Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Wolf-Powers
Author-X-Name-First: Laura
Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf-Powers
Title: Community Benefits Agreements and Local Government
Abstract:
Problem: As community benefits
agreements or community benefits arrangements (CBAs) become more common in
redevelopment practice they are generating conceptual confusion and
political controversy. Much of the literature on CBAs is focused on local
organizing coalitions' inclusivity and political strategies, or on the
legal aspects of the agreements, providing only limited information to
planners who encounter advocacy for CBAs.
Purpose: I aim to help planners prepare to deal appropriately
with community benefits claims in their communities by closely examining
four urban redevelopment projects in which CBAs have been negotiated by
stakeholder organizations, legislators, developers, and government
agencies. Methods: I characterize
the 27 CBAs in effect in the United States as of June 30, 2009, based on
their participants and structures. I then examine four of these CBAs in
detail using the semistructured interviews I conducted with individuals
involved in crafting, advocating, and implementing them and coverage in
major daily papers, alternative newsweeklies, blogs, and the business
press. Results and conclusions:
The cases featured in this article suggest that four key factors influence
the way CBAs work in practice and the extent to which they vindicate or
refute the claims of CBA proponents and detractors: the robustness of the
local development climate; the local politics of organized labor; the
accountability of the community benefits coalition to affected community
residents; and, most importantly, the role of local government in
negotiation and implementation. Takeaway
for practice: Public sector actors, including elected officials and
the staffs of redevelopment agencies, housing departments, workforce
development agencies, parks and recreation departments, and budget
departments become implicit parties to CBAs and often play significant
roles in implementing them. Thus, public sector planners should carefully
review and evaluate the implications of community benefits claims for
local government's interests and goals. Depending on the circumstances,
these evaluations may lead local officials to support community benefits
arrangements or to oppose them. Research
support: This research was supported by the Lincoln Institute of
Land Policy.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 141-159
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903490923
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903490923
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:141-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kathe Newman
Author-X-Name-First: Kathe
Author-X-Name-Last: Newman
Title: Go Public!
Abstract:
Problem: While mortgage
foreclosures are devastating communities across the United States, few
planners know how to access the data necessary to document the number of
foreclosures, where they are located, how the problem has changed over
time, or how many households are affected, in order to assess how
foreclosures affect borrowers, renters, and communities. There is no
national dataset with foreclosure information, and in many communities,
this information is buried in county property records, state legal files,
and property auction lists.
Purpose: This article explains foreclosure as a process and
describes how to use publicly available data to study foreclosure and
inform outreach efforts. It shows how a collaborative effort among
researchers and practitioners can produce useful data and analysis to
reduce incidences of foreclosure. It concludes with suggestions for
improving data access and quality.
Methods: The main foreclosure data used in the illustrative
examples in this article were gathered from foreclosure court records and
enhanced with data from property sales and tax records, Home Mortgage
Disclosure Act data, and foreclosure sale records.
Results and conclusions: Although records on property
foreclosures, real estate owned properties, and loan servicers are
publicly available, accessing them, combining information from different
records, and correcting mistakes to make them useful for analysis is time
consuming and costly. Teams of researchers, public officials, and
non-profits in a number of places, including one involving the author,
have collaborated to build local foreclosure datasets using public data,
producing accurate, property-level data that planners can use to guide
policy, target direct outreach to at-risk borrowers and renters, and
purchase distressed properties. Takeaway
for practice: Public entities hold some of the best data available
on the foreclosure crisis but, in most places, accessing it involves
considerable time, effort, and money. When researchers and practitioners
work collaboratively to access and analyze these data their joint efforts
can transform data-sharing practices and institutions, facilitating wider
access and use in the future. Research
support: This research was supported by the Fund for New Jersey,
NeighborWorks America, Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC), the
Michael J. and Susan Angelides Public Policy Research Fund, the Edward J.
Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers University,
Essex County, Hudson County/Jersey City, and Union County.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 160-171
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903586738
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903586738
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:160-171
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Z. Aslıg�l G��men
Author-X-Name-First: Z. Aslıg�l
Author-X-Name-Last: G��men
Author-Name: Stephen J. Ventura
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ventura
Title: Barriers to GIS Use in Planning
Abstract:
Problem: Despite the widespread
availability of geographic information systems (GIS) in local government,
there is some evidence that the potential of GIS as a planning tool is not
being fully exploited. While obstacles to GIS implementation in local
government have been investigated, most of these investigations are either
dated or do not focus on planning applications.
Purpose: We aim to add to the limited literature on the
current barriers hindering GIS use in public planning agencies. We also
offer some insights into how to mitigate these barriers and help planning
agencies move beyond using GIS simply for routine tasks of data access and
mapmaking. Methods: We analyzed
responses to a 2007 web-based survey of 265 practitioners in Wisconsin's
public planning agencies and follow-up interviews with 20 practitioners we
conducted in 2008. Results and
conclusions: Planning departments still face a range of
technological, organizational, and institutional barriers in using GIS.
Training, funding, and data issues appear to be the most significant
barriers preventing greater use of GIS for planning purposes, suggesting
that organizational and institutional issues are more pertinent than
technological barriers. Our literature review indicates that the barriers
to GIS use in local government are similar to those of the past, but not
identical. Furthermore, our observations indicate that, in general,
practitioners are not aware of the full potential of GIS and planning
support systems (PSS). Takeaway for
practice: Increased funding alone is not likely to move a planning
agency beyond routine applications of GIS. Improved access to training
that is geared toward the planning process and planning applications may
help alleviate many barriers planners face in using GIS in general and in
incorporating more sophisticated GIS functions in their work.
Research support: This work was supported in
part by the Consortium for Rural Geospatial Innovations, funded by the
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Services of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, and in part by the University of
Wisconsin-Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the
University of Wisconsin-Extension.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 172-183
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903585060
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903585060
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:172-183
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Noreen C. McDonald
Author-X-Name-First: Noreen C.
Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald
Title: School Siting
Abstract:
Problem: The United States is
embarking on an unprecedented era of school construction even as debate
continues over where schools should be located and how much land they
should occupy. Purpose: My three
goals for this study were to trace the evolution of school siting
standards, to explain the factors currently influencing school facility
location decisions, and to identify what local and regional planners could
contribute to school siting decisions.
Methods: I reviewed the land use planning and educational
facilities literatures on school siting and conducted in-depth interviews
with school facility planners from 10 counties in Maryland and northern
Virginia to assess their perspectives on the school planning process.
Results and conclusions: I discovered
that different groups use very different definitions of community
school. Smart growth proponents advocate community schools that
are small and intimately linked to neighborhoods, while school facility
planners expect community schools to meet the needs of entire localities.
I recommend that individual communities consider the tradeoffs associated
with different school sizes and make choices that meet local preferences
for locations within walking distance of students, potential for sports
fields, school design, and connections to neighborhoods. State school
construction and siting policies should support flexibility for
localities. Takeaway for
practice: Local and regional planners should work with school
facility planners to conduct exercises and charettes to help each
community determine how to realize its own vision of community schools.
Research support: The School of
Architecture at the University of Virginia and the Department of City and
Regional Planning at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
supported this research.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 184-198
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003595991
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003595991
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:184-198
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mike Biddulph
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Biddulph
Title: Evaluating the English Home Zone Initiatives
Abstract:
Problem: What lessons on street
design can professional planners take from recent English home zone
initiatives? Purpose: This
article is a comparative evaluation of English home
zones, or streets shared by vehicles and pedestrians based on the
Dutch woonerf concept. This approach to street design is intended to
improve livability. Methods: I
used monitoring data on 14 home zone projects to draw generalizable
lessons from the initiatives. Results
and conclusions: Although the concept of the home zone has not been
fully implemented in all cases, these projects exhibited lower traffic
speeds and continued low or reduced numbers of traffic accidents compared
to conditions before the home zones were implemented, and residents report
that they now feel their streets are safer for their children. Residents
also report finding the home zone streets to be more attractive than they
were previously, and some of those in high crime areas experienced reduced
levels of crime and antisocial behavior, although these results were not
obtained everywhere. Evidence that the treatments resulted in more
socializing among adults is less convincing. In general the projects are
very well received by residents, demonstrating that this approach to
street design improves livability. However, the evidence suggests that
similar effects might be realized with less comprehensive and expensive
solutions. Takeaway for practice:
The introduction of home zone design qualities has contributed to improved
livability in established residential streets.
Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 199-218
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003622688
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003622688
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:199-218
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul G. Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: Paul G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Author-Name: Mark Baldassare
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Baldassare
Title: The Complexity of Public Attitudes Toward Compact Development
Abstract:
Problem: The future of compact
development depends in part on understanding and shaping the public's
attitudes toward it. Previous studies have suggested life cycle,
socioeconomic, attitudinal, and ideological dimensions to preferences
regarding development patterns, but rarely have all of these factors been
examined systematically across a broad, generalizable sample of
respondents. Purpose: To examine
public attitudes toward compact development, we asked survey respondents
to weigh four important tradeoffs between compact and sprawling growth. We
assess the relative influence of a variety of individual characteristics
on these attitudes. Methods: We
use results from two large-scale, randomized telephone surveys, one
conducted in California in 2002 and the other in four other southwestern
states in 2007. Using logistic regression, we assess which personal
characteristics are associated with stated preferences regarding compact
development, and illustrate their degree of influence.
Results and conclusions: Support for the compact
development alternatives is significant, in some cases exceeding support
for traditional, decentralized suburban patterns. However, question
wording appears to matter considerably, and individuals' beliefs about
different facets of compact development are often inconsistent. Although
race, income, age, and the presence of children in the household are
strongly associated with some views on the four tradeoffs, only political
ideology is consistently associated with opposition to compact
development. Takeaway for
practice: The significant support evident for compact development
may not translate into actual housing choices unless local governments and
lenders do more to support the production of such housing and neighborhood
environments. If, as our results suggest, a major constituency for
transit-oriented and mixed-use projects is low income residents, renters,
and minorities, then well crafted urban infill projects that take into
account the needs of these groups will help fulfill the potential of smart
growth. Advocates might also frame compact development to appeal more to
political conservatives. Research
support: The 2002 survey was conducted by the Public Policy
Institute of California, with financial support from the William and Flora
Hewlett Foundation, James Irvine Foundation, and David and Lucille Packard
Foundation. The 2007 survey was conducted and supported by the Institute
for Social Science Research at Arizona State University. All views
expressed are solely those of the authors, not these organizations.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 219-237
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003646471
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003646471
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:219-237
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruce Evan Goldstein
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Evan
Author-X-Name-Last: Goldstein
Author-Name: William Hale Butler
Author-X-Name-First: William Hale
Author-X-Name-Last: Butler
Title: Expanding the Scope and Impact of Collaborative Planning
Abstract:
Problem: As planners grow
increasingly confident that they have settled on the right concepts and
methods to conduct stakeholder-based collaboration, they are not
considering what can be achieved through other collaborative approaches.
Purpose: We aimed to explore how
creating a network of place- and stakeholder-based collaboratives using
communities of practice could strengthen individual collaboratives and
achieve network synergies.
Methods: Using a case study approach, we draw out lessons for
collaborative planning from our research on the U.S. Fire Learning Network
(FLN), a collaborative initiative to restore ecosystems that depend on
fire. We analyzed data from over 140 interviews, hundreds of documents
including restoration plans, newsletters, meeting summaries, maps, and
various other reports, and observations at more than a dozen regional and
national meetings. Results and
conclusions: We conclude that the FLN nurtures expertise in
ecological fire restoration and collaborative planning by linking
multi-stakeholder collaboratives to regional communities of practice.
Moreover, this linkage creates and sustains a network of collaboratives
that amplify the potential for fundamental change in the culture and
practice of fire management. Takeaway
for practice: A community of practice is an effective approach to
collaboration in situations where the purpose is to expand expertise
rather than to resolve conflict and reach consensus. Moreover, a community
of practice can link stakeholder-based collaboratives to create a whole
greater than the sum of its parts. Realizing this potential requires
questioning the universality of some of the core principles of
stakeholder-based collaborative planning and diversifying the
collaborative planning toolkit. Research
support: This research was supported by the Northern Research
Station of the U. S. Forest Service and The Nature Conservancy.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 238-249
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003646463
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003646463
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:238-249
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Linda C. Dalton
Author-X-Name-First: Linda C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dalton
Title: A Review of "The Urban and Regional Planning Reader"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 251-251
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003618371
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003618371
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:251-251
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward G. Goetz
Author-X-Name-First: Edward G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz
Title: A Review of "Blueprint for Disaster: The Unraveling of Chicago Public Housing"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 252-252
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003618405
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003618405
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:252-252
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Leonard Heumann
Author-X-Name-First: Leonard
Author-X-Name-Last: Heumann
Title: A Review of "Elderburbia: Aging With a Sense of Place in America"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 252-253
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003618413
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003618413
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:252-253
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jill Fuglister
Author-X-Name-First: Jill
Author-X-Name-Last: Fuglister
Title: A Review of "This Could Be the Start of Something Big: How Social Movements for Regional Equity Are Reshaping Metropolitan America"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 254-255
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003618421
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003618421
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:254-255
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gary Bridge
Author-X-Name-First: Gary
Author-X-Name-Last: Bridge
Title: A Review of "Writing Urbanism: A Design Reader"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 255-255
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003618439
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003618439
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:255-255
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen Goldsmith
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Goldsmith
Title: A Review of "Integral Urbanism"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 256-256
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003618462
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003618462
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:256-256
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: June Williamson
Author-X-Name-First: June
Author-X-Name-Last: Williamson
Title: A Review of "Metroburbia, USA"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 257-257
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003618488
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003618488
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:257-257
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William A. Schaffer
Author-X-Name-First: William A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Schaffer
Title: A Review of "Urban and Regional Policy and Its Effects, Volume One"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 257-258
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003618504
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003618504
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:257-258
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Parris N. Glendening
Author-X-Name-First: Parris N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Glendening
Title: Letter to the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 259-259
Issue: 2
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903583487
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903583487
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:2:p:259-259
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deborah F. Shmueli
Author-X-Name-First: Deborah F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shmueli
Author-Name: Rassem Khamaisi
Author-X-Name-First: Rassem
Author-X-Name-Last: Khamaisi
Title: Bedouin Communities in the Negev
Abstract:
Problem: Conflict roils around
recognition, planning, and appropriate municipal frameworks for Israel's
194,000 Negev Bedouin, especially the 45,000 Bedouin living in dispersed,
unauthorized settlements, housed in tents and cinderblock shacks, lacking
municipal water, sewage, or electricity, and accessible only by dirt
tracks. Purpose: We examine both
the universal (indigenous peoples) and unique (to the Bedouin) aspects of
the land claims and planning challenges facing the Israeli Bedouin of the
Negev. We seek to shift the focus of land disputes to planning paradigms
that facilitate negotiated agreements, which may overcome the impasse
between the Bedouin (struggling for land, municipal recognition, and equal
economic opportunities) and the Israeli government that perceives the
Bedouin as a growing demographic threat and a potential fifth column. We
develop a model that builds on the convergence of spatial and
socioeconomic forces, reflecting the interplay between Bedouin
traditionalism and modernization in developing planning frameworks, and
creating an arena of negotiation that balances the interests of the
contending stakeholders. Methods:
Our methodology is multifaceted: Over a three-year period we conducted
in-depth interviews, workshops, and observations, and engaged in a review
of the planning literature in indigenous societies, Negev Bedouin society,
municipal reforms, societies undergoing modernization through
urbanization, and relevant master and statutory plans.
Results and conclusions: The universal phenomenon of
the clash between traditional cultures and modernization has sharpened
with the spread of urbanization into rural areas, presenting a challenge
to centralized planning processes. The planning model presents a range of
planning options that simplify complex conflicts of interests, needs and
goals between the Bedouin and the national and local Israeli governments.
Results suggest that diametrically opposite positions may be reconciled by
identifying an arena of negotiations within which planning options can be
developed through discourse, rather than imposing centrally developed
plans that might trigger strong, if not volatile, opposition.
Takeaway for practice: While this research
deals with conflict over land between traditional and modern societies in
Israel, the planning paradigms have international applicability. Forces
for economic development and urbanization often compete with
environmentalists or indigenous groups clinging to their land to maintain
their ways of life. Culturally adaptive versions of collaborative planning
are crucial to successful dispute resolution.
Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 109-125
Issue: 2
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.567890
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.567890
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:2:p:109-125
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Colin C. Chellman
Author-X-Name-First: Colin C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chellman
Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen
Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould
Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen
Author-Name: Brian J. McCabe
Author-X-Name-First: Brian J.
Author-X-Name-Last: McCabe
Author-Name: Amy Ellen Schwartz
Author-X-Name-First: Amy Ellen
Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz
Author-Name: Leanna Stiefel
Author-X-Name-First: Leanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Stiefel
Title: Does City-Subsidized Owner-Occupied Housing Improve School Quality?
Abstract:
Problem: Policymakers and
community development practitioners view increasing subsidized
owner-occupied housing as a mechanism to improve urban neighborhoods, but
little research studies the impact of such investments on community
amenities. Purpose: We examine
the impact of subsidized owner-occupied housing on the quality of local
schools and compare them to the impacts of city investments in rental
units. Methods: Using data from
the New York City Department of Education (DOE) and the New York City
Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD), we estimate
three main sets of regressions, exploring student characteristics, school
resources, and school outcomes. Results
and conclusions: The completion of subsidized owner-occupied
housing is associated with a decrease in schools' percentage of free-lunch
eligible students, an increase in schools' percentage of White students,
and, controlling for these compositional changes, an increase in scores on
standardized reading and math exams. By contrast, our results suggest that
investments in rental housing have little, if any, effect.
Takeaway for practice: Policies promoting the
construction of subsidized owner-occupied housing have solidified in local
governments around the country. Our research provides reassurance to
policymakers and planners who are concerned about the spillover effects of
subsidized, citywide investments beyond the households being directly
served. It suggests that benefits from investments in owner occupancy may
extend beyond the individual level, with an increase in subsidized
owner-occupancy bringing about improvements in neighborhood school
quality. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 127-141
Issue: 2
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.567894
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.567894
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:2:p:127-141
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erin M. Graves
Author-X-Name-First: Erin M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Graves
Title: Mixed Outcome Developments
Abstract:
Problem: Policymakers and
planners have broadly conceptualized and widely adopted the mixed-income
approach to provision of low-income housing. Yet, few case studies examine
the relationship between theoretical propositions about how mixed-income
tenancy can help lift families out of poverty and the actual dynamics of a
mixed-income housing development.
Purpose: I address this gap by examining the social dynamics
within a mixed-income housing development in Boston, MA, and compare the
dynamics observed there to those assumed in the theoretical literature.
Methods: I use qualitative data,
including ethnographic methods, such as participant observation and
resident interviews from a mixed-income housing development to analyze the
relationship between the case presented and four theoretical propositions
about how mixed-income tenancy can aid low-income families.
Results and conclusions: The evidence from the
field research site provides mixed support for the theoretical
propositions regarding the potential benefits to low-income residents from
living in mixed-income developments. First, some evidence supports the
idea that residents influence one another's behavior, although such
influence was not exclusively cross-class. Second, contrary to
expectations in the literature, higher-income households rarely worked to
improve neighborhood services, except in the cases of policing and
security. Third, as expected, higher resourced individuals did promote
greater informal social control, yet subsidized residents did as well.
Finally, theoretically, higher-income residents can enhance low-income
residents' social capital, including increasing their access to employment
opportunities. Market-rate residents did provide some useful interpersonal
resources, although there was no evidence that they directed their
disadvantaged neighbors toward jobs. Finally, the property management
company had an important influence on the outcomes for each of these
propositions, suggesting that the role of management in promoting
theoretical ideals needs further theoretical scrutiny and practical
consideration. Takeaway for
practice: Practitioners should be aware that mixed-income
developments can be used to achieve the social goals of reducing negative
behavior, improving local services, enhancing social control, and
developing social capital, although all of these will likely be limited.
Most importantly, the role of onsite management and service providers is
pivotal in assuring that mixed-income developments maximize the likelihood
that developments achieve the theoretical ideals.
Research support: This research was partially funded by
the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 143-153
Issue: 2
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.567921
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.567921
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:2:p:143-153
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mildred E. Warner
Author-X-Name-First: Mildred E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Warner
Title: Club Goods and Local Government
Abstract:
Problem: Private approaches to
urban service provision are becoming more popular. Some argue these
approaches are more efficient and more democratic than government
provision because they are voluntary. While these club approaches can
shift the burden of infrastructure finance to direct groups of users, they
can also fragment urban service delivery and justify unevenness in service
quality across the city. Purpose:
This article explores examples of club goods, that is, common interest
developments (CIDS) for housing, business improvement districts (BIDs) for
commercial areas, and economic development zones (EDZs) for commercial and
industrial areas, and assesses their implications for local government.
Emphasis is given to how clubs internalize benefits to members of the club
but shed externalities onto the broader local government system. A
critical governance concern is the impact on the long-term ability of
local government to coordinate across disparate elements and interests in
the community. Methods: I discuss
three types of clubs ranging from totally private common interest
developments (home owners associations), to partially private business
improvement districts, to totally public economic development zones. These
club types are analyzed in terms of economic benefits, externalities,
governance structure, and broader concerns with equity and sustainability.
Results and conclusions: Club
good approaches to urban infrastructure delivery enhance private
investment and reduce costs to cities, but they also shed externalities
onto the broader city. Although these clubs are often private
associations, this article shows how they are critically supported by
government, beyond the property rights requirement assumed by most
theorists. A further concern is that club approaches may undermine support
for equity and redistribution at the broader city level.
Takeaway for practice: Local governments are under
pressure to provide public goods efficiently and engage private voluntary
approaches whenever possible. The efficiency and popularity of club
approaches derives in part from their ability to capture the benefits of
increased investment for internal benefit. However, local government
managers also must manage diversity and build public support for
investment to ensure equity across the urban territory. Balancing the
benefits of club goods with the need for broader urban integration is a
key challenge for planners and urban managers.
Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 155-166
Issue: 2
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.567898
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.567898
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:2:p:155-166
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Annet Jantien Smit
Author-X-Name-First: Annet Jantien
Author-X-Name-Last: Smit
Title: The Influence of District Visual Quality on Location Decisions of Creative Entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Problem: A redevelopment aim of
numerous Western world cities is to attract creative firms to formerly
abandoned or neglected districts. While some studies propose that visual
assets of neighborhoods may attract creative entrepreneurs to certain
districts, few have explored how visual features are important for
creative entrepreneurs and provided meaningful planning knowledge.
Purpose: This article examines the
influence of district visual form as perceived by creative entrepreneurs
on their location decisions. It suggests how this knowledge is usable for
development of cultural production districts.
Methods: I conducted 63 interviews with creative
entrepreneurs in three districts in The Netherlands: the Eastern Docklands
in Amsterdam, the Lloyd Quarter in Rotterdam, and the Hortus Quarter in
Groningen. These districts accommodate relatively more firms in creative
industries than do other districts within the same cities, but they are
visually disparate in terms of architecture and urban spaces.
Results and conclusions: This article
demonstrates a significant relationship between district visual quality
and the location behavior of creative entrepreneurs. Moreover, there is
more than one visual model for cultural production districts. Urban
design, architecture, waterfronts, and parks may have various forms,
provided that they single out one place from other, mainstream places. The
overall visual character of the district needs to be perceived as
distinctive, whether deliberately designed as such or
not. Because the visual quality of the district contributes to increased
creative productivity, creative entrepreneurs use their relative freedom
of location within cities to achieve quality of place at work.
Takeaway for practice: Cities that aim to
attract creative entrepreneurs to certain districts should use strategies
to achieve district visual quality. I draw on my findings to point at
several planning strategies to inspire flexible, localized approaches to
the development of visually distinctive cultural production districts.
These strategies can be alternated and adjusted over time, according to a
district's existing visual quality, availability of government resources,
and the changing constraints and opportunities of a region's cultural
production system. Research
support: Dissertation support from Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands. Dissertation Fellowship from the Lincoln Institute of
Land Policy, Cambridge, MA, USA. The Netherlands Institute of City
Innovation Studies (NICIS), The Hague, and the municipalities of
Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Groningen cofinanced the fieldwork.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 167-184
Issue: 2
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.567924
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.567924
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:2:p:167-184
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William H. Lucy
Author-X-Name-First: William H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lucy
Title: A Review of "Cities and Suburbs: New Metropolitan Realities in the U.S."
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 186-186
Issue: 2
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.561777
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.561777
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:2:p:186-186
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rebecca Casciano
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Casciano
Title: A Review of "The Wealth and Poverty of Regions: Why Cities Matter"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 187-187
Issue: 2
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.561782
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.561782
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:2:p:187-187
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Provo
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Provo
Title: A Review of "Emerald Cities: Urban Sustainability and Economic Development"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 188-188
Issue: 2
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.561781
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.561781
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:2:p:188-188
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: A Review of "Making Americans Healthier: Social and Economic Policy as Health Policy"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 189-189
Issue: 2
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.561620
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.561620
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:2:p:189-189
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Clark
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Clark
Title: A Review of "Gentrification; A Neighborhood That Never Changes: Gentrification, Social Preservation, and the Search for Authenticity"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 190-191
Issue: 2
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.561585
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.561585
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:2:p:190-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joseph Heathcott
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph
Author-X-Name-Last: Heathcott
Title: Introduction to the Special Issue
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 357-358
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.740381
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.740381
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:357-358
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joseph Heathcott
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph
Author-X-Name-Last: Heathcott
Title: The Strange Career of Public Housing
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Efforts to account
for the history of public housing in America are fraught with competing
narratives. Many scholars, policy analysts, architects, and planners seek
explanations for the successes and failures of housing projects from
within the program itself. Some argue that projects rise and fall based
on the management performance of housing authorities, while others look to
racism, concentrated poverty, crime, and other social conditions. For
many, the challenges faced by public housing result from the alienating
and dehumanizing qualities of modernist architecture. Still, others argue
that the Housing Act of 1937 was compromised from the beginning and, thus,
produced compromised results. This article acknowledges all of these
factors as important yet insufficient to account for overall public
housing performance; it reframes the narrative of public housing within
broader urban conditions, suggesting that the fate of public housing is
intimately tied to the fate of the cities that surround them.
Takeaway for practice: Current accounts of the fate of public housing
tend to reflect narrow managerial, planning, and architectural concerns.
As a result, the literature on public housing insufficiently informs
long-term policy decisions and planning practices. Solutions will only
emerge when policymakers and planners take into account the impact of
capital flight, social disinvestment, and the weak powers of cities to
overcome such obstacles. After all, these urban conditions apply as much
to recently created HOPE VI neighborhoods as to the high-rise public
housing neighborhoods they replaced.
Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 360-375
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.740296
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.740296
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:360-375
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gaia Caramellino
Author-X-Name-First: Gaia
Author-X-Name-Last: Caramellino
Title: Planning Note: Negotiating Modern Architecture During the New Deal
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 376-377
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.737975
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.737975
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:376-377
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lawrence J. Vale
Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vale
Author-Name: Yonah Freemark
Author-X-Name-First: Yonah
Author-X-Name-Last: Freemark
Title: From Public Housing to Public-Private Housing
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: American public housing since 1937 is often viewed as a
single failed experiment of architecture, management, and policy. This
view masks a much more highly differentiated experience for residents and
housing authorities, rooted in a long-term moral and ideological struggle
over the place of the poorest residents in American cities. This article
reframes public housing history as a succession of informal social
experiments: initial public efforts to clear out slum-dwellers and instead
accommodate barely poor working-class tenants or the worthy elderly; a
30-year interlude, where public housing authorities consolidated the
poorest into welfare housing while gradually shifting responsibility for
low-income housing to private landlords, private developers, and private
investors; and a series of partnerships since 1990 that reserve more of
this public-private housing for a less-poor constituency. Empirically,
this article provides an unprecedented graphic glimpse into the ways that
the overall mode-share of public housing has shifted and diversified.
Ultimately, this article reveals that the reduced role of the public
sector has curtailed the growth of deeply subsidized housing provision to
the lowest-income Americans. Takeaway
for practice: As various initiatives continue to redevelop
conventional public housing, this article asks practitioners to consider
larger historical and policy questions about which of America's poorest
citizens should be served, and to rethink the naming and definitional
boundaries of what constitutes public housing.
Research support: Research assistant support provided by the
authors' university.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 379-402
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.737985
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.737985
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:379-402
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amy L. Howard
Author-X-Name-First: Amy L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Howard
Title: Planning Note: Public Art, Public Housing, and Community
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 404-405
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.737973
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.737973
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:404-405
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlton Basmajian
Author-X-Name-First: Carlton
Author-X-Name-Last: Basmajian
Author-Name: Jane Rongerude
Author-X-Name-First: Jane
Author-X-Name-Last: Rongerude
Title: Hiding in the Shadow of Wagner-Steagall
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Researchers have explored public housing in large U.S.
cities in great detail, including its history, design, effect on
neighborhoods, role in urban renewal, the livelihoods of residents, and
the consequences of mismanagement, demolition, and rebuilding. Based on
these studies, scholars have largely concluded that public housing failed
to achieve its goals. Yet, a parallel history of public housing
construction and preservation in small towns and rural areas, a history
that might challenge the dominant narrative of failure, remains
unexplored. This article reviews the existing rural public housing
literature, identifies important gaps, and explores its legacy. We find
that while federal public housing policy in small towns and rural areas
played an important role in the supply of affordable housing in these
communities, little research has documented its impact. Rural public
housing offers an alternative narrative less marked by problems and
failures and more by solutions and successes, an idea that deserves much
more attention from housing researchers in the future.
Takeaway for practice: In the coming years, planners
working in rural places will face numerous questions about not only how to
house low-income households, but also how to preserve existing housing
units in safe and sanitary conditions so that they remain viable. We
identify a set of questions and issues pertaining to housing conditions in
rural areas that, if answered, could offer planners valuable new insight
into future federal housing policy more sensitive to community needs.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 406-414
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.737980
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.737980
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:406-414
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nancy H. Kwak
Author-X-Name-First: Nancy H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kwak
Title: Planning Note: American Public Housing
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 416-417
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.737977
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.737977
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:416-417
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicholas Dagen Bloom
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Dagen
Author-X-Name-Last: Bloom
Title: Learning From New York
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: High-rise public housing has been entirely discredited in
the United States as a legitimate affordable housing planning strategy
because of notorious failures in large cities such as St. Louis and
Chicago. Missing from the planning literature is the long-term achievement
record of America's largest operator of high-rise public housing, the New
York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), which still operates 2,600 buildings
primarily in modernist tower-in-the-park superblocks for 403,995
authorized tenants. This article assembles and analyzes historical and
contemporary materials to create a portrait of functioning American
tower-block public housing. The article discusses both contextual factors
(New York's transit network, density, and diversity) and successful
long-term management in three areas (daily operations, tenant selection,
and lobbying) as key to the NYCHA's preservation of public housing.
Takeaway for practice: In operations,
NYCHA has maintained large front-line staffing on project grounds that
play a critical role both in maintenance and social order. In tenant
selection, administrators for decades have maintained greater social
mixture and better finances by recruiting and retaining working families
and, at the same time, enforcing social control through heavy policing. In
politics, NYCHA has successfully lobbied for additional federal and city
support. Long-term challenges to project preservation and current
challenges in New York are also discussed. The findings raise the
possibility of high-density urban towers for low-income residents in
strong market cities, provided that sufficient attention is paid to
design, tenancy, financing, and social control.
Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 418-431
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.737981
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.737981
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:418-431
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kelly Quinn
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly
Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn
Title: Planning Note: Public Housing as Preparation for Public Life
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 432-433
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.737978
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.737978
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:432-433
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bell Clement
Author-X-Name-First: Bell
Author-X-Name-Last: Clement
Title: Wagner-Steagall and the D.C. Alley Dwelling Authority
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: How was it that the Housing Act of 1937 (the
Wagner-Steagall Act) goal of decent housing for all took a back seat in
subsequent legislation to economic development aimed at enhancing cities'
fiscal viability? For insight into this question, this article examines
the alternative to Wagner-Steagall offered by the D.C. Alley Dwelling
Authority (ADA), the public housing program created by Congress for the
nation's capital in 1934. The ADA approach had the potential to keep
housing goals the top priority of federal investment in the city, even as
policymaking transitioned toward urban redevelopment. I explore the ADA
operating rationale and methods; ADA impact in shaping U.S. public housing
policy; and the factors that contributed to collapse of the ADA approach.
The ADA effort presciently targeted the key challenge facing the U.S.
public housing program, that of integrating it into existing land use and
planning regimes, by seeking to establish a sustainable division-of-labor
among public housers, private real estate interests, and city planners.
The ADA fell short of its goal of establishing itself as Washington, DC's
citywide redevelopment authority because it was unable to achieve this
integration. Takeaway for
practice: Practitioners should invest less effort in winning
ambitious declarations of substantive policy objectives than in crafting
policy processes to quietly interweave new programs with established
operations. Research support:
This research was supported by the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential
Library.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 434-448
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.738163
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.738163
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:434-448
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joseph Heathcott
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph
Author-X-Name-Last: Heathcott
Title: Planning Note: Pruitt-Igoe and the Critique of Public Housing
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 450-451
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.737972
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.737972
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:450-451
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward G. Goetz
Author-X-Name-First: Edward G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz
Title: The Transformation of Public Housing Policy, 1985-2011
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Local housing authorities across the U.S. have demolished
and disposed of close to 260,000 units of public housing in the past 25
years. While some of these units have been replaced in new mixed-income
communities, thousands have been converted to tenant-based subsidies or
lost altogether. Using a combination of primary and secondary source
materials to build the case for policy change since the 1980s, I trace the
recent history of the public housing program to describe how and why this
transformation has taken place. Growing concern for concentrations of
poverty led to the emergence of mixed-income housing and mobility
strategies for low-income, subsidized households. These ideas have come to
dominate public housing in the United States. The adoption of new urbanist
planning and design principles has also moved public housing policy toward
demolition and redevelopment and away from the original model, which
persisted for six decades. Political shifts in the 1990s that threatened
the existence of U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the
economic boom experienced by many central cities, have led to widespread
demolition of public housing, its replacement with public and private
partnerships of mixed-income redevelopment, and renewed private investment
in inner-city neighborhoods that had been home to public housing.
Takeaway for practice: Older public
housing complexes have become sites of redevelopment and investment
opportunity in central city areas. This has meant a retrenchment in the
public housing program and a shift in housing assistance away toward
tenant-based subsidies. The result is fewer permanently affordable units
available for very low-income households.
Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 452-463
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.737983
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.737983
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:452-463
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erin M. Graves
Author-X-Name-First: Erin M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Graves
Author-Name: Lawrence J. Vale
Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vale
Title: Planning Note: The Chicago Housing Authority's Plan for Transformation: Assessing the First Ten Years
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 464-465
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.737974
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.737974
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:464-465
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Leigh Graham
Author-X-Name-First: Leigh
Author-X-Name-Last: Graham
Title: Razing Lafitte
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: The contentious politics of the demolition of Lafitte
public housing in post-Katrina New Orleans and its replacement with
mixed-income properties is a telling case of the strategic conflicts
housing advocates face in public housing revitalization. It reveals how
the qualified outcomes of HOPE VI interact with local institutional and
historical circumstances to confound the equity and social justice goals
of housing and community development advocates. It shows the limits to
public housing revitalization as an urban recovery strategy when hostile
government leadership characterizes a region, and the state is recast as
an adversary rather than revitalization partner. This case is part of a
longer ethnographic project on post-Katrina New Orleans recovery.
Takeaway for practice: Housing and
community development advocacy for urban revitalization strategies is
limited without a supportive state partner to endorse and smooth
programmatic efforts. Public housing revitalization, especially the legacy
and derivatives of HOPE VI, is imbued with multiple, often conflicting
meanings and expectations across its range of stakeholders. Nonprofit
housing advocates charged with integrating revitalization schemes in
communities with historic government-civil society conflict can expect
resistance and challenges from both the state and civil society actors.
Research support: Portions of this
research were supported by The Social Science Research Council and the
Harold Horowitz Fund at MIT.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 466-480
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.738143
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.738143
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:466-480
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dawn Jourdan
Author-X-Name-First: Dawn
Author-X-Name-Last: Jourdan
Title: Planning Note: The Long View
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 482-483
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.738149
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.738149
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:482-483
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 485-485
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.722874
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.722874
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:485-485
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sammis B. White
Author-X-Name-First: Sammis B.
Author-X-Name-Last: White
Title: A Review of "Basic methods of policy analysis and planning"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 486-486
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.722876
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.722876
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:486-486
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Butler
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Butler
Title: A Review of "Beyond consensus; Improving collaborative planning and management"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 487-487
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.722878
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.722878
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:487-487
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: A Review of "Megapolitan America; A new vision for understanding America's metropolitan geography"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 488-488
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.722892
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.722892
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:488-488
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ethan Seltzer
Author-X-Name-First: Ethan
Author-X-Name-Last: Seltzer
Title: A Review of "Regional planning for a sustainable America; How creative programs are promoting prosperity and saving the environment"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 489-489
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.722893
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.722893
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:489-489
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan S. Fainstein
Author-X-Name-First: Susan S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fainstein
Title: A Review of "Insurgencies; Essays in planning theory"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 490-490
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.723465
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.723465
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:490-490
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Scott Bollens
Author-X-Name-First: Scott
Author-X-Name-Last: Bollens
Title: A Review of "Searching for the just city; Debates in urban theory and practice"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 491-491
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.723468
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.723468
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:491-491
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Evangeline Linkous
Author-X-Name-First: Evangeline
Author-X-Name-Last: Linkous
Title: A Review of "Lasting value; Open space planning and preservation successes"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 492-492
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.723472
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.723472
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:492-492
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rick Pruetz
Author-X-Name-First: Rick
Author-X-Name-Last: Pruetz
Title: A Review of "Strategic conservation planning"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 493-493
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.723475
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.723475
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:493-493
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shomon Shamsuddin
Author-X-Name-First: Shomon
Author-X-Name-Last: Shamsuddin
Title: A Review of "Brown in Baltimore; School desegregation and the limits of liberalism"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 494-494
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.723476
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.723476
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:494-494
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ayse Pamuk
Author-X-Name-First: Ayse
Author-X-Name-Last: Pamuk
Title: A Review of "China's housing reform and outcomes"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 495-495
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.723480
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.723480
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:495-495
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William W. Goldsmith
Author-X-Name-First: William W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Goldsmith
Title: A Review of "Unhealthy cities; Poverty, race, and place in America"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 496-496
Issue: 4
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.723483
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.723483
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:4:p:496-496
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan Levine
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Levine
Title: Is Bus Versus Rail Investment a Zero-Sum Game?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Bus and rail transit are often assumed to compete for the
same pot of transit dollars, with one, therefore, substituting for
another. Advocates for each mode lobby accordingly. However, this article
presents evidence that spending on the two transit services may be
unrelated or even complementary, based on a multivariate analysis of
transit spending in the 55 largest U.S. metropolitan statistical areas
from 1992 through 2006. In all the estimated models, using a
robust set of controls and statistical strategies, bus spending is
positively associated with rail spending; that is, spending on the two
modes rise or fall together. This supports the argument that, over the
long term, rail investment does not come at the expense of bus investment;
the existence of a tradeoff between the modes in investment spending is
not supported. Takeaway for
practice: Many conventional transportation policy debates presume
bus and rail spending is a zero-sum game, with investment in rail transit,
therefore, coming at the cost of lower bus investment. By contrast, this
analysis suggests an alternative scenario: Spending on one transit mode
is, in general, positively associated with spending on other modes. This
may occur because of needed interaction between the modes, as with feeder
bus service, through the fostering of transit-supportive land uses or
through broadening of transit coalitions into more affluent sectors of
society. Assertions that rail investment inherently requires cutbacks in
buses stems from a rhetorical misuse of the opportunity-cost concept.
Research support: Environmental
Protection Agency project RD-83334901-0.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 5-15
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.785285
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.785285
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:5-15
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel G. Chatman
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chatman
Title: Does TOD Need the T?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Transit-oriented developments (TODs) often consist of new
housing near rail stations. Channeling urban growth into such developments
is intended in part to reduce the climate change, pollution, and
congestion caused by driving. But new housing might be expected to attract
more affluent households that drive more, and rail access might have
smaller effects on auto ownership and use than housing tenure and size,
parking availability, and the neighborhood and subregional built
environments. I surveyed households in northern New Jersey
living within two miles of 10 rail stations about their housing age and
type, access to off-street parking, work and non-work travel patterns,
demographics, and reasons for choosing their neighborhoods. The survey
data were geocoded and joined to on-street parking data from a field
survey, along with neighborhood and subregional built environment
measures. I analyzed how these factors were correlated with automobile
ownership and use as reported in the survey. Auto ownership,
commuting, and grocery trip frequency were substantially lower among
households living in new housing near rail stations compared to those in
new households farther away. But rail access does little to explain this
fact. Housing type and tenure, local and subregional density, bus service,
and particularly off- and on-street parking availability, play a much more
important role. Takeaway for
practice: Transportation and land use planners should broaden their
efforts to develop dense, mixed-use, low-parking housing beyond rail
station areas. This could be both more influential and less expensive than
a development policy oriented around rail.
Research support: Data collection and initial research were
funded under contract with the New Jersey Department of Transportation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 17-31
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.791008
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.791008
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:17-31
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zhan Guo
Author-X-Name-First: Zhan
Author-X-Name-Last: Guo
Title: Residential Street Parking and Car Ownership
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Local governments' minimum street-width standards may
force developers to oversupply, and residents to pay excessively for,
on-street parking in residential neighborhoods. Such oversupply is often
presumed to both encourage car ownership and reduce housing affordability,
although little useful evidence exists either way. This article examines
the impact of street-parking supply on the car ownership of households
with off-street parking in the New York City area. The off-
and on-street parking supply for each household was measured through
Google Street View and Bing Maps. The impact of on-street parking on car
ownership levels was then estimated in an innovative multivariate model.
The unique set-up of the case study ensures 1) the weak endogeneity
between parking supply and car ownership and 2) the low correlation
between off-street and on-street parking supply, two major methodological
challenges of the study. Results show that free residential street parking
increases private car ownership by nearly 9%; that is, the availability of
free street parking explains 1 out of 11 cars owned by households with
off-street parking. Takeaway for
practice: These results offer support for community street
standards that make on-street parking supply optional. They also suggest
the merits of leaving the decisions of whether, and how many, on-street
parking spaces to provide in new residential developments to private
markets rather than regulations.
Research support: This project was supported by grants from
the University Transportation Research Center (Region 2) and the Wagner
School Faculty Research Fund.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 32-48
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.790100
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.790100
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:32-48
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Manville
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Manville
Title: Parking Requirements and Housing Development
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Zoning laws that require onsite parking spaces with every
residential unit arguably inhibit housing development in center cities and
make housing that is built both more uniform and expensive. I test this
idea using data from a natural experiment in Los Angeles. In 1999, Los
Angeles freed old vacant commercial and industrial buildings in its
downtown from all parking requirements if converted to residential use.
Using both an original survey and interviews with planners and developers
I first document the extent to which these buildings were turned into
housing, then compare parking provision at these converted buildings with
parking requirements for other downtown housing. I find that developers
used deregulation to create thousands of housing units in previously
disinvested areas of downtown Los Angeles and departed substantially from
conventional parking zoning, mainly by providing parking offsite. I also
find strong evidence that units in deregulated buildings are less likely
to offer parking, and mixed support for the idea that units without
parking are smaller and offered at lower prices.
Takeaway for practice: The case study lends credence to
arguments that parking requirements create barriers to housing
development. Policymakers should be particularly interested in the
influence of locational requirements on parking. The
biggest departure from the zoning code was not in how many spaces
developers provided, but where they provided them.
Research support: The University of California
Transportation Center funded this research.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 49-66
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.785346
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.785346
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:49-66
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gregory Pierce
Author-X-Name-First: Gregory
Author-X-Name-Last: Pierce
Author-Name: Donald Shoup
Author-X-Name-First: Donald
Author-X-Name-Last: Shoup
Title: Getting the Prices Right
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Underpriced and overcrowded curb parking creates problems
for everyone except a few lucky drivers who find a cheap space; all the
other drivers who cruise to find an open space waste time and fuel,
congest traffic, and pollute the air. Overpriced and underoccupied parking
also creates problems; when curb spaces remain empty, merchants lose
potential customers, workers lose jobs, and cities lose tax revenue. To
address these problems, San Francisco has established
SFpark, a program that adjusts prices to achieve
availability of one or two open spaces per block. To measure how prices
affected on-street occupancy, we calculated the price elasticity of demand
revealed by over 5,000 price and occupancy changes during the program's
first year. Price elasticity has an average value of -0.4, but
varies greatly by time of day, location, and several other factors. The
average meter price fell 1% during the first year, so
SFpark adjusted prices without increasing them overall.
This study is the first to use measured occupancy to estimate the
elasticity of demand for on-street parking. It also offers the first
evaluation of pricing that varies by time of day and location to manage
curb parking. Takeaway for
practice: San Francisco can improve its program by making drivers
more aware of the variable prices, reducing the disabled placard abuse,
and introducing seasonal price adjustments. Other cities can incorporate
performance parking as a form of congestion pricing.
Research support: University of California
Transportation Center.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 67-81
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.787307
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.787307
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:67-81
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joshua Engel-Yan
Author-X-Name-First: Joshua
Author-X-Name-Last: Engel-Yan
Author-Name: Dylan Passmore
Author-X-Name-First: Dylan
Author-X-Name-Last: Passmore
Title: Carsharing and Car Ownership at the Building Scale
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: A number of studies across the world have established the
potential of carsharing to reduce vehicle ownership and parking demand at
the citywide or neighborhood scale; however, few North American cities
have formally adopted reduced minimum parking requirements for
developments with carsharing services onsite (i.e., dedicated carshare
vehicles). This reflects the lack of evidence regarding the impacts of
carsharing on individual developments, as well as the implementation and
enforcement challenges associated with adopting more flexible parking
requirements. This article investigates the case for
developing and implementing a reduction in the parking requirements for
residential buildings that provide dedicated carshare vehicles. We use
surveys of residents of buildings with and without dedicated carshare
vehicles in Toronto, Canada, to develop a regression model of vehicle
ownership. This analysis suggests that the presence of dedicated carshare
vehicles is associated with reduced vehicle ownership and parking demand
at the building level. This is the first study, to the authors' knowledge,
that quantifies this relationship at the scale of individual developments.
Takeaway for practice: This
article provides recommendations for developing a parking reduction ratio
for carsharing that is compatible with existing parking requirements. It
also considers approaches to promote the long-term financial viability of
dedicated carshare vehicles. Overall, this study provides a starting point
for those considering if and how to relax parking requirements for
developments with access to carsharing services and illustrates some of
the challenges with adopting flexible parking requirements.
Research support: The City of Toronto.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 82-91
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.790588
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.790588
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:82-91
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 93-93
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.747911
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.747911
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:93-93
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Harrison T. Higgins
Author-X-Name-First: Harrison T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Higgins
Title: A Review of "Planning Los Angeles"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 94-94
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.747919
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.747919
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:94-94
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: A Review of "Pastoral Capitalism: A History of Suburban Corporate Landscapes"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 95-95
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.747924
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.747924
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:95-95
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ellen M. Bassett
Author-X-Name-First: Ellen M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bassett
Title: A Review of "Local Climate Action Planning"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 96-96
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.747932
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.747932
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:96-96
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elisabeth Hamin
Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamin
Title: A Review of "The City and the Coming Climate: Climate Change in the Places We Live"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 97-97
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.747934
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.747934
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:97-97
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tara Lynne Clapp
Author-X-Name-First: Tara Lynne
Author-X-Name-Last: Clapp
Title: A Review of "Climate Change and Social Ecology: A New Perspective on the Climate Challenge"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 98-98
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.748345
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.748345
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:98-98
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jaap Vos
Author-X-Name-First: Jaap
Author-X-Name-Last: Vos
Title: A Review of "Climate Change and Land Policies"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 98-99
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.748346
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.748346
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucie Laurian
Author-X-Name-First: Lucie
Author-X-Name-Last: Laurian
Title: A Review of "The Environmental Impact Statement After Two Generations: Managing Environmental Power"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 99-100
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.748352
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.748352
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:99-100
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carissa Schively Slotterback
Author-X-Name-First: Carissa Schively
Author-X-Name-Last: Slotterback
Title: A Review of "Putting Social Movements in Their Place: Explaining Opposition to Energy Projects in the United States, 2000-2005"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 100-101
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.748355
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.748355
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:100-101
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Randolph
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Randolph
Title: A Review of "Green Cities of Europe: Global Lessons on Green Urbanism"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 101-102
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.748360
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.748360
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:101-102
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: L. Nicolas Ronderos
Author-X-Name-First: L. Nicolas
Author-X-Name-Last: Ronderos
Title: A Review of "Displacement by Development: Ethics, Rights and Responsibilities"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 102-103
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.748399
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.748399
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:102-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tuna Batuhan
Author-X-Name-First: Tuna
Author-X-Name-Last: Batuhan
Title: A Review of "Planning Olympic Legacies: Transport Dreams and Urban Realities"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 103-104
Issue: 1
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.748400
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.748400
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:1:p:103-104
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 109-109
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.883852
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.883852
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:109-109
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael J. Smart
Author-X-Name-First: Michael J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Smart
Author-Name: Nicholas J. Klein
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Klein
Title: Neighborhoods of Affinity
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Planners have traditionally focused on how the physical
characteristics of neighborhoods influence people's activity and travel
-patterns, overlooking an equally important factor: the social nature of
neighborhoods. We focus on one kind of neighborhood characterized by
strong social ties: gay and lesbian -neighborhoods of affinity. Gay men
living in a neighborhood of affinity-those with a high percentage of
coupled gays and lesbians-take shorter work and non-work trips. The mix of
local activity sites and social connections results in some gay men
conducting a substantial share of their lives within these neighborhoods
and nearby. These results are independent of the design or density of the
neighborhood. We do not, however, find similar results for lesbians,
perhaps because they have less residential mobility.
Takeaway for practice: Gay and lesbian neighborhoods of
affinity represent the kinds of supportive communities where local travel
is possible for many activities, behavior that planners seek with so many
public policies. Planners must explore how the social and physical
environments of neighborhoods interact with one another when they focus on
the impacts of physical design and infrastructure on community outcomes.
Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 110-124
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.883227
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.883227
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:110-124
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yumin Ye
Author-X-Name-First: Yumin
Author-X-Name-Last: Ye
Author-Name: Richard LeGates
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: LeGates
Author-Name: Bo Qin
Author-X-Name-First: Bo
Author-X-Name-Last: Qin
Title: Coordinated Urban-Rural Development Planning in China
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: To address one of China's most pressing planning
problems, Chengdu was designated a national pilot region for coordinated
urban-rural development. Using a wide variety of sources, we describe the
theory and practice of coordinated urban-rural development in Chengdu. We
fill a scholarly gap by describing Chengdu's practice and its implications
for developing countries in relation to development and planning theory,
and provide new information about the challenges of absorbing surplus
rural workforce into the modern economy, equalizing urban and rural
infrastructure and social services, clarifying ownership and use rights,
building livable new villages, modernizing agriculture, and competing in
the global economy. Takeaway for
practice: All planners interested in the frontiers of urban
planning practice can benefit from understanding the theoretical basis of
Chengdu's model and the initial successes and challenges in adapting the
model to other cities. Research
support: This research was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant #41371007), Renmin University of China
(Project "985"), and the Chengdu Municipal Government.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 125-137
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.882223
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.882223
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:125-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carolyn G. Loh
Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Loh
Author-Name: Richard K. Norton
Author-X-Name-First: Richard K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Norton
Title: Planning Consultants and Local Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Planning consultants are a vital part of the local
government planning process. We explore who hires consultants, the types
of tasks that they typically perform, and differences in the values of
planning consultants and their clients. We conduct parallel surveys of
planning consultants and local government officials, and find that the use
of consultants is widespread: They are hired primarily to reduce the costs
of maintaining in-house planning staff and to provide as-needed technical
expertise. Both planning officials and consultants agree on the priority
given to well-accepted planning principles, even though each group thinks
they hold planning principles in higher esteem than the other. Yet, we
find that the actual differences between the self-professed values of the
two groups are negligible. Takeaway for
practice: This study suggests that both consultants and their
clients believe that the advantages of hiring consultants, including
supplementing in-house staff, providing workforce flexibility, and
offering technical expertise, outweigh the disadvantages of possibly
higher costs and lack of local knowledge. The study provides reasons for
optimism that outsourcing planning work does not change the underlying
planning values of the agencies employing the consultants, or the goals
and objectives of the planning work.
