors that make deals happen. By starting with asset creation, rather than assumed geographies of investment, we bridge the rural–urban divide to reveal new geographies of finance sourced directly from the state. Although the tax sheltering dimensions of assets are unique in this regard, the state retains the capacity to unmake assets that lack “economic substance.” As such, this article offers a new direction forward—a legal-institutionalist framework—that foregrounds the state as setting and enforcing the limits to financialization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1243-1259 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1960474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1960474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1243-1259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Lane Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Lane Title: Policy Mobility and Postcolonialism: The Geographical Production of Urban Policy Territories in Lusaka and Sacramento Abstract: The geographical literature on urban policymaking has made a considerable contribution to enabling understandings of the relational processes involved in assembling local policies. Reviewing this literature’s journey from its origins in political science to its recent embrace of poststructuralism, this article argues that the debates and discussions involved have arrived at a point of core epistemological tension. Taking its own conceptual inspiration from thinking interurban space topologically, the article thus raises a number of questions regarding the assumptions associated with terms such as mobility and circulation, persistent in the languages of policy research and practice. Exploring these questions through a post-colonial ethnography of sustainable city visions in Lusaka, Zambia, and Sacramento, California, the article subsequently makes a series of contributions regarding the way policymaking regimes remain powerfully situated in space and time. To properly account for the workings of power and its ability to colonize policy practices, the article challenges us to therefore reflect on the value of transitioning away from thinking about policy ideas as capable of being mobile, circulated from place to place, and to instead unpack how particular territorial representations of place are (re)produced (including by geographers) within the confines of hegemonic ideas about city futures. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1350-1368 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1960791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1960791 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1350-1368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Connor Y. H. Wu Author-X-Name-First: Connor Y. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: Heat Waves and Road Traffic Collisions in Alabama, United States Abstract: The effects of heat waves on traffic collisions require investigation to improve traffic safety during extreme heat events. A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to examine associations between heat waves and traffic collisions in Alabama between May and September from 2009 to 2018. We derived a heat wave index, defined as the daily mean temperature greater than the 95th percentile for two or more consecutive days, by meteorological data from Phase 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System. We obtained traffic collision records from the Alabama Department of Transportation. A nonsignificant and negative association between traffic collisions and heat waves was noted, with a 1.4 percent decrease (95 percent confidence interval [CI] [−3.1 percent, 0.4 percent]) in traffic collisions on heat wave days compared to non–heat wave days. Similar results were found when the analysis was stratified by driver-related factors (i.e., gender, age, race, employment status, and driver residence distances), vehicle-related factors (i.e., vehicle usage), and collision-related factors (i.e., rural or urban roads, speed limits, and intersections). A significant and positive association was observed on heat wave days without precipitation, however (23.5 percent increase; 95 percent CI [7.3 percent, 42.3 percent]). In conclusion, traffic collisions were not associated with heat waves in many collision-related conditions in Alabama. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1313-1327 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1960145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1960145 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1313-1327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qingfeng Guan Author-X-Name-First: Qingfeng Author-X-Name-Last: Guan Author-Name: Yao Yao Author-X-Name-First: Yao Author-X-Name-Last: Yao Author-Name: Teng Ma Author-X-Name-First: Teng Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Author-Name: Ye Hong Author-X-Name-First: Ye Author-X-Name-Last: Hong Author-Name: Yongpan Bie Author-X-Name-First: Yongpan Author-X-Name-Last: Bie Author-Name: Jianjun Lyu Author-X-Name-First: Jianjun Author-X-Name-Last: Lyu Title: Under the Dome: A 3D Urban Texture Model and Its Relationship with Urban Land Surface Temperature Abstract: The spatial distribution of buildings is one of the key factors influencing the local environment within a city. The quantitative measurement of building distribution can provide critical information for exploring local climate patterns in urban areas. Previous studies mainly focused on the two-dimensional spatial distribution of buildings and ignored the differences in height. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) urban texture model based on an improved radial distribution function is proposed to describe the 3D spatial distribution of urban buildings. Using a set of concentric domes above the ground, a texture curve can be generated at any location in a city, from which a variety of numerical features are extracted to depict the local 3D urban landscape quantitatively. The proposed model was applied to Wuhan, one of the largest cities in central China, and the results demonstrated that the proposed model could identify various building distribution patterns in the city. Additionally, the relationship between urban texture and land surface temperature in Wuhan was analyzed. It was found that the 3D urban texture model effectively improved the accuracy of land surface temperature estimation. This study provides a new tool for urban environmental assessment and urban planning decision making. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1369-1389 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1972790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1972790 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1369-1389 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niko Yiannakoulias Author-X-Name-First: Niko Author-X-Name-Last: Yiannakoulias Title: Games in Socioenvironmental Research Abstract: In recent years, games have emerged to offer new opportunities for studying socioenvironmental systems, and online games in particular offer a low-cost option for collecting rich data from diverse populations. Compared to the now well-established popularity of education games, research games remain uncommon outside of economics and social psychology; however, the emergence of technology that makes the development and deployment of games easier creates opportunities for new research communities. The following discussion has three specific objectives. The first is to introduce the reader to nonentertainment games applied to socioenvironmental topics. The second is to pose and address key practical questions that reveal both the unique research opportunities that games provide and some of the challenges to any future applications in socioenvironmental research. The third is to briefly discuss some new topics in which games can contribute to future socioenvironmental research. Although games will never replace existing data collection modalities, they offer an alternative that may be well-suited to the study of environmental conflict and nonuse values of environmental goods. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1207-1223 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1977107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1977107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1207-1223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuxia Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yuxia Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Xia Li Author-X-Name-First: Xia Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Xin Yao Author-X-Name-First: Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Yao Author-Name: Shuang Li Author-X-Name-First: Shuang Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Intercity Population Migration Conditioned by City Industry Structures Abstract: One of the key concerns in geographical and social sciences is to analyze and predict population migration due to its close association with urban planning, industrial upgrade, and urban development. Although the most prevailing framework, the gravity model, has been applied in its various versions, there is little information available about how city industry structure functions as the invisible distance in the modeling of intercity population migration. Here, we introduce a family of improved gravity models by considering city industry structure proximity, complementarity, and diversities. The resulting models predict population migration patterns in good agreement with the flows observed. Our best model (GM_COM) outperforms the benchmark model (GM_O) by 24.6 percent in terms of mean absolute percentage error. Further analysis shows the improved models offer several advantages with respect to the base models. They have better prediction accuracies for flows with high intensities and long distances. The best model demonstrates obvious improvement when flows occur in eastern China. Given the significant improvement of the proposed models, this study broadens existing research by absorbing city industry structure features into the gravity model and deepens our understanding in the population migration as a function of distance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1441-1460 Issue: 5 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1977110 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1977110 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:5:p:1441-1460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-2001059934872112243.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Rekib Ahmed Author-X-Name-First: Rekib Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmed Author-Name: Anup Saikia Author-X-Name-First: Anup Author-X-Name-Last: Saikia Author-Name: Scott M. Robeson Author-X-Name-First: Scott M. Author-X-Name-Last: Robeson Title: Tracks of Death: Elephant Casualties along the Habaipur–Diphu Railway in Assam, India Abstract: Railway development is an important component of sustainable transportation systems but also affects wildlife habitats worldwide. Here, we assess spatiotemporal patterns of elephant–train collisions and mortalities within the state of Assam, India, and relate them to spatial and temporal land cover change (LCC) from 1988 to 2018. The results indicate that an extension of railways into forested landscapes is associated with large-scale LCC and increased elephant–train collisions and mortality. Prior to 1997, when the railway system used narrower gauge rails, elephant deaths from collisions occurred at a rate of one or two per year. After 1997, when the system was converted to larger gauge rails, elephant deaths increased starkly and now occur at a rate approaching ten per year. While the rail gauges were being converted, the landscape around the Habaipur–Diphu railway line saw a sevenfold increase in annual net loss of dense forest. The transition from forest to croplands was the most dominant process of deforestation and forest fragmentation during the postconversion period. Although elephant–train collisions are strongly associated with the land use transitions shown here, conservation and remediation measures can help to stem further declines in forest habitats and promote safe movement by elephants between resource patches. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1553-1575 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1990009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1990009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1553-1575 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver915243414135653600.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Yasong Guo Author-X-Name-First: Yasong Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Author-Name: Luoma Wan Author-X-Name-First: Luoma Author-X-Name-Last: Wan Author-Name: Hongsheng Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Hongsheng Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Yinyi Lin Author-X-Name-First: Yinyi Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Haowen Wang Author-X-Name-First: Haowen Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: A Seasonal Resilience Index to Evaluate the Impacts of Super Typhoons on Urban Vegetation in Hong Kong Abstract: Urban vegetation plays a vital role in developing sustainable cities via essential urban ecoservices. Potential threats, however, from natural disturbances to urban vegetation and its resilience remain unclear at local scales. Taking the super typhoon Mangkhut in 2018 as an example, this study aimed to develop a resilience index to evaluate the impacts of super typhoons on urban vegetation in Hong Kong at the species level. The typhoon impacts and canopy recovery of four tree species were assessed by integrating field and remote sensing data. First, we discussed the specific influencing factors of the typhoon. Second, we constructed a normalized seasonal difference vegetation index (NSDVI) to identify and characterize the distribution of tree species. Then, a seasonal resilience index was developed at the species level to investigate the severity and recovery of the vegetation after the typhoon. The results demonstrated that strong wind was the leading cause of damage. NSDVI improved tree species identification by more than 10 percent compared with conventional methods. In terms of the resilience analysis, 87.25 percent of the trees were affected by the typhoon. Royal palm (Roystonea regia) performed well among the four species during the typhoon, suffering minor losses. A total of 47.95 percent of the trees recovered to their pretyphoon state two years after the typhoon. The recovery speed of Hainan ormosia (Ormosia pinnata) was the fastest. This research provides a scientific reference for the planning of urban vegetation species to increase their resilience and ability to provide ecoservices despite natural disturbances. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1614-1632 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1989284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1989284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1614-1632 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-8743009278448987246.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: IV-IV Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2047577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2047577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:IV-IV Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver3499587863346882354.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Joseph V. Tuccillo Author-X-Name-First: Joseph V. Author-X-Name-Last: Tuccillo Author-Name: Seth E. Spielman Author-X-Name-First: Seth E. Author-X-Name-Last: Spielman Title: A Method for Measuring Coupled Individual and Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards Abstract: Although models of social vulnerability to environmental hazards are commonly developed to support policy interventions in emergencies and disasters, their utility is hindered by a lack of contextual information on individuals exposed to and affected by hazards. We develop a novel approach to model social vulnerability that couples individuals and their varying forms of protective capacity with the social fabric of the communities in which they reside. The backbone of our model is the Public-Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), a product of the U.S. Census Bureau that preserves a representative sample of completed responses to the American Community Survey (ACS). The PUMS enables us to understand the full range of individual protective capacities against a hazard in an exposed area, which we term individual vulnerability profiles (IVPs). In this case, we examine IVPs in the Coney Island–Brighton Beach section of New York City, which suffered severe impacts during Hurricane Sandy in 2012. To manage the large number of unique IVPs in Coney Island–Brighton Beach, we perform a segmentation analysis to generalize them into thematic cohort vulnerability profiles (CVPs) representing a typology of vulnerable people in Coney Island–Brighton Beach during Sandy. From synthetic populations of CVPs, we then estimate how individuals in varying housing types were coexposed to Sandy at the census tract level by classifying these areas into community social vulnerability profiles (SVPs). Our results provide a topology of social vulnerability that simultaneously links individual, community, and population-wide concerns, enabling a more holistic understanding of resources and interventions beneficial to human security during events like Sandy than is attainable with area-level metrics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1702-1725 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1989283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1989283 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1702-1725 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver5101171100339253665.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: W. Nathan Green Author-X-Name-First: W. Nathan Author-X-Name-Last: Green Author-Name: Jennifer Estes Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Estes Title: Translocal Precarity: Labor and Social Reproduction in Cambodia Abstract: Many people in the Global South have left behind rural homes in search of employment in urban and transnational labor markets often defined by precarious work. Employment is insecure, uncertain, and temporary, and for transnational migrants, there is the constant risk of deportation. Although geographers have studied such migrant precarity, there is an increasing interest in its translocal dimensions, particularly related to how precarious work travels home and affects left-behind family members. This scholarship, however, tends to assume that precarity arises primarily in the spaces of production. Drawing on twenty months of ethnographic fieldwork in rural Cambodia, we argue that precarity simultaneously emerges from the challenges of social reproduction faced by kin in rural communities. As such, we further develop the concept of translocal precarity to capture the fragility of social reproduction strategies that migrant households employ across space. Translocal precarity is the looming threat that family members’ efforts to support one another might fall apart due to the instability of urban labor markets in tandem with a lack of sustaining infrastructures in rural areas. Our argument advances geographic scholarship on precarity by explaining how it is experienced across the translocal relations that connect the productive and reproductive labor of household members living in different locations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1726-1740 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2015280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2015280 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1726-1740 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver1676177657215762588.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Simone Philpot Author-X-Name-First: Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Philpot Author-Name: Keith W. Hipel Author-X-Name-First: Keith W. Author-X-Name-Last: Hipel Title: Investigating an Aggregate Mine Proposal Using the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution Abstract: Aggregates are critical resources for infrastructure and development, but mining operations can be disruptive to nearby communities. We examine a conflict arising in response to a proposed aggregate mine in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Drawing on participant observation, interviews, and a review of publicly available materials related to the conflict, we gain insight into the regulatory constraints and decision makers driving this conflict. We then model the ongoing conflict using the graph model for conflict resolution. A set of conflict models developed as part of in-depth sensitivity analysis are described and analyzed. Individually, the models capture possible preferences of different decision makers. A comparison of model results reflects the dominance of provincial authority in aggregate mining decisions and adds clarity to the influence of different decision makers. These models provide a basis for conducting future advanced analyses of decision-maker motivations, perceptions, and strategies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1812-1832 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1994850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1994850 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1812-1832 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-8059517472931764147.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Bo Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Title: Humanistic GIS: Toward a Research Agenda Abstract: The accelerated proliferation of geographic information systems (GIS), especially in the last decade, has greatly expanded the connotation of GIS technology from primarily a diverse suite of digital objects, representations, and devices that create or make use of geographical information to a mediated means with which we humans experience, explore, or make sense of the world. The research perspective of humanistic GIS is proposed to better encompass the expanded category of GIS technology as well as the opportunities and challenges that go with it. Deeply rooted in humanistic geography, humanistic GIS offers a coherent and systematic framework that integrates existing fragmented humanism-related GIS studies and reorients the epistemological foundation by situating GIS in its mediation of human experience. This epistemological configuration not only categorizes GIS through its embodiment, hermeneutic, autonomous, and background relations with the involved human and place but it also provides an analytical structure for examining the intertwined implications of a particular instantiation of GIS. This newly proposed humanistic perspective demonstrates a sincere quest to develop and use GIS in ways that will be more empathetic and better for humanity. Through this article, both the GIS and geography communities are called on to envision a humanistic pathway for the next chapter of GIS. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1576-1592 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2004875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2004875 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1576-1592 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-8933145496428522139.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Andrea Rishworth Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Rishworth Author-Name: Susan Elliott Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Elliott Title: Global Discourses and Local Disconnects: Gender, Aging, Health, and Well-Being in Uganda Abstract: Women comprise a larger share of the world’s aging population. Because older women occupy two stigmatized statuses, they are deemed a particularly disadvantaged group requiring attention. International organizations claim that the feminization of population aging has the potential to become one of the biggest challenges to gender equality of the twenty-first century due to cumulative impacts of inequalities in later life. Yet, discussions uncritically assume that older women are a permanent minority, ignoring the possibility that the direction of gender inequality or its absence varies. This article engages with these contradictions by examining links between gender, aging, and inequalities. Drawing on human geography perspectives of gender, embodiment, and temporalities, interviews with elderly men and women (n = 53) and key informants (n = 34) in Uganda demonstrate that old age health and well-being is an amalgamation of gendered experiences and social dynamics (re)produced and (re)articulated across the life course. Illuminating how gender inequalities are embodied through diverse spatial and temporal relations exposes a counternarrative to global discourses, revealing that gender and aging are experienced and navigated in sometimes unexpected and contradictory ways. Putting forth a feminist political ecology life course perspective highlights needed geographic attention to antecedent place processes that relationally co-constitute gender – age inequalities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1519-1536 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1997567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1997567 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1519-1536 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver5605933581173286730.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Mark Griffiths Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Griffiths Author-Name: Andrew Brooks Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks Title: A Relational Comparison: The Gendered Effects of Cross-Border Work in Palestine within a Global Frame Abstract: This article sets the gendered effects of low-wage, cross-border labor in Palestine within a global frame of uneven development. Drawing on fieldwork close to Checkpoint 300, between Bethlehem and Jerusalem, we first provide an account that centers Palestinian women’s social reproduction as coconstitutive of male cross-border employment in the Israeli economy. Discussion then moves to consider gendered work in apartheid-era South Africa with the intention not to draw analogies but to explore how labor articulation situated South Africa within the power geometries of globalization. Returning with these analytical tools, we undertake a relational comparison to reconsider the cross-border as a global space. Cutting-edge security technologies and migrants from Thailand are some of the new objects, ideas, and people that coalesce and reshape Palestinian domestic life. The gendered effects of social reproduction are thus connected to both Israel’s military occupation and its location within global capitalism. The article makes three key contributions by (1) foregrounding women in discussion of cross-border labor, (2) explicating state–global relations in regimes of segregation, and (3) mobilizing relational comparison as a tool for understanding local exploitation within global structures. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1761-1776 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2019572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2019572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1761-1776 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-3472370320026698182.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Xingye Tan Author-X-Name-First: Xingye Author-X-Name-Last: Tan Author-Name: Bo Huang Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: Identifying Urban Agglomerations in China Based on Density–Density Correlation Functions Abstract: Urban agglomeration (UA) is a special form of organization in which cities spontaneously participate in urban specialization and cooperative ventures and consequently establish socioeconomic and spatial ties with each other in a given region. Due to the unclear definition of UAs, coupled with an insufficient understanding of the UA formation mechanism, however, an objective and effective method for the spatial identification of UAs on an urban theoretical basis is still lacking. Therefore, this article proposes an approach to spatially and quantitatively identifying UAs based on urban density functions and density–density correlation functions. It is applied to delineate Chinese UAs and investigate their spatial distribution and evolution patterns. Three urban attributes (gross domestic product, population, and urban built-up areas) are measured, and the results show that the relationship between overall spatial correlations and distances approximately follows the negative exponential distribution at the national level. Based on these parameters, it is possible to objectively determine Chinese UAs; the analysis shows a belt-like spatial distribution along the major economic and transportation channels. At the UA level, two spatial patterns, fractional Gaussian noise and fractional Brownian motion, are identified, and there is a general transition from the former to the latter over time. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1666-1684 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2029343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2029343 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1666-1684 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver4242061703850618443.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Michael A. Urban Author-X-Name-First: Michael A. Author-X-Name-Last: Urban Author-Name: Vladímir Pažitka Author-X-Name-First: Vladímir Author-X-Name-Last: Pažitka Author-Name: Stefanos Ioannou Author-X-Name-First: Stefanos Author-X-Name-Last: Ioannou Author-Name: Dariusz Wójcik Author-X-Name-First: Dariusz Author-X-Name-Last: Wójcik Title: The Financial Geography of Resilience: A Case Study of Goldman Sachs Abstract: For all of its iconic character and controversial influence, Goldman Sachs has received rather shallow scrutiny in social sciences. This article combines an in-depth case study of Goldman Sachs with a theoretical contribution at the nexus of financial geography and evolutionary economic geography. We contend that spatial arbitrage and regulatory capture are fundamental to the organizational resilience of financial firms. Using empirical evidence, we further argue that financial centers’ adaptive resilience is a product of their strategic positioning in financial firms’ value chains. We formalize this contribution with a framework describing a set of paper, cyber, relational, and technical dimensions of financial centers’ resilience and emphasizing regulatory capture in firms’ response and adaptation to shocks. We deploy our framework in a case study of the evolution of Goldman Sachs between 1999 and 2017, focusing on how it contributed and adapted to the financial crisis of 2008–2009. Using original quantitative data and interviews, we shed light on how, as a product of the crisis, the firm unbundled its New York metro operations toward Salt Lake City and how the latter evolved from a brass-plate center to the bank’s second largest U.S. office. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1593-1613 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1994849 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1994849 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1593-1613 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-550600591468945613.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Matthew Tillotson Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Tillotson Title: White Guys in the Borderlands: Boundary Surveying, Imperial Technoscience, and Environmental Change in the Nile Valley and at Lake Rudolf (Turkana), 1898–1909 Abstract: Through a focus on British imperial boundary surveys in Anglo-Ethiopian borderlands, this article argues that an elite White masculine subjectivity emerged from surveying’s technical practices. I suggest, drawing on Barad (2007), that ontological interpretations of surveying practice could help us understand how this elite subjectivity was formed through both surveying’s drive to abstraction and its embodied, “nomadic” (Deleuze and Guattari 2013) mode of production. I also note, in line with Singh’s (2018) notion of mastery, that the subjugation of natures involved in this practice was matched by surveyors’ subjugation of people: racialized divisions of surveying work and the racist mistreatment of survey personnel. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1649-1665 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2000356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2000356 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1649-1665 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-6413020685364980430.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Alexander Vasudevan Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Vasudevan Title: Tenant Trouble: Resisting Precarity in Berlin’s Märkisches Viertel, 1968–1974 Abstract: At the heart of this article is a detailed reconstruction of the complex history of activism in the Märkisches Viertel in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The satellite estate on the outskirts of West Berlin was the largest housing project in West Germany in the 1960s and, for many residents, a space of increasing marginality and insecurity. During the same period, the neighborhood became a new “front” for student activists, who collaborated with local residents on a series of grassroots community initiatives. The article retraces the new forms of political action that brought students and residents together in the Märkisches Viertel while highlighting the different ways in which residents made sense of their own precarity. In so doing, the article seeks to recenter our understanding of precarity as a geographically grounded process rooted in long-standing patterns of exploitation, displacement, and vulnerability. It also connects a renewed interest in the everyday political geographies of activism, solidarity, and resistance with a historico-geographical commitment to the archive as a theoretically generative space. At stake here, as the article concludes, is a commitment to advancing our understanding of critical pedagogies and the challenges that accompany the development of emancipatory modes of geographical practice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1537-1552 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.1990008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.1990008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1537-1552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-6903269703649583341.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: François-Michel Le Tourneau Author-X-Name-First: François-Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Le Tourneau Title: “It’s Not for Everybody”: Life in Arizona’s Sparsely Populated Areas Abstract: Sparsely populated regions (SPRs) have specific features like remoteness and low population densities but also specific identities constructed by their inhabitants based on their relationship with their environment and the consequences to their lifestyles. Although theoretical frameworks have been developed for SPRs, two challenges remain when it comes to applying them to actual places. The first one is identifying them on the map. What would the demographic threshold of “sparse” be? How do we quantify the isolation? The second one is evaluating how SPR features reverberate in the lifestyle and self-image of their inhabitants. What are their views about themselves and their geographical situation? Are they linked? This article attempts to elaborate on both dimensions. It uses the state of Arizona as a test area and proposes an approach that combines quantitative methods and geographic information systems to determine which part of Arizona can be considered an SPR and a qualitative analysis to analyze how this population sees and conceptualizes its lifestyle, as well as how they relate to more densely populated areas, especially on the issue of isolation relative to place attachment and place identity. As a result, this article will offer a better grasp of SPRs in the United States and suggest new trends to be investigated in other geographical contexts. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1794-1811 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2035208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2035208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1794-1811 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver2556500267663397404.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Zac J. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Zac J. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Manuel B. Aalbers Author-X-Name-First: Manuel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Aalbers Title: Climate Gentrification: Risk, Rent, and Restructuring in Greater Miami Abstract: Despite the growing power of finance over cities and housing, the relationships between finance, climate risk management, and urban governance have yet to be examined from a climate gentrification perspective. Putting the practices of a wide array of property finance stakeholders in conversation with the foundational concept of the rent gap, we identify two real estate rent dynamics that are emerging against the prospect of climate-driven urban restructuring: risk rents, or new forms of value capture crafted against future risk, and rent at risk, or the anticipated loss of rent due to risk. We in turn illustrate how climate risk–rent dynamics constitute new or intensified processes of gentrification in Greater Miami, Florida. Through three vignettes, we show how configurations of real estate and finance climate risk management produce variegated yet interrelated opportunities for devaluation and revaluation, displacement, and downgrading. Such strategies push the gentrification frontier into new physical as well as institutional spaces. The Greater Miami story underscores the need for new forms of knowledge, coalition building, and integrated urban climate risk management practices that directly confront underlying financial drivers of housing and spatial injustice in risky real estate markets. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1685-1701 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2000358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2000358 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1685-1701 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-2182732820238599259.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: I-III Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2005352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2005352 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:I-III Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver8299964935467600807.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Yuan Meng Author-X-Name-First: Yuan Author-X-Name-Last: Meng Author-Name: Man Sing Wong Author-X-Name-First: Man Sing Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Mei-Po Kwan Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Po Author-X-Name-Last: Kwan Author-Name: Rui Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Title: Association between Global Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality: A Study of Forty-Six Cities in the World Abstract: Ambient air pollution plays a significant role in an increased risk of incidence and mortality of COVID-19 on a global scale. This study aims to understand the multiscale spatial effect of global air pollution on COVID-19 mortality. Based on forty-six cities from six countries worldwide between 1 April 2020 and 31 December 2020, a Bayesian space–time hierarchical model was used based on the lag effects of seven, fourteen, and twenty-one days to quantify the relative risks of NO2 and PM2.5 on the daily death rates of COVID-19, accounting for the effect of meteorological and human mobility variability based on global and city level. Results show that positive correlations between air pollution and COVID-19 mortality are observed, with the relative risks of NO2 and PM2.5 ranging from 1.006 to 1.014 and from 1.002 to 1.004 with the lag effects of seven, fourteen, and twenty-one days. For the individual city analysis, however, both positive and negative associations are found between air pollution and daily mortality, showing that the relative risks of NO2 and PM2.5 are between 0.754 and 1.245 and between 0.888 and 1.032, respectively. The discrepancies in air pollution risks among cities were demonstrated in this study and further allude to the necessity to explore the uncertainty in the multiscale air pollution–mortality relationship. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1777-1793 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2029342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2029342 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1777-1793 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver4594027486396290920.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Paul C. Sutton Author-X-Name-First: Paul C. Author-X-Name-Last: Sutton Author-Name: Xuantong Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xuantong Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Bingxin Qi Author-X-Name-First: Bingxin Author-X-Name-Last: Qi Title: Apostasy of an “Anti-Assessment” Curmudgeon: Developing a Geographic Concept Inventory for Assessing Program-Level Learning Outcomes in a Department of Geography Abstract: Apostasy is defined as the abandonment or renunciation of a religious or political belief. This article describes the apostasy of a professor of geography with respect to their initial hostility toward the utility of learning outcomes assessments. This apostasy motivated the development of assessment instruments that could provide evidence that graduating geography and environmental science majors possessed more skills and knowledge and confidence in their skills and knowledge than they did as incoming first-year students. The instruments we developed for learning outcomes assessment are described and presented. Qualitative and statistical analyses of several years of data demonstrate statistically significant improvements in the objective quizzes and self-assessments of the graduating students. The results provided a satisfying body of evidence suggesting that the teaching and learning taking place in our department are effective while also identifying some issues we need to address. These data provide a mechanism for the faculty to reflect on our curriculum and teaching practices to identify ways to improve them. These instruments are used on an on-going basis to inform departmental program reviews, to field inquiries from accreditation teams, and to promote the department within the university. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1633-1648 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2008861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2008861 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1633-1648 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-2746557171124155018.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Jeremy Auerbach Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy Author-X-Name-Last: Auerbach Author-Name: Hyun Kim Author-X-Name-First: Hyun Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Measuring Robustness and Coverage of Transportation Networks with Multiple Routes and Hubs Abstract: Robustness, or the resilience of a system to failures and attacks without changing its mode of operation, is an increasingly important characteristic of networks. Even though there are several measures of network robustness, they are not applicable to networks with several links between the same pair of nodes (multiline networks), such as transportation systems. A local index and a set of global indexes are introduced to capture the robustness of having multiple connections between the same nodes. These new indexes are designed to uncover the potential vulnerabilities of network components (i.e., hubs, terminals, and lines) to possible malfunctions that might not be well identified with traditional connectivity matrix–based methods. Results of these measures are compared with traditional network connectivity and robustness indexes for both simulated networks that vary topologically and are each composed of multiple lines that overlap in connectivity and a set of representative rail systems in the United States. A discussion of the applicability of these new multiline robustness measures for decision makers and transportation planners to prioritize the development, protection, or maintenance of network components is provided. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1741-1760 Issue: 6 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2000357 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2000357 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:6:p:1741-1760 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2038069_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Patrick Naef Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Naef Title: “100 Resilient Cities”: Addressing Urban Violence and Creating a World of Ordinary Resilient Cities Abstract: Although the use of resilience in international relations and urban planning has given rise to a growing body of critical research, this contested concept continues to feature prominently in the conversation on the development of cities. Taking the 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) network pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation as a case study, this article exposes some of the challenges inherent in the implementation of a global model of resilience. Exploring initiatives related to violence prevention in the member cities of Medellin, Cali (Colombia), Chicago (United States), and Belfast (Northern Ireland), this study will look at the practices of resilience officers, a position created by the 100RC network, and determine whether it can be considered as a new profession in the field of resilience planning. It will also use urban resilience to question the category of global cities, by suggesting that networks centered on resilience can serve as globalizing agents for “ordinary cities” (Robinson 2006). Finally, this article maintains that although the flexible and elusive definition promoted by 100RC facilitated a global circulation of the concept, its one-size-fits-all approach implied significant challenges and led in some cases to its depoliticization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2012-2027 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2038069 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2038069 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:2012-2027 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2041389_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Caleb Johnston Author-X-Name-First: Caleb Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston Author-Name: Geraldine Pratt Author-X-Name-First: Geraldine Author-X-Name-Last: Pratt Title: Anticipating a Crisis: Creating a Market for Transnational Dementia Care in Thailand Abstract: We examine a “regime of anticipation” that has led mostly European entrepreneurs to build and manage new long-term care facilities situated around the city of Chiang Mai, Thailand, an emerging ‘hot spot’ in the relocation and provision of dementia care for an overseas clientele. Anticipations of crisis (and the explosive demand for dementia care) is exciting entrepreneurial imaginations in Thailand and, drawing on ethnographic field work and in-depth interviews, we examine how a transnational care market is being created and made to work. The owners and operators of these care facilities are experimenting with different care models and norms to create a transnational marketplace and to stretch the geographies of care. Yet dementia care is an inherently unstable commodity that might seem to resist outsourcing from the Global North to the Global South; as such, we pay close attention to the strategies deployed to try and stabilize the commodification of this most intimate labor. We detail how intimacy is constructed and circulated for dementia care to go global and the resources of trust required by owners and family members for this uneasy transnational economy to function. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2064-2079 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2041389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2041389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:2064-2079 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2042180_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Qiang Fu Author-X-Name-First: Qiang Author-X-Name-Last: Fu Author-Name: Yufan Zhuang Author-X-Name-First: Yufan Author-X-Name-Last: Zhuang Author-Name: Yushu Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Yushu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Author-Name: Xin Guo Author-X-Name-First: Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Title: Sleeping Lion or Sick Man? Machine Learning Approaches to Deciphering Heterogeneous Images of Chinese in North America Abstract: Based on more than 280,000 newspaper articles published in North America, this study proposes an integrative machine learning framework to explore heterogeneous social sentiments over time. After retrieving and preprocessing articles containing the term “Chinese” from six mainstream newspapers, we identified major discussion topics and assigned articles to their corresponding topics via posterior probabilities estimated by using a novel Bayesian nonparametric model, the hierarchical Dirichlet process. We also employed a groundbreaking deep learning technique, bidirectional encoder representations from transformers, to assign a negative or positive sentiment score to each newspaper article, which was trained on binary-labeled movie reviews from the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). By combining state-of-the-art tools for topic modeling and sentiment analysis, we found an overall lack of consensus on whether sentiments in North America since 1978 were pro- or anti-Chinese. Moreover, the images of Chinese are highly topic specific: (1) sentiments across different topics show distinct trajectories over the period of study; (2) discussion topics explain much more of the variation in sentiments than do the publisher, year of publication, or country of publisher; (3) less positive sentiments appear to be more relevant to material concerns than to ethnic considerations, whereas more positive sentiments are associated with an appreciation of culture; and (4) sentiments on the same or similar topic might exhibit different temporal patterns in the United States and Canada. These new findings not only suggest a multifaceted and dynamic view of social sentiments in a transnational context but also call for a paradigm shift in understanding intertwined sociodiscursive interactions over time. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2045-2063 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2042180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2042180 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:2045-2063 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2044751_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Geoffrey DeVerteuil Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey Author-X-Name-Last: DeVerteuil Author-Name: Matthew D. Marr Author-X-Name-First: Matthew D. Author-X-Name-Last: Marr Author-Name: Johannes Kiener Author-X-Name-First: Johannes Author-X-Name-Last: Kiener Title: More than Bare-Bones Survival? From the Urban Margins to the Urban Commons Abstract: We revisit the urban margins by recasting service hubs—conspicuous clusters of helping agencies in inner-city locales, designed to serve vulnerable populations—as both spaces of survival but potentially transformative, emerging as so-called cracks in the city. We undertake this recasting using the concept of the commons. Using case studies in London, Miami, and Osaka, we focus on the everyday practices of commoning and the role that service hubs play in the city as spaces of sustenance, care, and solidarity. The results are mixed: Service hubs enabled unfettered survival and operated largely outside of capitalism, ensuring that some spaces in the city remain decommodified and at the margins. The service hubs were also limited in their transformational capacity, however. These results contribute to a sense of commons at the margins, rethinking them more as an edge between capitalism and an existence separate from it, rather than presenting them as exclusively marginal in the sense of subordinated, excluded, and bordered. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2080-2095 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2044751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2044751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:2080-2095 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2047593_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Carlton P. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Carlton P. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Gregory A. Carter Author-X-Name-First: Gregory A. Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Author-Name: Margaret C. B. Waldron Author-X-Name-First: Margaret C. B. Author-X-Name-Last: Waldron Title: Precise Elevation Thresholds Associated with Salt Marsh–Upland Ecotones along the Mississippi Gulf Coast Abstract: Coastal marshes provide essential ecosystem services related to biodiversity, water quality, and protection from erosion. As increasing rates of relative sea-level rise affect many coastal marsh systems, a thorough understanding of marsh responses to sea-level change, particularly the migration of marsh–upland boundaries, becomes essential. The goal of this study was to determine precise elevation thresholds associated with coastal marsh, the marsh–upland ecotone, and upland plant communities along Mississippi’s Gulf of Mexico coast (diurnal, microtidal). Elevations (NAVD88) were measured using survey-grade Global Navigation Satellite System solutions integrated with high-precision leveling. Plant species were sampled at approximately 1-m intervals along each of thirty-three transects extending from intermediate marsh through the marsh–upland ecotone. Elevation thresholds associated with plant community change were determined based on relevant quartiles of the data. Probabilities of occurrence of each plant community type were computed for elevations at the centimeter scale. Results indicated transitions from marsh to ecotone and ecotone to upland at elevations of approximately 0.40 m and 0.60 m, respectively. Understanding the precise nature of these centimeter-scale dependencies of marsh vegetation on coastal elevation will facilitate spatial modeling of marsh transgression in response to sea-level rise, subsidence, changes in sediment flux, and land use change. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1850-1865 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2047593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2047593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:1850-1865 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2042184_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Joel Wainwright Author-X-Name-First: Joel Author-X-Name-Last: Wainwright Author-Name: Bryan R. Weaver Author-X-Name-First: Bryan R. Author-X-Name-Last: Weaver Title: The Ethics of Geography–Military Relations: A Reply to Our Interlocutors Abstract: This is a reply to the commentaries on a critique of the American Association of Geographers (AAG) Geography and Military Study Committee Report. We discuss the recent changes to the AAG Statement of Professional Ethics, focusing on two new passages concerning the involvement of the military in geographical research. We conclude with four actionable suggestions for the AAG. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: e-vii-e-xi Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2042184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2042184 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:e-vii-e-xi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2036091_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Federico Ferretti Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Ferretti Title: Indignation, Civic Virtue, and the Right of Resistance: Critical Geography and Antifascism in Italy Abstract: This article addresses the ethical and scholarly relevance of notions such as antifascism and resistance for the field of critical and radical geographies, starting from a little-known case, the formation of early critical geographies in Italy in the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on ideas of civic virtue and nondomination as read by radical and anarchist traditions, I analyze the recently opened archives of Lucio Gambi (1920–2006), which contain unpublished correspondence revealing the fearless role that this critical historical geographer played in denouncing at the same time the outdated positivistic, conservative, and descriptive legacies of Italian geography and the frightful prominence of former Fascist officials in that field. Addressing works of Gambi, of his friend and fellow of the 1943–1945 antifascist Resistance, geographer Giuseppe Barbieri (1923–2004), and of the collective Geografia Democratica (1974–1981), I argue for recognizing the importance, for critical geographers, of fighting against authoritarianism by adopting values of civic virtue, standing proudly against academic opportunism and political conservatism within and outside campuses, past and present. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1833-1849 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2036091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2036091 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:1833-1849 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2020617_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Brittany Krzyzanowski Author-X-Name-First: Brittany Author-X-Name-Last: Krzyzanowski Author-Name: Steven Manson Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Manson Title: Regionalization with Self-Organizing Maps for Sharing Higher Resolution Protected Health Information Abstract: This article addresses the challenge of sharing finer scale protected health information (PHI) while maintaining patient privacy by using regionalization to create higher resolution Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant geographical aggregations. We compare four regionalization approaches in terms of their fitness for analysis and display: max-p-regions, regionalization with dynamically constrained agglomerative clustering and partitioning (REDCAP), and self-organizing map (SOM) variants of each. Each method is used to create a configuration of regions that aligns with census boundaries, optimizes intraunit homogeneity, and maximizes the number of spatial units while meeting the minimum population threshold required for sharing PHI under HIPAA guidelines. The relative utility of each configuration was assessed with measures of model fit, compactness, homogeneity, and resolution. Adding the SOM procedure to max-p-regions resulted in statistically significant improvements for nearly all assessment measures, whereas the addition of SOM to REDCAP primarily degraded these measures. These differences can be attributed to the different impacts of SOM on top-down and bottom-up regionalization procedures. Overall, we recommend REDCAP, which outperformed on most measures. The SOM variant of max-p-regions (MSOM) could also be recommended, because it provided the highest resolution while maintaining suitable performance on all other measures. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1866-1889 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2020617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2020617 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:1866-1889 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2042183_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Federico Pablo-Martí Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Pablo-Martí Author-Name: Jesús López Requena Author-X-Name-First: Jesús López Author-X-Name-Last: Requena Title: The Hispania Map of the Hogenberg Road Atlas (1579) and the Current Spanish Transport Network Abstract: The Itinerarium Orbis Christiani, edited by Hogenberg between 1579 and 1580, is little known, despite being considered the first European road atlas. The Hispania map offers us a network of transport routes the implementation of which was believed to be later and representative of innovative advances in terms of the visual differentiation of these routes. This article contextualizes this map and analyzes it in detail, dating its creation and identifying its sources. It then studies the Spanish transport network during the sixteenth century and, specifically, the characteristics of the three types of routes shown on the map. This is done by comparing it with several itineraries and maps of the time. To confirm the reliability of the Hogenberg map and to ensure the actual existence of the other types of routes shown on the map, proximity algorithms were applied. The research results question the traditional view of the origin and motivations of the Spanish transport network, tracing its unplanned birth at least as far back as the sixteenth century. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2028-2044 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2042183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2042183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:2028-2044 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2042182_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Reuben Rose-Redwood Author-X-Name-First: Reuben Author-X-Name-Last: Rose-Redwood Author-Name: Eric Sheppard Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Sheppard Author-Name: Geraldine Pratt Author-X-Name-First: Geraldine Author-X-Name-Last: Pratt Author-Name: Susan M. Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Susan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Author-Name: Mark R. Read Author-X-Name-First: Mark R. Author-X-Name-Last: Read Author-Name: Chris Fuhriman Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Fuhriman Author-Name: Emily T. Yeh Author-X-Name-First: Emily T. Author-X-Name-Last: Yeh Title: Ethics and the Geography–Military Nexus: Responses to Wainwright and Weaver Abstract: This commentary includes a series of responses to Wainwright and Weaver’s “A Critical Commentary on the AAG Geography and Military Study Committee Report.” The contributors’ responses vary from the sympathetic to the critical, yet all agree that geographers’ engagements with military and intelligence organizations can be fraught with ethical issues that deserve careful consideration. The aim of this commentary is therefore to contribute to the ongoing debate over ethics and the geography–military nexus. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: e-i-e-vi Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2042182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2042182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:e-i-e-vi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2045182_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Mingxuan Dou Author-X-Name-First: Mingxuan Author-X-Name-Last: Dou Author-Name: Yanyan Gu Author-X-Name-First: Yanyan Author-X-Name-Last: Gu Title: Community-Level Social Topic Tracking of Urban Emergency: A Case Study of COVID-19 Abstract: During the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, the public used Weibo to acquire information, express emotions, and seek help at a historic and unprecedented scale. This situational information is valuable for authorities to initiate emergency policies and protect people’s health. Although event detection and situation awareness during COVID-19 using social media data have been investigated in recent studies, the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of social topics during COVID-19 at the community level are still limited. To address this limitation, this study developed a methodology to explore the dynamics of social topics under the influence of COVID-19 at a community level in Wuhan using geotagged Weibo posts. The disease-related topics exhibited the spatial variations in different urban communities and reflected the dynamics of public attention. Moreover, we used the reported COVID-19 case data in Wuhan and geotagged Weibo posts in Beijing to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. These findings help to track social topic evolution at the community level and gain a better understanding of the spatial variations of public attention during urban emergencies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1926-1941 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2045182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2045182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:1926-1941 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2035667_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Adam Moore Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Nour Joudah Author-X-Name-First: Nour Author-X-Name-Last: Joudah Title: The Significance of W.E.B. Du Bois’s Decolonial Geopolitics Abstract: W.E.B. Du Bois was one of the most important intellectuals and activists of the twentieth century. His influence continues to range widely today, from sociological and postcolonial theory to urban and critical race studies. This article suggests that Du Bois was also a significant geopolitical thinker and actor, especially concerning the intersections of race, empire, and White supremacy, though to date this fact has not been recognized by political geographers. We describe Du Bois’s geopolitical insights and activism and make the case for greater engagement by political geographers with the decolonial geopolitics of Du Bois and other early postcolonial thinkers, activists, and politicians of color. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1911-1925 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2035667 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2035667 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:1911-1925 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2042181_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Nate Millington Author-X-Name-First: Nate Author-X-Name-Last: Millington Author-Name: Kathleen Stokes Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: Stokes Author-Name: Mary Lawhon Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Lawhon Title: Whose Value Lies in the Urban Mine? Reconfiguring Permissions, Work, and the Benefits of Waste in South Africa Abstract: How waste should flow and who should pay for and benefit from these flows have never been easy questions. Recent efforts to recognize and capture value from (some) waste has led to new flows and new conflicts. In this article, we explore ongoing ideas and initiatives about reworking the wastescape in three South African cities. Various actors seek to capture more waste, make the wastescape more legible, and shift the costs of work. Despite ongoing rhetoric that frames waste as a new resource, interviewees note that much easily accessed waste is already claimed, and there are underemphasized costs associated with increasing the volume of collected waste. In this context, we consider efforts to change the wastescape as ways of reconfiguring existing flows and reworking ongoing arrangements of the state, industry, reclaimers, and workers. This includes changing who is permitted to access waste and create value. Across our interviewees, we find many contrasting ideas about what more desirable infrastructure might entail. We suggest that contestations over waste are not just about permission to create value but are underwritten by different visions of what infrastructure is and ought to be, who ought to know and govern it, and in whose interest waste flows. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1942-1957 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2042181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2042181 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:1942-1957 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2047592_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Louise Dorignon Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Dorignon Author-Name: Ilan Wiesel Author-X-Name-First: Ilan Author-X-Name-Last: Wiesel Title: Five-Star Homes: Hotel Imaginaries and Class Distinction in Australia’s Elite Vertical Urbanism Abstract: This article brings together a critical analysis of contemporary vertical urbanism with literature on class processes and sociocultural geographies of home. It examines how hotel imaginaries in high-rise real estate work to reshape and reinforce class distinction and discusses the implications for home and belonging in the city. The argument is developed through an analysis of two recently built apartment developments in Australia, with particular attention to developers’ and residents’ narratives. Vertical urbanization stands in contrast to Australia’s predominantly low-density metropolitan regions, at odds with the “Great Australian Dream” of a suburban stand-alone house. Hotel-inspired features, spaces, discourses, and practices enable middle-class apartment residents to forego an entrenched sense of what home and belonging in the city mean while reaffirming residents’ social distinction aspirations and developers’ financialization strategies. Within this context, developers, architects, and residents take inspiration from hotels to normalize apartment living, tapping into residents’ self-identification as well-traveled, cosmopolitan citizens. We show that the set of relations and encounters arising from the blurring of hotels and homes destabilizes tenure categories and redraws classed boundaries around narratives of transience, estrangement, and placelessness. We conclude by discussing the role of hotel imaginaries in the exacerbation of sociospatial divisions and urban inequalities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2111-2129 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2047592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2047592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:2111-2129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2038068_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Andrew H. Whittemore Author-X-Name-First: Andrew H. Author-X-Name-Last: Whittemore Title: Finding Queer Life through Allies: The Geography and Intentions of Mainstream-Oriented, Ostensibly LGBTQ-Supportive Businesses in a Smaller Metropolitan Area of the U.S. South Abstract: This article details a study of the geography and intentions of mainstream-oriented businesses that publicly display lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ)-related symbols and signs. The setting for this study was the four-county Durham–Chapel Hill metropolitan area in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Findings show how the distribution of these businesses mirrors various demographic, political, and policy indicators of where LGBTQ and LGBTQ-friendly populations live in this smaller metropolitan region of the conservative southeastern United States. Employee interviews revealed a typology of critical, performative, and managed allies among these businesses. Critical allies had adopted practices that allow a sexually and gender-diverse, although largely White, segment of LGBTQ people to visibly work and consume on their premises, whereas performative interviewees’ ostensible allyship was more purely about marketing. Other businesses are constrained in their potential to more visibly market to LGBTQ people or be critical allies due to their role as franchisees. Given that a majority of these business’s activism was substantive, and building from Ghaziani’s (2014) concept of anchor institutions, I argue that these businesses show how the material culture of a large segment of LGBTQ people takes on a particular geography within Durham–Chapel Hill. Within limitations, mainstream-oriented businesses displaying LGBTQ symbols and signs offer another means of examining how LGBTQ life and visibility extend beyond gayborhoods. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1958-1973 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2038068 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2038068 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:1958-1973 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2044752_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Hilary Oliva Faxon Author-X-Name-First: Hilary Oliva Author-X-Name-Last: Faxon Title: Welcome to the Digital Village: Networking Geographies of Agrarian Change Abstract: Almost 5 billion people—two thirds of the global population—now go online. The Internet has changed how we work, learn, govern, and fall in love. Yet despite its digital turn, geography has failed to grapple with the patterns and significance of Internet connection for rural people and places, particularly in the Global South. This article brings together agrarian studies and digital geography to situate emergent online practices within longer trajectories of agrarian change. To do so, I advance the concept of the digital village, a networked social space in which online practices emerge from existing agrarian relations to reconfigure the strategies of economic survival, the landscapes of home, and the tactics of politics. Drawing on ethnographic research in Myanmar, I show how agrarian relations shape patterns of digital connection and how farmers, migrants, and grassroots activists incorporate Facebook into daily efforts to secure livelihoods, support communities, and mobilize in struggles over land. This analysis yields two key insights: first, digital geographies are embedded in rural relations; second, agrarian questions increasingly play out online. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2096-2110 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2044752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2044752 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:2096-2110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2047591_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Sierra Gladfelter Author-X-Name-First: Sierra Author-X-Name-Last: Gladfelter Title: Imposing Worlds: Ontological Marginalization and Reclamation through Irrigation Infrastructure in Rajapur, Nepal Abstract: In this article, I examine the Rajapur Irrigation Project (RIP), a large-scale infrastructure project to “modernize” a farmer-managed irrigation system in Nepal, as a political encounter between two ontologies or what Blaser called “ways of worlding”: Tharu farmers’ fluid practices of living with the Karnali River and engineers’ methods of structurally training waterways. In tracing how the logic and world-making practices of the RIP overwrote the place-based ontologies of local farmers through the concrete structures it enacted and left behind, I introduce ontological marginalization as a political process that can occur when one situated understanding of what the world is and how it should be (re)made is imposed on another through structural interventions. I demonstrate infrastructure’s power to enforce certain ontologies while marginalizing others, and I also explore how people reassert agency and world-making practices through acts of ontological reclamation in the aftermath of interventions. Ultimately, this article contributes to emergent discussions on infrastructure and its ontological impacts within geography by developing the dual concepts of ontological marginalization and reclamation as ways for scholars to better account for the political implications of infrastructure on diverse ways of worlding. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1994-2011 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2047591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2047591 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:1994-2011 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2015281_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Shawky Mansour Author-X-Name-First: Shawky Author-X-Name-Last: Mansour Author-Name: Ammar Abulibdeh Author-X-Name-First: Ammar Author-X-Name-Last: Abulibdeh Author-Name: Mohammed Alahmadi Author-X-Name-First: Mohammed Author-X-Name-Last: Alahmadi Author-Name: Adham Al-Said Author-X-Name-First: Adham Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Said Author-Name: Alkhattab Al-Said Author-X-Name-First: Alkhattab Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Said Author-Name: Gary Watmough Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Watmough Author-Name: Peter M. Atkinson Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Atkinson Title: Spatial Associations between COVID-19 Incidence Rates and Work Sectors: Geospatial Modeling of Infection Patterns among Migrants in Oman Abstract: Migrants are among the groups most vulnerable to infection with viruses due to the social and economic conditions in which they live. Therefore, spatial modeling of virus transmission among migrants is important for controlling and containing the COVID-19 pandemic. This research focused on modeling spatial associations between COVID-19 incidence rates and migrant workers. The aim was to understand the spatial relationships between COVID-19 infection rates of migrants and the type of workplace at the subnational level in Oman. Using empirical Bayes smoothing as well as local indicators of spatial associations, six work sectors (health, agriculture, retail and business, administrative, manufacturing, and mining) were investigated as risk factors for disease incidence. The results indicated that the six work sectors each had a significant spatial association with cases of COVID-19. High rates of COVID-19 cases in relation to the workplace were clustered in the densely populated areas of Muscat. Similarly, high rates of COVID-19 cases were located in the northern part of the country, along the Al-Batnah plain, where migrants are often employed in the agricultural sector. Further, the rate of COVID-19 in migrants employed in the health sector was higher than that for the other sectors. Therefore, working in the health sector can be considered a hot spot for the spread of COVID-19 infections. Due to a paucity of studies addressing the spatial analysis of COVID-19 associations with workplaces, the findings of this research are useful for decision makers to set the necessary policies and plans to control the outbreak of the virus not only in Oman or the Gulf Cooperation Council but also in other developing societies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1974-1993 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2015281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2021.2015281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:1974-1993 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2040351_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Joel E. Correia Author-X-Name-First: Joel E. Author-X-Name-Last: Correia Title: Between Flood and Drought: Environmental Racism, Settler Waterscapes, and Indigenous Water Justice in South America’s Chaco Abstract: This article advances a novel approach to investigating geographies of settler colonialism and environmental justice through a critical physical geography (CPG) of water scarcity in the South American Chaco. Drawing from multimethod research conducted in collaboration with Enxet and Sanapaná communities in Paraguay, I evaluate how waterscape change produces social vulnerability with a focus on Indigenous access to safe drinking water. Stemming from a seemingly simple question—how have annual flood and drought events in the Chaco become malignant for Enxet and Sanapaná peoples—my analysis centers on current struggles for Indigenous rights amidst Paraguay’s booming ranching industry. I use an eclectic data set—from historical missionary accounts, seventy-two household questionnaires, mapping new waterscapes, and a political economy of cattle ranching—to show how settler waterscapes produce environmental racism by limiting Indigenous access to “good” water. I argue that the prevalence of water scarcity in Indigenous communities across the Bajo Chaco is not a natural result of biophysical geography but a socially produced outcome of how settler waterscapes rework hydrosocial relations along racial lines. CPG offers a way to bridge biophysical analysis with critical social theory to expand geographic understandings of settler colonialism and its effects on Indigenous environmental justice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1890-1910 Issue: 7 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2040351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2040351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:7:p:1890-1910 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2139099_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Manuscript Reviewers Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: em-i-em-ii Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2139099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2139099 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:em-i-em-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2071200_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Thomaz Carvalhaes Author-X-Name-First: Thomaz Author-X-Name-Last: Carvalhaes Author-Name: Vivaldi Rinaldi Author-X-Name-First: Vivaldi Author-X-Name-Last: Rinaldi Author-Name: Zhen Goh Author-X-Name-First: Zhen Author-X-Name-Last: Goh Author-Name: Shams Azad Author-X-Name-First: Shams Author-X-Name-Last: Azad Author-Name: Juanita Uribe Author-X-Name-First: Juanita Author-X-Name-Last: Uribe Author-Name: Masoud Ghandehari Author-X-Name-First: Masoud Author-X-Name-Last: Ghandehari Title: Integrating Spatial and Ethnographic Methods for Resilience Research: A Thick Mapping Approach for Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico Abstract: Hurricane Maria left unprecedented impacts on Puerto Rican communities, leaving some without infrastructure services and unable to communicate with family for several months. To understand the forms of community-level resilience that emerged while hard infrastructure systems took time recover, this article (1) abductively explores resilience as an emergent phenomenon of complex adaptive systems; (2) identifies subsequent forms of social capital, local adaptive capacities, and manifestations of quantifiable variables, such as infrastructure performance, in community experiences; and (3) demonstrates a framework to integrate disparate methodologies for resilience assessments via a multiplicity of mappings of space and place. We combine ethnographic and geospatial methods into an interactive GeoApp for analysis using participant-coded narratives and a series of geospatial indicators as a thick map. Thick mapping facilitates quantitative and qualitative data analysis at several scales, while enabling qualitative query of collected narratives. Results highlight local innovation, community bonding and bridging, and nuances in the role of public institutions as emergent elements of resilience. The thick map shows how top-down assessments can be augmented by thick data and how multiple framings can be anchored in the same system or place. These findings are important to inform and integrate community-oriented and technocentric solutions toward resilience-enhancing measures. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2413-2435 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2071200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2071200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2413-2435 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2053651_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Orlando Woods Author-X-Name-First: Orlando Author-X-Name-Last: Woods Title: Infrastructure’s (Supra)Sacralizing Effects: Contesting Littoral Spaces of Fishing, Faith, and Futurity along Sri Lanka’s Western Coastline Abstract: This article explores the ways in which infrastructural development can cause the sacred to become a source of political legitimacy and sacred authority to become a politically charged construct. For resource-dependent communities, the ecological damage caused by infrastructural development can cause ostensibly profane issues to be imbued with sacred meaning and value. With sacralization comes the expectation that figures of sacred authority will campaign for justice on behalf of the communities that they represent. When the authority evoked comes from outside the boundaries of institutionalized religion, however, processes of suprasacralization come into play. By exploring infrastructure’s (supra)sacralizing effects, I demonstrate how environmental ontologies can provide a competing basis for transcendence. In turn, this can reveal the politically progressive role of the sacred in eroding the legitimacy of institutionalized religion. I illustrate these ideas through an empirical analysis of the effects of the China-backed Port City Colombo project on Catholic fishing communities located along Sri Lanka’s western coastline. Drawing on ethnographic data, I explore how littoral spaces of fishing, faith, and futurity have become contested through the claiming of (supra)sacred places of power and justice. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2344-2359 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2053651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2053651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2344-2359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2077168_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Yaqian He Author-X-Name-First: Yaqian Author-X-Name-Last: He Author-Name: Jonathan Chipman Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Chipman Author-Name: Noel Siegert Author-X-Name-First: Noel Author-X-Name-Last: Siegert Author-Name: Justin S. Mankin Author-X-Name-First: Justin S. Author-X-Name-Last: Mankin Title: Rapid Land-Cover and Land-Use Change in the Indo-Malaysian Region over the Last Thirty-Four Years Based on AVHRR NDVI Data Abstract: The Indo-Malaysian region is a hot spot of rapid land-cover and land-use change (LCLUC) with little consensus about the rates and magnitudes of such change. Here we use temporal convolutional neural networks (TempCNNs) to generate a spatiotemporally consistent LCLUC data set for nearly thirty-five years (1982–2015), validated against two reference data sets with over 80 percent accuracy, better than other LCLUC products for the region. Our results both confirm and complicate estimates from earlier work that relied on decadal, rather than interannual, changes in regional land cover. We find forests decrease in mainland and maritime Southeast Asia and increase in South China and South Asia. Consistent with geographic theory about the drivers of land-use change, we find cropland expansion is a driving force for deforestation in mainland Southeast Asia with savannas playing a superior role, suggesting widespread forest degradation in this region. In contrast to earlier work and theory, we find that South China’s increasing forest cover comes principally from savanna (rather than cropland) conversion. The explicit interannual LCLUC patterns, rates, and transitions identified in this study provide a valuable data source for studies of land-use theory, environmental and climate changes, and regional land-use policy evaluations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2131-2151 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2077168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2077168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2131-2151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2060793_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Yanji Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Yanji Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Liang Cai Author-X-Name-First: Liang Author-X-Name-Last: Cai Author-Name: Guangwen Song Author-X-Name-First: Guangwen Author-X-Name-Last: Song Author-Name: Lin Liu Author-X-Name-First: Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Chunwu Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Chunwu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Title: From Residential Neighborhood to Activity Space: The Effects of Educational Segregation on Crime and Their Moderation by Social Context Abstract: The segregation–crime relationship is a classic topic in sociology and crime geography, yet existing literature mainly focuses on the impact of racial segregation at the global scale. Little is known about the impact of local segregation of other socioeconomic characteristics such as education level, an important segregation factor for racially homogenous countries like China. Also unknown is their impact beyond the residential domain. Using the Baidu Map Location-Based Service population data set and court records in 863 local geographic units of the central urban area of Beijing during 2018 and 2019, this study uncovers the spatial pattern of segregation between people with and without a bachelor’s degree measured in the residential space and activity space and further investigates the influence of these two types of educational segregation and their interaction effects with social context on theft and violent crime. Results show less segregation in the activity space than in the residential space. Both types of segregation, however, significantly increase the risk of theft and violence, with activity space–based segregation more consequential. Moreover, the positive segregation–crime link is moderated by the local social context measured by the educational composition among residents and the ambient population. Compared with residential segregation, activity space–based segregation is more detrimental for places dominated by the less educated. Our results highlight the elevated influence of segregation on safety beyond the residential space, especially for areas clustered with the less educated ambient population. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2393-2412 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2060793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2060793 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2393-2412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2053652_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Sam Halvorsen Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Halvorsen Author-Name: Fernanda Valeria Torres Author-X-Name-First: Fernanda Valeria Author-X-Name-Last: Torres Title: Articulating Populism in Place: A Relational Comparison of Kirchnerism in Argentina Abstract: How are populist movements articulated in place, and what political tensions can arise when they mobilize across scales? Despite the historical significance of particular places for populist movements (e.g., countryside or city), much populist scholarship remains trapped in a national lens, and geographical analyses are only starting to take seriously place-based articulations. Drawing on Gillian Hart’s Gramscian approach, we understand articulation as a dual process of cojoining and resignifying that unfolds through geographically situated practices and language. We extend this by paying attention to actors of populist mobilization, political parties, and social movements, examining their articulation of political subjectivities and antagonisms through place-based contexts, thus providing an analytical framework for studying populism. Considering the national-popular movement of Kirchnerism, our analysis unfolds through a relational comparison of two contrasting places in Argentina—its wealthy capital city and the impoverished province of Jujuy—moving dialectically across different scales, considering contradictions between local and national mobilizations of Kircherism while also contextualizing these in regional and global process. In so doing, we demonstrate that a geographically sensitive analysis of populist conjunctures provides insights into the success and failures of national popular movements. Specifically, place-based movements face dilemmas between gaining support and autonomy from national counterparts, whereas national popular movements both depend on and are threatened by local populist success. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2195-2211 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2053652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2053652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2195-2211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2052008_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jovanna Rosen Author-X-Name-First: Jovanna Author-X-Name-Last: Rosen Author-Name: Luis F. Alvarez León Author-X-Name-First: Luis F. Author-X-Name-Last: Alvarez León Title: The Digital Growth Machine: Urban Change and the Ideology of Technology Abstract: Technology sector–led urban growth combines digital accumulation and urban accumulation dynamics to transform urban growth processes and outcomes. Together, these forces create the digital growth machine: a potent urban growth variation that fosters four related capital accumulation avenues that enable and support its activities. First, the digital growth machine extends long-standing land development and industrial attraction strategies to promote urban growth and increase exchange values. Second, it develops new possibilities for capturing land-related profit beyond traditional land development and intensification strategies. Third, it supports new opportunities for intermediaries to emerge and profit. Fourth, it creates new digital renderings of the city that affect land-related value and perceptions of place. With these processes, the digital growth machine simultaneously furthers dynamics of elite control over land that have become deeply entrenched in cities under capitalism, while qualitatively transforming urban life and the role of cities and land in this economic system. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2248-2265 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2052008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2052008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2248-2265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2054766_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Elizabeth Havice Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Havice Author-Name: Lisa Campbell Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell Author-Name: Andre Boustany Author-X-Name-First: Andre Author-X-Name-Last: Boustany Title: New Data Technologies and the Politics of Scale in Environmental Management: Tracking Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Abstract: Knowledge and scientific practice have largely been backdrops to examinations of scale and rescaling processes, including studies of rescaling environmental management. The growing use of new data technologies in environmental management highlights the need to situate knowledge and scientific practice into the politics and production of scale. Reviewing sixty years of debate over spatial management of the highly migratory and Atlantic bluefin tuna, this piece illustrates the central, dynamic roles of knowledge and scientific practice in scalar transboundary management. Findings corroborate prior studies demonstrating that stakeholders mobilize knowledge (and uncertainty) to influence spatialized management. We examine whether such practices are transformed by new data technologies, a nomenclature we adopt as “more” than big data to encapsulate and parse methods of data collection or generation, the data themselves, and the analytical techniques and infrastructures developed to make sense of data for management purposes. We find that as new data technologies reveal objects in space and time, they reformulate and multiply—rather than resolve and circumscribe—scalar management possibilities. They mix with historic scientific and political practices and are never “complete.” Beyond the bluefin case, findings point to the complications of turning to new data technologies—often uncritically celebrated for their potential to give clear, actionable data—to “solve” scalar dilemmas. Instead, they are positioned to become a new way of knowing the world: a new geo-epistemology that shapes experimentation and debate around the spatialized power relations determining control over contested spaces and the valuable resources within and moving through them. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2174-2194 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2054766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2054766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2174-2194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2062292_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Gediminas Lesutis Author-X-Name-First: Gediminas Author-X-Name-Last: Lesutis Title: Politics of Disavowal: Megaprojects, Infrastructural Biopolitics, Disavowed Subjects Abstract: Focusing on the construction of Lamu Port as a focal point of the Lamu Port–South Sudan–Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) Corridor in Kenya, this article explores how megainfrastructures are entangled with processes of life-making and -unmaking, thus producing specific subject dispositions within a state’s infrastructural biopolitics as infrastructure-based capacitation and control of national populations. Analyzing sociopolitical effects of state-led megaprojects, civil society mobilization, and livelihoods of artisanal fishermen, the article develops a theoretical account of a politics of disavowal—a tacit denial of a state-admitted responsibility and support to vulnerable populations that, despite formal inclusion into the state’s development visions, are rendered constitutively absent within biopolitical spatialities of life advanced by the state. Thereby, the article triangulates the binary of bio- and necropolitics standardly deployed in multiple theorizations of (re)production of liberal capitalist life in geographical and interdisciplinary literatures on biopolitics, necropolitics, or politics of infrastructure. It specifically foregrounds how governance of vulnerable, expendable populations does not oscillate between intentional life- and death-making, flourishing and effacement, bio and necro but unfolds as a politics of disavowal—a confluence of formal recognition and material neglect by the state, expressed as a dialectic of presence and absence, inclusion and neglect. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2436-2451 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2062292 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2062292 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2436-2451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2060792_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Katharyne Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: Katharyne Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Author-Name: Key MacFarlane Author-X-Name-First: Key Author-X-Name-Last: MacFarlane Title: Sanctuary Space, Racialized Violence, and Memories of Resistance Abstract: Sanctuary, which comes from the Latin sanctus, meaning “holy,” has played a strategic role in political resistance for hundreds of years. Today the concept has returned as one of importance in the protection of refugees worldwide. In this article, which focuses on sanctuary practices in Germany, we examine the importance of the spaces of church-based asylum—the structure, physical spaces, and neighborhood of the church itself. We investigate the ways in which these spaces are constitutive of collective memories of alternative justice and resistance and how these memories are used to transform the actions and possibilities of the present. The article builds off other nonlinear, counterhegemonic concepts of space and time, such as the demonic, as ways of moving beyond normative assumptions of the cultural landscape. The demonic challenges both the abstract space of modern liberalism as well as the absolute space of the sacred; it is a radical reworking—one that relies on forgotten or hidden pasts yet remains new and open-ended. For sanctuary to contest the racialized violence of modern state governance it likewise must both remember and rework the idea of sacred space and sacred time in new, materialist, and fluid forms. Drawing on a case study from Berlin, the article explores ways to conceptualize the temporal and spatial anchoring of alternative, nonliberal memories and their potential for contemporary resistance. The Heilig-Kreuz church and its pastors and allies, as well as an associated church network, the German Ecumenical Committee on Church Asylum, provide the empirical case studies. Key Words: memory, race, refugees, sanctuary, space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2360-2372 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2060792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2060792 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2360-2372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2054769_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Emily Rosenman Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenman Author-Name: Dan Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Author-Name: Tom Baker Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: Ksenia Arapko Author-X-Name-First: Ksenia Author-X-Name-Last: Arapko Title: Promises and Profit in “Debt-Free” Higher Education: The Geographies of Income Share Agreements in the United States Abstract: As student debt in the United States rose to $1.7 trillion in 2021, the value and accessibility of higher education has been a subject of fierce public debate. In this context, income share agreements (ISAs) are framed as an alternative to conventional student loans. ISAs entail investors paying a student’s tuition in exchange for a share of the student’s future income. As the use of ISAs increases, especially within U.S. vocational schools, there is evidence that ISAs have used predatory financial practices aimed at marginalized students. Motivated by the rapid growth of ISAs in the United States and the relative absence of geographic attention to them, this article discusses their nature and broader significance to geographic debates. Informed by gray literature, news articles, industry documents, and the scant academic writing on ISAs, we discuss the characteristics, histories, and geographies of ISAs before examining the roles and motivations of three involved constituencies: students, higher education institutions, and investment intermediaries. In doing so, we highlight how ISAs reorient who pays for education and when, what sort of education is paid for, and how private markets profit from higher education. We then highlight the broader significance of ISAs to geographical understandings of (1) the financialization of social reproduction, (2) geographies of education, and (3) digital capitalism. We argue that ISAs’ individuating logics and broader context of social reproductive crises are revealing of a wider trend toward private profit via predatory inclusion, accelerated by financial technologies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2305-2323 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2054769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2054769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2305-2323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2058907_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Kirsty Watkinson Author-X-Name-First: Kirsty Author-X-Name-Last: Watkinson Author-Name: Jonathan J. Huck Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Huck Author-Name: Angela Harris Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Title: Centaur VGI: An Evaluation of Engagement, Speed, and Quality in Hybrid Humanitarian Mapping Abstract: Volunteered geographic information (VGI) is often cited as a potential solution to persistent global inequalities in map data, particularly in areas undergoing humanitarian crises. Poor volunteer engagement, slow data production, and low-quality outputs have limited progress, however, and can unintentionally exaggerate inequalities. Hybrid machine learning–VGI (ML–VGI) frameworks can help to overcome these challenges through a combination of workflow automation and purposive human input, but the use of these workflows is rare in practice. Here, we implement an ML–VGI framework (Centaur VGI) and undertake a detailed comparative usability assessment against an existing, widely used VGI mapping platform to demonstrate its potential to improve volunteer engagement, mapping speed, and data quality. Our results suggest that through automated building, searching, and labeling, the Centaur VGI platform provides greater usability, quicker data production, and improved data quality for most users. Consequently, we provide the first evidence that hybrid ML–VGI approaches can be used to facilitate increased public participation in humanitarian building mapping efforts and thus help reduce global inequalities in map data. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2373-2392 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2058907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2058907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2373-2392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2077166_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Priscilla McCutcheon Author-X-Name-First: Priscilla Author-X-Name-Last: McCutcheon Title: “When and Where I Enter”: The National Council of Negro Women, Black Women’s Organizing Power, and the Fight to End Hunger Abstract: This article examines the food politics of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), a prominent Black women’s organization, founded in 1935. I argue that the council used an intimate knowledge of themselves, Black women, and the South to transgress a hostile landscape and protect themselves and Black people. I make this argument by examining the words of their founder Mary McLeod Bethune, their 1960s activism, their hunger campaign, and other historical documents. For NCNW, respectability was not meant to silence their voices, but rather to allow them a thin veil of protection not given to Black women. First, I detail the history of the organization, its emphasis on making Black women a part of the U.S. democracy, and their work to end hunger. Second, I conceptually explore Black women’s inward and outward gaze, which includes some Black women’s strategic use of respectability politics to uphold moral values and their grounded knowledge of the South, its land and its people. Third, I consider how NCNW used their inward and outward gaze to make change and end hunger among Black people in the South. Finally, I conclude with thoughts on how we might understand the current political organizing power of Black women within a model for which NCNW created much of the groundwork. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2486-2500 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2077166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2077166 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2486-2500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2065964_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Timna Denwood Author-X-Name-First: Timna Author-X-Name-Last: Denwood Author-Name: Jonathan J. Huck Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Huck Author-Name: Sarah Lindley Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Lindley Title: Participatory Mapping: A Systematic Review and Open Science Framework for Future Research Abstract: Participatory mapping emerged from a need for more inclusive methods of collecting spatial data with the intention of democratizing the decision-making process. It encompasses a range of methods including mental mapping, sketch mapping, and participatory geographic information systems. There has been a rapid increase in uptake of participatory mapping, but the multidisciplinary nature of the field has resulted in a lack of consistency in the conducting and reporting of research, limiting further development. In this article, we argue that an open science approach is required to enable the field to advance, increasing transparency and replicability in how participatory mapping research is both conducted and reported. This argument is supported by the first large-scale systematic review of the field, which identifies specific areas within participatory mapping that would benefit from an open science approach. Four questions are used to explore the sample: (1) How are different participatory mapping methods being used and reported? (2) What information is given on the data collected through participatory mapping? (3) How are participant demographics being recorded? (4) Who is conducting the research, and where is it being published? From a total of 578 academic research articles, we analyzed a stratified sample of 117. The review reveals a significant lack of reporting on key details in the data collection process, restricting the transparency, replicability, and transferability of participatory mapping research and demonstrating the urgent need for an open science approach. Recommendations are then drawn from the results to guide the design of future participatory mapping research. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2324-2343 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2065964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2065964 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2324-2343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2077165_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Seth E. Spielman Author-X-Name-First: Seth E. Author-X-Name-Last: Spielman Author-Name: Alex D. Singleton Author-X-Name-First: Alex D. Author-X-Name-Last: Singleton Title: A Generalized Model of Activity Space Abstract: This article introduces the concept of a generalized activity space to bridge area-based and activity-based representations of geographic context. We argue that microscale space–time paths fail to account for contextual determinants of behavior, because they emphasize “contacts” over “contexts,” a problem that could be solved, in part, by using a broader “generalized” representation of geographic context. This article develops the idea of a generalized activity space and empirically tests the viability of the concept. Support for the viability of the idea is identified through analysis of 34,500 trips by 7,550 individuals in Atlanta. We find that demographic characteristics and residential location jointly shape a person’s geographic context. Through a series of hypothesis tests, we find evidence that these location–demographic groupings are generalizable; that is, people with similar socioeconomic backgrounds and residential locations exhibit similar generalized activity spaces. Residential location, by itself, however, is not an effective descriptor of the configuration of a person’s context. We argue that generalized activity spaces have potential to inform study of how the environment influences behavior by allowing a more robust consideration of interplay between socioeconomic characteristics and the use of space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2212-2229 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2077165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2077165 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2212-2229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2072805_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Eden Kinkaid Author-X-Name-First: Eden Author-X-Name-Last: Kinkaid Author-Name: Lauren Fritzsche Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: Fritzsche Title: The Stories We Tell: Challenging Exclusionary Histories of Geography in U.S. Graduate Curriculum Abstract: In this article, we examine how the exclusionary and problematic aspects of geography’s history are narrated, reproduced, and challenged in graduate education in the United States. Approaching introductory graduate courses as sites in the reproduction of geography as a discipline, we consider how these courses can either bolster or challenge problematic legacies of geography’s disciplinary history. To do so, we analyze thirty-two syllabi from graduate-level “introduction to geography” courses in the United States with a focus on how issues of colonialism, race and racism, and gender figure into narratives about the history of geography. In drawing attention to seemingly minor decisions about framing, content, and organization within syllabi, and connecting these decisions to broader concerns about the history of geography and its exclusions, we demonstrate that syllabi indeed play a role in disciplinary reproduction. We argue that, with some conscious effort and design, we can rework the stories that we tell in our syllabi toward more inclusive and diverse imaginaries of the geographic tradition. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2469-2485 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2072805 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2072805 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2469-2485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2060791_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Pengyu Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Pengyu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Author-Name: Jiarong Li Author-X-Name-First: Jiarong Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yuting Hou Author-X-Name-First: Yuting Author-X-Name-Last: Hou Title: Applying a Population Flow–Based Spatial Weight Matrix in Spatial Econometric Models: Conceptual Framework and Application to COVID-19 Transmission Analysis Abstract: This article proposes a novel method for constructing an asymmetric spatial weight matrix and applies it to improve spatial econometric modeling. As opposed to traditional spatial weight matrices that simply consider geographic or economic proximity, the spatial weight matrix proposed in this study is based on large-volume daily population flow data. It can more accurately reflect the socioeconomic interactions between cities over any given period. To empirically test the validity and accuracy of this proposed spatial weight matrix, we apply it to a spatial econometric model that analyzes COVID-19 transmission in Mainland China. Specifically, this matrix is used to address spatial dependence in outcome and explanatory variables and to calculate the direct and indirect effects of all predictors. We also propose a practical framework that combines instrumental variable regressions and a Hausman test to validate the exogeneity of this matrix. The test result confirms its exogeneity; hence, it can produce consistent estimates in our spatial econometric models. Moreover, we find that spatial econometric models using our proposed population flow–based spatial weight matrix significantly outperform those using the traditional inverse distance weight matrix in terms of goodness of fit and model interpretation, thus providing more reliable results. Our methodology not only has implications for national epidemic control and prevention policies but can also be applied to a wide range of research to better address spatial autocorrelation issues. Key Words: COVID-19 transmission, endogeneity, population flow, spatial dependence (autocorrelation), spatial weight matrix. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2266-2286 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2060791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2060791 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2266-2286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2067519_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Trent Brown Author-X-Name-First: Trent Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Syed Shoaib Ali Author-X-Name-First: Syed Shoaib Author-X-Name-Last: Ali Title: Transgressive Capabilities: Skill Development and Social Disruption in Rural India Abstract: Under what conditions might the acquisition of new skills challenge discriminatory social norms? We interrogate this question through reference to a study on the social impacts of an agricultural skill development scheme in rural India. We present detailed vignettes drawn from this study, which illustrate the social consequences of acquiring and utilizing skills that transgress local gender and caste norms. Engaging with themes from capabilities theory, we highlight how, although not all skills are transgressive, for some, acquiring “transgressive skills” not only enhanced life opportunities for themselves, but also did so for others within their communities. The form of their transgressions and their social consequences varied, however, based on their relative privilege and the operation of place-specific social norms and systems of oppression. We argue that transgressive skills might drive progressive social change, but distinguish between two types of transgression. Individual, brash, heroic transgressions against the status quo are more accessible to the relatively privileged, whereas marginalized people are more likely to engage in nested transgressions, which form part of long-term, collective struggles for empowerment. The latter, although often overlooked, might offer sustainable pathways to progressive change that reflect local aspirations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2452-2468 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2067519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2067519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2452-2468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2077169_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Caitlin Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Caitlin Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Rachel S. Franklin Author-X-Name-First: Rachel S. Author-X-Name-Last: Franklin Author-Name: Jack Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Title: Optimizing for Equity: Sensor Coverage, Networks, and the Responsive City Abstract: Decisions about sensor placement in cities are inherently complex, balancing social-technical, digital, and structural inequalities with the differential needs of populations, local stakeholder priorities, and the technical specificities of the sensors themselves. Rapid developments in urban data collection and geographic data science have the potential to support these decision-making processes. Focusing on a case study of air-quality sensors in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK, we employ spatial optimization algorithms as a descriptive tool to illustrate the complex trade-offs that produce sensor networks that miss important groups—even when the explicit coverage goal is one of equity. We show that the problem is not technical; rather, it is demographic, structural, and financial. Despite the considerable constraints that emerge from our analysis, we argue the data collected via sensor networks are of continued importance when evidencing core urban injustices (e.g., air pollution or climate-related heat). We therefore make the case for a clearer distinction to be made between sensors for monitoring and sensors for surveillance, arguing that a wider presumption of bad intent for all sensors potentially limits the visibility of positive types of sensing. For the purpose of monitoring, we also propose that basic spatial optimization tools can help to elucidate and remediate spatial injustices in sensor networks. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2152-2173 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2077169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2077169 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2152-2173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2062290_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Idowu Ajibade Author-X-Name-First: Idowu Author-X-Name-Last: Ajibade Title: The Resilience Fix to Climate Disasters: Recursive and Contested Relations with Equity and Justice-Based Transformations in the Global South Abstract: This article engages with the taken-for-granted separation between resilience as stability and resilience as transformation after disasters. It examines whether strategies adopted after climate disasters are transforming cities in ways that foster egalitarian urbanism or reinforce capitalist urbanization. To address this question, I develop the notion of a resilience fix, returning to Harvey’s influential thesis on spatial fix that captures how capitalism overcomes its crises of overaccumulation by deepening its spread through the production of new spaces and the built environment. I combine this thesis with an interrogation of urban metabolism and the governance of urban life and spaces to show the recursive relations between resilience fixes and transformative resilience strategies. Focusing on a ten-year postdisaster development in Metro Manila, this study shows how resilience fixes act within and through political economy systems, land use planning, technology adoption, and risk management regimes to decenter those who experience the double violence of capitalist urbanization and disaster capitalism while naturalizing utopian development, citizen surveillance, and a class-based retreat from the city. By offering false solutions and translocating disasters, these fixes inextricably reproduced social inequalities that would stimulate resistance politics and counterhegemonic strategies aimed at partial transformation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2230-2247 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2062290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2062290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2230-2247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2054768_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Katherine R. Clifford Author-X-Name-First: Katherine R. Author-X-Name-Last: Clifford Title: Natural Exceptions or Exceptional Natures? Regulatory Science and the Production of Rarity Abstract: The Exceptional Events Rule (EER) of the Clean Air Act was intended to address “exceptional” air quality events but, in practice, the way the rule is employed has significant impacts on regulatory data sets that are used to understand and manage air quality. Through this rule, the Environmental Protection Agency is entangled in the politics of classification, striving to separate the unnatural from the natural and the exceptional from the common with important consequences for air quality data and regulation. If deemed exceptional, the data can be removed from the regulatory record, not only altering our understanding of air quality—and, importantly, risk and exposure—but also the management of it. By analyzing regulatory data sets, texts, and appeals, this article explores the consequences of the rule’s data exclusions. I argue that the act of producing “natural exceptions” has another unintended consequence: It inadvertently creates exceptional natures; that is, natures that despite their common occurrence are deemed rare. By repeatedly removing data, the EER changes understandings of normal or expected events and becomes a powerful tool for deregulation. Ironically, even as regulations produce exceptional natures, they are simultaneously undermined by them, leading to regular and repeated surprises, unnoticed hazards, undetected exposures, and deregulation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2287-2304 Issue: 8 Volume: 112 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2054768 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2054768 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:112:y:2022:i:8:p:2287-2304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2080041_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: David López-García Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: López-García Author-Name: Dwayne Marshall Baker Author-X-Name-First: Dwayne Marshall Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Title: Diverging Mobility Situations: Measuring Relative Job Accessibility and Differing Socioeconomic Conditions in New York City Abstract: Recent accessibility research suggests that the relationship between time and distance in the journey to work can produce diverging mobility situations. That is, areas farther away from employment can sometimes have faster commutes than areas closer, and vice versa. This article seeks to advance such research by exploring who is likely to experience which mobility situation. With data from the Census Transportation Planning Products 2012–2016, we examine accessibility in terms of time and distance in the journey to work in New York City to assess the spatial distribution of diverging mobility situations. We conduct a series of binomial logistic regressions and multinomial logistic regression models to assess how socioeconomic characteristics influence the likelihood of experiencing a specific mobility situation while controlling for transportation infrastructure and land-use patterns. The results of our study reveal the diverging mobility patterns across New York City and highlight the importance of socioeconomic characteristics on determining diverging mobility situations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 149-168 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2080041 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2080041 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:149-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2084016_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Sallie Yea Author-X-Name-First: Sallie Author-X-Name-Last: Yea Author-Name: Christina Stringer Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Stringer Author-Name: Wayne Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Wayne Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Title: Funnels of Unfreedom: Time-Spaces of Recruitment and (Im)Mobility in the Trajectories of Trafficked Migrant Fishers Abstract: The recruitment and deployment of migrant fishers in distant waters (DW) fisheries has emerged as a significant site for the production of unfree labor relations. We trace the recruitment and deployment geographies of migrant fishers from the Philippines to the vessel, conceptualizing the time-spaces of the journey as a significant site for producing unfree labor. We argue that labor brokerage not only establishes the conditions of the labor contract and financialization of migration in the migrants’ home country but is also an ongoing process that intensifies unfreedom through the journey to deployment across multiple sites and temporalities. We conceptualize this movement into exploitative laboring situations as “funnels of unfreedom.” The production of unfreedom through the geographies of recruitment, harboring, and transportation to the destination is one strategy by which DW fleets can reduce costs. The relevance of this discussion extends to other sectors where complex labor brokerage geographies constrain migrant worker choices and fortify unfreedom in labor relations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 291-306 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2084016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2084016 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:291-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2086101_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Daniel A. Griffith Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Griffith Title: Art, Geography/GIScience, and Mathematics: A Surprising Interface Abstract: Do any of the known synergies existing between either geography and art or mathematics and art bridge all three of these disciplines? The geo-humanities and the math-humanities literatures describe only these two individual synergies. A new quantitative geography methodology exploits a sophisticated mathematical concept to analyze remotely sensed satellite images, which, when extended to artistic paintings, indeed spans all three disciplines. The organizing concept is spatial autocorrelation, or the tendency for dis/similar colors and their intensities to cluster in paintings. This article summarizes demonstrations of this contention, with specific applications to da Vinci, Monet, and Rembrandt paintings. Its principal contribution is that, for high geographic resolution digital versions of paintings, a replication constructed with judiciously selected and combined spatial autocorrelation components remarkably closely corresponds with a digital copy of its original source, further generalizing certain recent findings reported in the literature. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1-12 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2086101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2086101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:1-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2080039_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: James R. Walker Author-X-Name-First: James R. Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: Rakhine Skies: Remote Sensing, Human Rights, and the Rohingya Crisis Abstract: The role of remote sensing (RS) in the investigation of major human rights violations has begun to significantly increase. Although geographers have focused on expanding the technical application of RS in documenting such horrors, there has been limited interest in exploring the complex ways RS is being used by international human rights (IHR) actors in the field. This article argues that the ongoing crisis in Rakhine State, Myanmar, has become a watershed moment for the IHR community as it begins to fully embrace the use of RS across multiple levels of intergovernmental and nongovernmental investigative processes. As such, the application of an inherently geographic process in the coconstruction of rights-based narratives regarding the Rohingya people needs to be explored in terms of how RS is understood by IHR actors, the ways in which it is being used, and the geopolitical impact it is having. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 30-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2080039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2080039 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:30-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2094326_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Maan Barua Author-X-Name-First: Maan Author-X-Name-Last: Barua Title: Plantationocene: A Vegetal Geography Abstract: A Plantationocene is a threshold for understanding planetary change. Rather than attributing environmental transformations to the universal agency of humankind, a Plantationocene grounds the alteration of landscape in histories of colonialism and race, and takes the plantation to be a pivotal engine for producing novel but fraught natures. This article develops a vegetal geography of a Plantationocene, engaging relations between plants and people as well as the role plants play as mediators of habitability in a landscape. It argues that such geographies influence and are underscored by the exploitation of labor, violent enclosures of land, and the quest to profit from both human and other-than-human life. Vegetal geographies are tracked in three conceptual registers: the vegetal agency of plants put into circulation by plantations, vegetal economies centered on labor power and the work plants do, as well as the vegetal politics of landscape change proceeding though an ecology of relations and the asymmetric exercise of power. This reading of a Plantationocene and its vegetal geographies brings scholarship on planetary transformations into closer dialogue with colonial history and postcolonial political economy. The argument is grounded in an ethnography of the Adivasi community, elephants, and tea plantations in Assam, northeast India. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 13-29 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2094326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2094326 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:13-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2080635_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Nicholas A. Phelps Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Phelps Author-Name: Andrew M. Wood Author-X-Name-First: Andrew M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Title: The Business Climate and the Commodification of Place: The Making of a Market for Location Abstract: Interlocality competition is a staple concern of modern economic geography. Yet, beyond the abstract bases of this competition in the very nature of capitalism, the question of how such interlocality competition arose in the post-1945 period remains underexplored. In this article we draw on the sociology of markets and metrics literature to examine the socially constructed nature of the “location market” that underpins interlocality competition for investment. The empirical focus of the article is on one company—Fantus—and one idea—the local business climate. The Fantus company pioneered the practice of corporate site selection and location consulting and played a key role in constructing a market for location in the United States. Drawing on sources that include the archive of the company’s files, we describe the work of this company and its role in assembling the local “business climate” index. The story provides a glimpse of the politicized and contested origins of metrics as market-making techniques, their derivatives, and their unintended, unanticipated, and at times downright perverse effects. The business climate measure served to change perceptions of the value of places, rendering them as interchangeable locations. It is a compelling example of the broader process by which the representation of places in the language of numbers exacerbates the competition for capital, obscuring the politicized and asymmetrical nature of that competition. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 225-239 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2080635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2080635 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:225-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2085656_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Aaron B. Flores Author-X-Name-First: Aaron B. Author-X-Name-Last: Flores Author-Name: Timothy W. Collins Author-X-Name-First: Timothy W. Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Sara E. Grineski Author-X-Name-First: Sara E. Author-X-Name-Last: Grineski Author-Name: Mike Amodeo Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Amodeo Author-Name: Jeremy R. Porter Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy R. Author-X-Name-Last: Porter Author-Name: Christopher C. Sampson Author-X-Name-First: Christopher C. Author-X-Name-Last: Sampson Author-Name: Oliver Wing Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Wing Title: Federally Overlooked Flood Risk Inequities in Houston, Texas: Novel Insights Based on Dasymetric Mapping and State-of-the-Art Flood Modeling Abstract: In the United States, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) delineates 100-year flood zones to define risks, regulate flood insurance premiums, and inform flood management. Evidence indicates that FEMA flood maps are incomplete, calling much of our current knowledge of U.S. flood hazard inequities into question. We use a state-of-the-art flood hazard model and census tract-level dasymetrically mapped sociodemographic data to examine flood risk inequities in the Greater Houston area, where increasingly frequent and damaging flood events are occurring. We innovate by analyzing federally overlooked 100-year flood risks (100-year flood zones delineated by the flood hazard model that are outside of FEMA 100-year flood zones). Results indicate that nearly 1 million Greater Houston residents live in federally overlooked 100-year flood zones. Black and Asian neighborhoods experience disproportionate risk in federally overlooked pluvial and fluvial flood zones, and Hispanic neighborhoods experience disproportionate risk in all federally overlooked zones (coastal, pluvial, and fluvial). High flood risk and the relative lack of protective resources in federally overlooked 100-year flood zones doubly jeopardizes racial and ethnic minority communities. Our findings and recent flood disasters suggest that future flood impacts in Greater Houston will be catastrophic and unjust unless FEMA revises their risk mapping and management approach to promote long-term public safety and social equity. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 240-260 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2085656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2085656 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:240-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2085655_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Valentin Meilinger Author-X-Name-First: Valentin Author-X-Name-Last: Meilinger Author-Name: Jochen Monstadt Author-X-Name-First: Jochen Author-X-Name-Last: Monstadt Title: Infrastructuring Gardens: The Material Politics of Outdoor Water Conservation in Los Angeles Abstract: Historically, urban developers, politicians, and public water utilities have invented Los Angeles as a semitropical oasis in a dry climate. During the California drought of 2011 through 2016, however, the city’s residential gardens became a new frontier of water conservation policy. Water agencies started to subsidize the replacement of lushly irrigated lawns with California Friendly® landscapes, thereby endorsing a technology-centered “infrastructuring” of gardens to increase water conservation. This approach contrasts with California native plant gardening promoted by nature conservationists, which uses vernacular horticultural techniques to restore native plant biodiversity and reduce irrigation. The article shows that each approach has important political implications for urban space and water use, the value accorded to nature and gardening work, and relations between citizens and experts. Analyzing the differences between these approaches, we critically interrogate Los Angeles’s modern infrastructure regime that shapes water conservation policy. Particular attention is paid to how new material objects, knowledges, and practices in gardening recompose relationships between water, plants, technology, humans, and urban space. We argue that the notion of infrastructuring gardens offers a fruitful lens for ascertaining how expert cultures shape urban environmental change and how alternative gardening practices (re)produce urban nature differently. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 206-224 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2085655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2085655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:206-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2080636_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Chen Liu Author-X-Name-First: Chen Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Living with Touchscreens: Haptic Geographies of Home in the Digital Context Abstract: This article considers haptic—the sense of touch in all its forms—as an assemblage of performative and situated knowledge, multisensory experiences, digital and material relationalities, and everyday practices, that is shaping and shaped by domestic atmospheres and affects. It brings research topics on haptic geographies and geographies of home into the digital context to investigate how routinized domestic practices are digitally organized and managed and how the feelings of being at home are significantly embodied, materially engaged, and socially and affectively charged. The key findings have developed the geographical understanding of home on material, socioemotional, embodied, and multisensory process of home-making by establishing a touching assemblage in the digital context of home. This touching assemblage has affectively created the domestic atmosphere by coalescing practices, materials, apps, global and local platform capitalism, data, bodies, and domestic environments. This article challenges the ocular-centric and Euro-centric way of studying screen-based technologies. It argues for an embodied, affective, and multisensory conceptualization of home in the digital context and a more comprehensive understanding of how the interplay between the human body, space, and technology are implicated in the process of making and remaking geographies of home. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 261-273 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2080636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2080636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:261-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2095971_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Xiao Huang Author-X-Name-First: Xiao Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Xiaoqi Bao Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoqi Author-X-Name-Last: Bao Author-Name: Zhenlong Li Author-X-Name-First: Zhenlong Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Shaozeng Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Shaozeng Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Bo Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Title: Black Businesses Matter: A Longitudinal Study of Black-Owned Restaurants in the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Geospatial Big Data Abstract: Black communities in the United States have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic; however, few empirical studies have been conducted to examine the conditions of Black-owned businesses in the United States during this challenging time. In this article, we assess the circumstances of Black-owned restaurants during the entire year of 2020 through a longitudinal quantitative analysis of restaurant patronage. Using multiple sources of geospatial big data, the analysis reveals that most Black-owned restaurants in this study are disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic among different cities in the United States over time. The finding reveals the need for a more in-depth understanding of Black-owned restaurants’ situations during the pandemic and further indicates the significance of carrying out place-based relief strategies. Our findings also urge big tech companies to improve existing Black-owned business campaigns to enable sustainable support. As the first to systematically examine the racialization of locational information, this article implies that geographic information systems (GIS) development should not be detached from human experience, especially that of minorities. A humanistic rewiring of GIS is envisioned to achieve a more racially equitable world. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 189-205 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2095971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2095971 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:189-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2092443_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Zhi Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Zhi Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Chang-Lin Mei Author-X-Name-First: Chang-Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Mei Author-Name: Hua-Yi Yu Author-X-Name-First: Hua-Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Title: Estimation and Inference of Special Types of the Coefficients in Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression Models Abstract: Geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) models have been widely used to explore spatiotemporal nonstationarity where all the regression coefficients are assumed to be varying over both space and time. In reality, however, constant, only temporally varying, and only spatially varying coefficients might also be possible depending on the underlying effects of the explanatory variables on the response variable. Therefore, the development of inference and estimation methods for such special types of the coefficients is essential to the deep understanding of spatiotemporal characteristics of the regression relationship. In this article, an average-based approach, relying on a modified estimation of the conventional GTWR models, is proposed to calibrate the GTWR models with the special types of the coefficients, on which a statistical test is formulated to simultaneously infer constant, temporally varying, and spatially varying coefficients. The simulation study shows that the test method is of valid Type I error and satisfactory power and the average-based estimation method yields more accurate estimators for the special types of the coefficients. A real-life example based on Beijing house prices is given to demonstrate the applicability of the test and estimation methods as well as the extensibility of the test in model selection. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 71-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2092443 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2092443 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:71-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2071201_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Matthew Zook Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Zook Author-Name: Ian Spangler Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Spangler Title: A Crisis of Data? Transparency Practices and Infrastructures of Value in Data Broker Platforms Abstract: Despite the prevalence of transparency discourses in economic life (e.g., postcrisis socioeconomic reforms), scholarship is just beginning to analyze how these discourses produce new relations between market actors in platform economies. In this article, we argue that in the context of financial markets and the political economy of data, transparency functions as a discursive construction that creates suitable conditions for the manufacture and extraction of data as an asset. First, we examine the role of transparency and opacity in various understandings of the 2007–2008 global financial crisis (GFC). In doing so we link the emergence of FinTech firms to a careful ex post facto reconstruction of the GFC as what we term a “crisis of data.” Then, through problematizing the idea that transparent economic relations necessarily lead to greater accountability, equity, or public good, we argue that transparency is better understood as a relational practice that is continuously and contingently renegotiated. Taking up the example of debt data, we provide case studies of the data brokerage companies BlackRock and dv01 to analyze how transparency constitutes the material infrastructure of debt markets, which facilitates the construction of data assets for profitable circulation in a financialized political economy. We analyze our case studies with a focus on four transparency practices used to infuse data with value—building relationality, increasing granularity, managing directionality, and creating legibility. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 110-128 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2071201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2071201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:110-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2097050_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Hengyu Gu Author-X-Name-First: Hengyu Author-X-Name-Last: Gu Author-Name: Jianfa Shen Author-X-Name-First: Jianfa Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Author-Name: Jun Chu Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Chu Title: Understanding Intercity Mobility Patterns in Rapidly Urbanizing China, 2015–2019: Evidence from Longitudinal Poisson Gravity Modeling Abstract: Whereas much academic effort has been devoted to the physics and geographies of daily intraregion individual movements using new big data on human locations, systematic econometric modeling of the spatiotemporal logic of periodic interregional mobility has received limited attention. Using a multiyear, location-based service data set of daily intercity mobility from the Internet company Tencent, this study systematically examines China’s intercity mobility patterns between 2015 and 2019 for the first time. Following a conceptual framework, a Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation (PPML) gravity approach is applied. It reveals a stable “diamond” pattern of high-value mobility flows among the four vertexes of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou/Shenzhen, and Chengdu, embedding radiation patterns of flows connecting some large cities to their neighbors. The econometric results indicate the influence of gravity factors, short-term trips, long-term mobility tendencies, and transportation facilities. Factors of origin and destination exert the same effects on mobility, implying a circulation character. Results of subsample heterogeneity analysis (urban agglomerations vs. nonurban agglomerations, larger cities vs. smaller cities) and the moderating effects of time, distance, and economy are discussed. Our findings reveal differences between intercity mobility and traditional migration under the hukou system and propose implications for urban governance in the postepidemic era. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 307-330 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2097050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2097050 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:307-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2080040_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Hui Luan Author-X-Name-First: Hui Author-X-Name-Last: Luan Author-Name: Yusuf Ransome Author-X-Name-First: Yusuf Author-X-Name-Last: Ransome Title: County-Level Spatiotemporal Patterns of New HIV Diagnoses and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Use in Mississippi, 2014–2018: A Bayesian Analysis of Publicly Accessible Censored Data Abstract: In the South region of the United States, HIV is disproportionately high and levels of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use, which is highly effective in reducing the risk of acquiring HIV, are among the lowest across the country. Simultaneously examining the geographical distributions of both new HIV diagnoses and PrEP use as well as how they evolve over time at the county level is valuable for developing locally tailored intervention programs to target areas most in need of help. There is scant research on this topic using publicly accessible data sets, however, partly because of statistical challenges in modeling censored spatiotemporal data. This study fills this gap by applying a Bayesian spatiotemporal model to analyze interval-censored new HIV diagnoses and left-censored PrEP user data sets in Mississippi at the county level between 2014 and 2018. Suppressed values were modeled with Poisson distributions restricted to ranges where the possible values lie within. A simulation study indicates that the proposed model performs well in estimating censored values and regression coefficients as well as detecting hot spots. At the state level, new HIV diagnoses had a stable trend and PrEP use sharply increased during the study period. DeSoto and Hinds counties warrant special attention because their trends in new HIV diagnoses departed from the state-level trend. We demonstrate that publicly accessible, censored new HIV diagnosis and PrEP user data could be analyzed in ways that yield robust results, which can help health departments and other stakeholders more confidently identify areas that should be prioritized for aggressive HIV prevention. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 129-148 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2080040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2080040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:129-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2079471_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Nikki Luke Author-X-Name-First: Nikki Author-X-Name-Last: Luke Title: Just Transition for All? Labor Organizing in the Energy Sector Beyond the Loss of “Jobs Property” Abstract: In this article, I investigate the origin, limits, and possibilities of just transition as a policy framework to support labor organizing in the energy sector. Just transition first emerged within the labor movement to describe measures to “make whole” workers laid off as the result of necessary environmental policy. Following Gidwani (2015), I analyze claims for income replacement or continued employment as an assertion of “jobs property” based on the collectively bargained standards that unions have negotiated for dangerous jobs in fossil fuel sectors. Although the uses of just transition have grown to encompass broader demands for a democratic and equitable shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy including energy, environmental, and climate justice, I observe that the objectives of labor-centered climate policy often remain focused on the defense of jobs property for dislocated workers. I argue compensation for the loss of jobs property is insufficient to address historical exclusions of people of color and women from energy industry employment or secure the livelihoods of dislocated workers given increasing precarity. Drawing from more than eighty interviews and field work with energy justice campaigns in Atlanta, I consider the case of energy-sector workers in the U.S. South to center a just transition framework that reconstitutes a social wage to address the uneven spatial development of the U.S. labor market. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 94-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2079471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2079471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:94-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2077167_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Thom Davies Author-X-Name-First: Thom Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Author-Name: Arshad Isakjee Author-X-Name-First: Arshad Author-X-Name-Last: Isakjee Author-Name: Jelena Obradovic-Wochnik Author-X-Name-First: Jelena Author-X-Name-Last: Obradovic-Wochnik Title: Epistemic Borderwork: Violent Pushbacks, Refugees, and the Politics of Knowledge at the EU Border Abstract: Borders are sites of epistemic struggle. Focusing on the illegal tactic of the “pushback,” which is routinely deployed by state authorities to forcefully expel asylum seekers from European Union territory without due process, this article explores the uneven politics of knowledge that helps to support or unsettle this clandestine border violence. Drawing on long-term qualitative research on the Croatia–Bosnia border, including interviews with pushback survivors and activists, as well as a database of border violence reports, we explore the competing truth claims and epistemologies that help to conceal, or counter, the pushback regime. Informed by postcolonial perspectives and contributing to political geographies of violence, we argue that “epistemic violence” (Spivak 1988) is a central feature of contemporary borders. We propose that epistemic borderwork is regularly used by state authorities to silence unwanted voices, undermine insurgent perspectives, and stifle the capacity of refugees to draw attention to their own mistreatment. In opposition to this injustice, activists are documenting, mapping, and archiving pushback survivor testimony to construct a counternarrative of refusal, which subverts the harmful knowledge claims of state authorities. In doing so, refugees and activists create epistemic friction, which helps to resist the ontological violence of borders, and “pushes back” against the pushback regime. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 169-188 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2077167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2077167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:169-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2094325_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Piotr Moska Author-X-Name-First: Piotr Author-X-Name-Last: Moska Author-Name: Robert J. Sokołowski Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sokołowski Author-Name: Paweł Zieliński Author-X-Name-First: Paweł Author-X-Name-Last: Zieliński Author-Name: Zdzisław Jary Author-X-Name-First: Zdzisław Author-X-Name-Last: Jary Author-Name: Jerzy Raczyk Author-X-Name-First: Jerzy Author-X-Name-Last: Raczyk Author-Name: Przemysław Mroczek Author-X-Name-First: Przemysław Author-X-Name-Last: Mroczek Author-Name: Agnieszka Szymak Author-X-Name-First: Agnieszka Author-X-Name-Last: Szymak Author-Name: Marcin Krawczyk Author-X-Name-First: Marcin Author-X-Name-Last: Krawczyk Author-Name: Jacek Skurzyński Author-X-Name-First: Jacek Author-X-Name-Last: Skurzyński Author-Name: Grzegorz Poręba Author-X-Name-First: Grzegorz Author-X-Name-Last: Poręba Author-Name: Michał Łopuch Author-X-Name-First: Michał Author-X-Name-Last: Łopuch Author-Name: Konrad Tudyka Author-X-Name-First: Konrad Author-X-Name-Last: Tudyka Title: An Impact of Short-Term Climate Oscillations in the Late Pleniglacial and Lateglacial Interstadial on Sedimentary Processes and the Pedogenic Record in Central Poland Abstract: Environmental studies based on analyses of fluvio-aeolian successions with paleosols in central Poland, forming the central part of the European Sand Belt, are presented. Paleogeographic reconstruction was based on high-resolution analyses of four sites using sedimentological and paleopedological methods as well as forty-four optically stimulated luminescence and fourteen radiocarbon dating measurements. Age-identified individual lithological and soil units were first correlated between sites, emphasizing the differences between them. The results were then correlated with Greenland ice-core stratigraphic units reflecting global environmental changes in the Late Pleniglacial and Lateglacial interstadial, thus ranging from GS-2.1a, through the GI-1 complex (seven subunits), to GS-1. Studies revealed considerable sensitivity of fluvio-aeolian succession to climate changes and oscillations. Climate ameliorations are recorded in fossil soil horizons developed beneath different types of vegetation cover. We detected that the climate cooling GI-1d (the Older Dryas) was not the main phase of dune formation as had been claimed earlier. It is postulated that dunes in the extraglacial zone were formed mainly in GI-1c2 (the Early Allerød). Preexisting dunes were transformed in GS-1 (the Younger Dryas) and in the Early Holocene, locally interrupted by soil formation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 46-70 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2094325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2094325 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:46-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2087588_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Ellen Kohl Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Kohl Author-Name: Jayme Walenta Author-X-Name-First: Jayme Author-X-Name-Last: Walenta Title: Legal Rights for Whose Nature? Abstract: In this article, we explore rights of nature (RoN) as an emerging rights-based environmental governance that intends to reframe nature from property to an entity with a right to exist unharmed. Its proponents claim this is a paradigm shift that reworks the imbalanced human–nature hierarchy. We interrogate this claim using data collected from more than 60 U.S. communities where RoN ordinances have been implemented. Our analysis identifies three reoccurring themes within the U.S. settler colonial context, including a coconstitution of rights for nature alongside a community’s right to a healthy environment, the emphasis of self-governance and individual community empowerment, and the overwhelming Whiteness of settler communities that implement RoN laws. We put these themes into conversation with critical race scholarship, which evaluates the racialized impacts of a liberal legal system of rights to examine how within the U.S. settler colonial context RoN mobilizes Western White liberal conceptions of legal rights to address our current environmental crises. In analyzing these themes through the lens of critical race scholarship, we contend that rights-based environmental governance in the form of RoN laws appears to reinforce many of the entrenched social-legal-environmental relations that characterize White liberalism recast through a language that claims universal rights. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 274-290 Issue: 1 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2087588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2087588 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:1:p:274-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2115971_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Yi Sun Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Mee Kam Ng Author-X-Name-First: Mee Kam Author-X-Name-Last: Ng Author-Name: Anson Kai Chun Chau Author-X-Name-First: Anson Kai Chun Author-X-Name-Last: Chau Author-Name: Shi Chen Author-X-Name-First: Shi Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: From Sociospatial Experiences to Well-Being: Implications for Aging in Place Abstract: Acquiring sociospatial experiences at nested geographical scales is a lifelong meaning construction process, and this has great implications for aging in place. Various experiences trigger older people’s attitudinal and sentimental reflections regarding how they evaluate and attach themselves to where they live; this invokes residential satisfaction, and subsequently, place attachment. Through a questionnaire survey of 501 community-dwelling individuals aged sixty-five and older in Hong Kong, an ultra-high-density Asian city, this article examines the relationship between sociospatial experiences and well-being through a sequential path analysis model. It identifies five dimensions of sociospatial experiences: “homes and housing estate,” “social environment,” “living convenience,” “pedestrian experience,” and “blue and green” features. All dimensions predict emotional, social, and psychological well-being via residential satisfaction and then place attachment. Place attachment is a more robust mechanism than residential satisfaction in the environment–well-being association. Developing a satisfying relationship, and subsequently, functional and emotional links with the place of residence, is conducive to achieving well-being. This uncovers an important mechanism of person–environment interactions for aging in place. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 511-526 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2115971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2115971 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:511-526 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2114417_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jingjia Chen Author-X-Name-First: Jingjia Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Long Chen Author-X-Name-First: Long Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yan Li Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Wenjia Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Wenjia Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Ying Long Author-X-Name-First: Ying Author-X-Name-Last: Long Title: Measuring Physical Disorder in Urban Street Spaces: A Large-Scale Analysis Using Street View Images and Deep Learning Abstract: Physical disorder is associated with negative outcomes in economic performance, public health, and social stability, such as the depreciation of property, mental stress, fear, and crime. A limited but growing body of literature considers physical disorder in urban space, especially the topic of identifying physical disorder at a fine scale. There is currently no effective and replicable way of measuring physical disorder at a fine scale for a large area with low cost, however. To fill the gap, this article proposes an approach that takes advantage of the massive volume of street view images as input data for virtual audits and uses a deep learning model to quantitatively measure the physical disorder of urban street spaces. The results of implementing this approach with more than 700,000 streets in Chinese cities—which, to our knowledge, is the first attempt globally to quantify the physical disorder in such large urban areas—validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the approach. Through this large-scale empirical analysis in China, this article makes several theoretical contributions. First, we expand the factors of physical disorder, which were previously neglected in U.S. studies. Second, we find that urban physical disorder presents three typical spatial distributions—scattered, diffused, and linear concentrated patterns—which provide references for revealing the development trends of physical disorder and making spatial interventions. Finally, our regression analysis between physical disorder and street characteristics identified the factors that could affect physical disorder and thus enriched the theoretical underpinnings. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 469-487 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2114417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2114417 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:469-487 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2107986_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Russell Fielding Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Fielding Author-Name: Jorge Julian Zaldivar Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Julian Author-X-Name-Last: Zaldivar Title: No Longer “Confined to the Lower Keys of Florida”: Mainland United States Cultivation of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) in a Changing Climate Abstract: Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a domesticated tree crop found throughout the insular Pacific and in other tropical regions of the world where it has been introduced, most notably in the Caribbean. Although breadfruit thrives in Hawai‘i, as it has since before European contact, efforts to introduce breadfruit to the mainland United States have been challenged by the tree’s intolerance for even mildly cold temperatures. Historically, only extreme southern Florida has been consistently warm enough to support breadfruit cultivation. Today, however, likely owing to warming temperatures associated with global climate change, but possibly also the selection of breadfruit varieties with improved cold tolerance, an increasing number of growers based throughout Florida are finding success cultivating breadfruit trees and producing fruit. Using a mixed-methods approach including interviews and surveys among forty-three Florida-based breadfruit growers, this article investigates the current status and geographical range of breadfruit in the mainland United States and considers both the sustainability implications and the remaining environmental challenges regarding its cultivation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 370-389 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2107986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2107986 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:370-389 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2108747_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Dolly Y. Na-Yemeh Author-X-Name-First: Dolly Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Na-Yemeh Author-Name: Tiffany A. Legg Author-X-Name-First: Tiffany A. Author-X-Name-Last: Legg Author-Name: Lixia H. Lambert Author-X-Name-First: Lixia H. Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Title: Economic Value of a Weather Decision Support System for Oklahoma Public Safety Officials Abstract: The Oklahoma Mesonet’s Public Safety outreach program, OK-First, has provided weather education and data delivery to the public safety community for the past twenty-five years. By delivering high-quality weather data tools, regular classes, and continued follow-up support to its trained members, the OK-First program has empowered more than 1,800 public safety officials. Testimonials from OK-First users indicate that there is an immense value in providing nonscientific audiences with meteorological information and training. OK-First users have saved lives and property using the the program. There has been no quantitative analysis, however, that evaluates the value of the OK-First program. This study fills a gap in providing quantitative analysis for the economic value of the OK-First program. This research used a modified travel cost method to measure the value of information provided by the OK-First program to the users of the program. Results suggest that the average willingness to pay for OK-First is $1,122 per training. The OK-First program in Oklahoma is valued at an estimated $254,000, with a collective surplus of $80,000 per training for OK-First users. This conservative estimate suggests the importance of programs such as the OK-First training, especially for public safety officials in Oklahoma. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 549-565 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2108747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2108747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:549-565 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2098086_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jiayu Wu Author-X-Name-First: Jiayu Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Binhui Wang Author-X-Name-First: Binhui Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Na Ta Author-X-Name-First: Na Author-X-Name-Last: Ta Author-Name: Yanwei Chai Author-X-Name-First: Yanwei Author-X-Name-Last: Chai Title: Another Form of Neighborhood Effect Bias:The Neighborhood Effect Polarization Problem (NEPP) Abstract: The neighborhood effect averaging problem (NEAP) points out that the effect and statistical significance of mobility-dependent environmental exposure on health behaviors or outcomes by the residence-based approach might be overestimated compared with the exposure estimates considering daily mobility. NEAP studies, however, are recently only proven in pollution and congestion exposure. The neighborhood effect bias might have another form in other environmental exposures, the neighborhood effect polarization problem (NEPP), which describes the situation where the overall trend of mobile exposure is more polarized than residential exposure. Taking green exposure as a typical case, 554 Beijing residents were studied regarding the relationship between residence- and mobility-based green exposures. After controlling socioeconomic factors, time, and other built environmental factors, the cluster robust logit and ordinary least squares models combined with the parameter test were used to discuss the neighborhood effect trend of green exposure under the background of mobility. The results show the following: (1) NEPP exists in green exposure; (2) NEPP is most likely to occur when residential green space is measured by accessibility and visibility; and (3) the green demand of residential green advantaged groups is higher, which is the potential cause of NEPP. This study demonstrates the existence of NEPP and reveals another form of neighborhood health effect bias and potentially more serious environmental justice problems that exist in the travel environment. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 346-369 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2098086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2098086 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:346-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2106176_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Elena Louder Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Louder Author-Name: Keith Bosak Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Bosak Title: Spectacle of Nature 2.0: The (Re)Production of Patagonia National Park Abstract: In this article, we bring together understandings of the spectacle of nature and spectacle 2.0 to show how people are invited to participate in the spectacular production of nature. Recent work has expanded on the Debordian notion of spectacle, interrogating the ways people do not just consume images, but help to produce and enact spectacle: spectacle 2.0. Building on this, we argue that in conservation, consumers increasingly interact with the spectacle through digital and real-life means, thereby reinforcing and reproducing the nature that is being transformed. We term this process the spectacle of nature 2.0. We present the case of Valle Chacabuco in southern Chile, which has been transformed into Patagonia National Park. This process has been welcomed by the international conservation community, but has incited tension and conflict with local residents who have their own very different sense of Valle Chacabuco. Through the production of spectacle, park discourses highlight the heroic role of Northern conservationists, obscuring the underlying capitalist logics of the project and the social tensions it has created. We argue that it was possible to unmake/remake Valle Chacabuco from once a place of livelihoods, ranching, and production to a place of unspoiled nature through the recruitment of digital and material interaction. In the process, environmental politics and activism are channeled back into the dominant underlying capitalist ideology. Patagonia National Park is now a place that the park promoters claim belongs to the world, its nature and culture to be consumed and reproduced by environmentalists and tourists. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 331-345 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2106176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2106176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:331-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2098087_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Patrick Ballantyne Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Ballantyne Author-Name: Alex Singleton Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Singleton Author-Name: Les Dolega Author-X-Name-First: Les Author-X-Name-Last: Dolega Author-Name: Jacob Macdonald Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Macdonald Title: Integrating the Who, What, and Where of U.S. Retail Center Geographies Abstract: Retail is an important function at the core of urban areas, occupying a key role in determining their economic prosperity, desirability, and vibrancy. Efforts to understand the geographies of retail centers, the cores of retailing in urban areas, have a long academic tradition, often studied through either rich local case studies, or when geographically more expansive, are constrained by limited detail. New data in United States detailing the location and uses of retail creates a significant opportunity to develop a more complete and comprehensive overview of the national retail system, at a high spatial resolution. This research is rooted in a pragmatic effort to provide the first and most comprehensive model of U.S. retail center geographies, through development of an integrated, conceptual, and empirically grounded framework, using data from SafeGraph, to examine where they are located, what characteristics they have, and who uses them. The resulting geographies are of great interest, creating significant potential in the monitoring of the national retail system as it continues to evolve in response to wider structural challenges. Furthermore, by integrating these three geographies (where, what, and who), we establish a conceptual framework that yields substantive insights about the relationships between each of them, and argues that understandings of U.S. retail center geographies are more comprehensive and useful when considering the who, what, and where together. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 488-510 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2098087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2098087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:488-510 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2105297_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Mark Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Title: Response to Commentary: Probing the Politics of Plurality, Inclusion, and Diversity in the Earth System Governance Project Abstract: This short response replies to critiques of my Annals article on decolonizing the Anthropocene (Jackson 2021). My response to my critical interlocutors locates differences in the politics of inclusion, plurality, and diversity between perspectives aligning themselves with decoloniality and earth systems governance. I argue that there are, in fact, constitutive differences between our respective positions. These do not preclude bridges to dialogue and understanding. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: e-vii-e-x Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2105297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2105297 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:e-vii-e-x Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2106177_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Sandy Wong Author-X-Name-First: Sandy Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Johnathan Rush Author-X-Name-First: Johnathan Author-X-Name-Last: Rush Author-Name: Franklin Bailey Author-X-Name-First: Franklin Author-X-Name-Last: Bailey Author-Name: Allan C. Just Author-X-Name-First: Allan C. Author-X-Name-Last: Just Title: Accessible Green Spaces? Spatial Disparities in Residential Green Space among People with Disabilities in the United States Abstract: This article presents new quantitative results on the distribution of residential green space for people with disabilities in the United States, building on and bridging scholarly research in two distinct domains: one involving approaches that quantify disparities in green space access among racialized minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, and the other using qualitative methods that demonstrate that most green spaces remain inaccessible and unwelcoming to disabled visitors. Using generalized additive models (GAMs) that controlled for demographic factors and climatological characteristics, we find that residential areas with more green space generally have a higher proportion of disabled residents. The statistical results run counter to expectations from the literature, thus complicating the prevailing narrative and indicating a need for mixed-methods research to examine multiple dimensions of access and environmental justice. Using cluster analysis to assess spatial trends, we detect residential clusters of high disability and low green space and find that they are located in predominantly non-White, urban, and more socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods compared to clusters of high disability and high green space. Cluster analysis results suggest that there are inequities in green space access at the intersection of disability, race, and class, as well as across the urban–rural continuum. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 527-548 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2106177 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2106177 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:527-548 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2105685_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Samuel Rufat Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Rufat Author-Name: Peter D. Howe Author-X-Name-First: Peter D. Author-X-Name-Last: Howe Title: Small-Area Estimations from Survey Data for High-Resolution Maps of Urban Flood Risk Perception and Evacuation Behavior Abstract: “Behavior-blind” risk assessments, mapping, and policy do not account for individual responses to risks, due to challenges in collecting accurate information at scales relevant to decision-making. There is useful spatial information in social survey data that is sometimes analyzed for spatial patterns despite potential biases. This article explores whether risk perception and adaptive behavior can be inferred from census and hazard exposure data with a specifically designed survey. An underlying question is what precautions surveys should take before mapping the results. We find that a hybrid multilevel regression and (synthetic) poststratification (MRP-MRSP) model can facilitate the transition from individual survey data to small-area estimations at different scales, including 200-m grid cells. We demonstrate this model using municipal-level survey data collected in the Paris region, France. We find that model accuracy is not decreased at finer scales provided there is a strong spatial predictor such as hazard exposure. Our findings show that a wide range of flood risk perception and evacuation behavior can be estimated with such downscaling techniques. Although this type of modeling is not yet commonly used among geographers, our study suggests that it can improve mapping of survey results and, in particular, can provide spatially explicit behavioral information for risk assessment and policy. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 425-447 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2105685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2105685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:425-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2104689_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Leah Montange Author-X-Name-First: Leah Author-X-Name-Last: Montange Title: “They Will Destroy Themselves Wanting Purely American”: Labor and Carceral Immigration Enforcement in the U.S. Pacific Northwest Abstract: This article examines the upheaval associated with the extension of carceral immigration enforcement into a particular rural county in Washington State. Migrant workers in shellfish, cranberry, and tourism industries began to leave the county, either through the forced mobility of deportation or quasi-voluntarily, to rejoin deported family or to avoid deportation. This process simultaneously constrained the agency of undocumented workers and presented employers with a destabilized race and labor regime that they represented as a labor shortage. In this situation, the local race and labor regime was destabilized, to the detriment of local capitals. This article extends the understanding of the regulation of labor via carceral immigration enforcement, arguing for an understanding of the place-specific and conjunctural nature of the articulation of immigration control and labor regimes. Such an approach reveals how immigration enforcement’s many functions, including the sovereignty-producing and political capital-producing functions, can work in contradiction with the labor regulating, social control functions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 409-424 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2104689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2104689 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:409-424 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2105296_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jonathan Pickering Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Pickering Author-Name: James Patterson Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Patterson Author-Name: Frank Biermann Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Biermann Author-Name: Sarah Burch Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Burch Author-Name: Lorraine Elliott Author-X-Name-First: Lorraine Author-X-Name-Last: Elliott Author-Name: Aarti Gupta Author-X-Name-First: Aarti Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta Author-Name: Cristina Yumie Aoki Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Yumie Aoki Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Author-Name: Atsushi Ishii Author-X-Name-First: Atsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Ishii Author-Name: Agni Kalfagianni Author-X-Name-First: Agni Author-X-Name-Last: Kalfagianni Author-Name: James Meadowcroft Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Meadowcroft Author-Name: Chukwumerije Okereke Author-X-Name-First: Chukwumerije Author-X-Name-Last: Okereke Author-Name: Åsa Persson Author-X-Name-First: Åsa Author-X-Name-Last: Persson Title: Pluralizing Debates on the Anthropocene Requires Engaging with the Diversity of Existing Scholarship Abstract: A recent article in this journal (Jackson 2021) validly emphasized that debates about the Anthropocene need to recognize a diverse range of perspectives, worldviews, and forms of knowledge. In doing so, however, the author mischaracterized scholarship on earth system governance as being antithetical to a critical and pluralistic stance on the Anthropocene. In this commentary we address key concerns about the article: selective and misleading quotations regarding the earth system governance literature’s diversity; unwarranted insinuations that juxtapose the implications of this literature with those of slavery and holocausts; and neglect of the breadth and diversity of scholarship on earth system governance. We underscore the need for scholarly debates on the Anthropocene to be informed by a balanced and rigorous assessment of existing scholarship, and for a constructive dialogue between global and locally situated ways of understanding the earth. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: e-i-e-vi Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2105296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2105296 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:e-i-e-vi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2105684_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Bo Malmberg Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Malmberg Author-Name: Eva K. Andersson Author-X-Name-First: Eva K. Author-X-Name-Last: Andersson Title: Exploring Life-Course Trajectories in Local Spatial Contexts Across Sweden Abstract: This article explores typical life-course trajectories based on annual observations of educational participation, employment, and establishing a family from age sixteen to age thirty. Using latent class analysis, we identify seven different trajectory classes that capture the different life courses experienced by individuals born in 1986. Examples of trajectory classes are (1) an early partner and childbearing trajectory; (2) a trajectory that mixes employment and a long postsecondary education into the later twenties; and (3) a trajectory involving low activity, very little employment, very little postsecondary education, and not starting a family. The classes identified correspond closely to trajectories found in earlier qualitative studies using life-history interviews, but in contrast to these studies that each encompass a few dozen individuals or less, our approach identifies trajectories for the individuals of an entire birth cohort. This allows for analysis of the geographical distribution of trajectories across regions, municipality types, and neighborhoods. Individuals following long postsecondary education trajectories were heavily concentrated in metropolitan areas and university towns. At the same age, individuals following early childbearing trajectories were concentrated instead in peripheral, rural areas. Individuals from nonmetropolitan areas also tend to follow more gender-polarized trajectories. Moreover, we find that there is more trajectory-based segregation at age thirty than at age fifteen. Theoretically, our study gives support to the idea that places are structured on the basis of life-course trajectories. Local context influences how individuals are linked into different trajectories and, at the same time, the spatial sorting of trajectories will shape local contexts. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 448-468 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2105684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2105684 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:448-468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2107478_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Janardan Mainali Author-X-Name-First: Janardan Author-X-Name-Last: Mainali Author-Name: Heejun Chang Author-X-Name-First: Heejun Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: Rabindra Parajuli Author-X-Name-First: Rabindra Author-X-Name-Last: Parajuli Title: Stream Distance-Based Geographically Weighted Regression for Exploring Watershed Characteristics and Water Quality Relationships Abstract: We developed a novel spatial stream network geographically weighted regression (SSN-GWR) by incorporating stream-distance metrics into GWR. The model was tested for predicting seasonal total nitrogen (TN) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in relation to watershed characteristics for 108 sites in the Han River Basin, South Korea. The SSN-GWR model was run with the average seasonal water quality parameters from 2012 through 2016 and was validated with the data from 2017 through 2021. The model fit among ordinary least square regression, standard GWR (STD-GWR), and stream distance weighted SSN-GWR were compared based on their ability to explain the variation of seasonal water quality parameters. We also compared residual spatial autocorrelations as well as various error parameters from these models. Compared to the STD-GWR model, the SSN-GWR model generally provided better model fit, reduced residual spatial autocorrelation, and lessened overall modeling errors. Results show that the spatial patterns of model fit, as well as various coefficients from the upstream distance weighted regressions, capture local patterns as a product of upstream–downstream relations. We demonstrate that a successful model could be developed by integrating stream distance into the GWR, which not only improves model fit but also reveals realistic hydrological processes that relate watershed characteristics to water quality along with the stream network. The local variations in model fit derived from this work can be used to devise fine-scale interventions for water quality improvements in a spatially heterogeneous complex river basin. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 390-408 Issue: 2 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2107478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2107478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:2:p:390-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2134087_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: James David Todd Author-X-Name-First: James David Author-X-Name-Last: Todd Title: Exhaustion, Exhausting Temporalities, and Young Trans People’s Everyday Lives in the UK Abstract: In this article, young trans people share their experiences of exhaustion and exhausting temporalities. Drawing on participatory research with young trans people aged fourteen to twenty-five in London and Scotland, I trace forces implicated in the spatial and bodily emergence and fixity of exhaustion in young trans people’s lives to the sociomaterialities, embodied practices, and architectures of many everyday spaces, alongside societal hostilities, as a set of forces that often (attempt to) erode their agency and contribute to their “out-of-placeness.” I also undertake a queer reconceptualizing of the condition that emphasizes the specificities of the bodies, subject positions, and spatial interactions of exhausted people. Crucially, this reconceptualization recognizes that experiencing and embodying exhaustion can, perhaps paradoxically, initiate and make possible myriad potentialities, complicating academic work that positions exhaustion as the removal of possibility. The article reflects on the radical flourishing of trans youth lives, spaces, solidarities, and euphoric experiences by exploring participants’ (re)making of resilient, resistive, and restorative subjectivities, embodiments, and spatialities within exhaustion’s spatial and temporal pervasiveness. By illuminating exhaustion’s nonlinear, messy, and prolonged temporalities, I observe that such temporalities constitute a function of lived exhaustion while paradoxically providing conditions for such empowering, expansive, and often queer and transspecific potentialities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 771-789 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2134087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2134087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:771-789 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2125360_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Yi Yu Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Desheng Xue Author-X-Name-First: Desheng Author-X-Name-Last: Xue Title: The Paradox of Care: Emotional Labor in Chinese State-Owned Social Welfare Institutions Abstract: Feminist scholars have highlighted the potential of care ethics to challenge the neoliberal social paradigm by underscoring the power of emotion and affect in shaping intersubjectivity. In a similar vein, Hardt and Negri (2001, 2005) stressed the power of affect to challenge capitalism. Other scholars, however, have challenged these positive aspects of emotion in care practices, citing the potential harm caused when affective ties to care recipients or the obligation to provide emotional care exploits workers. This article discusses the paradox of care that simultaneously enables and hurts, nurtures and harms. Based on ethnographic field work in five Chinese state-owned social welfare institutions (SWIs) caring for orphans, this article argues that the emotional labor in SWIs on the one hand produces intersubjectivity among caregivers and children in their care, and on the other hand it harms caregivers emotionally, leading them to use strategies such as drawing emotional boundaries with the orphans to protect themselves from the pain of losing “their” children when they are adopted. This article contributes to the geography of care literature by challenging the fantasy and romanticization of affect in care settings and stressing the paradox of care and affect. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 740-755 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2125360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2125360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:740-755 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2124145_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Darius Scott Author-X-Name-First: Darius Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Title: Good Roads and Anti-Black Violence Abstract: Following Progressive-era advocacy (1890–1930), a modernized road work site emerged in the U.S. South designed to be populated by mobile fleets of Black imprisoned laborers. The forced road work dislodged U.S. roads from their localized production and maintenance so they could assume an expert-led, technological form—physically and discursively. On the road, however, labor was merely a means of violently reifying hierarchical racial differences, making the “good road” a monument to the modern persistence of state-enacted anti-Blackness. This article assesses the emergence of this regional, racial system of anti-Black violence alongside the undertheorized spatial situation of the imprisoned laborers themselves by consulting the report of Bayard Rustin following time spent on a Roxboro, North Carolina, prison road work camp. The report recounts his own experiences along with those of other men, as well as their songs. The laborers’ firsthand accounts foreground persistent desires for loves, families, and homes beyond the racial capitalist traumas undergirding U.S. transportation geographies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 567-580 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2124145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2124145 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:567-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2158023_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Tim Cresswell Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Cresswell Title: Steering His Own Ship: Yi-Fu Tuan (1930–2022) Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 790-797 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2158023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2158023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:790-797 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2134086_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Anna Mansson McGinty Author-X-Name-First: Anna Mansson Author-X-Name-Last: McGinty Title: Lived Islam: Embodied Identities and Everyday Practices among American Muslim Youth Abstract: This article explores lived Islam in the context of two young American Muslim women’s everyday lives. Although much of the scholarship on Muslim geographies is grounded in people’s everyday lives, the focus has been to situate and examine the specific meanings and expressions of “Muslim” identities. Whereas scholars intentionally have been writing against anti-Muslim racism and with the commendable aim of gaining extensive knowledge, our focus on “Muslim” has at times been at the expense of other salient identities, activities, and interests of interlocutors. Drawing on the broader scholarship on lived religion, this article offers geographers an approach to lived Islam influenced by feminist geographical and phenomenological frameworks. Through ethnographic methods, lived Islam offers a detailed picture of subjective everyday life, with a focus on embodied and emotionally charged memories, intersecting identities, and practices. Such a feminist approach to the lived enactment of religious faith rejects inherent identity categories as well as binaries such as religious–secular. Lived Islam contributes importantly to Muslim geographies and feminist geographies of religion by elaborating on the complexities of Muslim lives and identities, how being Muslim is integral to different kinds of nonreligious identities and practices in different secular and nonreligious spaces within specific social and political contexts. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 756-770 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2134086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2134086 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:756-770 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2130868_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Xianchun Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Xianchun Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Jianfa Shen Author-X-Name-First: Jianfa Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Author-Name: Yi Sun Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Changchang Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Changchang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Yu Yang Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Formation of City Regions from Bottom-up Initiatives: Investigating Coalitional Developmentalism in the Pearl River Delta Abstract: A conceptual framework of coalitional developmentalism is presented to advance understanding of how China’s city regions have developed from bottom-up initiatives. Coalitional developmentalism extends state developmentalism with an emphasis on coalitional politics through which local state agents spontaneously form strategic coalitions to pursue regional growth. The case of the Pearl River Delta shows that a defining goal of coalitional developmentalism is to bolster regional governance capacity to overcome territorial fragmentation induced by jurisdiction-based development. First, the flexible state regulation is fundamental to developing deliberate scale-building processes toward regional governance. Second, bottom-up initiatives for building city regions emerge through a decentralized institutional structure in which governments at various scales work in an integrated fashion—via the functional integration of cities in a local official system—and the strong governance capacity of advanced cities. Third, coalitional developmentalism creates a testbed for facilitating region-based territorial growth by the central government, following long-established planning centrality paradigms. Fourth, bottom-up innovative behaviors unfold through coalitional politics associated with the top-down state spatial interventions that are a distinctive characteristic of “state spatiality” in postreform China. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 700-716 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2130868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2130868 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:700-716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2130143_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jinglun Xi Author-X-Name-First: Jinglun Author-X-Name-Last: Xi Author-Name: Xiaolu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaolu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Jianghao Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jianghao Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Ling Yao Author-X-Name-First: Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Yao Author-Name: Chenghu Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Chenghu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: A Systematic Review of COVID-19 Geographical Research: Machine Learning and Bibliometric Approach Abstract: The rampant COVID-19 pandemic swept the globe rapidly in 2020, causing a tremendous impact on human health and the global economy. This pandemic has stimulated an explosive increase of related studies in various disciplines, including geography, which has contributed to pandemic mitigation with a unique spatiotemporal perspective. Reviewing relevant research has implications for understanding the contribution of geography to COVID-19 research. The sheer volume of publications, however, makes the review work more challenging. Here we use the support vector machine and term frequency-inverse document frequency algorithm to identify geographical studies and bibliometrics to discover primary research themes, accelerating the systematic review of COVID-19 geographical research. We confirmed 1,171 geographical papers about COVID-19 published from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021, of which a large proportion are in the areas of geographic information systems (GIS) and human geography. We identified four main research themes—the spread of the pandemic, social management, public behavior, and impacts of the pandemic—embodying the contribution of geography. Our findings show the feasibility of machine learning methods in reviewing large-scale literature and highlight the value of geography in the fight against COVID-19. This review could provide references for decision makers to formulate policies combined with spatial thinking and for scholars to find future research directions in which they can strengthen collaboration with geographers. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 581-598 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2130143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2130143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:581-598 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2109577_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Emmanouil Tranos Author-X-Name-First: Emmanouil Author-X-Name-Last: Tranos Author-Name: André Carrascal-Incera Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Carrascal-Incera Author-Name: George Willis Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Willis Title: Using the Web to Predict Regional Trade Flows: Data Extraction, Modeling, and Validation Abstract: Despite the importance of interregional trade for building effective regional economic policies, there are very few hard data to illustrate such interdependencies. We propose here a novel research framework to predict interregional trade flows by utilizing freely available Web data and machine learning algorithms. Specifically, we extract hyperlinks between archived Websites in the United Kingdom and we aggregate these data to create an interregional network of hyperlinks between geolocated and commercial Web pages over time. We also use existing interregional trade data to train our models using random forests and then make out-of-sample predictions of interregional trade flows using a rolling-forecasting framework. Our models illustrate great predictive capability with R2 greater than 0.9. We are also able to disaggregate our predictions in terms of industrial sectors, but also at a subregional level, for which trade data are not available. In total, our models provide a proof of concept that the digital traces left behind by physical trade can help us capture such economic activities at a more granular level and, consequently, inform regional policies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 717-739 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2109577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2109577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:717-739 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2124146_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Orlando Woods Author-X-Name-First: Orlando Author-X-Name-Last: Woods Author-Name: Lily Kong Author-X-Name-First: Lily Author-X-Name-Last: Kong Title: The Partial Secularisms of Singapore’s Muslim Minorities: Arbitraging Model Citizenship and (In)Complete Selves at the Margins Abstract: This article argues that the secular should be understood as a partial construct that is selectively deployed by individuals to structure everyday encounters with difference. The partiality of the secular is pronounced in Muslim minority contexts, in which Muslims must negotiate varying degrees of ontological incompatibility between their religious and nonreligious selves. How religious and secular understandings of “model” citizenship are negotiated throughout the spaces and aspirations of everyday life can provide insight into the partiality of the secular, and how such partiality can create difference where there might otherwise be unity. We illustrate these ideas through an empirical exploration of Singapore’s Muslim minorities. In Singapore, the Muslim population is primarily Malay, but includes non-Malay cohorts as well. Bangladeshi migrant workers form an important minority, as their visa status precludes them from becoming Singapore citizens, and thus removes them from the direct secular structuring of the state. In the mosque, the interfacing of Singaporean Muslims on the one hand, and Bangladeshi Muslims on the other, yields important insights into the assertions of citizenship, and the negotiation of selfhood, that occurs at the religious margins of a state-defined secular society. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 616-634 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2124146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2124146 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:616-634 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2115972_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Liyan Xu Author-X-Name-First: Liyan Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Fu Li Author-X-Name-First: Fu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Keqing Huang Author-X-Name-First: Keqing Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Jing Ning Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Ning Title: A Two-Layer Location Choice Model Reveals What’s New in the “New Retail” Abstract: The New Retail is an emerging e-commerce model in recent years. It claims innovation in creating competitive advantages through intensive Internet-based data to promote online-to-offline interactions. Whether this self-claimed innovation would cause a different rationale in the choice of store locations is a subject worthy of investigation. In this article, taking Beijing’s Starbucks and Luckin coffee stores as cases, we build a two-layer business location choice model to examine the problem. The model consists of a macroscale (city-wide) submodel and a microscale (street block) submodel. Results show that the macroscale store location choice logics for the two are consistent, with differences predicted by economic geographical laws, thus rejecting the hypothesis of the big-data-driven location choice advantage for the New Retail. Results from the microscale model, however, suggest that the difference between the two brands is better explained with cognition and behavioral theories, where the delivery agents, rather than the customers’ environmental cognition characteristics, shape the New Retail’s peculiar store location preference over less “fancy” urban locales. We argue this unique location preference is indeed something new in the New Retail. We conclude the article with discussions on the relevance of the cognitive and behavioral perspectives in the business location choice problem, and suggest incorporating the microscale layer that explicitly considers these aspects in addressing the problem in real-world settings. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 635-657 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2115972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2115972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:635-657 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2124147_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Paul C. Adams Author-X-Name-First: Paul C. Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Author-Name: André Jansson Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Jansson Title: Postdigital Territoriality: Disentangling from Digital Media as a Return to Place Abstract: People adopt geographical strategies to distance themselves from digital sociality. Rather than merely turning off devices, they engage in a broader, more durable project of disentangling. This effort responds to the homogenizing, standardizing forces of connective media and their coercive entanglements: socially normalized routines of personal media use, hybridizations of human agency with communication technologies, and digitally mediated activities that generate predictive and prescriptive products. Geographical attention to disentangling is merited by the fact that it comes in local variants and brings questions of place and human territoriality back onto the agenda in significantly new ways as part of a postdigital territoriality. We offer two vignettes revealing place’s role as protective, with its territoriality drawing a line around the self. We argue that postdigital territoriality inevitably reflects a differentiated terrain of gender, income, profession, and other elements of positionality. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 658-674 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2124147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2124147 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:658-674 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2134088_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bochu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Bochu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Michael J. Widener Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Widener Author-Name: Lindsey G. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey G. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Steven Farber Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Farber Author-Name: Dionne Gesink Author-X-Name-First: Dionne Author-X-Name-Last: Gesink Author-Name: Leia M. Minaker Author-X-Name-First: Leia M. Author-X-Name-Last: Minaker Author-Name: Zachary Patterson Author-X-Name-First: Zachary Author-X-Name-Last: Patterson Author-Name: Kristian Larsen Author-X-Name-First: Kristian Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen Author-Name: Jason Gilliland Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Gilliland Title: Time-Geographic Project of Household Food Provision: Conceptualization and a Pilot Case Study Abstract: Geographers and health researchers routinely analyze data on food-related behaviors to understand potential relationships between the food environment and diet. Analytical uncertainties arise, however, from discounting the sequential connections and household coordination of various food tasks. This study employed the time-geographic construct of the project, which is defined as a series of goal-oriented activities conducted by one or more individuals, to understand the composition and influencing factors of household food provision. To demonstrate the usefulness of the project concept, this study delineated how food activities were woven into a select couple’s daily life paths with the aid of sequence visualizations, and developed an analytical test case using time-use diaries of coupled adults living in Toronto, Canada. Ten dinner project archetypes were identified with distinct characteristics of activity composition and coordination. The study further explored how the dinner project archetypes were related to geographic food environments and meal consumption. By employing the project concept in research on food environments, the interconnectedness between various diet-related activities and diverse patterns of coordination between household members can be captured. Finally, a discussion on how the project perspective can improve the understanding of food environments and healthy eating was presented. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 675-699 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2134088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2134088 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:675-699 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2130867_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Laura Tozer Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Tozer Author-Name: Harriet Bulkeley Author-X-Name-First: Harriet Author-X-Name-Last: Bulkeley Author-Name: Bernadett Kiss Author-X-Name-First: Bernadett Author-X-Name-Last: Kiss Author-Name: Andrés Luque-Ayala Author-X-Name-First: Andrés Author-X-Name-Last: Luque-Ayala Author-Name: Yuliya Voytenko Palgan Author-X-Name-First: Yuliya Voytenko Author-X-Name-Last: Palgan Author-Name: Kes McCormick Author-X-Name-First: Kes Author-X-Name-Last: McCormick Author-Name: Christine Wamsler Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Wamsler Title: Nature for Resilience? The Politics of Governing Urban Nature Abstract: Transcending initial efforts to make cities “climate smart” by focusing on the potential of new technologies and infrastructural interventions, various actors are increasingly interested in deploying nature to help achieve urban resilience. In this context, rather than taking resilience as a given property of particular systems or entities, it is important to examine why, how, with what implications, and for whom resilience is being enacted. We examine how and why nature-based solutions are being mobilized as a means for governing the resilience of cities and what this means for the ways in which urban resilience is imagined and enacted by different actors. Recognizing that behind different approaches to resilience are diverse ways of valuing nature, we identify four value positions through which nature comes to be understood, given meaning, form, and purpose. Drawing on systematic document analysis and sixty-six interviews from Cape Town, Mexico City, and Melbourne, we discuss how these four value positions of nature are manifested in nature-based interventions for resilience, as well as the implications both for the politics of resilience interventions and the opportunities for enabling social benefit through nature-based solutions. We find that the integration of intrinsic values for nature opens opportunities for nature-based solutions to enable social benefits through an increased focus on the means through which they are implemented. We conclude that urban-nature-as-resilience interventions serve to embed values and the socionatures they produce within the city, creating fundamentally different consequences for the forms and politics of nature-based interventions designed to realize urban resilience. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 599-615 Issue: 3 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2130867 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2130867 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:3:p:599-615 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2149460_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ming-Hsiang Tsou Author-X-Name-First: Ming-Hsiang Author-X-Name-Last: Tsou Author-Name: Jian Xu Author-X-Name-First: Jian Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Chii-Dean Lin Author-X-Name-First: Chii-Dean Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Morgan Daniels Author-X-Name-First: Morgan Author-X-Name-Last: Daniels Author-Name: Jessica Embury Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Embury Author-Name: Jaehee Park Author-X-Name-First: Jaehee Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Eunjeong Ko Author-X-Name-First: Eunjeong Author-X-Name-Last: Ko Author-Name: Joseph Gibbons Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Gibbons Title: Analyzing Spatial-Temporal Impacts of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Variables on COVID-19 Outbreaks as Potential Social Determinants of Health Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is not only a medical disease outbreak but also a social inequality and health disparity problem. This study analyzed dynamic temporal and spatial associations between confirmed COVID-19 cases and socioeconomic status (SES) variables at the neighborhood level with three case studies to (1) analyze five temporal stages in the County of San Diego, California; (2) compare six U.S. metropolitan areas; and (3) compare SES associations across two spatial scales (counties and zip code units). We identified eleven SES variables as potential contributors to the social determinants of health that influence COVID-19 outbreaks and showed how their correlation coefficients vary over five phases. We found that changes in COVID-19 hot spots and clusters are minimal across the five stages. The consistent spatial patterns through the five outbreak periods imply that the place effects associated with fundamental health disparity factors are persistent and not easily changed. The impact of COVID-19 on SES varies in different local contexts. We also found that Hispanic populations, uninsured groups, Spanish-speaking families, those with less than a ninth-grade education level, and high household densities strongly correlated with COVID-19 cases in all six metropolitan areas. We did not find high scale dependency in SES association patterns between county and zip code spatial units, but analysis at a finer level can provide more association patterns. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 891-912 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2149460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2149460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:891-912 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2160302_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Laura Sheppard Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Sheppard Author-Name: Jonathan Reades Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Reades Author-Name: R. P. J. Freeman Author-X-Name-First: R. P. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Title: Gendering and Diversifying the Research Pipeline: A Quantitative Feminist Geographical Approach to Gender in Higher Education Abstract: Women and gender minorities are underrepresented in positions of leadership and seniority in academia. Research on gender in higher education (HE) has varied in scale and methodological approach from large-scale global surveys to small-scale projects with interviews and focus groups, with a noticeable gap in the attention given to early career researchers and doctoral students, and the ways in which their experiences can vary significantly from discipline to discipline, institution to institution, and “department-like unit” to “department-like unit.” Drawing on gender theory to link gender to power and gendered organizations, we connect this theoretical perspective to research on gender in HE. This article proposes a new agenda to develop our understanding of gender in HE by drawing together quantitative and feminist geography to focus on the issue at different “palatial” scales within HE. We propose expanding the definition of gender often used in quantitative research and to consider intersectionality, using open source data to provide novel and reproducible insights into the dynamics of gender in HE, and using quantitative geography methods to develop a multiscalar understanding of these dynamics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 817-833 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2160302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2160302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:817-833 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2149462_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Colleen C. Myles Author-X-Name-First: Colleen C. Author-X-Name-Last: Myles Author-Name: Delorean Wiley Author-X-Name-First: Delorean Author-X-Name-Last: Wiley Author-Name: Walter W. Furness Author-X-Name-First: Walter W. Author-X-Name-Last: Furness Author-Name: Katherine Sturdivant Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Sturdivant Title: “Brewing Change”: Advocacy in Craft Brewing in the United States Abstract: Over the past several decades, craft brewing has altered physical and cultural landscapes across the United States as fermentation industries have increasingly been at the center of civic (re)development activities. Fermented landscapes are now ubiquitous, producing and maintaining a variety of public goods, whether perceived as beneficial or not. Some breweries offer highly visible examples of advocacy efforts, including the pursuit and promotion of environmental sustainability initiatives or profit-sharing to benefit various causes. It is unclear, however, how prevalent (or, alternatively, extraordinary) these kinds of activities are. Although craft breweries have been studied as agents of landscape change previously, they remain understudied as sociocultural actors that advocate for particular issues or outcomes. Thus, to better understand the kinds of advocacy that breweries pursue, we conducted a qualitatively informed quantitative analysis (including qualitative coding, descriptive statistics, and two analytical visualization techniques) on a random sample of 400 craft breweries in the United States. The resulting typology of advocacy in craft brewing identifies three dozen distinct techniques and approximately two dozen themes of action across three broad axes of advocacy, clarifying how breweries engage in environmental, social (justice), and economic initiatives in both active and passive ways. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 996-1019 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2149462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2149462 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:996-1019 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2151405_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Benjamin Lucca Iaquinto Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Lucca Author-X-Name-Last: Iaquinto Author-Name: Lachlan Barber Author-X-Name-First: Lachlan Author-X-Name-Last: Barber Author-Name: Po Sheung Yu Author-X-Name-First: Po Sheung Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Title: Grounding Mobility: Protest Atmospheres at Hong Kong International Airport Abstract: Protest immobilities have political potential because of the affective atmospheres they produce. In 2019, the Hong Kong protest movement targeted Hong Kong International Airport in a series of sit-ins resulting in a two-day shutdown and cancellation of more than 1,000 flights. This article is based on participant observation and interviews with thirty-two people—aviation workers, tourists, expatriates, and demonstrators—who were present at one or more of the sit-ins, and it uses a perspective informed by work on affective atmospheres and social movements in geography. We demonstrate the political potential of four forms of embodied mobility– arrival, friction, waiting, and departing from the airport on foot. Arriving to unexpected scenes produced micropolitical change among passengers, as the fatigue of air travel heightened the emotional impact of the sit-ins. Frictions were politically generative because they forced passengers to slow down and notice the assembly. Waiting produced solidarities between different factions of the protest movement and generated animosity from previously apathetic passengers who were stuck. Walking was an anxious ordeal for those forced to depart the airport on foot after public transport was suspended. The article shows how demonstrators can resist, alter, and transmit affective atmospheres through the grounding of aeromobilities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 933-948 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2151405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2151405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:933-948 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2151407_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Astrid Wood Author-X-Name-First: Astrid Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Title: Bringing Transport into Black Geographies: Policies, Protests, and Planning in Johannesburg Abstract: This article contributes to the burgeoning dialogue in Black geographies by adding a focus on transport. Because there is no singular, all-encompassing framework for Black geographies, this article draws on a long history of Blackness and Whiteness in the discipline of geography and beyond. It contextualizes the contemporary conversation within critical reflections from feminist, indigenous, and queer as well as decolonial and postcolonial studies. These wider considerations are especially important for geography, a discipline historically detached from efforts to deracialize the city. The article then refines its focus on Blackness and transport by reflecting on race and mobility in South African cities. The empirical focus for these deliberations is Johannesburg, where transport has historically been used as a tool for discrimination and control, and in the postapartheid context, transport provides unbridled opportunities for social and spatial integration. Three frameworks for exploring Black transport geographies are then introduced: the policies and laws that control movement, community action and protest against racist transport, and the emergence of informal transport systems. The aim of this article, however, is not to promote a particular approach for bringing transport into conversation with Black geographies, but rather to provide a rigorous reflection that is not only analytically productive but practically useful. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1020-1033 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2151407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2151407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:1020-1033 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2137454_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Elsa Noterman Author-X-Name-First: Elsa Author-X-Name-Last: Noterman Title: Fugitive Dust: The Indeterminate Trajectories of Urban Development’s Present Past Abstract: As Philadelphia’s postindustrial River Wards landscape undergoes a development boom, dust from construction projects settles on surrounding parks, gardens, and homes, and in the lungs of residents. Concerned about the reemergence of the area’s toxic history—especially the material legacies of lead refineries—and its impacts on their children’s health, local parents are organizing to understand and address the risks associated with the circulation of this “fugitive dust.” In this article, I examine latent and emergent risks of urban redevelopment by tracing the indeterminate, intimate trajectories of toxic dust as it traverses the spatial and temporal boundaries of property and proprietary subjects. In doing so, I consider the ways it disrupts racialized notions of improvement and refigures questions of socioenvironmental justice. Finally, in considering the possibilities for more just urban futures informed by present pasts, I attend to the fugitivity of dust: how its indeterminacy not only unsettles, but potentially escapes, the improvement–waste dichotomy in urban development praxis. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 857-872 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2137454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2137454 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:857-872 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2154633_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Soodeh Kalami Author-X-Name-First: Soodeh Author-X-Name-Last: Kalami Author-Name: Siamak Amiri Author-X-Name-First: Siamak Author-X-Name-Last: Amiri Author-Name: Mehdi Mazaheri Author-X-Name-First: Mehdi Author-X-Name-Last: Mazaheri Title: Estimation of Segment-Averaged Geometric-Hydraulic Relationships as a Function of Depth in Natural Rivers Using Inverse Modeling Abstract: This article presents a novel method to identify geometric-hydraulic relationships–in terms of mathematical formulas—in the form of segment-averaged outputs and a function of depth in rivers. There are several methods for determining geometric-hydraulic relationships in rivers, including flow area, wetted perimeter, and the flow top width. Direct field surveying and using aerial and satellite sensor instruments are the most prevalent. The model presented here, however, is based on the inverse solution of the Saint-Venant equations without costly field-surveyed river geometry data. The relationships mentioned earlier can be easily used in various hydraulic models, such as flood routing, sediment transport, pollutant transport, and so on. Moreover, this method requires the lowest number of parameters as the input of the inverse model because by minimizing the corresponding objective function, the desired parameters are estimated in the whole studied segment. The proposed inverse model is validated using hypothetical and real test cases. In one of the test cases—as the most comprehensive and practical test case—the application of the presented inverse model was validated in a river network. The Manning roughness coefficient and geometric-hydraulic relationships for different segments were simultaneously estimated at an acceptable level of accuracy and computational costs in this river network. Ultimately, the real and identified geometric-hydraulic relationships are compared for each test case, and statistical indexes are demonstrated. Overall, the results and statistical indexes indicate that the model is more successful and also cheaper than costly conventional methods. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 949-972 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2154633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2154633 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:949-972 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2134838_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Lauren E. Van Patter Author-X-Name-First: Lauren E. Author-X-Name-Last: Van Patter Title: Toward a More-Than-Human Everyday Urbanism: Rhythms and Sensoria in the Multispecies City Abstract: This article advances a more-than-human everyday urbanism as a useful analytic for articulating a less anthropocentric reading of the city. Using a case study of eastern coyotes (Canis latrans) in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada, it draws on empirical data and ethological literatures to consider everyday life in multispecies cities through two registers: rhythms and sensoria. It first performs an experimental rhythmanalysis, demonstrating the import of linear and cyclical rhythms in the space-times of human–coyote encounters. It then delves into coyote sensory worlds, illustrating the acoustic and olfactory ecologies that shape urban atmospheres and place-making. The article argues that a more-than-human everyday urbanism holds value for practice and politics, shifting the focus from spectacular moments of conflict with wildlife to a consideration of more-than-human place making, resituating urban animals as neighbors rather than invaders. This analysis contributes to emergent conversations in more-than-human and urban geographies aimed at making visible other-than-human spaces, practices, and experiences, a project central to recuperating the urban as an existing and potential site of multispecies flourishing. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 913-932 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2134838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2134838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:913-932 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2155607_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jie Lin Author-X-Name-First: Jie Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Gordon Cromley Author-X-Name-First: Gordon Author-X-Name-Last: Cromley Title: Analyzing the Role of Service Congestion in Accessibility Modeling Abstract: An important variable in measuring potential access is the competitive nature of the service being provided. Health services such as physician visits or hospital beds are often viewed as rival goods where one’s consumption of a service will diminish another’s ability to consume the same service. Congestion at facilities is as important as the overall level of supply at facilities. For rival goods, accessibility and congestion are linked as reciprocal concepts. The relationship between accessibility and congestion is even more important in the current era of the COVID-19 pandemic because critical care services, such as the need for intensive care unit beds, illustrate the need to focus on a balanced level of congestion among hospitals to prevent care failure at the local level. This research investigates the role of service congestion in various existing and proposed models and measures using data from the state of Illinois. Because evenness of service congestion and lower travel times are conflicting goals, evenness of congestion as measured by Gini coefficients is weighed against the cost of travel to determine a compromise solution. Results suggest that the rational agent access model and the congested supply accessibility model provide such compromises when used in conjunction with the transportation problem. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 973-995 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2155607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2155607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:973-995 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2160693_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Victoria Scherelis Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Scherelis Author-Name: Michael Doering Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Doering Author-Name: Marta Antonelli Author-X-Name-First: Marta Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli Author-Name: Patrick Laube Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Laube Title: Hydromorphological Information in Historical Maps of Switzerland: From Map Feature Definition to Ecological Metric Derivation Abstract: This article focuses on defining hydromorphological features to be extracted from historical maps by means of digital map processing techniques. The hydromorphological features, evolving through time, can be described quantitatively by the development and application of various ecological metrics to study the spatiotemporal change of the natural and built freshwater environment. With the goal to support future revitalization efforts, this article first reviews the theory on quantifying spatiotemporal change using landscape and ecological metrics, ranging from simple shape metrics (e.g., shoreline length) to more complex hydromorphological indexes (e.g., river braiding index). Second, the hydromorphological features themselves are important to consider in terms of data quality and uncertainty as they might inherit errors due to the low-quality maps, the extraction process, or due to poor definitions used during feature extraction efforts. Errors introduced by poorly defined features can be avoided by the use of a well-structured definition system. Thus, the article concludes in a new concept categorizing hydromorphological features and the changes they can undergo. The definition framework integrates novel perspectives for defining and evaluating features from the Siegfried and old Swiss national map, including key aspects from the theory. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 799-816 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2160693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2160693 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:799-816 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2149459_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Avinash A. Arondekar Author-X-Name-First: Avinash A. Author-X-Name-Last: Arondekar Author-Name: Aftab A. Can Author-X-Name-First: Aftab A. Author-X-Name-Last: Can Author-Name: Madhusudan Lanjewar Author-X-Name-First: Madhusudan Author-X-Name-Last: Lanjewar Title: Differential Response in Chlorophyll-a Concentration to Seasonal Forcings along the West Coast of India Abstract: The chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, an indicator of biomass that is a conduit for fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide, is analyzed using Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) 4-km eight-day resolution data along the west coast of India. A peak of Chl-a blooms during the southwest monsoon (SWM) along the west coast of India and during northeast monsoon (NEM) in northern regions is observed. The blooms start as early as the end of April in southern regions and spread northward. The Fourier transformation and wavelet analysis explicitly reveals the annual and seasonal variability of these blooms and aids in grouping the regions into three zones. The blooms are strong in the southern regions and occur during SWM, whereas in the northern regions, they occur during SWM as well as NEM. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Niño3.4 is negatively correlated with Chl-a concentration in southern regions only during a few months. Similarly, only for a few months do the northern regions show negative correlations between Niño3.4 and Chl-a concentration. The Chl-a blooms are positively correlated with concurrent Ekman mass transport and precipitation and with a lag of four to seven steps of eight-day cycles in southern regions, whereas the northern regions are positively correlated with concurrent precipitation only. The time of onset and end of blooms and the time span for their northward spread during SWM and southward spread during NEM vary from year to year. The different onset and end times of blooms and varying periods of blooms are vital for policy decisions on regulating fishing activity and establishing a ban period along the west coast of India for sustainable utilization of fishery resources. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 873-890 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2149459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2149459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:873-890 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2134839_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Han Li Author-X-Name-First: Han Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Justin Stoler Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Stoler Title: COVID-19 and Urban Futures: Impacts on Business Closures in Miami-Dade County Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic altered the local economic geographies of many U.S. cities, and it remains unclear how long these changes will persist. This study analyzed the sociospatial dynamics of business closures in Miami-Dade County, Florida, from August 2020 to August 2021 with an explicit focus on reconciling the pandemic’s effects in the context of location theory. We found that traditional urban centers and transit-concentrated areas experienced disproportionately higher rates of business closures during the study period, suggesting a potential wave of commercial suburbanization in Miami. Middle-class and working-class Hispanic neighborhoods suffered the most business closures. The results of correlation analysis and spatial regression models suggested a positive association between the incidence of COVID-19 cases and business closures at both zip code and individual business levels. These results also beckon a revaluation of the role of certain urban externalities in traditional location theory. The importance of automobile accessibility and agglomeration effects are poised to persist beyond the pandemic, but the benefits of proximity to the public transport system might decline. The trends observed in Miami suggest that the pandemic could generate more automobile-reliant employment subcenters in U.S. cities and amplify problems of intraurban inequality and urban sprawl. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 834-856 Issue: 4 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2134839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2134839 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:4:p:834-856 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2168247_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Taylor Shelton Author-X-Name-First: Taylor Author-X-Name-Last: Shelton Author-Name: Brian Williams Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Making the Cotton District (White): Urban Renewal, New Urbanism, and the Construction of a Nostalgic Neo-Plantationist Pastiche Abstract: Sometimes heralded as the first ever new urbanist development, Starkville, Mississippi’s Cotton District neighborhood stands out as a relatively dense, walkable, and mixed-use neighborhood in the otherwise car-centric landscapes of the rural south. Together with the neighborhood’s colorful buildings reminiscent of the grand homes of the antebellum South, these elements obscure the fact that the neighborhood as it exists today is the result of a federally funded urban renewal project that razed much of the adjacent Black neighborhood of Needmore and opened up the present-day Cotton District as a space for new investment. In excavating the details of these different elements of the Cotton District’s history, our central conceit is that the Cotton District represents what we call a “nostalgic neo-plantationist pastiche” produced through the material and symbolic displacement of Blackness and its replacement with both material and symbolic whiteness. By conceptualizing this landscape as constituted fundamentally by white nostalgia for a mythical, bygone era of plantation capitalism, and instantiated through a bricolage of architectural and design styles, we seek to draw attention to the precise ways that this landscape actively (re)constructs the past, rather than simply representing it. At the same time, the case of the Cotton District offers an opportunity to reconsider received wisdom in urban design and planning concerning the historic and contemporary linkages between urban renewal and new urbanism, and racial inequality and urban planning more generally. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1153-1171 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2168247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2168247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1153-1171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2166012_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Cheryl McGeachan Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl Author-X-Name-Last: McGeachan Author-Name: Chris Philo Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Philo Title: “Hanging Around in Their Brokenness”: On Mental Ill-Health Geography, Asylums and Camps, Artworks and Salvage Abstract: The subdisciplinary field of mental health geography has arguably departed from its initial emphasis on mental ill health, and a case is made for continuing to take seriously the lifeworlds of people with severe and enduring mental health conditions, particularly if resident in psychiatric inpatient facilities. Attempting to (re)humanize inquiries in this field, emphasis is lent to the task of repeopling mental health geographies and, more broadly, to conjoining criticality in the vein of Agamben with a gentle humanism open to both “bareness” and “life.” Agamben’s claims about “bare life” and “the camp” are interfaced with inquiries into “the asylum,” and a triangular encounter between Holocaust authors Levi, Bettelheim, and Barton is staged—set in the horizon of Agamben’s ([1999] 2002) Remnants of Auschwitz—to craft a new sensibility for researching mental ill-health geographies. The authors then explore an act of “salvage” whereby the artworks of long-forgotten asylum dwellers are recovered, not to disclose hidden truths of “madness,” but rather to acknowledge those who drew, painted, wove, or sculpted as part of living with mental ill health. The overall ambition is to attune to the situation of—and to possibilities for “witnessing” in the relative absence of words—those who are barely there at the margins of the camp-asylum. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1224-1242 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2166012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2166012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1224-1242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2174496_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Yi-Ting Chang Author-X-Name-First: Yi-Ting Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: Shiuh-Shen Chien Author-X-Name-First: Shiuh-Shen Author-X-Name-Last: Chien Title: Wind–Human Resonance in a Polluted City: The Case of Dalinpu in Kaohsiung, Taiwan Abstract: Air pollution creates significant challenges, particularly in countries undergoing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Wind, a strong agency in moving polluting to and away, however, does not attract sufficient attention from the social science literature on urban health and air pollution. This article fills this gap by proposing the concept of wind–human resonance, referring to both the capacity and intensity of the wind as two kinds of human–wind relationships in the weather-world. On the one hand, certain cleaning and blocking practices are carried out by residents, corresponding to the wind’s carrying capacity of air pollutants; fishing activities are altered according to the wind capacity in the atmo-oceanic dynamic. On the other hand, the intensity of the wind envelops an industrialized coastal village where community members engage with the oceanic wind that shapes the community identity (and affect). This framework of an entangled human–wind relationship is empirically examined through the case of the coastal Dalinpu area of Kaohsiung in southwestern Taiwan, a community that has successfully organized a campaign in the name of “southwest wind preservation” to terminate an industrial zone construction project. By revealing how wind is physically and affectively entangled into urban politics, this article aims to foreground the air flow study in volume geography in particular and the human–environment relationship in general. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1135-1152 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2174496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2174496 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1135-1152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2156318_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Joshua J. Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Joshua J. Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Robert L. Wilby Author-X-Name-First: Robert L. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilby Author-Name: John K. Hillier Author-X-Name-First: John K. Author-X-Name-Last: Hillier Author-Name: Richenda Connell Author-X-Name-First: Richenda Author-X-Name-Last: Connell Author-Name: Geoffrey R. Saville Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey R. Author-X-Name-Last: Saville Title: Climate Gentrification: Valuing Perceived Climate Risks in Property Prices Abstract: There is growing evidence that physical climate hazards—such as floods and wildfires—affect property prices. Climate change scenarios suggest more frequent and severe physical climate hazards in the future, coinciding with greater exposure of populations to such threats. This raises concern because changes in property prices pose risks to homeowners’ financial status, as well as to the insurance and mortgage industries, bank portfolios, and thereby financial systems. We begin with a new definition of climate gentrification (CG) that captures links between physical climate hazards, perceptions of risk and resilience, and capital flows in property markets. This is followed by a structured assessment of the key drivers of CG, and an empirical case study of property data for a flood-prone UK city to demonstrate how CG depressed house price growth over the period from 2005 to 2018 by up to 50 percent in flood-exposed (relative to unexposed) locations. We then provide a discussion of ethical concerns around CG research, with suggested ways forward. Such price signals have potential ramifications for the long-term stability of real estate markets and raise policy implications for private and public sectors. We conclude with some priorities for further research into CG, recognizing key information and data gaps, and noting how existing knowledge and tools could contribute toward improved resilience to climate change. Key Words: climate gentrification, climate hazards, flood, hedonic model, property prices. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1092-1111 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2156318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2156318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1092-1111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2161986_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Wenjia Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Wenjia Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Kexin Ning Author-X-Name-First: Kexin Author-X-Name-Last: Ning Title: Spatiotemporal Heterogeneities in the Causal Effects of Mobility Intervention Policies during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Spatially Interrupted Time-Series (SITS) Analysis Abstract: Although there has been a growing interest in causal inference in geography studies, few studies have incorporated spatiotemporal heterogeneities with causalities. This study conceptualizes different patterns of spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the causal effects of policy interventions and develops a spatially interrupted time-series (SITS) quasi-experimental design to causally infer how the treatment effects of mobility control policies during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak vary across space and time, based on a five-month mobile phone big data set from Shenzhen, China. The modeling results reveal and distinguish significant temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal heterogeneities in the policies’ causal effects. For example, we observed an abrupt decrease of 2.8 km in travel distance as a result of the first-level response to public health emergencies (i.e., FLR) and a decrease of 0.5 km as a result of the closed-off management of residential communities (i.e., COM), accounting for 44.6 percent and 7.2 percent of the baseline level before the pandemic, respectively. Such mobility reduction effects decayed at a rate of 0.033 km per day after the FLR and 0.076 km per day after the COM. For both policies, the abrupt effects were significantly larger in neighborhoods with a higher residential density and land-use mixture, lower average age, higher income, and higher marriage rate, whereas the gradual effect of the FLR decayed faster in similar compact neighborhoods. These findings demonstrate the importance of incorporating spatiotemporal variations with causality inference for fine-grained policy assessments, which can help policymakers determine when and where to implement which policies to mediate the mobility and the spread of the pandemic and plan for resilient neighborhoods in the postpandemic era. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1112-1134 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2161986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2161986 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1112-1134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2166010_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jialin Li Author-X-Name-First: Jialin Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Ningchuan Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Ningchuan Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Title: Computational Cartographic Recognition: Identifying Maps, Geographic Regions, and Projections from Images Using Machine Learning Abstract: Map reading is a challenging task for computer programs. This article explores how artificial intelligence and machine learning methods can be used to understand maps, an area we broadly refer to as computational cartographic recognition. Specifically, we use machine learning methods to (1) identify whether an image is a map, (2) recognize the geographic region on the map, and (3) recognize the projection used on the map. Four machine learning models—support vector machine, multilayer perceptrons, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) developed from scratch using our own architecture (CNNS), and pretrained CNN models through transfer learning (CNNT)—are applied in these tasks. We use 2,200 online map images, 500 nonmap images, and 1,050 synthetic map images to train and evaluate the models. Results show that the CNNT models achieve the highest performance among all models, with an accuracy rate above 90 percent for the tasks. The CNNS models come in second. We also conduct a round of stress tests using 3,600 additional synthetic maps where the shape and layout are systematically distorted and test if the models can still identify the maps and recognize the region and projection on the maps. The results of the stress tests show that the models can reliably recognize some of the modified maps even when exhibiting performance inferior to even random models for other maps. This unpredictable nature of the methods when applied to maps that are not represented in the training data suggests both promises and limitations of the current machine learning approaches to cartographic recognition. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1243-1267 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2166010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2166010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1243-1267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2157790_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Andrew Warren Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Warren Author-Name: Chris Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Title: Struggles over Skills: Lived Experiences of Evolving Technologies and Gendered Hierarchies at Work Abstract: How are skills struggled over in occupations transforming through evolving technologies? This article contributes a feminist labor geography perspective amidst reinvigorated interest in skills. Within economic geography, human capital approaches view skills as resources measurable through quantitative proxies. Such analyses reveal place-based endowments and skills mismatches but, unable to capture lived experience or uneven power relations, overlook how skill facilitates agency for different workers. In contrast, we theorize skill as both processual—constantly unfolding and contested—and a mechanism unevenly empowering workers based on recognition (or lack thereof). Ethnographic research proceeded with workers employed by automotive shops, a context at the forefront of disruptive technologies. Two key roles underpin profitable operations. Technicians, overwhelmingly men, work individually from shop floors, diagnosing problems, repairing, and maintaining vehicles. Customer care staff, predominantly women, work in small teams from reception spaces, managing “car count” and mediating interactions between technicians and customers. In both roles, workers upskill to meet shifting service demands and retain brand-managed expertise. Yet, enduring and newly acquired skills are unevenly recognized and rewarded. Three factors fortified systemic barriers to progression: tasks extended and co-evolved unevenly with multi-skilled working bodies; gender-biased skills recognition favored technicians (skills with cars/deemed scarce) over customer service (skills of interactive translation/deemed replaceable); and workers positioned atop hierarchies refuted co-workers’ skills claims within workplaces. For geographers concerned with the quality and fairness of work amidst evolving technological change, we argue that skill unveils the socio-spatial foundations of agency: materializing unevenly and struggled over in everyday life. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1071-1091 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2157790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2157790 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1071-1091 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2166011_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: J. C. Ryan Author-X-Name-First: J. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan Title: Do Urban Golf Courses Provide Barriers to Equitable Greenspace Access in the United States? Abstract: Providing equitable access to greenspace requires innovative strategies in urban areas where land is scarce and expensive. One potential solution is to make golf courses, which are often exclusive and require daily or annual membership fees, more accessible to the general public. The impact of urban golf courses on greenspace access has yet to be investigated systematically, however. Here we quantify (1) the number and area of golf courses within all major urban areas in the conterminous United States, and (2) the number and demographics of people that would benefit from better access to them. We identify 6,962 urban golf courses that cover 3,102 km2 urban land, equivalent to ∼29 percent of all urban greenspace. We find that 3.4 percent of the U.S. urban population (equivalent to nearly 6 million people) live less than 1 km from a golf course but more than 1 km from public greenspace. Policies that make golf courses more available to the general public would substantially improve greenspace access, and associated health benefits, for millions of Americans. In most cities, however, it is wealthy, White neighborhoods that would benefit most from better access to golf courses, not the lower socioeconomic, ethno-racial minority communities that are most lacking in greenspace access. Making golf courses more accessible to the general public should therefore be considered just one component of a more diverse set of strategies to improve access to greenspace in U.S. cities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1057-1070 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2166011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2166011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1057-1070 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2175638_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Adeniyi Asiyanbi Author-X-Name-First: Adeniyi Author-X-Name-Last: Asiyanbi Author-Name: Conny Davidsen Author-X-Name-First: Conny Author-X-Name-Last: Davidsen Title: Governing Wildfire Risk in Canada: The Rise of an Apparatus of Security Abstract: This article argues that the governance of wildfire risk in Canada is increasingly oriented toward governance through a security apparatus. As climate change complicates wildfire “problems” in fast-expanding wildland–urban interface areas, fire managers and other actors increasingly seek a shift toward a fire-permitting, risk-based fire management style, even as the balance between private and public responsibility for wildfire protection gets renegotiated. This approach, typified by FireSmart, is characterized by a gradual, geographically uneven shift from state-centered fire suppression toward a multiplicity assembled around an expectation of security and the promise of economic freedom. These multiple shifts, we argue, reflect a characteristic approach to governing through the Foucauldian “apparatus of security,” a mechanism of power that seeks security through economic freedom and indirect governmental intervention. Central to the emerging apparatus of wildfire security are three core rationalizing discourses focused on the valorization of the individual’s capacity for wildfire management and protection, the negotiation of limits of state and public institutions in wildfire management, and the invitation to live resiliently with wildfires by embracing biophysical contingency. At stake is the complex politics through which the very ideas of wildfire risk, responsibility, and security are being, and can be, reconstituted. Our analysis furthers the poststructural geographies of wildfires and climate risk governance in Canada and beyond. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1207-1223 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2175638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2175638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1207-1223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2162477_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Javier Rubio-Velázquez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Rubio-Velázquez Author-Name: Hugo A. Loaiciga Author-X-Name-First: Hugo A. Author-X-Name-Last: Loaiciga Author-Name: David Lopez-Carr Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez-Carr Title: Human-Induced Resource Scarcity in the Colorado River Basin and Its Implications for Water Supply and the Environment in the Mexicali Valley Transboundary Aquifer Abstract: The Colorado River delta is a sedimentary alluvial formation that embodies the Lower Colorado River transboundary aquifer. The Mexicali Valley overlies the Mexican part of the aquifer, and the Imperial Valley the aquifer’s portion north of the Mexico–U.S. border. Mexico receives an annual water allocation from the Colorado River stipulated by an international treaty between Mexico and the United States. The Colorado River water allocation to Mexico is shared by farmers in the Mexicali Valley and by several border cities, rural communities, and industries in the northern region of the State of Baja California. Farmers withdraw groundwater from the Mexicali Valley’s aquifer to make up for insufficient Colorado River water to grow their crops. Groundwater withdrawal has created overdraft of the Mexicali Valley aquifer with associated adverse impacts: sea water intrusion, declining groundwater levels, upwelling of brackish groundwater, land subsidence, degradation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, and emigration of displaced farmers. This article reviews the natural and human histories in the Colorado River basin and the Mexicali Valley, and presents a methodology applying remote sensing, geographic information analysis, and hydrologic analysis to calculate the annual water deficit in the Mexicali Valley. Finally, this work evaluates the valley’s annual water deficit in reference to current agricultural and socioeconomic trends observed in the study region. Aquifer and related environmental degradation have adversely affected small-scale farming and exacerbated demographic instability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1172-1189 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2162477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2162477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1172-1189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2191495_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: em-i-em-iii Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2191495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2191495 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:em-i-em-iii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2178377_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Yue Lin Author-X-Name-First: Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Ningchuan Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Ningchuan Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Title: A Computational Framework for Preserving Privacy and Maintaining Utility of Geographically Aggregated Data: A Stochastic Spatial Optimization Approach Abstract: Geographically aggregated data are often considered to be safe because information can be published by group as population counts rather than by individual. Identifiable information about individuals can still be disclosed when using such data, however. Conventional methods for protecting privacy, such as data swapping, often lack transparency because they do not quantify the reduction in disclosure risk. Recent methods, such as those based on differential privacy, could significantly compromise data utility by introducing excessive error. We develop a methodological framework to address the issues of privacy protection for geographically aggregated data while preserving data utility. In this framework, individuals at high risk of disclosure are moved to other locations to protect their privacy. Two spatial optimization models are developed to optimize these moves by maximizing privacy protection while maintaining data utility. The first model relocates all at-risk individuals while minimizing the error (hence maximizing the utility). The second model assumes a budget that specifies the maximum error to be introduced and maximizes the number of at-risk individuals being relocated within the error budget. Computational experiments performed on a synthetic population data set of two counties of Ohio indicate that the proposed models are effective and efficient in balancing data utility and privacy protection for real-world applications. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1035-1056 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2178377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2178377 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1035-1056 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2161988_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bo Wu Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Jinbiao Yan Author-X-Name-First: Jinbiao Author-X-Name-Last: Yan Author-Name: Kai Cao Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Cao Title: l0-Norm Variable Adaptive Selection for Geographically Weighted Regression Model Abstract: A geographically weighted regression (GWR) model with fewer explanatory variables and higher prediction accuracy is required in spatial analysis and other practical applications. This article proposes an l0-norm variable adaptive selection method to enhance performances of a GWR by simultaneously performing model selection and coefficient optimization. Specifically, we formulate a regularized GWR model with an additional l0-norm constraint to shrink those unimportant regression coefficients toward zero and propose an adaptive variable selection algorithm by iteratively distinguishing the important variables from the variable set. At each location, the best variable subset and optimizing coefficient estimations are simultaneously achieved under the l0-GWR framework. Moreover, two novel criteria, the modified Bayesian information criterion and the interpretability of coefficient symbol, which specify the variable selection and model interpretation, respectively, are also introduced to improve the performance of the l0-GWR. Experiments on both simulated and actual data sets demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the estimation accuracy of coefficients and can also enhance the interpretative ability of the established model. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1190-1206 Issue: 5 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2161988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2161988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:5:p:1190-1206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2187339_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Chen Xu Author-X-Name-First: Chen Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Libao Jin Author-X-Name-First: Libao Author-X-Name-Last: Jin Author-Name: Long Lee Author-X-Name-First: Long Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: An Empirical Spatial Network Model Based on Human Mobility for Epidemiological Research: A Case Study Abstract: Constructing a data-driven spatial contact network model is challenging in epidemiological research. In this study, we examine the applicability of geotagged Twitter data as an instrumental data source for tackling such a challenge. Geotagged Twitter data carrying geolocations of the account users have the strength for longitudinal data collection at a massive scale. Still, the unstructured nature of the data exerts significant methodological and computational difficulties. We focus on methodological solutions and develop a novelty approach that lets a spatial contact network emerge naturally from the massive amount of geospatial tweets. We show that such a data-driven network has reflected the assumptions made by network models regarding human behaviors and has the potential of being used for epidemiological research. To this end, we investigate the network properties and study the spread of pathogens on the proposed spatial contact network by using the homogeneous and heterogeneous susceptible–infectious–recovered (SIR) network models and the event-driven Gillespie’s algorithm. Our simulation results strongly suggest that it is feasible to explicitly construct data-driven spatial models using massive longitudinal Twitter data for public health research. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1461-1482 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2187339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2187339 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1461-1482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2187756_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Zhihua Ma Author-X-Name-First: Zhihua Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Author-Name: Zhelin Huang Author-X-Name-First: Zhelin Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: A Bayesian Implementation of the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression Model with INLA Abstract: The multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model is an important extension of the classical geographically weighted regression (GWR) model that can be used to explore the spatial nonstationarity of the regression relationship in spatial analysis, but also allows for different scales on conditional relationships between response and different predictors. A Bayesian version of the MGWR model is proposed to obtain estimates of the spatially varying coefficients and the bandwidths simultaneously. The hierarchical form of the Bayesian MGWR model has attractive features, including obtaining posterior estimates of the bandwidths and local parameters simultaneously, and their uncertainty can be easily measured. For Bayesian posterior inference, an efficient algorithm based on integrated nested Laplace approximation is introduced to provide a great alternative of the classical Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm under the Bayesian framework. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated through simulation study, and it is shown that the proposed approach can correctly identify the differences between scales of parameter surfaces and also obtain precise posterior estimates. Finally, for illustration, this approach is used to analyze monthly housing cost data in the state of Georgia. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1501-1515 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2187756 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2187756 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1501-1515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2168606_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Shiri Pasternak Author-X-Name-First: Shiri Author-X-Name-Last: Pasternak Title: How Colonialism Makes Its World: Infrastructure and First Nation Debt in Canada Abstract: The default prevention and management policy (DPMP) is a federal policy that was ostensibly designed to address debt and default in First Nation communities in Canada. The policy works through various levels of external intervention into First Nation finances. According to research findings presented in this article, when First Nations are under the policy a new form of deficit is created rather than improved: Housing stock and water infrastructure becomes much worse off than for First Nations who have never been under the policy. This article puts infrastructure to work as method (Cowen 2020) to explore how intimate geographies of infrastructure and “infrastructure denial” (Curley 2021), such as housing and water systems on reserves, connect socioeconomic policy frameworks with theories of settler colonial dispossession. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1290-1305 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2168606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2168606 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1290-1305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2185198_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Conor Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Conor Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Author-Name: Shelley Welton Author-X-Name-First: Shelley Author-X-Name-Last: Welton Title: “Why Change?” Monopoly and Competition in the Southeastern U.S. Electricity System Abstract: Although much of the U.S. electricity system moved to deregulated markets in the late 1990s, states in the southeastern United States—home to the nation’s largest, most valuable, and most polluting utilities—chose to retain regulated monopolies. In this article, we draw on interviews with regulators, environmental organizations, lobbyists, and utility executives to examine how utilities in the southeastern United States have maintained their position as monopolies in the face of calls for competition in the 1990s and again in the 2020s. We ground our inquiry in geographical political economy, with attention to the role that law plays in balancing monopoly and competition in electricity provision and capitalism more broadly. Our research suggests that the cultural political economy of energy regulation in the Southeast has played a central role in enabling electric utilities to maintain their monopoly position, with utilities using their relationships with regulators to parlay their monopoly preference into narratives of monopoly-as-consumer-protection. We therefore offer insights regarding long-debated mechanisms of regulatory capture, highlighting how the structure of public utility law creates opportunities for political and personal relationships to overpower general ideological commitments to competition. These findings demonstrate how law is deployed as a mediating tool of capitalist relations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1402-1418 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2185198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2185198 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1402-1418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2200493_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Robert Krzysztofik Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Krzysztofik Author-Name: Weronika Dragan Author-X-Name-First: Weronika Author-X-Name-Last: Dragan Title: Effect of Climate and Soils on the Diffusion of Towns on the Territory of Poland in the Thirteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries Abstract: Urbanization in different regions of the world followed different spatial models. The article presents some characteristic features of urbanization in the area of contemporary Poland, taking into account the driving factors, the climate and soils, as well as the resulting model of spatial evolution of the urban network; that is, contact-based diffusion. The article points out that the spread of towns between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries—that is, from the beginning of urbanization on the contemporary territory of Poland to the end of the feudal period—strongly depended on such factors as air temperature and general natural conditions for the development of agriculture. The research was based on an analysis of more than 1,000 urban foundations, and information on the specific distribution of selected climate phenomena. The article also draws attention to historic climate changes as a factor stimulating the dynamics of urbanization in the analyzed territory. This article provides new information on the specific character of urbanization in the area of today’s Poland, and refers to the problem of environmentally determined diffusion of towns in a considerable area of Central Europe. It also fits into a broader discourse on the role of climatic factors in shaping urban colonization in areas characterized by different climates. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1269-1289 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2200493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2200493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1269-1289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2189937_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: William T. Flatley Author-X-Name-First: William T. Author-X-Name-Last: Flatley Author-Name: Lillian M. Bragg Author-X-Name-First: Lillian M. Author-X-Name-Last: Bragg Author-Name: Don C. Bragg Author-X-Name-First: Don C. Author-X-Name-Last: Bragg Title: Dynamic Fire Regimes and Forest Conditions Across Three Centuries in a Shortleaf Pine-Oak Forest in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA Abstract: In the interior highlands of the eastern United States, there is evidence that fire was frequent in some forests during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before declining drastically in the twentieth century. To better understand past fire regimes and how they shaped forest dynamics during periods of change, we conducted a dendroecological study at Lake Winona Research Natural Area (LWRNA), a 110-ha unlogged forest dominated by shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. We used remnant wood and living tree cores to construct a multicentury record of fire occurrence and tree recruitment. Our results indicate the forest at LWRNA passed through multiple fire regime transitions that altered forest dynamics. During the protohistoric period (1701–1834), prior to widespread European American settlement (EAS), fire was frequent, but limited sample depth results in greater uncertainty regarding fire frequency and forest conditions. During EAS (1835–1929), fire was very frequent and tree establishment was dominated by shortleaf pine. After 1930, effective fire protection led to establishment shifting toward increasingly fire-intolerant hardwoods. Evidence of temporal variations in the fire regime, age structure, and contemporary composition broaden our understanding of reference conditions in this pine-oak forest and demonstrate that fire management could be used to restore a range of vegetation conditions from frequently burned pine- and oak-dominated woodlands to fire-excluded, closed-canopy mesophytic communities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1365-1382 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2189937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2189937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1365-1382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2187337_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Xin Mai Author-X-Name-First: Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Mai Author-Name: Yueli Xu Author-X-Name-First: Yueli Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Yungang Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yungang Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Cultivating an Alternative Subjectivity Beyond Neoliberalism: Community Gardens in Urban China Abstract: In the literature, community gardens feature as contested spaces: They are radical spaces used by grassroots movements to claim the “right to the city,” organized garden projects attached to neoliberal strategies, or physical breeding grounds for neoliberal citizen-subjectivity. Long established in many Western contexts, community gardens were not evident in China until a group of scholar-activists in Shanghai initiated the practice in 2016. Drawing on two flagship community garden cases in that city, we investigate the emergence and development of community gardens and discuss the ways in which they instantiate neither a radical nor a neoliberal political vision. Our observations show that a nonprofit organization—rather than the local citizenry or municipal government—proactively advanced the production of community gardens and the discursive construction of community participation over time. The rationale underlying this practice arises from organizers’ framing of the community gardens as an “experiment of governance innovation” that dovetails with a broader reorientation of China’s urban renewal agenda from demolition and reconstruction toward a people-centered incremental urban regeneration characterized by mass mobilization and social participation. We argue, therefore, that the community garden phenomenon reifies an alternative subjectivity—one that emphasizes the increasing visibility of social organizations as a state “flanking mechanism” to achieve extraeconomic objectives in urban governance. We also advance a pluralist understanding of China’s urban governance beyond a growth-chasing logic to embrace the increasing complexity of the state ethos and societal instruments at play in and associated with this sphere. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1348-1364 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2187337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2187337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1348-1364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2187341_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michael Solem Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Solem Author-Name: Phillip W. Vaughan Author-X-Name-First: Phillip W. Author-X-Name-Last: Vaughan Title: Factors That Affect Student Outcomes in U.S. Geography Education Abstract: The ideal of U.S. public education as “a great equalizer” remains unrealized across large swaths of the country. Young people in schools are at varying levels of educational advantage and disadvantage owing to wide gaps in learning opportunities and disparate access to high-quality curriculum. Unequal educational achievement has also been linked to inequities affecting some students before they enter school due to socioeconomic circumstances, prejudice, and discriminatory social systems and structures. In this study, we begin to partition the various factors that account for inequality in student outcomes in the context of U.S. geography education. Using large-scale data sets provided by the National Center for Education Statistics within the U.S. Department of Education, we developed a two-level statistical model to analyze the extent to which geography achievement in eighth grade varies systematically with contextual opportunity to learn (OTL) factors and the relative poverty level of neighborhoods around schools. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to account for data clustering, producing an achievement estimate for each predictor and controlling for the effects of all other predictors. Statistically significant OTL predictors included instructional exposure, taking geography prior to eighth grade, teaching experience, and the availability of computers in classrooms. Schools located in neighborhoods with higher income-to-poverty ratios outperformed schools in neighborhoods closer to the federal poverty threshold. Controlling for OTL and school neighborhood effects accounted for some of the geography achievement disadvantage associated with race and other student characteristics. Geographers can further explore these relationships with formal mediational models and educational programs based on equity-oriented frameworks. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1383-1401 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2187341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2187341 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1383-1401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2187340_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: D. Asher Ghertner Author-X-Name-First: D. Asher Author-X-Name-Last: Ghertner Title: Infrastructures of Overlordship: Law, Labor Camps, and the Material Geographies of Servitude Abstract: This article examines how the law codifies infrastructural risks into the farm–labor relation, subjecting farmworkers living in U.S. migrant labor camps to conditions considered illegal in otherwise similar residential geographies. To do so, it explores how the labor camp operates as an infrastructure to maximize harvest, arrange labor availability, and embed overlordship—the power to direct other human potentialities through control of their total environment—in a contained geography wherein access to water, shelter, and bodily security is conditional on the employment relation. Using case law pertaining to labor camps in New York, it analyzes the racializing effects of mundane technicalities such as how heating and water systems are inspected, sanitary code is enforced, and housing is classified. Building on insights on infrastructural forms of racial power, it shows how housing and utility systems cement overlordship into the operational landscape of U.S. agriculture and food systems via both the broader immigrant surveillance apparatus and farmworkers’ exclusion from the common-law protections “ordinary” tenants enjoy, such as locally enforced building codes and safety standards. It finds that geographic isolation, infrastructural disconnection, and uneven code enforcement materialize “a pattern of physical restraint” and “real or threatened harm,” components of the legal definition of involuntary servitude. In doing so, it (1) advances a theory of racial overlordship as an infrastructural relation maintained via uneven standards of human treatment, (2) traces the material durability of postemancipation racial overlordship into the present, and (3) demonstrates the powers of camps to variably confine and banish disposable workers. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1483-1500 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2187340 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2187340 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1483-1500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2187338_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sagar Ratna Bajracharya Author-X-Name-First: Sagar Ratna Author-X-Name-Last: Bajracharya Author-Name: Martin C. Thoms Author-X-Name-First: Martin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Thoms Author-Name: Melissa Parsons Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: Parsons Title: The Heterogeneity of Ecosystem Services across the Riverine Landscape of the Koshi River Basin, Nepal Abstract: A foundational tenet of the ecosystem services concept is that they arise from biophysical processes. Riverine landscapes are process-response systems where river flow and geomorphology generate a heterogeneous physical template that influences ecological processes, suggesting that the supply of ecosystem services in riverine landscapes should be congruent with the character and heterogeneity of the physical template. In this study, we examine the congruency between the physical template (river functional process zones; FPZs) and the supply of river flow dependent ecosystem services from riverine landscapes of the Koshi River Basin, Nepal. The supply of ecosystem services was congruent with FPZs. Social factors were shown to mediate the use and value of ecosystem services between FPZs. Heterogeneity of the physical template interacts with place, social activity, and demography to influence the use and potential value of ecosystem services across the riverine landscape. These spatial patterns of greater use of some types of riverine ecosystem services in certain areas of the riverine landscape are indicative of a highly coupled agricultural or “green loop” social-ecological system (SES) and show that maintaining riverine template heterogeneity is an important element of this green loop SES that supports 40 million people in the Koshi River Basin. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1306-1328 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2187338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2187338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1306-1328 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2182758_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Hao Yang Author-X-Name-First: Hao Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: X. Angela Yao Author-X-Name-First: X. Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Yao Author-Name: Ruowei Liu Author-X-Name-First: Ruowei Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Christopher C. Whalen Author-X-Name-First: Christopher C. Author-X-Name-Last: Whalen Title: Developing a Place–Time-Specific Transmissibility Index to Measure and Examine the Spatiotemporally Varying Transmissibility of COVID-19 Abstract: The transmission rate of COVID-19 varies by location and time. A proper measure of the transmissibility of an infectious disease should be place- and time-specific, which is currently unavailable. This research aims to better understand the spatiotemporally changing transmissibility of COVID-19. It contributes to COVID-19 research in three ways. First, it presents a generally applicable modeling framework to estimate the transmissibility of COVID-19 in a specific place and time based on daily reported case data, called space-time effective reproduction number, denoted as Rst. Then, the developed model is used to create a spatiotemporal data set of Rst  values at the county level in the United States. Second, it investigates relationships between Rst  and dynamically changing context factors with multiple machine learning and spatial modeling techniques. The research examines the relationships from a cross-sectional perspective and a longitudinal perspective separately. The longitudinal view allows us to understand how local human dynamics and policy factors influence changes in Rst over time in the place, whereas the cross-sectional view sheds light on the demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors behind spatial variations of Rst at a specific time slice. Some general trends of the relationships are found, but the level of impact by each context factor varies geographically. Third, the best performing local longitudinal models have promising potential to simulate or forecast future transmissibility. The random forest and the exponential regression models based on time-series data gave the best performances. These models were further evaluated against ground truth data of county-level reported cases. Their good prediction accuracies in the case study prove that these machine learning models are promising in their ability to predict transmissibility in hypothetical or foreseeable scenarios. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1419-1443 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2182758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2182758 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1419-1443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2178376_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bin Jiang Author-X-Name-First: Bin Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang Author-Name: Chris de Rijke Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: de Rijke Title: Living Images: A Recursive Approach to Computing the Structural Beauty of Images or the Livingness of Space Abstract: According to Gestalt theory, any image is perceived subconsciously as a coherent structure (or whole) with two contrast substructures: figure and ground. The figure consists of numerous autogenerated substructures with an inherent hierarchy of far more smalls than larges. Through these substructures, the structural beauty of an image (L), or equivalently the livingness of space, can be computed by the multiplication of the number of substructures (S) and their inherent hierarchy (H). This definition implies that the more substructures something has, the more living or more structurally beautiful it is, and the higher the hierarchy of the substructures, the more living or more structurally beautiful. This is the nonrecursive approach to the structural beauty of images or the livingness of space. In this article we develop a recursive approach, which derives all substructures of an image (instead of its figure) and continues the deriving process for those decomposable substructures until none of them are decomposable. All of the substructures derived at different iterations (or recursive levels) together constitute a living structure; hence the notion of living images. We have applied the recursive approach to a set of images that have been previously studied in the literature and found that (1) the number of substructures of an image is far lower (3 percent on average) than the number of pixels and the centroids of the substructures can effectively capture the skeleton or saliency of the image; (2) all the images have a recursive level more than four, indicating that they are indeed living images; (3) no more than 3 percent of the substructures are decomposable, implying that a vast amount of the substructures are not decomposable; (4) structural beauty can be well measured by the recursively defined substructures, as well as their decomposable subsets. Despite a slightly higher computational cost, the recursive approach is proven to be more robust than the nonrecursive approach. The recursive approach and the nonrecursive approach both provide a powerful means to study the livingness or vitality of space in cities and communities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1329-1347 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2178376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2178376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1329-1347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2187755_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Clare Herrick Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Herrick Title: Geographic Mythology and Global Health Abstract: Abdel Omran’s epidemiological transition theory has become a convenient heuristic device for explaining shifts in the global distribution of disease. In turn, the temporal and geographic transition from “pandemics of infection” to “degenerative and man-made diseases” (Omran 1971, 161) as countries develop has become part of the mythology of global health. Such myths are powerful not because they are necessarily clearly true or false, but rather for what they naturalize or oversimplify (Essebro 2018). Drawing on the example of the work undertaken over the past three decades to ensure the prioritization of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as a problem of and for development within global health agendas, I draw on documentary and interview data to examine the origins and residual power of myths. Within this field, geographic myths (see Blaut 2006) about the social, economic, and spatial distribution of morbidity and mortality are a pervasive and persistent challenge for advocates trying to emphasize the threat of NCDs to the Global South. In examining the myth work undertaken by advocates, this article offers novel geographic perspectives to the critical global health field, while also arguing for the centrality of global health to geography as a discipline. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1516-1533 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2187755 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2187755 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1516-1533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2184765_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Vera Smirnova Author-X-Name-First: Vera Author-X-Name-Last: Smirnova Author-Name: Oleg Golubchikov Author-X-Name-First: Oleg Author-X-Name-Last: Golubchikov Title: More-Than-State Ontologies of Territory: Commoning, Assembling, Peopling Abstract: The idea of territory as a bounded, state-centric enclosure has been recently confronted with the help of decolonial insights. This article attempts to overcome the resultant dichotomies between the statist and organic readings of territory by demonstrating how the making of the Russian state has been contingent on decolonial narratives and territorial imaginaries that have far exceeded the notions of the state as such. The Russian political geographic traditions have historically allowed for the coexistence of multiple and heterogeneous conceptions of territory, which were varyingly assembled to fit specific geopolitical intentions. This article delineates three ontological origins of the Russian territory that have consequently played a key part in shaping the Russian territorial politics: (1) the ontology of commoning, deriving inspiration from communal land use and the collective autonomy of the peasant society; (2) the ontology of assembling, grounded in the anthropogeographical imaginary of the “borderless” Eurasian landmass and its nomadic livelihoods; and (3) the ontology of peopling, grounded in the taxonomies of modernization and rational distribution of human subjects. Scrutinizing the interplay of these ontologies extends the understanding of the porosity and plurality of the concept of territory and offers insights into the roots of Russia’s own geopolitical worldviews and their coloniality. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1444-1460 Issue: 6 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2184765 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2184765 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:6:p:1444-1460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2103501_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Carrie Freshour Author-X-Name-First: Carrie Author-X-Name-Last: Freshour Author-Name: Brian Williams Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Toward “Total Freedom”: Black Ecologies of Land, Labor, and Livelihoods in the Mississippi Delta Abstract: We ground this article in the uneven geographies of the Mississippi Delta, a region constructed at the intersection of agro-environmental racism and plantation violence, nutrient-rich soil, and dynamic Black geographies. The processes of containment, dispossession, and commodification of life and land were essential to the construction of the region following a particular agricultural and racial development trajectory dominated by what Clyde Woods calls the Plantation Bloc. And yet, strategies and struggles to make life against and outside of these dynamics also took hold of the region. We reconceptualize the Mississippi Black Freedom Movement and the overlapping struggles for land, housing, healthcare, and new forms of work as movements against agro-environmental racism and the making of a place-based environmental justice rooted in Black ecologies. Drawing on Black and abolition ecologies we trace connections across rural Black organizing in cooperative, farm, and catfish processing communities in the Mississippi Delta. By organizing along modes of collective flourishing and against threats to daily life, these movements provide an alternative trajectory to agro-environmental racism and sought to create a place of stewardship and co-operation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1563-1572 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2103501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2103501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1563-1572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2155606_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Rebecca H. Walker Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca H. Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Author-Name: Hannah Ramer Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Ramer Author-Name: Kate D. Derickson Author-X-Name-First: Kate D. Author-X-Name-Last: Derickson Author-Name: Bonnie L. Keeler Author-X-Name-First: Bonnie L. Author-X-Name-Last: Keeler Title: Making the City of Lakes: Whiteness, Nature, and Urban Development in Minneapolis Abstract: Minneapolis has the twin distinctions of having one of the most highly rated park systems in the United States and some of the most pronounced racial disparities in wealth and homeownership. We argue that this coupling of urban nature and racial inequality was intentionally produced by the city’s real estate industry and local government. Drawing on Mapping Prejudice’s first complete metro-wide map of racial covenants—clauses in property deeds barring sale to anyone not considered white—we pair quantitative spatial analysis with archival research on turn-of-the century greening campaigns and local real estate practices. We use two developments, Nokomis Terrace and Walton Hills, as illustrative examples of the ways in which developers worked with civil society organizations and local government agencies to secure public investments in green amenities, including gardens and public parks, while blanketing their developments with racial covenants. To boost property values, developers paired “greenness” and legal guarantees of whiteness, engineering idealized nature while excluding racialized groups. The result was that 73 percent of park acreage added from 1910 to 1955, the period in which covenants were used in Minneapolis, had at least one racial covenant within 0.1 miles. Our research links urban greening, racialization, housing discrimination, and environmental injustice with consequences for understanding and confronting environmental inequalities today. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1615-1629 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2155606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2155606 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1615-1629 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2139658_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Pavithra Vasudevan Author-X-Name-First: Pavithra Author-X-Name-Last: Vasudevan Author-Name: Margaret Marietta Ramírez Author-X-Name-First: Margaret Marietta Author-X-Name-Last: Ramírez Author-Name: Yolanda González Mendoza Author-X-Name-First: Yolanda González Author-X-Name-Last: Mendoza Author-Name: Michelle Daigle Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Daigle Title: Storytelling Earth and Body Abstract: According to Sylvia Wynter, we are “a storytelling species”: The capacity to narrate the world might be what we hold most in common as “humans” across diverse geographies. In this article, we weave together Black, Indigenous, and third world and women of color feminist scholarship to ask this question: How can storytelling, as an alternate mode of theorization, help us resituate contemporary planetary crises within longer histories and plural understandings of our relations with earth? We closely read three anticolonial (feminist) scholars whose theories illuminate the relationship of race, gender, and nature: Wynter’s genealogy of humans as storytellers; Lorena Cabnal’s elaboration of cuerpo-territorio (body-territory) and ancestral patriarchy; and Mishuana Goeman’s conceptualization of the body as a meeting place. Anticolonial feminist storytelling alters the spatiotemporal scales through which planetary crises are understood by centering the relationship between body and land. We elaborate how the White, cis male, bourgeois and propertied figure of the human reproduces a story that normalizes the racialization of people and ecologies, gendered domination, and extractivism. Revealing this dominant story to be a fiction of modernity, these scholars open a space of possibility, to tell stories otherwise that reimagine what it means to be human on earth. Storytelling as anticolonial praxis troubles the fixity of racial-colonial violence and reconceives the human, not as a liberal subject or fixed object within colonial capitalism, but as a node within a relational network of human and nonhuman kin. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1728-1744 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2139658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2139658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1728-1744 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2127404_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Anne Bonds Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Bonds Author-Name: Ryan Holifield Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Holifield Title: Birds, Dogs, and Racism: Conflicts over Care in New York’s Central Park Abstract: In May 2020, Christian Cooper, a Black man and avid birder in New York City’s Central Park, was reported to the police by Amy Cooper, a White woman enraged at his request that she leash her dog. His cell phone recording of the encounter generated immediate national outcry and she faced misdemeanor charges—later dropped—for making a false report. On one level, the event is a depressingly familiar story, one of many devastatingly common incidents in which White women’s vulnerability is weaponized and wielded against Black people in public space to potentially lethal ends. It also serves as a stark reminder of the ways that racism continues to shape and structure relationships with urban park space in the United States, through practices of social control ranging from official policing and permits to informal surveillance. On another level, however, the incident also raises novel questions about what it might mean to theorize parks—as sites of refuge, recreation, protest, and surveillance—in terms of a more-than-human ethic of care and caring relations. Through a rereading of this incident, we argue for conceptualizing parks both as spaces of social control and as spaces of care, and we show how racism fundamentally shapes conflicts over caring practices and the rules that govern them. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1630-1638 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2127404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2127404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1630-1638 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2132907_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Thomas Crowley Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Crowley Title: Unfixing Space: Toward Anti-Caste Philosophies of Nature Abstract: Responding to recent calls to rethink space, nature, and social difference outside of North American frameworks, this article draws on the anti-caste tradition in India to explore critiques of hierarchical “natures.” It focuses on the thought of the towering anti-caste leader Dr. B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956), who put forward an egalitarian critique of Brahmanical (upper caste) philosophy’s emphasis on permanence and spatiotemporal fixity. The article situates Ambedkar’s critique in the doubly colonial—British and Brahman—context in which he formulated his thought, and emphasizes Ambedkar’s attempts to effect an epistemic break from Brahmanical conceptions of the world, including caste-based conceptions of space and nature. This critique, which is part of a broader tradition of anti-caste thought in western India, has received scant attention in international scholarship on nature and hierarchy. This tradition, the article argues, contains the seeds of an ecologically attuned anti-caste critique and can open new avenues for strengthening anti-caste/anti-racist solidarities. It particularly resonates with the works of Sylvia Wynter and those who have built on her insights about the struggle to define the human, and by extension, the nonhuman. This points toward egalitarian visions of ecology that break away from the fixity (or, more strongly, captivity) that characterizes hierarchical conceptions of nature. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1554-1562 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2132907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2132907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1554-1562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2097051_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nicole Van Lier Author-X-Name-First: Nicole Author-X-Name-Last: Van Lier Title: Regulating Improvement: Industrial Water Pollution, White Settler Authority, and Capitalist Reproduction in the St. Clair–Detroit River Corridor, 1945–1972 Abstract: This article explores the postwar racialization of socionatural metabolisms as Michigan consolidated its capacities to regulate water pollution in the St. Clair–Detroit River corridor. These unceded waters flow through the traditional territories of the Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi, Mississauga, and Wyandot nations, as well as the heavily industrialized, urbanized, and racially segregated geographies of southeast Michigan. Drawing on archival records, I examine discursive constructions of White settler and Indigenous water metabolisms that coarticulated with Michigan’s growing concern that unchecked water pollution posed a metabolic barrier to industrial manufacturing. I situate these representations against the state’s emerging objective to reconcile two interconnected forms of waste: (1) the material degradation of water attributed to Michigan’s advanced capitalist economy, and (2) the wasted economic potential long used to denigrate Indigenous societies that “failed” to extract capitalist value from nature. This case study demonstrates how Michigan’s discursive approach to managing a potential crisis of capitalist reproduction also reconfigured the logic of improvement as the racial and economic basis for settler colonial authority over nature. “Improving” nature was not only about facilitating access to nature for capitalist production, but reproducing—indefinitely—the ecological conditions on which capitalist production relied. This article builds on two lines of inquiry in critical geographic scholarship exploring mutually constitutive relationships between race and socionatural metabolisms, and between settler colonialism and environmental degradation, to interrogate the postwar discourses flowing through water management in southeast Michigan, a region where water remains at the center of multiple racialized dispossessions and their ongoing contestation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1652-1663 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2097051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2097051 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1652-1663 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2142087_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michael Fabris Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Fabris Title: Articulating Indigenous Law as “Environmental Protection”? The Piikani Nation and the Oldman River Dam Environmental Assessment Review Process Abstract: This article discusses the Piikani Nation’s attempts to challenge the Oldman River Dam, as this struggle highlights the challenges Indigenous communities can face in attempting to articulate water and land relationships through the languages and structures of settler colonial law. Completed in 1991, the dam faced multiple forms of opposition by Piikani members, including lawsuits and an attempt by community activists representing the Lonefighters Society to divert the river around an existing irrigation weir. For this article, I focus on how Piikani Nation members attempted to assert their geographic relationships with the Oldman River through participation in the Canadian Environmental Assessment Review process. Within this process, Piikani elders, activists, and community advocates mobilized various conceptions of law, such as treaty rights and Piikani and Blackfoot legal traditions. This article therefore seeks to answer this question: How do Indigenous forms of jurisdiction articulate with Canadian legal and regulatory fora, such as the Environmental Assessment Review process? To answer these questions, I draw from both critical political economy and Indigenous geographies, as I argue that in struggles against the capitalist reterritorialization of Indigenous places, it is through the assertions of competing legal jurisdictions that these struggles tend to find their most profound expression. Specifically, I use the concept of articulation from Marxian political economy, suggesting this theory, in conversation with legal pluralism scholarship, provides a generative framework for critically interrogating how Indigenous legal orders interact with Canadian law. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1664-1673 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2142087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2142087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1664-1673 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2158062_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Danielle Purifoy Author-X-Name-First: Danielle Author-X-Name-Last: Purifoy Title: Black Towns and (Legal) Marronage Abstract: Since the U.S. antebellum era, enslaved and free Black people established places of their own to defend against White supremacist violence. These communities often formed on perilous landscapes, spaces considered undesirable, inaccessible, and uninhabitable by White planter classes. This form of fugitivity persisted after the postbellum era, and recurs in various forms in the present day, commonly through the formation of legally sanctioned Black communities. The rationales for contemporary incorporation of Black towns share similarities with their maroon predecessors—localized power and figurative escape from the whims of White governance. Using archival data, public databases, and secondary sources on Princeville, North Carolina, I argue that Black towns are not “towns” in the same way that White-founded towns exist in the United States, not only because of the persistent forms of violence leveled at them, but also because ontologically, Black towns do not develop from the same experiences and purposes as White towns. Despite their formal recognition by the state or other forms of legal status, Black towns often resemble their predecessors, maroon communities, which were extralegal spaces of freedom and alternative land relation formed in resistance to slavery in the West, beginning in the sixteenth century. The Town of Princeville established models of land and community relations that supersede capitalist development paradigms undergirding the municipality. This research builds on previous studies of contemporary plantation power relations, marronage, and Black place development and proposes alternative modes of place based on lessons from Princeville. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1599-1614 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2158062 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2158062 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1599-1614 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2150596_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sharlene Mollett Author-X-Name-First: Sharlene Author-X-Name-Last: Mollett Title: Racial Geographies of Land and Domestic Service in Panama Abstract: Foreign land control and Afro-Panamanian women domestics are mutually constituted and embedded in tourism development in Panama. In this article, I center the racial and patriarchal logics of dispossession informing land control, a process that connects twenty-first-century residential tourism development to twentieth-century U.S. imperial formations in the making of the Panama Canal. My approach blends ethnographic research with historical data collection, newspapers, and development-related policy documents drawn across a variety of research sites in Panama, Spain, and North America. To begin, I briefly trace the contemporary context of tourism-induced land dispossession and the growing tenure insecurities for Afro-Panamanian communities living on the shores of the Panamanian Caribbean. Here I show how residential tourism development reproduces settler colonial landscapes. Further, I place in conversation the concepts of postcolonial intersectionality and cuerpo-territorio (Cabnal 2015) to illustrate how land control and domestic service are interconnected, punctuating how land is not the only site of colonial governance. I then historicize tourism in Panama through tracing the discursive narratives of imperial formations in the early period of U.S. empire and the construction of the Panama Canal. I trace elite travel narratives, newspapers, and memoirs to link the racialized labor regimes of the Canal to the domestic spaces of the Canal Zone. Finally, I argue that foreign land acquisitions and domestic service are inextricably entangled in tourism development across time and space in Panama. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1573-1588 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2150596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2150596 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1573-1588 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2149461_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Cassandra L. Workman Author-X-Name-First: Cassandra L. Author-X-Name-Last: Workman Author-Name: Sameer H. Shah Author-X-Name-First: Sameer H. Author-X-Name-Last: Shah Title: Water Infrastructure as Intrusion: Race, Exclusion, and Nostalgic Futures in North Carolina Abstract: In the late 1990s, the predominantly white community of Morningside, North Carolina, prevented annexation into the larger majority-minority city of Greensboro, citing their desire to “preserve their way of life.” This case demonstrates how a white, affluent town incorporated, resisting annexation, and with it, centralized water service connections. More than twenty years later, many residents in Morningside continue to reject centralized water and sewerage, fearing it will facilitate in-migration and erode the town’s “community character.” These decades-long dynamics maintain the high degree of racial residential segregation between Morningside and neighboring Greensboro. Morningside stands in stark contrast to many Black communities in North Carolina, which are underbounded and excluded from municipal water and sanitation. This case contributes to environmental injustice and water security scholarship in three ways. First, we enrich the meaning ascribed to water infrastructure and the purposes that it serves—as a connection (an improvement) and as an intrusion. Second, by situating these current contests within a larger historical context, we highlight the social constructedness of water. In this dialectical relationship, water is both the outward mechanism to marginalize, hiding the actors behind the process, and the object of corruption for people who are marginalized. Third, we demonstrate how water infrastructure advances exclusionary futures that rely on erasure and discursive coding. Overall, we caution how the depoliticization of centralized water infrastructure can enable the persistence of racial residential segregation in the United States. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1639-1651 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2149461 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2149461 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1639-1651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2157789_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ki’Amber Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Ki’Amber Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Title: Toward a World Where We Can Breathe: Abolitionist Environmental Justice Praxis Abstract: This article contributes to the growing literature bringing together environmental justice (EJ) and abolition, offering the Charles Roundtree Bloom Project in San Antonio, Texas, as a case of abolitionist EJ praxis. I argue that the Bloom Project disrupts capitalist and colonial relations, even if only provisionally, through radical space- and place-making that allow alternative worlds to emerge. “I can’t breathe” has been an embodiment and structure of feeling that reflects the historical patterns of policing and pollution across racialized geographies in the United States and connects historical patterns of racial capitalism and colonialism. I suggest that the Bloom Project is a model of how we can move from “I can’t breathe” to imagining and growing worlds where we can breathe. By foregrounding the work of the Bloom Project, this article moves away from analyses primarily focused on highlighting the ways that low-income communities of color are toxic and toward the ways that communities are imagining and practicing alternative ways of being, embodying the worlds they desire. I demonstrate how abolitionist EJ praxis contributes to the liberation of carceral geographies and toxic ways of relating to ourselves, each other, and the more-than-human world by providing alternative relationalities based on affirming and sustaining lifeways. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1699-1710 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2157789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2157789 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1699-1710 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2151406_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Christopher Reimer Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Reimer Author-Name: Sarah-Louise Ruder Author-X-Name-First: Sarah-Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Ruder Author-Name: Michele Koppes Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: Koppes Author-Name: Juanita Sundberg Author-X-Name-First: Juanita Author-X-Name-Last: Sundberg Title: A Pedagogy of Unbecoming for Geoscience Otherwise Abstract: White supremacy and human exceptionalism are the epistemological and political foundations of contemporary geosciences. Disciplinary norms and ways of being call forth the geoscientist as “man of reason.” How do we, as educators, invite students to analyze and act on the interconnected political ecological challenges of the current environmental crisis without reinforcing the man of reason, now refashioned as the reformed and greener “ecosystem man-ager”? What do we need to unlearn, to unbecome? Where and how can we do this unlearning and unbecoming? This article positions pedagogy as a site of disciplinary and institutional transformation. We outline an antiracist, anticolonial pedagogical framework—what we call a pedagogy of unbecoming—that nurtures an extrarational, embodied, and relational geosciences otherwise. We share our experience, as white settler educators in persistently white disciplines, of enacting this pedagogy of unbecoming and outline specific protocols we used in course design. In the end, our efforts to transform the look and feel of geographic knowing are pragmatic attempts to walk alongside endeavors led by marginalized communities—inside and outside of academia—to build worlds otherwise. We invite peers to join in an ongoing process of unbecoming to build the ontological and epistemological conditions necessary for mutual flourishing. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1711-1727 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2151406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2151406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1711-1727 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2157238_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Carrie Chennault Author-X-Name-First: Carrie Author-X-Name-Last: Chennault Author-Name: Lynn Sutton Author-X-Name-First: Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Sutton Title: At Home: Black Women’s Collective Claims to Environmentally Just Rental Housing Abstract: Environmental injustices have shaped how urban communities of color access, interact with, and are affected by indoor and outdoor environments in their daily lives. This includes access to and control of outdoor spaces, such as gardens, vacant neighborhood lots, and green spaces for growing food and plants and for coming together. For tenants in rented homes, it too often includes exposure to harmful indoor environments, such as toxic molds, rodent infestations, lead paint, broken heaters, and other unsafe and uncomfortable living conditions. Although geographers of race, nature, and environment have attended to rental housing through studies of green gentrification and racialized displacement, they have paid less attention to homes themselves and the survivability of Black women through everyday practices of resistance and placemaking. This community coauthored article focuses on Dubuque, Iowa—a predominately White, small Midwestern U.S. city with a growing Black population—and examines the cooperative practices of Black women tenants and community activists in pressing the municipal government to hold landlords responsible for living conditions in private rental homes. Together, they are working through institutional policy and procedural hurdles to confront anti-Blackness, cocreate livable urban environments, and “stay put” in the midst of gentrifying neighborhood revitalization plans. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1682-1698 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2157238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2157238 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1682-1698 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2137455_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Morgan P. Vickers Author-X-Name-First: Morgan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Vickers Title: On Swampification: Black Ecologies, Moral Geographies, and Racialized Swampland Destruction Abstract: This article introduces swampification, a social and methodological process whereby governments, corporations, and the press socially (re)invented swamplands as spaces of death, disease, and “uninhabitability” to justify their destruction. Using the case of the Santee-Cooper Hydroelectric and Navigation Project in New Deal South Carolina, this article demonstrates how White institutions sought to eradicate Black autonomous spaces and ecological connections. I build on Black ecologies, a subfield that aims to illuminate conditions and relations Black people have with/in ecological and social worlds that comprise struggles for existence and legacies of world building. I propose coupling Black ecologies with moral geographies to bring attention to the sociospatial imaginaries placed on Black people that forced them to the ecological margins, then later extracted them from those very spaces when the landscapes stood in the way of White progress. Swampification did not merely stagnate Black terraqueous landscapes but further perpetuated racial stereotypes of Blackness as out-of-place and pestilent, and situated the presence of non-White others as antithetical to U.S. progress. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1674-1681 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2137455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2137455 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1674-1681 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2125361_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Gabriela Rodrigues Gois Author-X-Name-First: Gabriela Rodrigues Author-X-Name-Last: Gois Title: Nature, Agriculture, and Black Space-Making in Serra dos Tapes, Brazil Abstract: In this work, I focus on how Quilombolas in southern Brazil create territorial conceptions and practices. Contemporary quilombos constitute complex forms of social organization composed of different collectivities and political subjectivities whose ancestors resisted colonial slavery by creating free communities in urban and rural spaces. In Serra dos Tapes, rural Black Quilombola communities have struggled with geographic dispossession, socioeconomic inequalities, and everyday racism. At the same time, they have created space-making practices, thinking of their territory as a lived space. Agriculture plays an essential role in this process, articulating knowledge, creativity, and a unique relationship to nature. Black people in Serra dos Tapes consider the cultivation and their relation to nature meaningful in the constitution of their identities, food security, and autonomy. Results of this study were gained through the life history method. Taking Quilombolas’ practices, narratives, and trajectories seriously in their political and epistemological importance, this article aims to offer some insights to advance discussions concerning the entanglement of race, nature, and environment within geographical studies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1589-1598 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2125361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2125361 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1589-1598 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2107985_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Tianna Bruno Author-X-Name-First: Tianna Author-X-Name-Last: Bruno Title: Ecological Memory in the Biophysical Afterlife of Slavery Abstract: Building on the work of Saidiya Hartman, Black studies scholars have long theorized and analyzed what it means to exist in the afterlife of slavery, which refers to the precarity and devaluation of Black life since chattel slavery. This article draws the natural environment into this discourse to conceptualize the biophysical afterlife of slavery. The biophysical afterlife of slavery describes how the precarity and devaluation of Black life has affected the natural environments in which these lives exist. Slavery left lingering impacts on soil, water, and vegetation regimes as it maneuvered and settled across the earth, but importantly, its ideological and sociopolitical legacies continue to impact Black ecologies today. I argue that to methodologically attend to the biophysical afterlife of slavery there must be a meaningful integration of critical physical geography and Black geographies. As an example of this integration, I suggest that there is a myriad of methods used to reconstruct environmental histories, such as dendrochronology that, when brought together with a Black geographies lens, create mechanisms to analyze the past, present, and future of the biophysical afterlife of slavery. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1543-1553 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2022.2107985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2022.2107985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1543-1553 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2231824_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Katie Meehan Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Meehan Author-Name: Mabel Denzin Gergan Author-X-Name-First: Mabel Denzin Author-X-Name-Last: Gergan Author-Name: Sharlene Mollett Author-X-Name-First: Sharlene Author-X-Name-Last: Mollett Author-Name: Laura Pulido Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Pulido Title: Unsettling Race, Nature, and Environment in Geography Abstract: What might it mean to “unsettle” our disciplinary understanding of race, nature, and the environment? In this introduction to the 2023 Special Issue of the Annals of the American Association of Geographers—focused on Race, Nature, and the Environment—we reflect on the meaning and practice of unsettling in a time of climate crisis, toxic legacies, uneven development, state violence, mass extinctions, carceral logics, and racial injustices that shape—and are shaped by—the (re)production of nature. We note the ascendancy of critical scholarship on race and racialization in Anglo-American geography; its uneven diffusion and unmet challenges; and the unstoppable force of insurgent thinking, abolition geography, critical race theory, Black and Indigenous geographies, scholar activism, and environmental justice praxis in taking hold and transforming the discipline. The sixteen articles in this special issue embody different ways to “unsettle” disciplinary thought across the vibrant fields of political ecology and human–environment geography. We discuss how the articles collectively grapple with timely questions of land, water, territory, and place-making; render visible the spatial and socioecological reproduction of power and violence by capital and the state; and make space for the enduring politics of struggle on multiple registers—body, home, classroom, park, city, community, region, and world. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1535-1542 Issue: 7 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2231824 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2231824 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:7:p:1535-1542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2205514_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Wenfei Xu Author-X-Name-First: Wenfei Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Title: Where Did Redlining Matter? Regional Heterogeneity and the Uneven Distribution of Advantage Abstract: This article analyzes the regional variation in outcomes of a seemingly standardized federal neighborhood valuation principle used in home mortgage insurance grading. The objective is to highlight the contingent discriminatory and economic conditions that mediated heterogeneous housing outcomes across different parts of the United States. How did city and regional economic and demographic growth patterns vary before and during the mortgage insurance program implemented through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)? How might this have shaped loan guarantee patterns? How does preexisting racial housing discrimination relate to outcomes? Adopting an orientation that centers on Whiteness and the benefits of mortgage finance for certain groups and neighborhoods, this analysis uses a Bayesian hierarchical framework to investigate the degree of the FHA’s influence between 1940 and 1970, here proxied by the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation maps, on A or B (“AB”) graded neighborhoods versus C graded neighborhoods in different cities. This article studies how home values and homeownership change over time and whether there are regional variations in the influence of these grades. It also studies what longitudinal socioeconomic patterns might explain the persistence or decline of the AB effect over time. Findings show cities in the West Coast, Southwest, and northern central United States that saw the most housing construction also had the highest proportions of FHA loans to overall dwelling units. There is also a distinctive consistency and persistence of benefit on home value and homeownership to AB graded neighborhoods in these cities, possibly owing to regional shifts in the industrial landscape. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1939-1959 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2205514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2205514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1939-1959 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2192266_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Federico Ferretti Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Ferretti Title: South of the South: Political Dissidence, Exile, and Latin American Transnationalism Around the “New Geography” Meetings in the Southern Cone (1960s–1970s) Abstract: Based on new archival documents and on original interviews, this article extends recent works exploring radical and critical geographies from linguistic areas other than the Anglo-American ones. It addresses the extraordinary story of the two international meetings for the “New Geography” that took place in Salto, Uruguay, in 1973 and in Neuquén, Argentina, in 1974, still ill-known due to the military dictatorships in the Southern Cone, which forced many of their protagonists to exile or to professional reconversion. Analyzing surviving documents and reconstructing the trajectories of these gatherings’ protagonists allows the development of an original point for today’s critical and radical geographies. That is, the frameworks of national academies are insufficient to develop critical approaches that need first to be constructed through practices rather than mere theories, addressing societal problems in connection with activism. This business can be only accomplished though voluntarist, transnational and cosmopolitan scholars’ engagement. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1745-1761 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2192266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2192266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1745-1761 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2200548_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Charlie Frye Author-X-Name-First: Charlie Author-X-Name-Last: Frye Author-Name: Roger Sayre Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Sayre Author-Name: Alexander B. Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Alexander B. Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Author-Name: Deniz Karagülle Author-X-Name-First: Deniz Author-X-Name-Last: Karagülle Author-Name: Moira Pippi Author-X-Name-First: Moira Author-X-Name-Last: Pippi Author-Name: Mark Gilbert Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Gilbert Author-Name: Jaynya W. Richards Author-X-Name-First: Jaynya W. Author-X-Name-Last: Richards Title: Named Landforms of the World: A Geomorphological and Physiographic Compilation Abstract: Prior to the current era of digital geomorphological mapping, global and regional-scale land surface characterization was advanced by qualitative interpretations that relied on human visualization aided by disciplinary knowledge of geophysical processes combined with extensive field study. In the early twentieth century, Fenneman proposed to devise systematic physiographic divisions of the United States and in 1916 produced what is still regarded as an authoritative map of these divisions. His physiographic regions were developed to provide context when describing land surface characteristics of smaller areas using well-known regional characteristics and descriptors. In 1968, geographer Richard E. Murphy published a large-format map of the “Landforms of the World” to fill a gap in the suite of standard classroom maps. In 1990, the British geomorphologist E. M. Bridges published World Geomorphology, providing the first global treatment and description of divisions, provinces, and sections—the same hierarchical land partitioning concepts that Fenneman used decades earlier. In the twenty-first century, geographic information systems (GIS) technologies are nearly ubiquitous, yet neither Murphy’s nor Bridges’s work existed as GIS data. To further illuminate their pioneering work, we (1) recompiled Murphy’s landforms as a spatial combination of modern existing data layers, and (2) used the recompiled Murphy’s landforms as a basis for the boundaries of the divisions, provinces, and sections described by Bridges. Our aggregation yields a new resource, Named Landforms of the World, version 2.0, which provides a reference-level, basemap-quality data layer that can significantly facilitate mapping, assessing, and understanding Earth surface features. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1762-1780 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2200548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2200548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1762-1780 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2208645_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Alison Mountz Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Mountz Author-Name: Kira Williams Author-X-Name-First: Kira Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Let Geography Die: The Rise, Fall, and “Unfinished Business” of Geography at Harvard Abstract: This article documents the rise and fall of geography at Harvard University, from the earliest instruction in the seventeenth century to its demise in the mid-twentieth century. Analysis of recently released data from university archives enables deeper understandings than previously written in existing literature, including a focus on the roles of key figures central to the decision to end geography and the prolonged struggle to sustain geography at the college. The article refutes unfounded claims made by key figures to end geography and aims to tell a more nuanced, empirically detailed, queer account of this history. Of central importance to this account is the work of Harvard geography professor Derwent Whittlesey. By providing this more nuanced account, we endeavor to address what a 1951 report at the college identified as the “unfinished business” of geography at Harvard. We discuss an erasure that has long haunted both the discipline of geography and the campus by arguing that the feminization of geographical knowledge and the homophobic feminization of queer geographers at Harvard proved central to the suppression of geographical education and closure of the geography program. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1977-2002 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2208645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2208645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1977-2002 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2200468_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Linus Kalvelage Author-X-Name-First: Linus Author-X-Name-Last: Kalvelage Author-Name: Javier Revilla Diez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Revilla Author-X-Name-Last: Diez Author-Name: Michael Bollig Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Bollig Title: Valuing Nature in Global Production Networks: Hunting Tourism and the Weight of History in Zambezi, Namibia Abstract: Southern African ecosystems are threatened by biodiversity loss, but it remains highly controversial whether nature conservation can be successfully achieved by commodifying ecosystems through tourism or by withdrawing habitats from their integration into globalized production. This article contributes to the debate by applying the global production network (GPN) approach to analyze institutional dynamics and actors involved in the commodification of nature. While highlighting historical drivers of GPN articulation, we advance the GPN framework by integrating a practice-based perspective on value making. Based on archival research, qualitative interviews and quantitative data, this contribution examines the historical and current commodification of wildlife in the Zambezi region in northeastern Namibia. Under the umbrella of the community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) policy, the postapartheid government allows the regulated harvesting of individual animals for hunting tourism. This policy mobilizes wildlife as an endogenous natural asset that is embedded in the region. As a consequence, local institutions emerge that enable strategic coupling processes with the global hunting industry to initiate development trajectories in the remote region. The historical perspective, however, reveals that former elites are able to take advantage of these newly emerging opportunities and maintain a powerful position in the GPN until today. The analysis shows three mechanisms that drive the valuation of nature: local institution building, quota making, and revenue sharing. We conclude that the valuation of nature is a way of mobilizing regional assets through strategic coupling and gains realized from this commodification are used to build local institutions that ensure ongoing valuation. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1818-1834 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2200468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2200468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1818-1834 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2209629_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Wen-Bin Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Wen-Bin Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Yong Ge Author-X-Name-First: Yong Author-X-Name-Last: Ge Author-Name: Hexiang Bai Author-X-Name-First: Hexiang Author-X-Name-Last: Bai Author-Name: Yan Jin Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Jin Author-Name: Alfred Stein Author-X-Name-First: Alfred Author-X-Name-Last: Stein Author-Name: Peter M. Atkinson Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Atkinson Title: Spatial Association from the Perspective of Mutual Information Abstract: Measures of spatial association are important to reveal the spatial structures and patterns in geographical phenomena. They have utility for spatial interpolation, stochastic simulation, and causal inference, among others. Such measures are abundantly available for continuous spatial variables, whereas for categorical spatial variables they are less well developed. In this research, we developed a measure of spatial association for categorical spatial variables coined the entropogram, quantifying its spatial association using mutual information. Mutual information concerns information shared by pairs of random variables at different locations as revealed by their observed joint frequency distribution and marginal frequency distributions. The developed new measure is modeled as a function of lag in analogy to the variogram. Whereas existing measures focus mainly on interstate relationships, the entropogram models the spatial correlation in categorical spatial variables holistically. In this way, the entropogram imparts multiple advantages, for example, simplifying the representation of spatial structure for categorical variables and facilitating communication. The entropogram also reflects variation in the spatial correlation between different states. We first explored the properties of the entropogram in a simulation study. Then, we applied the entropogram to analyze the spatial association of land cover types in Qinxian, Shanxi, China. We conclude that the entropogram provides a suitable addition to existing measures of spatial association for applications in a wide range of disciplines where the categorical spatial variable is of interest. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1960-1976 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2209629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2209629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1960-1976 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2206469_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Shiqi Yao Author-X-Name-First: Shiqi Author-X-Name-Last: Yao Author-Name: Bo Huang Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: Spatiotemporal Interpolation Using Graph Neural Network Abstract: Spatiotemporal interpolation is a widely used technique for estimating values at unsampled locations using the spatiotemporal dependencies in observations. Classic interpolation models face challenges, however, in dealing with the inherent nonlinearity and nonstationarity of spatiotemporal processes, particularly in sparse and irregularly sampled regions. To overcome these issues, we propose a novel model for spatiotemporal interpolation based on machine learning and graphs, called graph neural network–based spatiotemporal interpolation (GNN-STI). Our approach employs a locally stationary diffusion kernel to capture complex spatiotemporal dependencies in both sample-rich and sample-poor areas using a spatiotemporal Voronoi-adjacency graph structure. We evaluate the performance of GNN-STI against four baseline models using two experiments: a simulation experiment with a sample-rich simulated data set, and a real-world PM2.5 experiment involving both sample-rich and sample-poor areas across China. Experimental results demonstrate that GNN-STI provides accurate interpolations with high efficiency in both experiments compared to the baseline models. Therefore, our research presents an effective and practical model for spatiotemporal interpolation in various situations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1856-1877 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2206469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2206469 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1856-1877 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2201339_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Raphael Deberdt Author-X-Name-First: Raphael Author-X-Name-Last: Deberdt Author-Name: Philippe Le Billon Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: Le Billon Title: Outer Space Mining: Exploring Techno-Utopianism in a Time of Climate Crisis Abstract: Outer space holds a special place in the geographical imagination of techno-utopianism. At a time of climate crisis, the mining of celestial bodies, including asteroids, is cast as a possible “tech-driven” response to the need for “green transition” mineral resources in a context of rising geopolitical tensions and concerns over terrestrial extraction. Although still a long way from commercial-scale implementation, outer space mining no longer appears as far-fetched science fiction within the context of a booming “New Space” industry and privatization of celestial commons. Drawing from a growing body of research and critiques of responsible mineral sourcing, we explore some of the legal, political, ethical, and environmental dimensions of outer space mining, and compare them with land-based and deep-sea terrestrial mining. We then point to key areas for further geographical and social sciences enquiries into outer space extractive frontiers, including the uneven distribution of space mining wealth, the impacts on terrestrial mining communities in the Global South, and the reconceptualization of the mining enclave. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1878-1899 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2201339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2201339 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1878-1899 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2193249_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Aideen Foley Author-X-Name-First: Aideen Author-X-Name-Last: Foley Author-Name: Laurie Brinklow Author-X-Name-First: Laurie Author-X-Name-Last: Brinklow Author-Name: Jack Corbett Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Corbett Author-Name: Ilan Kelman Author-X-Name-First: Ilan Author-X-Name-Last: Kelman Author-Name: Carola Klöck Author-X-Name-First: Carola Author-X-Name-Last: Klöck Author-Name: Stefano Moncada Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: Moncada Author-Name: Michelle Mycoo Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Mycoo Author-Name: Patrick Nunn Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Nunn Author-Name: Jonathan Pugh Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Pugh Author-Name: Stacy-ann Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Stacy-ann Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Verena Tandrayen-Ragoobur Author-X-Name-First: Verena Author-X-Name-Last: Tandrayen-Ragoobur Author-Name: Rory Walshe Author-X-Name-First: Rory Author-X-Name-Last: Walshe Title: Understanding “Islandness” Abstract: Islandness is a contested concept, not just between disciplines but also cultures, entangled with what islands, island studies, and island identity are understood to be. The purpose of this article is to explore some of these different meanings, without necessarily unifying or reconciling them, with the aim of keeping multiple understandings of islandness in creative tension. We begin by considering islandness as smallness, recognizing that though many entry points into island studies relate to size in some way, what constitutes small is dependent on both context and worldview. Next, we consider islandness as culture, and the concept of island identity, which is expressed in varied forms. Finally, we consider framings of islands as others, and the extent to which contemporary narratives linked to islands are really inherent to islands or not. Ultimately, we conclude that although there is much to be gained from appreciating differing understandings of islandness, these multiple meanings make it critical to reflect on context wherever the term is used, and exercise care in assigning attributes and outcomes to islandness. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1800-1817 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2193249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2193249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1800-1817 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2230755_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: David H. Kaplan Author-X-Name-First: David H. Author-X-Name-Last: Kaplan Title: Who Are We? Redefining the Academic Community Abstract: This presidential address focuses on how community intertwines with geography. On one hand, geography is the discipline that studies the community as it exists in place. Geography itself is a community—an intellectual, social, and cultural community—that must be supported and expanded. Geography’s strength has been in upholding this community. Today, the discipline of geography suffers from some real challenges. The number of majors has recently declined, and more programs have closed than have opened in recent years. Improving our geographic community can be accomplished through four efforts. First, we need to improve our institutional diversity. Second, we must increase our workforce diversity. Third, we need to attend to expanding our discipline to first-generation students. Finally, we must harness the growth of Advanced Placement Human Geography to improve the status of geography in higher education. These and other efforts will go a long way in expanding the community of geography and in reinvigorating geography as a discipline. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2003-2012 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2230755 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2230755 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:2003-2012 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2206476_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jing Ma Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Author-Name: Guanpeng Dong Author-X-Name-First: Guanpeng Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Title: Periodicity and Variability in Daily Activity Satisfaction: Toward a Space-Time Modeling of Subjective Well-Being Abstract: Understanding how geographical environments influence peoples’ subjective experiences of daily activities is of great potential for improving subjective well-being (SWB), a subject that is presently limited by a lack of available data and proper statistical methods. Focusing on Beijing and using a unique data set that linked residents’ seven-day mobility trajectories at a fine spatiotemporal resolution to their complete activity participation and momentary well-being, this article investigates the temporal dynamics of and geographical contextual effects on SWB of daily activities. We developed a unified spatial multilevel stochastic process model to simultaneously capture periodicity, stochastic dynamics, and individual heterogeneity effects. Results show that momentary SWB has a twenty-four-hour periodicity and evolves stochastically around individual equilibrium states depending on key life-circumstance variables. Migrants and low-income residents tend to have lower equilibrium states than their counterparts. Real-time air pollution exposure significantly lowers daily activity satisfaction levels, and an inverted-U-shaped relationship exists between city vibrancy and satisfaction. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1918-1938 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2206476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2206476 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1918-1938 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2200507_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Mark Kear Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Kear Author-Name: Dugan Meyer Author-X-Name-First: Dugan Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer Author-Name: Margaret O. Wilder Author-X-Name-First: Margaret O. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilder Title: Real Property Supremacy: Manufactured Housing and the Limits of Inclusion through Finance Abstract: Manufactured housing (MH) communities have emerged as a high-profile and lucrative asset class. Despite this, it is costly or impossible to get loans to buy homes in most mobile home parks. This article explores this ostensible contradiction—that whereas MH parks are desirable and liquid assets, the individual homes that compose them are not. We explore the implications of this contradiction for housing justice as well as financial and environmental vulnerability. We argue that the marginality of MH in U.S. housing markets is rooted in the privileging of real property above personal property. We describe the origins and impacts of this “real property supremacy” in two parts. In the first, we outline the macro-historical context of real property supremacy using a variety of sources, including interviews with federal officials and industry experts as well as document analysis. In the second, we connect this macro context to its micro consequences, drawing on interviews with MH residents, nonprofit and social-service practitioners, and park managers and owners in Tucson, Arizona. We conclude that state-supported property hierarchies create conditions where constrained housing options, semiformal financial practices, and unique tenure forms combine to (re)produce unique and intersecting forms of vulnerability in MH communities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1900-1917 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2200507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2200507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1900-1917 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2201631_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Min Yang Author-X-Name-First: Min Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Donggen Wang Author-X-Name-First: Donggen Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: How do Spatiotemporally Patterned Everyday Activities Explain Variations in People’s Mental Health? Abstract: Everyday activities in space and time have received much research attention in recent years. Geographers are interested in not only the spatial and temporal patterns of people’s everyday activities, but also the implications of such activities for social inequality and health outcomes. This study investigates how individuals’ weekday and weekend mobility and activities are associated with mental health. We argue that everyday activities play an important role in mental health because of the cognitive and affective processes associated with, not to mention the spatiotemporal exposure incurred by, conducting these activities. Data were collected in 2018 from 1,985 respondents living in thirty neighborhoods of Shanghai, China. Path analysis models are developed to establish links between daily activities and mental health, controlling for sociodemographics and residential location. Results show that mental health differs significantly among people not only of different sociodemographic groups, but also with different daily activity patterns. Weekday and weekend activities are found to have different influences on mental health. This research extends the existing literature on mental health by considering the mental health impacts of individuals’ daily activities and travel. The research findings are relevant for developing spatial policy interventions to promote mental health. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1781-1799 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2201631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2201631 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1781-1799 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2200487_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Piotr Zagórski Author-X-Name-First: Piotr Author-X-Name-Last: Zagórski Author-Name: Kamila Frydrych Author-X-Name-First: Kamila Author-X-Name-Last: Frydrych Author-Name: Jacek Jania Author-X-Name-First: Jacek Author-X-Name-Last: Jania Author-Name: Małgorzata Błaszczyk Author-X-Name-First: Małgorzata Author-X-Name-Last: Błaszczyk Author-Name: Monica Sund Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Sund Author-Name: Mateusz Moskalik Author-X-Name-First: Mateusz Author-X-Name-Last: Moskalik Title: Surges in Three Svalbard Glaciers Derived from Historic Sources and Geomorphic Features Abstract: Surge-type glaciers in Svalbard are common and have been studied extensively. Whereas active phases of surges were observed and thoroughly investigated recently, data on surges in the past are limited. They are essential, however, to assess the duration of the surge cycle, to determine relation to climatic impulses, and to better understand triggering factors and the mechanism of this phenomenon. Three glaciers located in Recherchefjorden, NW Wedel Jarlsberg Land (Svalbard) were studied because they undergo the same regional climate conditions but differ by the basin’s size and morphology front types. The article employed different types of data, including geomorphological records, cartographic, graphic, and bibliographic sources. These sources permitted the determination of the location of the termini of glaciers and the quantitative and qualitative description of the rate of changes determined with computer analysis and statistical compilation. Such analysis of other data sources enabled the reconstruction of glaciers’ behavior in the past. Glacier surges in the study area correspond with this type of phenomenon in Svalbard. The results obtained showed a certain synchronization of surges in the 1820s and 1830s, the 1880s, the first half of the twentieth century, and particularly the last decade. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1835-1855 Issue: 8 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2200487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2200487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:8:p:1835-1855 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2211141_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Rae D. Rosenberg Author-X-Name-First: Rae D. Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenberg Title: Geographies of Hegemonic Gay Masculinity: Interplays of Trans and Racialized In/Exclusions in the Gay Village of Toronto Abstract: Little geographical work has explored the role of hegemonic gay masculinity in constructing queer spaces and its impacts on multiply marginalized lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, Two-Spirit, and additional (LGBTQ2+) people. Building on interviews with LGBTQ2+ youth experiencing homelessness, and photographs taken by them, this article investigates how hegemonic gay masculinity materializes in visual representations of gendered bodies throughout Toronto’s gay village, and how this is reflected in feminine and trans or gender non-conforming (TGNC) youth’s social experiences of the neighborhood. Through a framework of hegemonic masculinity, gender and race are understood as co-constitutive and read simultaneously in the queer geographical productions of gendered inclusions and exclusions among LGBTQ2+ youth experiencing homelessness. This article analyzes how hegemonic gay masculinity links queer spaces to various structures of power through visual cultures, including whiteness, cisnormativity, nationalism, and able-bodiedness, and the implications of this in the everyday social relations of feminine and TGNC youth experiencing homelessness. Through this exploration, this article presents how visual representations of gendered bodies communicate hegemonic masculinity in built queer environments, instruct varying forms of gendered and racialized inclusions and exclusions, and (re)produce a sense of unbelonging for some of the most marginalized members of the LGBTQ2+ community. Key Words: gay village, hegemonic masculinity, queer geographies, race, trans geographies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2219-2236 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2211141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2211141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2219-2236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2216773_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Geonhwa You Author-X-Name-First: Geonhwa Author-X-Name-Last: You Title: Urban Mobility and Knowledge Extraction from Chaotic Time Series Data: A Comparative Analysis for Uncovering COVID-19 Effects Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic exerted devastating effects on the global economy, public health, and urban life. The geographical consequences lie in spatial time series dimensions, but the chaotic characteristics hinder intuitive understanding. Aiming to discover the variance of urban mobility in the pandemic context, this article presents a hybrid clustering technique called whole time sequence mixture (WTSM). The combination of whole time and subsequence techniques ensures robustness to data volume, dimensionality, sampling, distortion tasks, and a prior constraint. For yellow taxi trips in New York City, the case study spanned the pre-, mid-, and postpandemic periods and compared the performance of the established methods (symbolic aggregate approximation and dynamic time warping) and WTSM techniques. Findings revealed COVID-19 trends and social restriction-induced mobility variations and determined that vaccine supply did not lead to immediate mobility restoration. Meanwhile, concepts of validation indexes and computational complexity corroborate the superiority of WTSM. The transient cluster arising from temporal dissimilarity is a unique finding of WTSM, which led to high cluster cohesion and separation. WTSM can obtain new knowledge and rationale for urgent government intervention and epidemic management, not sacrificing computational efficiency and clustering quality. With the improved storage capability and desire for multidimensional pattern extraction, the increased accessibility to the chaotic time series data sets could promote further studies and help administrative schemes. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2166-2185 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2216773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2216773 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2166-2185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2230288_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Yi-Jie Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Yi-Jie Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Author-Name: Jennifer Collins Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Joanne Muller Author-X-Name-First: Joanne Author-X-Name-Last: Muller Author-Name: Philip Klotzbach Author-X-Name-First: Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Klotzbach Title: Accumulated Cyclone Energy-Based Tropical Cyclone Return Periods in Florida Abstract: This article introduces an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) approach for estimating the return period of tropical cyclone (TC) wind risk in Florida. As opposed to calculating return periods directly from maximum sustained wind speed, the ACE-based approach also describes the duration of the strong winds, giving an additional dimension to the assessment of TC wind risks. Because Florida is a peninsula, TCs can move across the state within six hours of landfall, causing an underestimation of the inland wind footprint if only the six-hour reanalysis track points are employed as an input data source. This study uses four different scenarios and an inland exponential decay function to interpolate the wind speed between the six-hour reanalysis track points to feed the ACE-based return period calculation based on a 121-year record from 1900 to 2020. South Florida has the shortest return period (five to ten years) of TCs with an ACE equivalent to one hour of hurricane intensity (≥ 64 kt; 1 kt ∼ 0.51 m s−1) caused by intense historical hurricane strikes, and Polk County in inland central Florida has an equal return period due to frequent and long-duration TC occurrences, acting as an intersection for landfalling TCs in the Florida peninsula. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2013-2030 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2230288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2230288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2013-2030 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2209141_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bader AlBader Author-X-Name-First: Bader Author-X-Name-Last: AlBader Author-Name: Odessa Gonzalez Benson Author-X-Name-First: Odessa Gonzalez Author-X-Name-Last: Benson Author-Name: Vadim Besprozvany Author-X-Name-First: Vadim Author-X-Name-Last: Besprozvany Author-Name: Antonio Siciliano Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Siciliano Author-Name: Elena Godin Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Godin Title: At a Loss at the Loss at Sea: Families of the Missing Migrants of the Mediterranean and the (Bermuda) Triangle of Space, Articulation, and Justice Abstract: Over the past decade, thousands have been recorded dead or missing after attempting to cross the sea from north Africa to southern Europe. In contrast to the governmental apathy to this plight, behind these missing people are those who steadfastly remain in search, demanding answers and seeking closure. Drawing on an intimate engagement with Tunisian families involved in activism, this article highlights the tripartite lacuna within which they find themselves: The slipping of their sons into the black box of intercontinental “illegal” immigration betrays the contingency of their narratives and the illusiveness of closure. We attend to these families’ responses to finding themselves in search of loved ones effectively, if not actually, lost at sea. By thinking with and through their efforts, we decenter the locus of Mediterranean-borne stories from statist and Eurocentric anxieties to a particular set of subaltern experiences. Linking these intimate geographies to the political landscapes in which they are imbricated serves to show how (inter)subjectivity at the familial scale is not detached from (geo)political imagination. By triangulating between space, stories, and sapience in these families’ experiences, we recognize in their yearning and striving amidst a spatially conditioned injustice an articulation of a familial mythos underpinning a situated geopolitical intervention from below. Still, the families live the day-to-day, their hearts yearning for a reunion here and now, their eyes fixed on the northern (event) horizon. May their eyes find coolness. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2149-2165 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2209141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2209141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2149-2165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2216762_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Hugh B. Roland Author-X-Name-First: Hugh B. Author-X-Name-Last: Roland Author-Name: Katherine J. Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Katherine J. Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Name: Kristen M. C. Malecki Author-X-Name-First: Kristen M. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Malecki Author-Name: Donghoon Lee Author-X-Name-First: Donghoon Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Juan Bazo Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Bazo Author-Name: Paul Block Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Block Title: Geographic Isolation and Vulnerability Across Peru’s Ecological Regions: The Influence of Regional Contexts of Extraction Abstract: Geographically isolated places are often sites of exported environmental risks, intense resource extraction, exploitation and marginalization, and social policy neglect. These conditions create unique challenges related to vulnerability and adaptation that have direct disaster management implications. Our research investigates the relationship between geographic isolation and flood-related social vulnerability across Peru’s ecological regions. Ecoregions have different relationships with colonialism and capitalism that shape vulnerability, and we hypothesize that the relationship between vulnerability and geographic isolation varies across ecoregions. Using mapping techniques and spatial regression analysis, we find that relationships between vulnerability and geographic isolation vary regionally, with differences that suggest alignment with regional contexts of extraction. We find notable differences in vulnerability related to public health infrastructure and access to services and between ecoregions with sharply contrasting histories of natural resource extraction and investment and disinvestment. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2126-2148 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2216762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2216762 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2126-2148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2210209_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Britain Hopkins Author-X-Name-First: Britain Author-X-Name-Last: Hopkins Author-Name: Ian Klinke Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Klinke Title: Ellen Churchill Semple’s Political Economy: Slavery, Frontier, Imperium Abstract: Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), the first woman president of the Association of American Geographers, was a pivotal figure in the formation of twentieth century human geography and geopolitics. Her oeuvre, however, is often situated exclusively within the tradition of Friedrich Ratzel’s Anthropogeographie. Crucially, an equally important source of inspiration predated Semple’s encounter with the German geographer and remains largely unaccounted for: Anglophone liberal political economy. This article argues that from her 1891 dissertation on slavery until her 1931 book on the geography of the ancient Mediterranean, Semple mobilized a framework of liberal political economy to reconcile tensions she imagined between her country’s legacy of slavery and her support for its growing empire. This strand of her thought highlights the political versatility of anthropogeography and sheds new light on the interplay of geopolitics and liberalism that haunts U.S. security, trade, and migration policy to this day. Key Words: anthropogeography, Ellen Churchill Semple, empire, frontier, liberalism, slavery. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2237-2251 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2210209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2210209 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2237-2251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2221725_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Diarmaid Kelliher Author-X-Name-First: Diarmaid Author-X-Name-Last: Kelliher Title: Disruption and Control: Contesting Mobilities through the Picket Line Abstract: By exploring the relationship between picket lines and drivers in 1970s Britain, this article considers how mobility and the spatial practices of trade unionsm shape labor geographies. Focusing on issues raised by work on logistics and blockades, it argues that too much emphasis has been placed on tactics of interruption. Drawing on Toscano's writings, I suggest that paying attention to the complex entanglement of disruption and control enables a more sophisticated account of workers’ agency. The article explores three key moments in the relationship between picketing and mobility: the 1972 miners’ strike, debates over picketing legislation in the mid-1970s, and the road haulage dispute in 1979. In doing so, it makes a number of contributions to labor geography. First, it foregrounds the picket line as a key site for understanding the spatialities of working-class organization. Second, it highlights how struggles for control are shaped by competing conceptions of rights and moral economies. Third, it develops thinking on the relationship between mobility and agency by exploring how workers’ power became entangled with the control of movement. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2252-2268 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2221725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2221725 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2252-2268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2210647_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Paulina Nordström Author-X-Name-First: Paulina Author-X-Name-Last: Nordström Author-Name: Riina Lundman Author-X-Name-First: Riina Author-X-Name-Last: Lundman Author-Name: Johanna Hautala Author-X-Name-First: Johanna Author-X-Name-Last: Hautala Title: Evolving Coagency between Artists and AI in the Spatial Cocreative Process of Artmaking Abstract: This article applies theoretical and empirical discussions of emerging human and digital technology relations to our interest in collaborative artist–artificial intelligence (AI) artmaking processes. Thus far, the theoretical focus has largely been on mediating (code) and merged (cyborg) human–technology relations, with mutual (coagency) relations yet to be adequately explored. To address this, we nuance the theoretical discussion and extend the empirical research, analyzing the spatial cocreative artmaking process through video interviews with eighteen Finnish artists using AI. Drawing on the work of Barad, we regard humans and AI as fundamentally entwined, receiving their agencies through intra-action. Building on this, we demonstrate how the agencies of artists and AI emerge and mutually evolve across three stages of the creative process: (1) coding and data, (2) learning and training, and (3) curating the outcome. Thus, through our empirical research on how artist and AI create new material and meaningful artworlds, we are able to nuance understanding of coagency as a spatial process. Key Words: agency, art, artificial intelligence, cocreativity, digital geographies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2203-2218 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2210647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2210647 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2203-2218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2211155_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Wangshu Mu Author-X-Name-First: Wangshu Author-X-Name-Last: Mu Author-Name: Daoqin Tong Author-X-Name-First: Daoqin Author-X-Name-Last: Tong Author-Name: Tony H. Grubesic Author-X-Name-First: Tony H. Author-X-Name-Last: Grubesic Author-Name: Hung-Chi Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hung-Chi Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Edward Helderop Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Helderop Author-Name: Jennifer A. Miller Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer A. Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: Elisa Jayne Bienenstock Author-X-Name-First: Elisa Jayne Author-X-Name-Last: Bienenstock Title: Geoforensics with Pollen Quantification: A Spatial Perspective Abstract: Geoforensic science investigates the location and time of criminal occurrences by integrating multiple fields, including geography, criminology, ecology, biology, and geology. The ubiquity, durability, and spatial-temporal predictability make pollen a frequently used biomarker in geoforensic investigations to help determine the provenance of hard-to-trace items, including computers, counterfeit products, digging equipment, clothing, and undetonated explosives. The recently developed Geoforensic Interdiction (GOFIND) model links the pollen combination collected from a sample object with the probability of locations traversed by the object. Although the GOFIND model improves over the traditional single-site joint probability approach and can be used to identify multiple locations simultaneously, substantial limitations remain. In particular, GOFIND requires specifying the number of locations traversed by an object in advance—a priori knowledge that is almost impossible to obtain in real-world applications. This article aims to introduce the GOFIND + model that leverages detected and undetected pollen to establish a probabilistic relation between pollen and the corresponding species distribution in the environment. Our simulation tests using the USDA CropScape data for the state of Texas show that the GOFIND + model outperforms the GOFIND model in predictive accuracy. Further, GOFIND + does not require that users specify the number of geographical stops and sites a priori. Key Words: geoforensics, GOFIND+, pollen, spatial optimization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2031-2047 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2211155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2211155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2031-2047 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2209632_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Lei Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Red or Expert: Reforming Geographers in Communist China, 1949–1953 Abstract: This article investigates the Sovietization of Chinese geographers during the early People’s Republic of China (PRC) using primary sources and published biographies to examine three career paths: red, expert, and red and expert. The red geographers, led by the veteran Communist Sun Jingzhi, who monopolized the field of economic geography, shifted the orientation of geography from the Western model to the model followed in the Soviet Union. The pre-Communist geographers, under the leadership of Harvard-trained Zhu Kezhen, controlled the field of physical geography, relying on their professional training and technical expertise. These two cliques competed for control of the Chinese Geographical Society, its journal, and the Institute of Geography, whereas the Liverpool-trained Hou Renzhi used both redness and expertise to gain prominence in the field of historical geography. This article contends that the reformation of geographers in Communist China continued beyond the political purge of 1949. The twists and turns in career paths derive from the contested nature of the discipline, the changing contours of the science, and connections with institutional structures, all of which illuminate the imbrication of political allegiance, professional expertise, and personal relationships as the geographical tradition persisted in new forms after reformation. In this sense, this article diversifies a history of geography that is too often centered on Anglo-American experiences, and it furthers our understanding of the professionalization of geography as one that has taken a nonlinear course. Key Words: Cold War, Communist China, geographer, history of geography, Sovietization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2186-2202 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2209632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2209632 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2186-2202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2209631_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: George Iordăchescu Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Iordăchescu Author-Name: Monica Vasile Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Vasile Title: Forests of Fear: Illegal Logging, Criminalization, and Violence in the Carpathian Mountains Abstract: In this article we explore the twisted consequences of the worldwide turn toward prohibitive policies and criminalization in conservation. We argue that tackling environmental challenges with legal repertoires that are coercive and punitive in nature increases criminalization and produces insidious and overt forms of violence. Tough-on-crime measures aimed at curbing illegal logging advance social vulnerabilities, further marginalizing already disenfranchised rural populations. Also, such measures trigger the formation of a culture of patronage, secrecy, fear, and anger, which facilitates the rise of forest violence. Transformations of forest use under increasingly harsh regimes of conservation have been documented worldwide, but these processes in Eastern Europe have received far less scholarly attention. Here we explore forest criminalization in Romania after it became a member state of the European Union, looking at different groups of alleged wrongdoers: petty community users, local forestry businessmen, and forestry officers. Drawing on interviews with forestry and conservation actors, media analysis, and ethnographic research of communities for which illegal logging was an everyday reality, we show how criminalization escalated into insidious forms of violence and the deepening of rural vulnerabilities. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2108-2125 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2209631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2209631 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2108-2125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2209140_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Pallavi Gupta Author-X-Name-First: Pallavi Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta Title: Geographies of Waiting: Politics, Methods, and Praxis—A Case Study of Indian Railway Stations Abstract: Waiting is spatial, gendered, and hidden. Drawing on ethnographic field work with cleaners in railway facilities of Hyderabad, India, and building on infrastructure and mobilities studies, I theorize the space-time of waiting. I propose waiting as a multivalent lens through which to view power, space, and labor relations. Second, I argue that waiting is a method offering possibilities for understanding the Sisyphean task of cleaning and uneven, precarious, and diverse urban worlds. Waiting is integral to maintenance work, and pivotal to the production of “clean” infrastructures, yet it remains invisible. Third, I posit waiting as praxis: a mode of field work grappling with place-based realities. Waiting is learning the station. My article considers the social and economic (im)mobilities that underpin the waiting of cleaning workers. I further posit queues as microinfrastructures of waiting. Finally, I argue that waiting, when employed as a method, and as praxis, reveals the uneven urban worlds, relational spaces, and the everydayness of capitalism. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2068-2083 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2209140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2209140 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2068-2083 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2209627_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Robert Coates Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Coates Author-Name: Laila Sandroni Author-X-Name-First: Laila Author-X-Name-Last: Sandroni Title: Protected Truths: Neoextractivism, Conservation, and the Rise of Posttruth Politics in Brazil Abstract: Recent scholarship links authoritarian populism to environmental governance and changing forms of neoliberalism, yet the central role of the contradiction between territory demarcated for (neo)extractivism and territory demarcated for conservation and protection is heavily understated. This article analyzes the rise of posttruth politics in Brazil as an effort to legitimate unmitigated extractive capitalist growth through a renewed obfuscation of this inherent ecological contradiction. We first demonstrate the concealment of the contradiction through Latin America’s “post-neoliberal” period, based in a neoextractivist economic model. Following, we argue that posttruth politics represents a specific attempt to supersede the previous neoliberal consensus in the face of shrinking commodity returns. Designed to downplay, deny, and remove existing public environmental concerns, we view the posttruth of authoritarian populism as a necessarily spatial project, beyond accounts of cultural or institutional politics alone. The article thus furthers understandings of posttruth by centralizing its role in obscuring the extractivism–conservation contradiction in Brazil and beyond, and as such aligns with a critical effort to mobilize alternatives to the untenable reprimarization of Latin American societies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2048-2067 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2209627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2209627 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2048-2067 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2216296_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Zitong Li Author-X-Name-First: Zitong Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Haiping Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Haiping Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Ding Chen Author-X-Name-First: Ding Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Canyu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Canyu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Renyu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Renyu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Nuozhou Shen Author-X-Name-First: Nuozhou Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Author-Name: Yi Huang Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Liyang Xiong Author-X-Name-First: Liyang Author-X-Name-Last: Xiong Author-Name: Guoan Tang Author-X-Name-First: Guoan Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Title: Spatiotemporal Transmission Model to Simulate an Interregional Epidemic Spreading Abstract: Infectious disease spread is a spatiotemporal process with significant regional differences that can be affected by multiple factors, such as human mobility and manner of contact. From a geographical perspective, the simulation and analysis of an epidemic can promote an understanding of the contagion mechanism and lead to an accurate prediction of its future trends. The existing methods fail to consider the mutual feedback mechanism of heterogeneities between the interregional population interaction and the regional transmission conditions (e.g., contact probability and the effective reproduction number). This disadvantage oversimplifies the transmission process and reduces the accuracy of the simulation results. To fill this gap, a general model considering the spatiotemporal characteristics is proposed, which includes compartment modeling of population categories, flow interaction modeling of population movements, and spatial spread modeling of an infectious disease. Furthermore, the correctness of a theoretical hypothesis for modeling and prediction accuracy of this model was tested with a synthetic data set and a real-world COVID-19 data set in China, respectively. The theoretical contribution of this article was to verify that the interplay of multiple types of geospatial heterogeneities dramatically influences the spatial spread of infectious disease. This model provides an effective method for solving infectious disease simulation problems involving dynamic, complex spatiotemporal processes of geographical elements, such as optimization of lockdown strategies, analyses of the medical resource carrying capacity, and risk assessment of herd immunity from the perspective of geography. Key Words: geospatial heterogeneities, health geography, interregional population interaction, spatiotemporal analysis, transmission modeling. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2084-2107 Issue: 9 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2216296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2216296 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:9:p:2084-2107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2236190_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Jiannan Cai Author-X-Name-First: Jiannan Author-X-Name-Last: Cai Author-Name: Mei-Po Kwan Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Po Author-X-Name-Last: Kwan Title: Understanding Social Inequality in Individual Perceived Exposures to Air Pollution in Residential and Visited Neighborhoods: A Study Using Association Rule Mining Abstract: Using individual-level data collected from two communities in Hong Kong, this study proposes a significant association rule mining method to identify the complex associations between individual socioeconomic characteristics and perceived air pollution in people’s daily life. It defines a measure, namely the rule inequality index, to assess the social inequality in perceived exposure to air pollution in both residential and visited neighborhoods. The results indicate that the associations between individual socioeconomic characteristics and perceived air pollution are not always consistent over communities, nor are the value ranges of perceived air pollution. Further, the tendency of different social groups to perceive high levels of air pollution can differ considerably depending on whether they are in their residential or visited neighborhoods. We also find that social groups based on different socioeconomic variables typically experience varying degrees of neighborhood effects on the associated social equalities. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering nonstationary associations and human mobility in research on social inequality related to mobility-dependent environmental exposure. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2392-2416 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2236190 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2236190 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2392-2416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2247827_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Annals of the American Association of Geographers 2023 Editors: Volume 113 Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: em-iii-em-iv Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2247827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2247827 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:em-iii-em-iv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2226193_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Jill M. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Jill M. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Kate Coddington Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Coddington Title: Transnational Affective Circuitry: Public Information Campaigns, Affective Governmentality, and Border Enforcement Abstract: Geographers have been central to identifying and exploring the shifting spatialities of border enforcement and how different enforcement strategies alter the geography of state sovereignty. Migration-related public information campaigns (PICs) are one strategy that has received increasing attention from geographers and social scientists more broadly in recent years. Although existing research examines the sites and spaces where PICs are distributed, as well as the affective content of their messaging, little research has examined the development of campaigns and the transnational connections that enable their deployment. This article draws on work in the fields of carceral circuitry and transnational enforcement networks to expand our understanding of affective governmentality as a transnational strategy of border governance. Based on data collected as part of a large-scale comparative study of the use of PICs by the U.S. and Australian governments, we argue that this form of affective governmentality relies on transnational circuits through which people, money, and knowledge move to enable the development and circulation of affective messaging. In doing so, we develop the concept of transnational affective circuitry to refer to the often contingent, temporary relations and connections that enable PICs to operate as a form of transnational affective governmentality aimed at hindering unauthorized migration. Our analysis illustrates the transnational connections that enable increasingly expansive and creative forms of border enforcement to emerge while also expanding the scope of examinations of affective governmentality to attend to the relations that undergird and enable this form of transnational governance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2376-2391 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2226193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2226193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2376-2391 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2223655_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Donald Planey Author-X-Name-First: Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Planey Title: Hal Baron as Radical Geographer: Institutions, Geopolitics, and the Reproduction of Racial Capitalism Abstract: Harold Maurice Baron (1930–2017) was a researcher and organizer of the Chicago Freedom Movement (1965–1967) who made important contributions to racial formation theory and the broader theorization of the relationship between racism and capitalism. Baron produced notable contributions to the study of racism throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, such as his essays “The Demand for Black Labor,” “Racial Domination in Advanced Capitalism,” and “Racism Transformed: The Implications of the 1960s.” I argue that Baron can be productively read as a radical geographer, and in turn, that his corpus offers important theoretical reflections for the task of building antiracist geographies. Baron produced a “geopolitical” interpretation of racism in the United States, highlighting how racist practices were used as problem-solving measures by the hegemonic institutions of postwar capitalism, most notably the capitalist state (at multiple scales), capitalist production, and the imperative to manage the unemployed and racialized poor (particularly via civil society institutions). In this article, I outline Baron’s research project as it evolved throughout his life, and offer a geographical interpretation of his work, highlighting his relevance to contemporary theoretical projects within human geography. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2303-2317 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2223655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2223655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2303-2317 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2278355_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Manuscript Reviewers Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: em-i-em-ii Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2278355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2278355 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:em-i-em-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2236184_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Armita Kar Author-X-Name-First: Armita Author-X-Name-Last: Kar Author-Name: Huyen T. K. Le Author-X-Name-First: Huyen T. K. Author-X-Name-Last: Le Author-Name: Harvey J. Miller Author-X-Name-First: Harvey J. Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: Inclusive Accessibility: Integrating Heterogeneous User Mobility Perceptions into Space-Time Prisms Abstract: Travelers’ day-to-day mobility depends on their perceptions, experiences, and personal characteristics. Many accessibility measures overlook perceptual factors and mainly consider space–time limitations of mobility, overestimating travelers’ potential mobility. We introduce a novel inclusive accessibility concept that advances time-geographic accessibility measures in light of travel behavior theories. We conceptualize inclusive accessibility as a subset of the classic space–time prism (STP) that incorporates hard constraints (e.g., limited infrastructure and services and time) and soft constraints (e.g., perceptions of safety and comfort toward the built environment and infrastructure and travel time preferences). We collected survey data on individual-level mobility perceptions and applied machine learning algorithms to predict personalized soft constraints for walking. Considering public transit and walking, we model and compare three network-based STPs: classic STP with hard constraints, inclusive STP with soft spatial constraints, and inclusive STP with soft spatial and temporal constraints. Our method demonstrates heterogeneities in individuals’ mobility perceptions. We illustrate that the individual’s level of accessibility shrinks substantially as we approach more conservative measures that include travel perceptions. Our method highlights the differences between travelers’ physically and psychologically accessible space depending on their travel choices and exposure. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2456-2479 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2236184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2236184 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2456-2479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2231533_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Xinyue Chen Author-X-Name-First: Xinyue Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yang Xu Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Sangwon Park Author-X-Name-First: Sangwon Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Yimin Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yimin Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Xintao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xintao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Chengxiang Zhuge Author-X-Name-First: Chengxiang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhuge Title: A Cross-Scale Representation of Tourist Activity Space Abstract: Destination, as a key concept in tourism geography, has largely determined the scale at which tourist activity space was modeled and studied. Existing studies usually focused on investigating tourists’ activities and movements either at the intradestination (e.g., within a city) or interdestination scale. Although useful in numerous research contexts, these models based on fixed spatial scales are incapable of portraying the complex spatial structure of tourist activity spaces, which sometimes exhibit hierarchical structures, and could span across different spatial scales. In this study, we propose a new representation of tourist activity space to bridge these gaps. The representation takes tourists’ accommodation locations as key reference points. At the macroscale, the sequence of accommodation locations forms the backbone of tourist activity space, denoted as itinerary type. At the microscale, we introduce the concept of territory to describe how individuals organize activities around these overnight “base camps” (i.e., accommodation locations). We apply this representation over a large-scale mobile phone data set of international travelers visiting South Korea to demonstrate its capability. Results show that four generic itinerary types capture the activity space structure of 89 percent of the tourists. The interrelationships of territories and their topological structures further categorize activity spaces into subtypes, leading to a new method of tourist classification based on their spatiotemporal activity patterns. We believe the proposed representation could enrich new perspectives and debates on how tourist activities can be studied. The representation can also be extended as a generic framework to delineate complex forms of human activity space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2333-2358 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2231533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2231533 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2333-2358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2231528_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Dinko Hanaan Dinko Author-X-Name-First: Dinko Hanaan Author-X-Name-Last: Dinko Author-Name: Hanson Nyantakyi-Frimpong Author-X-Name-First: Hanson Author-X-Name-Last: Nyantakyi-Frimpong Title: Uneven Geographies of the Embodied Effects of Water Insecurity Among Women Irrigators in Northern Ghana Abstract: The linkages between water insecurity and human health have been of long-standing research interest to geographers, especially those studying the human–environment dimensions of health. This article contributes to this scholarship by demonstrating how insecure access to irrigation water produces differentiated bodily effects for women. Data for the article come from empirical field work using interviews, focus group discussions, drone-based participatory mapping, and community validation workshops. Grounded in the literature on embodiment and intersectional feminist political ecology and through the firsthand experiences of women and their struggles to secure irrigation water, the article makes two main contributions. First, it demonstrates how drones could be innovatively integrated into qualitative and political ecology field work to better understand human–environment interactions. Second, it shows that space and time are critical to understanding the differentiated embodied experiences of water insecurity. More specifically, different irrigators experience different bodily effects depending on where their irrigated fields are located. Compared to women with plots near irrigation canals, the article shows that those with plots further afield experience more debilitating pains in the limbs, waist, and hips as they struggle to secure water. Overall, the article’s findings highlight how the uneven geographies of access to irrigation water warrant closer attention by scholars studying hydrosocial relations and health. Key Words: embodiment, feminist political ecology, intersectionality, participatory mapping, water security. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2417-2434 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2231528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2231528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2417-2434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2232435_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Cláudia M. Viana Author-X-Name-First: Cláudia M. Author-X-Name-Last: Viana Author-Name: Robert Gilmore Pontius Author-X-Name-First: Robert Gilmore Author-X-Name-Last: Pontius Author-Name: Jorge Rocha Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Rocha Title: Four Fundamental Questions to Evaluate Land Change Models with an Illustration of a Cellular Automata–Markov Model Abstract: Numerous models exist for users to simulate land change to communicate with an audience concerning future land change. This article raises four fundamental questions to help model users decide whether to use any model: (1) Can the user understand the model? (2) Can the audience understand the model? (3) Can the user control the model? (4) Does the model address the goals of the specific application? This article applies these questions to the popular cellular automata–Markov (CA–Markov) model as IDRISI’s CA–Markov module expresses. Sensitivity analysis examines 120 ways to set the module’s parameters. Verification compares the module’s behavior to the software’s documentation. Results show that the cellular automata’s allocation fails to follow the quantity of change that the Markov module computes. The module’s behavior is likely to cause users to misinterpret the validation metrics and to miscommunicate with audiences. Thus, the answers to the four questions were not satisfactory for this article’s case study. This article’s framework helps users to judge a model’s appropriateness for a specific application by combining sensitivity analysis with verification in a manner that helps to interpret validation. Users should answer the four questions as they decide whether to use any software’s modules. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2497-2511 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2232435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2232435 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2497-2511 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2227672_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Carolyn S. Fish Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fish Author-Name: Katie Quines Kreitzberg Author-X-Name-First: Katie Quines Author-X-Name-Last: Kreitzberg Title: Mapping in an Echo Chamber: How Cartographic Silence Frames Conservative Media’s Climate Change Denial Abstract: Maps are a key way through which the science of climate change is communicated, but as partisan divides lead to new ideologically driven consumption patterns of news sources, it is important to understand how the media uses maps across the political spectrum. In this study, we investigate how maps have been incorporated into climate change communication in conservative media. Our research has two major findings. First, compared to mainstream media, conservative media is far less likely to use maps in reporting on climate change. We call this lack of maps a “cartographic silence,” borrowing and expanding on Harley’s term. Second, when conservative media uses maps, never do they create their own maps to accompany false arguments. Instead, these maps are republished from other media or peer-reviewed science, and reframed by logical fallacies. We conclude by offering suggestions about how scientists can improve their maps in hopes that they will be less susceptible to use in conservative disinformation efforts. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2480-2496 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2227672 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2227672 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2480-2496 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2227690_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: A. Stewart Fotheringham Author-X-Name-First: A. Stewart Author-X-Name-Last: Fotheringham Author-Name: Ziqi Li Author-X-Name-First: Ziqi Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Measuring the Unmeasurable: Models of Geographical Context Abstract: The issue of whether place significantly affects spatial behavior has long created both a philosophical and an operational schism within geography. Here we show how these schisms can be bridged by identifying how place and behavior can be linked through recognizing and incorporating what we term intrinsic and behavioral contextual effects into models of spatial behavior. We argue that spatial modeling frameworks that attempt to relate spatial behavior to aspects of people and places might be seriously misspecified if they do not incorporate both types of contextual effects. We compare three popular statistical modeling frameworks that encompass placed-based contextual effects: spatial error models, multilevel models, and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR). Based on Monte Carlo simulation and empirical analysis, we demonstrate the reassuring similarity of the results from the three frameworks but also the superiority of MGWR. The inclusion of essentially unmeasurable effects within a nomothetic framework provides an important bridge between two previously distinct philosophies within geography and acts as a binding force within the discipline. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2269-2286 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2227690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2227690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2269-2286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2223611_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Guy Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Guy Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Title: More-Than-Climate Temporalities of Loss and Damage in Australia Abstract: I contribute to an emerging politics of loss through an empirical analysis of temporalities of climate change loss and damage in Australia. How people temporalize climate change informs their conception of causality, designation of losses and damages, and political response. By drawing attention to the diversity of onto-epistemological understandings and characterizations of climate change loss and damage, I illuminate some of the values diverse actors perceive as currently, or at risk of, being lost. I do this by unearthing and theorizing commonly identified temporalities held by a cross-section of social actors in regional Australia. These include the following temporalities: (1) anticipatory loss; (2) natural variability; (3) future perfect (e.g., climate catastrophe, human ingenuity); and (4) the longue durée (i.e., climate change as a historical crisis linked to colonial-capitalism). I consider the social, cultural, psychological, and political determinants of such temporalities and the implications for climate politics in Australia. I argue that recognizing the complexity of temporalities of loss and damage is crucial for both geographical research and climate politics. This nuanced understanding of difference can contribute toward the development of a progressive more-than-climate politics, which, I suggest, must be based on the longue durée temporality of climate change loss and damage. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2359-2375 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2223611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2223611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2359-2375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2223607_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Caroline Keegan Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Keegan Title: Reconsidering the “Nature” of Agriculture: Racial Capitalism, H-2A Labor, and Political Ecologies of Extreme Heat in Georgia Abstract: This article synthesizes literatures on political ecology and racial capitalism to interrogate the historical development and contemporary conditions of extreme heat and farm labor in Georgia. Challenging the extent to which agriculture is considered “naturally” exceptional as an industry, I argue that ecological volatility has been discursively deployed to justify Georgia’s racialized, devalued agricultural labor regime. Drawing on Du Bois’s concept of “the shadow,” I link early settler anxieties about extreme heat, violent nature, and the ideal settler-subject to current demands for immigrant farm labor through the H-2A temporary agricultural guestworker program. Although the exceptional “nature” of agriculture is overstated, the biophysical realities of extreme heat pose embodied risks for farmworkers who are treated as disposable in a constructed labor system dependent on exposure and vulnerability. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2287-2302 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2223607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2223607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2287-2302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2232438_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Demetrio Meza-Rodríguez Author-X-Name-First: Demetrio Author-X-Name-Last: Meza-Rodríguez Author-Name: José de Anda Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: de Anda Author-Name: Harvey Shear Author-X-Name-First: Harvey Author-X-Name-Last: Shear Title: Lake Atotonilco: A First Approach to Determining the Minimum Lake Level Necessary to Sustain Its Biodiversity Abstract: Lake Atotonilco is a shallow saline water body located in the central-west portion of Mexico. The lake is in the low plain of an endorheic watershed. It is shallow, with a large area of surrounding wetlands and serves as a refuge for dozens of native and migratory waterfowl. Its extremely flat morphometric features coupled with the precipitation and runoff regime from the watershed cause significant changes in the lake surface area and storage volume throughout the year. In recent years, the lake has behaved as an intermittent lake, remaining practically dry in June, and reaching its highest storage volume in October. An ecological water volume that the lake must maintain to support its biodiversity was estimated. This minimum lake storage volume can only be achieved if public policies are implemented to rationalize the use of water resources in the basin and to protect the few forest areas that remain in the watershed. Key Words: ecological minimum volume, endorheic watershed, lake bathymetry, playa lake. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2318-2332 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2232438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2232438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2318-2332 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2227683_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: De Tong Author-X-Name-First: De Author-X-Name-Last: Tong Author-Name: Yue Shen Author-X-Name-First: Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Author-Name: Xiaoguang Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoguang Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Yiyu Sun Author-X-Name-First: Yiyu Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Ian MacLachlan Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: MacLachlan Author-Name: Xin Li Author-X-Name-First: Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: From Proximity to Quality: The Capitalization of Public Facilities into Housing Prices Abstract: Housing prices are significantly influenced by the presence of public facilities, such as schools, parks, and transport infrastructure. Whereas existing literature has mainly focused on the proximity of public facilities, this study goes beyond proximity and introduces the concept of quality metrics to evaluate public facilities. By employing the gradient-boosting decision trees approach, we analyze the nonlinear relationships between public facilities and property values in Shenzhen, China. Our study not only quantifies the extent to which the quality of these facilities is capitalized in housing prices, but also examines the interaction effects of quality and proximity on housing prices. Our results reveal that quality variables exhibit a greater relative importance than proximity variables in determining housing prices, and this relationship follows a nonlinear pattern. Furthermore, we investigate the moderating effects of quality on the relationship between proximity and housing prices. We find that the amplifying effects of higher quality are particularly evident in metro stations and public middle schools, whereas the impact of park quality on housing prices is less pronounced. These findings highlight the need to consider both quality and proximity in the supply of public facilities, as they have synergistic effects on housing prices. The nonlinear effects observed in our study can serve as a valuable tool for identifying deficiencies in the supply of public facilities. Additionally, the distinction between proximity and quality, as well as their interaction effects, contributes to our understanding of how the value of public facilities is capitalized in housing markets. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2435-2455 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2227683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2227683 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2435-2455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2223700_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Hexiang Bai Author-X-Name-First: Hexiang Author-X-Name-Last: Bai Author-Name: Hui Wang Author-X-Name-First: Hui Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Deyu Li Author-X-Name-First: Deyu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yong Ge Author-X-Name-First: Yong Author-X-Name-Last: Ge Title: Information Consistency-Based Measures for Spatial Stratified Heterogeneity Abstract: As a typical form of spatial heterogeneity, spatial stratified heterogeneity is widely observed in geographical phenomena. Although the q statistic provides a measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity using variance differences, it is not suitable for nominal target variables and neglects information differences between strata at higher order moments. Based on the mutual information and relative entropy between variables, two spatial stratified heterogeneity measures are proposed for nominal and continuous target variables, respectively. Permutation tests are then used to determine their statistical significance. The proposed measures are suitable for either nominal or continuous target variables. They make no assumptions regarding the distribution of target variables, and return a value of zero only when the distribution of the target variable is independent of the explanatory variable. Experiments on five illustrative data sets and three publicly accessible data sets show that the proposed measures are consistent with the q statistic and can detect the existence of spatial stratified heterogeneity when the q statistic fails, so long as there are significant differences between the distributions in different strata. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 2512-2524 Issue: 10 Volume: 113 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2223700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2223700 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:113:y:2023:i:10:p:2512-2524 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2242453_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Cordelia Freeman Author-X-Name-First: Cordelia Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Author-Name: Sandra Rodríguez Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez Title: The Chemical Geographies of Misoprostol: Spatializing Abortion Access from the Biochemical to the Global Abstract: C22H38O5 is a chemical that travels. Better known as misoprostol, it was designed as a stomach ulcer drug but is now used around the world as an abortion pill due to the self-experimentation of those in Latin American communities who were seeking ways to end unwanted pregnancies. We develop a chemical geography approach to misoprostol that allows us to scale inward to understand the chemical properties of this medication and also to scale out to understand how medicinal effects are interwoven with and determined by global politics. Misoprostol as a chemical alone does not guarantee a successful abortion and instead “scaffolding” in the form of mobility and information is required to transform misoprostol from a chemical to a safe and effective technology of abortion. First, we examine how misoprostol is moved by feminist networks in Mexico and Peru. Second, we argue that to be useful it is not enough just to access the pills, as information on how to use them is required. These themes culminate in our contribution of pharmacokinetical geographies, the microgeography of the placement of pharmaceuticals in and on a body and its ramifications. The chemical geographies of misoprostol tell a story of power, bodily autonomy, and resistance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 123-138 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2242453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2242453 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:123-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2239893_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Ihnji Jon Author-X-Name-First: Ihnji Author-X-Name-Last: Jon Author-Name: Prince Guma Author-X-Name-First: Prince Author-X-Name-Last: Guma Author-Name: AbdouMaliq Simone Author-X-Name-First: AbdouMaliq Author-X-Name-Last: Simone Title: “Humanistic” City in the Age of “Capitalocene” Abstract: The humbling climate crisis of the twenty-first century poses a challenge to classical humanism that cherishes the spontaneity of human action and its possibility of instigating newness. With more-than-human philosophies on the mainstream horizon, there remains a conundrum regarding how one can retain the “humanistic” core while attending to the arresting gravity of environmental degradation. This article addresses this enigma in three ways. First, we synthesize urban environmentalism debates and their embattled relationship with humanistic concerns; second, we illuminate everyday creative interventions that urban youth themselves are generating in their continual negotiations between individual and social, old and new, vernacular and technical; and third, we deflect the linear projection of a “Capitalocene” future by exhibiting contingent practices of southern urbanism. Accordingly, we propose new ways of reinventing urban environmentalism that see humans as a part of its divergent future landscapes. Our version of humanistic city frames the urban as a provisional space in which youth socialities and sensibilities are seen as emerging potentialities calibrating the pace of spatial transitions. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 107-122 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2239893 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2239893 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:107-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2249081_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Xiaofeng Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaofeng Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Mia M. Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Mia M. Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Governing the Extraterritorial: Global Environmentalities of China’s Green Belt and Road Initiative Abstract: This article proposes a global environmentality framework to critique efforts to “green” the Belt and Road Initiative (or Green BRI) by examining the Chinese state’s environmental governance of extraterritorial spaces. The article transcends a focus within governmentality studies on domestic processes to reveal the relations between governance techniques and environmental subjects, including state and nonstate actors, beyond sovereign borders. Drawing on interviews, observations, and analysis of policies and reports, we identify three ways in which global environmentalities operate and are negotiated through the Green BRI. First, the Chinese state is embracing international sustainable development criteria to gain global legitimacy while seeking to export its domestic environmental governance model, making the Green BRI a dialectic policy. Second, the state is targeting and disciplining BRI participants, including Chinese financial institutions, construction companies, the renewable industry, and foreign state actors in BRI countries. Third, Chinese and BRI partner country participants’ variegated subjectivities arise out of the negotiation of their own interests, Chinese state interests, and BRI host country concerns. Our analysis contributes to understanding of how China, as a rising power, engages in global environmental governance and produces extraterritorial environmental subjects. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 236-254 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2249081 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2249081 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:236-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2242460_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Laura Schmahmann Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Schmahmann Author-Name: Alex Ramiller Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Ramiller Author-Name: Desiree Fields Author-X-Name-First: Desiree Author-X-Name-Last: Fields Title: Platform Firms, Commercial Real Estate Cycles and San Francisco’s Growth as a Tech Cluster, 2008–2020 Abstract: Between the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. technology industry increasingly shifted toward cities. Local governments pursuing innovation-led growth encouraged this shift, as exemplified by San Francisco, the spatial and symbolic urban home of the global technology industry. The commercial real estate market is central to understanding the city’s growth as a tech cluster between 2008 and 2020. Platform technology firms substantially contributed to employment growth and demand for office real estate in San Francisco during this period of rapid tech industry expansion. The city also exemplifies how the pandemic-led transition to remote work has profoundly changed the relationship between platform firms and urban space. In this article, we use interviews and secondary sources to study tech-led office leasing and development activity in San Francisco. We identify neighborhood-level trajectories of path dependence, industrial conversion, failed revitalization, and frontier-making during the period of growth leading up to 2020. Digital platform companies exert significant economic and political influence over cities, but their control over urban space is also constrained by the historical, material, and economic realities of commercial real estate. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 139-163 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2242460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2242460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:139-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2240875_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Ben Gowland Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Gowland Author-Name: David Featherstone Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Featherstone Author-Name: Lazaros Karaliotas Author-X-Name-First: Lazaros Author-X-Name-Last: Karaliotas Title: Labor, Democracy, and the Postcolonial State: Spaces of Union Organizing and the Duppy State in Britain and Trinidad Abstract: This article examines the democratic political praxes and contestations developed by trade unions in relations with the postcolonial state in both the Global North and South. Our work is informed by the scholarship of Richard Iton on the postcolonial duppy state and notions of the colonial past haunting the postcolonial present through the rearticulation of racialized, imperial labor regimes and relations in a postcolonial context. We engage with Trinidad’s Oilfields Workers Trade Union and the British National Union of Seamen to explore how this “haunting” was both contested and modulated by the labor activism of unions in both the former colony and metropole during the period of mid-twentieth-century decolonization. Empirically, we show how unionized workers sought to expand and entrench democratic cultures in opposition to the continued racialization of labor and the uneven power relations existent between labor, the state, and capital. This article responds to recent calls in labor geography to broaden the sites and subjects of study beyond workers in the Global North and introduces a study of the postcolonial state to claims to democratic politics in labor–state relations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 21-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2240875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2240875 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:21-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2249080_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Aparna Parikh Author-X-Name-First: Aparna Author-X-Name-Last: Parikh Title: Urban Environmental Imaginaries and Aesthetic Sensibilities in Mumbai, India Abstract: Urban environmental aesthetics form a cornerstone in neoliberal development discourse in Mumbai, India. Formulated primarily on visual metrics, such as those of green lawns and modern architecture, these aesthetic sensibilities set up the horizon of what is seeable and sayable, serving to legitimize planning schemes while obscuring their social and environmental harms. This is evident in the city’s elite Hiranandani Gardens township, a project heavily contested on legal, humanistic, and environmental grounds. Beginning from “waste,” or spaces and perspectives that lack value in dominant discourses, I analyze how the production of developmentalist “value” relies on environmental aesthetics as well as the limits of such formulations. By way of three frames—empty buildings, an abandoned quarry, and remembered wilderness—I illustrate power structures that facilitate the conversion of waste into value, the contradictions and limits in dominant sustainability discourses, and the messy terrain of contestations that they face. The article contributes to critical development scholarship by emphasizing the significance of aesthetics in unveiling power relations entrained in the making of urban landscapes. I also extend creative engagements in geography by incorporating sensory engagements beyond the visual to interrupt dominant aesthetic sensibilities and open critical and creative ways of knowing urban nature. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 218-235 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2249080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2249080 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:218-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2261522_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Carrie Mott Author-X-Name-First: Carrie Author-X-Name-Last: Mott Title: “The Last Victims of the Indian War”: Celilo Falls, the Dalles Dam, and Infrastructural Colonization Abstract: In 1957, the Dalles Dam was constructed on the Columbia River between Washington and Oregon. When the dam was completed, it inundated Celilo Falls, a Native American fishery and cultural gathering point that had been in use for at least 12,000 years. Prior to dam construction, the federal government and local agencies issued a number of reports stating the necessity of the dam for economic development through hydroelectric power generation, improved shipping navigation, flood control, and expanded irrigation capacity. These reports often sought to determine the financial payout that would be made to the groups with treaty rights to fish at their “usual and accustomed” places, such as Celilo Falls. However, the reports rarely engage with the cultural significance of Celilo Falls or the depth of opposition that people had to the dam. The research discussed here is based on archival government reports alongside the voices of affected tribal members preserved through The Confluence Project and other sources. This article develops the idea that reclamation infrastructure in the U.S. West plays a key role in colonizing efforts from federal to local scales, reflecting the aims of the settler state. Through an analysis of government documents alongside the recollections of Indigenous elders from the mid-Columbia region, this article offers insights into how reclamation infrastructure functions as an aspect of settler colonialism and relies on theorizations of this process from the people most affected by the loss of Celilo Falls. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 91-106 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2261522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2261522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:91-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2248293_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Sarah Mills Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Author-Name: James Ash Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Ash Author-Name: Rachel Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Title: Children and Young People’s Experiences and Understandings of Gambling-Style Systems in Digital Games: Loot Boxes, Popular Culture, and Changing Childhoods Abstract: Developing current geographical debates on children’s digital geographies and popular culture, this article examines children and young people’s experiences and understandings of gambling-style systems in digital games. Chance-based mechanisms such as loot boxes are a growing feature of the global gaming industry. This article examines the space between gaming and gambling and provides new perspectives to this emerging field, drawing on empirical research from video ethnography game-play sessions with children and young people. This article uniquely foregrounds these accounts, giving room for their voices in a debate dominated by adults. We argue gambling-style systems must be understood within children’s everyday sociospatial experiences, including friendship, family, and curating collections. We provide a fuller picture of children and young people’s situatedness and negotiations around digital gaming through interviews with parents and game designers. We demonstrate the conceptually striking ways they narrate generational change, mobilizing powerful social constructions of childhood. We advance understandings of children’s popular culture and nostalgia in academic debates on digital childhoods, arguing that loot boxes are a new and important lens through which to view wider anxieties. Furthermore, we reveal potential risks associated with these systems and offer recommendations for a timely international policy debate. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 200-217 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2248293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2248293 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:200-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2271553_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Francisco Luis Pérez Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez Title: Four Decades of Landscape Change on a Granite Dome (Enchanted Rock, Texas): A Photographic Field Work Analysis Abstract: This study focuses on photographic analysis of Enchanted Rock, a granite dome in central Texas; fourteen photo pairs compare contrasting views after—thirty-six to forty-six years, and assess changes in geomorphology, sediments, and vegetation on miniature landforms, especially erosional depressions—gnammas and vernal pools. Several distinct landscape changes occurred during the study period, but these affected sites unevenly. Vegetation displayed noticeable differences in plant density and species, particularly a pronounced increase of Opuntia cacti and woody shrubs on several depressions; these changes, however, are not considered permanent, and are interpreted as representing periodic fluctuations due to climatic oscillations such as recurrent drought. Among geomorphic features, a rock pedestal and a tafoni panel—displaying friable, crumbling, material—are seemingly being rapidly obliterated by weathering; their low compressive strength (Schmidt hammer) R values support this idea. In contrast, a large, isolated, boulder near the dome base did not—as anticipated—display any obvious changes. Large stones and gravelly sediments, accumulated on vernal pools, or deposited along rill channels between depressions, showed the most conspicuous alterations. The observed changes are arranged along a presumed developmental sequence portraying subsequent geomorphic stages during pool development, which occur as detached stones gradually weather and eventually disintegrate; both coarse and fine sediments are transported downslope during intense, infrequent rainfall events. Pools, gnammas, rills, sediments, and vegetation function on Enchanted Rock as interconnected geographical units and components of an elaborate drainage network, steadily affecting each other over space and time. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 39-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2271553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2271553 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:39-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2249083_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Daniel Seidenglanz Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Seidenglanz Author-Name: Robert Osman Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Author-Name: Jiří Malý Author-X-Name-First: Jiří Author-X-Name-Last: Malý Title: Intentional Automobility: Mobility Choice Between Socialist and Postsocialist Chrononormativity Abstract: This article responds to the uncritical use of chronological time and the strict division between past, present, and future when thinking about mobility behavior or mobility decisions. On the basis of this critique, it introduces the concept of intentional automobility, which relies on the Bergsonian–Deleuzian conception of time—duration (la durée). It shows that transport-mode decisions are not only made in the present, separated from the past and the future, but that the past and the future are part of every such decision. Using the example of the metropolitan area of Brno, Czech Republic, a postsocialist space, we show how differently socialist and postsocialist societies can be temporally normalized. At the same time, contemporary postsocialist mobility decisions are still influenced by socialist time norms—chrononormatives. Our main research question is how everyday mobility decisions between the car and public transport are influenced by the temporal norms of the society. To answer this question, we have employed a mixed methods research design that has been divided into a quantitative analysis of mode choice for individual trips and a qualitative analysis of statements about mode choice. Key findings include the relationship between transport-mode preference and a particular chrononormative. We identify four contexts—time, routing, alcohol, and everyday activity planning—in which the chrononormatives associated with the car and public transport are substitutable. It is on this basis that we introduce intentional automobility. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 255-275 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2249083 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2249083 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:255-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2249975_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Hanlin Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Hanlin Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Lin Liu Author-X-Name-First: Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Jue Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jue Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Kathi Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Kathi Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Minxuan Lan Author-X-Name-First: Minxuan Author-X-Name-Last: Lan Author-Name: Xin Gu Author-X-Name-First: Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Gu Title: A Multiscale Assessment of the Impact of Perceived Safety from Street View Imagery on Street Crime Abstract: Perceived safety of the built environment—a cognitive assessment different from emotional fear of crime—might affect the number of potential crime victims in an area and thus affect crime opportunities. The perceived safety derived from street view imagery has propelled scholars to examine its relationship with crime. The literature, however, has not addressed the related geographic scale variability issue; that is, the choice of the geographic analytical units might affect the relationship between area-based perceived safety and crime. This study explores how the relationships between street-view-derived perceived safety and both street thefts and street robberies vary by different spatial scales in Cincinnati. Results of negative binomial models show that perceived safety is positively associated with street thefts and street robberies at both the street segment and census block levels, but is negatively associated with these crimes at the census block group level. The relationship is not statistically significant at the census tract level. This variability is explained by the different freedom of avoidance behaviors in response to perceived safety, which change by geographic scale. The research further evaluates the within variance and between variance of perceived safety at different scales. Compared to between variance, within variance is smaller at both the street segment and block levels, but larger at both the block group and tract levels. This variability can be a source of model instability across multiple geographical scales. In short, the multiscale assessment shows that larger spatial units like the census tract are unsuitable for perceived safety–crime analysis. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 69-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2249975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2249975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:69-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2243316_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Alicea Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Alicea Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia Author-Name: Petra Tschakert Author-X-Name-First: Petra Author-X-Name-Last: Tschakert Author-Name: Nana Afia Karikari Author-X-Name-First: Nana Afia Author-X-Name-Last: Karikari Title: Sustaining Hierarchies: A Cross-Level and Cross-Scale Analysis of Power, Politics, and Dominant Discourse in Adaptive Decision Making Abstract: Climate change adaptation is a power-laden process that requires engagement and negotiation between people with diverse needs, interests, and levels of authority. Entrenched hierarchies in adaptation decision making influence what is considered legitimate policy and action, whose values are prioritized, and the interests of which actors are excluded. Through content and discourse analysis of interviews and focus group discussions with policymakers and decision makers across multiple spatial and jurisdictional levels, we illustrate how specific actors involved in adaptation efforts comprehend and engage with tensions, institutional politics, and community-level power dynamics, focusing on the experiences of rural farmers who are often sidelined in adaptation processes. We advance critical scholarship on the politics of adaptation and the politics of scale to demonstrate how power relations move within and across levels of decision making, by scrutinizing the discursive and material construction of scales and subjects. We argue that nuanced investigations of power and its (re)production across levels and scales are crucial to expose the underrepresentation of marginalized citizens in adaptation debates and to envision subversive political interventions toward climate justice. Key Words: agriculture, climate change adaptation, climate justice, decision making, Ghana. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 164-184 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2243316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2243316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:164-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2245023_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Chunjiang Li Author-X-Name-First: Chunjiang Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Eva Thulin Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Thulin Author-Name: Yanwei Chai Author-X-Name-First: Yanwei Author-X-Name-Last: Chai Title: Understanding the Hybridization of Everyday Activities from a Time-Geographic Perspective Abstract: In contrast to the dichotomous distinction between offline and online activity in much previous research, we argue for hybridization as a key feature of the digitalized postpandemic society, shaping and constraining the everyday lives and activities of individuals in new, unforeseen ways. The current understanding of the complex ways in which hybridization plays out and reorders everyday life is limited, partly due to a lack of relevant conceptualizations and methodological tools. The aim of this article is to further develop the time-geographic approach, as theory and method, to understand and visualize the hybridization of everyday activities. The article contributes to previous literature on everyday life digitalization in several important respects. The notions of hybrid activities, grounds, and sequences are proposed for an enhanced theoretical understanding of hybridization. Moreover, we argue that interrelated hybrid constraints shape the spatiotemporal organization of everyday activities. The concept of pocket of mediated order is proposed as a new domain of everyday activities in the hybrid era, supporting the accomplishment of everyday projects, yet also transforming the local pockets of order. Finally, drawing on a real family case, we refine the time-geographical notation system to capture and visualize the full complexity of hybridization in the time–space setting of daily life. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 185-199 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2245023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2245023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:185-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2242448_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Aparna Bamzai-Dodson Author-X-Name-First: Aparna Author-X-Name-Last: Bamzai-Dodson Author-Name: Amanda E. Cravens Author-X-Name-First: Amanda E. Author-X-Name-Last: Cravens Author-Name: Renee A. McPherson Author-X-Name-First: Renee A. Author-X-Name-Last: McPherson Title: Critical Stakeholder Engagement: The Road to Actionable Science Is Paved with Scientists’ Good Intentions Abstract: To help stakeholders such as planners, resource managers, policymakers, and decision makers address environmental challenges in the Anthropocene, scientists are increasingly creating actionable science—science that is useful, usable, and used. Critical physical geography encourages the engagement of stakeholders in the creation of scientific knowledge to conduct actionable science and produce outputs that are directly relevant to stakeholder plans, decisions, or actions. Many scientists, however, lack formal training in how to partner with stakeholders using effective and ethical practices. In this article, we use the core principles for ethical research of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice from the Belmont Report (1979) as a suggested framework to examine the perspectives of stakeholders engaged in climate adaptation science projects. We argue that this framework aligns with the principles of critical physical geography and provides guidance for scientists to make their research more actionable while placing necessary emphasis on ethical considerations. We also challenge scientists to consider the broader ethical implications of engaging with these partners. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2242448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2242448 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:1:p:1-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2271565_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Benjamin Cooke Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Cooke Author-Name: Lilian M. Pearce Author-X-Name-First: Lilian M. Author-X-Name-Last: Pearce Author-Name: Aidan Davison Author-X-Name-First: Aidan Author-X-Name-Last: Davison Title: Environmental NGOs and Protected Area Conservation in Australia: The Political Consequences of Aligning with Private Interests Abstract: This article examines the political consequences of environmental nongovernment organization (ENGO) involvement in protected area conservation in Australia. Rapid growth of a nongovernment protected area (NGPA) estate this century has involved a range of individuals, communities, First Nations, and ENGOs, and has been closely tied to government policy and private finance. Although NGPA conservation achievements have been profound, there has been limited examination of what expanded nongovernment involvement, responsibility, and leadership mean for the practice and governance of nature conservation. Thematic analysis of twenty-four key informant interviews and selective gray literature identifies how financing, accountability, and partisan politics are emerging as key domains in shaping an NGPA estate that reflects a closer alignment with capital and market forces. ENGOs are playing a key role in crafting new political conditions for protected area conservation, where their role in neoliberal governance is not just service delivery, but statecraft and agenda setting. ENGOs are increasingly casting protected area conservation as apolitical, and thereby a bipartisan activity, driven by a “pragmatic” agenda that seeks to secure private financing for land ownership and management obligations. Frameworks of accountability to donors shape ENGO practices and conceptions of conservation through exposure to novel market mechanisms. As a result, ENGO operation permits limited space for plural, ideological, and structural debate about protected area conservation, the public interest, and the root causes of ecological crises to which it responds. The embrace of conservation led by nongovernment actors marks a substantive shift from the formative politics of ENGOs in Australia. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 334-351 Issue: 2 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2271565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2271565 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:2:p:334-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2276115_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Peter Kedron Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Kedron Author-Name: Joseph Holler Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Holler Author-Name: Sarah Bardin Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Bardin Title: Reproducible Research Practices and Barriers to Reproducible Research in Geography: Insights from a Survey Abstract: The number of reproduction and replication studies undertaken across the sciences continues to rise, but such studies have not yet become commonplace in geography. Existing attempts to reproduce geographic research suggest that many studies cannot be fully reproduced, or are simply missing components needed to attempt a reproduction. Despite this suggestive evidence, a systematic assessment of geographers’ perceptions of reproducibility and use of reproducible research practices remains absent from the literature, as does an identification of the factors that keep geographers from conducting reproduction studies. We address each of these needs by surveying active geographic researchers selected using probability sampling techniques from a rigorously constructed sampling frame. We identify a clear division in perceptions of reproducibility among geographic subfields. We also find varying levels of familiarity with reproducible research practices and a perceived lack of incentives to attempt and publish reproduction studies. Despite many barriers to reproducibility and divisions between subfields, we also find common foundations for examining and expanding reproducibility in the field. These include interest in publishing transparent and reproducible methods, and in reproducing other researchers’ studies for a variety of motivations including learning, assessing the internal validity of a study, or extending prior work. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 369-386 Issue: 2 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2276115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2276115 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:2:p:369-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2267152_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Tyler McCreary Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: McCreary Author-Name: Rebecca Hall Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Title: The Healer, the Witch, and the Law: The Settler Magic That Criminalized Indigenous Medicine Men as Frauds and Normalized Colonial Violence as Care Abstract: This article examines the puissance of psychospiritual geographies to Witsuwit’en–settler relations during the 1920s and 1930s in British Columbia, Canada. Specifically, we track the ontological politics of the psychospiritual that inhere to relationships between Indigenous healing traditions and a complex array of colonial institutions, including police detachments, courts, churches, residential schools, and asylums. Our entry point is the 1931 witchcraft trial of two Indigenous healers who police apprehended treating a person with cin sickness, a form of animal-spirit dream possession. The article highlights three central elements of the contested nature of psychospiritual care. First, it demonstrates the role that policing witchcraft played within the expansion of settler surveillance and control over Indigenous life. Second, we critically unpack court transcripts from the witchcraft trial, exploring how the Indigenous healers explained the treatment of dream sickness on the stand, as well as how courtroom mistranslations facilitated their criminalization. Third, we flip our gaze and interrogate the substance of colonial care, particularly focusing on the role of churches, residential schools, and asylums in causing psychospiritual harm to their Witsuwit’en wards. Through the article, we reveal the colonial deception that produces the illusion of benevolent settler institutions caring for Indigenous well-being while they actively disrupt the psychospiritual connections that define wellness within Witsuwit’en ontologies. To decolonize this foul settler magic, we argue that we must disrupt the universality of colonial ontologies, expose the violence inherent to settler regimes of care, and recognize the vitality of Indigenous psychospiritual relations to the more-than-human world. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 352-368 Issue: 2 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2267152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2267152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:2:p:352-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2271549_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Wei Zhai Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhai Author-Name: Hang Yu Author-X-Name-First: Hang Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Céline Yunya Song Author-X-Name-First: Céline Yunya Author-X-Name-Last: Song Title: Disaster Misinformation and Its Corrections on Social Media: Spatiotemporal Proximity, Social Network, and Sentiment Contagion Abstract: Misinformation disseminated via online social networks can cause social confusion and result in inadequate responses during disasters and emergencies. To contribute to social media-based disaster resilience, we aim to decipher the spread of disaster misinformation and its correction through the case study of the disaster rumor during Hurricane Sandy (2012) on Twitter. We first leveraged social network analysis to identify different types of accounts that are influential in spreading and debunking disaster misinformation. Second, we examined how the spatiotemporal proximity to the rumor event influences the sharing of misinformation and the sharing of corrections on Twitter. Third, through sentiment analysis, we went further by examining how spatiotemporal and demographic similarity between social media users affect behavioral and emotional responses to misinformation. Finally, sentiment contagion across rumor and correction networks was also examined. Our findings generate novel insights into detecting and counteracting misinformation using social media with implications for disaster management. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 408-435 Issue: 2 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2271549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2271549 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:2:p:408-435 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2277817_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Michela J. Savignano Author-X-Name-First: Michela J. Author-X-Name-Last: Savignano Author-Name: Ethan D. Kyzivat Author-X-Name-First: Ethan D. Author-X-Name-Last: Kyzivat Author-Name: Laurence C. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Laurence C. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Melanie Engram Author-X-Name-First: Melanie Author-X-Name-Last: Engram Title: Geospatial Analysis of Alaskan Lakes Indicates Wetland Fraction and Surface Water Area Are Useful Predictors of Methane Ebullition Abstract: Arctic-boreal lakes emit methane (CH4), a powerful greenhouse gas. Recent studies suggest ebullition might be a dominant methane emission pathway in lakes but its drivers are poorly understood. Various predictors of lake methane ebullition have been proposed but are challenging to evaluate owing to different geographical characteristics, field locations, and sample densities. Here we compare large geospatial data sets of lake area, lake perimeter, permafrost, land cover, temperature, soil organic carbon content, depth, and greenness with remotely sensed methane ebullition estimates for 5,143 Alaskan lakes. We find that lake wetland fraction (LWF), a measure of lake wetland and littoral zone area, is a leading predictor of methane ebullition (adj. R2 = 0.211), followed by lake surface area (adj. R2 = 0.201). LWF is inversely correlated with lake area, thus higher wetland fraction in smaller lakes might explain a commonly cited inverse relationship between lake area and methane ebullition. Lake perimeter (adj. R2 = 0.176) and temperature (adj. R2 = 0.157) are moderate predictors of lake ebullition, and soil organic carbon content, permafrost, lake depth, and greenness are weak predictors. The low adjusted R2 values are typical and informative for methane attribution studies. Our leading model, which uses lake area, temperature, and LWF (adj. R2 = 0.325, n = 5,130) performs slightly better than leading multivariate models from similar studies. Our results suggest landscape-scale geospatial analyses can complement smaller field studies, for attributing Arctic-boreal lake methane emissions to readily available environmental variables. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 299-313 Issue: 2 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2277817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2277817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:2:p:299-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2265957_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: N. J. Enfield Author-X-Name-First: N. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Enfield Title: Flow Piracy and Percolation in a Hydropower Watershed: Interceptions of Indigenous Languages in Upland Laos Abstract: This article draws on findings of long-term field research in upland central Laos, examining the rapidly changing dynamics of language among multilingual Indigenous communities in the upper reaches of Laos’s massive Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project. The case study of sudden language shift in the context of new transport infrastructure finds disruption of distributional flow at multiple levels, from natural forces to built networks to the circulation of communicative norms and social encounters. This is understood in terms of layered infrastructures, which are distinguished at three main, interarticulated levels: natural (e.g., river systems), technological (e.g., transport networks), and institutional (e.g., language ecologies). A key finding is that linked infrastructures are causally interdependent through mechanisms of flow piracy (intercepting flows and transforming them for new purposes) and percolation (denuding networks and critically reconfiguring them). The case study from Laos of rapid change in the context of a hydropower dam not only refines our conception of infrastructure, but the idea of language itself as an infrastructure helps us to better understand its spatialized dynamics, foregrounding language as a new empirical domain in the study of infrastructure and other socially spatialized networks. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 277-298 Issue: 2 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2265957 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2265957 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:2:p:277-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2271560_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Forest Cook Author-X-Name-First: Forest Author-X-Name-Last: Cook Author-Name: Peter Howe Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Howe Title: Geographic Variation in Household Disaster Preparedness in the United States Abstract: Disaster events, such as floods, wildfires, and earthquakes, increasingly cause damage to livelihoods, the economy, and the environment. Preparing for disasters is noted as one of the most effective ways to adapt and increase resilience to these events, but research has shown that many people in the United States have not adopted recommended household preparedness actions. Moreso, there is currently no geospatial data set or tool for mapping geographic variation in disaster preparedness behavior, despite the availability of appropriate survey data. Using the Federal Emergency Management Agency National Household Survey from 2017 to 2020, we develop a multilevel regression and poststratification model that provides estimates at the state, county, and zip-code tabulation area scales of several preparedness actions and a general disaster preparedness index. Results show regional and state-level variation among preparedness levels, with the Southeast and Utah being generally more prepared than other regions of the United States. Additionally, we introduce an online interactive mapping tool for these results that practitioners, academics, and the public can use to identify preparedness levels in their area of interest. The outcomes of this study can be used to inform future work in hazard risk assessment and to further develop comparisons between risk perceptions and hazard preparedness. Finally, findings from this study contribute to the suite of geospatial models and methods used to assess the human dimensions of hazard risk and resilience. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 314-333 Issue: 2 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2271560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2271560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:2:p:314-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2265984_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: David C. Folch Author-X-Name-First: David C. Author-X-Name-Last: Folch Author-Name: Matthew Laird Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Laird Title: Patterns of Multidimensional Poverty in the United States Abstract: The accurate accounting of where and for whom deprivations occur is fundamental to addressing poverty. In the United States, the official poverty measure considers only a person’s income, although poverty is increasingly understood internationally as a set of multiple, interlinked deprivations. This article introduces a decomposable multidimensional poverty (MDP) measure that addresses these shortcomings by using thirteen American Community Survey microdata indicators to identify education, health, housing, and economic security deprivations for individuals. In 2017, the national poverty rate was 13.7 percent when measured using MDP and 13.1 percent using official poverty. Although similar at the national scale, Hispanic, Asian, and older persons had higher poverty rates using the multidimensional measure, whereas Black and young persons had higher rates when using official poverty. MDP tended to be higher than official poverty in dense urban areas, whereas official poverty tended to be higher in rural areas. Further, MDP was a stronger correlate with COVID-19 death rates than official poverty through the first three waves of the pandemic. The design of MDP recognizes that individuals can experience poverty in different ways and provides a more holistic view of people and places. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 387-407 Issue: 2 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2265984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2265984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:2:p:387-407 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2289984_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: George Cusworth Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Cusworth Author-Name: Jamie Lorimer Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Lorimer Title: On Disease Configurations, Black-Grass Blowback, and Probiotic Pest Management Abstract: This article explores approaches to managing pests that are being developed in response to the faltering effectiveness of antibiotic regimes of chemical control. It focuses on black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides), an endemic plant in European agriculture that has emerged as a serious yield-robber with increasing levels of herbicidal resistance. Following farmers and agronomists who have developed “integrated” approaches to black-grass management, the article identifies approaches to biosecurity that do not target unwanted life so much as they modulate ecological systems in their entirety. Pathogenesis, in this relational understanding, follows not from breaches of dangerous life into healthy space, but from ecological intra-actions that enable the proliferation of some life to compromise the multispecies livability of the body in question. The article contributes to the literature by detailing how this configurational approach works in the world. It traces the polymorphic spatial imaginaries required to map pests well; the process of knowledge intensification needed to reveal which configurations can resist pathogenesis; and the probiotic biopolitical interventions used to safeguard farmland productivity. The article uses black-grass to present a temporal metanarrative of intensive farming causing ecological blowback, leading to the development of approaches to pest management predicated on a pragmatic tolerance toward unwanted life. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 462-480 Issue: 3 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2289984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2289984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:3:p:462-480 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2289986_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Hanchen Yu Author-X-Name-First: Hanchen Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Title: Exploring Multiscale Spatial Interactions: Multiscale Geographically Weighted Negative Binomial Regression Abstract: In this article, I develop and implement the multiscale geographically weighted negative binomial (MGWNB) model, extending the spatially weighted interaction models by integrating a multiscale framework. This model effectively tackles the multiscale nonstationarity and overdispersion issues found in spatial interaction models. By comparing it with multiscale geographically weighted Poisson regression using simulated data, I demonstrate its superior performance in several aspects, including its capability to estimate the scale of processes, its effectiveness in capturing the spatial heterogeneity, and its ability to produce a better goodness of fit. The application of MGWNB in interprovincial population migration in China, using 2020 Chinese census data, also demonstrates its effectiveness and efficiency, revealing strong multiscale spatial heterogeneity in the migration patterns. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 574-590 Issue: 3 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2289986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2289986 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:3:p:574-590 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2292805_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Mihai S. Rusu Author-X-Name-First: Mihai S. Author-X-Name-Last: Rusu Title: Modeling Toponymic Change: A Multilevel Analysis of Street Renaming in Postsocialist Romania Abstract: Political geographers and sociologists working in the field of critical toponymies have demonstrated that renaming the streetscape follows invariably after a regime change. Scholars have barely gone beyond documenting the extent of toponymic change at the level of particular places, however, usually the capital cities of countries from the former socialist bloc and other postdictatorial societies. This article sets out to address toponymic changes at the country level, by examining the complete national street nomenclature in postsocialist urban Romania. For this purpose, a data set comprising the entire collection of urban street names in Romania, together with all the street name changes that occurred during postsocialism, was constructed from multiple sources (N = 37,076). A series of multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed to model statistically the effects of various street- and locality-level variables on postsocialist street renaming. The results of these multilevel logistic regression analyses indicate that toponymic revision after the fall of state socialism is shaped by the intersection of street-level properties (e.g., artery class and features regarding the street name itself) and locality-level characteristics (e.g., the historicity of urban status and the ethnopolitics played out at the level of each city and town). The article is the first to analyze the shifting political geography of urban nomenclatures at a national level based on a complete data set of street names. The analytical model advanced in this article, based on postsocialist Romania, could be used to inform similar research on other geographical settings and historical contexts. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 591-609 Issue: 3 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2292805 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2292805 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:3:p:591-609 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2280666_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Laurie Parsons Author-X-Name-First: Laurie Author-X-Name-Last: Parsons Author-Name: Ricardo Safra de Campos Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Safra Author-X-Name-Last: de Campos Author-Name: Alice Moncaster Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Moncaster Author-Name: Ian Cook Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Cook Author-Name: Tasneem Siddiqui Author-X-Name-First: Tasneem Author-X-Name-Last: Siddiqui Author-Name: Chethika Abenayake Author-X-Name-First: Chethika Author-X-Name-Last: Abenayake Author-Name: Amila Buddhika Jayasinghe Author-X-Name-First: Amila Buddhika Author-X-Name-Last: Jayasinghe Author-Name: Pratik Mishra Author-X-Name-First: Pratik Author-X-Name-Last: Mishra Author-Name: Long Ly Vouch Author-X-Name-First: Long Author-X-Name-Last: Ly Vouch Author-Name: Tamim Billah Author-X-Name-First: Tamim Author-X-Name-Last: Billah Title: Globalized Climate Precarity: Environmental Degradation, Disasters, and the International Brick Trade Abstract: Climate-linked disasters result when natural hazards meet socioeconomic precarity. Recognizing this, scholarship in recent years has emphasized how the precarity that turns climate-linked hazards into disasters is produced within the same global political economy that enables climate change. Nevertheless, despite growing interest in the ways in which the dynamics of global economic history shapes contemporary hazard vulnerability, less attention has been directed toward the dynamism of the contemporary global economy and particularly the ways in which global material flows shape environmental risk. From this standpoint, this article argues, first, the need to account for the economic dynamics of global trade in shaping the factors that intensify disaster risk, and second, the role of multiscalar agency. Exemplifying this issue through a case study of international brick imports from South Asia to the United Kingdom, the article provides a heuristic example of how contemporary globalized flows of goods link local vulnerabilities to economic processes originating thousands of miles away. In an increasingly globalized world, it thus foregrounds a dynamic, global perspective on the genus of climate precarity. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 520-535 Issue: 3 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2280666 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2280666 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:3:p:520-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2289982_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Jinfeng Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jinfeng Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Robert Haining Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Haining Author-Name: Tonglin Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Tonglin Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Chengdong Xu Author-X-Name-First: Chengdong Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Maogui Hu Author-X-Name-First: Maogui Author-X-Name-Last: Hu Author-Name: Qian Yin Author-X-Name-First: Qian Author-X-Name-Last: Yin Author-Name: Lianfa Li Author-X-Name-First: Lianfa Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Chenghu Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Chenghu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Guangquan Li Author-X-Name-First: Guangquan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Hongyan Chen Author-X-Name-First: Hongyan Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Statistical Modeling of Spatially Stratified Heterogeneous Data Abstract: Spatial statistics is an important methodology for geospatial data analysis. It has evolved to handle spatially autocorrelated data and spatially (locally) heterogeneous data, which aim to capture the first and second laws of geography, respectively. Examples of spatially stratified heterogeneity (SSH) include climatic zones and land-use types. Methods for such data are relatively underdeveloped compared to the first two properties. The presence of SSH is evidence that nature is lawful and structured rather than purely random. This induces another “layer” of causality underlying variations observed in geographical data. In this article, we go beyond traditional cluster-based approaches and propose a unified approach for SSH in which we provide an equation for SSH, display how SSH is a source of bias in spatial sampling and confounding in spatial modeling, detect nonlinear stochastic causality inherited in SSH distribution, quantify general interaction identified by overlaying two SSH distributions, perform spatial prediction based on SSH, develop a new measure for spatial goodness of fit, and enhance global modeling by integrating them with an SSH q statistic. The research advances statistical theory and methods for dealing with SSH data, thereby offering a new toolbox for spatial data analysis. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 499-519 Issue: 3 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2289982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2289982 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:3:p:499-519 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2278711_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Gregory Woolston Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Woolston Author-Name: Katharyne Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: Katharyne Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Title: A Conjunctural Mapping of People’s Park Abstract: Following calls to spatialize conjunctures, this article proposes and practices conjunctural mapping through a case study of the ongoing struggle at People’s Park in Berkeley, California. Although the method of conjunctural analysis enables and requires an investigation into the multiple forces at work in the production of hegemony, such analyses tend to focus on cultural, economic, political, and social (or horizontal) dimensions of winning or contesting consent, without necessarily locating the formations of these expressions at different (vertical) scales. What is the role of the geographical in producing and countering hegemony, and how do we consider questions of scale in a conjunctural analysis? We offer an example through a conjunctural mapping of People’s Park, where the University of California, Berkeley, and park defenders address pressures and seize opportunities at the scales of the subject, city, and state to respectively redevelop or protect the park. Mapping their multiple geographies reveals how the neoliberal crisis (in higher education, affordable housing, and public space) takes place and requires work at each scale in the struggle for hegemonic settlement. Spiraling outward and upward, cases like People’s Park show that conjunctures are best analyzed through consideration of local complexities and scale articulations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 481-498 Issue: 3 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2278711 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2278711 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:3:p:481-498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2292807_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Danlin Yu Author-X-Name-First: Danlin Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Shenyang Guo Author-X-Name-First: Shenyang Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Author-Name: Yuanyuan Yang Author-X-Name-First: Yuanyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Linyun Fu Author-X-Name-First: Linyun Author-X-Name-Last: Fu Author-Name: Timothy McBride Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: McBride Author-Name: Ruopeng An Author-X-Name-First: Ruopeng Author-X-Name-Last: An Title: Governance Policy Evaluation in the United States during the Pandemic: Nonpharmaceutical Interventions or Else? Abstract: Scientific evidence suggests that nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) effectively curb the spread of COVID-19 before a pharmaceutical solution. Implementing these interventions also significantly affects regular socioeconomic activities and practices of social, racial, and political justice. Local governments often face conflicting goals during policymaking. Striking a balance among competing goals during a global pandemic is a fine science of governance. How well state governments consume the scientific evidence and maintain such a balance remains less understood. This study employs a set of Bayesian hierarchical models to evaluate how state governments in the United States use scientific evidence to balance the fighting against the spread of COVID-19 disease and socioeconomic, racial, social justice, and other demands. We modeled the relationships between five NPI strategies and COVID-19 caseload information and used the modeled result to perform a balanced governance evaluation. The results suggest that governmental attitude and guidance effectively guide the public to fight back against a global pandemic. The more detailed spatiotemporally varying coefficient process model produces 612,000 spatiotemporally varying coefficients, suggesting all measures sometimes work somewhere. Summarized results indicate that states emphasizing NPIs fared well in curbing the spread of COVID-19. With over 1 million deaths due to COVID-19 in the United States, we feel the balance scale likely needs to tip toward preserving human lives. Our evaluation of governance policies is hence based on such an argument. This study aims to provide decision support for policymaking during a national emergency. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 437-461 Issue: 3 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2292807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2292807 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:3:p:437-461 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2284285_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Perry L. Carter Author-X-Name-First: Perry L. Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Title: Art Works: Rendering the Absence Present by Bearing Witness at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice Abstract: This article concerns material art, the atmospheres they create, and the affects they engender in their audiences. It is about how the works of art at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice (NMPJ) in Montgomery, Alabama, work to create an atmosphere that enrolls its visitors as empathetic witnesses to the lynchings documented throughout the memorial. The NMPJ is an affecting landscape where visitors learn of the ugly extralegal history of lethal violence against African Americans in the United States. Through a textual analysis of Web-posted Google reviews of the NMPJ, the affecting work that art performs on its viewers is revealed. The NMPJ compels its visitors to both feel and think about a brutal U.S. past and in so doing, it presences the absented victims of lynchings. The NMPJ is not only a place of remembering, but it is a place of re-membering—a reattaching of the lost dead into the narrative body of the U.S. story. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 555-573 Issue: 3 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2284285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2284285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:3:p:555-573 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2285371_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Zhenlei Song Author-X-Name-First: Zhenlei Author-X-Name-Last: Song Author-Name: Piers Chapman Author-X-Name-First: Piers Author-X-Name-Last: Chapman Author-Name: Jian Tao Author-X-Name-First: Jian Author-X-Name-Last: Tao Author-Name: Ping Chang Author-X-Name-First: Ping Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: Huilin Gao Author-X-Name-First: Huilin Author-X-Name-Last: Gao Author-Name: Honggao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Honggao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Christian Brannstrom Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Brannstrom Author-Name: Zhe Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Zhe Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Mapping the Unheard: Analyzing Tradeoffs Between Fisheries and Offshore Wind Farms Using Multicriteria Decision Analysis Abstract: Identifying offshore wind energy sites involves analyzing multiple variables, such as wind speed, proximity to the coastline, and sociocultural factors. This complex decision-making process often involves many stakeholders, resulting in conflicting data and goals. Decision analysis that promotes collaboration, transparency, understanding, and sustainability is key. This study presents a unique model of human–environment interaction that reconciles different perspectives and visualizes the balance between fisheries and wind power. Using three multicriteria decision models (weighted aggregated sum product assessment [WASPAS], technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution [TOPSIS], and analytical hierarchy process [AHP]), we analyze the decision mix for wind farm selection and assess the impacts on fisheries using historical data. Our approach was applied to an upwelling system in California, generating ten tailored decision scenarios for different stakeholder groups. The results showed that adaptation scores for specific call areas in northern California decreased when the weight of fishery factors increased, and there was a tendency for high-scoring areas to shift southward as fishery parameters increased. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the first-order sensitivity scores of WASPAS were better correlated with the weights compared to TOPSIS, whereas the second-order sensitivity scores were generally lower, indicating a reduced interdependence of our model. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 536-554 Issue: 3 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2285371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2285371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:3:p:536-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2295392_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Matthew H. John Author-X-Name-First: Matthew H. Author-X-Name-Last: John Title: Beauty and the Anthropocene: A Case for How Experiences of Beautiful Places in Nature Can Contribute to Emancipation from Instrumental Rationality Abstract: This article investigates, theoretically and empirically, the proposition that beauty—I consider experiences of beautiful places in the natural world in particular—can contribute to the emancipation of modern persons (and thereby developed societies) from instrumental rationality. The article begins by theorizing instrumental rationality as a major driver of the socioecological crises of the Anthropocene. After elucidating the effects of instrumental rationality through Horkheimer’s work, the article draws from Buber’s concept of the I–Thou relation to conceptualize ideal noninstrumental relations. It then draws from recent scholarship on beauty to claim that beauty is not merely an aesthetic experience, but also a relational one: When not conscripted into serving unscrupulous ends, beauty can produce profoundly mutual I–Thou relations between an individual, the beautiful entity, and all manner of more-than-human beings. Remote interviews and focus groups with thirty-five residents of Juneau, Alaska, suggest that experiences of beautiful places in the natural world do indeed possess the theorized emancipatory potential, precisely because they invite humans into meaning-making I–Thou relations of which many citizens of the modern world find themselves bereft. The article ends by discussing the findings in relation to contemporary, especially Indigenous, thought on the agency of place. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 719-736 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2295392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2295392 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:719-736 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2295391_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Jinbiao Yan Author-X-Name-First: Jinbiao Author-X-Name-Last: Yan Author-Name: Bo Wu Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Xiaoqi Duan Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoqi Author-X-Name-Last: Duan Title: Modeling Spatial Anisotropic Relationships Using Gradient-Based Geographically Weighted Regression Abstract: Distance and direction play crucial roles in modeling the spatial nonstationarity relationship. Because Euclidean distance ignores the effect of direction, several modified geographically weighted regression (GWR) attempts have been made to model anisotropic relationships using various non-Euclidean distance metrics. These methods, however, adopt uniform parameters to define the non-Euclidean metrics over the whole study area, neglecting the varying numerical features existing in different regions. As a result, they fail to accurately depict spatial anisotropic relationships between variables. To address this issue, we propose a novel method called gradient-based geographically weighted regression (GGWR) that integrates the gradient of spatial relationships into GWR. Additionally, we introduce an l0-norm regularization technique to achieve the parameter estimation of GGWR. Both simulated and actual data sets were used to validate the proposed method, and the experimental results demonstrate that the gradient field of the spatial relationship obtained by GGWR can effectively characterize the direction and intensity of variable relationships at various locations. Moreover, GGWR outperforms other models, including GWR, directional geographically weighted regression, and Minkowski distance-based geographically weighted regression, in terms of fitting accuracy, coefficient estimation accuracy, and interpretation of coefficient symbols. These findings indicate that the GGWR can be a valuable tool for modeling spatial anisotropic relationships by leveraging the spatial relationship gradient field. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 697-718 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2295391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2295391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:697-718 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2294902_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Janet Adomako Author-X-Name-First: Janet Author-X-Name-Last: Adomako Title: “Gold Is a Spirit”: Diverse Ontologies and a More-than-Human Political Ecology of Extraction in Ghana’s Small-Scale Gold Mining Industry Abstract: This article examines how indigenous ontologies of gold, land, and rivers shape extractive practices, based on ethnographic field work in Ghana. I draw from political ecology to account for how invisible properties of the subsoil become entangled with social realities. In Ghana, understandings of the subsoil as more-than-material worlds inform rituals, taboos, and other protocols. Through such protocols, chiefs, spiritualists, and others emerge to govern subterranean access. This research shows that subterranean sovereignty extends beyond the state to include invisible forces of extractive landscapes, presenting ontological challenges to neoliberal land acquisition and gold privatization processes. The study also shows that mineral matters have resisting and intentional capacities that are constituted through resource making. Such resisting capacities contradict dominant views of resources, generating new understandings of resources as things that do not always become. The study suggests the need to attend to complicated forces of extraction and mining regulations. Such an approach is not merely epistemological intervention for addressing the subsoil’s invisible properties but provides important insights to reimagine contemporary extractive practices as ontological struggles over the subsoil wherein indigenous persons produce and challenge claims to land through more-than-material relationships with the environment. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 633-651 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2294902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2294902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:633-651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2304206_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Hannah Hunter Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Hunter Author-Name: Adam Searle Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Searle Title: Postextinction Geographies: Audiovisual Afterlives of the Bucardo and the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker Abstract: How do technologies animate more-than-human geographies after extinction? How can geographical scholarship evoke, or bring presence to, extinct biota? In an epoch simultaneously characterized by biotic loss at an unthinkable scale and the increased presence of representations depicting nonhuman life through mass media and digitization, we examine the epistemic, affective, and ethical possibilities of extinct animal traces to shape more-than-human geographies. We show how technological apparatuses inaugurate afterlives of extinction troubling binaries of extinct–extant and absence–presence. Specifically, we consider audio and visual remains of two taxa producing awkward and unsettling postextinction geographies: the ivory-billed woodpecker and the bucardo. Sound recordings and other historical traces continue to forge contemporary connections between human searchers and the ivory-billed woodpecker, although no sighting of the ghost bird has been universally accepted since 1944. The bucardo was declared extinct in 2000, but it was tentatively reanimated through a failed 2003 cloning project; in this milieu, visual technologies and representations conjure alternative presence and speculative futures beyond technoscientific spectacle. Through conversing our own situated, speculative, and technologically mediated relations with these taxa—and situating the technological assemblages themselves—we present some of the lively, contested, and dispersed ways technological apparatuses affect and inaugurate animated geographies after extinction. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 770-791 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2304206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2304206 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:770-791 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2294899_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Seema Rani Author-X-Name-First: Seema Author-X-Name-Last: Rani Author-Name: Pyarimohan Maharana Author-X-Name-First: Pyarimohan Author-X-Name-Last: Maharana Author-Name: Suraj Mal Author-X-Name-First: Suraj Author-X-Name-Last: Mal Title: Assessing the Monthly Trends in Precipitable Water Vapor over the Indian Subcontinent Abstract: This study estimates the trends in precipitable water vapor (PWV), atmospheric moisture budget (AMB), and the factors influencing them: air temperature, evapotranspiration (ET), convective available potential energy (CAPE), and vertical velocity (Omega) over the Indian subcontinent using ERA5 reanalysis data sets between 1980 and 2020. PWV is examined across three atmospheric layers (1000–850 hPa: lower layer; 850–500 hPa: middle layer; 500–300 hPa: upper layer), and the entire atmospheric column (EAC; 1000–300 hPa). The observed PWV trends exhibit variability within the EAC, ranging from −0.53 to 1.25 mm/decade across the study area, with the middle layer showing the most pronounced variation (–0.44 to 0.83 mm/decade), followed by the lower layer (0.10 to 0.45 mm/decade), and the upper layer (–0.02 to 0.23 mm/decade). These fluctuations in PWV are attributed to changes in air temperature, ET, CAPE, and Omega. This investigation, however, underscores the necessity of delving into the impacts of these influencing factors on PWV using finer resolution data, to enhance our comprehension of its spatial and temporal dynamics in the region. Furthermore, the annual AMB analysis reveals a declining trend in the study region. These findings collectively contribute to the understanding of regional water-energy cycles and the recent shifts in atmospheric dynamics. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 671-696 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2294899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2294899 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:671-696 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2299221_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Mary Mostafanezhad Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Mostafanezhad Author-Name: Olivier Evrard Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Evrard Author-Name: Chaya Vaddhanaphuti Author-X-Name-First: Chaya Author-X-Name-Last: Vaddhanaphuti Title: Particulate Matters: Air Pollution and the Political Ecology of a Boundary Object Abstract: Air pollution now affects 92 percent of the global population and is responsible for one out of nine deaths, nearly two thirds of which occur in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Emerging work on the political ecology of air pollution examines how its noxious effects are unevenly distributed across social categories such as race and class. Geographers know much less about the social mechanisms through which air pollution and its risks and mitigation efforts are calculated, however. Situated within northern Thailand’s haze crisis and its broader agrarian transitions, we employ ethnographic and geospatial methods to theorize air pollution as a boundary object. Throughout the region, uncertainty over the causes and constitution of air pollution and its flexible interpretation have driven the development of civil society sensor networks and the adoption of portable Air Quality Index monitors and hot spot locating apps. These increasingly widespread technologies not only democratize data but also play a growing role in shifting environmental narratives of seasonal air pollution. By homing in on the boundary work of air pollution, however, we argue that although new, more widely accessible modes of knowledge production can seemingly reduce uncertainty and shift environmental policy, they can also obscure the long-standing political-economic inequalities on which environmental problems are based. This article advances current debates at the nexus of political ecology and science and technology by demonstrating how particulate matter matters differently within and between social groups and the role of sociality in environmental change and the production of political space. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 826-843 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2299221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2299221 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:826-843 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2304200_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Ben A. Gerlofs Author-X-Name-First: Ben A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gerlofs Author-Name: Benjamin Lucca Iaquinto Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Lucca Author-X-Name-Last: Iaquinto Author-Name: Kylie Yuet Ning Poon Author-X-Name-First: Kylie Yuet Ning Author-X-Name-Last: Poon Author-Name: Cathy Tung Yee Tsang Author-X-Name-First: Cathy Tung Yee Author-X-Name-Last: Tsang Title: Tank to Table: Hong Kong’s Wet Markets and the Geographies of Lively Commodification Beyond Companionship Abstract: We argue for a radical reconfiguration of existing theorizations of the “lively commodity”—beings captured, cultivated, and traded for their very lives—on more inclusive terms. Specifically, we advocate the inclusion of animals intended for dietary consumption, in recognition of the demonstrable centrality of encounters between human beings in their role as consumers and the animals and animal parts offered for sale in Hong Kong’s many wet markets to the processes of commodification. Based on semistructured interviews with vendors and consumers (n = 86) and a variety of modes of ethnographic observation (including narrative, photography, and several forms of videography), we analyze three groups of practices and strategies for structuring and negotiating productive encounters (which we label provoking motion, stimulating appetite, and maintaining life) observed in twenty-seven different wet markets across Hong Kong between June and September 2022. Our analysis also suggests critical issues and directions for future research rooted in, at minimum, crucial differences in the scalar, temporal, ecological, and ethical dimensions of diverse processes of lively commodification. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 844-862 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2304200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2304200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:844-862 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2294892_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Bi Yu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Bi Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Chenxi Fu Author-X-Name-First: Chenxi Author-X-Name-Last: Fu Author-Name: Donggen Wang Author-X-Name-First: Donggen Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Tao Jia Author-X-Name-First: Tao Author-X-Name-Last: Jia Author-Name: Jianya Gong Author-X-Name-First: Jianya Author-X-Name-Last: Gong Title: How Retailer Hierarchy Shapes Food Accessibility: A Case Study Using Machine Learning Method to Delineate Service Areas and Hierarchical Levels of Food Retailers Abstract: Accurate evaluation of food accessibility is the prerequisite for developing sustainable food policies. Most existing studies have evaluated food accessibility by setting a single service area size for all food retailers across a study area. In reality, service area sizes can vary significantly among different types of food retailers in different geographical regions, thus forming a retailer hierarchy. In this study, we propose a new machine learning method to delineate service areas and hierarchical levels for all food retailers in a large study area. Based on the proposed method, a comprehensive case study of 79,419 food retailers was carried out in Wuhan, China. This study revealed three hierarchical levels of food retailers in Wuhan. Retailers at higher positions in the hierarchy had fewer entities but larger service areas. The hierarchical levels of food retailers can be accurately determined by fifteen attractiveness factors. These results underscore the dominant role of middle- and upper-level retailers in determining food accessibility; that is, they accounted for only 6.9 percent of total retailers but contributed to 96.3 percent of total accessibility. Ignoring the hierarchical structure of food retailers will introduce significant bias in food accessibility evaluations. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 611-632 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2294892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2294892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:611-632 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2306135_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Guanqiu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Guanqiu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Liang Ma Author-X-Name-First: Liang Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Title: Dynamic Relationship between Commuting Time and Job Satisfaction: A Bivariate Latent Change Score Approach Abstract: Daily commuting and its impact on job satisfaction have been the focus of numerous studies. Limited research, however, has explored the bidirectional relationship between the two factors, and most studies have relied on cross-sectional designs. This study addresses this research gap by using four waves of panel data from the China Family Panel Studies to examine the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between commuting time and job satisfaction. A bivariate latent change score model is employed to analyze the data. Our findings reveal a bidirectional association between commuting time and job satisfaction. Individuals with high job satisfaction tend to maintain their commute time, whereas those with shorter commutes experience faster growth in job satisfaction. Increases in commute time positively affect employment income but have a negative impact on job satisfaction, suggesting that financial benefits might not fully compensate for the full cost of commuting on work. Moreover, changes in commute time do not significantly influence working hours, indicating that commuting primarily affects work–life balance rather than the actual hours worked. This study provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of commuting and job satisfaction, informing evidence-based policy decisions for managing commuting and improving employee satisfaction. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 808-825 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2306135 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2306135 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:808-825 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2299223_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Gabriel Fauveaud Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Fauveaud Title: New-Build Speculation and the Financialization of Urban Development in the Global South: A Perspective from Phnom Penh, Cambodia Abstract: This article analyzes how urban development and property management strategies shape and accelerate new-build speculation (i.e., speculation mechanisms attached to the development of newly built real estate projects) in Phnom Penh (the capital of Cambodia), a city experiencing a growing financialization of its real estate markets. By discussing dominant conceptions of property speculation within critical research in geography and urban studies, the article shows that speculation has primarily been seen as a fictitious and unproductive form of capital accumulation rather than as an effective mechanism of urban production. Analyzing the development of mixed-use, large-scale, and condominium projects, the article argues that not only does property speculation participate in shaping real estate development but also that the production and management of real estate projects “engineer” property speculation and the spatialization logics of real estate financialization. Four main mechanisms of new-build speculation are identified: the design of speculative urbanity, the refining of the liquidity of real estate assets, the spatialization of speculation, and the production of territorial investment platforms. Ultimately, the article discusses how the intensification of the construction of large-scale, mixed-use, and condominium projects in Global South cities is supporting a speculative turn of urban development in so-called frontier markets. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 737-752 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2299223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2299223 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:737-752 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2298236_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Ruidun Chen Author-X-Name-First: Ruidun Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Cong Fu Author-X-Name-First: Cong Author-X-Name-Last: Fu Author-Name: Shanhe Jiang Author-X-Name-First: Shanhe Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang Author-Name: Minxuan Lan Author-X-Name-First: Minxuan Author-X-Name-Last: Lan Author-Name: Yanqing Xu Author-X-Name-First: Yanqing Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Title: The Impact of Spatial Changes on the Assessment of CCTV Effects: An Example of the Green Light Project in Detroit Abstract: The assessment of closed-circuit television (CCTV) as an infrastructure designed to improve the policing environment has gained widespread attention. The effect of CCTV is influenced not only by the time of installation, however, but also by locations, making it challenging to assess accurately from a single dimension. Existing studies have analyzed the differences in assessment results due to the period of installation, but little has been said about the sensitivity of assessment results to spatial changes. Moreover, existing assessment results rarely consider the varying degrees of influence that CCTV might have in different locations. To address these issues, we use the weighted displacement quotient (WDQ) algorithm to assess the effect of 603 CCTVs installed by the Green Light Project in Detroit from 2016 to 2019. This assessment examines the sensitivity of the WDQ algorithm to spatial changes, particularly when the radius of the target area is altered. We also optimize the matching algorithm and consider the spatial heterogeneity of CCTV’s effects in the assessment process. The results show that over 50 percent of the CCTVs installed have a diffusion of benefits on crime reduction (WDQ > 0), and the assessment results obtained using the WDQ algorithm are highly sensitive to spatial changes. These findings provide valuable insights for subsequent assessments of CCTV, and for the optimization of CCTV installation and layout to enhance their effect. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 753-769 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2298236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2298236 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:753-769 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2292808_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Ferenc Gyuris Author-X-Name-First: Ferenc Author-X-Name-Last: Gyuris Author-Name: Steven Jobbitt Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Jobbitt Author-Name: Róbert Győri Author-X-Name-First: Róbert Author-X-Name-Last: Győri Title: Hungarian Geography between 1870 and 1920: Negotiating Empire and Coloniality on the Global Semiperiphery Abstract: Going beyond the conventional approach that locates imperial geographies at either the center or periphery of overseas colonization, this article focuses on coloniality in fin de siècle Hungary to examine the complex negotiation of the colonial project on the global semiperiphery. As a junior partner in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Hungary was simultaneously both an object of Western Europe’s orientalizing gaze and an agent of its own civilizing mission on the nation’s periphery and in the Balkans. Adopting a decolonial framework, we investigate how Hungarian geographers fit themselves into the colonial paradigm and examine their shifting and ambiguous relationship to colonial notions. Beginning with the institutionalization of Hungarian geography in the 1870s and ending with the collapse of Austria-Hungary after World War I, we explore this evolving relationship in light of three factors: (1) the attitudes of Hungarian geographers toward Western imperialism in general and Austro-Hungarian imperialism in the Balkans in particular; (2) the diverse perspectives of Hungarian geographers as thinkers embedded in an epistemic community on the global semiperiphery; and (3) their perspectives on ethno-nationalist conceptualizations of national space. Offering critical insight into the history of fin de siècle Hungarian geography, our study also opens the possibility for comparative discussions regarding the semiperipheral coloniality of other broadly similar cases and the decolonizing of semiperipheral geographies and their pasts. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 652-670 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2292808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2023.2292808 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:652-670 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2305259_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Wesley Attewell Author-X-Name-First: Wesley Author-X-Name-Last: Attewell Title: War Travels: The Logistics of Vietnam War Militourism Abstract: This article explores the everyday entanglements of militarism and tourism that helped sustain soldiering life during the Vietnam War. Free world soldiers in Vietnam were entitled to take between five and seven days of leave in rest and recuperation (R&R) sites located within the war zone and across the Pacific more generally. This article places the literature on militourism in conversation with close readings of archival sources to show how imperial soldier-tourists used trans-Pacific infrastructures of military R&R in a diversity of ways. Militourists in colonized cities such as Manila and Hong Kong often enacted heteronormative fantasies of leisure, seeking out intimate and predatory relationships with local women. The U.S. military also valued R&R as a mechanism for reuniting soldiers with their families, however, and transformed Honolulu into a site for hosting such forms of leave. When considered together, these different forms of militourism emphasize how trans-Pacific R&R infrastructures served simultaneously as conduits of gendered violence, terrains of racial management, and objects of political struggle. What this article offers, then, is a more complex understanding of militourism, one that reclaims vernacular cultures of travel from militaries, markets, and empires, and repurposes them to further the urgent work of abolition, decolonization, and demilitarization. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 792-807 Issue: 4 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2305259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2305259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:4:p:792-807 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2306137_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Nasser Ary Tanimoune Author-X-Name-First: Nasser Author-X-Name-Last: Ary Tanimoune Author-Name: Paul Alexander Haslam Author-X-Name-First: Paul Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Haslam Title: Activist Networks, Territory, and the Spatial Diffusion of Mining Conflicts Abstract: This article examines how activist networks contribute to the spatial diffusion of mining conflicts. We conduct a spatial econometric analysis of 590 geolocated mining properties in five countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru), using the univariate local joint count test and the spatial autoregressive probit method. Empirically, the analysis provides strong and generalizable evidence for the spatial diffusion of conflicts related to mining, namely that a social conflict in a given mine site can be considered an independent cause of a distinct social conflict in another proximate mine site that is additional to the localized factors considered in the quantitative and qualitative literature to date. Moreover, we show that the diffusion effect is most evident at a territorial level of analysis, which leads us to make the theoretical argument that the diffusion of collective action depends on the geospatial resonance of activist claims and mobilizing frames based on a common territorial experience among otherwise distant groups. The concept of geospatial resonance contributes to contemporary efforts to conceptually and empirically specify the limitations to a relational understanding of scale. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 898-917 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2306137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2306137 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:898-917 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2313500_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Tomasz Pirowski Author-X-Name-First: Tomasz Author-X-Name-Last: Pirowski Author-Name: Bartłomiej Szypuła Author-X-Name-First: Bartłomiej Author-X-Name-Last: Szypuła Title: Dasymetric Population Mapping Using Building Data Abstract: The goal of this research was a quantitative-spatial high-resolution analysis of population distribution based on residential building data extracted from topographic objects database. Attribute information on residential buildings (location, volume, function) provides opportunities to estimate the number of residents. The recalculation of the population from the urban units of Cracow into new spatial units was based on the area-weighted aggregation method. The location of residential buildings constituted a limiting variable, and the total square meterage (calculated as the area of the buildings and the number of their floors) constituted the binding variable. The introduction of additional binding variables related to the type of building and its location, as well as various methods of determining the square meterage per building type, resulted in the creation of a total of nineteen maps of population. As a result, the best methods for the correct geographic scale and segmentation of residential building type—single family or multifamily—were identified. For the input data, based solely on the amount of population in urban units, the calculated value of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in the 1 × 1 km grid was 310.8 percent, and for the root mean square error (RMSE) was 1,476 people. In the dasymetric method, directly associating the population with the volume of residential buildings, the errors fell to 21.9 percent and 632 people, respectively. The best result was obtained for the variant based on minimizing the RMSE, associating the number of residents to single-family buildings (2.88 people/building) and associating the number of residents to the square footage in multifamily buildings (37.1 m2/person; MAPE = 19.2 percent, RMSE = 556 people). Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1001-1019 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2313500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2313500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:1001-1019 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2313513_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Yuki Iwai Author-X-Name-First: Yuki Author-X-Name-Last: Iwai Title: Joint Effects of Perceived Hazard Risk and Contextual Situation on Responses Abstract: This study examined the relationship between risk perception and evacuation behavior, and the sociospatial contexts that affect evacuation. It is argued that risk perception and contextual conditions have a joint effect on evacuation. Data were collected from 3,756 evacuees in sixteen cities and towns affected by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake off the Pacific coast. Using geographic information systems (GIS), data from questionnaires on risk perception and activity diary surveys on behavioral response were combined with geospatial data. The main finding was that high risk perception leads to evacuation behavior, but that the difference between immediate and delayed evacuation depends on the sociospatial context. Delayed evacuation, compared with immediate evacuation, tends to occur in the following contexts: (1) the physical context (e.g., being inland at the time of the disaster impact); (2) the household context (e.g., the need to confirm the safety of household members); and (3) the social context (e.g., the need for assistance with mobility). This study extends the literature on disaster science and cognitive-behavioral geography by considering the relationship between perception and behavior in urban spaces in emergencies. The findings are relevant to the development of disaster preparedness planning to minimize human losses. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1039-1057 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2313513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2313513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:1039-1057 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2319067_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Yang Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Mei-Po Kwan Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Po Author-X-Name-Last: Kwan Author-Name: Changda Yu Author-X-Name-First: Changda Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Title: How Mobility and Temporal Contexts May Affect Environmental Exposure Measurements: Using Outdoor Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) and Urban Green Space as Examples Abstract: Temporal contexts are essential for the derivation of causally relevant environmental exposure in environmental and public health studies. We argue that the proper temporal contexts need further emphasis in the mobility-oriented research paradigm and articulate this issue using a study in Hong Kong. We use people’s exposure to outdoor artificial light at night (ALAN) and green space as two essential examples. We recruited 208 participants from two representative communities in Hong Kong and derived their mobility-oriented environmental exposures from high-resolution remote sensing data and Google Street View imagery. We employed one-standard-deviational ellipses to quantitatively represent participants’ activity spaces, and we further used participants’ seven-day Global Positioning System trajectories to derive their spatiotemporally weighted exposures to green space and outdoor ALAN in different temporal contexts. Multiple t tests were used to examine the disparities in activity spaces and measured exposures in different temporal contexts, and these exposure measurements were then used to predict people’s health outcomes. We found that people’s activity spaces are significantly different in size between day and night, for both weekdays and weekends, and in both geographic contexts. We further observed that improper temporal contexts could lead to significantly different environmental exposure levels and causally irrelevant modeling results. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1098-1117 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2319067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2319067 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:1098-1117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2313496_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Anthony Howell Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Howell Title: Spatioethnic Household Carbon Footprints in China and the Equity Implications of Climate Mitigation Policy: A Machine Learning Approach Abstract: This article relies on the first and only representative survey data to estimate household carbon footprints (CFs) of China’s large yet vastly understudied ethnic minority population, documenting for the first time significant ethnic disparities in CFs driven by ethnic minorities’ relatively worse-off living standards: From 2010 to 2020, China’s ethnic minority population contributed less than 6 percent of residential emissions, about 50 percent less than expected based on population share alone. Next, results from a counterfactual policy analysis find that the distributive effects of a carbon tax are regressive in urban areas but not in rural areas, increasing within and between ethnic group inequality in urban China. A carbon tax with revenue-neutral schemes, by contrast, helps to mitigate existing inequalities in society, reducing income- and ethnic-based forms of inequality. Results are robust to machine learning techniques employed to simulate potential heterogeneous household abatement scenarios. The findings emphasize the potential benefits of a carbon tax, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of climate justice and informing policy decisions that promote equitable outcomes for vulnerable segments of society. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 958-976 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2313496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2313496 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:958-976 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2322473_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Fikriyah Winata Author-X-Name-First: Fikriyah Author-X-Name-Last: Winata Title: “I Rarely Go Out on Work Days”: Space–Time Constraints and (Im)mobility Experiences Among Indonesian Female Domestic Workers in Hong Kong Abstract: Female domestic workers (FDWs) experience space–time constraints and mobility challenges corresponding to their demanding daily work responsibilities. Studies have shown that FDWs’ mobility and activities are primarily dictated by their employers through work tasks. It is unclear, though, how FDWs’ activity and mobility patterns outside their employers’ homes are shaped by individual and contextual factors, including government policies that mandate that FDWs be granted a rest day. Using an activity space approach combined with multilevel modeling, I evaluated mobility and activity patterns on work and rest days for a sample of Indonesian FDWs in Hong Kong. Data were collected using innovative online activity diaries and were triangulated with qualitative data from WhatsApp follow-up conversations. This research uncovers that FDWs’ activity patterns differ significantly between work and rest days. FDWs rarely go outside on workdays except to perform work-related tasks. On the rest day, FDWs’ activity spaces are much more expansive as they conduct social and personal activities that are essential for maintaining their well-being. By comparing work and rest days, this research deepens our understanding of geographical, social, and temporal aspects of FDWs’ space–time constraints and (im)mobility experiences that encompass and go beyond employer-assigned tasks. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the benefits of rest day policies for enhancing the visibility of marginalized women in public spaces, particularly in the context of FDWs’ restrictive space–time constraints. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1020-1038 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2322473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2322473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:1020-1038 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2310106_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Laura Antona Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Antona Title: Geographies of Bodily (Dis)Possession: Domestic Work, Unfreedom, and Spirit Possessions in Singapore Abstract: Singapore’s labor-migration regime has come under much scrutiny for the ways in which it unequally positions employers vis-à-vis their migrant “workers.” One domestic worker, Rosamie, described the work permit she was issued as a “curse,” as it bound her to her employers as property, leaving her vulnerable to exploitation and violence. Drawing on ethnographic research, this article argues that multiscalar geographies of bodily (dis)possession are produced by Singapore’s labor-migration regime, which shape migrant domestic workers’ everyday lives. By engaging directly with the concepts of possession and dispossession, this article reveals the ways in which migrant domestic workers are themselves rendered bodily possessions in Singapore; with the state, employers, employment agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and ghosts all involved in creating this dynamic. Indeed, as I demonstrate, the permanence, freedoms, and authority of both employers and (shelter-based) ghosts stood in stark contrast to the disposability, unfreedom, and powerlessness that domestic workers (particularly those residing in shelters) often experienced and felt. I also explain how domestic workers’ lack of autonomy and bodily (dis)possession was (re)produced at different geographic scales: within the nation, individual dwelling spaces, and the body. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 943-957 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2310106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2310106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:943-957 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2313517_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Ningyezi Peng Author-X-Name-First: Ningyezi Author-X-Name-Last: Peng Author-Name: Xintao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xintao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: The Impact of Urban Scaling Structure on the Local-Scale Transmission of COVID-19: A Case Study of the Omicron Wave in Hong Kong Using Agent-Based Modeling Abstract: Superspreading events underscore the uneven distribution of COVID-19 transmission among individuals and locations. These heterogenous transmission patterns could stem from human mobility, yet the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here, we employ an agent-based model incorporating urban scaling structure to simulate fine-grained mobility and the human-to-human transmission process. Our results reveal that not only the quantity but also the scaling structure of mobility profoundly influences local transmission risk. Urban scaling structure is characterized by a widely found power-law scaling distribution of mobility volumes across different locations. By integrating this structure, our model fits reasonably well with empirical Omicron data at various spatial scales in Hong Kong. Further analyses show a positive association between the scaling index, representing the location’s importance within the structure, and local transmission risks among urban areas as well as the likelihood of becoming superspreaders among local visitors. This implies that urban scaling structure could offer the first-mover advantage to a minority of places and individuals to infect earlier and thus infect more. This study brings important insights for the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 and similar diseases, highlighting the role of urban scaling structure in influencing local transmission risks and superspreading events. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1079-1097 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2313517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2313517 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:1079-1097 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2304188_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Elizabeth A. Wentz Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Wentz Author-Name: Patricia Solís Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Solís Author-Name: Chuyuan Wang Author-X-Name-First: Chuyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Carlos Aguiar-Hernandez Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Aguiar-Hernandez Author-Name: Hank Courtright Author-X-Name-First: Hank Author-X-Name-Last: Courtright Author-Name: Aaron J. Dock Author-X-Name-First: Aaron J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dock Title: Planning for Heat Resilience and the Future of Residential Electricity Usage Abstract: Community resilience refers to the ability for a geographic area to respond and adapt to acute shocks and long-term stresses. Geography research is well positioned to examine how communities can adapt to the compounding effects of climate change. Our work aims to analyze the factors that influence residential electricity in the context of increasing urban temperatures in Maricopa County, Arizona, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic. Using census tracts as our basis for analysis, we quantified factors that influence electricity use related to neighborhood characteristics, home structures, social situations, pricing policies, and work-from-home estimates. Our findings suggest that the structure of the home (e.g., number of rooms and house size) influences the variation in residential electricity use, whereas trees and small-area temperatures were not factors. We then compared above-median-income census tracts to those that were below the median income. We found fewer factors influenced electricity use in the lower income census tracts and that they were also related mostly to the home structure. Our analysis did not reveal that working from home was significant, but we did find that the average household size was significant and that the amount of influence increased from 2019 to 2020, suggesting that the stay-at-home policies from the pandemic did affect electricity use. As we consider and implement work-from-home strategies, families need to recognize that the home structure plays a crucial role in determining electricity usage. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 918-942 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2304188 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2304188 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:918-942 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2313515_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Fan Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Fan Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Arianna Salazar-Miranda Author-X-Name-First: Arianna Author-X-Name-Last: Salazar-Miranda Author-Name: Fábio Duarte Author-X-Name-First: Fábio Author-X-Name-Last: Duarte Author-Name: Lawrence Vale Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence Author-X-Name-Last: Vale Author-Name: Gary Hack Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Hack Author-Name: Min Chen Author-X-Name-First: Min Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Michael Batty Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Batty Author-Name: Carlo Ratti Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Ratti Title: Urban Visual Intelligence: Studying Cities with Artificial Intelligence and Street-Level Imagery Abstract: The visual dimension of cities has been a fundamental subject in urban studies since the pioneering work of late-nineteenth- to mid-twentieth-century scholars such as Camillo Sitte, Kevin Lynch, Rudolf Arnheim, and Jane Jacobs. Several decades later, big data and artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing how people move, sense, and interact with cities. This article reviews the literature on the appearance and function of cities to illustrate how visual information has been used to understand them. A conceptual framework, urban visual intelligence, is introduced to systematically elaborate on how new image data sources and AI techniques are reshaping the way researchers perceive and measure cities, enabling the study of the physical environment and its interactions with the socioeconomic environment at various scales. The article argues that these new approaches would allow researchers to revisit the classic urban theories and themes and potentially help cities create environments that align with human behaviors and aspirations in today’s AI-driven and data-centric era. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 876-897 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2313515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2313515 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:876-897 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2309172_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Willie Jamaal Wright Author-X-Name-First: Willie Jamaal Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Adam Bledsoe Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Bledsoe Author-Name: Priscilla Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Priscilla Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Author-Name: Kristen Maye Author-X-Name-First: Kristen Author-X-Name-Last: Maye Author-Name: Ellen Louis Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Louis Title: Beyond Geographies of Race Abstract: Enthusiasm for Black geographies has grown significantly since it was formalized in Black Geographies and the Politics of Place (McKittrick and Woods 2007). With an increase in interest in this framework has come an increased potential for the misapplication of the aims defined in its origin. Now is the time to reiterate the purpose of Black geographies. We suggest that although within the purview of geographies of race, Black geographies provides insights beyond this unit of study that are reliant on particular sights, valuations, methods, and liberatory practices. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 863-875 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2309172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2309172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:863-875 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2322474_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Anirudh Govind Author-X-Name-First: Anirudh Author-X-Name-Last: Govind Author-Name: Agnieszka Leszczynski Author-X-Name-First: Agnieszka Author-X-Name-Last: Leszczynski Author-Name: Ate Poorthuis Author-X-Name-First: Ate Author-X-Name-Last: Poorthuis Title: Platform Urbanism and “Splintering Amenitization”: An Analysis of Canadian Cities Abstract: This article engages with the spatialities of platform urbanism by foregrounding where digital platforms are located in cities. Drawing on a geocoded data set of visible, material traces of platformization collected across neighborhoods in Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal, we consider the influences that characteristics of urban built environments—including existing amenities, urban morphology, and area-level socioeconomic factors—have on platforms’ locations. Through a Poisson regression of these variables, we find that the presence of existing urban amenities most strongly explains the locations of material traces of urban platformization on the cityscape at the city block scale. We position platforms themselves as a novel amenity class that extends emplaced utility and lifestyle functions to urban residents. In so doing, we contend that the platformization of urban landscapes constitutes a form of “splintering amenitization,” wherein platformized urban amenities demonstrate spatial patterns of colocating with other, existing urban amenities in already amenity-rich areas to the exclusion of amenity-poor enclaves. This, we argue, is important because neighborhoods’ abilities to attract amenities are central to how enclaves both position themselves and compete for status within urban spatial hierarchies. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 1058-1078 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2322474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2322474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:1058-1078 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RAAG_A_2313501_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Shiloh Krupar Author-X-Name-First: Shiloh Author-X-Name-Last: Krupar Title: Waste Frontiers/War Enclosures: Decolonial Geosocial Analysis of Contaminated Military Land Conversions Abstract: Military-industrial practices have left widespread contamination affecting land, water, air, and human and nonhuman bodies. This article uses decolonial analysis to examine the racial-colonial foundations that underlie contemporary efforts to reuse former U.S. military land for development projects. Interrelating scholarship on security and development with that of militarization and political ecology, I use “geosocial spectacle” to probe the material and pedagogical governance, frontier logics, and colonial aesthetics that emerge through land remediation and redevelopment. Featuring two military sites within U.S. base closure and realignment—the U.S. Front Range area of Colorado and former U.S. unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone—the article delineates and expounds on two types of U.S. military land conversions: brownfields and biodiversity recreation. The article interrelates the conversion of contaminated land in both cases as waste frontier that facilitates ongoing cycles of land repossession as a form of dispossession and containment or denial of war. The article concludes by advocating for decolonial studies of the global color line entrenched by the U.S. Pentagon’s ongoing climate colonialism, to subvert the compartmentalized harms of war and capitalist extraction, and to galvanize explicitly anticolonial, antiracist land reuse and governance. Journal: Annals of the American Association of Geographers Pages: 977-1000 Issue: 5 Volume: 114 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2024.2313501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24694452.2024.2313501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:raagxx:v:114:y:2024:i:5:p:977-1000