Research support: Wayne State University College of Liberal
Arts and Sciences.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 138-147
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.883251
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.883251
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:138-147
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yu Xiao
Author-X-Name-First: Yu
Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao
Author-Name: Joshua Drucker
Author-X-Name-First: Joshua
Author-X-Name-Last: Drucker
Title: Does Economic Diversity Enhance Regional Disaster Resilience?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Little research examines the effect of diversity on
regional economic resilience to natural disasters. We examine whether
economic diversity benefits regional economies in typical circumstances
and in recovery after a natural disaster, using the case of the 1993 U.S.
Midwest flood. By matching counties in the nine states affected by the
flood to control counties, we isolate the influence of diversity on
employment and income in normal circumstances and after a substantial
shock. We found economic diversity to have mixed associations with
employment and income in typical circumstances. On average, economically
diverse counties tended to experience faster employment gains but slower
growth in per capita income than less diverse areas. The effect of
economic diversity upon resilience following a natural disaster was
unambiguous. Economic diversity aided counties in weathering the downturn
following the flood and sped their return to long-term patterns of
employment and income growth. Takeaway
for practice: In promoting policies to enhance economic diversity,
planners in communities located in areas prone to natural disasters should
consider both the goal of disaster resilience and the potential tradeoffs
between different aspects of economic performance.
Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 148-160
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.882125
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.882125
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:148-160
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard E. Klosterman
Author-X-Name-First: Richard E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Klosterman
Title: Lessons Learned About Planning
Abstract:
The author summarizes the most important lessons he has
learned in more than 40 years of studying planning from the perspectives
of planning theory, planning methods, and computer applications in
planning. He suggests that planner's traditional -professional roles,
models, and methods often fail to adequately consider alternative futures
and unnecessarily restrict meaningful public participation. He proposes
that these problems can be overcome, but not easily, by adopting more
community-centered -approaches of planning with the public and using
simple, easy-to-use, and -understandable models and methods. The author
recognizes that following his advice in practice raises many difficult
questions that he cannot currently answer.
Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 161-169
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.882647
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.882647
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:161-169
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 171-171
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772020
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772020
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:171-171
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jennifer Evans-Cowley
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Evans-Cowley
Title: A Review of "America's Economy: Mobile Application"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 172-173
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772034
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772034
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:172-173
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: A Review of "The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-But Some Don't"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 173-174
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772035
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772035
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:173-174
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ruth L. Steiner
Author-X-Name-First: Ruth L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Steiner
Title: A Review of "The High Cost of Free Parking, Updated Edition"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 174-175
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772038
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772038
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:174-175
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Barbara J. Chance
Author-X-Name-First: Barbara J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chance
Title: A Review of "The High Cost of Free Parking, Updated Edition"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 175-176
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772039
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772039
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:175-176
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anthony Flint
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony
Author-X-Name-Last: Flint
Title: A Review of "The Urban Wisdom of Jane Jacobs"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 176-177
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772041
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772041
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:176-177
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Scott Gabriel Knowles
Author-X-Name-First: Scott Gabriel
Author-X-Name-Last: Knowles
Title: A Review of "Flammable Cities: Urban Conflagration and the Making of the Modern World"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 177-178
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772475
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772475
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:177-178
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Petra L. Doan
Author-X-Name-First: Petra L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Doan
Title: A Review of "The New Century of the Metropolis: Urban Enclaves and Orientalism"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 178-178
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772477
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772477
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:178-178
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xueming (Jimmy) Chen
Author-X-Name-First: Xueming (Jimmy)
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen
Title: A Review of "Urban Transport in the Developing World: A Handbook of Policy and Practice"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 179-179
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772480
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772480
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:179-179
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katrin B. Anacker
Author-X-Name-First: Katrin B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Anacker
Title: A Review of "The Affordable Housing Reader"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 180-180
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772779
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772779
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:180-180
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karina Pallagst
Author-X-Name-First: Karina
Author-X-Name-Last: Pallagst
Title: A Review of "Design After Decline: How America Rebuilds Shrinking Cities"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 181-181
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772780
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772780
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:181-181
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Johannes Novy
Author-X-Name-First: Johannes
Author-X-Name-Last: Novy
Title: A Review of "Justice and the American Metropolis"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 182-182
Issue: 2
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.772782
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.772782
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:2:p:182-182
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 189-189
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.906867
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.906867
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:189-189
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karen Trapenberg Frick
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Trapenberg Frick
Title: The Actions of Discontent: Tea Party and Property Rights Activists Pushing Back Against Regional Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: The Tea Party's effects on local and regional planning
efforts, given the movement's fierce support of property rights and
equally fierce opposition to sustainability goals in regional planning
efforts, have received little study. I wanted to understand how Tea Party
and fellow property rights advocates became involved in regional planning
efforts in the San Francisco Bay Area and Atlanta, GA, and how planners
perceived and dealt with their objections and tactics. Interactions
between the two groups were marked by philosophical differences over the
role of government and the necessity and value of regional planning.
However, these actors were also deeply divided on plan content and the
authenticity of the public outreach process. Tea Party and property rights
activists were not the only ones with substantive and procedural concerns
about regional planning efforts; tactical -coalitions of unexpected allies
emerged, aligning on plan viability, finance methods and funding, project
costs, impacts, and process. My research shows that common ground can be
negotiated between -opposing groups on matters of content and process. The
concerns of the various stakeholders involved parallel questions often
addressed by scholarly planning research, providing evidence of continuing
challenges and flaws in planning.
Takeaway for practice: The planning community should not
dismiss the opposition of Tea Party and property rights advocates; these
activists could catalyze new coalitions of opponents if planners do not
attend to the substantive and procedural concerns of participants.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 190-200
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.885312
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.885312
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:190-200
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sonya Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Sonya
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: George Galster
Author-X-Name-First: George
Author-X-Name-Last: Galster
Author-Name: Nandita Verma
Author-X-Name-First: Nandita
Author-X-Name-Last: Verma
Title: Home Foreclosures as Early Warning Indicator of Neighborhood Decline
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Ideally, planners would intervene in neighborhood
processes before substantial forces of decline have gained momentum.
Unfortunately, currently there is no guidance about which neighborhood
indicators forecast future neighborhood changes. This study seeks a
neighborhood early warning indicator that is readily available, frequently
updated, and that predicts with substantial foresight and accuracy future
changes in key aspects of neighborhood market processes and quality of
life. We search over a range of neighborhood indicators for one or more
that clearly lead others in a temporal sense, instead of lagging behind
them. We employ Granger causality tests with indicators related to public
safety, housing market, and economic activity that are based on data from
Chicago neighborhoods between 1998 and 2009. Our key finding is that only
one indicator analyzed, completed home foreclosures, systematically
precedes other neighborhood indicators but does not systematically follow
after them. All other indicators are enmeshed in complicated, often
mutually causal temporal patterns, which render them inappropriate for
forecasting. We conclude that completed home foreclosures is an
appropriate early warning indicator of neighborhood decline in several
dimensions. Takeaway for
practice: Planners interested in identifying imminently emerging
problems in their constituents' neighborhoods should regularly acquire and
map data on home foreclosures as soon as they become available, and then
undertake compensatory actions as quickly as feasible.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 201-210
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.888306
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.888306
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:201-210
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael C. Lens
Author-X-Name-First: Michael C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lens
Title: The Limits of Housing Investment as a Neighborhood Revitalization Tool: Crime in New York City
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Local residents often oppose place-based affordable
housing on the grounds that such housing will increase crime and decrease
property values. New York City has actually used affordable housing
investment as a neighborhood revitalization tool, leading to a positive
impact on neighborhood property values. Households in distressed
neighborhoods consistently cite crime as a problem, but we know little
about the impact of housing investments on crime. Using a unique set of
point-specific data on affordable housing and crime locations between 2002
and 2008 in New York City, I estimate a set of regression models to
identify the effect that affordable housing investments have on crime on
the block where they are situated. I find little evidence that affordable
housing investments either reduce or increase crime on New York City
blocks, suggesting there are limits to the revitalization effects of these
subsidies and that crime fears about subsidized housing are unwarranted.
Takeaway for practice: Cities with
tight rental markets such as New York should continue to invest in
affordable housing construction. However, these cities need to find ways
to expand housing options in higher-income, less-distressed neighborhoods,
or they risk exacerbating concentrated poverty and further subjecting
low-income households to unsafe living environments.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 211-221
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.893803
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.893803
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:211-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Casey Dawkins
Author-X-Name-First: Casey
Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins
Title: The Spatial Pattern of Low Income Housing Tax Credit Properties: Implications for Fair Housing and Poverty Deconcentration Policies
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Housing policies of the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD) emphasize the spatial dispersal of housing
assistance to promote fair housing objectives. The Low Income Housing Tax
Credit (LIHTC) program, the nation's largest affordable housing subsidy
program, is not administered by HUD and therefore is not closely monitored
for compliance with dispersal objectives. Using spatial point pattern
analyses, I identify the geographic extent of LIHTC property clustering,
characterize the local clustering of individual properties and explore the
determinants of local clustering within the nation's largest metropolitan
areas. In most metropolitan areas, LIHTC properties are more highly
clustered than multifamily housing units, although the extent of
clustering differs by metropolitan area. Clustered LIHTC properties tend
to be located in more densely developed central-city locations that have
higher poverty rates and higher minority concentrations.
Takeaway for practice: To encourage more affordable
housing construction within areas that offer greater economic and social
opportunities to LHTC residents, policymakers should 1) provide incentives
to locate LIHTC properties within high-opportunity areas, 2) eliminate
current incentives to cluster housing in areas with inherently higher
poverty and minority concentrations (Qualified Census Tracts and Difficult
Development Areas), and 3) enhance coordination between HUD and the
Department of the Treasury to implement federal fair housing goals.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 222-234
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.895635
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.895635
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:222-234
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gregory S. Burge
Author-X-Name-First: Gregory S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Burge
Author-Name: Trey L. Trosper
Author-X-Name-First: Trey L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Trosper
Author-Name: Arthur C. Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Arthur C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Author-Name: Julian C. Juergensmeyer
Author-X-Name-First: Julian C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Juergensmeyer
Author-Name: James C. Nicholas
Author-X-Name-First: James C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholas
Title: Can Development Impact Fees Help Mitigate Urban Sprawl?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and
findings: Local governments often react to sprawl by adopting urban
containment policies to limit fringe growth and encourage core
development. An alternative is to design impact fee programs accounting
for the higher costs of providing services to remote locations. Zone-based
impact fee programs carry this potential, but there is no empirical work
investigating their effect on residential development. We explored the
effects of a zone-based impact fee program on residential permits issued
across the Albuquerque, NM, metropolitan statistical area using 21 years
of data, identifying countervailing influences on density. The program
mitigated sprawl by reducing the share of construction occurring near the
urban fringe and by increasing the share in more centrally located areas,
but there is no evidence the program increased core development. During a
brief period when Albuquerque had impact fees but an adjacent community
did not, we observed spillover effects that exacerbated sprawl.
Takeaway for practice: Planners managing
sprawl can use zone-based impact fee programs that account for the higher
costs of fringe development to effectively increase the density of
residential construction, but it may be necessary to use regional programs
or coordinated efforts to prevent spillover to adjacent communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 235-248
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.901116
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.901116
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:235-248
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 249-249
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811368
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811368
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:249-249
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dowell Myers
Author-X-Name-First: Dowell
Author-X-Name-Last: Myers
Title: A Review of "Our Divided Political Heart: The Battle for the American Idea in an Age of Discontent"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 250-250
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811370
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811370
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:250-250
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Samina Raja
Author-X-Name-First: Samina
Author-X-Name-Last: Raja
Title: A Review of "Sustainable Food Planning: Evolving Theory and Practice"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 251-252
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811371
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811371
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:251-252
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Howard Gillette
Author-X-Name-First: Howard
Author-X-Name-Last: Gillette
Title: A Review of "Neighbors & Neighborhoods: Elements of Successful Community Design"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 252-252
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811372
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811372
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:252-252
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Charisma S. Acey
Author-X-Name-First: Charisma S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Acey
Title: A Review of "Spatial Literacy: Contemporary Asante Women's Place-Making"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 253-253
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811373
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811373
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:253-253
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jordan Yin
Author-X-Name-First: Jordan
Author-X-Name-Last: Yin
Title: A Review of "The City After Abandonment"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 253-254
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811374
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811374
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:253-254
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emil Malizia
Author-X-Name-First: Emil
Author-X-Name-Last: Malizia
Title: A Review of "Financing Economic Development in the 21st Century"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 254-255
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811375
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811375
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:254-255
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandi Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandi
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: A Review of "Transport and Ethics: Ethics and the Evaluation of Transport Policies and Projects"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 255-256
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811376
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811376
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:255-256
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Subhrajit Guhathakurta
Author-X-Name-First: Subhrajit
Author-X-Name-Last: Guhathakurta
Title: A Review of "Heat Islands: Understanding and Mitigating Heat in Urban Areas"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 256-257
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811377
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811377
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:256-257
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rebecca Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Title: A Review of "Taking Sustainable Cities Seriously: Economic Development, the Environment, and Quality of Life in American Cities"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 257-258
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811378
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811378
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:257-258
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: A Review of "Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 258-259
Issue: 3
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2013.811379
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2013.811379
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:3:p:258-259
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 265-265
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.918835
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.918835
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:265-265
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephanie Ryberg-Webster
Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie
Author-X-Name-Last: Ryberg-Webster
Title: Preserving Downtown America: Federal Rehabilitation Tax Credits and the Transformation of U.S. Cities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Do historic
rehabilitation tax credits (RTCs) play a central force in ongoing urban
revitalization? I examine the role that federal RTCs have played in
transforming U.S. downtowns using a case study approach and geocoded,
longitudinal data for 10 cities: Atlanta (GA), Baltimore (MD), Cleveland
(OH), Denver (CO), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Providence (RI),
Richmond (VA), Seattle (WA), and St. Louis (MO). I find intense
concentrations of downtown RTC investments in these cities; these projects
were relatively resilient through the recent recession. Federal RTCs play
an important role in the ongoing, postindustrial transformation of U.S.
downtowns. RTC-funded projects concentrate downtown and are a key factor
in the reinvestment of declining cities.Takeaway for
practice: Historic rehabilitation tax credits are an important tool
for downtown revitalization efforts and will help local planners and urban
policymakers develop robust strategies for downtown redevelopment.
Unfortunately, the RTC program cannot be used for owner-occupied units,
public schools, or government buildings; there are a finite number of
eligible historic buildings; and planners have little control over the
location of RTC-supported projects. Local planners, however, can
facilitate the use of RTC financing by removing regulatory barriers to
adaptive reuse and downtown mixed-use development, being cautious when
considering demolishing older buildings, and working with local
preservation groups to streamline the process.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 266-279
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.903749
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.903749
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:266-279
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Damian Pitt
Author-X-Name-First: Damian
Author-X-Name-Last: Pitt
Author-Name: Ellen Bassett
Author-X-Name-First: Ellen
Author-X-Name-Last: Bassett
Title: Collaborative Planning for Clean Energy Initiatives in Small to Mid-Sized Cities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: A growing number of small to
mid-sized cities are implementing initiatives to promote energy
conservation, efficiency, and renewable energy use in their communities.
We need to better understand how these cities have approached this issue
and the processes by which they adopt clean energy initiatives. We
surveyed representatives of small to mid-sized cities to identify the
types of clean energy initiatives they have adopted, the processes by
which they were developed, and the obstacles encountered along the way. We
also conducted 10 in-depth interviews with representatives of targeted
high- and low-adopter cities. While many of the cities are aggressively
pursuing clean energy opportunities in their municipal operations, far
fewer are taking action to promote clean energy community wide. The
high-adopter cities that have developed community-wide clean energy
initiatives often did so using a variety of community engagement and
stakeholder outreach methods.Takeaway for practice: Local officials who
wish to promote clean energy use should start with energy efficiency and
renewable energy investments for municipal facilities. Subsequent
community-wide clean energy programs should focus initially on incentives
for local residents and businesses, and should be framed in a way that
emphasizes both environmental and nonenvironmental benefits. These
initiatives should be developed through collaborative planning strategies,
which can help educate residents about the benefits of clean energy
initiatives, create dialogue with stakeholders who would be affected by
these new initiatives, and introduce valuable outside expertise to the
planning process.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 280-294
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.914846
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.914846
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:280-294
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas W. Lester
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lester
Author-Name: Nikhil Kaza
Author-X-Name-First: Nikhil
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaza
Author-Name: Sarah Kirk
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Kirk
Title: Making Room for Manufacturing: Understanding Industrial Land Conversion in Cities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planners face tension when
dealing with the stock of urban industrial land: Should they enact
industrial land preservation policies to protect viable manufacturers that
provide good jobs even if it exacerbates the problem of affordable housing
and causes cities to forgo growth in other sectors? Planners need better
information on the underlying forces that lead to conversion of industrial
land and an assessment of the effectiveness of preservation policies. We
develop here an index of vulnerability of industrial land that is based on
location factors, neighborhood dynamics, detailed industrial trends,
environmental hazards, and local regulations. We show how these factors
can explain the probability of the conversion of industrial land to other
uses in Cook County (IL) and Mecklenburg County (NC) and describe how
various industrial preservation polices are effective in limiting
conversion.Takeaway for practice: Cities can use this index to
strategically plan for industries to target and sites to preserve as
industrial uses. Traditional planning and regulatory tools such as
industrial zone designations do reduce conversion risk, while factors such
as transit accessibility increase the probability of conversion. We argue
that local governments should be strategic about which manufacturing
industries can be preserved at what locations using these tools. We also
develop and demonstrate an open source, interactive, web-based tool that
demonstrates some of the key concepts that can be replicated in other
places.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 295-313
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.915369
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.915369
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:295-313
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bumsoo Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Bumsoo
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Yongsung Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Yongsung
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Title: Complementary Pricing and Land Use Policies: Does It Lead to Higher Transit Use?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: A shift toward more
sustainable transportation requires both adequate pricing of externalities
from driving and supportive land use policies. However, proponents of each
approach often under-estimate the complementarity and potential synergy
between them. This study investigates the interaction effects between
gasoline prices and land use (policy) variables using a panel dataset of
transit ridership in 67 urbanized areas between 2002 and 2010. We found
that while doubling the average gasoline price would increase transit
ridership by 8.4% in an urbanized area with mean density and no regional
containment policy, in areas with slightly higher density and a regional
containment policy, the impact of higher gasoline prices would rise to
21%. In communities that had adopted a package of smart growth land use
options, the impact of higher gasoline prices on transit use is even
greater.Takeaway for practice: Pricing schemes will be more
effective where alternatives to automobility and supportive land use
policies exist. The impacts of urban form on travel behavior are also
strengthened when driving externalities are correctly priced. Planners and
policymakers should take advantage of the complementarity between pricing
and land use planning approaches by implementing policies in combined and
well-coordinated ways.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 314-328
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.915629
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.915629
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:314-328
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Editor's Note
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 330-330
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.918828
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.918828
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:330-330
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Millard-Ball
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Millard-Ball
Author-Name: Rachel Weinberger
Author-X-Name-First: Rachel
Author-X-Name-Last: Weinberger
Author-Name: Robert Hampshire
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Hampshire
Title: Comment on Pierce and Shoup: Evaluating the Impacts of Performance-Based Parking
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 330-336
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.918481
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.918481
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:330-336
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gregory Pierce
Author-X-Name-First: Gregory
Author-X-Name-Last: Pierce
Author-Name: Donald Shoup
Author-X-Name-First: Donald
Author-X-Name-Last: Shoup
Title: Response to Millard-Ball et al.: Parking Prices and Parking Occupancy in San Francisco
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 336-339
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.918480
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.918480
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:336-339
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 341-341
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917009
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.917009
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:341-341
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Weiping Wu
Author-X-Name-First: Weiping
Author-X-Name-Last: Wu
Title: A Review of "China's Environmental Policy and Urban Development"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 342-342
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917010
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.917010
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:342-342
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: A Review of "Planet of Cities"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 343-343
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917014
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.917014
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:343-343
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rolf Pendall
Author-X-Name-First: Rolf
Author-X-Name-Last: Pendall
Title: A Review of "Reshaping Metropolitan America: Development Trends and Opportunities to 2030"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 344-344
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917017
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.917017
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:344-344
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Donovan Finn
Author-X-Name-First: Donovan
Author-X-Name-Last: Finn
Title: A Review of "Building Like Moses with Jacobs in Mind: Contemporary Planning in New York City"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 345-345
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917019
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.917019
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:345-345
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Forester
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Forester
Title: A Review of "Yes to the Mess: Surprising Leadership Lessons From Jazz"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 346-346
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917020
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.917020
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:346-346
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Author-Name: Kristin E. Larsen
Author-X-Name-First: Kristin E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen
Title: A Review of "Redevelopment and Race: Planning a Finer City in Postwar Detroit"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 347-347
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917021
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:347-347
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Author-Name: Beth Tamayose
Author-X-Name-First: Beth
Author-X-Name-Last: Tamayose
Title: A Review of "Reclaiming Indigenous Planning"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 348-348
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917022
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:348-348
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Author-Name: Michael Manville
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Manville
Title: A Review of "Parking Reform Made Easy"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 348-349
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917023
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.917023
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:348-349
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Author-Name: Adam Millard-Ball
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Millard-Ball
Title: A Review of "Street Fight: The Politics of Mobility in San Francisco"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 349-350
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917024
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.917024
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:349-350
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Author-Name: Whit Blanton
Author-X-Name-First: Whit
Author-X-Name-Last: Blanton
Title: A Review of "Pedestrian- & Transit-Oriented Design"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 350-351
Issue: 4
Volume: 79
Year: 2013
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.917025
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.917025
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:79:y:2013:i:4:p:350-351
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 5-5
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935660
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935660
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:5-5
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeremy N�meth
Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy
Author-X-Name-Last: N�meth
Author-Name: Eric Ross
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Ross
Title: Planning for Marijuana: The Cannabis Conundrum
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Twenty-three states
and Washington, DC, have legalized medical marijuana, raising difficult
land use questions for planners regarding allowable locations, buffering
from sensitive uses, and distribution of facilities. We know little about
how local jurisdictions regulate medical marijuana dispensary (MMD)
location and operation and how equitably different regulatory models
distribute these facilities. We begin with an overview of MMD impacts
related to crime, property values, and quality of life. We then review
emerging local regulation of MMDs with a particular emphasis on land use
controls, and find that most authorities regulate MMD location like they
do other locally unwanted land uses (LULUs) such as sex-oriented
businesses and liquor stores. Given a history of siting LULUs in
less-affluent neighborhoods and communities of color, we conduct a case
study of Denver and show that four common regulatory models concentrate
land that permits MMDs in socioeconomically disadvantaged tracts and areas
with high proportions of persons of color.
Takeaway for practice: Local planners are often caught
unprepared for the land use implications of medical marijuana
legalization. This outline of common land use regulatory models and a
replicable analytical model help practitioners develop ordinances that
square with their own communities' goals, values, and attributes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 6-20
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935241
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935241
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carl Grodach
Author-X-Name-First: Carl
Author-X-Name-Last: Grodach
Author-Name: Nicole Foster
Author-X-Name-First: Nicole
Author-X-Name-Last: Foster
Author-Name: James Murdoch
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Murdoch
Title: Gentrification and the Artistic Dividend: The Role of the Arts in Neighborhood Change
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: There is a conflict
between recent creative placemaking policies intended to promote positive
neighborhood development through the arts and the fact that the arts have
long been cited as contributing to gentrification and the displacement of
lower-income residents. Unfortunately, we do not have data to demonstrate
widespread evidence of either outcome. We address the dearth of
comprehensive research and inform neighborhood planning efforts by
statistically testing how two different groups of arts activities-the fine
arts and commercial arts industries-are associated with conditions
indicative of revitalization and gentrification in 100 large U.S.
metropolitan areas. We find that different arts activities are associated
with different types and levels of neighborhood change. Commercial arts
industries show the strongest association with gentrification in rapidly
changing areas, while the fine arts are associated with stable,
slow-growth neighborhoods.
Takeaway for practice: This research can help planners to
more effectively incorporate the arts into neighborhood planning efforts
and to anticipate the potential for different outcomes in their arts
development strategies, including gentrification-related displacement.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 21-35
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.928584
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.928584
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:21-35
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jennifer Dill
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Dill
Author-Name: Cynthia Mohr
Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohr
Author-Name: Liang Ma
Author-X-Name-First: Liang
Author-X-Name-Last: Ma
Title: How Can Psychological Theory Help Cities Increase Walking and Bicycling?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planners need a
clear understanding of what influences walking and bicycling behavior to
develop effective strategies to increase use of those modes.
Transportation practitioners have largely focused on infrastructure and
the built environment, although researchers have found that attitudes are
also very important. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) suggests that
behavior such as active transportation results from a mixture of personal
attitudes toward these modes, subjective norms, and a person's perceived
behavioral control, giving us a way to conceptualize psychological factors
that influence travel behavior. Using data from a random phone survey of
three neighborhoods in Portland (OR), we test whether TPB explains the
possible causal relationships among the built environment,
socio-demographics, and active transportation. We find that both the built
environment and demographics influence cycling and walking, although
indirectly, by influencing attitudes and perceived behavioral control.
Moreover, it is important to look at bicycle-specific infrastructure
separately from other environmental characteristics. For example,
relatively flat neighborhoods with well-connected, low-traffic streets and
multiple destinations were associated with more frequent bicycling, but
striped bike lanes were not.
Takeaway for practice: Practitioners cannot rely solely on
changing the environment to increase bicycling. Programs such as public
events and individualized marketing that influence attitudes may be
necessary to reinforce positive environmental features. This is
particularly true for women and older adults. Moreover, adding bike lanes
to an otherwise poor bicycling environment may not increase bicycling in
any significant way.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 36-51
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.934651
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.934651
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Evelyn Blumenberg
Author-X-Name-First: Evelyn
Author-X-Name-Last: Blumenberg
Author-Name: Gregory Pierce
Author-X-Name-First: Gregory
Author-X-Name-Last: Pierce
Title: A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation's Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: We evaluate the
role of transportation in improving the employment outcomes of
participants in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) for Fair Housing Voucher
Program, a 10-year demonstration project designed to enable low-income
families to improve their outcomes by moving out of high-poverty
neighborhoods. We use longitudinal data from the MTO program to assess the
role of transportation-automobiles and improved access to public
transit-in moving to, and maintaining, employment. We use multi-nomial
logistic regression to predict changes in employment status as a function
of change in automobile availability and transit accessibility,
controlling for other potential determinants of employment. We find that
keeping or gaining access to an automobile is positively related to the
likelihood of employment. Improved access to public transit is positively
associated with maintaining employment, but not with job gains. Although
we cannot say for certain whether car ownership preceded or followed
employment, it is clear that having a car provides multiple benefits that
facilitate getting and keeping a job.
Takeaway for practice: Policies to increase automobile access
among low-income households-even in dense urban areas-will most clearly
enhance job gain and job retention. While auto programs are unpopular with
many planners, they would improve the lives of low-income families who
currently have the least access to cars. In addition, supporting moves to
transit-rich neighborhoods may help households maintain consistent
employment.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 52-66
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935267
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:52-66
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emily Talen
Author-X-Name-First: Emily
Author-X-Name-Last: Talen
Author-Name: Julia Koschinsky
Author-X-Name-First: Julia
Author-X-Name-Last: Koschinsky
Title: The Neighborhood Quality of Subsidized Housing
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Housing policy in
the United States has struggled for decades to assess the relative
importance of neighborhood context in the provision of subsidized housing.
In this study, we enter the debate over the value and limitations of
neighborhood settings and the "dispersal-versus-development" approach by
looking at the issue from an alternative perspective: neighborhood access.
We provide a large-scale, quantified assessment of the neighborhood
context of subsidized housing, with specific attention to six metropolitan
areas in the United States. Using data on neighborhood access (measured by
a walkability index) and locations of federally subsidized housing, we
investigate three primary areas of research: an analysis of the level of
access for subsidized housing, the question of whether low-poverty
neighborhoods translates to low access, and the degree to which
neighborhood access is compromised by an increase in negative factors like
crime, poverty, or segregation. We find that federally subsidized housing
in the United States is predominantly (72%) in poor-access locations. In
addition, we find that low poverty is likely to mean low access, for which
voucher holders are not compensated by living in more attractive
neighborhoods (indicated by higher housing market strength). However, we
find evidence that high-access neighborhoods are compromised by
segregation in Atlanta, Boston, and Chicago, but not in Miami, Phoenix,
and Seattle. Takeaway for
practice: As advocates of the built environment, planners should
support a more contextualized approach to housing policy, warranted by the
fact that low-income households are often the most affected by physical
proximity, or lack of it. In line with this goal, comprehensive plans,
zoning regulations, and capital investment priorities could proactively
support well-serviced, walkable neighborhoods for subsidized housing
residents.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 67-82
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935232
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935232
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:67-82
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David R. Godschalk
Author-X-Name-First: David R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Godschalk
Title: A Planning Life: Bridging Academics and Practice
Abstract:
Looking back at a life as a
planner-educator, the author sees many positive signs that three main
concepts not only continue to shape the field of planning in fundamental
ways, but are gaining steam. First, the primary product of city and
regional planning is the creation of good places for people-not only
physically, but also socially, economically, and environmentally-from
streets and neighborhoods to cities and regions. Second, public planning
is fundamentally a collaborative process, involving not only direct
stakeholders but also an influential cast of practitioners, politicians,
administrators, citizens, advocates, analysts, researchers, and educators.
Third, the most important role for the planner is to be a tireless
advocate for good collaboration and good places, building consensus for
doing the right thing through helping the public and decision makers
understand the consequences of their actions.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 83-90
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.928169
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.928169
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:83-90
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 91-91
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935662
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935662
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:91-91
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Am�lie Y. Davis
Author-X-Name-First: Am�lie Y.
Author-X-Name-Last: Davis
Title: A Review of "The End of the Suburbs: Where the American Dream Is Moving"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 92-92
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935664
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935664
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:92-92
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: A Review of "Oregon Plans: The Making of an Unquiet Land-Use Revolution"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 93-93
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935667
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935667
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:93-93
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marc Schlossberg
Author-X-Name-First: Marc
Author-X-Name-Last: Schlossberg
Title: A Review of "City Cycling"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 93-94
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935670
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935670
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:93-94
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vicki Elmer
Author-X-Name-First: Vicki
Author-X-Name-Last: Elmer
Title: A Review of "Water 4.0: The Past, Present, and Future of the World's Most Vital Resource"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 94-95
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935673
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935673
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:94-95
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aksel K. Olsen
Author-X-Name-First: Aksel K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Olsen
Title: A Review of "The New Geography of Jobs"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 95-96
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935675
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935675
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:95-96
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: A Review of "The New Science of Cities"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 96-97
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935676
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935676
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:96-97
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hugh Schwartz
Author-X-Name-First: Hugh
Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz
Title: A Review of "Beyond Smart Cities: How Cities Network, Learn and Innovate"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 97-98
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935679
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935679
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:97-98
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Schweitzer
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer
Title: A Review of "The Political Ecology of the Metropolis: Metropolitan Sources of Electoral Behaviour in Eleven Countries"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 98-99
Issue: 1
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.935680
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.935680
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:1:p:98-99
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 109-109
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.962412
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.962412
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:109-109
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elisabeth M. Hamin
Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamin
Author-Name: Nicole Gurran
Author-X-Name-First: Nicole
Author-X-Name-Last: Gurran
Author-Name: Ana Mesquita Emlinger
Author-X-Name-First: Ana Mesquita
Author-X-Name-Last: Emlinger
Title: Barriers to Municipal Climate Adaptation: Examples From Coastal Massachusetts' Smaller Cities and Towns
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Many global cities
are making good progress on climate adaptation. There is less information,
however, on climate adaptation among smaller cities and towns: Are their
approaches similar when undertaking adaptation? Do the barriers they face
mirror those of large cities? In this study, we undertake fine-grained
empirical research on the perceptions of 18 municipal planners in 14
coastal cities and towns in Massachusetts; our findings are thus limited
to planners' perceptions of efforts and barriers in one region of the
United States. These communities are very early in the uptake of climate
adaptation policies and use a range of approaches when they do begin
adaptation, including planning, mainstreaming, or addressing current
hazards. The planners interviewed reported that barriers to adaptation
actions tend to be interconnected; for example, the strength of private
property interests often limits local political leadership on the issue.
Without such leadership, it is difficult for planners to allocate time
and/or money to adaptation activities. It is also challenging to gain
support from local residents for climate adaptation action, while a lack
of accepted technical data complicates efforts.Takeaway for
practice: In coastal Massachusetts, and perhaps elsewhere, local
residents, planners, and their municipal bodies, as well as the states,
must act in multiple ways to encourage the development of meaningful
climate adaptation action in smaller cities and towns.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 110-122
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.949590
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.949590
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:110-122
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Reid Ewing
Author-X-Name-First: Reid
Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing
Author-Name: Shima Hamidi
Author-X-Name-First: Shima
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamidi
Title: Longitudinal Analysis of Transit's Land Use Multiplier in Portland (OR)
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: We assess the
direct and indirect effects on car use (as measured by household vehicle
miles traveled [VMT]) of the Portland Westside Max light rail transit
(LRT) extension. We use longitudinal data to estimate the effects of
discrete changes in the built environment by comparing a treated transit
corridor with a highway corridor that serves as a control. Before the LRT
line, the transit and highway corridors were comparable in almost all
respects, including household VMT. After the LRT line was completed, the
transit corridor had higher density, generated significantly more
household walk and transit trips, and experienced a slower rise in VMT per
household. We estimate a transit multiplier of 3.04, meaning that transit
reduces VMT by three vehicle miles in total for every vehicle mile reduced
due to transit ridership. The direct effect occurs through increases in
transit ridership and associated reductions in household VMT. The indirect
effect is achieved primarily through increased walking around stations and
secondarily through increased densities around stations. Fixed-guideway
transit in tandem with comprehensive public policies that promote
transit-oriented development (TOD) around transit stations on one hand,
and highway corridors on the other, produce different transportation
outcomes.Takeaway for practice: Building rail lines with
supportive local government land use policies and local and even state
investments around rail stations can slow the growth of auto use.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 123-137
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.949506
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.949506
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:123-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Megan S. Ryerson
Author-X-Name-First: Megan S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ryerson
Author-Name: Amber Woodburn
Author-X-Name-First: Amber
Author-X-Name-Last: Woodburn
Title: Build Airport Capacity or Manage Flight Demand? How Regional Planners Can Lead American Aviation Into a New Frontier of Demand Management
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: To address air
traffic congestion, airports can manage flight demand or expand capacity;
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires an environmental impact
statement (EIS) to evaluate feasible alternatives to capacity expansion.
The FAA also funds regional planning agencies to conduct optional regional
aviation systems plans (RASPs). We study the extent to which airports
investigate demand management in lieu of increasing capacity and if RASPs
play a role in doing so. Of the 17 EISs for major airport capacity
expansions between 2000 and 2013, only Boston (BOS), as influenced by the
local RASP, fully assessed demand management. We find three barriers to
airports evaluating demand management in their EISs: narrow project
objectives, uncertainty over the FAA's stand on demand management, and
economic development concerns. RASPs can help surmount these barriers
because they are not constrained by the EIS's narrow objectives and can
comprehensively evaluate demand management alternatives.Takeaway for
practice: Demand management in aviation, as in surface
transportation, holds potential for cost and other savings. Strengthening
the role of regional planners in the airport planning process would lead
to greater consideration of demand management and may bring innovative
solutions to airport congestion. We recommend: a) the FAA play a more
direct role in funding regional aviation planning and creating regional
aviation planning coalitions; b) regional planners collaborate early in
the airport EIS process; and c) planners encourage the FAA to make demand
management a mandatory alternative in an EIS for airport capacity
expansion.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 138-152
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.961949
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.961949
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:138-152
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Noreen C. McDonald
Author-X-Name-First: Noreen C.
Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald
Author-Name: Ruth L. Steiner
Author-X-Name-First: Ruth L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Steiner
Author-Name: Chanam Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Chanam
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Tori Rhoulac Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Tori
Author-X-Name-Last: Rhoulac Smith
Author-Name: Xuemei Zhu
Author-X-Name-First: Xuemei
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu
Author-Name: Yizhao Yang
Author-X-Name-First: Yizhao
Author-X-Name-Last: Yang
Title: Impact of the Safe Routes to School Program on Walking and Bicycling
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Increasing walking
and bicycling to school has been a national policy goal since Congress
created the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program. While previous research
has suggested positive program impacts, there have been no large-scale
studies with strong research designs. Here we study 801 schools in the
District of Columbia, Florida, Oregon, and Texas to assess how the
proportion of students walking and bicycling to school changed after the
introduction of SRTS programs. By including schools with and without SRTS
programs and analyzing data collected over time (2007-2012), we are able
to distinguish SRTS impacts from secular trends. We find increases in
walking and bicycling after schools implemented SRTS programs. Engineering
improvements are associated with an 18% relative increase in walking and
bicycling, and the effects of education and encouragement programs are
cumulative. Over the course of five years, these education and
encouragement programs could lead to a 25% relative increase in walking
and bicycling.Takeaway for practice: Planners should work to
prioritize capital improvements that improve non-motorized access to
school and revise comprehensive plans and subdivision regulations to
ensure that new development supports access to school.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 153-167
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.956654
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.956654
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:153-167
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Victoria A. Beard
Author-X-Name-First: Victoria A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Beard
Author-Name: Carolina S. Sarmiento
Author-X-Name-First: Carolina S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmiento
Title: Planning, Public Participation, and Money Politics in Santa Ana (CA)
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: In this study, we
analyze why a low-income community failed to meaningfully affect plans for
the redevelopment of the Station District in Santa Ana (CA) although they
used three avenues to do so: public participation, liberal democracy, and
deliberative democracy. The city provided opportunities for public
participation but controlled the agenda, effectively preventing residents
from reframing the discussion. The liberal democratic electoral system
failed residents because many were ineligible to vote, while city council
members received campaign contributions from external business interests.
Residents did develop extensive deliberative democratic processes that
produced collaborative plans; however, these plans were not well
incorporated into the official plan. In addition, the city refused to sign
a community benefit agreement through which residents could hold the city
and developer responsible for the redevelopment plan.Takeaway for
practice: We suggest that planners have an obligation to improve
the participatory process by empowering community residents to set the
agenda and frame the issues at the local level while addressing the role
of corporations in local politics and in campaign finance, and by seeking
to achieve elections that more fairly represent spatially segregated
public interests. Less-ambitious changes to the public planning process
will fail to achieve a balance of power among low-income communities of
color, city officials, and those representing private market interests.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 168-181
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.953002
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.953002
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:168-181
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 183-183
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.954461
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.954461
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:183-183
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eugenie L. Birch
Author-X-Name-First: Eugenie L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Birch
Title: A Review of "Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability" and "Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 184-185
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.954464
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.954464
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:184-185
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Margaret Dewar
Author-X-Name-First: Margaret
Author-X-Name-Last: Dewar
Title: A Review of "Driving Detroit: The Quest for Respect in the Motor City"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 185-186
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.954465
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.954465
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:185-186
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arthur C. Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Arthur C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Title: A Review of "Confronting Suburban Poverty in America"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 186-187
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.954466
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.954466
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:186-187
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Schweitzer
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer
Title: A Review of "Capital in the Twenty-First Century"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 187-188
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.954472
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.954472
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:187-188
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bert van Wee
Author-X-Name-First: Bert
Author-X-Name-Last: van Wee
Title: A Review of "Transport Beyond Oil: Policy Choices for a Multimodal Future"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 188-189
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.954473
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.954473
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:188-189
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandip Chakrabarti
Author-X-Name-First: Sandip
Author-X-Name-Last: Chakrabarti
Title: A Review of "An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 189-190
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.954474
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.954474
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:189-190
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meagan Elliott
Author-X-Name-First: Meagan
Author-X-Name-Last: Elliott
Title: A Review of "The Power of Narrative in Environmental Networks"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 190-191
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.954476
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.954476
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:190-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lois M. Takahashi
Author-X-Name-First: Lois M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi
Title: A Review of "The Street: A Quintessential Social Public Space"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 191-191
Issue: 2
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.954477
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.954477
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:2:p:191-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 197-197
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.989038
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.989038
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:197-197
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris
Author-X-Name-First: Anastasia
Author-X-Name-Last: Loukaitou-Sideris
Author-Name: Aditya Medury
Author-X-Name-First: Aditya
Author-X-Name-Last: Medury
Author-Name: Camille Fink
Author-X-Name-First: Camille
Author-X-Name-Last: Fink
Author-Name: Offer Grembek
Author-X-Name-First: Offer
Author-X-Name-Last: Grembek
Author-Name: Kevan Shafizadeh
Author-X-Name-First: Kevan
Author-X-Name-Last: Shafizadeh
Author-Name: Norman Wong
Author-X-Name-First: Norman
Author-X-Name-Last: Wong
Author-Name: Phyllis Orrick
Author-X-Name-First: Phyllis
Author-X-Name-Last: Orrick
Title: Crashes on and Near College Campuses: A Comparative Analysis of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: College campuses
are multimodal settings with very high levels of walking and biking in
conjunction with high levels of vehicular traffic, which increases risks
for bicyclists and pedestrians. In this study, we examine crash data (both
police reported and self-reported) and urban form data from three U.S.
campuses to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of crashes on
the campuses and their immediate periphery. To account for underreporting
of pedestrian and bicycle crashes, we developed and circulated an online
survey, which helped identify collision hotspots across the three
campuses. We then studied these locations to determine their
characteristics, generate a typology of campus danger zones, and recommend
design and policy changes that could improve pedestrian and cycling
safety. We find a significant underreporting of crashes, and unequal
spatial and temporal distributions of campus crashes. We identify three
particular types of danger zones for pedestrians and cyclists: campus
activity hubs, campus access hubs, and through traffic hubs. Injuries
tended to be more serious for those crashes taking place on campus
peripheries.Takeaway for practice: The intermingling of
motorized and non-motorized modes creates significant opportunities for
crashes. Planners should be aware of the existing underreporting and give
special attention to the three types of danger zones. In addition to the
recommendations of the literature for the creation of campus master plans
for walking and biking, campuses should conduct safety audits and surveys
to identify hotspots and consider specific design improvements for each of
the three danger zones to lessen modal conflict.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 198-217
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.978354
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.978354
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:198-217
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Schweitzer
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer
Title: Planning and Social Media: A Case Study of Public Transit and Stigma on Twitter
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: How media portray
public transit services can affect the way voters and stakeholders think
about future transit investments. In this study, I examine social media
content about public transit from a large sample of Twitter comments,
finding that they reflect more negative sentiments about public transit
than do the comments about most other public services, and include more
negative material about transit patrons. However, transit agencies may be
able to influence the tone of those comments through the way they engage
with social media. Transit agencies that respond directly to questions,
concerns, and comments of other social media users, as opposed to merely
"blasting" announcements, have more positive statements about all aspects
of services and fewer slurs directed at patrons, independent of actual
service quality. The interaction does not have to be customer oriented.
Agencies using Twitter to chat with users about their experiences or new
service also have statistically significantly more positive sentiments
expressed about them on social media. This study's limitations are that it
covers only one social media outlet, does not cover all transit agencies,
and cannot fully control for differences in transit agency
service.Takeaway for practice: Planners committed to a
stronger role for public transit in developing sustainable and equitable
cities have a stake in the social media strategy of public transit
agencies; moreover, they should not let racial and sexist slurs about
patrons dominate feeds. Planners should encourage interactive social media
strategies. Even agencies that only tweet interactively a few times a day
seem to have more civil discussions surrounding their agencies and
announcements on Twitter than agencies that use their feed only to blast
service announcements.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 218-238
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.980439
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.980439
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:218-238
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward J. Jepson
Author-X-Name-First: Edward J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jepson
Author-Name: Anna L. Haines
Author-X-Name-First: Anna L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Haines
Title: Zoning for Sustainability: A Review and Analysis of the Zoning Ordinances of 32 Cities in the United States
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: To understand how
communities use zoning ordinances to achieve sustainability goals, we
identify nine sustainability principles and 53 associated regulatory items
that might be included in a zoning ordinance to achieve sustainable
development and then examine the zoning ordinances of 32 randomly selected
communities to determine if they included these principles and their
associated items. We find both wide variation and some consistency in how
zoning ordinances address sustainability goals, independent of city size
or location in the country. Some of the identified principles and
regulatory items are found in many ordinances; others appear in only a
few. However, there is an inverse relationship between the age of the
ordinance and the extent to which it includes sustainability principles.
As ordinances are updated, it is likely that they will address more
topical sustainability concerns. We study only ordinance content, not
implementation; moreover, sustainability can be achieved in ways other
than zoning. However, zoning ordinances that directly address
sustainability in many dimensions are more likely to achieve these goals.
We conclude that planners can more effectively use zoning ordinances to
achieve sustainable development.Takeaway for practice: This
review of zoning ordinances can alert local planners to the many ways in
which zoning ordinances could be used to achieve sustainability goals and
suggest how planners can assess the contribution of their zoning ordinance
to the sustainable development of their communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 239-252
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.981200
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.981200
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:239-252
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Evangeline R. Linkous
Author-X-Name-First: Evangeline R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Linkous
Author-Name: Timothy S. Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Timothy S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: TDR Program Performance in Florida
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Transfer of
development rights (TDR) programs can help manage growth through the
exchange of development rights from sending areas targeted for protection
to receiving areas targeted for development. We ask 1) what TDR approaches
are used in Florida, and 2) which approaches effectively help communities
manage growth? We identify three distinct TDR approaches, corresponding to
different stages in Florida's growth management policies. Conventional TDR
programs reflect Florida's early growth management policies by
facilitating rural-to-urban transfers; they have had limited impact.
Hybrid TDR programs reflect a smart growth orientation; they have been
most successful at retiring vested development rights in areas that cannot
support growth. Rural TDR programs reflect a recent focus on economic
development; they have saved many acres, but too often at the expense of
increased rural sprawl. Some successful programs owe their outcomes
largely to public land purchases and not to private market exchanges. We
conclude that most Florida TDR programs do little to manage growth, and
that acres conserved is an inadequate and often misleading measure of
program success.Takeaway for practice: To manage urban
growth, planners must ensure that TDR programs operate in alignment with
local comprehensive plans. Planners must assess the performance of TDR
programs with measures other than acres preserved and adopt complementary
policies that facilitate density to make TDR programs effective.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 253-267
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.985697
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.985697
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:253-267
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan S. Fainstein
Author-X-Name-First: Susan S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fainstein
Title: My Career as a Planner
Abstract:
In this essay, the author traces her development from a political
scientist to an urban planner. Looking back on more than 40 years as a
scholar and professor of planning, Fainstein deems issues of inequality
derived from class, ethnicity, and gender to have been the focus of her
teaching and scholarship. At first, she approached these questions through
empirical investigations of citizen participation and theoretical
exploration of the neo-Marxist literature and her early research focused
on the politics of planning in American cities, the contributions of
community groups, and the roles played by business interests. Later, she
examined redevelopment and housing programs in London and Amsterdam to
contrast these more welfare-oriented European cities to the American model
and examined the relationship between gender and planning. Eventually, she
brought together her empirical and theoretical research to develop a
theory of urban justice and to suggest policies at the local level that
were in line with these principles.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 268-275
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.977933
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.977933
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:268-275
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 276-276
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.972217
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.972217
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:276-276
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: George Galster
Author-X-Name-First: George
Author-X-Name-Last: Galster
Title: A Review of "Stuck in Place: Urban Neighborhoods and the End of Progress Toward Racial Equality"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 277-277
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.972218
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.972218
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:277-277
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stuart Meck
Author-X-Name-First: Stuart
Author-X-Name-Last: Meck
Title: A Review of "Climbing Mount Laurel: The Struggle for Affordable Housing and Social Mobility in an American Suburb"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 277-278
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.972222
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.972222
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:277-278
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Cooper-McCann
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper-McCann
Title: A Review of "Collaborative Governance for Urban Revitalization: Lessons From Empowerment Zones"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 279-279
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.972224
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.972224
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:279-279
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David R. Godschalk
Author-X-Name-First: David R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Godschalk
Title: A Review of "Use-Value Assessment of Rural Land in the United States"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 280-280
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.972226
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.972226
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:280-280
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: A Review of "Infrastructure Planning and Finance: A Smart and Sustainable Guide for Local Practitioners"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 281-281
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.972227
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.972227
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:281-281
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Wolf-Powers
Author-X-Name-First: Laura
Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf-Powers
Title: A Review of "The Metropolitan Revolution: How Cities and Metros Are Fixing Our Broken Politics and Fragile Economy"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 282-282
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.972229
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.972229
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:282-282
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David C. Sloane
Author-X-Name-First: David C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sloane
Title: A Review of "The Informal American City: Beyond Taco Trucks and Day Labor"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 282-283
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.972231
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.972231
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:282-283
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Huntoon
Author-X-Name-First: Laura
Author-X-Name-Last: Huntoon
Title: A Review of "Fair World: A History of World's Fairs and Expositions From London to Shanghai 1851-2010"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 283-284
Issue: 3
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.972233
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.972233
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:3:p:283-284
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karl Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Karl
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Author-Name: Robert B. Olshansky
Author-X-Name-First: Robert B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Olshansky
Title: The Theory and Practice of Building Back Better
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 289-292
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.988597
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.988597
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:289-292
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert B. Olshansky
Author-X-Name-First: Robert B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Olshansky
Author-Name: Laurie A. Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Laurie A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson
Title: The Evolution of the Federal Role in Supporting Community Recovery After U.S. Disasters
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The process of
long-term recovery, if done well, can minimize post-disaster disruption,
address problems that existed before the disaster struck, and improve the
future resilience of a community. The U.S. government, however,
historically has lacked a systematic approach to supporting community
recovery. This study describes the history of federal policies for
supporting community recovery after disasters, with particular attention
to the roles of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). We conclude by
considering the new National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF). This
historical review suggests that the federal government needs to emphasize
the following: providing resources for community recovery planning;
facilitating increased flows of information after disasters; streamlining
FEMA assistance to public agencies; explicitly working to reduce the
barriers between FEMA and HUD; and incorporating equity into recovery
policies. Recovery policies also need to include incentives to achieve
substantive goals of rebuilding in a way that is sustainable, equitable,
cost-effective, and timely, and that reduces the chances of future
disasters.Takeaway for practice: Local community planners can
draw several lessons from this historical account. First, they should
become aware of the various post-disaster programs now, before disaster
strikes. Second, knowledge of post-disaster policies and programs will
enable planners to use them creatively and effectively if disaster
strikes. Third, in the midst of reconstruction, planners need to
continually seek opportunities to promote betterment and resilience to
natural hazards.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 293-304
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.967710
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.967710
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:293-304
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gavin Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Gavin
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Title: Involving Land Use Planners in Pre-Event Planning for Post-Disaster Recovery
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 306-307
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.990789
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.990789
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:306-307
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Bucher
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Bucher
Author-Name: R. Josh Human
Author-X-Name-First: R. Josh
Author-X-Name-Last: Human
Author-Name: David M. Simpson
Author-X-Name-First: David M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Simpson
Title: Developing a Framework for State and Local Community Recovery Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 308-309
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.990844
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.990844
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:308-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Berke
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Berke
Author-Name: John Cooper
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper
Author-Name: Meghan Aminto
Author-X-Name-First: Meghan
Author-X-Name-Last: Aminto
Author-Name: Shannon Grabich
Author-X-Name-First: Shannon
Author-X-Name-Last: Grabich
Author-Name: Jennifer Horney
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Horney
Title: Adaptive Planning for Disaster Recovery and Resiliency: An Evaluation of 87 Local Recovery Plans in Eight States
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy and findings: A pre-disaster
recovery plan that considers how a community should be redeveloped is a
logical first step to support resiliency during high uncertainty and rapid
change, yet limited attention has been given to recovery plans. In this
study, we evaluate local disaster recovery planning in eight southeastern
states and find that such planning receives limited public support: Less
than one-third of vulnerable local jurisdictions had a recovery plan, and
those plans received low plan quality scores. Unfunded state mandates
produce weaker plans than plans in other states without mandates. We find
that a collaborative network of stakeholders initially intent on
reordering priorities results in stronger plans.Takeaway for
practice: Local recovery planning should be designed to operate
under conditions of high uncertainty. Local jurisdictions can choose plan
design options that reflect how they build capability for recovery
planning: 1) standalone community-wide recovery plan; 2) comprehensive
land use plan; 3) emergency management plan; and 4) small area recovery
plan. Because recovery planning lacks a public constituency, and is new to
most local jurisdictions, the stand-alone community-wide recovery plan
design option is the most effective at building local commitment. This
option involves a plan-making process that concentrates time, effort, and
resources focused on a building a network of stakeholders who likely have
the greatest responsibility in rebuilding efforts because they care most
about the impacts of a disaster.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 310-323
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.976585
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.976585
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:310-323
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert C. Freitag
Author-X-Name-First: Robert C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Freitag
Author-Name: Daniel B Abramson
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel B
Author-X-Name-Last: Abramson
Author-Name: Manish Chalana
Author-X-Name-First: Manish
Author-X-Name-Last: Chalana
Author-Name: Maximilian Dixon
Author-X-Name-First: Maximilian
Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon
Title: Whole Community Resilience: An Asset-Based Approach to Enhancing Adaptive Capacity Before a Disruption
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Conventional hazard
mitigation and pre-disaster recovery planning processes typically begin
with hazard scenarios that illustrate probable events and analyze their
impacts on the built environment. The processes conclude with responses to
the hypothetical disruption that focus on "hardening" buildings or
structures or removing them from threatened areas. These approaches
understate the importance of natural and social sources of adaptive
capacity. Three "proof-of-principle" exercises designed to strengthen the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)'s Risk MAP (Risk Mapping,
Assessment, and Planning) process in Washington State suggest how better
to conduct hazard mitigation and recovery planning. Each begins with
workshops where stakeholders identify built, natural, and social assets
that contribute to human wellbeing (HWB) before introducing earthquake
scenarios that affect HWB. Participants then identify assets that could
facilitate adaptation to changed circumstances (a "new normal").
Participants discuss how these assets would achieve the goals of
comprehensive community planning as well as hazard mitigation and recovery
from disaster. Neighborhood-scale social organization emerges as an
important priority.Takeaway for practice: Asset-based
approaches enable communities to better recover from disaster and adapt to
a post-disaster "new normal." By premising planning discussions on a more
holistic set of assets, communities can balance physical recovery goals
with qualities that help them to adapt to future change. Furthermore,
thinking about recovering before an event actually occurs can enlarge the
menu of mitigation strategies. Planning for adaptation can also help
communities achieve many non-risk-related objectives.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 324-335
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.990480
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.990480
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:324-335
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Judd Schechtman
Author-X-Name-First: Judd
Author-X-Name-Last: Schechtman
Title: Best Practices for Cost-Efficient Coastal Climate Change Adaptation After Damaging Storms
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 336-337
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.991616
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.991616
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:336-337
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William J. Siembieda
Author-X-Name-First: William J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Siembieda
Title: Toward a Risk-Based Framework for Land Use Reconstruction Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 338-339
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.989081
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.989081
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:338-339
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mary C. Comerio
Author-X-Name-First: Mary C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Comerio
Title: Housing Recovery Lessons From Chile
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy and findings: The 8.8 magnitude
earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck south-central Chile on
February 27, 2010, affected 75% of the country's population and damaged or
destroyed 370,000 housing units (about 10% of the housing in six regions).
Within six months, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development published
a plan to repair or rebuild 220,000 units of low- and middle-income
housing with government assistance within four years. By February 2014,
94% of the housing was complete. The successful rebuilding effort had
strong leadership at the national and local levels and used existing
programs and institutions. The management staff adapted programs over time
to meet the needs of local conditions. When compared with housing recovery
programs in other countries, Chile's program stands out, combining
national government management with local citizen input. The
reconstruction plan also included updated zoning plans, road and
infrastructure improvements, heritage recovery, and new master plans for
affected cities. Going forward, the earthquake created an opportunity for
Chile to use the recovery planning to expand national urban policy and to
develop a framework for citizen participation at the local
level.Takeaway for practice: Successful planning in disaster
recovery involves strong government leadership and coordination together
with the engagement of local government and the participation of citizens.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 340-350
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.968188
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.968188
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:340-350
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erin Joakim
Author-X-Name-First: Erin
Author-X-Name-Last: Joakim
Author-Name: Brent Doberstein
Author-X-Name-First: Brent
Author-X-Name-Last: Doberstein
Title: Planning for Long-Term Housing Reconstruction Following a Major Disaster: A Case Study of the 2006 Yogyakarta (Indonesia) Earthquake
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 352-353
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.989044
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.989044
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:352-353
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chandra Laxmi Hada
Author-X-Name-First: Chandra Laxmi
Author-X-Name-Last: Hada
Title: Supporting Earthquake Early Recovery in Eastern Nepal Through the "Building Back Better" Approach
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 354-355
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.990791
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.990791
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:354-355
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Walter Gillis Peacock
Author-X-Name-First: Walter Gillis
Author-X-Name-Last: Peacock
Author-Name: Shannon Van Zandt
Author-X-Name-First: Shannon
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Zandt
Author-Name: Yang Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Yang
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Author-Name: Wesley E. Highfield
Author-X-Name-First: Wesley E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Highfield
Title: Inequities in Long-Term Housing Recovery After Disasters
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Disaster impacts
result from interactions between hazard exposure, physical vulnerability,
and social vulnerability. We report empirical work from 1992′s
Hurricane Andrew in Miami-Dade (FL) and 2008′s Hurricane Ike in
Galveston (TX) to assess long-term trends in housing recovery.
Longitudinal, parcel-level data on housing units along with neighborhood
sociodemographic data permit analysis of the pace of recovery for
different neighborhoods, populations, and housing types. Housing recovery
is highly uneven for different population groups. Unsurprisingly, damage
has major consequences; even after four years, the effects of damage are
evident in the rebuilding process. Social vulnerability factors play
differently in different settings. In Miami, income and race and ethnicity
were critical determinants of higher losses and slower recovery rates,
while in Galveston income was the more critical factor, with housing in
lower-income areas suffering more damage and lagging significantly in the
recovery process.Takeaway for practice: Effective land use
policy and building codes can reduce physical vulnerability and ultimately
damage, thus enhancing resilience for all. Differentials in impact and
recovery trajectories suggest that assessment and the monitoring of
recovery is critical to target resources to areas that are lagging.
Perhaps most important is having an effective plan in place that addresses
housing recovery issues to help reduce long-term consequences. Pre-event
planning for housing and social change can help support community vision
and overcome inequities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 356-371
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.980440
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.980440
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:356-371
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vicki Been
Author-X-Name-First: Vicki
Author-X-Name-Last: Been
Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen
Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould
Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen
Author-Name: Max Weselcouch
Author-X-Name-First: Max
Author-X-Name-Last: Weselcouch
Title: Density and Disaster: New Models of Disaster Recovery for Housing in High-Density Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 372-372
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.990788
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.990788
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:372-372
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Divya Chandrasekhar
Author-X-Name-First: Divya
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandrasekhar
Author-Name: Yang Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Yang
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Author-Name: Yu Xiao
Author-X-Name-First: Yu
Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao
Title: Nontraditional Participation in Disaster Recovery Planning: Cases From China, India, and the United States
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Stakeholder
participation facilitates efficient identification of recovery needs,
dynamic exchange of information, and consolidation of diverse perspectives
as well as builds long-term trust and social capital between stakeholders.
Yet, planners often fail to use the full potential of participatory
planning when they are caught in the fast-paced, uncertain, and complex
post-disaster environment. We draw lessons from case studies on recovery
planning after three major disasters: the Indian Ocean tsunami (2004),
Hurricane Katrina (2005), and the Wenchuan earthquake (2008) in China. We
collected qualitative data about participatory planning using key
informant interviews with stakeholders, supplemented by field
observations, records of planning meetings, and government documents. We
find that stakeholder participation in disaster recovery planning can
happen in nontraditional yet effective ways, including indirect
representation and active opposition. Disasters can rebalance power
relationships and create more opportunities for participation by
marginalized groups. Stakeholders' participatory behaviors evolve over the
course of recovery due to shifting priorities, intensified resource
competition, and the difficulty of using "normal" participatory
mechanisms.Takeaway for practice: Stakeholder participation,
a time-consuming process, can actually speed up recovery in the long run.
Planners must critically examine the local community's social and power
structures, identify potential for nontraditional participation, tap into
networks of indirect representation, and adapt to the changing landscape
of actors and local interests to contend with the challenges of
participation in disaster recovery and make use of new opportunities as
they arise.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 373-384
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.989399
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.989399
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:373-384
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mai Thi Nguyen
Author-X-Name-First: Mai Thi
Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen
Author-Name: David Salvesen
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Salvesen
Title: Disaster Recovery Among Multiethnic Immigrants: A Case Study of Southeast Asians in Bayou La Batre (AL) After Hurricane Katrina
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Immigrants suffer
disproportionately from disasters because they have limited capacity to
prepare for, respond to, or recover from a disaster. Unfortunately,
planners and emergency managers are often inadequately trained or educated
about the unique sociocultural needs and assets among immigrant groups.
Hurricane Katrina exposed challenges to long-term recovery among Southeast
Asian immigrants in Bayou La Batre (AL). We employ qualitative research
methods, including in-depth interviews, focus groups with immigrants, and
site visits, to better understand the barriers to disaster recovery and to
inform local, state, federal, and nongovernmental agencies on how to
better prepare disaster plans that would improve disaster recovery for
multiethnic, multicultural, immigrant populations. We find four
significant categories of sociocultural barriers to disaster recovery for
Southeast Asian immigrants in Bayou La Batre: 1) language, literacy, and
communication; 2) cultural differences in help-seeking; 3) inability to
navigate the disaster recovery bureaucracy; and 4) and lack of leadership.
Despite these barriers to recovery, immigrant groups can also teach us
about resiliency in the face of disaster. The levels of trust,
cooperation, and collaboration within the ethnic immigrant community help
to buffer the damaging effects during the response and recovery
period.Takeaway for practice: Our study reveals that cultural
competency among staff members engaged in preparedness, response, and
recovery is essential for an effective disaster recovery process.
Furthermore, engaging immigrant groups in long-term recovery requires
trust and relationship building prior to a disaster. In doing so, more
culturally appropriate and effective disaster recovery plans can be
developed.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 385-396
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.986497
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.986497
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:385-396
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Barbara Brown Wilson
Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Brown
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson
Title: Redefining Sustainability: The Gulf Coast Community Design Studio
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 398-399
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.990327
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.990327
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:398-399
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Neil Sipe
Author-X-Name-First: Neil
Author-X-Name-Last: Sipe
Author-Name: Karen Vella
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Vella
Title: Relocating a Flood-Affected Community: Good Planning or Good Politics?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy and findings: On January 10, 2011,
the town of Grantham, Queensland (Australia), was inundated with a flash
flood in which 12 of the town's 370 residents drowned. The overall damage
bill in Queensland was AUD∃2.38 billion (USD∃2.4 billion)
with 35 deaths, and more than three-quarters of the state was declared a
flood disaster zone. In this study, we focus on the unusual and even rare
decision to relocate Grantham in March 2011. The Lockyer Valley Regional
Council (LVRC) acquired a 377-hectare (932-acre) site to enable a
voluntary swap of equivalent-sized lots. In addition, planning regulations
were set aside to streamline the relocation of a portion of the town. We
review the natural hazard literature as it relates to community
relocation, state and local government documents related to Grantham, and
reports and newspaper articles related to the flood. We also analyze data
from interviews with key stakeholders. We document the process of
community relocation, assess the relocation process in Grantham against
best practice, examine whether the process of community relocation can be
upscaled and if the Grantham relocation is an example of good planning or
good politics.Takeaway for practice: Our study reveals two
key messages for practice. Community relocation (albeit a small one) is
possible, and the process can be done quickly; some Grantham residents
moved into their new, relocated homes in December 2012, just 11 months
after the flood. Moreover, the role of existing planning regulations can
be a hindrance to quick action; political leadership, particularly at the
local level, is key to implementing the relocation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 400-412
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.976586
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.976586
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:400-412
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kanako Iuchi
Author-X-Name-First: Kanako
Author-X-Name-Last: Iuchi
Title: Planning Resettlement After Disasters
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The number of
people displaced either temporarily or permanently from natural disasters
has been increasing at an unprecedented rate. As a result, there is a
growing need for a systematic framework of resettlement planning after
disasters, to either rebuild in place (in situ) or to relocate, and
whether to do so independently or collaboratively with their neighbors. To
gain an in-depth understanding of how resettlement is advanced, I focus on
a region in Chuetsu, Japan, supplemented with cases in New Orleans (LA)
and Tohoku, Japan. Results suggest that resettlement decisions, processes,
and outcomes reflect both larger socioeconomic trends and interactions
between governments, communities, and households. Although the
governments' speed of resettlement planning and implementation initially
set the pace, informal communication within communities most influenced
decision making. In addition, inherent community dynamics, especially
styles of communication, directly influenced resettlement decisions and
outcomes.Takeaway for practice: Although every disaster is
unique in its context, communities are the key players in determining
resettlement outcomes. Key points of consideration include: a)
resettlement decision processes vary based on the inherent characteristics
of communities; b) government officials often emphasize speed, even though
it undermines overall quality of rebuilding; c) reestablishing livelihoods
of equal or greater satisfaction to that before the disaster is important;
and d) local communities are often capable of identifying and acting for
their needs, regardless of governmental intentions. Planners need to
support the establishment of a system in which communities are empowered
by governments to make the most suitable decisions for sustainable
livelihood recovery.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 413-425
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.978353
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.978353
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:413-425
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marla Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Marla
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Title: Using Land Swaps to Concentrate Redevelopment and Expand Resettlement Options in Post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Although many
researchers frame post-disaster reconstruction as an opportunity to build
safer communities less vulnerable to natural hazards, widespread land use
change and relocations are rare in the United States. Residents often
resist relocation and attempt to recreate the city as it was before the
disaster. In this study, I examine the potential of land swaps to
encourage post-disaster redevelopment that is more concentrated and less
vulnerable to hazards, while expanding resettlement options for displaced
residents. This article is based on a case study of an innovative land
swap program developed in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina by a
nonprofit housing organization, Project Home Again (PHA). PHA's land swap
program concentrated redevelopment during a time of uncertain population
return and expanded resettlement options for nearly 100 low- and
moderate-income households devastated by Hurricane Katrina's floodwaters.
I describe the operation of PHA's land swap program and identify three
conditions that can increase the viability and impact of land swaps in
other disaster recovery settings: the incorporation of land swaps into
housing recovery policy; cross-sector collaboration in the implementation
of land swaps; and coordination with public or quasi-public land
banks.Takeaway for practice: Land swaps can be a useful tool
in disaster recovery by helping to guide redevelopment while expanding
resettlement options for displaced residents. Increasing the range of
relocation and resettlement tools available to planners is essential as
repeated extreme weather events, sea level rise, and coastal erosion
threaten the habitability of more and more cities and communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 426-437
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.988167
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.988167
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:426-437
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anuradha Mukherji
Author-X-Name-First: Anuradha
Author-X-Name-Last: Mukherji
Title: Land Readjustment During Post-Disaster Urban Reconstruction
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 438-439
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.989058
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.989058
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:438-439
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sweta Byahut
Author-X-Name-First: Sweta
Author-X-Name-Last: Byahut
Title: Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Planning Using Land Readjustment in Bhuj (India)
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 440-441
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.989132
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.989132
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:440-441
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 443-443
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.998123
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.998123
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:443-443
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Atlanta Unbound: Enabling Sprawl Through Policy and Planning, by Carlton Wade Basmajian
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 444-444
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.998125
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.998125
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:444-444
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vicki Elmer
Author-X-Name-First: Vicki
Author-X-Name-Last: Elmer
Title: The Hidden Potential of Sustainable Neighborhoods: Lessons from Low-Carbon Communities, by Harrison Fraker / Next Generation Infrastructure: Principles for Post-Industrial Public Works, by Hillary Brown
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 445-446
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.998130
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.998130
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:445-446
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen M. Wheeler
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wheeler
Title: Elgar Companion to Sustainable Cities: Strategies, Methods, and Outlook, by Daniel A. Mazmanian and Hilda Blanco (Eds.)
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 446-447
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.998131
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.998131
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:446-447
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karen Bareford
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Bareford
Title: Blue Urbanism: Exploring Connections Between Cities & Oceans, by Timothy Beatley
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 447-448
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.998133
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.998133
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:447-448
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: The Urban Design Handbook: Techniques and Working Methods (2nd ed.), by Urban Design Associates
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 448-449
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.998135
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.998135
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:448-449
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jennifer Minner
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Minner
Title: Landscape Urbanism and Its Discontents: Dissimulating the Sustainable City, by Andr�s Duany and Emily Talen (Eds).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 449-450
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.998137
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.998137
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:449-450
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sebastian Boţic
Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian
Author-X-Name-Last: Boţic
Title: Planning in the Face of Conflict: The Surprising Possibilities of Facilitative Leadership, by John Forester
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 450-451
Issue: 4
Volume: 80
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2014.998140
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2014.998140
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:80:y:2014:i:4:p:450-451
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 5-5
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1043217
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1043217
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:5-5
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin M�ller
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: M�ller
Title: The Mega-Event Syndrome: Why So Much Goes Wrong in Mega-Event Planning and What to Do About It
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Mega-events such as
the Olympic Games and the Football World Cup have become complex and
transformative undertakings over the last 30 years, with costs often
exceeding USD $10 billion. These events are currently planned and governed
in ways that produce adverse effects for cities, regions, and residents.
This study identifies a mega-event syndrome, a group of
symptoms that occur together and afflict mega-event planning, including
overpromising benefits, underestimating costs, rewriting urban planning
priorities to fit the event, using public resources for private interest,
and suspending the regular rule of law. I describe each of these symptoms,
providing empirical examples from different countries and mega-events,
examining the underlying causes. The research is based on material from
field visits to mega-event sites in 11 countries as well as 51 interviews
with planners, managers, politicians, and consultants involved in
mega-event planning.Takeaway for practice: To curb the
mega-event syndrome, I propose both radical and incremental policy
suggestions. The most crucial radical change that an event host could make
is to not tie mega-events to large-scale urban development, avoiding
higher risks that create cost overruns, substandard construction quality,
and oversized infrastructure not suitable for post-event demands. Further,
event hosts should bargain with event-governing bodies for better
conditions, earmark and cap public sector contributions, and seek
independent advice on the costs and benefits of mega-events.
Event-governing bodies, for their part, should reduce the size and
requirements of the events.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 6-17
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1038292
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1038292
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:6-17
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arnab Chakraborty
Author-X-Name-First: Arnab
Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty
Author-Name: Andrew McMillan
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: McMillan
Title: Scenario Planning for Urban Planners: Toward a Practitioner's Guide
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Scenario planning
has promise as a planning tool when compared with more common approaches,
yet planners have had limited success with scenario planning in part
because of the complexities of the scenario-planning process itself. We
address these issues by constructing the key building blocks of a scenario
process for public sector planners. We review and synthesize 63 articles
and 25 projects from 2004 to 2014 to construct a planning typology with
nine components that capture the important variations in scenario
projects, such as the project scope, desired outcomes, and the types of
scenario construction and evaluation tools used by planners. Although the
typology is based only on a select set of projects from the industrialized
world in English, we nevertheless further use our review and synthesis to
characterize the key subcomponents or possibilities within each component
and discuss the overlaps and connections among them. We then use the
typology to code a subset of the reviewed projects to identify the
associations among the subcomponents of different components and to
explore whether planners should promote or avoid these associations.
Finally, we offer some instructions on how planners may use the typology
to create a better scenario-planning process.Takeaway for
practice: Our typology illustrates the combination of variables
that comprise a scenario-planning process and the tradeoffs planners make
when choosing one set of factors over another. Planners can use our
typology to construct a variety of scenario processes that are
participatory, transparent, and future oriented and are an improvement
over traditional planning approaches.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 18-29
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1038576
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1038576
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:18-29
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lingqian Hu
Author-X-Name-First: Lingqian
Author-X-Name-Last: Hu
Title: Job Accessibility of the Poor in Los Angeles
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Kain's Spatial
Mismatch Hypothesis (SMH) suggests that disadvantaged groups who reside in
inner-city neighborhoods have low access to regional jobs. We continue to
debate this assertion because empirical studies over decades have
conflicting results. This research examines whether the poor face spatial
mismatch and how suburbanization has changed their job accessibility, in
the Los Angeles region between 1990 and 2007-2011. I define spatial
mismatch as occurring when the poor in the inner city have lower job
accessibility than their suburban counterparts. I estimate job
accessibility based on the spatial distribution of jobs and job seekers
traveling via private automobiles. My results present a complicated
picture: Inner-city poor job seekers have higher job accessibility than
their suburban counterparts because many jobs remain in the inner city;
thus, the inner-city poor do not face spatial mismatch. Moreover,
suburbanization has evened out the differences in the job accessibility of
the poor and non-poor. However, the advantage of living in the inner city
for job access declines with rapid employment
suburbanization.Takeaway for practice: My research suggests
that, since the poor do not face spatial mismatch, spatial policies
commonly advocated to address their employment challenges--moving people
to the suburbs, bringing jobs to the inner city, or providing mobility
options--will not be effective. Giving people cars can help overcome both
spatial and nonspatial barriers, but is not politically feasible. Planners
should develop synergetic policies to complement spatial approaches
including reducing labor and housing market discrimination, providing
education and training, developing better job search skills, and creating
supportive social connections.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 30-45
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1042014
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1042014
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:30-45
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ajay Garde
Author-X-Name-First: Ajay
Author-X-Name-Last: Garde
Author-Name: Cecilia Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Cecilia
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Author-Name: Oscar Tsai
Author-X-Name-First: Oscar
Author-X-Name-Last: Tsai
Title: Differences Between Miami's Form-Based Code and Traditional Zoning Code in Integrating Planning Principles
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Form-based codes
(FBCs), by definition, put more emphasis on built-form characteristics
than do traditional zoning codes. Several municipalities are adopting FBCs
as an alternative to Euclidean (traditional) zoning codes to achieve
certain objectives; however, the extent to which these codes differ in
integrating important planning and design criteria has not been examined.
We use a case-study method and evaluate the extent to which the FBCs
adopted by the City of Miami (Miami 21), as compared with the city's
previous code (Ordinance 11000), reflects the Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) criteria. We
evaluate the contents of these codes on a 5-point scale for their
concordance with LEED-ND criteria. The results indicate that Miami 21
generally goes beyond Ordinance 11000 in reflecting LEED-ND criteria;
however, some of the important criteria, such as mixed-income diverse
communities and certified green building, deserve more attention in Miami
21.Takeaway for practice: Planners in municipalities seeking
alternatives to their traditional zoning code should not only consider
replacing it with an FBC, but also to integrate planning principles that
LEED-ND incorporates to strengthen the proposed code. They can benefit
from the findings of this study when determining the extent to which
certain built-form characteristics and LEED-ND criteria should be
emphasized and in choosing an appropriate alternative to traditional
zoning codes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 46-66
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1043137
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1043137
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:46-66
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Howell S. Baum
Author-X-Name-First: Howell S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Baum
Title: Discovering and Working With Irrationality in Planning
Abstract:
This article reflects on the author's 40 years of teaching, studying, and
practicing planning. Baum begins by discussing the ambitious concept of
systemic, multisectoral societal planning he learned in the university
setting and then describes the complex, puzzling realities he found in
planners' observations about their work, students' reactions to their
internships, and community planning cases. While graduate education and
professional planning norms encouraged a belief that rational analysis
could understand conditions and influence decisions, realities of
irrational thinking by planners and community members called for a
psychological perspective to understand how planning actually proceeds and
how it could be strengthened. In this article, Baum discusses how
fantasies, anxieties, and unconscious thinking influence planning and what
planners should know and students should learn to make planning more
reasonable.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 67-74
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1030437
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1030437
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:67-74
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 75-75
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1030931
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1030931
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:75-75
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dowell Myers
Author-X-Name-First: Dowell
Author-X-Name-Last: Myers
Title: Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America, by William H. Frey
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 76-76
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1030932
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1030932
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:76-76
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David C. Sloane
Author-X-Name-First: David C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sloane
Title: The Folklore of the Freeway: Race and Revolt in the Modernist City, by Eric Avila
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 77-77
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1030934
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1030934
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:77-77
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katrin B. Anacker
Author-X-Name-First: Katrin B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Anacker
Title: Death of a Suburban Dream: Race and Schools in Compton, California, by Emily E. Straus
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 78-78
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1030935
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1030935
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:78-78
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: The Great Divergence: America's Growing Inequality Crisis and What We Can Do About It, by Timothy Noah / America's Growing Inequality: The Impact of Poverty and Race, by Chester Hartman (Ed.)
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 79-80
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1030936
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1030936
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:79-80
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Molly O'Neill Robinson
Author-X-Name-First: Molly O'Neill
Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson
Title: Measuring Urban Design: Metrics for Livable Places, by Reid Ewing and Otto Clemente
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 80-81
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1030938
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1030938
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:80-81
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kelly Helm Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Helm
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Title: Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Managing Complex Water Networks, by Shafiqul Islam and Lawrence E. Susskind
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 81-82
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1030941
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1030941
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:81-82
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Berke
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Berke
Title: The Environmental Planning Handbook for Sustainable Communities and Regions, by Tom Daniels
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 82-83
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1030943
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1030943
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:82-83
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Handbook of Sustainable Development, by Giles Atkinson, Simon Dietz, Eric Neumayer, and Matthew Agarwala (Eds.)
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 83-83
Issue: 1
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1030945
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1030945
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:1:p:83-83
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 89-89
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1072021
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1072021
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:89-89
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Noreen C. McDonald
Author-X-Name-First: Noreen C.
Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald
Title: Are Millennials Really the "Go-Nowhere" Generation?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: News reports and
academic articles contend that Millennials (those born in the last two
decades of the 20th century) are different from earlier generations in
their consumption and travel patterns. This article investigates the
travel behavior of young American adults and compares the behavior of
Millennials with those of previous generations using data from the 1995,
2001, and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys. The analysis uses
descriptive statistics to profile trends and regression models to identify
the factors associated with decreased travel by Millennials. In fact,
automobility declines for all Americans between 1995 and 2009, but the
drops are largest for Millennials and younger members of Generation X
starting in the late 1990s. Decreases in driving are not compensated by
increases in the use of other modes for travel, nor do decreased trip
distances explain the downturn in automobility. Among young adults,
lifestyle-related demographic shifts, including decreased employment,
explain 10% to 25% of the decrease in driving; Millennial-specific factors
such as changing attitudes and use of virtual mobility (online shopping,
social media) explain 35% to 50% of the drop in driving; and the general
dampening of travel demand that occurred across all age groups accounts
for the remaining 40%.Takeaway for practice: These changes
highlight two challenges to planners and policymakers: managing increases
in automobility as Millennials age and their economic fortunes improve,
and developing improved planning processes that deal robustly with the
uncertain future presented by Millennials who may continue to make very
different travel choices than comparable people did in the past.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 90-103
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1057196
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1057196
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:90-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dustin Allred
Author-X-Name-First: Dustin
Author-X-Name-Last: Allred
Author-Name: Arnab Chakraborty
Author-X-Name-First: Arnab
Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty
Title: Do Local Development Outcomes Follow Voluntary Regional Plans? Evidence From Sacramento Region's Blueprint Plan
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: We examine the
post-plan impacts of the Sacramento region's 2004 Blueprint, a widely
celebrated regional process, to better understand the impact of regional
planning on local development patterns. We assess whether residential
development after the plan was adopted (2004-2011) occurred in
neighborhoods that better met Blueprint principles. We also assess whether
the locations of post-plan residential development better met the
priorities of Blueprint than pre-plan development (2001-2003), comparing
these results by jurisdictions. The focus on residential developments
limits our assessment; our use of census tract data as a proxy for
neighborhood may also be problematic. We find that neighborhoods that best
met Blueprint principles did not receive most new residential development.
Moreover, highly rated neighborhoods received less residential development
after the regional plan was adopted than before. However, some residential
development did locate in neighborhoods that better met some plan
principles: transportation choice, housing choice and diversity, and use
of existing assets. In addition, development in some jurisdictions did
follow Blueprint more than others. We conclude that some principles are
easier to implement in some regions and in some local jurisdictions
because of place-specific needs or the parochial interests of local
jurisdictions.Takeaway for practice: Planners should
continually promote and advocate for regional principles while encouraging
plan adoption at the local level by giving priority to principles with the
most local support or support in specific jurisdictions as they negotiate
interests in conflict. Planners should evaluate plan impacts to improve
their own effectiveness regionally and to improve regional planning
processes in general.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 104-120
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1067574
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1067574
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:104-120
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emily Talen
Author-X-Name-First: Emily
Author-X-Name-Last: Talen
Author-Name: Sunny Menozzi
Author-X-Name-First: Sunny
Author-X-Name-Last: Menozzi
Author-Name: Chloe Schaefer
Author-X-Name-First: Chloe
Author-X-Name-Last: Schaefer
Title: What is a "Great Neighborhood"? An Analysis of APA's Top-Rated Places
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The American
Planning Association's (APA) annual "Great Neighborhoods" program was
established to define the "gold standard" of neighborhoods in America.
Using census and other data covering the 80 APA-designated Great
Neighborhoods to date (2007 to 2014), we quantitatively assess whether
good neighborhood form may be in conflict with the social goals of
affordability and social diversity. We find that APA's Great Neighborhoods
represent a somewhat classic conception of the historic, gentrifying urban
neighborhood: walkable, gridded, and losing social diversity. APA Great
Neighborhoods are apparently not able to buck the trend that desirable
physical qualities lead correspondingly to lack of affordability and
social diversity.Takeaway for practice: We argue that the APA
should be sensitive to the connection between a strong sense of
neighborhood identity and the potential for social exclusion in their
Great Neighborhoods designation. The APA could give a special designation
for neighborhoods that score well on the APA's criteria, but that also
manage to retain affordability and social diversity. The APA could
therefore use its Great Neighborhoods designation to recognize planning,
policy, and design efforts in service of not only design excellence, but
also social inclusion.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 121-141
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1067573
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1067573
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:121-141
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James M. Drinan
Author-X-Name-First: James M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Drinan
Title: Response to Talen et al.: Igniting the Dialogue: What Makes a Neighborhood Great?
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 141-142
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1068652
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1068652
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:141-142
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Roell Markusen
Author-X-Name-First: Ann Roell
Author-X-Name-Last: Markusen
Title: How Real-World Work, Advocacy, and Political Economy Strengthen Planning Research and Practice
Abstract:
From an academic career in economic development planning, the author
reflects on values, research styles, and connections to real-world
planning and how these translate into change on the ground. Markusen
argues that both an evolving normative framework (equity, diversity,
democracy, efficiency, stability) and the tools of political economy have
helped planners "create good work." She credits the inclusion, from the
1950s on, of social scientists and other professionals such as lawyers and
feminists into the planning academy for producing a vigorous
interdisciplinary field. She demonstrates that choosing to focus your
research on what bothers you most about planning thought and practice
often results in powerful and widely read results and cites cases where
advocacy research and outreach, including writing for multiple audiences,
has produced positive change. Markusen ends with a reflection on the gifts
of colleagueship.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 143-152
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1040053
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1040053
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:143-152
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 153-153
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1054701
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1054701
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:153-153
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Harris
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Harris
Title: Dead End: Suburban Sprawl and the Rebirth of American Urbanism, by Benjamin Ross
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 154-154
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1054704
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1054704
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:154-154
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gordon Douglas
Author-X-Name-First: Gordon
Author-X-Name-Last: Douglas
Title: Tactical Urbanism: Short-term Action for Long-term Change, by Mike Lydon and Anthony Garcia
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 154-155
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1054708
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1054708
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:154-155
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas C. Cornillie
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cornillie
Title: Rail and the City: Shrinking Our Carbon Footprint While Reimagining Urban Space, by Roxanne Warren
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 155-156
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1054712
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1054712
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:155-156
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arthur C. Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Arthur C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Title: Revitalizing American Cities, edited by Susan M. Wachter and Kimberly A. Zeuli
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 156-157
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1054715
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1054715
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:156-157
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Foundations of Real Estate Development Financing: A Guide to Public-Private Partnerships, Arthur C. Nelson
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 157-158
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1054717
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1054717
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:157-158
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Billy Fleming
Author-X-Name-First: Billy
Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming
Title: Crisis Cities: Disaster and Redevelopment in New York and New Orleans, by Kevin Fox Gotham and Miriam Greenberg
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 158-159
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1054720
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1054720
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:158-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karl Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Karl
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: Planning for Post-Disaster Recovery: Next Generation, edited by James C. Schwab
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 159-160
Issue: 2
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1054722
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1054722
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:2:p:159-160
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 165-166
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1084847
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1084847
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:165-166
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen M. Wheeler
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wheeler
Title: Built Landscapes of Metropolitan Regions: An International Typology
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Built
landscapes--patterns of streets, blocks, parcels of land, buildings, and
related infrastructure at the scale of an urban neighborhood or
greater--are often difficult for decision makers and the public to
understand, especially within the complex "collage city" of the postmodern
era. Yet understanding the variety of these forms can help stakeholders
make wise choices regarding how to plan and design urban regions in the
future to meet goals such as livability and sustainability. Based on
aerials, maps, and images available through Google and other sources, I
develop a typology of built landscape forms found within 24 metropolitan
regions worldwide and use GIS to map these forms and compare regions. The
analysis shows that 27 basic types of built landscape make up metropolitan
regions worldwide, of which nine are very common. Traditional urban types
now make up a small fraction of most metropolitan areas worldwide, while
suburban and exurban forms comprise the vast majority of the land area.
There are noted regional differences in the mix of built landscape
types.Takeaway for practice: Each built landscape form offers
challenges and opportunities for planning objectives such as livability
and sustainability. It is important for planners to a) help the public and
decision makers understand built landscapes and their implications; b)
include landscape-scale elements, such as street patterns and networks of
green infrastructure, when framing urban development alternatives; c)
ensure that local codes and design guidelines enable desired forms of
built landscapes and discourage those that are problematic for
sustainability; and d) encourage built landscape change that promotes
sustainability.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 167-190
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1081567
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1081567
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:167-190
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Linda Shi
Author-X-Name-First: Linda
Author-X-Name-Last: Shi
Author-Name: Eric Chu
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Chu
Author-Name: Jessica Debats
Author-X-Name-First: Jessica
Author-X-Name-Last: Debats
Title: Explaining Progress in Climate Adaptation Planning Across 156 U.S. Municipalities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Cities are
increasingly experiencing the effects of climate change and taking steps
to adapt to current and future natural hazard risks. Research on these
efforts has identified numerous barriers to climate adaptation planning,
but has not yet systematically evaluated the relative importance of
different constraints for a large number of diverse cities. We draw on
responses from 156 U.S. cities that participated in a 2011 global survey
on local adaptation planning, 60% of which are planning for climate
change. We use logistic regression analysis to assess the significance of
13 indicators measuring political leadership, fiscal and administrative
resources, ability to obtain and communicate climate information, and
state policies in predicting the status of adaptation planning. In keeping
with the literature, we find that greater local elected officials'
commitment, higher municipal expenditures per capita, and an awareness
that the climate is already changing are associated with cities engaging
in adaptation planning. The presence of state policies on climate
adaptation is surprisingly not a statistically significant predictor,
suggesting that current policies are not yet strong enough to increase
local adaptation planning. However, the model's sampling bias toward
larger and more environmentally progressive cities may mask the predictive
power of state policies and other indicators.Takeaway for
practice: State governments have an opportunity to increase local
political commitment by integrating requirements for climate-risk
evaluations into existing funding streams and investment plans. Regional
planning entities also can help overcome the lack of local fiscal capacity
and political support by facilitating the exchange of information, pooling
and channeling resources, and providing technical assistance to local
planners.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 191-202
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1074526
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1074526
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:191-202
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chia-Yuan Yu
Author-X-Name-First: Chia-Yuan
Author-X-Name-Last: Yu
Title: How Differences in Roadways Affect School Travel Safety
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Three children 14
and younger are killed daily in the United States and almost 500 more are
injured in traffic crashes, often while traveling to or from school.
Previous studies examine the effect of built environmental characteristics
on school travel safety, but are limited. I simultaneously evaluate the
impact of street segment-level and neighborhood-level design
characteristics on crashes involving elementary school-aged child
pedestrians during school travel time around 78 elementary schools in
Austin (TX). I find that more school travel-related collisions happen on
highways and interstates and arterial roads and where there are
traffic-generating land uses and transit stops. Fewer crashes occur on
local roads and when there are connected sidewalks. Unfortunately, I do
not consider microlevel features of the built environment; more-over, the
crash data may include children's crashes not related to school
travel.Takeaway for practice: Planners should collaborate
with a wide variety of agencies and organizations at different levels of
government as well as with parents and neighborhood residents to create
pedestrian-friendly schools that reduce or overcome current barriers to
safe, human-powered school travel. Planners should address both current
school safety problems at existing schools and help ensure better school
siting and complementary planning and transportation decisions in the
future.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 203-220
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1080599
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1080599
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:203-220
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gary Hack
Author-X-Name-First: Gary
Author-X-Name-Last: Hack
Title: Designing Cities and the Academy
Abstract:
Urban design is centrally about imagining a future for the built
environment of a city. But design methods can also help shape
institutions, which structure life as powerfully as blocks and streets. In
this article, the author chronicles a career spent designing places and
academic programs in planning schools. Reconnecting planning practice with
the academy is an essential strategy for creating more grounded knowledge
and theories about urban design. Learning occurs largely through
persuasive examples and by reflecting on their successes and failures.
Design is also a collaborative act, developing consensus around a vision
that inspires groups to act. New challenges face today's educators and
practitioners, including the knowledge needed to practice internationally
and the need to expand planning horizons to master development practices.
There is also much to be gained by working across disciplinary lines, and
by looking beyond national boundaries.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 221-229
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1053510
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1053510
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:221-229
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rachel G. Bratt
Author-X-Name-First: Rachel G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bratt
Title: Comment on "What is a 'Great Neighborhood'? An Analysis of APA's Top-Rated Places" and APA's Response
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 230-232
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077085
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077085
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:230-232
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kurt Paulsen
Author-X-Name-First: Kurt
Author-X-Name-Last: Paulsen
Title: "Great Neighborhoods" for Whom? Comment on Talen et al., "What is a 'Great Neighborhood'?"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 232-233
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077088
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077088
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:232-233
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kirk McClure
Author-X-Name-First: Kirk
Author-X-Name-Last: McClure
Title: Comment on "What is a 'Great Neighborhood'? An Analysis of APA's Top-Rated Places"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 233-234
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077087
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077087
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:233-234
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David R. Godschalk
Author-X-Name-First: David R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Godschalk
Title: Comment on "What is a 'Great Neighborhood'?"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 235-235
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077086
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077086
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:235-235
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emily Talen
Author-X-Name-First: Emily
Author-X-Name-Last: Talen
Author-Name: Sunny Menozzi
Author-X-Name-First: Sunny
Author-X-Name-Last: Menozzi
Author-Name: Chloe Schaefer
Author-X-Name-First: Chloe
Author-X-Name-Last: Schaefer
Title: Response to APA Comment (Drinan, 2015)
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 235-236
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077084
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077084
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:235-236
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 237-237
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077070
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077070
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:237-237
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: W. Paul Farmer
Author-X-Name-First: W. Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Farmer
Title: Alexander Garvin. (2013). The Planning Game: Lessons From Great Cities. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. 224 pages. $59.95 (hardcover).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 238-238
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077075
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077075
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:238-238
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Schweitzer
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer
Title: Neil Kraus. (2013). Majoritarian Cities: Policy Making and Inequality in Urban Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 288 pages. $65.00 (hardcover).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 239-239
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077077
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077077
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:239-239
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Heywood T. Sanders. (2015). Convention Center Follies: Politics, Power, and Public Investment in American Cities. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 528 pages. $59.95 (hardcover).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 239-240
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077078
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077078
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:239-240
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frederick Steiner
Author-X-Name-First: Frederick
Author-X-Name-Last: Steiner
Title: Ignacio F. Bunster-Ossa. (2014). Reconsidering Ian McHarg: The Future of Urban Ecology. Chicago: American Planning Association Planners Press. 232 pages. $39.95 (paperback).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 240-241
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077079
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077079
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:240-241
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eugenie L. Birch
Author-X-Name-First: Eugenie L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Birch
Title: Jeffrey D. Sachs. (2015). The Age of Sustainable Development. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 543 pages. $34.95 (paperback).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 241-242
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077080
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077080
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:241-242
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ashley Monroe
Author-X-Name-First: Ashley
Author-X-Name-Last: Monroe
Title: James N. Levitt (Ed.). (2014). Conservation Catalysts: The Academy as Nature's Agent. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. 368 pages. $30.00 (paperback).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 242-243
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077081
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077081
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:242-243
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Turner de Vera
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Turner
Author-X-Name-Last: de Vera
Title: Allison Lirish Dean (Prod.) and Kelly Anderson (Dir.). (2012). My Brooklyn (Motion picture). United States of America: A New Day Films production. 85 minutes. $25.00 (DVD).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 243-244
Issue: 3
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1077082
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077082
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:3:p:243-244
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 249-250
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1104157
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1104157
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:249-250
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicholas J. Marantz
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Marantz
Title: What Do Community Benefits Agreements Deliver? Evidence From Los Angeles
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Advocates of
community benefits agreements (CBAs) between coalitions of nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs) and real estate developers contend that CBAs promote
public accountability and responsiveness to community concerns. This study
assesses the Los Angeles Sports and Entertainment District (LASED) CBA,
which scholars and practitioners have described as a model for such
agreements. I assess compliance with key provisions of the agreement
related to jobs, affordable housing, and parks and recreational
facilities. I also assess whether compliance with these provisions has
yielded benefits beyond those required under existing laws and
regulations. I find that the parties to the agreement have technically
complied with many, although arguably not all, of its provisions. But some
of the provisions in the CBA are not legally binding, other provisions
overlap with requirements that the developer would have had to satisfy
even without the CBA, and some reports required by the CBA are
unavailable. As a result, outcomes such as living wage jobs and funding
for affordable housing units are not clearly attributable to the CBA;
other outcomes, such as targeted hiring, are unknown due to a lack of
relevant information.Takeaway for practice: Although CBAs may
not fulfill all the claims that advocates make on their behalf, they can
play important roles in community development by directing public and
private spending to underserved neighborhoods. But collecting and
verifying the relevant data may be challenging, even if reporting
requirements are clearly spelled out in the CBA. As the complexity of a
CBA increases, so do the challenges of assessing outcomes and assigning
responsibility for those outcomes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 251-267
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1092093
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1092093
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:251-267
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mikhail Chester
Author-X-Name-First: Mikhail
Author-X-Name-Last: Chester
Author-Name: Andrew Fraser
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Fraser
Author-Name: Juan Matute
Author-X-Name-First: Juan
Author-X-Name-Last: Matute
Author-Name: Carolyn Flower
Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn
Author-X-Name-Last: Flower
Author-Name: Ram Pendyala
Author-X-Name-First: Ram
Author-X-Name-Last: Pendyala
Title: Parking Infrastructure: A Constraint on or Opportunity for Urban Redevelopment? A Study of Los Angeles County Parking Supply and Growth
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Many cities have
adopted minimum parking requirements, but there is relatively poor
information about how parking infrastructure has grown. We estimate how
parking has grown in Los Angeles County (CA) from 1900 to 2010 and how
parking infrastructure evolves, affects urban form, and relates to changes
in automobile travel using building and roadway growth models. We find
that since 1975 the ratio of residential off-street parking spaces to
automobiles in Los Angeles County is close to 1.0 and the greatest density
of parking spaces is in the urban core, while most new growth in parking
occurs outside of the core. In total, 14% of Los Angeles County's
incorporated land is committed to parking. Uncertainty in our space
inventory is attributed to our building growth model, on-street space
length, and the assumption that parking spaces were created as per the
requirements.Takeaway for practice: The continued use of
minimum parking requirements is likely to encourage automobile use at a
time when metropolitan areas are actively seeking to manage congestion and
increase transit use, biking, and walking. Widely discussed ways to reform
parking policies may be less than effective if planners do not consider
the remaining incentives to auto use created by the existing parking
infrastructure. Planners should encourage the conversion of existing
parking facilities to alternative uses.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 268-286
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1092879
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1092879
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:268-286
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Berke
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Berke
Author-Name: Galen Newman
Author-X-Name-First: Galen
Author-X-Name-Last: Newman
Author-Name: Jaekyung Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Jaekyung
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Tabitha Combs
Author-X-Name-First: Tabitha
Author-X-Name-Last: Combs
Author-Name: Carl Kolosna
Author-X-Name-First: Carl
Author-X-Name-Last: Kolosna
Author-Name: David Salvesen
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Salvesen
Title: Evaluation of Networks of Plans and Vulnerability to Hazards and Climate Change: A Resilience Scorecard
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Land use planning
is key to mitigating natural hazards and the effects of climate change.
Communities adopt multiple plans that directly and indirectly address
hazard mitigation; the integration of local plans can significantly affect
future community vulnerability to hazards. We develop a resilience
scorecard to assess the degree to which the network of local plans targets
areas most prone to hazards and then evaluate the coordination of local
plans and test it in Washington (NC), a community vulnerable to coastal
floods and projected sea-level rise. We find that local plans are not
fully consistent and do not always address the areas in a community most
vulnerable to floods or sea level risks; moreover, some plans actually
increase physical and social vulnerability to hazards. While these results
indicate the validity of a resiliency scorecard, we were forced to use a
narrow range of vulnerability indicators; better data would improve the
process.Takeaway for practice: Planners can assume a crucial
role in improving planning for hazards by using the scorecard to identify
conflicts among local plans, assessing whether local plans target areas
most vulnerable to specific hazards. Planners can inform the public and
decision makers about missed opportunities to improve local hazard
mitigation planning. To support such important efforts, the U.S. Federal
-Emergency Management Agency and other federal agencies should consider
developing additional databases that are widely applicable and available.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 287-302
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1093954
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1093954
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:287-302
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Linda C. Dalton
Author-X-Name-First: Linda C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dalton
Title: Theory and Practice, Practice and Theory: Reflections on a Planner's Career
Abstract:
In this essay, the author reflects on her career as a planner and planning
educator. In what is partially a personal memoir, Dalton presents several
epigrams for planning practice, providing examples as well as the related
theory that connects them. In the process, she offers some observations
about continuity and change in the context and practice of planning in the
United States over a half-century, and speculates about the continuing
role of planners in the future.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 303-309
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1095648
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1095648
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:303-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elizabeth Mueller
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller
Title: How Do We Create (or Preserve) "Great Neighborhoods"? Comment on Talen et al. (2015)
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 310-311
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1093582
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1093582
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:310-311
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David P. Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: Designating Great Neighborhoods Will Never Be Easy: A Response to "What is a 'Great Neighborhood'? An Analysis of APA's Top-Rated Places"
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 312-312
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1093583
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1093583
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:312-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Manville
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Manville
Title: Comment on Talen et al. (2015)
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 313-314
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1101708
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1101708
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:313-314
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 315-315
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1104158
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1104158
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:315-315
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Billy Fleming
Author-X-Name-First: Billy
Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming
Title: The Resilience Dividend: Being Strong in a World Where Things Go Wrong, by Judith Rodin; and The Social Roots of Risk: Producing Disasters, Promoting Resilience, by Kathleen Tierney
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 316-317
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1104161
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1104161
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:316-317
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Maloy
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Maloy
Title: Urban Planning for Dummies, by Jordan Yin
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 317-318
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1104164
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1104164
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:317-318
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jesse M. Keenan
Author-X-Name-First: Jesse M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Keenan
Title: Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation, by Sonia A. Hirt
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 319-320
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1104168
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1104168
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:319-320
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas C. Cornillie
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cornillie
Title: Innovation in Public Transport Finance: Property Value Capture, by Shishir Mathur
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 320-320
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1104170
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1104170
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:320-320
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jana Carp
Author-X-Name-First: Jana
Author-X-Name-Last: Carp
Title: Can Tocqueville Karaoke? Global Contrasts of Citizen Participation, the Arts and Development, by Terry Nichols Clark and Coauthors
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 321-321
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1104171
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1104171
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:321-321
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: How Real Estate Developers Think: Design, Profits, and Community, by Peter Hendee Brown
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 322-322
Issue: 4
Volume: 81
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1104172
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1104172
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:81:y:2015:i:4:p:322-322
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 5-5
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1117917
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1117917
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:5-5
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael C. Lens
Author-X-Name-First: Michael C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lens
Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen
Author-X-Name-First: Paavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen
Title: Do Strict Land Use Regulations Make Metropolitan Areas More Segregated by Income?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Income segregation
has risen in each of the last four decades in U.S. metropolitan areas,
which can have lifelong impacts on the health, economic productivity, and
behaviors of residents. Although it is widely assumed that local land use
regulations—such as minimum lot sizes and growth
controls—exclude low-income households from wealthier
neighborhoods, the empirical research is surprisingly limited. We examine
the relationship between land use regulation and segregation by income
using new measures for the 95 biggest cities in the United States. We find
that density restrictions are associated with the segregation of the
wealthy and middle income, but not the poor. We also find that more local
pressure to regulate land use is linked to higher rates of income
segregation, but that more state control is connected to lower-income
segregation.Takeaway for practice: Density restrictions do
drive urban income segregation of the rich, not the poor, but should be
addressed because rich enclaves create significant metropolitan problems.
Planners at the local level need assistance from regional and state
efforts to ameliorate income segregation. Inclusionary housing
requirements have a greater potential to reduce income segregation than
bringing higher-income households into lower-income parts of the city.
Finally, comprehensive and consistent data on the impacts of local land
use regulations should be collected to inform future research and planning
practice.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 6-21
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1111163
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1111163
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:6-21
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bonnie J. Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Bonnie J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson
Author-Name: Ward Lyles
Author-X-Name-First: Ward
Author-X-Name-Last: Lyles
Title: The Unexamined Staff Report: Results From an Evaluation of a National Sample
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Municipal planners
write staff reports reviewing development applications to submit to
planning and zoning commissions. Staff reports are probably planners' most
common, but least studied, work products. A small literature provides
-guidance on writing better staff reports, but questions remain: What
makes a quality staff report; what are their contents; and what is the
state of today's staff reports? We summarize the literature on writing
staff reports and develop a tool to assess the content of a national
sample of staff reports. We analyze whether staff reports include
traditional and modern elements. We find that many staff reports provide
traditional basic information, but do not summarize that information or
use modern formatting tools to make text more comprehensible. Most staff
reports reference the comprehensive plan but rarely cite the future land
use map or plans of adjacent jurisdictions. Many mention checking
traditional public facilities like roads, but rarely list parks or
pedestrian or cycling facilities. Most do not include maps, arguments for
recommendations, or references to soliciting public input.Takeaway
for practice: Planning departments can improve staff reports
through simple changes in report organization and graphics. Planners can
use this assessment tool to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their
staff reports, and scholars can use this approach to analyze how staff
reports affect the quality of decision making.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 22-36
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1109471
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1109471
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:22-36
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicola Szibbo
Author-X-Name-First: Nicola
Author-X-Name-Last: Szibbo
Title: Lessons for LEED® for Neighborhood Development, Social Equity, and Affordable Housing
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design® for Neighborhood Development
(LEED®ND) is a rating system designed to encourage sustainable
development. I explore why and how most LEED®ND projects ultimately
fail to meet the equity goals inherent in sustainability. I survey 114
LEED®ND accredited professionals (APs) and conduct 20 interviews with
LEED®ND APs to illuminate the role of the rating system in developer
decisions to include affordable housing in their projects. I also explore
why nonprofit developers see value in seeking LEED®ND certification
for their projects. Although a limited sample, it provides insights into
how the certification process affects developer decisions. I find that the
LEED®ND rating system does a poor job of encouraging developers to
provide affordable housing: Only 40% of LEED®ND-certified projects
include affordable housing. LEED®ND APs do not feel that the system
offers sufficient incentives to overcome the risks and costs of providing
affordable housing. Nonprofit developers might pursue LEED®ND to
create savings for residents, but may be deterred by the cost of
certification. Most respondents feel that the affordable housing credit
should be increased and improved to provide adequate incentives to
developers.Takeaway for practice: Planners cannot count on
LEED®ND certification to ensure the provision of affordable and mixed
housing in sustainable neighborhoods. The LEED®ND system could be
improved by weighting the affordable housing credit more heavily;
developers could also be incentivized to build a greater mix of housing.
The certification costs could be lowered or subsidized for projects with
affordable housing and assessed on a per unit basis. Additional credits
could be given to projects that significantly reduce utility costs for
low-income residents.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 37-49
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1110709
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1110709
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:37-49
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: The Way It Was
Abstract:
Reflecting on 50 years as a planning educator, Teitz describes
planning education in one institution, the University of California,
Berkeley, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, carrying through to the
reorganization of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP)
in the 1980s. How theory and practice engaged him during that time and
later is discussed through the lens of his involvement in research,
teaching, and planning consultancy and the formative phases of two
research institutes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 50-55
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1108217
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1108217
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:50-55
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 57-57
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1117908
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1117908
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:57-57
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lesli Hoey
Author-X-Name-First: Lesli
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoey
Author-Name: Margaret Dewar
Author-X-Name-First: Margaret
Author-X-Name-Last: Dewar
Title: Castles in the Sand: A City Planner in Abu Dhabi, by Michael Cameron Dempsey
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 58-58
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1117909
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1117909
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:58-58
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Damian Kelly
Author-X-Name-First: Eric Damian
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly
Title: The Planning Commissioners Guide, by C. Gregory Dale, Benjamin A. Herman, & Anne F. McBride
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 59-59
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1117911
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1117911
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:59-59
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Murphy
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy
Title: The Ecological Design and Planning Reader, edited by Forster O. Ndubisi
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 59-60
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1117912
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1117912
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:59-60
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucas Lindsey
Author-X-Name-First: Lucas
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindsey
Title: Leading the Inclusive City: Place-Based Innovation for a Bounded Planet, by Robin Hambleton
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 60-61
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1117914
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1117914
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:60-61
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Start-Up City: Inspiring Private & Public Entrepreneurship, Getting Projects Done, and Having Fun, by Gabe Klein, with David Vega-Barachowitz
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 61-62
Issue: 1
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1117915
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1117915
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:61-62
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jennifer Minner
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Minner
Author-Name: Michael Holleran
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Holleran
Title: Introduction to the Special Issue
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 69-71
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1142391
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1142391
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:69-71
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jennifer Minner
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Minner
Title: Revealing Synergies, Tensions, and Silences Between Preservation and Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Historic
preservation and planning often operate together in the United States
within local planning departments, sharing some common roots and a
"fragile, uneasy alliance" (Birch & Roby, 1984). Over time, developments
in both preservation and planning brought these disciplines and
professions closer together, including shared concern for sustainability
and common ground in community economic development, revitalization, land
use planning, and urban design. Simultaneously, areas of tension and
potential conflict emerged. Some preservation-oriented scholars and
practitioners call for the expansion of preservation's sphere of influence
and concern, while others caution of negative effects. In this literature
review, I identify areas of confluence and friction, as well as silences
and gaps, focusing especially on planning and preservation literature
since the 1980s.Takeaway for practice: Few scholars have
identified what planners and preservationists (and those who do both) can
learn from one another, with some important exceptions. Planning
scholarship can benefit from understanding how preservation has changed in
tandem and in relation to planning. Preservationists can gain much from
incorporating contemporary planning theory, especially with regard to
participation and building an equity agenda for preservation that builds
from preservation's strengths and recent advances toward recognizing a
wider, more representative set of historic resources. Both planners and
preservationists can benefit from stronger alliances in which scholars and
practitioners engage in deeper dialogues and exchange. This
interdisciplinary collaboration can unite leadership and vision with
regard to equity and social justice, with deeper place-based knowledge to
improve the social, environmental, and economic health of communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 72-87
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1147976
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1147976
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:72-87
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ken Bernstein
Author-X-Name-First: Ken
Author-X-Name-Last: Bernstein
Author-Name: Janet Hansen
Author-X-Name-First: Janet
Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen
Title: SurveyLA: Linking Historic Resources Surveys to Local Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 88-91
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1137199
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1137199
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:88-91
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Douglas Appler
Author-X-Name-First: Douglas
Author-X-Name-Last: Appler
Author-Name: Andrew Rumbach
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Rumbach
Title: Building Community Resilience Through Historic Preservation
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Resilience has
become an important planning goal for state and local government,
providing a policy arena in which to integrate historic preservation and
disaster mitigation, but significant questions remain about that
relationship. There has been no study of coordination between preservation
and hazard mitigation planning at the state level, and there is no widely
available methodology for assessing the flood exposure of historic
resources. In this study, we use mixed methods to address these two
issues. We evaluate the degree to which state historic preservation plans
and state hazard mitigation plans reflect an effort to connect planning
processes or goals. We then use the states of Kentucky, Florida, and
Colorado to assess the suitability of publicly available spatial data for
identifying flood-exposed historic resources, paying special attention to
the National Park Service's Certified Local Government (CLG) program and
the National Trust's Main Street program. We find that historic
preservation and disaster planning are unevenly integrated at the state
level. While publicly available data are often effective in identifying
historic resources located within floodplains, the usefulness of these
data vary based on location and resource type. We find that CLG and Main
Street communities may be well positioned to take a leadership role in
planning for the protection of historic resources from
floods.Takeaway for practice: Integrating preservation
planning and disaster planning will increase the protection offered to
historic resources, which can play a significant role in post-disaster
resilience. Preservationists and disaster planners can improve prospects
for collaboration by improving the quality of data on at-risk historic
resources.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 92-103
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1123640
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1123640
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:92-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erica Avrami
Author-X-Name-First: Erica
Author-X-Name-Last: Avrami
Title: Making Historic Preservation Sustainable
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Historic
preservation has the potential to serve as a constructive agent of change
within the built environment and to contribute to goals of environmental,
economic, and social sustainability. However, tensions between
sustainability goals and preservation policy and practice are impeding
opportunities to forge common ground and a shared agenda. I review the
existing literature related to the preservation---sustainability nexus and
critically analyze how preservation policies and practices conflict with
or support key sustainability goals of energy consumption reduction,
alternative energy production, urban densification, economic development,
inclusion, diversity and participation, and intergenerational equity. Key
findings of this research include the need to resolve tensions between
sustainability and historic preservation practice through research and
data, evolving preservation policies, and aligning historic preservation
with the goals of environmental, economic, and social
sustainability.Takeaway for practice: The future of the
preservation field and its engagement with sustainability goals hinge on
the ability to contribute to environmental, economic, and social aims, but
to also demonstrate why social concerns may sometimes trump economic and
environmental ones given the fundamentally social aims of historic
preservation. Understanding where tensions lie and why conflicts arise is
an important step toward enhancing research about preservation outcomes
and their contributions to sustainability and evolving preservation policy
to better respond to changing environmental, economic, and societal
conditions.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 104-112
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1126196
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1126196
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:104-112
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Clinton J. Andrews
Author-X-Name-First: Clinton J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Andrews
Author-Name: David Hattis
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Hattis
Author-Name: David Listokin
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Listokin
Author-Name: Jennifer A. Senick
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Senick
Author-Name: Gabriel B. Sherman
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sherman
Author-Name: Jennifer Souder
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Souder
Title: Energy-Efficient Reuse of Existing Commercial Buildings
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Increased demand
for urban living, financial incentives for redevelopment, and conducive
planning regulations are leading to significant commercial building reuse.
This trend represents an opportunity to upgrade the energy performance of
the existing building stock in older, more walkable downtowns and to
achieve preservation goals. Some advocates of building reuse resist
imposing the cost of energy improvements on associated projects, while
many energy efficiency advocates do not distinguish how the opportunities
and constraints differ between new and existing buildings. Building code
officials experience this tension when reviewing improvements to existing
buildings, and many find that sections of the widely adopted International
Energy Conservation Code are pragmatically unenforceable. In this study we
examine the existing-building energy challenge using a mixed-methods
approach within one region as well as a national-level analysis of
governmental data. We characterize promising regulatory strategies
including exempting historic buildings (which is the status quo),
exempting smaller buildings and less energy-intensive occupancies and
systems, and creating simple lookup tables that provide succinct guidance
to redevelopers and code officials.Takeaway for practice:
Code officials enforce longstanding life-safety codes more assiduously
than they do the newer energy codes, and these codes need revisions to
make them more cost effective and enforceable. A better understanding and
implementation of building energy codes can have positive implications for
both energy performance and downtown revitalization. Success depends on
better managing interdependencies among the national policy objective of
energy efficiency, the ubiquitous local planning objective of downtown
revitalization, and the bureaucratic challenges of regulating construction
in existing buildings. Planners should bring code officials into adaptive
reuse projects early.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 113-133
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1134275
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1134275
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:113-133
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian J. McCabe
Author-X-Name-First: Brian J.
Author-X-Name-Last: McCabe
Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen
Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould
Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen
Title: Does Preservation Accelerate Neighborhood Change? Examining the Impact of Historic Preservation in New York City
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: A number of studies
have examined the property value impacts of historic preservation, but few
have considered how preservation shapes neighborhood composition. In this
study, we ask whether the designation of historic districts contributes to
changes in the racial composition and socioeconomic status of New York
City neighborhoods. Bringing together data on historic districts with a
panel of census tracts, we study how neighborhoods change after the
designation of a historic district. We find little evidence of changes in
the racial composition of a neighborhood, but report a significant
increase in socioeconomic status following historic
designation.Takeaway for practice: Our research offers
empirical evidence on changes in the racial composition and socioeconomic
status of neighborhoods following the designation of a historic district.
It suggests that historic preservation can contribute to economic
revitalization in urban neighborhoods, but that these changes risk making
neighborhoods less accessible to lower-income residents. Planners should
consider ways that the city government can work to preserve the highly
valued amenities of historic neighborhoods while mitigating the potential
for residential displacement.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 134-146
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1126195
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1126195
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:134-146
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yingjie Hu
Author-X-Name-First: Yingjie
Author-X-Name-Last: Hu
Author-Name: Emma Morales
Author-X-Name-First: Emma
Author-X-Name-Last: Morales
Title: The Unintended Consequences of a Culture-Led Regeneration Project in Beijing, China
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 148-151
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1131130
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1131130
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:148-151
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Michael Buckley
Author-X-Name-First: James Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Buckley
Author-Name: Donna Graves
Author-X-Name-First: Donna
Author-X-Name-Last: Graves
Title: Tangible Benefits From Intangible Resources: Using Social and Cultural History to Plan Neighborhood Futures
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Intense development
pressures in fast-growing cities threaten to displace many social and
ethnic minority populations and the diverse histories they have created.
We assess recent efforts of planners and preservationists in San Francisco
to develop programs that use history to encourage greater participation of
marginalized populations in the local planning process and protect
cultural practices that contribute to the city's diversity. We find that
these joint efforts to develop broad cultural preservation programs offer
the potential to make planning more inclusive of underserved populations
and preserve elements of diverse cultural traditions. However, San
Francisco's experience demonstrates the challenges these programs present
for planning practice because the historic resources of marginalized
populations are often more "intangible" than traditional landmarks. The
difficulties encountered include adequately identifying such historic
sites, creating new tools to protect them, and the openness of planning
and preservation professionals to "softer" interpretations of cultural
importance.Takeaway for practice: To preserve a diverse range
of cultural activities, planners should help social and cultural
minorities identify key community assets. Policies that protect these
assets can be complicated by the often intangible nature of cultural
practices and may require nonstandard measures that go beyond traditional
land use regulation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 152-166
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1141663
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1141663
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:152-166
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Powe
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Powe
Author-Name: Jonathan Mabry
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Mabry
Author-Name: Emily Talen
Author-X-Name-First: Emily
Author-X-Name-Last: Talen
Author-Name: Dillon Mahmoudi
Author-X-Name-First: Dillon
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmoudi
Title: Jane Jacobs and the Value of Older, Smaller Buildings
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: In recent years,
some economists and urban development advocates have argued that historic
preservation is fundamentally at odds with a growing, diverse economy. We
supply empirical support for Jane Jacobs's (1961) seminal argument about
the value of “plain, ordinary, low-value old buildings,”
finding that older, smaller buildings support dense, diverse streets and
neighborhoods (p. 187). We use spatial regression models to analyze how
social and economic activity relate to building characteristics in Seattle
(WA), San Francisco (CA), Tucson (AZ), and Washington, DC. On a per
commercial square foot basis, areas with older, smaller buildings and
mixed-vintage blocks support more jobs in new businesses, small
businesses, and businesses in creative industries. However, while areas
with older, smaller buildings have greater diversity of resident age and
higher proportions of small businesses, we also find lower proportions of
Hispanic and non-White residents, indicating limited racial and ethnic
diversity.Takeaway for practice: Focusing on new construction
alone to achieve denser, more sustainable cities elides the important role
that older, smaller buildings play in dense, diverse neighborhoods.
Planners should support the preservation and reuse of older buildings and
the integration of old and new buildings. Relevant policies include
adaptive reuse ordinances, performance-based energy codes,
context-sensitive form-based coding, and deregulation of parking
requirements.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 167-180
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1135072
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1135072
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:167-180
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Manish Chalana
Author-X-Name-First: Manish
Author-X-Name-Last: Chalana
Title: Balancing History and Development in Seattle's Pike/Pine Neighborhood Conservation District
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 182-184
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1136566
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1136566
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:182-184
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amanda J. Ashley
Author-X-Name-First: Amanda J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ashley
Author-Name: Michael Touchton
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Touchton
Title: The Transformation of San Diego's Naval Training Center
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 186-188
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1143782
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1143782
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:186-188
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Douglas Deur
Author-X-Name-First: Douglas
Author-X-Name-Last: Deur
Author-Name: Virginia L. Butler
Author-X-Name-First: Virginia L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Butler
Title: Incorporating Archaeology Into Local Government Historic Preservation and Planning: A Review of Current Practice
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The fate of
archaeological sites in cities, towns, and county jurisdictions are
greatly affected by the decisions of local governments and planning
departments, which usually operate with little formal guidance regarding
archaeological site stewardship. What strategies do local governments use
to effectively manage archaeological sites in their jurisdictions? Which
ones work best? To address these questions, we carried out an exploratory
study of mechanisms used by local government planners for archaeological
resource protection in 24 states between 2008 and 2015, obtaining
information from 69 local governments. We use questionnaires and
interviews with local government staff, Tribal Historic Preservation
Officers (THPOs), and State Historic Preservation Officers
(SHPOs), identifying the range of practices employed. Within the
jurisdictions we studied, the most elaborate programs a) have local
ordinances protecting archaeology, on-staff archaeologists, and use
special archaeological districts and zoning overlays, survey, and
development guidelines linked to archaeological site probability models;
b) maintain cost-saving partnerships with SHPOs, THPOs, universities,
and local nonprofit heritage organizations; c) or use a combination of
these practices.Takeaway for practice: Virtually all local
governments possess archaeological resources and an archaeological
heritage worthy of protection. Local site preservation is most effective
when it moves from project-based compliance to become an integral part of
the overall planning process. By protecting these places and educating the
public regarding their importance, local governments help to bolster local
economies, local pride, and local amenities in a way that benefits
residents, tourists, and generations to come.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 189-203
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1137222
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1137222
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:189-203
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ashima Krishna
Author-X-Name-First: Ashima
Author-X-Name-Last: Krishna
Title: The Catalysts for Urban Conservation in Indian Cities: Economics, Politics, and Public Advocacy in Lucknow
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 204-207
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1132390
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1132390
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:204-207
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 209-209
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1144979
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1144979
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:209-209
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: Bridges: Their Engineering and Planning, by George C. Lee and Ernest Sternberg / Remaking the San Francisco--Oakland Bay Bridge: A Case of Shadowboxing With Nature, by Karen Trapenberg Frick
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 210-211
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1144993
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1144993
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:210-211
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: April Jackson
Author-X-Name-First: April
Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson
Title: Public Housing Myths: Perception, Reality, and Social Policy, by Nicholas Dagen Bloom, Fritz Umbach, and Lawrence J. Vale
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 211-212
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1145007
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1145007
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:211-212
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Se Yeon Hwang
Author-X-Name-First: Se Yeon
Author-X-Name-Last: Hwang
Title: The Housing and Economic Experiences of Immigrants in U.S. and Canadian Cities, by Carlos Teixeira and Wei Li
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 212-213
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1145009
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1145009
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:212-213
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Title: Smart Communities: How Citizens and Local Leaders Can Use Strategic Thinking to Build a Brighter Future (2nd ed.), by Suzanne W. Morse
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 213-214
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1145011
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1145011
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:213-214
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tisha Holmes
Author-X-Name-First: Tisha
Author-X-Name-Last: Holmes
Title: Planning for Community Resilience: A Handbook for Reducing Vulnerability to Disasters, by Jamie Hicks Masterson, Walter Gillis Peacock, Shannon S. Van Zandt, Himanshu Grover, Lori Feild Schwarz, and John T. Cooper, Jr.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 214-215
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1145012
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1145012
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:214-215
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Carruthers
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Carruthers
Title: Urban Environmental Policy Analysis, by Heather E. Campbell and Elizabeth A. Corley
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 215-216
Issue: 2
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1145013
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1145013
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:2:p:215-216
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 221-221
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1181935
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1181935
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:221-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carolyn G. Loh
Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Loh
Author-Name: Anna C. Osland
Author-X-Name-First: Anna C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Osland
Title: Local Land Use Planning Responses to Hydraulic Fracturing
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The practice of
horizontal high-volume hydraulic fracturing (fracking) has become
widespread in many areas of the United States, yet the regulatory
landscape for local governments is highly variable and legally uncertain.
We do not have a clear idea of what fracking-related policies local
governments are adopting, nor how factors such as local government
capacity influence policy adoption. We survey 140 local government
officials in shale gas drilling areas in four states: Colorado, Louisiana,
North Dakota, and Pennsylvania. We first identify the most common policies
local governments use to address fracking and investigate the influence of
different types of local capacity on adoption of policies to address
fracking. We find that although most communities have not adopted many
fracking regulations, higher-capacity communities and those who have
experienced a fracking-related accident are more likely to adopt stricter
regulations. Local officials are concerned that they lack capacity to
address fracking. Our survey asks whether a respondent community did not
adopt a policy for legal reasons or other reasons, but did not delve into
what those other reasons for non-adoption might be. Our response rate for
Louisiana was very low.Takeaway for practice: Local
governments appear to have at least some legal room to adopt fracking
policy, yet most have not done so proactively. Investing in capacity
building in the form of technical assistance or training for local
officials would help communities decide how they wish to address fracking
from a policy standpoint without waiting for the catalyst of a
fracking-related industrial accident.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 222-235
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1176535
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1176535
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:222-235
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris
Author-X-Name-First: Anastasia
Author-X-Name-Last: Loukaitou-Sideris
Author-Name: Lené Levy-Storms
Author-X-Name-First: Lené
Author-X-Name-Last: Levy-Storms
Author-Name: Lin Chen
Author-X-Name-First: Lin
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen
Author-Name: Madeline Brozen
Author-X-Name-First: Madeline
Author-X-Name-Last: Brozen
Title: Parks for an Aging Population: Needs and Preferences of Low-Income Seniors in Los Angeles
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Parks provide
important physiological and psychological benefi ts to seniors, improving
their quality of life; they are particularly important for low-income,
inner-city seniors who lack access to open and green space. However,
seniors do not often use parks partly because park design and programming
are not responsive to their diverse needs and values. To identify what
low-income, inner-city seniors seek and value in neighborhood parks, and
to provide guidance to planners on how to better design senior-friendly
parks, we conducted a literature review and held focus groups with 39
low-income, ethnically diverse seniors in an inner-city neighborhood in
Los Angeles (CA). We asked these seniors about their preferences as well
as the challenges and barriers they encounter in using neighborhood parks.
Seniors report many impediments to park use; they are not provided
appropriate programming that allows opportunities for socializing, safety,
and security within the park and along access routes; opportunities for
exercise and walking; and aesthetic and natural elements that provide
contact with nature.Takeaway for practice: Park planners and
designers should seek to incorporate senior voices in park design and
programming in four ways by developing appropriate programming sensitive
to diverse needs, accommodating the desire for
“seniors-only” parks, promoting security and safety in the
park and along access routes, and offering open and green space. We also
fi nd the need for additional research on seniors from different racial
and ethnic backgrounds.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 236-251
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1163238
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1163238
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:236-251
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bryce Lowery
Author-X-Name-First: Bryce
Author-X-Name-Last: Lowery
Author-Name: David Sloane
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Sloane
Author-Name: Denise Payán
Author-X-Name-First: Denise
Author-X-Name-Last: Payán
Author-Name: Jacqueline Illum
Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline
Author-X-Name-Last: Illum
Author-Name: Lavonna Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: Lavonna
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Title: Do Farmers' Markets Increase Access to Healthy Foods for All Communities? Comparing Markets in 24 Neighborhoods in Los Angeles
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Farmers' markets
provide one option for remedying the startling decline in fresh vegetable
and fruit consumption in the United States, particularly in low-income,
non-White neighborhoods where opportunities to access these components of
a healthy diet are often limited. We lack empirical research on whether
farmer's markets provide fresh vegetables and fruits consistently across
locations. We audited product offerings at 24 farmers' markets in Los
Angeles at two points in time and interviewed a sample of market managers
to compare market offerings across neighborhoods to determine whether
farmers' markets alleviate disparities experienced by low-income and
non-White communities. Farmers' markets in low-income and non-White
communities are smaller and provide fewer fresh fruits and vegetables than
markets situated in more affluent communities. Managers suggest that their
first priority is to stock fresh produce, but other factors such as
competition and farmer recruitment and retention often influence market
offerings.Takeaway for practice: Planners cannot count on
farmers' markets to fully remedy disparities in the availability of fresh
vegetables and fruits. We need additional research to understand the range
of social, ecological, and health benefits created by farmers' markets in
a neighborhood. Planners should begin working with other agencies to
conduct community food assessments to better evaluate strategies for
addressing inequalities seen in neighborhood access to healthy food.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 252-266
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1181000
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1181000
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:252-266
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deirdre Pfeiffer
Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre
Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeiffer
Author-Name: Scott Cloutier
Author-X-Name-First: Scott
Author-X-Name-Last: Cloutier
Title: Planning for Happy Neighborhoods
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: There is increasing
interest in planning for healthy communities, but little is known about
how planners can affect mental health and wellbeing in neighborhoods,
although much is known about how planners can affect physical health
through neighborhood design. In this review essay, we draw lessons from a
cross-disciplinary set of studies to reveal how the neighborhood built
environment may affect one aspect of residents' wellbeing: happiness.
Providing residents access to open, natural, and green space may directly
increase their happiness. Incorporating design features that allow for
social interaction and safety also may promote residents'
happiness.Takeaway for practice: Planners have the capacity
to contribute to greater opportunities for happiness in neighborhoods.
Strategies include integrating happiness-related indicators into health
impact assessments and employing a new, participatory neighborhood
planning process, the Sustainability Through Happiness Framework.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 267-279
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1166347
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1166347
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:267-279
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard S. Bolan
Author-X-Name-First: Richard S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bolan
Title: My 60 Years as a Planner
Abstract:
This article is a continuation of JAPA’s
“Perspective” series that provides a view of the 60-year
career of Richard S. Bolan. In those 60 years Bolan experienced four
different career phases beginning with eight years of practice experience,
followed by a period at the former Joint Center for Urban Studies of MIT
and Harvard. From there he joined the faculty of Boston College, where he
published numerous contributions to planning theory. In 1985 he moved to
the Humphrey Institute at the University of Minnesota, where he engaged in
international work focusing on Central and Eastern Europe and wrote about
the failed role of planning in the fall of communism and essential works
in environmental remedial work for an extremely polluted region. He has
continued teaching since officially retiring in 1988 with current
responsibilities teaching planning theory at the doctoral level. He has
just completed a book being considered for publication, titled
Urban Planning's Philosophical Entanglements: The Rugged
Dialectical Path from Knowledge to Action.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 280-287
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2015.1137779
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2015.1137779
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:280-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 289-289
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1181936
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1181936
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:289-289
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karen Trapenberg Frick
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Trapenberg Frick
Title: Politics Across the Hudson: The Tappan Zee Megaproject, by Philip Mark Plotch
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 290-290
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1181937
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1181937
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:290-290
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katrin B. Anacker
Author-X-Name-First: Katrin B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Anacker
Title: From Boom to Bubble: How Finance Built the New Chicago, by Rachel Weber
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 291-291
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1181938
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1181938
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:291-291
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: Concrete Economics: The Hamilton Approach to Economic Growth and Social Policy, by Stephen S. Cohen and J. Bradford DeLong
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 292-293
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1181940
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1181940
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:292-293
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward G. Goetz
Author-X-Name-First: Edward G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz
Title: Planning Sustainable Cities and Regions: Towards More Equitable Development, by Karen Chapple
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 293-293
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1181942
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1181942
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:293-293
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David P. Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: Integrating the Inner City: The Promise and Perils of Mixed-Income Public Housing Transformation, by Robert J. Chaskin and Mark L. Joseph
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 294-294
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1181943
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1181943
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:294-294
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Avis C. Vidal
Author-X-Name-First: Avis C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vidal
Title: Henry Ford's Plan for the American Suburb: Dearborn and Detroit, by Heather B. Barrow
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 295-295
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1181944
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1181944
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:295-295
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yingjie Hu
Author-X-Name-First: Yingjie
Author-X-Name-Last: Hu
Author-Name: Emma Morales
Author-X-Name-First: Emma
Author-X-Name-Last: Morales
Title: Correction to: The Unintended Consequences of a Culture-Led Regeneration Project in Beijing, China
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 296-296
Issue: 3
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1172838
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1172838
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:3:p:296-296
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Wachs
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Wachs
Title: Becoming a Reflective Planning Educator
Abstract:
After a 45-year career as a professor and practitioner of planning, the author reflects on relationships among research, professional practice, and teaching. While his efforts to directly influence public policy through practice often met with limited success at the time, he finds that practice greatly enriched his teaching and his work did eventually influence practice, primarily through the professional work of his students. Because of changing academic culture, junior planning faculty today have far less opportunity to engage in practice than in the past. The education of practitioners is challenged by the growing absence of senior faculty whose research is influenced by practice.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 363-370
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1184584
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1184584
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:363-370
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steven A. Moore
Author-X-Name-First: Steven A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Moore
Title: Testing a Mature Hypothesis: Reflection on “Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities: Urban Planning and the Contradiction of Sustainable Development”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 385-388
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1213655
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1213655
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:385-388
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sonia A. Hirt
Author-X-Name-First: Sonia A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hirt
Title: The City Sustainable: Three Thoughts on “Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 383-384
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1213656
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1213656
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:383-384
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jaimee Lederman
Author-X-Name-First: Jaimee
Author-X-Name-Last: Lederman
Author-Name: Martin Wachs
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Wachs
Title: The Growing Role of Transportation Funding in Regional Habitat Conservation Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Regional conservation initiatives struggle to meet funding needs when complying with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1996 and need money early to pay for required planning and to acquire land to mitigate the impact of development. Transportation agencies struggle to comply with the ESA and have increasingly been willing to fund regional habitat conservation plans (RHCPs) to do so. We review documents from 22 RHCPs and interview representatives of 16 RHCPs to understand how transportation agencies have contributed to funding RHCPs. We find that transportation agencies mitigate their impacts and provide early and consistent financing to facilitate the planning process, help RHCPs establish initial conservation preserves, and allow RHCPs to capitalize on lower land prices during downturns in the development market. We only sample RHCPs in a few states, however, and these examples may not comply with laws in others. Many of the cases studied are recent; time is needed to assess their long-term success. We recommend further study to assess applications to sectors beyond transportation and beyond the areas we studied.Takeaway for practice: Transportation agencies have struggled to meet environmental requirements and habitat conservation agencies have typically considered transportation agencies threats to the environment. Where adversarial relationships can be overcome, partnerships between transportation and conservation programs can effectively finance habitat conservation while facilitating capital investments in transportation systems.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 350-362
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1214079
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1214079
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:350-362
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Scott D. Campbell
Author-X-Name-First: Scott D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell
Title: The Planner's Triangle Revisited: Sustainability and the Evolution of a Planning Ideal That Can't Stand Still
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 388-397
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1214080
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1214080
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:388-397
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caitlin S. Dyckman
Author-X-Name-First: Caitlin S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dyckman
Title: Sustaining the Commons: The Coercive to Cooperative, Resilient, and Adaptive Nature of State Comprehensive Water Planning Legislation
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: States need guidance to adopt comprehensive water planning legislation that can affect urban planning and built form. Current state legislation, however, may not yet incorporate emerging water resource paradigms that promote sustainable water management at the state and substate levels. Planners can improve existing state legislation, but need guidance on incorporating the latest thinking on resilience, adaptive capacity, and sustainable commons management. I identify the 26 states with comprehensive water planning legislation, and analyze that legislation using a new assessment tool that builds on the coercive versus cooperative metric (CvCA). I determine where each state's water planning legislation falls on a coercive versus cooperative spectrum, and the extent to which each state's legislation incorporates sustainable commons management (SCM) and social–ecological resilience (SER) mechanisms and attributes. Most of the 26 states with comprehensive water planning legislation balance coercive and cooperative approaches to achieve state and substate water plans, although research suggests that planning is most effective when legislation is more cooperative. Moreover, most have not codified SCM and SER mechanisms into state water planning legislation, suggesting that the plans that follow may lack the adaptive capacity to increase the resilience of the water system. Research limitations include the single data source and potential interpretive coding bias.Takeaway for practice: Planners can advocate for new or improved state water legislation that incorporates integral adaptive and resiliency concepts, encouraging states to include the fundamental features of the social–ecological system that lead to better water management.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 327-349
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1214537
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1214537
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:327-349
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa E. Schweitzer
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer
Title: Tracing the Justice Conversation After “Green Cities, Growing Cities”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 374-379
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1214538
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1214538
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:374-379
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Berke
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Berke
Title: Twenty Years After Campbell's Vision: Have We Achieved More Sustainable Cities?
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 380-382
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1214539
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1214539
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:380-382
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Megan S. Ryerson
Author-X-Name-First: Megan S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ryerson
Title: Incentivize It and They Will Come? How Some of the Busiest U.S. Airports Are Building Air Service With Incentive Programs
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: In the 1990s, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) prohibited airport sponsors (local authorities managing airports) from diverting airport revenue to general municipal budgets and allowed the busiest airports to create air service incentive programs (ASIPs) to induce airlines to launch new air service. These incentive programs have not been evaluated, although planners need information on their long-term effectiveness. Few data, however, are available on ASIP programs; I created a database to identify which airports have ASIPs, which new airline services received incentives, and the services that continued after incentives ended. I find that 26 of 44 airports with ASIPs that recruited new routes spent $171.5 million combined between 2012 and the first quarter of 2015, 40% on routes that were not retained when the incentive ended. The busiest airports in the largest cities with growing populations, relatively independent of local economic status, were most able to recruit and retain new airline services. Small and medium airports, particularly in stagnant areas, were not able to recruit and retain new air services.Takeaway for practice: The FAA should require airport sponsors to submit comprehensive information on their ASIP programs—the routes recruited and retained, as well as detailed estimates of the costs and benefits of each route—to provide planners with needed information. The FAA also should loosen the constraints on the use of non-aeronautical airport revenues so that communities can choose between spending on incentives to increase air service and other programs to increase local economic development.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 303-315
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1215257
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1215257
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:303-315
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hongwei Dong
Author-X-Name-First: Hongwei
Author-X-Name-Last: Dong
Title: If You Build Rail Transit in Suburbs, Will Development Come?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: There is little consensus about the effects of rail transit on residential development, especially in suburbs, despite high expectations. I revisit this issue by examining a “best case”: I test the impacts of rail transit on housing development around suburban rail stations in Portland (OR), a region with multiple supportive transit-oriented development policies. I conducted longitudinal analyses of housing development in quarter-mile catchment areas around 57 suburban rail transit stations in suburban Portland from 2004 to 2014, a longer time period than many previous studies, evaluating factors that helped station areas attract residential development. Housing developments, most multifamily, grew much faster in the quarter-mile catchment areas around suburban stations put into service in or before 2004 than the regional average. Areas around stations opened after 2004 have few residential developments. More residential development is associated with higher system ridership, more vacant land zoned for residential and mixed-use purposes, greater shares of nonresidential land, and higher shares of the White population. Faster density increases were associated with more vacant land zoned for high-density and mixed-use purposes.Takeaway for practice: Rail systems may need to be in operation longer to affect land use than the study periods in some previous research. Rail transit can guide suburban residential development in neighborhoods with enough vacant land, some nonresidential destinations, and appropriate zoning. Multiple supportive public policies and incentives appear to have a major impact, but may not be effective alone unless these preconditions are met.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 316-326
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1215258
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1215258
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:316-326
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 301-302
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1216219
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1216219
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:301-302
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Celebrating a Special Anniversary: A Time for Reflection
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 371-373
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1216221
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1216221
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:371-373
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eugenie L. Birch
Author-X-Name-First: Eugenie L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Birch
Title: A Midterm Report: Will Habitat III Make a Difference to the World's Urban Development?
Abstract:
In an exploration of the potential impact of Habitat III, the all–United Nations (U.N.) conference that meets every 20 years, I suggest that, in addition to government commitments, clear messaging and strong civic engagement are essential to its success. The basis for these critical elements is already in play, but is it strong enough? In answering this question, I discuss the treatment of cities and human settlements within the U.N. system, the legacies shaping the conference, and the views on sustainable urban development being put forth in its outcome document, the New Urban Agenda (NUA), arguing that the current draft NUA differs from its predecessors, leaving room for strengthening the required advocacy. I conclude with a short challenge to city and regional planners worldwide to become advocates.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 398-411
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1216326
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1216326
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:398-411
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 413-413
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1218731
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1218731
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:413-413
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Immergluck
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck
Title: , by Ryan Gravel
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 414-415
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1218732
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1218732
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:414-415
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlton Basmajian
Author-X-Name-First: Carlton
Author-X-Name-Last: Basmajian
Title: , by Carolyn T. Adams
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 415-416
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1218733
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1218733
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:415-416
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nico Larco
Author-X-Name-First: Nico
Author-X-Name-Last: Larco
Title: , by Robert Mantho
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 416-417
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1218734
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1218734
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:416-417
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: , by Edward J. Jepson, Jr., and Jerry Weitz
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 417-418
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1218735
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1218735
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:417-418
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ella J. Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Ella J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: , by U.S. Global Change Research Program
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 418-419
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1218736
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1218736
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:82:y:2016:i:4:p:418-419
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Editorial Board EOV
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: ebi-ebi
Issue: 4
Volume: 82
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1239982
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1239982
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Neuman
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Neuman
Title: The Image of the Institution
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: How do we make coherent urban plans in an incoherent institutional setting? How are institutions born, how do they evolve? Can they be meaningfully reformed? Or are they destined to bloat and muddle through? Using in situ interviews, document analysis, and participant observation, I investigate the role of urban plans in institutional design to address sociologist Talcott Parson's call for a theory of the dynamics of institutional change. Planners used images that they invented to build new and better planning institutions. Politicians used city and metropolitan planning as a political strategy to build the institutions of metropolitan and regional governance. Plan images were tools that coordinated spatial planning and urban policy. The institutional structure of urban planning and its governance is rooted in images of urban form that extend back several generations. These empirical findings formed the basis for a cognitive, lifecycle theory of institutional change. The cognitive component of the theory adds content to institutional theory, which had been based on structure and agency. The lifecycle component spans the gaps among existing theories of institutional evolution—incremental structuration, radical revolt, and institutional design—while incorporating lifecycle end points of creation and demise. Takeaway for practice: The plan matters because the images of place that are contained in plans not only guide the planning process and the development of territory; they also shape the entire institution of governance in which planning is situated. The role of the planners—to create the image of place—points to an important leadership quality, and to a key role for planning: institutional design. Research support: The J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board, the Program for Cultural Cooperation Between Spain's Ministry of Culture and United States Universities, the Catalonian Studies Program and the Center for German and European Studies at the University of California at Berkeley, the University of California Regents, and Texas A&M University.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 139-156
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.619464
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.619464
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:139-156
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marcial Echenique
Author-X-Name-First: Marcial
Author-X-Name-Last: Echenique
Author-Name: Anthony Hargreaves
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony
Author-X-Name-Last: Hargreaves
Author-Name: Gordon Mitchell
Author-X-Name-First: Gordon
Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell
Author-Name: Anil Namdeo
Author-X-Name-First: Anil
Author-X-Name-Last: Namdeo
Title: Growing Cities Sustainably
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: It is commonly asserted that so-called compact development is the urban form most able to sustainably accommodate growth by reducing travel distances and conserving land, but credible supportive evidence remains limited. This study rigorously and realistically tested the relative performance of spatial options over the next 30 years for three distinct kinds of English city regions. Statistical models first forecast the behavior of people within interacting markets for land and transport. These outputs were then fed to established simulation models to generate 26 indicators measuring the economic efficiency, resource use, social impact, and environmental impact of the spatial options. This permitted an explicit comparison of the costs and benefits of compact against sprawling urban forms for these regions. While the prototypes (i.e., compaction, sprawl, edge expansion, and new towns) were indeed found to differ in their sustainability, no one form was clearly superior. Rather, the change to “white collar” lifestyles and associated population growth dominates the impacts on the natural environment and resources, far overwhelming those attributable to spatial urban form. Takeaway for practice: Urban form policies can have important impacts on local environmental quality, economy, crowding, and social equity, but their influence on energy consumption and land use is very modest; compact development should not automatically be associated with the preferred spatial growth strategy. Research support: The research was funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Science Research Council.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 121-137
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.666731
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.666731
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:121-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 211-211
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.674874
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.674874
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:211-211
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Neuman
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Neuman
Title: A Review of “Companion to urban design”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 212-212
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.674876
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.674876
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:212-212
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Renne
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Renne
Title: A Review of “Collaborative resilience; Moving through crisis to opportunity”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 213-213
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.674877
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.674877
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:213-213
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown
Title: A Review of “Port cities; Dynamic landscapes and global networks”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 213-214
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.674880
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.674880
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:213-214
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elizabeth Currid-Halkett
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Currid-Halkett
Title: A Review of “Art and the city; Civic imagination and cultural authority in Los Angeles”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 214-215
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.674881
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.674881
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:214-215
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Howell Baum
Author-X-Name-First: Howell
Author-X-Name-Last: Baum
Title: A Review of “The integration debate; Competing futures for American cities”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 215-216
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.674882
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.674882
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:215-216
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: A Review of “The community land trust reader”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 216-217
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.674885
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.674885
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:216-217
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jerry Weitz
Author-X-Name-First: Jerry
Author-X-Name-Last: Weitz
Title: A Review of “Growth management and public land acquisition; Balancing conservation and development”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 217-218
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.674886
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.674886
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:217-218
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ashwani Vasishth
Author-X-Name-First: Ashwani
Author-X-Name-Last: Vasishth
Title: A Review of “A planner's encounter with complexity”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 218-219
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.674887
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.674887
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:218-219
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan Levine
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Levine
Author-Name: Joe Grengs
Author-X-Name-First: Joe
Author-X-Name-Last: Grengs
Author-Name: Qingyun Shen
Author-X-Name-First: Qingyun
Author-X-Name-Last: Shen
Author-Name: Qing Shen
Author-X-Name-First: Qing
Author-X-Name-Last: Shen
Title: Does Accessibility Require Density or Speed?
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: Advocates of accessibility as a transportation performance metric often assert that it requires higher density. Conversely, traditional transportation planning methods have valued speed per se as an indicator of success in transportation. In examining these claims, we make two methodological innovations. The first is a new intermetropolitan gravity-based accessibility metric. Second, we decompose the impact of density on accessibility to highlight the distinct opposing influences of speed and proximity in a manner that illustrates different families of relationships between these two factors. This reveals that denser metropolitan regions have slower travel speeds but greater origin-destination proximity. The former effect tends to degrade accessibility while the latter tends to enhance it. Despite theoretical reasons to expect that the speed effect dominates, results suggest that the proximity effect dominates, rendering the denser metropolitan areas more accessible. Takeaway for practice: Having destinations nearby, as when densities are high, offers benefits even when the associated congestion slows traffic. Where land use policy frequently seeks to support low-development densities in part in an attempt to maintain travel speeds and forestall traffic congestion, our findings suggest that compact development can often improve transportation outcomes. Research support: Environmental Protection Agency project RD-83334901-0, FHWA Cooperative Agreement Number: DTFH61-07-H-00037, and the Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute at the University of Michigan.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 157-172
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.677119
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.677119
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:157-172
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dietmar Offenhuber
Author-X-Name-First: Dietmar
Author-X-Name-Last: Offenhuber
Author-Name: David Lee
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Malima Wolf
Author-X-Name-First: Malima
Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf
Author-Name: Santi Phithakkitnukoon
Author-X-Name-First: Santi
Author-X-Name-Last: Phithakkitnukoon
Author-Name: Assaf Biderman
Author-X-Name-First: Assaf
Author-X-Name-Last: Biderman
Author-Name: Carlo Ratti
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Ratti
Title: Putting Matter in Place
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: Reliable information on trash disposal is crucial but becomes difficult as waste removal chains grow increasingly complex. Lack of firm data on the spatial behavior of waste hampers effective recycling strategy design. In particular, the environmental impact of electronic and household hazardous waste is poorly understood. Our study investigates waste processing in an environmental, economic, and geographic context, using novel methods to track municipal solid waste in the city of Seattle (WA). We observed the movement of 2,000 discarded items using attached active GPS sensors, recording an unprecedented spatial dataset of waste trajectories. We both qualitatively identified facilities visited along each item's trajectory, then statistical modeled characteristic transportation distance and the likelihood of ending up at a specific type of facility by product categories, place of disposal, and collection mechanism. We show that a) electronic and household hazardous waste items travel significantly longer and have more arbitrary trajectories than other types of waste and b) that existing models for waste emissions may underestimate the environmental impact of transportation by not accounting for very long trajectories. Takeaway for practice: Transportation costs and emissions may diminish the value of recycling. Collection strategies deserve closer attention given the long distances over which they operate. Electronic tracking could provide data for evaluating waste management systems. Research support: Waste Management, Qualcomm, Sprint, and the New York Architectural League provided material support for this study.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 173-196
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.677120
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.677120
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:173-196
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jiawen Yang
Author-X-Name-First: Jiawen
Author-X-Name-Last: Yang
Author-Name: Steven French
Author-X-Name-First: Steven
Author-X-Name-Last: French
Author-Name: James Holt
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Author-Name: Xingyou Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Xingyou
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Title: Measuring the Structure of U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1970–2000
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: Metropolitan planning organizations attempt to shape urban form at the regional and metropolitan scale, including the pattern of suburban centers. How do these efforts change behavior? Our study informs that question by way of a new family of urban form metrics summarizing the polycentric structure of U.S. metropolitan areas. Using a spatial statistical approach, these measures are sensitive to the size, amount, and location of suburban centers. The article then tests the influence of these structures on commute times nationally from 1970 to 2000. Takeaway for practice: The influence of development densities on travel in sprawling regions is more complicated than previously understood or measured. While the level of both neighborhood density and regional density explain average commuting times, density also works relatively. The spatial variation of density, the density of suburban centers relative to the region, and the spatial distribution of high-density nodes each appear to play distinct roles in influencing travel. Research support: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Institute for Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 197-209
Issue: 2
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.677382
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.677382
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:2:p:197-209
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Drummond
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Drummond
Title: Statehouse Versus Greenhouse
Abstract: Problem: In the absence of U.S. federal action to address the problem of climate change, a diverse array of nonfederal policy entrepreneurs and climate action planners has produced an impressive body of plans and policies to fight climate change at the regional, state, and local levels. Their actions are highly laudable, but have they actually reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions? Purpose: This article evaluates the work of a group of innovative state-level policy entre-preneurs whose actions were chronicled by Barry Rabe, and a set of 29 state climate action plans systematically analyzed by Stephen Wheeler. It compares states with and without climate policy entrepreneurs and states with and without climate action plans, asks if either plans or entrepreneurs have been successful in reducing CO2 emissions, and identifies the elements within plans that are associated with the greatest reductions. Methods: The analysis uses multiple regression models to explain changes in per capita CO2 emissions attributable to residen-tial, commercial, transportation, and total nonindustrial end users from 1990 to 2007. A package of control variables accounts for political, social, climatic, economic, and urban form factors, while policy variables isolate the effects of climate policy entrepre-neurs, climate action planners, and specific policy recommendations within climate action plans. Results and conclusions: State-level climate actions reduce GHG emissions by a measurable but modest amount: about one half metric ton per person per year. This represents 2–3% of the average American's 24-ton annual total GHG emissions. The reduction is small in comparison to the magnitude of the problem, but a substantial tax increase or population shift away from sprawling areas would be necessary to achieve the same reduction. specific policies I find to be associated with lower emissions include: building efficiency in both residential and commercial sectors, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) policies in the commercial sector, and California's vehicle efficiency standards in the transportation sector. Takeaway for practice: It is encouraging that we can already identify emission reduc-tions related to state climate action. However, the observed reductions remain small com-pared to the scope of the problem. These findings should persuade states without plans to begin the planning process while encourag-ing states with plans to encourage more entrepreneurship aimed at developing a second generation of policy options for stabilizing our planet's climate with or without federal action. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 413-433
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.499537
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.499537
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:413-433
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Daniels
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Daniels
Title: Integrating Forest Carbon Sequestration Into a Cap-and-Trade Program to Reduce Net CO Emissions
Abstract: Problem: Most research on planning to mitigate climate change has focused on reducing CO2 emissions from coal-fıred power plants or the transportation sector. The contribution of forests to lowering net CO2 emissions has largely been overlooked. U.S. forests already offset about one eighth of the nation's annual CO2 emissions and have the potential to offset more, all at a relatively low cost. It will not be easy to integrate forest carbon sequestration into a cap-and-trade program to reduce net CO2 emissions, however. Purpose: I explore what forest land use planning, forestry management practices, and land preservation strategies would be required to integrate forest carbon seques-tration into a cap-and- trade program, and explain the role planning and planners can play in promoting forest carbon seques-tration. Methods: The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative is a 10-state cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fıred power plants in the northeastern United States. It provides a case study of how forest carbon sequestration can be included in a cap-and-trade program. Meanwhile, California has devised certifıable carbon credits from forestland. I analyze both approaches and generalize from them. Results and conclusions: To promote forest carbon sequestration through a cap-and-trade program will require ensuring the permanence of CO2 reductions, minimizing leakage from forestland conversion, and obtaining prices for carbon offsets that are high enough to induce forestland owners to participate in the program and offer them for sale. The capital needed to purchase and monitor permanent forest conservation easements as well as to provide a stream of annual income for timberland owners may require a national system of carbon credits. Ideally, the easements would be set up in advance through investments by govern-ment or nonprofıts, so that landowners will be ready to sell credits when they are demanded. Takeaway for practice: A cap-and-trade system could be a cost-effective way to lower net CO2 emissions if it included certifıable, tradable credits from forestland preservation and management, and if the price of carbon credits were high enough to induce forest landowners to offer credits. To promote forest carbon sequestration, planners in rural areas should work with the local, state, and federal governments and nonprofıt land trusts to zone forestland at low densities, to preserve forest land through acquiring conservation ease ments, and to fashion forest management plans that ensure long cycles of timber harvesting. Planners in metropolitan areas should promote tree planting and tree retention ordinances to protect, expand, and manage urban forests to absorb greenhouse gases. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 463-475
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.499830
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.499830
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:463-475
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Louise Bedsworth
Author-X-Name-First: Louise
Author-X-Name-Last: Bedsworth
Author-Name: Ellen Hanak
Author-X-Name-First: Ellen
Author-X-Name-Last: Hanak
Title: Adaptation to Climate Change
Abstract: Problem: Even if significant reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions are achieved, some amount of climate change appears to be inevitable. Local, regional, state, and federal planning and regulation should begin to address how to adapt to these changes. Purpose: This article presents a policy synthesis of adaptation planning issues, using California as a case study. We examine the institutional and regulatory challenges and tradeoffs that climate change poses in six particularly vulnerable areas: water resources, electricity, coastal resources, air quality, public health, and ecosystem resources. We discuss obstacles to adaptation planning and successes overcoming these barriers, and suggest how planning can incorporate adaptation. Methods: This article presents a policy synthesis of adaptation planning issues, drawing on our recent research on California's experience and related literature. We summarize the results of six studies that draw on quantitative and qualitative information gathered through surveys, interviews, and literature review. Results and conclusions: Planners should use forward-looking climate data that include higher water and air temperatures, sea-level rise, and increased numbers of extreme events like heat waves, floods, and wildfires when making decisions about future development, infrastructure investments, open-space protection, and disaster preparedness. Climate change will exacerbate conflicts between goals for economic development, habitat protection, and public safety, requiring stronger interagency coordination and new laws and regulations. Takeaway for practice: Local and regional planners can help society adapt to a changing climate by using the best available science, deciding on goals and early actions, locating relevant partners, identifying and eliminating regulatory barriers, and encouraging the introduction of new state mandates and guidelines. Research support: Partial support for this research was provided by Pacific Gas and Electric, The Nature Conservancy, and Next 10.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 477-495
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.502047
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.502047
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:477-495
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Boswell
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Boswell
Author-Name: Adrienne Greve
Author-X-Name-First: Adrienne
Author-X-Name-Last: Greve
Author-Name: Tammy Seale
Author-X-Name-First: Tammy
Author-X-Name-Last: Seale
Title: An Assessment of the Link Between Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories and Climate Action Plans
Abstract: Problem: Basing local climate action plans on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories has become standard practice for communities that want to address the problem of climate change. Communities use GHG emissions inventories to develop policy despite the fact that there has been little theoretical work on the implications of the assumptions embedded within them. Purpose: We identify elements and assumptions in emissions inventories that have important policy implications for climate action plan formulation, aiming to help planners make informed, defensible choices, and to refine future GHG emissions inventory protocols and climate action planning methods. Methods: We conducted a content analysis of 30 city climate action plans selected as a stratified random sample. We collected data on 70 different factors and used summary and trend statements, typologies, and descriptive statistics to link our findings to our research questions. Results and conclusions: Climate action plans obviously vary in many details, but most contain all of the core GHG emissions elements suggested in common protocols. We found GHG emissions inventories to be technically accurate but found their reduction targets to fall short of international targets. We also found exogenous change and uncertainty to be unaccounted for in emissions forecasts and reduction targets. The plans generally do a poor job of linking mitigation actions to reduction targets. Takeaway for practice: GHG emissions inventories supporting climate action planning are reasonably standardized, but documentation of data and assumptions should be improved and GHG reduction targets should be justified. The effect of future changes that are beyond the direct control of the community plan should be accounted for in GHG emissions forecasts and reduction targets. Rapid anticipated population growth should be acknowledged and taken into account, both in GHG emissions forecasts and in setting reduction targets. Effects of mitigation may be difficult to predict reliably, yet can be partly offset by effective monitoring that evaluates progress and changes course when necessary. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 451-462
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.503313
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.503313
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:451-462
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Meyer
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer
Title: Greenhouse Gas and Climate Change Assessment
Abstract: Problem: Mitigating the production of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and developing strategies to prepare for changes in climate is an important challenge to the transportation planning profession. Purpose: This article identifies the research needed to inform planning practice on the relationship between transportation and climate change. Methods: I chaired the panel that prepared a recent Transportation Research Board special report on research needs related to reducing GHG emissions from the transportation sector and adapting transportation systems to climate change. The report considered needs both for short-term policy guidance and for longer-term research into fundamental relationships between GHG emissions, climate change, and transportation. Here, I review those findings and highlight the questions of greatest importance to planning. Results and conclusions: Additional research is needed on: the range of GHG impacts; how and whether to consider indirect GHG impacts; the sensitivity of GHG emission estimates to variations in critical assumptions; the range of GHG reduction strategies that should normally be analyzed; the level of GHG analysis appropriate for small-scale planning studies; whether to use lifecycle or operational GHG; how to define a preferred scenario; the extent to which reducing GHG emissions affects other goals and priorities; and the costs and tradeoffs associated with options for mitigating GHG emissions. This research should yield policy direction for planning practice on: how to rank GHG reduction compared to other transportation goals; what state or federal requirements for GHG planning will be and how they will relate to regional and local policy goals and constraints; what new information analysis and evaluation should produce; what changes will be needed in data collection, models, and methodologies to yield this; and whether changes will be needed in interagency consultation and public involvement. Takeaway for practice: I recommend a comprehensive research program that addresses these questions, reduces uncertainty about relationships between transportation and GHG emissions, and informs planners and others about the consequences of potential transportation strategies. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 402-412
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.504808
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.504808
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:402-412
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Call for Papers
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 525-526
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.505867
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.505867
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:525-526
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heather Campbell
Author-X-Name-First: Heather
Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell
Title: A Review of “Investing in Democracy: Engaging Citizens in Collaborative Governance”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 513-514
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508379
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508379
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:513-514
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lewis Friedland
Author-X-Name-First: Lewis
Author-X-Name-Last: Friedland
Title: A Review of “Democracy as Problem Solving: Civic Capacity in Communities Across the Globe”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 514-515
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508381
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508381
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:514-515
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Beth Offenbacker
Author-X-Name-First: Beth
Author-X-Name-Last: Offenbacker
Title: A Review of “Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 515-515
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508386
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508386
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:515-515
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Hathorne
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Hathorne
Title: A Review of “Urban Design Reclaimed: Tools, Techniques, and Strategies for Planners”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 516-516
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508389
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508389
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:516-516
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arthur Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Arthur
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Title: A Review of “From Sprawl to Sustainability: Smart Growth, New Urbanism, Green Development, and Renewable Energy (2nd ed.)”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 516-517
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508390
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508390
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:516-517
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Nyden
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Nyden
Title: A Review of “An Introduction to Community Development”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 517-518
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508392
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508392
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:517-518
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Greg Griffin
Author-X-Name-First: Greg
Author-X-Name-Last: Griffin
Title: A Review of “Pedal Power: The Quiet Rise of the Bicycle in American Public Life”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 518-519
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508396
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508396
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:518-519
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Armando Carbonell
Author-X-Name-First: Armando
Author-X-Name-Last: Carbonell
Title: A Review of “Planning for Climate Change: Strategies for Mitigation and Adaption for Spatial Planners”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 519-520
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508400
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508400
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:519-520
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kathryn Lawler
Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn
Author-X-Name-Last: Lawler
Title: A Review of “Toward the Healthy City: People, Places, and the Politics of Urban Planning”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 520-521
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508401
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508401
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:520-521
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria DaCosta
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: DaCosta
Title: A Review of “The New Economy of the Inner City: Restructuring, Regeneration and Dislocation in the Twenty-First-Century Metropolis”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 521-522
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508403
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508403
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:521-522
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mellini Sloan
Author-X-Name-First: Mellini
Author-X-Name-Last: Sloan
Title: A Review of “Green Urbanism Down Under: Learning From Sustainable Communities in Australia”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 522-523
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508407
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508407
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:522-523
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: A Review of “City in Sight: Dutch Dealings with Urban Change”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 523-524
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508410
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508410
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:523-524
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jiawen Yang
Author-X-Name-First: Jiawen
Author-X-Name-Last: Yang
Title: A Review of “Conceptions of Space and Place in Strategic Spatial Planning”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 524-524
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508413
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508413
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:524-524
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ray Quay
Author-X-Name-First: Ray
Author-X-Name-Last: Quay
Title: Anticipatory Governance
Abstract: Problem: Human and natural systems will probably have to adapt to climate change impacts, but this cannot be planned for using the traditional approach based on predictions because of the subject's great complexity, its planning horizon more than 50 years away, and uncertainty about the future climate and how effectively CO2 emissions will be reduced. Purpose: This article proposes a more appropriate basis for planning climate change adaptation. Anticipatory governance is a flexible decision framework that uses a wide range of possible futures to prepare for change and to guide current decisions toward maximizing future alternatives or minimizing future threats. Rather than trying to tame or ignore uncertainty, this approach explores uncertainty and its implications for current and future decision making. Methods: I review and summarize the literature on anticipatory governance and provide three case studies to demonstrate its application to climate change planning. Results and conclusions: Denver Water, New York City, and the City of Phoenix are all using scenarios to anticipate the range of global climate changes that may impact their communities and to develop adaptation strategies to address these impacts. Each is developing a decision framework for implementing adaptation strategies incrementally based on climate monitoring. An incremental approach minimizes the resources that must be allocated to address these risks and has allowed these cities to plan in spite of the high uncertainty associated with climate change science and social change. Takeaway for practice: The complexity, uncertainty, and distant planning horizon associated with climate change cannot be managed sufficiently for the traditional predict-and-plan approach to yield good decisions about the significant social and capital investments likely to be required for adaptation. To be successful, social institutions must embrace new methods that explore uncertainty and that provide strategic guidance for current and future decisions. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 496-511
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.508428
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.508428
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:496-511
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ellen Bassett
Author-X-Name-First: Ellen
Author-X-Name-Last: Bassett
Author-Name: Vivek Shandas
Author-X-Name-First: Vivek
Author-X-Name-Last: Shandas
Title: Innovation and Climate Action Planning
Abstract: Problem: Cities play a fundamental role in the production of greenhouse gases and, as a result, are places where proactive mitigation and adaptation can occur. While increasing numbers of municipalities have revised or developed climate action plans (CAPs), our understanding of the impetus to plan for the climate challenge, processes for creating climate plans, and their resultant form remains limited. Purpose: We analyzed municipal CAPs to understand both their processes and their products, including the extent to which they represent innovation in planning. We ask the following questions: 1) Why do localities decide to undertake climate action planning, and what are the plans’ chief drivers and obstacles? 2) How have localities structured their climate action planning processes? 3) How frequently are particular types of actions included in local CAPs, and how do localities determine which to adopt? Methods: We read and evaluated the content of 20 CAPs from municipalities of a range of sizes and locations using a scoring matrix, reconciling coding differences. We also interviewed 16 individuals associated with 15 of the plans and coded notes from these interviews to identify themes relevant to the processes of plan development. Results and conclusions: There is great diversity in what constitutes a CAP. Some plans are motivational documents, while others are extremely detailed implementation plans with concrete goals, clear objectives, and well-reasoned methods. The decision to prepare a CAP reflects the existence of local political will and leadership, which also influences the planning processes used, the form of the resultant plan, and the actions it identifies. We found CAPs to rely heavily on well-known land use and transportation solutions to the climate challenge such as enhanced transit, compact community design, and green building codes, to be implemented both by local government and the broader community. Informants reported that their CAPs favored actions that were highly visible (e.g., tree planting) or produced immediate results (e.g., energy or cost savings from weatherization). Takeaway for practice: The CAPs we studied were special-purpose plans, and planning departments and planning commissions were not central to plan development in the majority of cases reviewed here. We advise professional planners to involve themselves more in CAP processes. Research support: We obtained funding for this project through a faculty enhancement grant from Portland State University.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 435-450
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.509703
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.509703
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:435-450
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Forthcoming in : Winter 2011
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 528-528
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.511554
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.511554
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:528-528
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Randall Crane
Author-X-Name-First: Randall
Author-X-Name-Last: Crane
Author-Name: John Landis
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Landis
Title: Introduction to the Special Issue
Abstract: Problem: The planet appears to be warming in a complex, highly unpredictable, unplanned-for pattern. Purpose: We briefly describe the seven articles and survey the topic of this special issue, framing it using both climate science and policy analysis. Methods: We review definitions and discuss known explanations and planning strategies. Results and conclusions: Planning for climate change differs from traditional urban planning in that we lack knowledge and experience about the efficacy of particular responses and that, without collective efforts, responses by individual municipalities, states, and even countries are likely to be ineffective. This combination of uncertainty and interdependency makes climate change a wicked problem. Takeaway for practice: Planners are relatively uninformed about whether and how particular climate change mitigation and adaptation responses are likely to work. Given this, we argue that planners’ experiences in dealing with uncertainty and contingent and collective actions positions them well to formulate and implement effective climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 389-401
Issue: 4
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.512036
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.512036
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:4:p:389-401
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mee Kam Ng
Author-X-Name-First: Mee Kam
Author-X-Name-Last: Ng
Title: John Friedmann’s “Radical” Legacy in Asia’s World City, Hong Kong
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 197-199
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1424558
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1424558
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:197-199
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Keith Pezzoli
Author-X-Name-First: Keith
Author-X-Name-Last: Pezzoli
Title: Civic Infrastructure for Neighborhood Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 191-193
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1424559
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1424559
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:191-193
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hemalata C. Dandekar
Author-X-Name-First: Hemalata C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dandekar
Title: Delineating the Shape of Planning Practice: John Friedmann’s Legacy
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 193-197
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1425630
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1425630
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:193-197
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bish Sanyal
Author-X-Name-First: Bish
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanyal
Title: A Planners’ Planner: John Friedmann’s Quest for a General Theory of Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 179-191
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1427616
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1427616
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:179-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 201-201
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1429754
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1429754
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:201-201
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David P. Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: Navigating Ethnicity: Segregation, Placemaking, and Difference, by David H. Kaplan
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 201-202
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1429755
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1429755
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:201-202
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wei Zhai
Author-X-Name-First: Wei
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhai
Title: How to Kill a City: Gentrification, Inequality, and the Fight for the Neighborhood, by Peter Moskowitz
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 203-203
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1429760
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1429760
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:203-203
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katherine Idziorek
Author-X-Name-First: Katherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Idziorek
Title: Messy Urbanism: Understanding the “Other” Cities of Asia, edited by Manish Chalana and Jeffrey Hou
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 203-204
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1429761
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1429761
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:203-204
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sheryl-Ann Simpson
Author-X-Name-First: Sheryl-Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Simpson
Title: Planning Canada: A Case Study Approach, edited by Ren Thomas
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 205-205
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1429762
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1429762
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:205-205
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Duncan
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan
Title: Bike Boom: The Unexpected Resurgence of Cycling, by Carlton Reid
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 206-206
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1429763
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1429763
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:206-206
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michelle Annette Meyer
Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Annette
Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer
Author-Name: Marccus D. Hendricks
Author-X-Name-First: Marccus D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hendricks
Title: Using Photography to Assess Housing Damage and Rebuilding Progress for Disaster Recovery Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: U.S. communities rarely plan for recovery after a disaster, but planners have the skills to help communities redevelop, particularly in rebuilding housing, a key to community recovery. Planners, however, need appropriate and timely data on initial damage and rebuilding over time to apply for available funding, determine needs for temporary housing, address equity issues, develop appropriate policy interventions, track progress, and communicate transparently with all stakeholders. There is no accepted cost-effective and systematic method of providing those data. We developed a scalable method in which we photograph and assess the extent of home damage and rebuilding by reorienting existing damage assessment methods to provide data that can be linked to GIS and other local data to meet planning needs. We test the utility of our approach in West (TX), the site of a catastrophic fertilizer facility explosion in 2013. We compare our damage assessments to county property tax reappraisals after the disaster, finding that our approach is more accurate, generally identifying less damage and greater rebuilding than the county assumed. We conclude that our method improves on windshield surveys and other suggested methods of collecting damage and rebuilding data; it can provide efficient assessments of damage and rebuilding in technological disasters.Takeaway for practice: We created a simple and cost-effective method of assessing initial damage to homes after a disaster and of measuring the extent of rebuilding. This method provides photos and easy-to-understand data that planners can use to meet multiple reporting requirements, to reassess redevelopment strategies, and to report progress to stakeholders.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 127-144
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1430606
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1430606
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:127-144
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nader Afzalan
Author-X-Name-First: Nader
Author-X-Name-Last: Afzalan
Author-Name: Brian Muller
Author-X-Name-First: Brian
Author-X-Name-Last: Muller
Title: Online Participatory Technologies: Opportunities and Challenges for Enriching Participatory Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planning organizations are increasingly using online technologies for public engagement, but there is dispute about their value in enriching public engagement. We explore an interdisciplinary literature on the capability of online participatory tools (OPTs) to respond to the goals of participatory planning. Proponents argue that OPTs can help attract more citizens, engage a more diverse population, disseminate information more broadly, gather local knowledge, and facilitate consensus building. Skeptics argue that OPTs can intensify social injustice and an unequal distribution of power as well as create or exacerbate privacy, security, and data management issues. We critically examine the pros and cons of OPTs, assess their potential role in facilitating public engagement, and provide guidelines for their implementation. These results are time sensitive because of the rapidly changing environment of digital technologies.Takeaway for practice: There are still many unresolved questions about the benefits of OPTs. Research suggests that they can at times be effective in addressing goals of public participation, such as inclusive planning, consensus building, learning from local knowledge, and mobilizing social action. Their effectiveness depends significantly on implementation, however. Integrating online participation strategies with the overall participation process and other digital infrastructures within the organization may foster their effectiveness. Planners collaborating with formal or informal learning networks or related professionals can facilitate the effective use of OPTs within their own organizations. Additional information is needed on which OPTs are most appropriate in which planning environments, how well OPTs meet a range of major participatory objectives, how to make trade-offs between OPTs and face-to-face methods, and the best managerial structures for ensuring their effective use.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 162-177
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1434010
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1434010
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:162-177
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Linda C. Dalton
Author-X-Name-First: Linda C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dalton
Author-Name: Amir H. Hajrasouliha
Author-X-Name-First: Amir H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hajrasouliha
Author-Name: William W. Riggs
Author-X-Name-First: William W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Riggs
Title: State of the Art in Planning for College and University Campuses: Site Planning and Beyond
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Colleges and universities have been planning their campuses for centuries, yet scholars have conducted little empirical research regarding the nature of campus planning in the United States. We review recent scholarship on campus planning, discovering that it is dominated by case studies (sometimes in edited collections) and some comparative studies. In this review we organize the literature into 3 geographic scales: the campus per se (or campus park), the campus–community interface, and the larger campus district. The literature addresses 5 topics: land use, design, sustainability, economic development, and collaboration. Most of the studies focus on research-oriented universities in metropolitan locations. The literature emphasizes how campus master planning can support student learning, how design and building guidelines can make a campus more cohesive, and how campuses are adopting sustainable development and operations. At the campus–community interface, the research documents how some colleges and universities have expanded beyond their traditional boundaries, invested in local economic development, and worked with their communities to improve transportation and reduce environmental impacts. Studies of campus district planning emphasize community adoption of development regulations and code enforcement procedures to reduce the impact of students living in nearby neighborhoods. The literature stresses the importance of partnerships, collaboration, and enhanced communications between the university and the community.Takeaway for practice: University planners should continue to focus on site design that reinforces student learning and environmental sustainability and on community interface planning that supports economic development and reduces environmental impacts. City planners should expand campus district planning to address a broad array of issues and opportunities. Both university and city planners should facilitate collaboration between their institutions. Scholars should study a wide range of colleges and universities, including 2-year as well as 4-year institutions and those in nonurban settings.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 145-161
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1435300
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1435300
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:145-161
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Introduction: John Friedmann and Links to Planning Practice
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 178-179
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1437241
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1437241
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:178-179
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carolyn McAndrews
Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn
Author-X-Name-Last: McAndrews
Author-Name: Sara Tabatabaie
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Tabatabaie
Author-Name: Jill S. Litt
Author-X-Name-First: Jill S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Litt
Title: Motivations and Strategies for Bicycle Planning in Rural, Suburban, and Low-Density Communities: The Need for New Best Practices
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Many planners view bicycles as a critical component of sustainable urban transportation, but assumptions about cycling derived from urban places may not translate to the social, political, and built environment contexts outside of cities. Our study focuses on the motivations and strategies that rural, small, and low-density (RSLD) communities have for investing in bicycle systems; our goal was to learn what kind of technical assistance such communities might need to realize their cycling goals. We conducted in-depth interviews in 10 communities that received grants from a Kaiser Permanente program in Colorado to increase cycling.Takeaway for practice: These 10 cases present a conflict between a recreational or quality-of-life approach to increasing cycling in RSLD communities and a transportation approach more common in urban areas, which stresses the use of cycling to supplement or replace auto travel for purposive trips. Most RSLD cities did not have the political or cultural support to plan for and begin constructing major cycling infrastructure for either recreational or transportation cycling. Most need best practices to educate local stakeholders on the value of cycling to support economic development, increase tourism, and improve property values without significantly reducing auto access. Planners in RSLD places also need special guidance for addressing the needs of riders with diverse environmental values and those from disadvantaged communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 99-111
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1438849
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1438849
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:99-111
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jason R. Jurjevich
Author-X-Name-First: Jason R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jurjevich
Author-Name: Amy L. Griffin
Author-X-Name-First: Amy L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Griffin
Author-Name: Seth E. Spielman
Author-X-Name-First: Seth E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Spielman
Author-Name: David C. Folch
Author-X-Name-First: David C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Folch
Author-Name: Meg Merrick
Author-X-Name-First: Meg
Author-X-Name-Last: Merrick
Author-Name: Nicholas N. Nagle
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nagle
Title: Navigating Statistical Uncertainty: How Urban and Regional Planners Understand and Work With American Community Survey (ACS) Data for Guiding Policy
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The American Community Survey (ACS) is a crucial source of sociodemographic data for planners. Since ACS data are estimates rather than actual counts, they contain a degree of statistical uncertainty—referred to as margin of error (MOE)—that planners must navigate when using these data. The statistical uncertainty is magnified when one is working with data for small areas or subgroups of the population or cross-tabulating demographic characteristics. We interviewed (n = 7) and surveyed (n = 200) planners and find that many do not understand the statistical uncertainty in ACS data, find it difficult to communicate statistical uncertainty to stakeholders, and avoid reporting MOEs altogether. These practices may conflict with planners’ ethical obligations under the AICP Code of Ethics to disclose information in a clear and direct way.Takeaway for practice: We argue that the planning academy should change its curriculum requirements and that the profession should improve professional development training to ensure planners understand data uncertainty and convey it to users. We suggest planners follow 5 guidelines when using ACS data: Report MOEs, indicate when they are not reporting MOEs, provide context for the level of statistical reliability, consider alternatives for reducing statistical uncertainty, and always conduct statistical tests when comparing ACS estimates.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 112-126
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1440182
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1440182
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:112-126
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 97-98
Issue: 2
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1444896
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1444896
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:2:p:97-98
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Abstract:
This issue is a meaningful one for me because a special section honors David Godschalk, a great scholar, researcher, practicing planner, and teacher who served as Editor of JAPA from 1968 through 1971. Godschalk died in January 2018; many of his former students and colleagues, all accomplished academics and practitioners themselves, immediately asked if they could do a special section of the journal honoring him. JAPA is clearly the right place to do so because he remained an active member of the Editorial Board until just months before his death, because he cared deeply about the journal, and because so much of his work is foundational for both planning practitioners and academics. He was, moreover, the Editor with the intelligence and good sense to publish an atypical article in 1969: Sherry Arnstein’s “Ladder of Citizen Participation.”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 1-6
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1560215
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1560215
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:1-6
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip R. Berke
Author-X-Name-First: Philip R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Berke
Author-Name: Daniel A. Rodriguez
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodriguez
Title: David Godschalk
Abstract:
David R. Godschalk, professor emeritus in the Department of City and Regional Planning at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, passed away in early 2018. In this essay we reflect on Dave’s planning scholarship and practice. We discuss his main contributions in 4 prominent areas. First is the importance of public participation and collaboration for the planning and governance of communities. He argued for democratizing and recasting public participation, with planners working alongside community members coproducing plans and incorporating uncertainty, new information, and different viewpoints. Second is Dave’s focus on the tenets of the comprehensive plan and its core element, the land use plan. In the plan, central principles of livable urban forms and model planning processes can be integrated and translated to practice. With academic collaborators and practitioners he pioneered theoretical and empirical research on what constitutes a high-quality plan, a fundamental question at the heart of planning. Third is his research demonstrating how spatial planning can be used for hazard mitigation and urban resilience. This work forged a new generation of planning academics and practitioners who focused on hazard plans for predisaster mitigation and postdisaster recovery at multiple governmental levels. Finally, fourth is his personal involvement in planning-related institutions that he helped create, lead, or steer. In his various roles as scholar, teacher, mentor, collaborator, supervisor, planning director, and elected official, Dave touched the lives of many who now build on his contributions in creating better communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 7-15
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1541423
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1541423
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:7-15
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zorica Nedović-Budić
Author-X-Name-First: Zorica
Author-X-Name-Last: Nedović-Budić
Title: Finding the Missing Link: Reflections on David Godschalk’s Contribution to the Role of Computerized Information Systems in Urban Planning and Growth Management
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 16-17
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1521734
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1521734
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:16-17
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jim Schwab
Author-X-Name-First: Jim
Author-X-Name-Last: Schwab
Title: David Godschalk, an Indispensable Resource
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 17-18
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1522965
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1522965
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:17-18
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yan Song
Author-X-Name-First: Yan
Author-X-Name-Last: Song
Author-Name: Zhendong Luo
Author-X-Name-First: Zhendong
Author-X-Name-Last: Luo
Title: Reflections on David Godschalk’s Contribution to Comprehensive Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 18-19
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1526646
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1526646
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:18-19
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruce Stiftel
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce
Author-X-Name-Last: Stiftel
Title: With, Not For: Dave Godschalk and Citizen Participation
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 19-21
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1521736
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1521736
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:19-21
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Larry Susskind
Author-X-Name-First: Larry
Author-X-Name-Last: Susskind
Title: Reflections on David Godschalk’s Contributions to Planning as Consensus Building
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 21-22
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1521735
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1521735
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:21-22
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shannon Van Zandt
Author-X-Name-First: Shannon
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Zandt
Title: The Case for Planners as Disaster Specialists
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 22-23
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1522966
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1522966
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:22-23
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sherry R. Arnstein
Author-X-Name-First: Sherry R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Arnstein
Title: A Ladder of Citizen Participation
Abstract:
The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control,” and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens’ power in determining the plan and/or program.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 24-34
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:24-34
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Greg P. Griffin
Author-X-Name-First: Greg P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Griffin
Author-Name: Junfeng Jiao
Author-X-Name-First: Junfeng
Author-X-Name-Last: Jiao
Title: Crowdsourcing Bike Share Station Locations
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planners increasingly involve stakeholders in co-producing vital planning information by crowdsourcing data using online map-based commenting platforms. Few studies, however, investigate the role and impact of such online platforms on planning outcomes. We evaluate the impact of participant input via a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), a platform to suggest the placement of new bike share stations in New York City (NY) and Chicago (IL). We conducted 2 analyses to evaluate how close planners built new bike share stations to those suggested on PPGIS platforms. According to our proximity analysis, only a small percentage of built stations were within 100 feet (30 m) of suggested stations, but our geospatial analysis showed a substantial clustering of suggested and built stations in both cities that was not likely due to random distribution. We found that the PPGIS platforms have great promise for creating genuine co-production of planning knowledge and insights and that system planners did take account of the suggestions offered online. We did not, however, interview planners in either system, and both cities may be atypical, as is bike share planning; moreover, multiple factors influence where bike stations can be located, so not all suggested stations could be built.Takeaway for practice: Planners can use PPGIS and similar platforms to help stakeholders learn by doing and to increase their own local knowledge to improve planning outcomes. Planners should work to develop better online participatory systems and to allow stakeholders to provide more and better data, continuing to evaluate PPGIS efforts to improve the transparency and legitimacy of online public involvement processes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 35-48
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1476174
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1476174
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:35-48
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Noah J. Durst
Author-X-Name-First: Noah J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Durst
Title: Race and Municipal Annexation After the Voting Rights Act
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Cities annex adjacent communities for a variety of economic and political reasons, including efforts to capture a larger tax base. Cities sometimes refuse to annex low-income minority neighborhoods or annex them less frequently than they do nearby high-income White neighborhoods, a process known as municipal underbounding. Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 required federal oversight over municipal annexation in 15 states and succeeded in preventing the underbounding of many African-American neighborhoods prior to its effective invalidation in 2013 by the U.S. Supreme Court. I examine the annexation practices of 276 cities across 37 states to answer 3 questions: Did the Supreme Court’s action lead to declines in the annexation of African-American neighborhoods? Did such declines constitute municipal underbounding? Were they attributable to efforts by cities to bolster their tax base? I find that Section 5 cities annexed neighborhoods with approximately 3- to 5-percentage-point lower shares of African Americans after 2013, leading to the underbounding of these communities. I find no evidence that this was attributable to efforts by cities to annex only higher income neighborhoods. My analysis does not control for key neighborhood-level factors that may shape annexation decisions, such as property values, infrastructure conditions, and residents’ preferences for being annexed.Takeaway for practice: Planners should be aware of and remain vigilant to the underbounding of African-American neighborhoods. I argue that planners can work to prevent underbounding by encouraging the adoption of and using state laws that require third-party oversight over annexation and by leveraging federal funding for infrastructure improvements in underserved unincorporated neighborhoods.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 49-59
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1556113
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1556113
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:49-59
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Floyd Lapp
Author-X-Name-First: Floyd
Author-X-Name-Last: Lapp
Title: Up Close and Personal
Abstract:
Growing up in a shifting urban environment during the major socioeconomic transition in the Bronx (NY) in the 1950s and 1960s, my interests in neighborhood change peaked with the changes in housing, the impact of urban renewal, the need for more open-space recreation, the arrival of the interstate highways, and the new faces of the population. These childhood observations led me to pursue an urban planning career. I have had experiences in a variety of functional areas across the tri-state metropolitan area of Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York. In striving to be a more complete planner, I added depth to my career as an adjunct academician, leader in APA/AICP, and community volunteer practicing what I preached. I learned that these various roles and experiences related to one another and advanced my understanding of urban planning in a synergistic way.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 60-68
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1483737
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1483737
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:60-68
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes from the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 69-70
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1504569
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1504569
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:69-70
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Barry Nocks
Author-X-Name-First: Barry
Author-X-Name-Last: Nocks
Title: Willson: A Guide for the Idealist: Launching and Navigating Your Planning Career
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 71-72
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1504570
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1504570
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:71-72
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Butler
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Butler
Title: Lerch (Ed.): The Community Resilience Reader: Essential Resources for an Era of Upheaval
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 72-73
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1504571
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1504571
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:72-73
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann-Margaret Esnard
Author-X-Name-First: Ann-Margaret
Author-X-Name-Last: Esnard
Title: Johnson and Olshansky: After Great Disasters: An In-Depth Analysis of How Six Countries Managed Community Recovery
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 74-75
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1504572
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1504572
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:74-75
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xiaoxia Dong
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoxia
Author-X-Name-Last: Dong
Title: Martens: Transport Justice: Designing Fair Transportation Systems
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 75-76
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1504574
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1504574
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:75-76
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kameshwari Pothukuchi
Author-X-Name-First: Kameshwari
Author-X-Name-Last: Pothukuchi
Title: Agyeman, Matthews, and Sobel (Eds.): Food Trucks, Cultural Identity, and Social Justice: From Loncheras to Lobsta Love
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 76-78
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1504576
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1504576
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:76-78
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Aurand
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Aurand
Title: Logan: Historic Capital: Preservation, Race, and Real Estate in Washington, D.C.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 78-79
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1504578
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1504578
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:78-79
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eugénie L. Birch
Author-X-Name-First: Eugénie L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Birch
Title: Koch and Latham (Eds.): Key Thinkers on Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 79-80
Issue: 1
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1504580
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1504580
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:1:p:79-80
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 342-342
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.692952
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.692952
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:342-342
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mickey Lauria
Author-X-Name-First: Mickey
Author-X-Name-Last: Lauria
Title: A Review of “The just city”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 342-343
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.692967
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.692967
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:342-343
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: E. Dukes
Author-X-Name-First: E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dukes
Title: A Review of “City and soul in divided societies”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 343-344
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.692969
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.692969
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:343-344
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan Handy
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Handy
Title: A Review of “Auto motives; Understanding car use behaviours”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 344-345
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.692970
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.692970
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:344-345
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alan Black
Author-X-Name-First: Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Black
Title: A Review of “An introduction to sustainable transportation; Policy, planning and implementation”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 345-346
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.692972
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.692972
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:345-346
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan Herbel
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Herbel
Title: A Review of “One for the road; Drunk driving since 1900”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 346-347
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.692978
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.692978
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:346-347
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Perry
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Perry
Title: A Review of “The fate of cities; Urban America and the federal government, 1945–2000”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 347-348
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.692983
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.692983
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:347-348
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandi Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandi
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: A Review of “Hybrid nature; Sewage treatment and the contradictions of the industrial ecosystem”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 348-348
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.692986
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.692986
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:348-348
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Whittemore
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Whittemore
Title: A Review of “Perverse cities; Hidden subsidies, wonky policy, and urban sprawl”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 349-349
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.692989
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.692989
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:349-349
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gary Taylor
Author-X-Name-First: Gary
Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor
Title: A Review of “Small, gritty, and green; The promise of America's smaller industrial cities in a low-carbon world”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 350-350
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.693000
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.693000
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:350-350
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karen Danielsen
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Danielsen
Title: A Review of “The American mortgage system; Crisis and reform”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 351-351
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.693001
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.693001
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:351-351
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gian-Claudia Sciara
Author-X-Name-First: Gian-Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Sciara
Title: Planning for Unplanned Pork
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 239-255
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.694269
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.694269
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:239-255
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bernadette Hanlon
Author-X-Name-First: Bernadette
Author-X-Name-Last: Hanlon
Author-Name: Marie Howland
Author-X-Name-First: Marie
Author-X-Name-Last: Howland
Author-Name: Michael McGuire
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: McGuire
Title: Hotspots for Growth
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: Our study contributes to the ongoing debate about the ability of Maryland's Priority Funding Area (PFA) program to control urban sprawl. We develop an economic-based land use conversion model to estimate if the PFA program steers urban growth to locations inside targeted growth areas within a fast-growing, exurban county. The results indicate that the size of an agricultural parcel, its distance from urban parcels, its proximity to highways, the productivity of agricultural land, and location in or outside PFAs influence the probability an agricultural parcel will be converted to urban use. We find that some of the parcels experiencing the greatest market pressure for development are located outside PFAs, and Maryland's incentive-based strategy is not completely effective at preventing sprawl. Takeaway for practice: Careful design of the location of entrances and exits on and off highways, limitation of agricultural parcel fragmentation, and vigilant control of land use change in unproductive agricultural areas can limit sprawl. Our analysis highlights, yet again, the importance of communication between transportation and land use planners. Research support: The research was supported by funding from the Harry R. Hughes Center for Agroecology, Inc.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 256-268
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.715501
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.715501
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:256-268
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Annette Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Annette
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: The Mixed-Use Sidewalk
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: Around the globe, streets and sidewalks in cities are being contested as spaces that should be used for more than transportation. This article challenges our understanding of both property rights and public space by applying a property rights framework to situate sidewalk use debates. It analyzes and maps the sidewalk property regimes of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, through a novel integration of surveying and ethnography. The case illuminates the feasibility of a mixed-use sidewalk that can be shared between various kinds of uses and users. A mixed-use sidewalk that is both cooperative and livable is possible if planners incorporate time into planning space in order to expand the sidewalk's flexibility and if local society can renarrate and enforce new legitimacies on the sidewalk. Takeaway for practice: Sidewalk space deserves more attention as an important public space. In our era of historic urbanization, we should reconceive sidewalks as a mixed-use space rather than an exclusively pedestrian zone. Moreover, North American planners would benefit from engaging with public space experiments happening in cities in the developing world. Research support: This research was supported by MIT's School of Architecture and Planning, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, and the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 225-238
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.715504
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.715504
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:225-238
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jan Whittington
Author-X-Name-First: Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Whittington
Title: When to Partner for Public Infrastructure?
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: Public agencies traditionally request bids and award contracts to private firms after infrastructure designs are complete (bid-build). They also increasingly partner with private firms, often by folding capital improvements into a contract to design and build (design-build). The latter involves much more than the mere transfer of design work to the private sector, such as time to completion; the merits or problems of design-build strategies can, thus, be difficult to isolate. This article presents a method for doing so. Together with the development of a theory of contracting, the comparative analysis of two very similar highway overpass projects, one design-build and the other bid-build, demonstrates how so-called transaction cost economics can clarify the details of partnership cost-effectiveness. Takeaway for practice: Transaction cost analysis disaggregates and evaluates the costs of completed projects, accounting for factors typically external to economic analysis. My approach reveals tradeoffs between variables of interest to planners, such as the pace of delivery, public participation, environmental compliance, and the transfer of risk of cost overrun to the private sector. Research support: This research was made possible by a grant from the University of California Transportation Center, shared with Professor David Dowall.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 269-285
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.715510
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.715510
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:269-285
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matti Siemiatycki
Author-X-Name-First: Matti
Author-X-Name-Last: Siemiatycki
Author-Name: Naeem Farooqi
Author-X-Name-First: Naeem
Author-X-Name-Last: Farooqi
Title: Value for Money and Risk in Public–Private Partnerships
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: Delivering improved public services at lower cost, also known formally as value for money (VfM), is often the main rationale for procuring large infrastructure projects through public–private partnerships (PPPs). However, it is unclear whether the ex ante assessments of PPPs account for key planning concerns, including limitations on community consultation, contractual lock-ins that curtail public flexibility to make future plans, and a political preference for PPPs that may influence the way that projects are structured and evaluated. This set of questions is examined for 28 infrastructure PPPs delivered in Ontario, Canada, and interviews with18 senior political, government, and private-sector participants in the province's PPP industry. We find that transferring of construction risks from government to the private-sector partners drives VfM results, and may overvalue the extent to which planning related risks can be transferred. Takeaway for practice: PPP contract structures should permit more transparency during the project planning process and preserve the flexibility of governments to control key planning tasks such as user fees, service coordination and facility expansion. Strategies might include: the unbundling of construction and operation phases of the PPP in all but the most unique situations, the use of competitive dialogue tendering to deepen public–private collaboration earlier in the planning process, and the inclusion of contract rebalancing terms to better share rather than transfer project risks. Research support: This research was funded through a Standard Research Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Application Number: 110998).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 286-299
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.715525
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.715525
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:286-299
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Ashton
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Ashton
Author-Name: Marc Doussard
Author-X-Name-First: Marc
Author-X-Name-Last: Doussard
Author-Name: Rachel Weber
Author-X-Name-First: Rachel
Author-X-Name-Last: Weber
Title: The Financial Engineering of Infrastructure Privatization
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: Leasing government infrastructure to private investors has been proposed as a practical way to increase both public revenue and investment in aging facilities, yet questions remain regarding lease value. In particular, some recent private auction bids surpassed government's lease estimates for U.S. roads and parking systems by hundreds of millions of dollars. We argue such discrepancies are largely explained by the use of structured finance or financial engineering techniques; these lower capital costs and maximize quick investor payouts, yet are often ignored in lease agreements because governments do not understand them. Our approach models the separate effect of several deal parameters on the investment return of a hypothetical tolled facility. We find even modest financial engineering (such as interest rate derivatives and swaps, deferred payment sweeps, or mark-to-market accounting practices) increases the current value of future facility revenues far more than changes in lease length, tolls, or operating costs. The public sector undercharges for its infrastructure when it ignores how private investors package and assess future revenue. Takeaway for practice: When leasing public facilities, governments would be smart to better understand potential investors’ capital structure and financial engineering strategies. Doing so avoids leaving money on the table; it also reduces the risks of future underperforming assets. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 300-312
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.715540
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.715540
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:300-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mildred Warner
Author-X-Name-First: Mildred
Author-X-Name-Last: Warner
Author-Name: Amir Hefetz
Author-X-Name-First: Amir
Author-X-Name-Last: Hefetz
Title: Insourcing and Outsourcing
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: While contracting for the private delivery of public services is common, reversals from private to public provision are also common. Indeed, our U.S. data indicate insourcing (reverse contracting) is roughly equal to the level of new outsourcing for 2002–2007. We analyze these data to better understand how city managers decide to privatize services, or to reverse their privatization. The International City/County Management Association collected survey data on the form of service delivery for 67 local government services; they also report many community characteristics and city manager opinion data we can use to explain that choice. Our statistical models suggest that transactions costs, market management, monitoring, and political interests are all associated with the decision to contract, or to reverse contract. Municipalities appear to experiment by outsourcing those services with high transactions costs, while insourcing reflects a lack of cost savings and the challenges of monitoring and market management of privatized services. Alternatively, mixed public and private delivery (concurrent sourcing) promotes competition and provides the capacity for public provision should contracts fail. Takeaway for practice: The dynamics of outsourcing and insourcing urban services plausibly reflect pragmatic experimentation by government managers in both directions. For private delivery of public services, monitoring is critical, especially as cities experiment with outsourcing services with high transactions costs. Managing market competition also matters, as does retaining the capacity to provide services in-house. Research support: This research was supported in part by U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute for Food and Agriculture grant # 2011-68006-30793.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 313-327
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.715552
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.715552
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:313-327
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Douglas Baker
Author-X-Name-First: Douglas
Author-X-Name-Last: Baker
Author-Name: Robert Freestone
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Freestone
Title: Land Use Planning for Privatized Airports
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: The privatization of airports in Australia included airport property development rights, regulated only by federal, not local, land use control. Airports then developed commercial and retail centers outside local community plans, resulting in a history of poor coordination of planning and reflecting strong differences between public and private values in the role of the airport. Private owners embraced the concept of an Airport City, envisioning the airport as a portal of global infrastructure, whereas public planning agencies are struggling with infrastructure coordination and the development of real estate outside of the local planning regulations. Stakeholder workshops were conducted in each of the cases where key stakeholders from airports, regulating agencies, state and local governments participated in identifying key issues impacting the planning in and around airports. This research demonstrates that if modes of infrastructure provision change significantly (such as through privatization of public services), that transformation would best be accompanied by comprehensive changes in planning regimes to accommodate metropolitan and airport interdependencies. Privatization has exacerbated the poor coordination of planning in the past, and a focus on coordination between public and private infrastructure planning is needed to overcome differences in values and interests. Takeaway for practice: Governance styles differ considerably between public agencies and private corporations. Planners should understand the drivers and value differences to better coordinate infrastructure delivery and effective planning. Research support: The Airport Metropolis Research Project under the Australian Research Council's Linkage Projects funding scheme (LP0775225).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 328-341
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.716315
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.716315
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:328-341
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Notice of Redundant Publication
Abstract: This is to announce that an article published in 2005 in this journal, entitled “How ( In) accurate Are Demand Forecasts in Public Works Projects? ” [Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette Skamris Holm, and Søren L. Buhl, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 71, Issue 2, 2005, pp. 131—146, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944360508976688], was substantially reproduced in the article “Inaccuracy in Traffic Forecasts, ” published in 2006 in Transport Reviews [Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette Skamris Holm, and Søren L. Buhl, Transport Reviews, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 1—24 (retracted) ].
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 352-352
Issue: 3
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2012.719432
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2012.719432
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:3:p:352-352
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carissa Schively Slotterback
Author-X-Name-First: Carissa Schively
Author-X-Name-Last: Slotterback
Author-Name: Mickey Lauria
Author-X-Name-First: Mickey
Author-X-Name-Last: Lauria
Title: Building a Foundation for Public Engagement in Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 183-187
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1616985
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1616985
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:183-187
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Gaber
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaber
Title: Building “A Ladder of Citizen Participation”
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Sherry Arnstein’s “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” is the cornerstone for planners thinking about citizen participation. Arnstein wrote the article based on her experiences working at the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) from 1967 to 1968 as the chief advisor on citizen participation in the Model Cities Program. Despite the article’s substantial influence on the planning field, very little has been published about Arnstein herself and the contributing factors that influenced her writing. In this article, I draw on life history and archival research to place “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” and its author in their historical context, offering new insights into the politics behind the emphasis on citizen involvement in the Model Cities Program and Arnstein’s call to action for a new “partnership” interpretation of citizen participation. I conclude with Arnstein’s broader partnership model as a new point of departure for the emerging dialogue about the equalizing relationship between local government and community groups among the next generation of planners and scholars.Takeaway for practice: There are two takeaways that practicing planners can learn from following Arnstein’s journey in building “A Ladder of Citizen Participation.” First, Arnstein’s career is a blueprint that shows how community advocacy planners can be pragmatic instigators for change. Her professional working model in establishing shared understandings while working within institutional constraints is an important strategy Arnstein used to tackle nationwide injustices ranging from juvenile delinquency, to segregation of hospitals, to inequitable citizen participation practices. Second, Arstein only discusses half of her HUD citizen participation work in “A Ladder.” The other half of her citizen participation work looked at local governments taking the lead for creating equitable citizen participation processes through the building of long-term “partnerships” with local community groups.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 188-201
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1612267
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1612267
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:188-201
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David C. Sloane
Author-X-Name-First: David C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sloane
Author-Name: Breanna Morrison Hawkins
Author-X-Name-First: Breanna Morrison
Author-X-Name-Last: Hawkins
Author-Name: Jacqueline Illum
Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline
Author-X-Name-Last: Illum
Author-Name: Alison Spindler
Author-X-Name-First: Alison
Author-X-Name-Last: Spindler
Author-Name: LaVonna B. Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: LaVonna B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Title: Can We Be Partners?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Sherry Arnstein castigated planners for their tokenistic participation processes. Since then, planning scholars and practitioners have attempted to improve these processes. We report on a Los Angeles (CA) case where Community Health Councils, Inc. (CHC) partnered with the city planners, public health officials, foundations, academics, and residents to pass a Health & Wellness Element in the General Plan Framework and integrate food issues into three community plans. We use a comparative multi-method approach interviewing officials and participants and documenting public meetings, strategy sessions, and other events. We find CHC did develop a successful partnership that represented an improvement over Arnstein’s lower ladders. CHC’s public comment letters had material impact on the language of the element’s provisions. CHC’s collaborative strategy resulted in inclusion of key food-related provisions in the updated West Adams Community Plan. The primary limitation is that our study ended prior to implementation, an area Arnstein accurately identified as a place where community power might be diminished.Takeaway for practice: Planners working collaboratively with community groups can achieve significant improvements in their plans. This process successfully integrated food systems and other health issues into the element and three community plans.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 202-217
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1605840
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1605840
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:202-217
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Santina Contreras
Author-X-Name-First: Santina
Author-X-Name-Last: Contreras
Title: Using Arnstein’s Ladder as an Evaluative Framework for the Assessment of Participatory Work in Postdisaster Haiti
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Arnstein’s (1969) ladder of citizen participation has been prominent and influential in the planning field. By detailing a continuum of approaches for citizen involvement, the ladder provides a foundation for addressing questions of participation and power in theory and practice. However, despite its significant influence, questions regarding the practicality of the framework persist. This is particularly a concern in relation to its use in guiding different applications of participation in practice and its ability to outline specific methodologies for evaluating participatory activities. I explore the use of Arnstein’s ladder as an evaluative framework for participation through a quantitative analysis of primary survey data collected from organizations working on postdisaster recovery projects in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake. My findings suggest that Arnstein’s ladder provides a useful tool for evaluating the participatory work of organizations. Through its empowerment approach toward engagement, Arnstein’s ladder encourages the assessment of community roles frequently overlooked in broad evaluations of participatory activities. My results indicate that participation measured through an Arnstein evaluative framework produces results that are significantly different from those of general participatory assessments. Ultimately, the proposed evaluation framework provides an opportunity to account for the underlying power dynamics in participatory activities that are important to address with projects in the development or postdisaster contexts.Takeaway for practice: Planners and practitioners working on projects with participatory elements should actively prioritize and implement quality assessments of their participatory activities. The framework I present here allows practitioners to undertake evaluations in a critical but efficient manner through tools derived from theory and practice, such as those from Arnstein’s ladder. These actions can assist in improving the quality and long-term sustainability of participatory work in practice.Keywords: disaster, evaluation, Haiti, participation, recovery
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 219-235
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1618728
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1618728
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:219-235
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alex Karner
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Karner
Author-Name: Keith Brower Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Keith
Author-X-Name-Last: Brower Brown
Author-Name: Richard Marcantonio
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Marcantonio
Author-Name: Louis G. Alcorn
Author-X-Name-First: Louis G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Alcorn
Title: The View From the Top of Arnstein’s Ladder
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Participatory budgeting (PB) dedicates a portion of a public budget to the binding control of residents, who vote to determine its allocation. By conceding real decision-making power, PB holds out the promise of achieving the topmost rungs of Arnstein’s ladder and the redistribution of political power in relatively short order. In this study, we use mixed methods to evaluate an attempted PB effort in Fresno (CA). A substantial budget and binding final vote strengthened the process. However, an initial failure to delegate decision-making power, a compressed timeline, and complex project eligibility restrictions limited its potential. Above all, limited participation from those not previously involved in municipal politics reflected both inadequate outreach and a broader dearth of member-led organizations. We conclude that implementing PB is only one step toward achieving the more transformational and radical vision of community control that Arnstein imagined. Ultimately, PB’s long-term redistributive potential in any locale depends critically upon the broader political context in which it is undertaken. This research is limited by the use of a single, exceptional case study, but the mixed-methods approaches we use here draw on additional scholarship and data to outline a strategy to extend Arnstein’s vision.Takeaway for practice: Attempts to implement PB may fail as a result of not incorporating a set of key design principles. Even where PB is properly implemented, community control of resources cannot be viewed as an end state. The potential for PB to realize transformational outcomes depends as much on broad-based community organizations as on the strength of the PB process itself. Planners should work closely with local groups to aid and encourage their development of community leaders by providing resources for outreach as well as powerful roles during process design.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 236-254
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1617767
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1617767
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:236-254
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nisha D. Botchwey
Author-X-Name-First: Nisha D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Botchwey
Author-Name: Nick Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson
Author-Name: L. Katie O’Connell
Author-X-Name-First: L. Katie
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connell
Author-Name: Anna J. Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Anna J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: Including Youth in the Ladder of Citizen Participation
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Youth are traditionally excluded from participation within planning venues, though planners increasingly recognize the value and knowledge that youth can bring to planning efforts. Yet planners struggle to find ways to incorporate youth ideas and decision making that are not exploitative, tokenizing, or coercive. Arnstein’s “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” provides useful insights into how youth can participate in decision making through partnerships with adults for whom the ladder was designed. In this article, we use case studies of youth-focused planning initiatives to examine the potential for including youth in Arnstein’s original ladder. These include Youth–Plan Learn Act Now (Y-PLAN), Youth Engagement and Action for Health (YEAH!), and Growing Up Boulder (GUB). Within each case study we analyze the goals, methodology, and projects of each program to determine how each expands or limits youth participation. The case studies vary based on the degree of participation, youth experience, and their geographical and institutional bounding. We then propose new rungs located between “placation” and “partnership” that offer youth an opportunity to partner with adults to engage in a planning project. Each new rung offers youth opportunities to participate in the planning process, though adults retain decision-making power. These rungs are divided by their directionality of power and whether youth are granted power to participate or seek it themselves. Further research could refine these rungs, especially within larger contexts of planning theory and the history of shared decision-making processes. Methodological challenges to this study could be addressed in some of these future research efforts.Takeaway for practice: Practicing planners are challenged with ways to authentically include youth voices in productive and nontokenistic decision-making frameworks. Planners can apply these lessons to engage youth in different contexts to support the elevation of their involvement, voice, and power in the planning process.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 255-270
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1616319
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1616319
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:255-270
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: C. Aujean Lee
Author-X-Name-First: C. Aujean
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Title: Engaging Non-Citizens in an Age of Uncertainty
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Arnstein’s ladder has informed how planners redistribute power among constituents and increase citizen participation. Since the late 1960s, the non-citizen population has increased in the United States. This demographic shift has affected planning and community engagement because many immigrants experience disparate access to public goods and services more so than native-born residents. Non-citizens are also particularly vulnerable to shifting political landscapes due to citizenship status. I use 29 interviews with immigrant-serving nonprofits to identify unique challenges in serving non-citizen clients after the 2016 election. Immigrant nonprofit experiences are informative because they may be the first and only organization to provide non-citizens with services and resources in times of uncertainty. The interviews inform how planners can improve non-citizen engagement practices and redistribute political power. In particular, interviewees highlight how non-citizens experience barriers to public services and spaces due to fear of deportation and abrupt changes in their citizenship status. As a result, non-citizens are selective in how and where they engage. Thus, they connect to informal and formal spaces that may exist beyond their neighborhoods. These experiences also increase non-citizen dependency on nonprofits.Takeaway for practice: Non-citizens engage with planners differently than do native-born residents because of legal status, disparate access to spaces and resources, and varying relationships with government agencies. The results of this study offer implications for planners, such as spending more time to build trust with non-citizens through frequent outreach and offering small incentives, using alternative spaces for engagement and pushing for policies that decouple public institutions from immigration services, and partnering with nonprofits to support non-citizens and immigrant-friendly policies. As planners improve immigrant incorporation through these considerations, they can improve how they balance power, constituent representation, and meeting residents’ needs.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 271-286
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1616318
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1616318
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:271-286
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ward Lyles
Author-X-Name-First: Ward
Author-X-Name-Last: Lyles
Author-Name: Stacey Swearingen White
Author-X-Name-First: Stacey
Author-X-Name-Last: Swearingen White
Title: Who Cares?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: What should planners do when members of the public “care loudly” at them? Planning scholars have recently called for more attention to the emotional dimensions of our profession. In the context of reflecting on Arnstein’s “A Ladder of Citizen Participation,” we identify the emotional paradox of public engagement. This paradox arises because our emotions often motivate us to plan so that all people in our communities can flourish rather than suffer, but our instincts, reinforced by our education, training, and professional norms, may lead us to try to control or avoid emotions altogether in the actual work of planning. Our research strategy involves critically analyzing the language of Arnstein’s article for its emotional content. We systematically review contemporary sources of guidance and training for planners (including from the APA, the AICP, and the Planning Accreditation Board) to determine whether and how the emotional dimensions of planning are addressed. We synthesize insights on contending with emotion from the psychology and neuroscience literatures and also synthesize practice-oriented resources for leveraging emotional and social intelligence to overcome the emotional paradox. We find that Arnstein’s article evocatively reveals the emotional paradox. Our review of the contemporary knowledge, training, and skills available from major planning organizations demonstrates contemporary pervasiveness of the paradox. Research from psychology and neuroscience demonstrates, from a basic scientific standpoint, that trying to maintain the paradox is impossible, which helps to explain common pitfalls that planners fall into when doing their work.Takeaway for practice: Planners should reflect deeply on how they engage emotions in their work and how their approach constrains and enables their effectiveness. Deepening emotional, social, and cultural intelligence holds considerable potential for meeting our field’s aspirational goals of fostering more compassionate and inclusive communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 287-300
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1612268
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1612268
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:287-300
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Roberts
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts
Author-Name: Grace Kelly
Author-X-Name-First: Grace
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly
Title: Remixing as Praxis
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: When Arnstein created the ladder of participation, local governments engaged predominately urban African-American neighborhoods through federally funded programs. Fifty years later, preservationists and heritage conservationists pursuing participatory engagement models in these communities find sustaining interest difficult. Absent from planning literature is guidance on how to ensure grassroots preservationists of color retain control during engagement. In this study we ask practitioners and scholars to consider the optimum approach to researching or preservation planning in this context. Through participatory action and ethnographic research, one of us (Roberts) helped design a hybrid forum-style symposium dedicated to preserving historic Black settlement heritage. As a researcher and symposium co-planner, I documented local preservation knowledge using questionnaires and performative storytelling while helping descendants of historic African-American settlements identify shared priorities and challenges. Findings suggest action researchers and preservationists must “remix” roles and the rungs of Arnstein’s ladder of participation to sustain and center stakeholder involvement when planning with marginalized communities. Remixing consists of strategically sampling, looping, and layering promising local knowledge with that of experts to support citizen-centered preservation planning. By centering culturally informed planning approaches and negotiating with stakeholders, professionals can create the conditions for participation that support sustained involvement. Symposium co-organizing and data collection catalyzed the ethical coproduction of knowledge and fostered ongoing research and collaborative projects after study completion.Takeaway for practice: Remixing as praxis offers a framework for engaged preservation and heritage conservation that reinforces citizen empowerment through identification and application of innovative practices rooted in local knowledge. Identifying local practices that foster attachment and break down the hierarchy between expert and grassroots practitioners is essential to achieving praxis.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 301-320
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1622439
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1622439
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:301-320
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Graham Haughton
Author-X-Name-First: Graham
Author-X-Name-Last: Haughton
Author-Name: Phil McManus
Author-X-Name-First: Phil
Author-X-Name-Last: McManus
Title: Participation in Postpolitical Times
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Arnstein’s work exposed the importance of the political framing work of government authorities in establishing how planners engage with the public, revealing how this tended to perpetuate rather than disrupt existing power relations. This resonates well with work on postpolitics, which argues that carefully stage-managed consultation exercises can be part of a repertoire of depoliticizing techniques that allow the authorities to present their preferred plans and policies as the only “reasonable” options from which a wide-ranging consensus can be built. The effect is to deny voice to those who dissent and to refuse to compromise on an economic and political model they see as broken. In this article, we explore how governments have responded to criticism of participation by devising more sophisticated ways for “enhancing” participation while ensuring it does not disrupt the existing distribution of power. Our research involves a case study of WestConnex, a controversial motorway under construction in Sydney (Australia). We conducted interviews with 25 key informants and attended six public consultation and protest events. We also draw on a range of other material, from official documents and press releases to media coverage of WestConnex.Takeaway for practice: We combine Arnstein’s analysis with insights from postpolitics to uncover the contemporary political realities of how meaningful debate on urban planning issues is suppressed and the ways in which disaffected communities can respond by demanding political voice, the right to be heard as equal. By revealing how higher levels of government can actively work to subvert the role of planning, our research suggests the need to build wider coalitions of interest to resist planning being sidelined and ensure meaningful engagement with the public.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 321-334
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1613922
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1613922
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:321-334
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jovanna Rosen
Author-X-Name-First: Jovanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosen
Author-Name: Gary Painter
Author-X-Name-First: Gary
Author-X-Name-Last: Painter
Title: From Citizen Control to Co-Production
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Sherry Arnstein’s classic “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” still shapes our understanding of citizen participation within and beyond planning. However, Arnstein’s citizen control offers communities only partial authority. Rather, community control does not fundamentally alter the political and economic power differences between stakeholders that limit community influence over outcomes. In response, we describe a co-production participation model for inclusive participation to help communities confront the political and economic power relationships that limit their influential participation. Residents directly and influentially engage in a dynamic and iterative problem-solving process throughout problem formation and implementation. Co-production recognizes that truly inclusive community development requires adaptive and enduring processes to address the political and economic power inequalities that shape local decision making. In this way, co-production offers an evolving participation model, rather than a specific outcome or process, to continually refine strategies toward more equitable processes. To illustrate this argument, we describe a community-based initiative in California’s Coachella Valley. We trace the initiative’s evolution toward a co-production model of community engagement, shifting the initiative’s strategies and goals toward greater community power. This evidence shows how a co-productive model can more effectively tackle political and economic power imbalances through adaptive, flexible, and long-term participatory processes.Takeaway for practice: Co-production models can offer new ways for planning practitioners to advance more inclusive community participation, with greater resident power sharing. Fundamentally, planners and local practitioners must extend participation beyond engagement and inclusion, using adaptive, long-term participation models, with capacity building and resource sharing, to build and sustain community power. This sustained approach challenges traditional government decision-making models, requiring power holders to shift greater power, resources, and influence toward communities. Power holders must hold spaces of power for communities while simultaneously building resident ability to effectively gain, retain, and exert local control.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 335-347
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1618727
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1618727
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:335-347
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Allison B. Laskey
Author-X-Name-First: Allison B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Laskey
Author-Name: Walter Nicholls
Author-X-Name-First: Walter
Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholls
Title: Jumping Off the Ladder
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Sherry Arnstein intended her ladder of participation as a conceptual tool to help planners redistribute power to citizens, but a key institution to include residents in decision making, the community development corporation (CDC), has proven limited. Based on a case study of participation and insurgency in Detroit’s (MI) urban planning, we argue that CDCs structurally align with the planning establishment, serving as relays for governments and developers and controlling information. These limitations inspired insurgent planners to arise from the resident Charlevoix Village Association (CVA) in Detroit and to intervene in the planning process. CVA’s insurgent activities and knowledge production have galvanized residents to engage beyond the participatory planning paradigm. CVA has demonstrated that insurgency can enable engaged residents to build the power to push for equitable development in ways that Arnstein’s ladder of participation failed to account for.Takeaway for practice: We suggest that although CDCs have not been an effective means for redistributing power to marginalized residents, planning insurgencies can be important vehicles for achieving community control and promoting equitable development. We argue that planners should not promote CDCs at the expense of insurgent planners. Instead, planners can engage in dialogue and partnerships with insurgent planners, provide key resources and information to bolster their capabilities, and design participatory frameworks that enhance their influence.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 348-362
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1618729
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1618729
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:348-362
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gwendolyn Blue
Author-X-Name-First: Gwendolyn
Author-X-Name-Last: Blue
Author-Name: Marit Rosol
Author-X-Name-First: Marit
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosol
Author-Name: Victoria Fast
Author-X-Name-First: Victoria
Author-X-Name-Last: Fast
Title: Justice as Parity of Participation
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Social justice is often considered the goal of participatory planning, yet justice is typically not operationalized, broadly defined, or clearly linked with participatory practice. We expand on Sherry Arnstein’s concern with the redistribution of power between the state and citizens by juxtaposing her ladder of participation with Nancy Fraser’s framework of justice. Fraser’s approach to justice seeks parity—defined as the social arrangements that enable people to participate as peers in public life—across economic, cultural, and political domains. Fraser provides principles to guide planners in determining what is just and unjust in participatory initiatives. Principles include ensuring proper participatory procedures, recognizing minority viewpoints and perspectives, attending to the framing of public issues, and remediating inequitable social structures. We illustrate the practical application of Fraser’s justice framework by drawing on examples from public engagement with climate change.Takeaway for practice: Although Fraser does not provide a tool kit for action, we offer suggestions for how planners can apply a justice framework to improve participatory practice. Planners can a) require appropriate procedures to ensure that all relevant people and perspectives are represented at the appropriate scale; b) ensure all perspectives—not just dominant ones—are recognized and valued; and c) respond to and mitigate the inequitable distribution of wealth and resources.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 363-376
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1619476
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1619476
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:363-376
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 377-378
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1601960
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1601960
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:377-378
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexander Garvin
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander
Author-X-Name-Last: Garvin
Title: Hack: Site Planning: International Practice
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 379-380
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1601961
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1601961
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:379-380
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chaeri Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Chaeri
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: Richards: Regreening the Built Environment: Nature, Green Space, and Sustainability
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 380-381
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1601966
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1601966
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:380-381
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: Beauregard: Cities in the Urban Age: A Dissent
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 381-382
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1601967
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1601967
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:381-382
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robin Boyle
Author-X-Name-First: Robin
Author-X-Name-Last: Boyle
Title: Doucet (Ed.): Why Detroit Matters: Decline, Renewal and Hope in a Divided City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 382-383
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1601968
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1601968
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:382-383
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Berglund
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund
Title: Hollander: An Ordinary City: Planning for Growth and Decline in New Bedford, Massachusetts
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 384-385
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1601969
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1601969
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:384-385
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Aurand
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Aurand
Title: Goetz: The One-Way Street of Integration: Fair Housing and the Pursuit of Racial Justice in American Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 385-386
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1601970
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1601970
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:385-386
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patricio Zambrano-Barragán
Author-X-Name-First: Patricio
Author-X-Name-Last: Zambrano-Barragán
Title: Sandoval-Strausz and Kwak (Eds.): Making Cities Global: The Transnational Turn in Urban History
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 386-387
Issue: 3
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1601971
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1601971
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:386-387
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: C. J. Gabbe
Author-X-Name-First: C. J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gabbe
Title: Changing Residential Land Use Regulations to Address High Housing Prices
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: In the past 3 decades, a series of presidential administrations—and the APA—have recommended that cities update their zoning codes to enable more affordable and market-rate housing development. I identify 5 main categories of policy recommendations they have suggested and then assess Los Angeles’s (CA) zoning changes in these categories between 2000 and 2016. I answer 2 questions: First, what zoning changes did Los Angeles adopt to address housing affordability? Second, how were these changes initiated, and what were their scope and geographic extent? I find that Los Angeles made modest progress in the 5 policy categories. The city left its large-lot, single-family zoning mostly untouched, but it rezoned roughly 1,200 acres citywide to allow at least 50 housing units per acre, reduced parking requirements in some areas, made it easier to build accessory dwelling units, and adopted new incentives for affordable housing. Several policy changes resulted from new state laws, and Los Angeles voters approved new incentives for affordable housing near transit. Homeowner influence likely prevented the municipality from engaging in larger zoning reforms. I do not study the effects of Los Angeles’s regulatory changes on housing production and prices, but such research is an important next step. I also do not assess new regulations that counteracted the impact of the 5 categories of policy recommendations.Takeaway for practice: This research suggests 2 lessons: 1) Planners should encourage state governments to preempt local zoning when it reduces affordable housing options and there is limited local political will for change, and 2) planners should identify feasible and effective zoning changes that would increase affordable housing given local considerations.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 152-168
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559078
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559078
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:152-168
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 169-170
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1560813
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1560813
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:169-170
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eugénie L. Birch
Author-X-Name-First: Eugénie L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Birch
Title: Rosenzweig, Solecki, Romero-Lankao, Mehrotra, Dhakal, and Ibriahim (Eds): Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 171-172
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1560817
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1560817
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:171-172
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Penny Gurstein
Author-X-Name-First: Penny
Author-X-Name-Last: Gurstein
Title: Lauster: The Death and Life of the Single-Family House: Lessons From Vancouver on Building a Livable City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 172-173
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1560822
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1560822
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:172-173
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David P. Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: Emerson and Smiley: Market Cities, People Cities: The Shape of Our Urban Future
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 174-175
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1560827
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1560827
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:174-175
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kimberly M. Noronha
Author-X-Name-First: Kimberly M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Noronha
Title: Shatkin: Cities for Profit: The Real Estate Turn in Asia’s Urban Politics
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 175-176
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1560830
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1560830
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:175-176
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Samuel Geldin
Author-X-Name-First: Samuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Geldin
Title: Wolman, Wial, St. Clair, and Hill: Coping With Adversity: Regional Economic Resilience and Public Policy
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 177-178
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1560831
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1560831
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:177-178
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Charles W. Dunlap
Author-X-Name-First: Charles W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dunlap
Author-Name: Nancy Giunta
Author-X-Name-First: Nancy
Author-X-Name-Last: Giunta
Title: Scharlach and Lehning: Creating Aging-Friendly Communities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 178-179
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1560832
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1560832
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:178-179
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Dumbaugh
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Dumbaugh
Title: Cervero, Guerra, and Al: Beyond Mobility: Planning Cities for People and Places
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 180-181
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1560833
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1560833
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:180-181
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Schneider
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider
Title: They’re Back
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: There has been a dramatic resurgence of bed bug infestations in the United States since the early 2000s. Bed bugs pose significant public health and economic concerns, but cities have been hampered in their response by the ambiguity of current public health and housing regulations toward bed bugs. In this study, I analyze municipal ordinances for more than 8,000 local governments, describe the responses of cities to the bed bug crisis, and examine the different approaches that cities have taken and the political–ecological processes underpinning these varying approaches. Few municipalities have addressed bed bugs in their codes. Most cities that have addressed bed bugs have sought to clarify that bed bugs are to be treated like other pests but, rather than crafting policies specific to bed bugs, have relied on existing code enforcement procedures. Only a handful of U.S. cities have taken a comprehensive approach to addressing the bed bug epidemic. Interests representing apartment owners have pushed back strongly against municipal and state action, complicating the response. It is still too early, and monitoring data are insufficient, to conclusively evaluate the success of municipal ordinances, but I describe potentially successful approaches based on considerations of public health response to infectious disease.Takeaway for practice: Because human dwellings are the habitat of bed bugs, infestations are intimately tied to issues of housing affordability, insecurity and quality, eviction, and mobility. Cities should consider passing ordinances that specifically recognize bed bugs in the sections of their code that address public health, property maintenance, and landlord–tenant rights and responsibilities. Ordinances should be tailored to the specific challenges in addressing bed bug infestations and should include provisions for tenant protection, enforcement, and monitoring.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 96-113
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1591294
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1591294
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:96-113
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jamey M. B. Volker
Author-X-Name-First: Jamey M. B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Volker
Author-Name: Amy E. Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Amy E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Dillon T. Fitch
Author-X-Name-First: Dillon T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fitch
Title: Streamlining the Development Approval Process in a Post–Level of Service Los Angeles
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Local governments across the United States have for decades relied on the autocentric level of service (LOS) metric to analyze and impose exactions for the transportation impacts of land use developments. In California, LOS has dominated transportation impact analysis under the state’s project-level environmental review law. In that role, LOS has exacerbated the state’s notoriously tortuous development approval processes, particularly in urban areas. But LOS is on its way out. The state recently replaced LOS with vehicle miles traveled (VMT) as the primary measure—and basis for mitigation—of transportation impacts under the California Environmental Quality Act. Local governments must make the switch by July 1, 2020. We use a historical counterfactual approach to assess how replacing LOS with VMT could have affected the approval process for 153 land development projects over 16 years in the city of Los Angeles. We find that most projects could have benefited from at least some environmental review streamlining under the VMT-based framework recommended by the state, including more than 75% of residential-containing projects.Takeaway for practice: Our results suggest that swapping LOS for VMT could reduce the environmental review burden for development in low-VMT urban areas and provide at least some of the approval process streamlining necessary to increase housing production in California. Similar impacts from an LOS-to-VMT switch could also potentially accrue outside of California under the right conditions, but more research is needed.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 114-132
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1601587
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1601587
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:114-132
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Linking Research and Practice in Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 81-82
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1601958
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1601958
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:81-82
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yonah Freemark
Author-X-Name-First: Yonah
Author-X-Name-Last: Freemark
Author-Name: Anne Hudson
Author-X-Name-First: Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Hudson
Author-Name: Jinhua Zhao
Author-X-Name-First: Jinhua
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao
Title: Are Cities Prepared for Autonomous Vehicles?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Local government policies could affect how autonomous vehicle (AV) technology is deployed. In this study we examine how municipalities are planning for AVs, identify local characteristics that are associated with preparation, and describe what effects bureaucrats expect from the vehicles. We review existing plans of the 25 largest U.S. cities and survey transportation and planning officials from 120 cities, representative of all municipalities with populations larger than 100,000. First, we find that few local governments have begun planning for AVs. Second, cities with larger populations and higher population growth are more likely to be prepared. Third, although local officials are optimistic about the technology and its potential to increase safety while reducing congestion, costs, and pollution, more than a third of respondents worried about AVs increasing vehicle miles traveled and sprawl while reducing transit ridership and local revenues. Those concerns are associated with greater willingness to implement AV regulations, but there is variation among responses depending on political ideology, per capita government expenditures, and population density.Takeaway for practice: Municipal governments’ future approaches to AV preparation will likely depend on the characteristics of city residents and local resources. Planners can maximize policy advancement if they work with officials in other cities to develop best practices and articulate strategies that overlap with existing priorities, such as reducing pollution and single-occupancy commuting.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 133-151
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1603760
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1603760
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:133-151
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown
Title: Redefining Car Access
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Ride-hail services such as Uber and Lyft have the potential to redefine car access and travel, but unclear associations with the built environment and resident characteristics have undermined planners’ abilities to make informed decisions. I use detailed data of 6.3 million Lyft trips in Los Angeles (CA) to examine the associations between Lyft travel, the built environment, and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics. Although data are limited to one American city, findings present a comprehensive understanding of Lyft use across an array of built environments. I find that, far from being limited to dense urban cores, Lyft provides automobility in suburban and even rural neighborhoods. Findings suggest that unlike taxis, ride-hailing does not exclude low-income neighborhoods and communities. Instead, Lyft provides car access in neighborhoods where its closest substitute, the household car, is scarcest. Most travelers use ride-hailing to fill an occasional rather than regular travel need, but a small share of users made the most ride-hail trips. Travelers without smartphones or bank accounts, however, may be excluded from ride-hailing.Takeaway for practice: Widespread Lyft use demonstrates that planners should anticipate ride-hailing not just in urban centers but across a wide array of built environments. Negative associations between Lyft travel and off-street parking suggest that ride-hailing can provide new modal options where parking is already constrained or where new parking restrictions are introduced. Planners should work with communities and transit agencies to adopt strategies or enter partnerships that extend ride-hail, or other technology-enabled mobility services, to travelers without smartphones or bank accounts.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 83-95
Issue: 2
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1603761
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1603761
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:2:p:83-95
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David P. Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: My Career as a Pragmatist
Abstract:
In this article Varady reviews his 46 years of teaching, scholarship, and service in housing policy and community development. His New York City (NY) upbringing led to interests in cities and public policy, which led to degrees in city planning and eventually to receiving his university's highest award for academic excellence. Varady's pragmatism offers realistic solutions, questions long-held attitudes, and seeks objectivity in research. Although he takes ideology seriously, he is not an ideologue. Here he explains how his pragmatic perspective affected his research on neighborhood racial change, public housing, housing vouchers, and middle income housing programs. His career is best measured by the success of his many students who have had the benefi ts of his years of experience in the fi eld of housing research in both America and Europe .
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 76-84
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1375863
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1375863
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:76-84
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 85-85
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1398966
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1398966
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:85-85
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William W. Goldsmith
Author-X-Name-First: William W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Goldsmith
Title: , by Richard V. Reeves
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 86-86
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1398968
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1398968
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:86-86
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Author-Name: Marie Howland
Author-X-Name-First: Marie
Author-X-Name-Last: Howland
Title: , by Royce Hanson
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 86-87
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1398971
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1398971
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:86-87
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Author-Name: Kameshwari Pothukuchi
Author-X-Name-First: Kameshwari
Author-X-Name-Last: Pothukuchi
Title: , edited by Alison Hope Alkon and Julian Agyeman
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 87-88
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1398979
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:87-88
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: , by Robert C. Trumpbour and Kenneth Womack
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 88-89
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1398981
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1398981
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:88-89
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dave Guyadeen
Author-X-Name-First: Dave
Author-X-Name-Last: Guyadeen
Title: Do Practicing Planners Value Plan Quality? Insights From a Survey of Planning Professionals in Ontario, Canada
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Researchers have developed conceptualconsensus on core plan characteristics that contribute to plan quality, but rarely assess how practitioners view plan quality. I explore how Canadian planners view the characteristics thought to create quality plans. I asked planners in 290 municipalities across southern Ontario (Canada) their view of the importance of plan quality and asked that they identify additional plan quality characteristics, rate the infl uence of various plan characteristics, and explain why they omitted certain characteristics in their offi cial plans. I find that practitioners valued quality plans because they facilitate implementation and help inspire the community while adding credibility and legitimacy to planning processes and the planning profession. Planners did not value all plan elements equally; they felt that clear and enforceable polices were crucial, but that it was less important to report participation in plan preparation or discuss monitoring or interorganizational cooperation in the offi cial plan. Planners did not always include important plan quality elements in their offi cial plans because they lacked suffi cient resources to prepare comprehensive plans and rarely signifi – cantly updated older plans. These case study findings may not be generalizable to other jurisdictions in Canada or internationally, but still offer useful insights.Takeaway for practice: Scholars should ensure that planning practitioners have a key role in shaping understanding of plan quality. Academics and practitioners should work together to create refl ective practitioners who use plan quality characteristics to guide them as they create or update plans. The profession needs to better train current and future planners on how to prepare and evaluate quality plans through improvements in planning curricula and professional development courses offered by the American Planning Association and the Canadian Institute of Planners.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 21-32
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1404486
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1404486
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:21-32
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gian-Claudia Sciara
Author-X-Name-First: Gian-Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Sciara
Author-Name: Kristin Lovejoy
Author-X-Name-First: Kristin
Author-X-Name-Last: Lovejoy
Author-Name: Susan Handy
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Handy
Title: The Impacts of Big Box Retail on Downtown: A Case Study of Target in Davis (CA)
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Big box stores have proliferated across the United States in the last three decades. Proponents have praised them for providing affordability and convenience to consumers, but opponents have criticized them for driving out local businesses, among other negative impacts for communities. We examine the impact of a big box store on a traditional downtown for the case of Davis (CA), which amended its zoning code to allow a Target store that opened at the periphery of the city in 2009. We use a before-and-after survey to determine where residents shopped for selected items before the store opened and after, evaluating which businesses were most affected. The results show that the new big box store had a limited impact on downtown businesses but substantial impact on stores located elsewhere within Davis and especially beyond city limits.Takeaway for practice: The Davis case suggests that the impacts of big box stores are not always what opponents anticipate. Other cities may lack some of the natural advantages that helped downtown Davis survive the opening of a big box store, but our results suggest that deliberate efforts to protect and enliven the downtown area mattered, too. Planners who want to fortify their own downtowns from the potential harms of big box stores could focus on enhancing downtown vitality by supporting a wide variety of activities and promoting the experiential aspects of shopping downtown. Such strategies would also put downtowns in a better position for surviving the rapidly evolving terrain of retail industry in the 21st century.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 45-60
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1404926
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1404926
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:45-60
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carolyn McAndrews
Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn
Author-X-Name-Last: McAndrews
Author-Name: Wesley Marshall
Author-X-Name-First: Wesley
Author-X-Name-Last: Marshall
Title: Livable Streets, Livable Arterials? Characteristics of Commercial Arterial Roads Associated With Neighborhood Livability
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planners and engineers traditionally consolidate motorized traffic onto arterial roads that pose challenges for surrounding neighborhoods. We investigate the positive and negative impacts of commercial arterials with nodes of activity on the livability of surrounding neighborhoods. We examine 10 arterials in Denver (CO) and survey respondents in adjacent neighborhoods, asking how they view those arterials. We use factor analysis to create a typology of neighbors' perceptions of these arterials. Neighbors like arterials that they perceive as a) vibrant with good transit access and b) quiet and clean; they dislike arterials that they perceive as a) unpleasant and b) sketchy. Vibrant arterials contribute to the perceived livability of the surrounding neighborhoods, whereas sketchy arterials are negatively associated with livability, but the same arterials are often simultaneously vibrant and sketchy. Residents clearly value the social functions that arterials provide and seem less aware of traffic volumes; some low-volume arterials are not more livable than those with higher traffic volumes. Our findings are limited by the small sample size; we do not try to validate objective measures of livability with residents' perceptions.Takeaway for practice: Arterials can be good places for surrounding neighborhoods while still serving as major traffic corridors; accessibility and mobility do not always conflict. Planners should develop economic development plans for affected neighborhoods and enhance neighborhood livability by encouraging active land uses on arterials, maintaining the safety and cleanliness Livable Streets, Livable Arterials? Characteristics of Commercial Arterial Roads Associated With Neighborhood Livability Carolyn McAndrews and Wesley Marshall of arterials, and enhancing the pedestrian environment along those arterials.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 33-44
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1405737
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1405737
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:33-44
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Markus Moos
Author-X-Name-First: Markus
Author-X-Name-Last: Moos
Author-Name: Tara Vinodrai
Author-X-Name-First: Tara
Author-X-Name-Last: Vinodrai
Author-Name: Nick Revington
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Revington
Author-Name: Michael Seasons
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Seasons
Title: Planning for Mixed Use: Affordable for Whom?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Mixed-use zoning is widely advocated to increase density; promote active transportation; encourage economic development; and create lively, diverse neighborhoods. We know little, however, about whether mixed-use developments affect housing affordability. We question the impact of mixed-use zoning on housing affordability in Toronto (Canada) between 1991 and 2006 in the face of waning government support for affordable housing and increasing income inequality due to the occupational restructuring accompanying a shift to a knowledge-based economy. We fi nd that housing in mixed-use zones remained less affordable than housing in the rest of the city and in the metropolitan region. High-income service occupations experienced improved affordability while lower wage service, trade, and manufacturing occupations experienced stagnant or worsening affordability. Housing in mixed-use zones is increasingly affordable only to workers already able to pay higher housing costs. Our findings are limited to Canada's largest city but have lessons for large North American cities with similar urban economies and housing markets.Takeaway for practice: Mixed-use developments may reduce housing affordability in core areas and inadvertently reinforce the sociospatial inequality resulting from occupational polarization unless supported by appropriate affordable housing policies. Planners should consider a range of policy measures to offset the unintentional outcomes of mixed-use developments and ensure affordability within mixed-use zones: inclusionary zoning, density bonuses linked to affordable housing, affordable housing trusts, and other relevant methods.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 7-20
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1406315
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1406315
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:7-20
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sina Shahab
Author-X-Name-First: Sina
Author-X-Name-Last: Shahab
Author-Name: J. Peter Clinch
Author-X-Name-First: J. Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Clinch
Author-Name: Eoin O'Neill
Author-X-Name-First: Eoin
Author-X-Name-Last: O'Neill
Title: Estimates of Transaction Costs in Transfer of Development Rights Programs
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Local jurisdictions in 36 states have implemented transfer of development rights (TDR) programs to provide a market-based approach to preserving farmlands and open space while redirecting future development to targeted areas. Participation in TDR programs involves transaction costs over and above paying for TDR credits. Planners know little about the magnitude of transaction costs; who, if anyone, incurs a disproportionate share of these costs; or how transaction costs affect TDR participation. In this study we estimate the magnitude and distribution of transaction costs incurred by participants in 4 countywide TDR programs in Maryland, a TDR pioneer, by interviewing multiple participants in these programs. We fi nd that total transaction costs were high and borne largely by private sector participants, although we exclude the initial public sector costs of establishing the programs. Total transaction costs range from 13% to 21% of total TDR costs per transaction. Our findings are based on data reported by participants and may not be scalable; transaction costs, however, might deter landowners from participating in TDR programs, thus thwarting the land use goals of planners.Takeaway for practice: Planners should work to reduce transaction costs by better constructing TDR programs and providing greater information on TDR sale prices and potential buyers and sellers. Lowering and more fairly distributing transaction costs will make the TDR program a more successful approach to achieving land use goals and addressing the externalities arising from land use markets.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 61-75
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1406816
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1406816
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:1:p:61-75
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Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 5-6
Issue: 1
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1408376
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1408376
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Author-Name: Robert Cervero
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Cervero
Title: Mobility Niches: Jitneys to Robo-Taxis
Abstract:
Compared with many developing cities, urban travel choices are rather restricted in the United States, prompting most people to drive. Recently retired from the urban planning faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, Cervero draws from both personal experiences and 3-plus decades of research in making a case for opening America’s mobility marketplace to free-market forces, all the more important in this age of information technology and smart apps. It is argued that a rich mix of mobility options would take form as a result, ranging from smart jitneys to station cars and automated shuttles, that would better serve America’s increasingly diverse traveling public. The emergence of a host of microtransit services in recent years, like shared ride hailing and upmarket private minibuses, bears this out. More transportation choices and new mobility niches, experiences show, can give rise to less wasted and more judicious travel. Traditional urban carriers like public buses and metered taxis can also benefit from a more open, technology-informed mobility marketplace.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 404-412
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1353433
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1353433
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:404-412
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Wolf-Powers
Author-X-Name-First: Laura
Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf-Powers
Author-Name: Marc Doussard
Author-X-Name-First: Marc
Author-X-Name-Last: Doussard
Author-Name: Greg Schrock
Author-X-Name-First: Greg
Author-X-Name-Last: Schrock
Author-Name: Charles Heying
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Heying
Author-Name: Max Eisenburger
Author-X-Name-First: Max
Author-X-Name-Last: Eisenburger
Author-Name: Stephen Marotta
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Marotta
Title: The Maker Movement and Urban Economic Development
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The maker movement is placing small-scale manufacturing development on mayoral agendas across the United States and promises to reinvigorate production economies in central cities. To make effective policy, planners need more knowledge about the entrepreneurs at the center of this phenomenon. Here we present a qualitative investigation of urban maker economies. We draw on semistructured interviews with firms and supportive organizations in Chicago (IL), New York City (NY), and Portland (OR). A limitation of our approach stems from the unavailability of population parameters; we cannot confirm that our sample reflects the universe of maker enterprises. We find that makers draw on ecosystems comprising mainly for-profit firms. The public and nonprofit sectors are important in areas where markets do not provide the resources that fledgling makers require. We find 3 distinct types of maker enterprise: micromakers, global innovators, and emerging place-based manufacturers. Each makes a different contribution to local and regional economic development.Takeaway for practice: Planners can maximize the potential of the maker movement by distinguishing among the 3 types of maker firms. Practitioners focused on employment creation should prioritize emerging place-based manufacturers, helping them build supply chain connections and ensuring that they have affordable space into which to expand. Artisanal micromakers also generate economic benefits, as do global innovators focused on product design and prototyping. But emerging place-based manufacturers have the highest potential for employment creation, both directly and via the business growth they stimulate.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 365-376
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1360787
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1360787
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:365-376
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eva Kassens-Noor
Author-X-Name-First: Eva
Author-X-Name-Last: Kassens-Noor
Author-Name: John Lauermann
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Lauermann
Title: How to Bid Better for the Olympics: A Participatory Mega-Event Planning Strategy for Local Legacies
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Several cities have canceled their Olympic bids in recent years because of local protests and referenda. Bidding cities now face a new political reality as they debate whether a bid is in the best interests of local stakeholders. We present a case study of Boston's (MA) ultimately unsuccessful bid to be the U.S. city selected to host the 2024 Olympic Games. Boston 2024, a nonprofit organization, prepared 2 sequential bids. We ask whether, how, and why Boston 2024 changed its planning approach from the 1st to the 2nd bid to respond to significant protests over its failure to meaningfully involve stakeholders, identify specific legacies, and provide accurate cost details. Our findings are limited by our focus on a single case, the small number of interviewees, and the constraints of ethnographic work. Boston 2024 shifted from an elite-driven process to a more inclusive one, from making generic claims about the impact of hosting the Games to describing local legacies, and from opaque budgets to transparent ones. Boston 2024 did not involve city planners in meaningful ways or engage fully with opponents. These changes were thus not sufficient to overcome substantial local distrust and opposition.Takeaway for practice: Cities considering mega-event bids should encourage a fully participatory planning process that provides genuine local legacies and is transparent about costs and who will bear overruns. City planners would contribute significantly to bid planning that meets these objectives. Cities should also pressure Olympic organizations to make supportive changes in their selection requirements.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 335-345
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1361857
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1361857
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:335-345
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Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 413-413
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1362298
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1362298
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:413-413
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dennis E. Gale
Author-X-Name-First: Dennis E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gale
Title: , by Mathew Desmond
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 414-414
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1362301
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1362301
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:414-414
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: , by Michael Storper, Thomas Kemeny, Naji Makarem, and Taner Osman
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 415-415
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1362302
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1362302
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:415-415
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Don Alexander
Author-X-Name-First: Don
Author-X-Name-Last: Alexander
Title: , by Ray Tomalty and Alan Mallach
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 416-417
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1362303
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1362303
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:416-417
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Evangeline Linkous
Author-X-Name-First: Evangeline
Author-X-Name-Last: Linkous
Title: , edited by Wayne Caldwell, Stew Hilts, and Bronwynne Wilton
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 417-418
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1362304
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1362304
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:417-418
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Geoff Boeing
Author-X-Name-First: Geoff
Author-X-Name-Last: Boeing
Title: , by Marc Barthelemy
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 418-418
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1362306
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1362306
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:418-418
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Maloy
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Maloy
Title: , by Eugene P. Moehring
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 419-419
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1362307
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1362307
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:419-419
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ajay Garde
Author-X-Name-First: Ajay
Author-X-Name-Last: Garde
Author-Name: Cecilia Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Cecilia
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: Form-Based Codes for Zoning Reform to Promote Sustainable Development: Insights From Cities in Southern California
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Advocates of form-based codes contend that these zoning regulations go beyond conventional zoning regulations in promoting sustainable development. We examine the extent to which form-based codes adopted by California cities differ from conventional zoning regulations in integrating 41 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development sustainability criteria (measured by the total number of criteria and the strength of each criterion included in regulations) using a multiple-case study of 26 cities in Southern California. We examine whether and how form-based codes adopted for specific development areas differ from the conventional zoning regulations they replaced and from the current conventional zoning regulations of matched cities. We find considerable variation among cities: Not all form-based codes in our study include more sustainability criteria to a stronger degree than conventional zoning regulations, but a) most form-based codes include more sustainability criteria than the conventional zoning regulations they replaced and those of matched cities, and b) the strongest form-based codes include more sustainability criteria to a stronger degree than the conventional zoning regulations they replaced and those of matched cities. We lack sufficient information to generalize; California, moreover, has many state laws requiring sustainable development. Our findings provide valuable insight for cities considering zoning reform to increase the sustainability of development.Takeaway for practice: Our findings suggest that form-based and conventional zoning regulations can each help cities integrate sustainability criteria into their development regulations. Our research offers positive examples of best practice in zoning reform and highlights missed opportunities for creating more sustainable communities. Cities considering zoning reform can consider these opportunities when reforming their codes to be more supportive of sustainable development.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 346-364
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1364974
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1364974
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:346-364
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matthew Palm
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Palm
Author-Name: Deb Niemeier
Author-X-Name-First: Deb
Author-X-Name-Last: Niemeier
Title: Achieving Regional Housing Planning Objectives: Directing Affordable Housing to Jobs-Rich Neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Low-income households face affordability issues and are often forced to live in areas with limited job access and inadequate transportation. Local communities exacerbate these problems through exclusionary zoning. We study the impact of the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) change in allocation formula under California’s affordable housing mandate. The old policy followed a fair share strategy, whereas the new policy requires local jurisdictions to locate mandated affordable housing units in jobs-rich areas. We compare affordable housing produced in the region before and after ABAG adopted the jobs-housing policy; we also compare the new patterns to the location of market-rate housing and to the experiences of San Diego (CA) and Los Angeles (CA), both of which retain fair share allocation. We do not control for variables that may have affected affordable housing location. ABAG’s policy shift is associated with a 104% improvement in the balance of housing and jobs at the local level; affordable housing units are more likely than market-rate housing to locate in jobs-rich areas, which may indicate that localities prioritize affordable housing. We also find that more affordable housing locates in such areas in the San Francisco Bay Area (CA) than in San Diego or Los Angeles.Takeaway for practice: A voluntary regional government in a state with mandatory affordable housing requirements can affect the production and distribution of affordable housing. A total of 25 U.S. states require localities to include affordable housing elements in their comprehensive plans; we suggest that regional and local planners use these opportunities to meet multiple policy goals by directing affordable housing to jobs-rich neighborhoods.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 377-388
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1368410
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1368410
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:377-388
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mahbubur Meenar
Author-X-Name-First: Mahbubur
Author-X-Name-Last: Meenar
Author-Name: Alfonso Morales
Author-X-Name-First: Alfonso
Author-X-Name-Last: Morales
Author-Name: Leonard Bonarek
Author-X-Name-First: Leonard
Author-X-Name-Last: Bonarek
Title: Regulatory Practices of Urban Agriculture: A Connection to Planning and Policy
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Municipalities across the United States are gradually recognizing urban agriculture as an integral part of planning, land use, and zoning ordinances. We review the literature on the regulation of urban agriculture at a moment when policy and regulatory vacuums exist and the acceptance and integration of urban agriculture is uneven. We review the current regulatory practices of 40 metropolitan and 40 micropolitan municipalities in the 4 U.S. Census regions. We find that municipalities are filling policy vacuums by adopting enabling ordinances (zoning ordinances, land use designations, resolutions), regulations on urban agriculture production (backyard animals, built structures, practitioner responsibility), and fiscal policy instruments (restrictions on sales of agricultural products, tax abatement, urban agriculture fees). Our findings support local planning practitioners in filling regulatory gaps, practitioners of urban agriculture in seeking how it’s done elsewhere, and researchers in discerning new applied and basic research projects. We identify 3 principal knowledge gaps: Planners need a complete typology of regulatory possibilities; a better understanding of how local, state, and federal legislations constrain or enable urban agriculture; and empirical evidence of the economic, social, and environmental impacts of urban agriculture.Takeaway for practice: Planners should assess existing urban agricultural practices and consider which regulatory frameworks best support multiple local goals, incorporating a concern with urban agriculture into ongoing activities, deploying existing or innovative land use tools, facilitating institutional cooperation, and promoting inclusive decision making and community engagement.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 389-403
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1369359
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1369359
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:389-403
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 333-334
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1377576
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1377576
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:333-334
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: EOV Editorial Board
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: ebi-ebi
Issue: 4
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1391027
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1391027
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:4:p:ebi-ebi
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 383-383
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611047
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611047
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:383-383
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: A Review of “Education for Planning: City, State, and Regional”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 384-384
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611048
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611048
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:384-384
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Emmi
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Emmi
Title: A Review of “Planning With Complexity: An Introduction to Collaborative Rationality for Public Policy”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 385-385
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611051
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611051
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:385-385
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Huntoon
Author-X-Name-First: Laura
Author-X-Name-Last: Huntoon
Title: A Review of “Planning With Complexity: An Introduction to Collaborative Rationality for Public Policy”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 385-386
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611053
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611053
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:385-386
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nan Ellin
Author-X-Name-First: Nan
Author-X-Name-Last: Ellin
Title: A Review of “Urban Design and People”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 386-387
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611066
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611066
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:386-387
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elizabeth Scott
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott
Title: A Review of “The Evolution of Urban Form: Typology for Planners and Architects”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 387-388
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611068
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611068
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:387-388
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Noreen McDonald
Author-X-Name-First: Noreen
Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald
Title: A Review of “Children & Their Urban Environment: Changing Worlds”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 388-389
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611069
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611069
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:388-389
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carl Grodach
Author-X-Name-First: Carl
Author-X-Name-Last: Grodach
Title: A Review of “Starstruck: The Business of Celebrity”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 389-390
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611072
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611072
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:389-390
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Melissa Haeffner
Author-X-Name-First: Melissa
Author-X-Name-Last: Haeffner
Title: A Review of “Disappearing Destinations: Climate Change and Future Challenges for Coastal Tourism”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 390-391
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611075
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611075
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:390-391
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan Bradbury
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Bradbury
Title: A Review of “Rural Housing, Exurbanization, and Amenity-Driven Development: Contrasting the “Haves” and the “Have Nots.””
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 391-391
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611077
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611077
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:391-391
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jota Samper
Author-X-Name-First: Jota
Author-X-Name-Last: Samper
Title: A Review of “Global Urbanization”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 392-392
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611078
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611078
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:392-392
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anthony Downs
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony
Author-X-Name-Last: Downs
Title: A Review of “Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier and Happier”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 393-393
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611079
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611079
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:393-393
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alan Altshuler
Author-X-Name-First: Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Altshuler
Title: A Review of “Grotton Revisited…Planning in Crisis?”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 394-394
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611080
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611080
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:394-394
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rae Zimmerman
Author-X-Name-First: Rae
Author-X-Name-Last: Zimmerman
Title: A Review of “The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of Cities”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 394-395
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611081
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611081
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:394-395
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Spencer
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Spencer
Title: Community and Household Perceptions in Urban Services Demand
Abstract: Problem: Planners tend to assume that household choices are made using rational decision making criteria based on accurate perceptions of a) quality, price, and reliability in urban services; and b) the risks associated with alternatives. Expectations, perceptions, and inaccurate and insufficient information may also matter, but their effects are difficult to measure and have been little studied. Growing cities in developing countries offer useful tests of accurate rationality, as newly provided infrastructure must often compete in markets where information is incomplete and risks can be considerable. Little scholarly research exists, however, on nonmaterial motivations (such as fears, perceptions, and expectations) for service demands. Purpose: This article addresses this gap by comparing residents’ perceptions of past illness and fears of environmental and health risks with respect to more material household decision making factors such as water quality and cost. Using an original sample survey, this article tests the independent relationships among reported illness, opinions on the water–illness relationship, and perceptions of pollution in residents’ investments in piped water. Methods: The results and analyses are based on an original household survey conducted in Can Tho, a rapidly growing city in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Basic comparative statistics about household perceptions of water quality, environmental pollution, and decision making with regard to water supply investments are followed by explanatory regression models to determine why households choose to invest in clean water supplies. Results and conclusions: Findings suggest that fears of future illness are more important than reports and perceptions of past illness, and that industrial pollution is a rapidly growing concern that prompts household-level water supply improvements. These results show that greater attention must be paid to how perceptions, expectations, and fears influence household support for and investment in new infrastructure. Takeaway for practice: In rapidly developing cities, or other settings subject to sudden change, resident fears and perceptions may drive decision making as much as the quality and price of the service provided. This is likely more true the more quickly circumstances change. Research support: This project was supported by the University of Hawai’i at Manoa's Globalization Research Center.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 354-367
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.611099
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.611099
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:354-367
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brent Ryan
Author-X-Name-First: Brent
Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan
Title: Reading Through a Plan
Abstract: Problem: Planners may read plans often, but the profession continues to view the interpretation of plan content as something that is either too obvious or too unimportant to require explicit discussion. Plans are seldom adequately interpreted. This is regrettable because plans contain a rich variety of content and meaning. Purpose: This article calls for planners to “read through” plans, not just to grasp their essential ideas or the means of implementing those ideas, but also to perceive additional levels of meaning relating to a) a plan's place within a larger intellectual sphere, b) a plan's statement on the social and political values of the time, and c) a plan as a part of the history of the planning profession and the life of cities. Methods: I propose a visual approach to plan reading descended from Panofsky's (1939) theory of iconology and use this to examine three very different plans that describe different size cities (small, large, very large) during different periods over the past 80 years (the 1930s, 1960s, 2000s). I analyze three levels of meaning in each plan: its factual meaning, or “plain sense” (Mandelbaum, 1990); its contextual meaning, or relation to political, social, economic, and physical conditions; and its temporal meaning, or setting within the scope of observations made by other plan readers in the perspective of elapsed time. Results and conclusions: Factual readings show that information may be found in diverse aspects of a plan document, from seemingly superficial aspects like its cover to unarguably central elements such as recommendations. Factual readings depend on understanding the relationships among different elements, and reveal information about the plan and its framers that may not otherwise be readily apparent. Contextual readings show us that plan recommendations are as much a product of contemporary conditions and norms as they are of plan-specific “survey and diagnosis” (Nolen, 1936). This raises the question of whether plan quality is to be judged only in terms of skillful execution of concerns of the day or whether innovation is also important. Temporal readings reveal that plans and planning have changed dramatically over time, simultaneously confirming and questioning the conventional wisdom of planning history. Takeaway for practice: Many planners read plans on a regular basis, and plans continue to constitute the major printed currency of the planning profession. Both plans and planning will benefit if planners become more discerning readers of the profession's principal idea vessels. Formal plan interpretation is rare, but each planner can become a better plan interpreter. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 309-327
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.616995
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.616995
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:309-327
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Young
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Young
Title: Planting the Living City
Abstract: Problem: Critics have problematized infrastructure for its inability to keep pace with the rising social and ecological impacts of urbanization. Researchers identify urban green infrastructure (GI), including urban forests, as an important strategy for providing public goods and increasing resiliency while reducing ecological footprints and social inequity in metropolitan areas; however, realizing these benefits through planning is still uncertain ground, as most contemporary urban GI endeavors in the United States are small, individual projects rather than integrated, community-wide efforts. This underinvestment has left planners with little experience in developing GI at a metropolitan scale. Purpose: We address this deficit in infrastructure planning by studying planning's role in advancing large-scale, urban tree-planting initiatives (TPI) in eight major U.S. cities and one metropolitan county. In this study, we explore stakeholder perspectives on successes and setbacks in TPI planting, stewardship, business, and outreach plans. From these perspectives, we identify possible best practices that can better inform future efforts to plan GI on a metropolitan scale. Methods: From a review of the literature, we identified ideal planning elements researchers and practitioners considered fundamental to well-planned, urban forestry-based GI programs. We interviewed key stakeholders (n = 86) in eight major cities and one metropolitan county (New York, Los Angeles, Houston, Baltimore, Seattle, Denver, Albuquerque, Sacramento, and Salt Lake County), using multiple-choice and open-ended questions to explore their perceptions of TPI successes, failures, and opportunities for improvement. We used this data to compare TPI planning and implementation with ideal urban forestry and GI planning elements, to identify TPI best practices, and to locate TPI program elements such as business and stewardship planning in relation to traditional infrastructure. We discuss these findings in light of opportunities to bring GI into the mainstream of metropolitan infrastructure planning. Results and conclusions: We found that cities employed a spectrum of planning strategies to advance TPI, ranging from highly institutionalized, data-driven initiatives to decentralized, grassroots efforts. Participants viewed TPI as bringing GI to the mainstream; however, uncertainties in funding and long-term stewardship belie this perspective. Lacking access to traditional infrastructure financing, several TPI used creative development and contracting strategies to maintain program funding and momentum, while others stagnated. Additionally, programs lost momentum when mayors who launched TPI were not reelected. Successful underfunded initiatives focused on community-level engagement. However, institutionalized, diverse funding structures and robust, agency-level commitment to maintaining and expanding urban forests were considered most effective in advancing urban forestry-based GI. Overall geographic distribution of TPI, and the relatively sophisticated financial and institutional approaches achieved by New York and Seattle, provide insight into possible national strategies to advance metropolitan-scale GI. Similarly, Los Angeles's and Baltimore's use of focused corporate sponsorship and community engagement to advance underfunded programs could inform international GI efforts. Takeaway for practice: Through large-scale TPI, planners are beginning to engage in planning metropolitan-scale GI as a conscious strategy to address urban ecological issues and deliver public goods. Initiatives benefit from being launched early in an administration's term. Further, detailed, data-driven planting plans, combined with diversified funding sources and the institutionalization of tree-acquisition in the capital budget, can enable TPI to establish a) long-term contracts, b) control over supply chains, and c) stability in recessionary times. Contracting with grassroots and advocacy organizations to perform education and fieldwork can provide means for underfunded programs to maintain momentum toward meeting TPI goals; however, accessing traditional infrastructure financing mechanisms and institutionalizing stewardship plans are fundamental to long-term expansion and maintenance of investments in metropolitan GI. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 368-381
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.616996
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.616996
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:368-381
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Annette Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Annette
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: Unimaginable Change
Abstract: Problem: Planning aspires to intervene and make positive change. However, our ideas about how to create institutional reform need to be revisited because they do not fully account for the changes we have witnessed. Purpose: This article assesses the state of our knowledge about institutions and of how we construct and change them. It identifies the major deficiencies in new institutionalism in planning theory and searches for ideas about how to influence positive institutional change. Methods: I analyzed over 90 publications in the planning literature and other social sciences that discussed “institutions,” and identified the varying definitions and underlying epistemologies and philosophies that are at odds with each other. I then examined empirical studies of successful economic development cases in order to critically appraise the efficacy of different theories to account for the observed changes. Results and conclusions: Disparate new institutionalism theories in the social sciences have been starting to converge by focusing on social cognition. The unimaginable, fundamental changes that have occurred in our lifetimes have not been the result of rational state planning, manipulation by political elites, or activist organizations. A society-wide process of tacit learning from peers and exemplars built new paradigms and practices, ultimately normalizing new realities. Takeaway for practice: Planning practice that aims toward large institutional changes rather than incremental ones should incorporate the empirical lessons of contemporary history and the latest findings in cognitive science. Knowing more about the social cognition process can help planners to more effectively engage in fundamental change. Furthermore, if it retains its strengths in empirical research and multiscalar, interdisciplinary analysis, planning practice and research can make policy-relevant contributions to our understanding of social cognition change. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 328-337
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.619462
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.619462
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:328-337
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gene Bunnell
Author-X-Name-First: Gene
Author-X-Name-Last: Bunnell
Author-Name: Edward Jepson
Author-X-Name-First: Edward
Author-X-Name-Last: Jepson
Title: The Effect of Mandated Planning on Plan Quality
Abstract: Problem: What is a “good plan”? Among their key goals, plans aim to communicate, influence and engage. Persuasiveness (the ability to engage and motivate) is, therefore, an essential plan quality. Unfortunately, all too many comprehensive plans lack this important quality. In addition, state planning mandates intended to strengthen planning can instead worsen this shortcoming. Purpose: To develop a methodology to measure and compare the communicative and persuasive qualities of plans in states with and without planning mandates. Methods: A specially designed protocol was developed to measure the communicative and persuasive qualities of comprehensive plans. Plans of 20 municipalities in states with planning mandates were compared with those of 20 municipalities in states without planning mandates. Statistical analyses of the results were conducted using the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (U) test and simple t tests. Results and conclusions: Requiring local governments to prepare plans did not result in better plans—at least as measured by a protocol tailored specifically to assess the persuasiveness and communicative quality of plans. Plans prepared in mandate states were much more rigid and standardized than those prepared in nonmandate states. Nonmandated plans also scored much higher in terms of their narrative and storytelling qualities than mandated plans. Private consultant involvement in plan making significantly increased the communicative and persuasive qualities of plans. Takeaway for practice: Plans in all 40 municipalities fell far short of the ideal communicative and persuasive qualities set forth in the protocol. The deficiency was greatest in states with planning mandates. The involvement of private consultants had a positive impact on plan quality, while the provision of state funding for planning did not. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 338-353
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.619951
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.619951
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:338-353
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Editorial Board EOV
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: ebi-ebi
Issue: 4
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.628904
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.628904
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:4:p:ebi-ebi
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amnon Frenkel
Author-X-Name-First: Amnon
Author-X-Name-Last: Frenkel
Author-Name: Daniel Orenstein
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Orenstein
Title: Can Urban Growth Management Work in an Era of Political and Economic Change?
Abstract: Problem: Urban growth management policy employs a range of tools to restrain urban sprawl, promote efficient land use, and preserve open space. Yet the efficacy of such policy is widely debated and challenged, necessitating reliable empirical evidence from case studies assessing the historical success (or failure) of such policy. Purpose: We review Israeli national growth management policy over a 36-year period, recording long-term land development trends in order to assess the efficacy of policy. Methods: We integrate a historical analysis of qualitative policy data and quantitative performance indicators of urban spatial development for a selected region of the country. We use a suite of spatial variables indicating amount, distribution, and configuration of built space along with other sprawl-relevant statistical data. Results and conclusions: In the 1970s and 1980s, open space was preserved largely due to agricultural preservation policy, despite demographic and economic growth. During the 1990s, the initiation of growth management policy coincided with a profound proliferation of development and population movement to low-density suburbs. While statistical indicators from the past several years are equivocal, they suggest that policy is encouraging higher-density development and slowing the loss of open space. Takeaway for practice: Urban growth management policy and its impact must be considered within the historical context in which it was implemented. Changes in land use policy in Israel reflect socioeconomic and political changes; when policy did not adapt to changes in society, the results were undesirable. Today, planning tools (e.g., minimum density limits, population size thresholds, urban growth boundaries, and land use fabrics) strike a balance between top-down planning objectives and bottom-up development pressures. The use of these tools within a statutory, national-level plan helps ensure consistency of implementation across regions.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 16-33
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.643533
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.643533
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:16-33
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 104-105
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644190
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644190
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:104-105
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Godschalk
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Godschalk
Title: A Review of “Urban land use planning”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 105-106
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644195
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644195
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:105-106
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frederick Steiner
Author-X-Name-First: Frederick
Author-X-Name-Last: Steiner
Title: A Review of “Architecture in uniform; Designing and building for the Second World War”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 106-106
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644196
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644196
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:106-106
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Author-Name: Alfonso Morales
Author-X-Name-First: Alfonso
Author-X-Name-Last: Morales
Title: A Review of “The new entrepreneurs; How race, class, and gender shape American enterprise”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 107-107
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644198
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644198
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:107-107
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Servon
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Servon
Title: A Review of “Investing in entrepreneurs; A strategic approach for strengthening your regional and community economy”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 108-108
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644199
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644199
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:108-108
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Author-Name: Laurie Nijaki
Author-X-Name-First: Laurie
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijaki
Title: A Review of “Sustainability in America's cities; Creating the green metropolis”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 109-109
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644203
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644203
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:109-109
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Iris Patten
Author-X-Name-First: Iris
Author-X-Name-Last: Patten
Title: A Review of “Trust in the land; New directions in tribal conservation”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 110-110
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644204
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644204
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:110-110
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kirk McClure
Author-X-Name-First: Kirk
Author-X-Name-Last: McClure
Title: A Review of “Inclusionary housing in international perspective; Affordable housing, social inclusion, and land value recapture”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 110-111
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644206
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644206
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:110-111
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicholas Marantz
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas
Author-X-Name-Last: Marantz
Title: A Review of “China's Pan-Pearl River Delta; Regional cooperation and development”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 111-112
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644209
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644209
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:111-112
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Author-Name: Eric Kelly
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly
Title: A Review of “The trouble with city planning; What New Orleans can teach us”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 112-113
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644210
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644210
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:112-113
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roger Bolton
Author-X-Name-First: Roger
Author-X-Name-Last: Bolton
Title: A Review of “Regional planning in America; Practice and prospect”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 113-114
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644211
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644211
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:113-114
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Lake
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Lake
Title: A Review of “Ethics and planning research”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 114-115
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644212
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644212
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:114-115
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gulsah Akar
Author-X-Name-First: Gulsah
Author-X-Name-Last: Akar
Title: A Review of “Transportation and economic development challenges”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 115-116
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.644216
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.644216
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:115-116
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elisa Barbour
Author-X-Name-First: Elisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Barbour
Author-Name: Elizabeth Deakin
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Deakin
Title: Smart Growth Planning for Climate Protection
Abstract: Problem: To help achieve climate policy goals, California recently adopted measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by promoting more efficient development. One policy, Senate Bill (SB) 375, gained widespread attention as “the nation's first law to combat greenhouse gas emissions by reducing sprawl” (Office of the Governor of California, 2008). What does experience to date indicate about the effectiveness of California's institutional model for achieving GHG reductions from transportation and land use? Purpose: SB 375, adopted in 2008, requires California's urban regions to achieve mandated GHG reductions through coordinated transportation and land use. After its passage, the California Air Resources Board moderated a lively, contentious negotiation process with the state's 18 Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) to define potential GHG reductions and assign the mandated targets. We evaluate progress toward achieving SB 375 goals, analyzing the target-setting process and local government engagement. We assess the viability of California's largely voluntary model for achieving climate goals through smart growth. Methods: We consider the two-year-long SB 375 target-setting process as an exercise in institution building, creating new planning requirements that build on existing regional processes but also require the development of new techniques for systematically evaluating policy options and assigning regional responsibility. We evaluate MPO data on the potential of various smart growth policy options for reducing GHGs, and consider the activities and perspective of local planners by incorporating findings from surveys and interviews. Results and conclusions: SB 375 demonstrates that regional smart growth climate policy can be built on existing planning processes, particularly for transportation and associated air quality requirements. However, regional and local planners express concerns about inadequate resources for implementation. Without strong state or federal mandates or incentives that favor the policy outcomes envisioned in SB 375, the law expects more from MPOs than they can easily accomplish. As executed so far, SB 375 adds only a modest contribution to state efforts to reduce GHGs by 2020. At the local level, we document a sharp rise in climate policymaking, but also gaps between regional and local assessment and mitigation strategies. Takeaway for practice: It is possible to systematize collaborative climate goal setting for development planning across regions, but negotiating fair share responsibilities is inherently political and requires strong institutions in order to succeed. Effective smart growth climate planning requires matching responsibility and authority with incentives that integrate state, regional, and local needs and responsibilities; tough performance mandates and/or strong incentives are needed to bridge the traditional regional–local divide. To reinforce climate policy through local environmental review, requirements must be linked to regional plans; otherwise, project-by-project mitigation may work at cross-purposes with wider strategies.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 70-86
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.645272
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.645272
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:70-86
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Timothy Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Timothy
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Introduction
Abstract: Problem: Local, regional, and state growth management policy in the United States has been evolving since the 1950s, generally becoming much more comprehensive in how it addresses growth over time. Purpose: In this article, I describe the three historic phases of local, regional, and state approaches to managing growth in the United States since the 1950s. I then sketch the characteristics of the emerging fourth wave, one that must respond to challenges relating to economic development, climate change, and changing energy demands and supplies. Methods: Using a review of the literature and an assessment of the major trends shaping local, regional, and state land planning efforts, the article traces the evolution of growth management policy. Results and conclusions: Of the many changes land planning policy has experienced over time, the most telling is the shift in attitudes toward growth and development. For many decades growth management policy viewed development as a problem to be limited or managed, but in the last two decades planners have embraced new development as an opportunity for fixing past errors and addressing problems linked with growth. Takeaway for practice: Although smart growth remains an anchor for land planning policies and programs, approaches to managing growth will and must evolve in the coming years. Despite the many economic and political challenges faced by land planners and growth management advocates, there is much to be optimistic about as a new fourth wave of growth management emerges.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 5-15
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.645273
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.645273
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:5-15
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nancey Leigh
Author-X-Name-First: Nancey
Author-X-Name-Last: Leigh
Author-Name: Nathanael Hoelzel
Author-X-Name-First: Nathanael
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoelzel
Title: Smart Growth's Blind Side
Abstract: Problem: For many cities and planners, adopting smart-growth sprawl-containing strategies is associated with the conversion of relatively inexpensive industrial-zoned land to land zoned for mixed-use commercial and residential redevelopment. This can weaken the urban economic base, reduce the supply of good-job producing land, and contribute to industrial-sector suburban sprawl. Purpose: We expose smart growth's blind side by revealing the lack of attention to urban industrial redevelopment in planning practice. We expand the smart growth dialogue by describing a) the impacts on productive urban industrial land of adopting smart policies, and b) local government measures to protect urban industry while pursuing smart growth. Methods: We review the recent local industrial policies of 14 cities and 10 practice-oriented smart growth publications with local economic development components to reveal the disconnect between urban industrial development and smart growth approaches. We compare elements of adopted local industrial policies from selected cities with commonly accepted smart growth principles to illuminate the challenges smart growth policies pose for protecting and revitalizing urban industrial areas. Results and conclusions: Our review of cities initiating local industrial policies reveals that significant amounts of industrial land have been converted to other uses as cities pursued smart growth. The smart growth literature provides little to no acknowledgment of the need to coordinate urban industrial development practices with other mainstay smart growth activities. Although development pressures to convert industrial land to higher densities and other uses persist, the national economic crisis has led to a call for strengthening manufacturing. There has also been a decline in the nonindustrial infill development that epitomizes smart growth projects. Together these trends present opportunities and challenges for city and regional planners to change smart growth approaches. Takeaway for practice: Industrial land is at risk in cities. Recent efforts to reduce this risk, such as explicit local policies to preserve industrial land and jobs while also pursuing smart growth, illustrate how challenging it is to attract new manufacturers and prevent further industrial decline in urban neighborhoods. Pursuing smart growth and sustainable urban industrial development should not be an either/or proposition, and requires approaches that explicitly safeguard productive urban industrial land and discourage industrial sprawl.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 87-103
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.645274
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.645274
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:87-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rebecca Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Author-Name: Gerrit-Jan Knaap
Author-X-Name-First: Gerrit-Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Knaap
Title: Targeting Spending for Land Conservation
Abstract: Problem: In 1997, Maryland burst into the national spotlight with a package of legislation collectively referred to as smart growth. At its core, the innovative Maryland approach relied on directing state investments in urban infrastructure to Priority Funding Areas while directing state investments in land preservation to rural legacy areas. This article examines the performance of Rural Legacy Areas. Although smart growth in Maryland and the performance of Priority Funding Areas have received considerable attention at the national level, there have been few analyses of the performance of the Rural Legacy Program. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the process, implementation, and outcomes of rural legacy areas in Maryland to provide insights about the efficacy of targeted preservation as a means to stop or slow sprawl development in rural areas. Methods: Using documents and data obtained from the Maryland Department of Natural Resources and other state agencies, we examine the implementation and outcomes of Rural Legacy Areas. First, we review the process through which Rural Legacy Areas were approved and the pattern of state spending in these areas. Then we evaluate three performance measures over time: preservation, parcelization, and development. Finally, using difference in means t tests, we examine the impacts of Rural Legacy Areas on development patterns over time. Results and conclusions: The performance of Rural Legacy Areas has been mixed. The level of state funding has varied tremendously, and few areas have received consistent funding over time. However, in areas where the state has targeted high levels of funding for several years, development in Rural Legacy Areas has been tempered. Overall the share of development in Rural Legacy Areas measured in parcels has increased slightly, but the share of development measured in acres has decreased slightly. Takeaway for practice: Targeting spending on land conservation to protect large, contiguous spatial areas makes sense, but the Rural Legacy approach as used in Maryland has significant limitations. Allowing Rural Legacy Areas to be designated by local governments and nonprofit organizations can result in poor coordination between land conservation and urban containment strategies. Spending limitations and lack of commitment over political cycles can limit the extent of conservation within designated areas. Designating conservation areas that lack supportive zoning can stimulate development precisely where it is not desired.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 34-52
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.645275
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.645275
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:34-52
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jerry Weitz
Author-X-Name-First: Jerry
Author-X-Name-Last: Weitz
Author-Name: Tom Crawford
Author-X-Name-First: Tom
Author-X-Name-Last: Crawford
Title: Where the Jobs Are Going: Job Sprawl in U.S. Metropolitan Regions, 2001–2006
Abstract: Problem: Employment is an underemphasized component of sprawl. A measure of job sprawl that accounts for the proximity of employment to populated places is needed to grasp problems of sprawl (especially those related to mobility) and mitigate their impacts. Prior sprawl studies have not investigated the proximity of jobs and populated places in ways that are replicable and meaningful to practitioners. Purpose: We seek to elevate the importance of employment generally and the proximity of jobs to populated places more specifically, in the sprawl debate. For 358 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States, we investigate how spatial patterns of job locations have changed from 2001 to 2006 in relation to preexisting (year 2000) populated places. We present results nationally and investigate whether urban containment regions (mostly in the west) and residentially sprawled metro areas in southern states performed better or worse than the mean for all MSAs with regard to the job sprawl metric. Methods: Using a GIS, we developed and applied a job sprawl metric that measured employment change over time (2001–2006) in relation to populated places in 2000, within and adjacent to 358 U.S. metropolitan areas. Job sprawl was defined as the percentage of change in job proximity (or straight-line distance, as a proxy for accessibility) to populated places over time. Results and conclusions: Of 358 metropolitan regions, 227 (63%) experienced job gain and a decrease in job accessibility, confirming the stereotypical pattern of job sprawl in growing regions. None of the nine selected urban containment regions increased proximity of jobs to populated places from 2001 to 2006 (i.e., they still exhibited job sprawl). Mixed results were observed for 11 regions characterized as having low-density residential sprawl as of 2000. Takeaway for practice: Measuring job sprawl as decreasing accessibility among jobs and populated places over time gives practitioners a better understanding of the resulting spatial and functional relationships among land uses in the region. Urban containment alone appears to be insufficient to avoid mobility-related problems. Sprawl studies must be made more relevant to practice.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 53-69
Issue: 1
Volume: 78
Year: 2012
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.645276
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.645276
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:78:y:2012:i:1:p:53-69
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karen S. Christensen
Author-X-Name-First: Karen S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Christensen
Title: A Career in Planning
Abstract:
In this essay Christensen reviews her 50-year career as a planner, researcher, and teacher. A college summer internship in New York City exposed her to urban problems and initiatives, leading to her thesis and subsequent job at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, where she worked on interagency and intergovernmental projects. Later she studied at the University of California, Berkeley’s, Department of City and Regional Planning, where she became a member of the faculty. In her research and teaching she examined wicked planning problems (Rittel & Webber, 1973), uncertainty in planning, and organizational and intergovernmental decision making, as well as housing. To help students do better at doing good, she taught savvy through a course on planning institutions, and she continues to be engaged with planning theory.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 315-321
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1318081
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1318081
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:315-321
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew H. Whittemore
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Whittemore
Title: Racial and Class Bias in Zoning: Rezonings Involving Heavy Commercial and Industrial Land Use in Durham (NC), 1945–2014
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: In this study I investigate whether zoning has traditionally protected communities of color from the dangers of heavy commercial and industrial use to the extent that it has protected White communities. I evaluate whether upzonings—changes from less intensive uses to more intensive heavy commercial and industrial uses—disproportionately occurred in African-American and low-income neighborhoods in Durham (NC) from 1945 to 2014, and I evaluate the comparative impact of downzonings. I use the contemporary demographics of the census tracts where these rezonings occurred and qualitative evidence from public hearings, plans, and other relevant primary materials. I find that before 1985, the pattern of rezonings in Durham had negative implications for African-American areas in particular. Environmental justice efforts in the 1980s, followed by gentrification, caused the city’s planners and local elected officials to change course.Takeaway for practice: Planners have an ethical obligation to promote equity, and their ability to do so depends on understanding sources of social injustice. In Durham, race historically played a role in upzonings and downzonings involving heavy commercial and industrial uses. The city also demonstrates that planners and local elected officials can successfully intervene to end disparities in zoning practice across communities of different racial characteristics. Assessing past zoning practices in other cities may reveal similar records of bias and help planners to present cases for corrective action.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 235-248
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1320949
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1320949
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:235-248
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hee-Jung Jun
Author-X-Name-First: Hee-Jung
Author-X-Name-Last: Jun
Title: The Link Between Local Comprehensive Plans and Housing Affordability: A Comparative Study of the Atlanta and Detroit Metropolitan Areas
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: I question whether the strength of affordable housing policies in local comprehensive plans is associated with better affordable housing outcomes, which I measure as a decrease in the share of low-income households who spend more than 30% of their income for housing, otherwise known as cost-burdened households. I first assess the strength of affordable housing policies in 58 local comprehensive plans, counting the number of—and degree of coercion in—those affordable housing policies. I then analyze the relationship between the strength of affordable housing policies and changes in the share of low-income households with cost burden. I find that the strength of affordable housing policies is higher in the Atlanta (GA) metropolitan area than in the Detroit (MI) metropolitan area. I also find that the strength of affordable housing policies is positively associated with a decrease in the share of low-income households paying more than 30% of their income for housing in the Atlanta metropolitan area. I do not find a comparable relationship between plan strength and housing outcomes in the Detroit metropolitan area. I also find that the state role matters: Georgia provides more support and guidance for local comprehensive planning, and for affordable housing policies in those plans, than does Michigan.Takeaway for practice: Planners should continually promote local comprehensive plans that include more and stronger affordable housing policies and advocate for greater state support for comprehensive planning and affordable housing policies because these appear to lead to a greater likelihood of implementing stronger plans.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 249-261
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1321496
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1321496
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:249-261
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gian-Claudia Sciara
Author-X-Name-First: Gian-Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Sciara
Title: Metropolitan Transportation Planning: Lessons From the Past, Institutions for the Future
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: There are more than 400 U.S. metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) overseeing multiple transportation projects totaling billions of dollars, yet these crucial organizations and their history and current role are generally unknown or confusing to many planning practitioners and scholars. MPOs face major challenges in developing meaningful long-range regional transportation plans, challenges rooted in their history that planners should understand as they grapple with metropolitan planning efforts. MPOs may approve projects and their funding, but disparate agencies and often competitive local governments control budgets and actually build projects. MPOs, moreover, do not fully represent all regional interests and have no control over the local land use decisions that would support less autocentric communities and human-powered modes. I provide a metareview of the history of regional transportation planning and the MPOs responsible for it, describing U.S. metropolitan transportation planning from the early 20th century. Federal legislation in the 1960s first suggested a regional forum for conversations about metropolitan transportation. Federal legislation in subsequent decades made incremental if incomplete progress toward creating a meaningful regional forum, adapting institutions and practices to increase stakeholder involvement as well as the scope of transport planning, yet MPOs have multiple limitations that planners can address.Takeaway for practice: History suggests that MPOs can be a force for regional change. Planners and policymakers could anchor future reforms to MPOs’ existing legal and administrative frameworks. Planners should revisit the membership and voting structures of MPO boards to ensure better stakeholder representation and permit some MPOs to generate and direct transportation funds at the local level.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 262-276
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1322526
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1322526
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:262-276
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arlie Adkins
Author-X-Name-First: Arlie
Author-X-Name-Last: Adkins
Author-Name: Carrie Makarewicz
Author-X-Name-First: Carrie
Author-X-Name-Last: Makarewicz
Author-Name: Michele Scanze
Author-X-Name-First: Michele
Author-X-Name-Last: Scanze
Author-Name: Maia Ingram
Author-X-Name-First: Maia
Author-X-Name-Last: Ingram
Author-Name: Gretchen Luhr
Author-X-Name-First: Gretchen
Author-X-Name-Last: Luhr
Title: Contextualizing Walkability: Do Relationships Between Built Environments and Walking Vary by Socioeconomic Context?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Supportive built environments for walking are linked to higher rates of walking and physical activity, but little is known about this relationship for socioeconomically disadvantaged (e.g., low-income and racial/ethnic minority) populations. We review 17 articles and find that most show that the built environment has weaker effects on walking and physical activity for disadvantaged than advantaged groups. Those who lived in supportive built environments walked more and were more physically active than those who did not, but the effect was about twice as large for advantaged groups. We see this difference because disadvantaged groups walked more in unsupportive built environments and less in supportive built environments, though the latter appears more influential.Takeaway for practice: Defining walkability entirely in built environment terms may fail to account for important social and individual/household characteristics and other non–built environment factors that challenge disadvantaged groups, including fear of crime and lack of social support. Planners must be sensitive to these findings and to community concerns about gentrification and displacement in the face of planned built environment improvements that may benefit more advantaged populations. We recommend five planning responses: Recognize that the effects of the built environment may vary by socioeconomics; use holistic approaches to improve walkability; expand walkability definitions to address a range of social and physical barriers; partner across agencies, disciplines, and professions; and evaluate interventions in different socioeconomic environments.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 296-314
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1322527
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1322527
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:296-314
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Megan Horst
Author-X-Name-First: Megan
Author-X-Name-Last: Horst
Author-Name: Nathan McClintock
Author-X-Name-First: Nathan
Author-X-Name-Last: McClintock
Author-Name: Lesli Hoey
Author-X-Name-First: Lesli
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoey
Title: The Intersection of Planning, Urban Agriculture, and Food Justice: A Review of the Literature
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: We draw on a multidisciplinary body of research to consider how planning for urban agriculture can foster food justice by benefitting socioeconomically disadvantaged residents. The potential social benefits of urban agriculture include increased access to food, positive health impacts, skill building, community development, and connections to broader social change efforts. The literature suggests, however, caution in automatically conflating urban agriculture’s social benefits with the goals of food justice. Urban agriculture may reinforce and deepen societal inequities by benefitting better resourced organizations and the propertied class and contributing to the displacement of lower-income households. The precariousness of land access for urban agriculture is another limitation, particularly for disadvantaged communities. Planners have recently begun to pay increased attention to urban agriculture but should more explicitly support the goals of food justice in their urban agriculture policies and programs.Takeaway for practice: We suggest several key strategies for planners to more explicitly orient their urban agriculture efforts to support food justice, including prioritizing urban agriculture in long-term planning efforts, developing mutually respectful relationships with food justice organizations and urban agriculture participants from diverse backgrounds, targeting city investments in urban agriculture to benefit historically disadvantaged communities, increasing the amount of land permanently available for urban agriculture, and confronting the threats of gentrification and displacement from urban agriculture. We demonstrate how the city of Seattle (WA) used an equity lens in all of its programs to shift its urban agriculture planning to more explicitly foster food justice, providing clear examples for other cities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 277-295
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1322914
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1322914
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:277-295
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 322-322
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1323506
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1323506
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:322-322
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chandan Deuskar
Author-X-Name-First: Chandan
Author-X-Name-Last: Deuskar
Title: , by Joop de Wit
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 323-323
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1323508
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1323508
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:323-323
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: , by Ian Wray
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 323-324
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1323512
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1323512
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:323-324
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: W. Paul Farmer
Author-X-Name-First: W. Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Farmer
Title: , edited by Donald K. Carter
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 324-325
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1323514
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1323514
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:324-325
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: , by Christina D. Rosan
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 326-326
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1323516
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1323516
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:326-326
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Russell J. Fricano
Author-X-Name-First: Russell J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fricano
Title: , by Thomas Fisher
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 327-327
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1323517
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1323517
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:327-327
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Correction to: The Driving Downturn: A Preliminary Assessment
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 328-328
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1323527
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1323527
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:328-328
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 233-234
Issue: 3
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1323528
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1323528
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:3:p:233-234
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arnab Chakraborty
Author-X-Name-First: Arnab
Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty
Author-Name: Nikhil Kaza
Author-X-Name-First: Nikhil
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaza
Author-Name: Gerrit-Jan Knaap
Author-X-Name-First: Gerrit-Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Knaap
Author-Name: Brian Deal
Author-X-Name-First: Brian
Author-X-Name-Last: Deal
Title: Robust Plans and Contingent Plans
Abstract: Problem: The practice of scenario planning is often too focused on developing a single preferred scenario and fails to adequately consider multiple uncertain futures. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development recently awarded grants for scenario planning at regional and metropolitan scales that further promote this practice. However, a lack of systematic analysis of uncertainty limits the role of scenario planning. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how to incorporate uncertainty into large-scale scenario analysis and then use that framework to identify contingent and robust plans. Methods: We adapt the concepts of controllable internal options and uncontrollable external forces and consider their interactions in order to develop future scenarios and identify contingent and robust decisions. We then apply this technique using advanced econometric, land use, and transportation models developed for the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan region and its vicinity. Finally, based on the results of a hypothetical, yet plausible, exercise, we show how contingent and robust decisions can help local and regional governments develop contingent and robust plans. Results and conclusions: Scenarios developed as a combination of internal options and external forces allow us to identify a wider range of future impacts than in traditional metropolitan scenario planning. Robust plans support choices that offer benefits across scenarios. Contingent plans can be tailored to specific futures. Takeaway for practice: By providing a way to think systematically about uncertainty, scenario analysis promises to improve the efficacy of large-scale planning. Research support: This article was not directly supported by any outside agency, but support for the modeling system was provided by the following organizations: Maryland State Highway Administration, Maryland Department of Transportation, Maryland Department of Planning, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 251-266
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.582394
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.582394
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:251-266
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Schweitzer
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer
Title: A Review of “Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream (10th Anniversary Edition)”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 291-292
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588556
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588556
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:291-292
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emily Talen
Author-X-Name-First: Emily
Author-X-Name-Last: Talen
Title: A Review of “Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream (10th Anniversary Edition)”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 292-293
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588557
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588557
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:292-293
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frederick Steiner
Author-X-Name-First: Frederick
Author-X-Name-Last: Steiner
Title: A Review of “Urban Tomographies”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 293-294
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588559
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588559
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:293-294
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerrit Knaap
Author-X-Name-First: Gerrit
Author-X-Name-Last: Knaap
Title: A Review of “Sprawl, Justice, and Citizenship: The Civic Costs of the American Way of Life”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 294-294
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588560
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588560
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:294-294
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joseli Macedo
Author-X-Name-First: Joseli
Author-X-Name-Last: Macedo
Title: A Review of “Contemporary Urbanism in Brazil: Beyond Brasília”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 295-295
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588564
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588564
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:295-295
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Peiser
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Peiser
Title: A Review of “America's Waterfront Revival: Port Authorities and Urban Redevelopment”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 296-296
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588566
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588566
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:296-296
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David King
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: King
Title: A Review of “Climatopolis: How Our Cities Will Thrive in the Hotter Future”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 297-297
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588568
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588568
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:297-297
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucie Laurian
Author-X-Name-First: Lucie
Author-X-Name-Last: Laurian
Title: A Review of “Climatopolis: How Our Cities Will Thrive in the Hotter Future”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 297-298
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588570
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588570
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:297-298
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nico Calavita
Author-X-Name-First: Nico
Author-X-Name-Last: Calavita
Title: A Review of “How to House the Homeless”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 298-299
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588572
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588572
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:298-299
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Rohe
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe
Title: A Review of “Miami: Mistress of the Americas”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 299-300
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588575
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588575
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:299-300
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anaid Yerena
Author-X-Name-First: Anaid
Author-X-Name-Last: Yerena
Title: A Review of “Financing Low-Income Communities: Models, Obstacles, and Future Directions”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 300-301
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588578
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588578
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:300-301
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward Blakely
Author-X-Name-First: Edward
Author-X-Name-Last: Blakely
Title: A Review of “Michigan Family Farms and Farm Buildings: Landscapes of the Heart and Mind”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 301-301
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.588582
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.588582
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:301-301
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erick Guerra
Author-X-Name-First: Erick
Author-X-Name-Last: Guerra
Author-Name: Robert Cervero
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Cervero
Title: Cost of a Ride
Abstract: Problem: High costs and low ridership are the bane of fixed-guideway transit investments. The net capital and operating cost per passenger mile of recent investments ranged from $0.22 to over $10 in 2008. A better understanding of characteristics of the most successful transit investments can help inform future investment policy and improve the performance of existing transit systems. Purpose: We evaluated the ridership, operating costs, and capital costs of recent transit investments and identified job and population densities that can support more cost-effective fixed-guideway transit service. Methods: Combining investment and station-level data from over 50 American fixed-guideway transit investments with time-series data on 23 transit systems and surrounding land uses, we modeled the influence of job and population densities on transit ridership and capital and operating costs. Based on these results, we estimated the marginal costs per passenger mile of increasing transit ridership through system expansion, increased service, and decreased fares. Results and conclusions: Controlling for neighborhood, regional, and transit service attributes, population and job density are positively correlated with both ridership and capital costs. As density increases, so do capital costs and ridership. Density, however, has an inverse relationship to capital cost per rider and total costs per passenger mile. Higher densities tend to improve transit's cost effectiveness, in spite of higher capital costs. Takeaway for practice: Job and population densities around transit stations are frequently below minimum thresholds needed for cost-effective transit investments and operation. This contributes to high costs per passenger mile on many transit systems. We generate density guidelines for cities and towns to use as a point of comparison and a potential target for zoning around existing and proposed transit stations based on actual or projected capital costs. Research support: This project was supported by a grant from the University of California Transportation Center.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 267-290
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.589767
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.589767
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:267-290
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 291-291
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.590765
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.590765
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:291-291
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bonnie Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Bonnie
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson
Author-Name: Michael Graves
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Graves
Title: Keeping It Real
Abstract: Problem: It is easier than ever to reach out to the public, but as communication channels proliferate, it becomes difficult to compete for people's attention. Also, it seems as though fantasy and spectacle (even in news coverage) have the best chances of capturing an audience. Can planners create what Duncombe (2007) calls “ethical spectacles,” where planning projects get noticed, but still gain substantive public input? Purpose: Currently, reality television shows are the masters of “spectacle” and viewer participation. This article uses the reality TV formula to critique a televised planning event sponsored by the council of governments for the Greater Kansas City region. The model for successful reality TV offers strategies for improving televised planning processes by making these programs more dynamic and interactive. The reality TV formula includes the following: real people, uncontrolled situations, immediacy and intimacy, an emphasis on conflict in which participants balance individual and community needs, an observational style, a “confessional space,” editing to create an entertaining package, and interactive elements (voting, texting by home viewers). Methods: The study uses genre criticism to compare and contrast the Imagine KC televised town meeting with the successful reality TV formula. Results and conclusions: Planners can use reality TV to create “ethical spectacles” and more effectively draw attention to planning issues while creating two-way dialogues with the public. Duncombe's (2007) ethical spectacles are directly democratic, fostering community while allowing for diversity. They also take up real issues but explore alternate futures. These are all familiar to planners who have used more typical public participation techniques (e.g., surveys, charrettes) while adhering to the American Institute of Certified Planners’ code of ethics. Takeaway for practice: While reality TV offers planners strategies for creating compelling televised public participation programming, reality TV is not without its faults. Planners should avoid the exploitative manner in which reality TV producers regard the participants, as well as its manipulative style and aesthetic of humiliation, which emphasizes drama and conflict over documentary realism and ethical considerations. If planners are going to use the medium of television, the reality TV formula provides an attractive option for those seeking to inform and interact with a large, diverse audience. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 214-231
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.592128
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.592128
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:214-231
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zhan Guo
Author-X-Name-First: Zhan
Author-X-Name-Last: Guo
Author-Name: Asha Agrawal
Author-X-Name-First: Asha
Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal
Author-Name: Jennifer Dill
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Dill
Title: Are Land Use Planning and Congestion Pricing Mutually Supportive?
Abstract: Problem: Congestion pricing and land use planning have been proposed as two promising strategies to reduce the externalities associated with driving, including traffic congestion, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. However, they are often viewed by their proponents as substitutive instead of complementary to each other. Purpose: Using data from a pilot mileage fee program run in Portland, OR, we explored whether congestion pricing and land use planning were mutually supportive in terms of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reduction. We examined whether effective land use planning could reinforce the benefit of congestion pricing, and whether congestion pricing could strengthen the role of land use planning in encouraging travelers to reduce driving. Methods: VMT data were collected over 10 months from 130 households, which were divided into two groups: those who paid a mileage charge with rates that varied by congestion level (i.e., congestion pricing) and those who paid a mileage charge with a flat structure. Using regression models to compare the two groups, we tested the effect of congestion pricing on VMT reduction across different land use patterns, and the effect of land use on VMT reduction with and without congestion pricing. Results and conclusions: With congestion pricing, the VMT reduction is greater in traditional (dense and mixed-use) neighborhoods than in suburban (single-use, low-density) neighborhoods, probably because of the availability of travel alternatives in the former. Under the same land use pattern, land use attributes explain more variance of household VMT when congestion pricing is implemented, suggesting that this form of mileage fee could make land use planning a more effective mechanism to reduce VMT. In summary, land use planning and congestion pricing appear to be mutually supportive. Takeaway for practice: For policymakers considering mileage pricing, land use planning affects not only the economic viability but also the political feasibility of a pricing scheme. For urban planners, congestion pricing provides both opportunities and challenges to crafting land use policies that will reduce VMT. For example, a pricing zone that overlaps with dense, mixed-use and transit-accessible development, can reinforce the benefits of these development patterns and encourage greater behavioral changes. Research support: This project was supported by the Mineta Transportation Institute, where the authors are research associates.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 232-250
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.592129
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.592129
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:232-250
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Public Housing: Legacies and Futures
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 303-304
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.593383
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.593383
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:303-304
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marlon Boarnet
Author-X-Name-First: Marlon
Author-X-Name-Last: Boarnet
Title: A Broader Context for Land Use and Travel Behavior, and a Research Agenda
Abstract: Problem: Planning studies of land use and travel behavior focus on regression analysis of travel as a function of traveler demographics and land use near study subjects’ residences. Methodological debates have tended to focus almost exclusively on the possibility that persons choose their residence based on how they wish to travel. This longer view steps back from the confines of the regression-based literature to explain the historical roots, methods, and results of the literature, and to assess how the land use–travel literature must be transformed to be more relevant to planning. Purpose: There are many summaries and meta-analyses of the impact of land use on travel. The goal here is not to understand how we might better specify a regression or summarize the results of past studies, but rather to explain how a literature that has become fundamental to planning scholarship is failing to be sufficiently planning focused. At the same time, this longer view describes how the literature can be transformed to address the planning challenges of today and tomorrow. Methods: This longer view summarizes over 100 articles, covering transportation methods from the dawn of the interstate highway era to topics that include program evaluation, land development, and cognitive aspects of travel behavior. The primary focus is on the land use and travel literature, but the review and analysis is broad ranging and places the literature and its challenges within the broader context of recent developments in the social sciences, planning, policy, and electronic data collection. Results and conclusions: This longer view elucidates three research frontiers that will be necessary to move the land use–travel literature forward. First, behavioral models of land use and travel must expand to consider how land is developed, how places are planned, and how cities are built. Second, the land use–travel literature should build a robust retrospective program evaluation tradition, which is currently almost completely absent in a scholarly field dominated by cross-sectional hypothesis tests and forecasting models. Third, economic social welfare analysis must be carefully researched, including questions of preferences for neighborhood types and whether such preferences are fixed or malleable. Takeaway for practice: Planning is about city building, and the literature and practice on land use and travel behavior should adapt to better support city building. This requires both a serious commitment to social science research and planning's characteristically broad view of context, problem, and place. In an era of climate change, and amidst debates about sustainability, the land use–travel literature must more aggressively examine the process of plans and place making, evaluate the increasingly innovative transportation policies being implemented at the local level, and develop methods that allow more informed discussion about the costs and benefits of transportation policies. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 197-213
Issue: 3
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.593483
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.593483
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:3:p:197-213
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Orly Linovski
Author-X-Name-First: Orly
Author-X-Name-Last: Linovski
Title: Pro Bono Practices and Government Agencies
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 180-182
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1277779
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1277779
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:180-182
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David R. Heres
Author-X-Name-First: David R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Heres
Author-Name: Deb A. Niemeier
Author-X-Name-First: Deb A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Niemeier
Title: The Past and Future of Research on the Link Between Compact Development and Driving: Comment on “Does Compact Development Make People Drive Less?”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 145-148
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1279949
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1279949
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:145-148
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 221-221
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1285603
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1285603
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:221-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deirdre Pfeiffer
Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre
Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeiffer
Title: , by Brian J. McCabe
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 221-222
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1285607
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1285607
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:221-222
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David P. Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: , by Kristin M. Szylvian
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 222-223
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1285611
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1285611
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:222-223
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deyanira Nevárez Martínez
Author-X-Name-First: Deyanira
Author-X-Name-Last: Nevárez Martínez
Title: , edited by Eugenie L. Birch, Shahana Chattaraj, and Susan M. Wachter
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 223-224
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1285612
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1285612
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:223-224
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: , by Nicholas A. Phelps
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 224-225
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1285616
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1285616
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:224-225
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Courtney Grunninger Bonney
Author-X-Name-First: Courtney
Author-X-Name-Last: Grunninger Bonney
Title: , by Max Page
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 225-226
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1285619
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1285619
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:225-226
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jesus M. Barajas
Author-X-Name-First: Jesus M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Barajas
Title: , edited by Aaron Golub, Melody L. Hoffmann, Adonia E. Lugo, and Gerardo F. Sandoval
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 226-227
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1285620
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1285620
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:226-227
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deborah F. Shmueli
Author-X-Name-First: Deborah F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shmueli
Title: Community Plan Making in the Face of Ethnic Conflict in Israel: Lessons for Collaborative Planning Processes
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: I focus on community plan making in Israel in the face of ethnic conflict, examining ways in which community-level planning processes are embedded into larger decision systems and how attention to multiscale, institutional linkages and parallel processes can determine the success of collaborative planning efforts. I present a community development case about a dispute over a local Bedouin land claim in a Jewish community in northern Israel, mediated over more than a decade. My research is based on a longitudinal 12-year case study of this planning dispute. There were three phases to the plan making: facilitated strategic plan development, facilitated collaborative decision making, and direct negotiations. Community planning is inevitably a lengthy endeavor, embedded in concentric decision contexts. The first 10 years of the dispute were devoted to achieving shared agreements among community members at the table, ignoring the interfacing and partnerships with state, national, or other nonlocal stakeholders. Only in the last two years did the community finally forge these relationships and reach an understanding of the impacts that parallel processes (occurring outside of the community) would have on the local dispute, leading to a community plan and resolution.Takeaway for practice: Community planning agendas must consider the interests of all relevant stakeholders, paying attention to multiscale, nonlocal players. Planners need to maintain and understand the links to and knowledge of other ongoing planning processes to understand how they might affect the community plan-making process at hand. Ethnic conflict cannot be ignored. Continuing with the business of community planning in the face of ethnic conflict in some ways helps minimize the importance of the ethnic dispute.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 131-144
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1286230
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1286230
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:131-144
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carolyn G. Loh
Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Loh
Author-Name: Rodney L. Arroyo
Author-X-Name-First: Rodney L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Arroyo
Title: Special Ethical Considerations for Planners in Private Practice
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planners must constantly consider the ethics of their professional behavior, yet few studies have specifically investigated the ethical landscape for those planners working in private practice, assuming that all members of the profession are subject to similar ethical considerations. We investigate the particular ethical considerations faced by planners in private practice by interviewing owners of 10 planning consulting firms. Our sample size is very small and limited to three states, which limits the generalizability of the study. We find that private practice planners routinely experience ethical conflicts related to disclosure of information, balancing uneven benefits among stakeholders, interests of the client, and ethics of firm competition. Alhough planners mostly navigate everyday ethical concerns with confidence, they face ethical challenges in managing client relationships when values conflict, and in competing with other firms.Takeaway for practice: We find that challenging ethical situations arise for private sector planners on a routine basis. The planners we interview feel that they are able to identify ethical pitfalls and choose the correct course of action, but more research is needed to understand the scope and nature of private practice ethical challenges, and to determine whether more education or enforcement would be effective solutions to between-firm conflicts.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 168-179
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1286945
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1286945
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:168-179
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mickey Lauria
Author-X-Name-First: Mickey
Author-X-Name-Last: Lauria
Author-Name: Mellone Long
Author-X-Name-First: Mellone
Author-X-Name-Last: Long
Title: Planning Experience and Planners’ Ethics
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Ethical considerations are integral to most aspects of planning, but the bases of planners’ ethical decisions are not well understood. In fact, there has been no follow-up to Elizabeth Howe and Jerome Kaufman’s original 1979 survey of the ethics of American planners in this journal (45(3), 243–255). Our research evaluates the differences in planning roles and planners’ ethical perspectives since then. In their study, Howe and Kaufman use hypothetical scenarios to determine which of three roles planners play: technician, politician, or a hybrid. They also evaluate how the role that planners assume affects their ethical views. Our research uses similar scenarios to evaluate these relationships in contemporary planning practice while simultaneously evaluating the influence of professional experience on the ethical bases of those choices. We confirm many of Howe and Kaufman’s findings, but first we find that today’s planners assume different roles than they did in the mid-1970s, conforming more often to a technical role and less to a political or hybrid role. Second, today’s planners tend to make virtue-based choices when concerned with ideological and legal issues, but revert to rule-based or utilitarian choices when faced with the dissemination and quality of information and segments of the population receiving special advantages. Finally, we find that planners, at all stages in their careers, maintain a mixture of virtue- and rule-based ethical choices while affirming the profession’s core values (as represented in the 2009 AICP Code).Takeaway for practice: The vast majority of practicing planners in our sample (80%) use the AICP Code of Ethics in response to our hypothetical scenarios. At the same time, self-interested responses were rarely made. These findings reaffirm the code’s value to the profession.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 202-220
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1286946
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1286946
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:202-220
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark R. Stevens
Author-X-Name-First: Mark R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Stevens
Title: Response to Commentaries on “Does Compact Development Make People Drive Less?”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 151-158
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1287588
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1287588
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:151-158
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jake Wegmann
Author-X-Name-First: Jake
Author-X-Name-Last: Wegmann
Author-Name: Sarah Mawhorter
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Mawhorter
Title: Measuring Informal Housing Production in California Cities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planning scholars and practitioners once assumed informal housing was largely absent in the developed world; today they increasingly acknowledge its role in the United States. Recent evidence suggests that informal housing, or non-permitted construction, is a significant phenomenon inside incorporated cities, despite widespread regulations and code enforcement. Informal housing is a de facto source of otherwise scarce affordable housing in many locations, but also compromises health and safety and strains municipal infrastructure and fiscal health. Planners lack a means of measuring informal construction at the scale of individual cities. We propose such a method, and apply it to incorporated cities in California. Data limitations prevent us from precisely estimating the magnitude of non-permitted construction, but our findings suggest that informal channels are an important source of housing production, especially in the places where permitted construction is constrained.Takeaway for practice: We urge planners to engage with informal housing issues, given the considerable importance of this hidden yet vital portion of the housing market as a means of providing living spaces amid tight housing market conditions. Our method for calculating the rate of informal housing addition is a useful tool for planners to gather basic facts about the informal housing market in their communities, a prerequisite for policy interventions.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 119-130
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1288162
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1288162
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:119-130
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bonnie J. Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Bonnie J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson
Author-Name: Mary Kay Peck
Author-X-Name-First: Mary Kay
Author-X-Name-Last: Peck
Author-Name: Steven A. Preston
Author-X-Name-First: Steven A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Preston
Title: City Managers Have Ethics Too? Comparing Planning and City Management Codes of Ethics
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planners and city and county managers regularly work together but often face ethical conundrums. We compare the codes of ethics from their two U.S. professional organizations—the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) and the International City/County Management Association (ICMA)—and then apply the AICP Code of Ethics to five published ICMA ethics scenarios to determine how the two professions might respond differently in each. We find common professional values in the codes: equality, creativity, and diligence. The AICP Code, however, emphasizes direct democracy and engaging citizens, while the ICMA Code emphasizes representative democracy and engaging elected officials. Code values and actual behaviors are not always related, but we believe our work shows the source of ethical challenges and power struggles between managers and planners.Takeaway for practice: Planners can learn from ICMA’s Code to focus on elected officials. Managers can learn from AICP’s Code to focus on citizens. Planners and managers can overcome their professional biases and blind spots by understanding the ethical codes under which the other profession operates. Planners work from the outside in, managers from the inside out; working together, they can improve the communities they serve.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 183-201
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1289114
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1289114
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:183-201
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kelly J. Clifton
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Clifton
Title: Getting From Here to There: Comment on “Does Compact Development Make People Drive Less?”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 148-151
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1290494
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1290494
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:148-151
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa A. Schweitzer
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer
Author-Name: Nader Afzalan
Author-X-Name-First: Nader
Author-X-Name-Last: Afzalan
Title: 09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0: Four Reasons Why AICP Needs an Open Data Ethic
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Computing and digital technologies have changed how data are created, analyzed, and communicated. The American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) Code of Ethics has no guidelines for planners working with emerging urban informatics. Here we make a theoretical argument based on the premise of epistemic justice: The idea that how planners collect, manage, disseminate, and use data all bear on justice in democratic decision making about cities.Four reasons exist for planners to prioritize open data in our formal code of ethics. First, emerging Big Data from urban informatics have a steep learning curve that potentially exacerbates the gaps in power and political voice between experts and nonexperts. Second, algorithms have come to govern an increasing portion of human life and cities, and planners should ideally be enabling residents in their ability to scrutinize, understand, and challenge managerial algorithms that have become prevalent in e-government. Third, urban informatics potentially alter the economic and community development of cities and the urban experience. Fourth and finally, ubiquitous data sensing, new consumer tracking capabilities, obscure and readily skipped terms of use agreements, and rapidly changing technologies make cities into potentially coercive data collection environments.Takeaway for practice: Substantial barriers exist to open data ethics in an information economy where exclusive access to data can drive profits. Emerging data systems can consolidate power in the hands of experts and large private firms to the exclusion of citizens and small, independent firms. Open data and code vitiates those problems to a limited degree, and AICP could benefit practitioners by adopting an open data ethic.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 161-167
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1290495
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1290495
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:161-167
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa A. Schweitzer
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer
Title: Introduction: Planning Ethics in the 21st Century
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 159-160
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1290496
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1290496
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:159-160
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 117-118
Issue: 2
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1290497
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1290497
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:2:p:117-118
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yang Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Yang
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Author-Name: Walter Peacock
Author-X-Name-First: Walter
Author-X-Name-Last: Peacock
Title: Planning for Housing Recovery? Lessons Learned From Hurricane Andrew
Abstract: Problem: Housing recovery is key to revitalizing communities following major natural disasters, and yet there is little empirical research on how housing recovery differs across neighborhoods with different sociodemographic characteristics, what happens to housing markets, or property abandonment after disasters. Purpose: We address these gaps by examining single-family housing recovery, housing sales, and property abandonment following Hurricane Andrew in south Miami-Dade County, FL. Methods: We developed panel models predicting single-family housing recovery to examine the effects of home and neighborhood characteristics and hurricane damage on recovery. We analyzed home sales and properties abandoned to assess the extent and duration of the hurricane impacts and conducted correlation analyses to identify neighborhood attributes associated with post-disaster home sales and abandonment. Results and conclusions: Housing recovery trajectories depended on neighborhood demographic, socioeconomic, and housing characteristics. Rental units and homes in low-income and minority neighborhoods recovered more slowly. Home sales increased significantly, with some properties selling multiple times within a short period especially in heavily damaged nonminority neighborhoods. Property abandonments increased dramatically, potentially creating cascading negative effects in affected neighborhoods. Takeaway for practice: Major natural disasters are likely to be followed by housing market volatility, high rates of property abandonment, and uneven housing recovery. To prevent long-lasting adverse effects, planners should focus on reducing housing turnover, retaining home ownership, and promoting reuse of abandoned properties. State and local governments should consider imposing emergency moratoria on foreclosures and insurance cancelations and providing incentives to encourage the rebuilding of low income and rental properties. Land-bank programs could dampen housing market volatility, and emergency property disposition programs and eminent domain processes could expedite reuse of abandoned properties. However, redevelopment should be consistent with long-term development, equity, and hazard mitigation goals. Research support: This research was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation directly (CMS 0100155) and through the Mid-American Earthquake Center (EEC-9701785). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the Mid-American Earthquake Center.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 5-24
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903294556
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903294556
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:5-24
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mary Edwards
Author-X-Name-First: Mary
Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards
Author-Name: Jack Huddleston
Author-X-Name-First: Jack
Author-X-Name-Last: Huddleston
Title: Prospects and Perils of Fiscal Impact Analysis
Abstract: Problem: Professional planners have used fiscal impact analysis (FIA) to assist in land use decision making for over three decades; yet, not since the late 1970s has research examined how practicing planners use the tool or how accurate this planning analysis technique is in everyday practice. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand how practicing planners use FIA today, how FIA informs current planning debates, and how sensitive FIA projections are to underlying assumptions. Methods: We surveyed planning directors across the country on their use of FIA, following up with interviews in 10 cases. We also applied standard FIA to a hypothetical mixed-use development in seven cities in Wisconsin to assess the sensitivity of FIA projections to assumptions about the local mix of residential and nonresidential development. Results and conclusions: Our survey and interview results show that planners deem FIA an important tool. Our sensitivity analysis allowing plausible variation in a key parameter shows that standard, off-the-shelf FIA can produce relatively large errors and even incorrectly predict whether to expect a fiscal surplus or deficit. Takeaway for practice: Planners are increasingly expected to project the likely fiscal impacts of various kinds of development. We show that current off-the-shelf FIA models and workbooks do not produce reliable results. Given this, planners and researchers should acknowledge the limitations of FIA, and conduct FIA in ways that reflect the uncertainty involved. Researchers should develop a better theoretical and empirical underpinning for this important planning analysis tool. Research support: This research was funded in part by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 25-41
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903310477
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903310477
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:25-41
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matti Siemiatycki
Author-X-Name-First: Matti
Author-X-Name-Last: Siemiatycki
Title: Delivering Transportation Infrastructure Through Public-Private Partnerships: Planning Concerns
Abstract: Problem: The types of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in which private sector partners take on increased responsibility for project design, construction, financing, and operation have become popular in the United States and around the world as means of delivering large-scale transportation infrastructure. However, it is unclear what implications this model of project delivery has for planning theory and practice as distinct from public policy more generally. Purpose: I aim to develop a set of criteria on which to evaluate the procedural, spatial, design, public policy, and political implications of these PPPs from a planning perspective, and then to examine whether their proposed benefits are matched by real-world experiences. Methods: I examine in depth three case studies of transportation projects delivered through such PPPs: the Croydon Tramlink in London, UK; the State Route 91 toll lanes in Orange County, CA; and the Cross City Tunnel in Sydney, Australia. Results and conclusions: The short-term and long-term impacts of such PPPs on infrastructure project delivery were different. In the short term, the model was effective at raising funds for new facilities and transferring financial risks to the private sector, but its limited transparency minimized meaningful community engagement in project planning. Over the longer term, noncompetition clauses in the concession agreements restricted government flexibility to respond to changing conditions, lawsuits were common as relationships between the partners deteriorated, and all three concessions were ultimately sold under duress, two to public sector agencies. Takeaway for practice: These PPPs profoundly affected the planning processes for public infrastructure and the outcomes achieved once such facilities were operational. This research identifies the need for new ex ante evaluation tools, risk transfer mechanisms, community engagement processes, and data tracking and performance monitoring procedures, to prevent negative consequences from transportation PPPs. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 43-58
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903329295
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903329295
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:43-58
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Todd BenDor
Author-X-Name-First: Todd
Author-X-Name-Last: BenDor
Author-Name: Martin Doyle
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle
Title: Planning for Ecosystem Service Markets
Abstract: Problem: Market mechanisms are emerging as means of offsetting the environmental effects of growth. Unfortunately, formal regulation of ecosystem markets is often separated from broader planning for urban development, resulting in offsets that are unsustainable in the face of future urban growth. Purpose: We aimed to assess how 2008 federal regulations that actively promote aquatic resource markets and encourage watershed planning to restore wetlands and streams damaged during development will affect reputedly efficient existing wetland and stream ecosystem markets in North Carolina. We explore how coordination between regulators and planners can improve long-term viability of market-created resource offsets and improve the ability of markets to respond to rapid urban growth. Methods: We analyzed new state and federal regulations and watershed planning efforts and convened a stakeholder forum including representatives of state and federal agencies, land developers, environmental groups, aquatic restoration companies, and academia. Results and conclusions: Problems with aquatic ecosystem markets in North Carolina stem from poor communication among local and regional planners, federal regulators, and state agencies. Institutional barriers and poor coordination cause federal regulatory decisions made without knowledge of land use plans or urban development patterns, faulty projections of market demand for aquatic offsets, and local land use plans that do not provide long-term protection for the offsets. Although regulators consider current surrounding land uses, they do not consider future land uses. We conclude that local land use projections should be required components of ecosystem restoration site plans and that state environmental management agencies' watershed plans should reflect urban development patterns. Takeaway for practice: Local planners should have input into the design of restoration sites providing environmental offsets as well as into state and regional ecosystem service market implementation plans. Federal, state, regional, and local agencies should facilitate and require information sharing, making planning and regulating ecosystem service markets part of the development process. Research support: This research was supported by the University of North Carolina's Institute for the Environment.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 59-72
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903360100
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903360100
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:59-72
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Casey Dawkins
Author-X-Name-First: Casey
Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins
Author-Name: C. Koebel
Author-X-Name-First: C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Koebel
Title: Overcoming Barriers to Placing Manufactured Housing in Metropolitan Communities
Abstract: Problem: Manufactured housing is an option that is relatively little used in metropolitan communities although it appears to provide a quality-cost advantage over site-built housing. Purpose: This article examines barriers to placing manufactured housing in metropolitan areas that planners might influence, focusing particularly on land use and design regulations. Methods: We paired data from a nationwide survey of planners in Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)-eligible metropolitan communities with information on those communities' characteristics to estimate several regression models explaining two measures of manufactured housing supply using both supply- and demand-side variables. Results and conclusions: A variety of regulatory restrictions, including the lack of by-right zoning, as well as permits, snow load standards, fire codes, zoning codes, subdivision regulations, and architectural design standards impede the placement of manufactured housing in metropolitan communities. In general, such regulations determine whether or not jurisdictions have any manufactured housing at all; if they do, market conditions have the primary influence on the number of such units in a community. Takeaway for practice: Planners play an important role in determining whether manufactured housing is a feasible housing alternative when they assess the demand for manufactured housing and recommend policies that will influence whether units are placed in their communities. We suggest that planners emphasize manufactured housing as an affordable housing option and we offer suggestions for accomplishing this. Research support: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 73-88
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903401052
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903401052
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:73-88
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nikhil Kaza
Author-X-Name-First: Nikhil
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaza
Title: Planning Support Systems for Cities and Regions
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 123-123
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903409493
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903409493
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:123-123
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: R. Hays
Author-X-Name-First: R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hays
Title: The Integration Debate: Competing Futures for American Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 124-125
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903409535
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903409535
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:124-125
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alan Matheson
Author-X-Name-First: Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Matheson
Title: Custodians of Place: Governing the Growth and Development of Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 125-125
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903409576
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903409576
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:125-125
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arthur Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Arthur
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Title: Smart Growth Policies: An Evaluation of Programs and Outcomes
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 126-126
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903409584
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903409584
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:126-126
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kirk McClure
Author-X-Name-First: Kirk
Author-X-Name-Last: McClure
Title: Foreclosed: High-Risk Lending, Deregulation, and the Undermining of America's Mortgage Market
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 127-127
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903409626
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903409626
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:127-127
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Buckley
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Buckley
Title: Inside the Civano Project: A Case Study of Large-Scale Sustainable Neighborhood Development
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 127-128
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903409642
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903409642
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:127-128
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos Restrepo
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Restrepo
Title: Ecopolis: Architecture and Cities for a Changing Climate
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 128-129
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903409675
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903409675
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:128-129
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Flanagan
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Flanagan
Title: Cities and Economies
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 129-130
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903409691
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903409691
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:129-130
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard LeGates
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: LeGates
Title: Learning to Be Capitalists: Entrepreneurs in Vietnam's Transition Economy
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 130-131
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903409717
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903409717
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:130-131
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alfonso Morales
Author-X-Name-First: Alfonso
Author-X-Name-Last: Morales
Title: Human Organizations and Social Theory: Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Adaptation
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 131-132
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903412380
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903412380
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:131-132
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paula Massood
Author-X-Name-First: Paula
Author-X-Name-Last: Massood
Title: Cinematic Urbanism: A History of the Modern from Reel to Real; and Cities and Cinema
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 132-133
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903412430
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903412430
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:132-133
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Forthcoming in : Spring 2010
Journal:
Pages: 135-135
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903412885
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903412885
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:135-135
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris
Author-X-Name-First: Anastasia
Author-X-Name-Last: Loukaitou-Sideris
Author-Name: Athanasios Sideris
Author-X-Name-First: Athanasios
Author-X-Name-Last: Sideris
Title: What Brings Children to the Park? Analysis and Measurement of the Variables Affecting Children's Use of Parks
Abstract: Problem: Children make little use of many neighborhood parks even though they have facilities for active recreation. Purpose: We examined the factors that bring children to parks, and aimed to understand how park visitation patterns differ between boys and girls, among children of different races and ethnicities, and between inner-city and suburban children. Methods: We surveyed children and their parents in 12 middle schools and analyzed the results. Our team also observed children at 50 inner-city and 50 suburban parks, and we used multiple regression models containing park- and neighborhood-level variables to relate them to the numbers of children using parks. Results and conclusions: The study confirms that many middle-school children make little use of parks. This is primarily explained by their own lack of interest in the existing park activities and their households' lack of time and concerns about safety. Active recreation facilities and organized sport programs, natural features, and good levels of maintenance and cleanliness are the most significant factors attracting middle-school children to parks. Our survey found some significant gender, racial, and ethnic differences in preferences for park equipment, perceptions of park safety, and park visitation patterns. Additionally, our regression models confirmed that inner-city and suburban children were attracted to parks of different sizes and containing different facilities, and that the association between park safety and park use was also different in these two settings. Takeaway for practice: Neighborhood parks provide the potential for active recreation, but they are often underutilized and attract only a subset of neighborhood children. Planners should take into account that different factors attract different groups of children to parks. Research support: This research was supported by the John Randolph and Dora Haynes Foundation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 89-107
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903418338
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903418338
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:89-107
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Referees for Volume 75
Journal:
Pages: 136-136
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903421845
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903421845
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:136-136
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patricia Gober
Author-X-Name-First: Patricia
Author-X-Name-Last: Gober
Author-Name: Anthony Brazel
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony
Author-X-Name-Last: Brazel
Author-Name: Ray Quay
Author-X-Name-First: Ray
Author-X-Name-Last: Quay
Author-Name: Soe Myint
Author-X-Name-First: Soe
Author-X-Name-Last: Myint
Author-Name: Susanne Grossman-Clarke
Author-X-Name-First: Susanne
Author-X-Name-Last: Grossman-Clarke
Author-Name: Adam Miller
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Miller
Author-Name: Steve Rossi
Author-X-Name-First: Steve
Author-X-Name-Last: Rossi
Title: Using Watered Landscapes to Manipulate Urban Heat Island Effects: How Much Water Will It Take to Cool Phoenix?
Abstract: Problem: The prospect that urban heat island (UHI) effects and climate change may increase urban temperatures is a problem for cities that actively promote urban redevelopment and higher densities. One possible UHI mitigation strategy is to plant more trees and other irrigated vegetation to prevent daytime heat storage and facilitate nighttime cooling, but this requires water resources that are limited in a desert city like Phoenix. Purpose: We investigated the tradeoffs between water use and nighttime cooling inherent in urban form and land use choices. Methods: We used a Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS) model to examine the variation in temperature and evaporation in 10 census tracts in Phoenix's urban core. After validating results with estimates of outdoor water use based on tract-level city water records and satellite imagery, we used the model to simulate the temperature and water use consequences of implementing three different scenarios. Results and conclusions: We found that increasing irrigated landscaping lowers nighttime temperatures, but this relationship is not linear; the greatest reductions occur in the least vegetated neighborhoods. A ratio of the change in water use to temperature impact reached a threshold beyond which increased outdoor water use did little to ameliorate UHI effects. Takeaway for practice: There is no one design and landscape plan capable of addressing increasing UHI and climate effects everywhere. Any one strategy will have inconsistent results if applied across all urban landscape features and may lead to an inefficient allocation of scarce water resources. Research Support: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant SES-0345945 (Decision Center for a Desert City) and by the City of Phoenix Water Services Department. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 109-121
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903433113
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903433113
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:109-121
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Call to Apply for Editorship
Journal:
Pages: 4-4
Issue: 1
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944360903504863
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944360903504863
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:1:p:4-4
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Scholarly Publication in an Information Age
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 389-392
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1648947
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1648947
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:389-392
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mickey Lauria
Author-X-Name-First: Mickey
Author-X-Name-Last: Lauria
Author-Name: Mellone F. Long
Author-X-Name-First: Mellone F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Long
Title: Ethical Dilemmas in Professional Planning Practice in the United States
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: We interviewed 61 practicing planners seeking deeper insights into what motivates their decisions and how they personally determine ethical behavior in the more contested and real-world situations they face. We asked how planners balance their own ethics, their individual take on professional planning ethics, their workplace cultures, and the specific principles embodied in professional codes. We combined these semistructured qualitative interviews with our prior survey results as part of a sequential mixed-methods research project to allow practitioners and academics to better understand the ethical bases of professional planning practice in the United States. Our interviewees confirmed most practicing planners regularly face ethical dilemmas in their professional practice. We find, in addition to the expected ethical dilemmas due to planners’ commitments to both the scientific legitimacy of their technical analysis and the democratic legitimacy of political decision makers’ implementation of those recommendations, most of our interviewees experienced ethical conflicts between their private ethics and those they use in their professional practice. Despite this ethical dissonance, their espoused behaviors were largely consistent with rule-based ethical frameworks, many of which are embedded in the AICP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. Though practicing planners felt the code was influential and useful, they also found it difficult to follow in practice. Finally, private-sector planners felt the code neglects to address the ethical concerns they face in practice.Takeaways for practice: Professional planners use different ethical frameworks depending on the context of the ethical dilemma faced and their workplace culture. Professional planners struggle with emotional and ethical dissonance in their attempts to balance their private ethics, their workplace norms and culture, and their professional code of ethics. The AICP Code could benefit from a round of revisions focusing on how the code can help minimize this inherent dissonance. Finally, professional planners should practice resolving ethical conflicts between their private and professional ethical perspectives as well as those between the legitimacy of technical planning expertise and democratic decision making.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 393-404
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1627238
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1627238
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:393-404
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard K. Norton
Author-X-Name-First: Richard K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Norton
Author-Name: Stephen Buckman
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Buckman
Author-Name: Guy A. Meadows
Author-X-Name-First: Guy A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Meadows
Author-Name: Zachary Rable
Author-X-Name-First: Zachary
Author-X-Name-Last: Rable
Title: Using Simple, Decision-Centered, Scenario-Based Planning to Improve Local Coastal Management
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Scenario-based planning offers the promise of enhancing local coastal management given uncertainties from shoreline dynamics and climate change. Deploying it can require substantial capacity, however, or can obscure the key policy choices a community faces. We set out to develop and test a simple, decision-centered approach to scenario-based planning as a way to improve local management of coastal shorelands through master plans, focusing on coastal hazard mitigation. We also looked for ways to use basic spatial analysis techniques and off-the-shelf data sources that could be manipulated to generate meaningful and reasonably accurate analyses. We find the simplified and decision-centered methods we have developed can provide useful information for local decision makers. We also find the quality of the master plans adopted by two partner localities that used our scenario-based planning methods substantially exceeds the quality of comparison plans with regard to coastal management.Takeaway for practice: Using simplified, decision-centered, scenario-based planning methods can facilitate enhanced hazard mitigation analysis and policy adoption in local master plans. Those methods necessarily will and should be tailored to the unique political and physical conditions of the community, as demonstrated by the leadership provided in the localities studied here.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 405-423
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1627237
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1627237
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:405-423
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brent D. Ryan
Author-X-Name-First: Brent D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan
Author-Name: Shuqi Gao
Author-X-Name-First: Shuqi
Author-X-Name-Last: Gao
Title: Plan Implementation Challenges in a Shrinking City
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: In 2005, Youngstown (OH) released a widely publicized comprehensive plan, the Youngstown 2010 Citywide Plan. This plan emphasized “smart shrinkage,” reflecting the city’s downsized built environment and reduced population. In 2013 the city released the Youngstown Redevelopment Code, which was zoning intended to implement the comprehensive plan. In this study we measure whether the comprehensive plan conformed with the Youngstown Redevelopment Code by comparing land use designations on a parcel-by-parcel basis between the comprehensive plan, the pre-2013 code, and the Youngstown Redevelopment Code. To better understand the causality of conformance, we conducted semistructured interviews with framers of the comprehensive plan and the Youngstown Redevelopment Code documents. We find weak conformance between the comprehensive plan and the Youngstown Redevelopment Code; most of the comprehensive plan’s downsizing recommendations were unimplemented. There was close conformance between the pre-2013 code and the Youngstown Redevelopment Code, and most of the differences between them reflected the comprehensive plan’s recommendations. Informants attribute the weak conformance between the comprehensive plan and the Youngstown Redevelopment Code to many of the former’s ideas not being legally defensible. Changing political regimes, shifts in public opinion, and the driving need for economic investment were also cited as contributors to this weak conformance.Takeaway for practice: Our findings indicate that implementing smart shrinkage land use recommendations in shrinking cities is likely to be challenging because legislators may resist codification of reduced populations and lessened economic capacity. Translating comprehensive plan ideas into zoning regulations may be subject to political, social, economic, and legal forces that limit plan enactment. These findings may apply to all cases where comprehensive plans require translation into zoning regulations for implementation. Local government officials and planners should consider these constraints on plan implementation through zoning when they are framing comprehensive plan strategies.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 424-444
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1637769
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1637769
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:424-444
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul G. Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: Paul G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Author-Name: Nicholas J. Marantz
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Marantz
Title: What Planners Know
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: To understand how local land use regulation affects housing development, many researchers have surveyed planners about their jurisdictions’ policies and practices. But researchers have not systematically assessed whether such surveys yield valid and reliable information. We provide such an assessment by analyzing nine surveys conducted between 1988 and 2018 in California, the state where concern about underproduction of housing has been most pronounced. Each survey attempted to inventory local land use regulations, and some surveys also queried planners about their subjective perceptions regarding constraints on housing development. We find strikingly different responses to similar inventory questions about specific land use regulations in two surveys conducted months apart in the same municipalities, casting doubt on the reliability of such measures. Regression analysis reveals that subjective survey measures concerning land supply and density restrictions predict subsequent housing production, unlike counts of purportedly objective measures. Comparing survey data with recently developed GIS data indicates planners identify land supply as a significant constraint on residential development in municipalities where a relatively low proportion of land is vacant or in agricultural use, while identifying regulatory restrictions as a constraint in jurisdictions with little land zoned for multifamily use.Takeaway for practice: Asking planners to identify which land use regulations their localities have “on the books” does not provide a clear measure of regulatory stringency. By contrast, municipal planners’ subjective perceptions may capture otherwise unmeasurable characteristics of local land use policy. Although planners’ subjective perceptions can provide a relatively holistic measure of local land use policy, they have limited value for policy prescription. Given the problems of survey-based measures, state and federal government agencies should collect, harmonize, and distribute data concerning local land use regulation, including zoning district designations. Fair housing assessment tools and regional planning processes could facilitate these activities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 445-462
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1643253
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1643253
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:445-462
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Arancibia
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Arancibia
Author-Name: Steven Farber
Author-X-Name-First: Steven
Author-X-Name-Last: Farber
Author-Name: Beth Savan
Author-X-Name-First: Beth
Author-X-Name-Last: Savan
Author-Name: Yvonne Verlinden
Author-X-Name-First: Yvonne
Author-X-Name-Last: Verlinden
Author-Name: Nancy Smith Lea
Author-X-Name-First: Nancy
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Lea
Author-Name: Jeff Allen
Author-X-Name-First: Jeff
Author-X-Name-Last: Allen
Author-Name: Lee Vernich
Author-X-Name-First: Lee
Author-X-Name-Last: Vernich
Title: Measuring the Local Economic Impacts of Replacing On-Street Parking With Bike Lanes
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Bike lane projects on retail streets have proved contentious among merchant associations in North America, especially when they reduce on-street parking. A limited but growing number of studies, however, detect neutral to positive consequences for merchants following bike lane implementation. In 2016, the City of Toronto (Canada) removed 136 on-street parking spots and installed a pilot bike lane on a stretch of Bloor Street, a downtown retail corridor. Using a case–control and pre–post design, we surveyed merchants and shoppers to understand the impacts of the bike lanes on economic activities. We find no negative economic impacts associated with the bike lanes: Monthly customer spending and number of customers served by merchants both increased on Bloor Street during the pilot.Takeaway for practice: Our findings are consistent with an improving economic environment at the intervention site. Downtown retail strips may therefore be suited to tolerate bike lanes and even benefit from increased retail activity. Pre and post surveys can provide valuable insights into local economic impacts of streetscape changes affecting merchants along city streets, especially where access to sales data is limited.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 463-481
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1638816
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1638816
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:463-481
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris
Author-X-Name-First: Anastasia
Author-X-Name-Last: Loukaitou-Sideris
Author-Name: Martin Wachs
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Wachs
Author-Name: Miriam Pinski
Author-X-Name-First: Miriam
Author-X-Name-Last: Pinski
Title: Toward a Richer Picture of the Mobility Needs of Older Americans
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: People older than 65 are the most rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population, yet our cities and transportation systems are not age friendly. Low-income, minority, older adults residing in inner-city neighborhoods are largely transit dependent, rely significantly on walking for transportation, and thus have particular mobility needs. We used a mixed-methods approach that drew information from the California Household Travel Survey but also from direct interaction (through focus groups, interviews, and neighborhood walking audits) with 81 low-income, inner city–living older adults to understand their travel patterns and mobility challenges and needs. We find that despite some positive mobility indicators in the inner city (mixed-use environment, frequent bus service, and short travel distances), these elders face significant mobility challenges because of a deteriorated built environment, heavy traffic, homelessness, and crime. A limitation of this research is that the small sample did not allow the study of possible gender or race/ethnicity differentiation in the travel patterns and needs of older adults.Takeaway for practice: Planners should not rely only on information from the census and other aggregate data sources to understand the mobility needs of older adults but should complement this information with direct interaction with the communities for which they are planning. Although some social problems limiting the mobility of older adults are difficult to tackle, environmental and streetscape improvements can significantly enhance their mobility.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 482-500
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1630295
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1630295
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:482-500
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Louis A. Merlin
Author-X-Name-First: Louis A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Merlin
Title: Transportation Sustainability Follows From More People in Fewer Vehicles, Not Necessarily Automation
Abstract:
Shared mobility and ride-hailing have not apparently promoted transportation sustainability to date. Evidence suggests ride-hailing increases congestion and primarily serves the advantaged, and services that encourage pooled rides have not taken off. However, simulation research into automated vehicle ride-hailing systems indicates greater ride pooling may be the key to major improvements in transportation sustainability. Though the results are widely varying, the common finding is pooled ride mobility systems could offer substantial benefits if they are able to attain sufficient market share. Moreover, such systems do not require self-driving vehicles but merely centralized fleet coordination, achievable with today’s technologies.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 501-510
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1637770
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1637770
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:501-510
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Stoker
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoker
Author-Name: Heejun Chang
Author-X-Name-First: Heejun
Author-X-Name-Last: Chang
Author-Name: Elizabeth Wentz
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Wentz
Author-Name: Britt Crow-Miller
Author-X-Name-First: Britt
Author-X-Name-Last: Crow-Miller
Author-Name: Gabrielle Jehle
Author-X-Name-First: Gabrielle
Author-X-Name-Last: Jehle
Author-Name: Matthew Bonnette
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Bonnette
Title: Building Water-Efficient Cities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Cities across the United States must have reliable and consistent water supplies to support public health, promote economic growth, and protect the environment. The way we build and design cities influences water consumption patterns; however, the most significant factors of the built environment and their associations with water use are not well explored. In this study we seek to reveal the ways in which characteristics of the built environment influence urban water use. We analyze spatially detailed data sets of water use and the built environment in four different cities in the western United States. Our findings indicate the built environment in these cities has a substantial influence on single-family residential water use. Specifically, we find that vegetated land cover, housing density, and lot size are influential determinants of water use. However, we did find variation in the strength and significance of these variables between the cities, and there remains a need for city-specific analyses.Takeaway for practice: The results indicate even small changes to design and permitting for single-family residential properties can produce substantial cumulative water savings for cities. Based on our findings, we propose planning and design strategies such as form-based codes, zoning, and municipal ordinances to help growing cities reduce their water use. We present estimates of the water conservation impacts these strategies might achieve and provide specific examples of planning documents, municipal ordinances, and land use plans some cities are already using to reduce their water use. Overall, our study provides empirical evidence to further support integrating land use planning and water management.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 511-524
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1638817
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1638817
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:511-524
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Quan Yuan
Author-X-Name-First: Quan
Author-X-Name-Last: Yuan
Title: Planning Matters
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Recent research reveals growing spatial disparities in warehousing-related environmental externalities, including air pollution and traffic safety concerns, across municipalities. The existing research, however, fails to present how institutional factors contribute to spatial variations. In this study, I explore how variations in planning practices contribute to the different trajectories of warehousing development. I interviewed planners, local residents, warehousing developers, and regional agency staff to identify local planning practices and policy elements that affect the location choice of warehousing facilities. My results show land use policies (land use permission, industrial zoning, and land parcel division schemes), job-related policies (job creation initiatives and job density requirements), financial incentives (tax rates and financial incentives), and environmental regulations (building design, land use buffering, and landscaping) are the major planning elements that affect warehousing development. Relative to brownfield redevelopment in the municipalities close to the urban core of a metropolitan area, developing greenfield warehousing facilities in suburban cities is likely to cause more environmental concerns in the near future. However, unmeasured factors could be responsible for some of the warehousing development patterns I find in the data.Takeaway for practice: Knowledge, communication, and collaboration are needed to cope with the rapid growth and, in particular, the disproportionate concentration of warehousing-related environmental externalities in certain municipalities. In this study I also provide planning strategies to regulate excessive warehousing development, including land use- and job-related policies, financial incentives, and environmental regulations. With these strategies, planners in warehousing-intensive cities can determine the best way to reduce the impacts of environmental externalities on local communities in the long term.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 525-543
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1645614
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1645614
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:525-543
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kyungsoon Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Kyungsoon
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Dan Immergluck
Author-X-Name-First: Dan
Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck
Title: Neighborhood Affordability and Housing Market Resilience
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Although many researchers have examined factors associated with vulnerability to foreclosure, few have investigated the role neighborhood affordability plays in foreclosures in metropolitan areas. In this study, we examine the effects of location affordability (i.e., housing and transportation affordability combined) on resilience to foreclosure in more than 300 U.S. metropolitan areas during the U.S. housing recovery period. Using hierarchical linear regression with changes in zip code–level home foreclosure rates, our findings suggest the relationship between affordability and foreclosure resilience varies according to urban form (central/high-density city versus suburban low-density area) and types of metropolitan housing markets (boom–bust versus strong versus weak). In the national analysis, where location affordability was high, home foreclosure rates dropped substantially in central/high-density areas but not in suburban low-density areas. When we disaggregated the zip codes according to the market type, location affordability contributed to recovery in central cities in strong and weak metros and in the suburbs of boom–bust metros. There was no positive association in the suburbs of strong and weak metros. With improved data, future studies could measure an association between affordability and lower income renter households.Takeaway for practice: Our study of the affordability crisis that followed the foreclosure crisis shows that planners can foster resilient and affordable housing markets by expanding and densifying affordable neighborhood locations and considering interactions between the costs of housing and transportation. Planners can improve neighborhood affordability with local and regional strategies based on the local residential density and the type of metropolitan housing market.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 544-563
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1647793
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1647793
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:544-563
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xi Huang
Author-X-Name-First: Xi
Author-X-Name-Last: Huang
Author-Name: Cathy Yang Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Cathy Yang
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Title: Immigrant Entrepreneurship and Economic Development
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: A growing number of cities, especially those outside traditional immigrant gateways, have sought to leverage immigrant resources to promote local economic development in recent years. Although some cities have explicitly included immigrant entrepreneurship as a focal area in their plans, we know little about the breadth and depth of such strategies. In this research we explore the current landscape of local small business development policies toward immigrant entrepreneurship. We conduct a detailed review of the program documents of 16 selected welcoming cities and derive 20 specific programs across five broad types: information, language, business service, financial support, and place-based approaches. Their popularity, however, varies among the case cities given the number of adoptions. For example, all 16 cities adopted information hub–related strategies, whereas only 2 considered immigrant-friendly financing programs. In comparing these policies with immigrant entrepreneurs’ needs and barriers, we find their service gaps are addressed to different extents.Takeaway for practice: Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of current local government policies that aim at tapping into immigrants’ entrepreneurial potential for community and economic development and their adoption levels across cities. Existing policies are able to address immigrants’ information and language needs but are less targeted at developing their business skills and facilitating their access to financial capital. Place-based approaches may serve to connect immigrant-owned businesses to customers and market in the mainstream economy and thus expand their scope beyond ethnic neighborhoods. Because these programs require different levels of resources, planners and policymakers considering this agenda can assess their relative fit with local population demand in designing appropriate policies.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 564-584
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1634485
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1634485
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:564-584
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 585-586
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1641371
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1641371
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:585-586
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dennis Gale
Author-X-Name-First: Dennis
Author-X-Name-Last: Gale
Title: Hertz: The Battle of Lincoln Park: Urban Renewal and Gentrification in Chicago
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 587-588
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1641372
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1641372
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:587-588
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: Vale: After the Projects: Public Housing Redevelopment and the Governance of the Poorest Americans
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 588-589
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1641373
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1641373
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:588-589
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jennifer Minner
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Minner
Title: Burdett and Rode (Eds.): Shaping Cities in an Urban Age
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 590-591
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1641374
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1641374
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:590-591
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Olyssa Starry
Author-X-Name-First: Olyssa
Author-X-Name-Last: Starry
Title: Liptan with Santen Jr.: Sustainable Stormwater Management: A Landscape-Driven Approach to Planning and Design
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 591-592
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1641383
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1641383
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:591-592
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Micheline Nilsen
Author-X-Name-First: Micheline
Author-X-Name-Last: Nilsen
Title: Mees: Participatory Design and Self-Building in Shared Urban Open Spaces: Community Gardens and Casitas in New York City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 592-593
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1641384
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1641384
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:592-593
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mahtot Gebresselassie
Author-X-Name-First: Mahtot
Author-X-Name-Last: Gebresselassie
Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez
Title: Banister: Inequality in Transport
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 593-594
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1641385
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1641385
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:593-594
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Riggs
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Riggs
Title: Kellerman: Automated and Autonomous Spatial Mobilities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 595-595
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1641386
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1641386
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:595-595
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Correction
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 596-597
Issue: 4
Volume: 85
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1653120
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1653120
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:4:p:596-597
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark R. Stevens
Author-X-Name-First: Mark R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Stevens
Title: Does Compact Development Make People Drive Less?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planners commonly recommend compact development in part as a way of getting people to drive less, with the idea that less driving will lead to more sustainable communities. Planners base their recommendations on a substantial body of research that examines the impact of compact development on driving. Different studies, however, have found different outcomes: Some studies find that compact development causes people to drive less, while other studies do not. I use meta-regression analysis to a) explain why different studies on driving and compact development yield different results, and b) combine different findings from many studies into reliable statistics that can better inform planning practice. I address the following questions: Does compact development make people drive less, and if so, how much less? I find that compact development does make people drive less, because most of the compact development features I study have a statistically significant negative influence on driving. The impact, however, is fairly small: Compact development features do not appear to have much influence on driving. My findings are limited to some extent because they are derived from small sample sizes.Takeaway for practice: Planners should not rely on compact development as their only strategy for reducing driving unless their goals for reduced driving are very modest and can be achieved at a low cost.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 7-18
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1240044
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1240044
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:7-18
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Reid Ewing
Author-X-Name-First: Reid
Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing
Author-Name: Robert Cervero
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Cervero
Title: “Does Compact Development Make People Drive Less?” The Answer Is Yes
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 19-25
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1245112
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1245112
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:19-25
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arthur C. Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Arthur C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Title: Compact Development Reduces VMT: Evidence and Application for Planners—Comment on “Does Compact Development Make People Drive Less?”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 36-41
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1246378
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1246378
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:36-41
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan Handy
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Handy
Title: Thoughts on the Meaning of Mark Stevens’s Meta-Analysis
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 26-28
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1246379
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1246379
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:26-28
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Manville
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Manville
Author-Name: David A. King
Author-X-Name-First: David A.
Author-X-Name-Last: King
Author-Name: Michael J. Smart
Author-X-Name-First: Michael J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Smart
Title: The Driving Downturn: A Preliminary Assessment
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: We examine why American driving fell between 2004 and 2013, weighing two explanations: that Americans voluntarily moved away from driving (“peak car”), and that economic hardship reduced driving. We analyze aggregate data on travel, incomes, debt, public opinion, and Internet access. These data lack the precision of microdata, but unlike microdata are available annually for years before, during, and after driving’s decline. We find substantial evidence for the economic explanation. During the downturn the cost of driving rose while median incomes fell. The economy grew overall, but did so unequally. Mass driving requires a mass middle class, but economic gains accrued largely to the most affluent. We find less evidence for “peak car.” If Americans voluntarily drove less, they would likely use other modes more. However, despite heavy investment in bicycle infrastructure and public transportation in the 2000s, demand for these modes remained flat while
driving fell.Takeaway for practice: If Americans were voluntarily abandoning automobiles for other modes, planners could reduce investments in automobile infrastructure and increase investments in alternative mobility. Driving’s decline, however, was not accompanied by a transit surge or substantial shift to other modes. The lesson of the driving downturn is that people drive less when driving’s price rises. Planners obviously do not want incomes
to fall, but they should consider policies that increase driving’s price. Planners might also rethink the current direction
of U.S. transit policy; transit use did not rise even when driving fell at an unprecedented pace.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 42-55
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1247653
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1247653
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:42-55
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lawrence J. Vale
Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vale
Author-Name: Shomon Shamsuddin
Author-X-Name-First: Shomon
Author-X-Name-Last: Shamsuddin
Title: All Mixed Up: Making Sense of Mixed-Income Housing Developments
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Mixed-income housing is a popular strategy used by planners, developers, and government agencies to simultaneously revitalize blighted urban neighborhoods and preserve affordable housing for low-income residents. Yet the term “mixed income” is not consistently defined, so there is no clear understanding of what mixed-income housing is, what characterizes it, and how mixed-income projects differ from one another. Planners and policymakers are making important decisions about whether and how to pursue this urban redevelopment strategy without knowing the kinds of housing mixes available. We construct a data set of all 260 HOPE VI mixed-income redevelopment projects, analyze grant announcements, and obtain internal records from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Using the data, we conduct a descriptive analysis of income mixes across projects. Based on this analysis and previous studies of income mixing, we develop a framework for categorizing key aspects of mixed-income housing. We identify four key dimensions for distinguishing current and future approaches to mixed-income housing: allocation, the proportion and range of incomes included in projects; proximity, the spatial scale at which income mixing is intended; tenure, the balance between rental housing and homeownership units; and duration, the amount of time projects remain mixed income based on funding restrictions. Planners can influence the nature of mixed-income housing projects by making choices about the range of options offered within these dimensions. We show that HOPE VI developments vary dramatically across all of them. We also highlight additional characteristics that may affect the broader community: rate of resident return, development size, building type, neighborhood characteristics, and race and ethnicity.Takeaway for practice: Planners need to understand the four dimensions to clarify the tradeoffs involved in decisions about mixed-income housing projects. Ultimately, this can help planners better design and plan projects that balance social goals and local conditions.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 56-67
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1248475
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1248475
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:56-67
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ernest R. Alexander
Author-X-Name-First: Ernest R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Alexander
Title: Chance and Design: From Architecture to Institutional Design
Abstract:
Much in Alexander’s life happened by chance. Born in Germany, he grew up in South Africa where he discovered design—a continuing concern—and qualified as an architect; chance and inclination led him to practice planning. In Berkeley (CA) for a planning education, curiosity initiated a 30-year academic career as a planning theorist and educator. This Perspective has two threads: design and contingency. Design means devising possible courses of action: Alexander reviews his design engagement at various levels, from designing buildings through policies and plans to institutional design. Contingency planning adapts to complexity and uncertainty; contingency thinking avoids generalizations, hence the need for detailed institutional design. In planning theory, contingency implies dissent and diversity, to suggest that planning is diverse planning practices, each with its planning theories. Alexander’s message: Be critical, of theories, institutions, and practices. Be modest: planners’ roles in knowledge-centered practices (e.g., spatial planning) should reflect their particular practice. Be confident: planners share their substantive knowledge and apply design and planning skills in the co-construction of knowledge that is participative planning. This is our unique contribution to making a better world.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 93-102
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1249009
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1249009
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:93-102
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tommy Firman
Author-X-Name-First: Tommy
Author-X-Name-Last: Firman
Author-Name: Fikri Zul Fahmi
Author-X-Name-First: Fikri Zul
Author-X-Name-Last: Fahmi
Title: The Privatization of Metropolitan Jakarta’s (Jabodetabek) Urban Fringes: The Early Stages of “Post-Suburbanization” in Indonesia
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Recent metropolitan development in developed countries is associated with “post-suburbia,” or a decline in population in the former central city and the growth of polycentric structures outside the traditional core. Current urban development in Asian cities, particularly in the Jakarta metropolitan region (Jabodetabek), also reflects an early stage of post-suburbia. We examine physical development patterns and the changing role of public and private sectors, although our approach is descriptive in nature. The rapid growth in fringe areas that have developed from dormitory communities into independent towns, triggered by privatization of industrial estates and multifunction new towns, shows typical post-suburban patterns. The national government's pro-growth economic policies and the local autonomy granted to local governments have given the private sector the power to largely control the acquisition, development, and management of land in fringe areas, accelerating post-suburban development patterns.Takeaway for practice: Planners in developing nations must be alert to the rapidly increasing role of the private sector, recognizing how the private sector can help the government to respond to regional needs for housing, jobs, shopping and educational opportunities, and infrastructure while understanding the key role that planning can and should play in ensuring private sector actions do not exacerbate regional problems and lead to uncoordinated public responses.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 68-79
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1249010
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1249010
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:68-79
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicole Gurran
Author-X-Name-First: Nicole
Author-X-Name-Last: Gurran
Author-Name: Peter Phibbs
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Phibbs
Title: When Tourists Move In: How Should Urban Planners Respond to Airbnb?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The online accommodation platform Airbnb has expanded globally, raising substantial planning and regulatory concerns. We ask whether Airbnb rentals generate significant neighborhood impacts like noise, congestion, and competition for parking; reduce the permanent rental housing supply and increase rental prices; or provide income opportunities that help “hosts” afford their own housing. We focus on Sydney, the largest region in Australia with 4.4 million people in 28 individual municipalities, which has experienced both rapidly rising housing costs and exponential growth in Airbnb listings since 2011. Airbnb’s growth has raised concerns serious enough to result in a formal Parliamentary Inquiry by the state of New South Wales. We analyze stakeholder submissions to this inquiry and review local planning regulations, Airbnb listings data, and housing market and census statistics. We find that online homesharing platforms for visitor accommodations blur traditional boundaries between residential and tourist areas so Airbnb listings may fall outside of existing land use regulations or evade detection until neighbors complain. Our findings are constrained by the difficulties of monitoring online operations and the rapid changes in the industry.Takeaway for practice: Planners and policymakers in cities with increasing numbers of Airbnb rentals need to review how well local planning controls manage the neighborhood nuisances, traffic, and parking problems that may be associated with them while acting to protect the permanent rental housing supply. Local planners need to ensure that zoning and residential development controls distinguish between different forms of short-term Airbnb accommodation listings and their potential impacts on neighborhoods and housing markets.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 80-92
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1249011
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1249011
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:80-92
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Manville
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Manville
Title: Travel and the Built Environment: Time for Change
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 29-32
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2016.1249508
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2016.1249508
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:29-32
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerrit-Jan Knaap
Author-X-Name-First: Gerrit-Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Knaap
Author-Name: Uri Avin
Author-X-Name-First: Uri
Author-X-Name-Last: Avin
Author-Name: Li Fang
Author-X-Name-First: Li
Author-X-Name-Last: Fang
Title: Driving and Compact Growth: A Careful Look in the Rearview Mirror
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 32-35
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1251276
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1251276
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:32-35
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 103-103
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1251278
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1251278
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:103-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Turner de Vera
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Turner de Vera
Title: , by Mohammad Abdul Qadeer
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 104-104
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1251281
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1251281
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:104-104
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Butler
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Butler
Title: , by David Laws and John Forester
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 105-105
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1251282
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1251282
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:105-105
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: , by Erica Schoenberger
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 106-106
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1251283
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1251283
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:106-106
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas C. Cornillie
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cornillie
Title: , edited by Juan Carlos Munoz and Laurel Paget-Seekins
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 107-107
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1251284
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1251284
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:107-107
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chao Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Chao
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Title: , by David Boyce and Huw Williams
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 107-108
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1251285
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1251285
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:107-108
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Charles Hoch
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoch
Title: , by Christian Salewski
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 108-109
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1251286
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1251286
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:108-109
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 5-6
Issue: 1
Volume: 83
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2017.1258931
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2017.1258931
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:83:y:2017:i:1:p:5-6
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Sawicki
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Sawicki
Title: Wrap-Up and Thanks
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 100-101
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.516688
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.516688
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:100-101
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bev Wilson
Author-X-Name-First: Bev
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson
Author-Name: Yan Song
Author-X-Name-First: Yan
Author-X-Name-Last: Song
Title: Do Large Residential Subdivisions Induce Further Development?
Abstract: Problem: Most previous research on land use change has been conducted at coarse scales with aggregated data, and there are relatively few studies that attempt to establish and examine these linkages at a disaggregate level. In addition, the cumulative effects of large residential developments have been little investigated as potential drivers of land use change. Purpose: We hypothesize that residential subdivisions of 10 acres or more exert detectable priming effects and influence the rate of subsequent development in the vicinity. We use parcel-level data to test whether unilateral development decisions have spillover effects across both space and time. Methods: We analyze parcel changes and then conduct a spatially explicit hazard analysis of land use change in Mecklenburg County, NC, to identify a set of factors that predict which vacant land parcels are most likely to experience a subdivision event (be subdivided) during a given one-year time period. We also perform a sensitivity analysis to assess how the specification of the priming effect measure affects the analysis, and to gain insight into the spatial extent of the hypothesized relationship between large residential subdivisions and subsequent development. Results and Conclusions: We find evidence of a positive association between large residential subdivision events and an increased likelihood of subsequent subdivision activity. The sensitivity analysis suggests that this relationship is robust to changes in how the priming effect measure is specified and declines with distance. This corroborates previous assumptions that major residential subdivisions drive land conversion. Takeaway for Practice: These results suggest that the project review process should consider impacts at a broader scale. Large residential subdivisions warrant attention not only for their localized impacts on traffic, stormwater, schools, and emergency services, but also for the signals they communicate to the larger development community. We find the effects of converting land to residential use cumulate not only over space, but also over time. Thus, they should be examined within the context of existing land use plans as well as infrastructure and service-delivery capabilities. By understanding the factors that explain parcel subdivision events and considering their capacity to induce further residential development, planners and the communities they serve will be in a stronger position to manage growth. Research Support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 5-22
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.519315
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.519315
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:5-22
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: 2010 Review Editor, Associate Editors, and Editorial Advisory Board
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 102-102
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.519681
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.519681
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:102-102
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Referees for Volume 76
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 103-103
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.520231
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.520231
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:103-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan Handy
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Handy
Author-Name: Barbara McCann
Author-X-Name-First: Barbara
Author-X-Name-Last: McCann
Title: The Regional Response to Federal Funding for Bicycle and Pedestrian Projects
Abstract: Problem: The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) gave metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) the opportunity to spend federal funds on pedestrian and bicycle facilities. Their responses vary dramatically, however, contributing to significant differences in the quality of the walking and bicycling environment across regions. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to identify factors that explain differences in the spending of federal funds for bicycle and pedestrian projects across MPOs. In addition, we consider whether federal support for bicycle and pedestrian projects has led to increased attention to these modes within the transportation planning process. With the next federal transportation authorization bill now under consideration, understanding the efficacy of federal funding for nonmotorized modes is of critical importance. Methods: This article explores these questions through case studies of bicycle and pedestrian spending and policies in six metropolitan regions. Results and Conclusions: Making federal funding available for nonmotorized modes has clearly increased bicycle and pedestrian projects across the United States, although more so in some regions than others. Support from local governments and advocacy groups is a key driver of MPO-level support for bicycle and pedestrian investments. State policy also plays a role in encouraging and supporting bicycle and pedestrian spending at the regional level, both directly and through its influence on local governments. Other unique regional factors have also influenced spending. Takeaway for Practice: Although the effectiveness of federal funding for bicycle and pedestrian projects has so far depended on state policy and local support, the next federal transportation authorization bill offers an opportunity to reduce this dependence. If the intent of the federal government is to increase spending on bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, it can provide more direction and stronger leadership in promoting nonmotorized modes. Research Support: This research was supported by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation through its Active Living Research Program.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 23-38
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.526537
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.526537
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:23-38
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marie Howland
Author-X-Name-First: Marie
Author-X-Name-Last: Howland
Title: Planning for Industry in a Post-Industrial World
Abstract: Problem: Many metropolitan jurisdictions face contests over industrial land because growth in the industrial sector is slow while the office and retail sectors and population grow more rapidly. This article presents a methodology for planning and setting priorities for industrial land use under these circumstances. Purpose: This article describes an approach to evaluating market demand for industrial land, applied here to Prince George's County, MD, in order to determine which industrial areas could be rezoned to alternate uses without causing major employment and tax losses to the county. Methods: I led a team that included an urban planning colleague and graduate students in identifying three types of industrial land: economically healthy industrial districts; industrially zoned areas where there was evidence of conflict between industry and alternative residential, commercial, and office land uses; and areas zoned for industry where demand for industrial space and land was weak or nonexistent. The project used data from private data provider CoStar, the U.S. Department of Labor's Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, county zoning maps and tax records, Microsoft Map, and Google Map to assign each industrial district to one of five categories of demand, ranging from weakest (no history of industrial demand) to strongest (economically healthy industrial activity). Results and Conclusions: Two estimates, one based on the projected absorption rate of industrial land over the next 10 years, and one on the industrial acreage exhibiting evidence of weak demand, both suggest a similarly large surplus of industrial land in the county. Further, rezoning and redeveloping industrial districts in the three weakest demand categories would cause the county to lose little industrial employment. Thus, all analyses reach consistent conclusions that the county should release some industrially zoned land for other uses while protecting some that is essential to the local economy. Takeaway for Practice: This article presents a methodology for assessing industrial areas to determine where industrially zoned land could be rezoned at little loss to the local economy; where land use conflicts should be addressed with urban design or industrial land protections; and where industrial areas are economically healthy and important components of the regional economy. Comprehensive plans can improve the health of local economies by identifying districts where industrial activities are strong and essential to the regional economy and encouraging investment in those areas while accommodating and protecting them. Research Support: This research evolved out of two years of work for Prince George's County, MD, by a team from the University of Maryland's urban planning program, supported by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 39-53
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.531233
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.531233
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:39-53
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Barry Nocks
Author-X-Name-First: Barry
Author-X-Name-Last: Nocks
Title: A Review of “Dealing with Differences: Dramas of Mediating Public Disputes”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 90-90
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.532049
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.532049
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:90-90
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Rohe
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe
Title: A Review of “From Despair to Hope: HOPE VI and the New Promise of Public Housing in America's Cities”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 91-91
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.532051
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.532051
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:91-91
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Terry Schwarz
Author-X-Name-First: Terry
Author-X-Name-Last: Schwarz
Title: A Review of “City Building: Nine Planning Principles for the Twenty-First Century”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 91-92
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.532052
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.532052
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:91-92
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Dumbaugh
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Dumbaugh
Title: A Review of “Sustainable Transportation: Problems and Solutions”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 92-93
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.532055
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.532055
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:92-93
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kenneth Joh
Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth
Author-X-Name-Last: Joh
Title: A Review of “Transport for Suburbia: Beyond the Automobile Age”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 93-94
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.532057
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.532057
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:93-94
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sheryl-Ann Simpson
Author-X-Name-First: Sheryl-Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Simpson
Author-Name: William Goldsmith
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Goldsmith
Title: A Review of “Our Schools Suck: Students Talk Back to a Segregated Nation on the Failures of Urban Education; More than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 94-95
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.532058
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.532058
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:94-95
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Rodriguez
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodriguez
Title: A Review of “An American Story: Mexican American Entrepreneurship & Wealth Creation”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 95-96
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.532060
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.532060
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:95-96
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Author-Name: Mary Soderstrom
Author-X-Name-First: Mary
Author-X-Name-Last: Soderstrom
Title: A Review of “What We See: Advancing the Observations of Jane Jacobs”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 96-97
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.532062
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:96-97
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Author-Name: Michael Maloy
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Maloy
Title: A Review of “Becoming an Urban Planner: A Guide to Careers in Planning and Urban Design”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 97-98
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.532065
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Author-Name: David Plane
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Plane
Title: A Review of “Making the Metropolitan Landscape: Standing Firm on Middle Ground”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 98-99
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.532067
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.532067
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:98-99
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Judith Innes
Author-X-Name-First: Judith
Author-X-Name-Last: Innes
Author-Name: David Booher
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Booher
Author-Name: Sarah Di Vittorio
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Di Vittorio
Title: Strategies for Megaregion Governance
Abstract: Problem: Metropolitan areas in the United States are increasingly growing together into megaregions with many linkages and interdependencies in their economies, infrastructure, and natural resources, but they are not linked well in terms of governance. Hundreds of jurisdictions, federal and state sectoral agencies, and regulatory bodies make independent and conflicting decisions with no entity focusing on the region's overall welfare. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to investigate potential governance strategies for such megaregions. Collaborative and networked processes can do many of the needed tasks for regional governance, as they fill gaps where government fails to operate, cross jurisdictional and functional boundaries, engage public and private sector actors on common tasks, and focus on the collective welfare of a region. Our goal is to identify strategies that allow such processes to have some success in planning and managing resources, adapting to unique conditions, and mobilizing key players in joint action. Methods: We rely on our in-depth research in California on two major water planning cases, CALFED and the Sacramento Water Forum, and on two cases of regional civic voluntary organizations known as collaborative regional initiatives. We use two interrelated analytical perspectives, complexity theory and network analysis, to develop our findings. Results and conclusions: These successful cases shared the following features: diverse, interdependent players; collaborative dialogue; joint knowledge development; creation of networks and social and political capital; and boundary spanning. They were largely self-organizing, building capacity and altering norms and practices to focus on questions beyond the parochial interests of players. They created new and often long- term working relationships and a collective ability to respond constructively to changes and stresses on the system. Takeaway for practice: Planners’ roles in megaregion governance include designing processes; creating, supporting, and managing networks; creating arenas for strategy formation; and nourishing strategic understanding and a vigorous public realm. Some can be visionaries, others advocates, providers of technical assistance, or skilled facilitators. The biggest challenge will be to design institutional settings where planners can do these tasks. Research support: This work was supported by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the James Irvine Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the University of California Water Resources Center.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 55-67
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.533640
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:55-67
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Author-Name: Eric Dumbaugh
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Dumbaugh
Author-Name: Wenhao Li
Author-X-Name-First: Wenhao
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Title: Designing for the Safety of Pedestrians, Cyclists, and Motorists in Urban Environments
Abstract: Problem: While design solutions aimed at enhancing the safety of pedestrians are viewed as being incompatible with those intended to improve the safety of motorists, there has been little meaningful evaluation of the issue. Instead, this disagreement is based largely on the theoretical assertion that traffic crashes are the result of random driver error, and that the only certain means for addressing safety is to design roadways to be forgiving of these errors when they occur. This perspective overlooks the possibility that crashes may instead be the product of systematic patterns of behavior associated with the characteristics of the built environment. Purpose: This study sought to discover whether urban crash incidence is the product of random error, or whether it may be influenced by characteristics of the built environment. Methods: We used negative binomial regression models to examine the relationship between several aspects of the built environment and the incidence of crashes involving motorists, pedestrians, and cyclists. We further subdivided motorist crashes into multiple-vehicle, fixed-object, and parked-car crashes to determine if these crash types had unique characteristics. Results and conclusions: We used vehicle miles of travel as a proxy for random error and found it to be positively, but weakly, associated with crashes involving motorists and pedestrians. We found stronger associations between crashes and characteristics of the built environment. We found miles of arterial roadways and numbers of four-leg intersections, strip commercial uses, and big box stores to be major crash risk factors, while pedestrian-scaled retail uses were associated with lower crash incidences. The results suggest that improvements to urban traffic safety require that designers balance the inherent tension between safety and traffic conflicts, rather than simply designing roadways to be forgiving. Takeaway for practice: Most of the ongoing debate between pedestrian advocates and traffic engineers has focused on the relative desirability of designing urban roadways to be forgiving to random driver error. Such debates have led both groups to ignore the more salient issue of systematic error. This study finds that the factors associated with a vehicle crashing into a pedestrian and cyclist are largely the same as those resulting in a crash with another vehicle. Designs that balance the inherent tension between vehicle speeds and traffic conflicts can be used to enhance the safety of pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists alike. Research support: This research was sponsored by the Southwest University Transportation Center.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 69-88
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.536101
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Forthcoming in : Spring 2011
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 104-104
Issue: 1
Volume: 77
Year: 2011
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2011.538348
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2011.538348
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:77:y:2011:i:1:p:104-104
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeffrey Wilcox
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilcox
Author-Name: Madeline Gotkowitz
Author-X-Name-First: Madeline
Author-X-Name-Last: Gotkowitz
Author-Name: Kenneth Bradbury
Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth
Author-X-Name-Last: Bradbury
Author-Name: Jean Bahr
Author-X-Name-First: Jean
Author-X-Name-Last: Bahr
Title: Using Groundwater Models to Evaluate Strategies for Drinking-Water Protection in Rural Subdivisions
Abstract: Problem: Groundwater contamination is a concern in rural residential subdivisions where numerous septic systems and private wells are sited in close proximity. Although most state codes regulate the construction and location of private wells, these regulations do not usually account for site-specific conditions that may impact drinking-water quality. Purpose: Groundwater models provide a technical basis for delineating groundwater flow to domestic wells. Despite their widespread use in the hydrologic sciences, planners and developers rarely have access to such models. We aimed to assess existing regulations for domestic wells and septic systems and illustrate how groundwater models can be used to evaluate strategies for additional drinking-water protection in unsewered residential subdivisions. Methods: We developed groundwater flow models for two subdivisions in southern Wisconsin, analyzed the results, and disseminated them to local officials, developers, and residents. Results and conclusions: Models of both subdivisions indicate that deeper individual wells or a single community well within a protected source area would improve the likelihood of obtaining high-quality drinking water. In response, several homeowners in one subdivision chose to pay for deeper wells and well casings or individual home water-treatment systems. The developer of the second site incorporated an unenforceable recommendation for deeper well casings into subdivision covenants, but none of the wells drilled so far have followed the recommendation. Implementing and enforcing well construction or setback criteria based on model results may require changing Wisconsin state codes to explicitly define what can and cannot be regulated at the local level. Takeaway for practice: Hydrogeologists can use standard groundwater modeling methods and information about local hydrologic conditions to inform planners as they develop guidelines to improve drinking-water quality. Partnerships between local hydrogeologists and planners are essential because differences in hydrogeologic setting, groundwater quality concerns, and regulatory structure will cause model results and proposed guidelines to vary on a case-by-case basis. Research support: Funding for this research was provided by the EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) graduate fellowship program, the University of Wisconsin Groundwater Resources Advisory Council (administered by the Wisconsin Water Resources Institute), and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 295-304
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003742403
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003742403
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Author-Name: Reid Ewing
Author-X-Name-First: Reid
Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing
Author-Name: Robert Cervero
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Cervero
Title: Travel and the Built Environment
Abstract: Problem: Localities and states are turning to land planning and urban design for help in reducing automobile use and related social and environmental costs. The effects of such strategies on travel demand have not been generalized in recent years from the multitude of available studies. Purpose: We conducted a meta-analysis of the built environment-travel literature existing at the end of 2009 in order to draw generalizable conclusions for practice. We aimed to quantify effect sizes, update earlier work, include additional outcome measures, and address the methodological issue of self-selection. Methods: We computed elasticities for individual studies and pooled them to produce weighted averages. Results and conclusions: Travel variables are generally inelastic with respect to change in measures of the built environment. Of the environmental variables considered here, none has a weighted average travel elasticity of absolute magnitude greater than 0.39, and most are much less. Still, the combined effect of several such variables on travel could be quite large. Consistent with prior work, we find that vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is most strongly related to measures of accessibility to destinations and secondarily to street network design variables. Walking is most strongly related to measures of land use diversity, intersection density, and the number of destinations within walking distance. Bus and train use are equally related to proximity to transit and street network design variables, with land use diversity a secondary factor. Surprisingly, we find population and job densities to be only weakly associated with travel behavior once these other variables are controlled. Takeaway for practice: The elasticities we derived in this meta-analysis may be used to adjust outputs of travel or activity models that are otherwise insensitive to variation in the built environment, or be used in sketch planning applications ranging from climate action plans to health impact assessments. However, because sample sizes are small, and very few studies control for residential preferences and attitudes, we cannot say that planners should generalize broadly from our results. While these elasticities are as accurate as currently possible, they should be understood to contain unknown error and have unknown confidence intervals. They provide a base, and as more built-environment/travel studies appear in the planning literature, these elasticities should be updated and refined. Research support: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 265-294
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003766766
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003766766
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:265-294
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlton Basmajian
Author-X-Name-First: Carlton
Author-X-Name-Last: Basmajian
Author-Name: Christopher Coutts
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Coutts
Title: Planning for the Disposal of the Dead
Abstract: Problem: Concurrent with the dramatic increase in the nation's elderly population expected in coming decades will be a need to dispose of larger numbers of our dead. This issue has religious, cultural, and economic salience, but is not typically considered a planning problem. Although cremation rates are rising, burial is projected to remain the preferred alternative for the majority of the U.S. population, and urban space for cemeteries is limited in many communities. Purpose: We outline issues related to cemeteries and burial, describe a number of alternatives to traditional cemeteries, and explain how planners might usefully contribute. Methods: This work is based on a literature review. Results and conclusions: Alternatives to the cemetery are emerging, but remain limited. Some require changes to laws or public perceptions. Planning practice could be advanced by case studies showing how to integrate burial grounds into existing communities and how to alter public policy to permit alternatives to burial. Takeaway for practice: As population demographics change, environmental concerns intensify, and demand for urban space grows, future land use decisions will have to balance a diverse set of social, cultural, and environmental expectations, including taking into account burial practices. There are only a handful of alternatives to traditional burial in a cemetery: burial in a multiple-use cemetery; natural burial; entombment in a mausoleum; cremation, with the ashes preserved in a columbarium or scattered elsewhere; and burial in a grave that will be reused in the future. This article provides planners with information about each of these alternatives, examples of how the planning process can address disposal of the dead, suggestions for avoiding environmental externalities, and ideas for better integrating the landscapes of death into community life. Research support: None
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 305-317
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944361003791913
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944361003791913
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:305-317
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ray Wyatt
Author-X-Name-First: Ray
Author-X-Name-Last: Wyatt
Title: A Review of “The Public Administration (P.A.) Genome Project: Capturing, Mapping, and Deploying the “Genes” of P.A.”
Journal:
Pages: 373-374
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484755
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:373-374
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Bolen
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Bolen
Title: A Review of “Regional and Urban GIS: A Decision Support Approach”
Journal:
Pages: 374-375
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484756
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.484756
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:374-375
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Author-Name: William Hudnut
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Hudnut
Title: A Review of “Once the American Dream: Inner-Ring Suburbs of the Metropolitan United States”
Journal:
Pages: 375-375
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484758
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.484758
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:375-375
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aprodicio Laquian
Author-X-Name-First: Aprodicio
Author-X-Name-Last: Laquian
Title: A Review of “Megaregions: Planning for Global Competitiveness”
Journal:
Pages: 376-376
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484759
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.484759
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:376-376
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jesse Richarson
Author-X-Name-First: Jesse
Author-X-Name-Last: Richarson
Title: A Review of “Property Rights and Land Policies”
Journal:
Pages: 377-377
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484761
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.484761
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:377-377
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marcia England
Author-X-Name-First: Marcia
Author-X-Name-Last: England
Title: A Review of “Sidewalks: Conflict and Negotiation over Public Space”
Journal:
Pages: 377-378
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484764
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:377-378
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Buckley
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Buckley
Title: A Review of “Pedaling Revolution: How Cyclists are Changing American Cities”
Journal:
Pages: 378-379
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484765
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.484765
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:378-379
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alex Karner
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Karner
Title: A Review of “After the Car”
Journal:
Pages: 379-380
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484767
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.484767
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:379-380
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward Muller
Author-X-Name-First: Edward
Author-X-Name-Last: Muller
Title: A Review of “The Nature of Cities: Ecological Visions and the American Urban Professions, 1920–1960”
Journal:
Pages: 380-381
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484769
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:380-381
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephan Schmidt
Author-X-Name-First: Stephan
Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt
Title: A Review of “Growing Greener Cities: Urban Sustainability in the Twenty-First Century”
Journal:
Pages: 381-381
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484771
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.484771
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:381-381
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivan Miestovich
Author-X-Name-First: Ivan
Author-X-Name-Last: Miestovich
Title: A Review of “Building the Local Economy: Cases in Economic Development”
Journal:
Pages: 382-382
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484776
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.484776
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:382-382
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Landis
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Landis
Author-Name: Kirk McClure
Author-X-Name-First: Kirk
Author-X-Name-Last: McClure
Title: Rethinking Federal Housing Policy
Abstract: Problem: Federal housing policy is made up of disparate programs that a) promote homeownership; b) assist low-income renters’ access to good-quality, affordable housing; and c) enforce the Fair Housing Act by combating residential discrimination. Some of these programs are ineffective, others have drifted from their initial purpose, and none are well coordinated with each other. Purpose: We examine the trends, summarize the research evaluating the performance of these programs, and suggest steps to make them more effective and connected to each other. Methods: We review the history of housing policy and programs and empirical studies of program effectiveness to identify a set of best principles and practices. Results and conclusions: In the area of homeownership, we recommend that the federal government help the nation's housing markets quickly find bottom, privatize aspects of the secondary mortgage market, and move to eliminate the mortgage interest deduction and replace it with a 10-year homeownership tax credit. In the area of subsidized rental housing, we recommend that the current system of vouchers be regionalized (or alternatively, converted into an entitlement program that works through the income tax system), sell public housing projects to nonprofit sponsors where appropriate, and eliminate some of the rigidities in the Low Income Housing Tax Credit program. In the area of fair housing, we recommend that communities receiving Community Development Block Grants be required to implement inclusionary zoning programs. Takeaway for practice: In general, we recommend that federal policy build on proven programs; focus on providing affordable housing for low- and moderate-income families and provide the funding to meet that goal; avoid grandiose and ideological ambitions and programs; use fewer and more coordinated programs; offer tax credits, not tax deductions; and promote residential filtering. Research support: Partial funding support was provided by the National Science Foundation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 319-348
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.484793
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.484793
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:319-348
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Schweitzer
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer
Author-Name: Jiangping Zhou
Author-X-Name-First: Jiangping
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou
Title: Neighborhood Air Quality, Respiratory Health, and Vulnerable Populations in Compact and Sprawled Regions
Abstract: Problem: Recently, public health researchers have argued that infill development and sprawl reduction may improve respiratory outcomes for urban residents, largely by reducing vehicle travel and its attendant mobile-source emissions. But infill can also increase the number of residents exposed to poor air quality within central cities. Aside from emissions studies, planners have little information on the connections between urban form, ambient pollutant levels, and human exposures or how infill changes these. Purpose: We examined neighborhood exposures in 80 metropolitan areas in the United States to address whether neighborhood-level air quality outcomes are better in compact regions than in sprawled regions. Methods: We used multilevel regression models to find the empirical relationship between a measure of regional urban form and neighborhood air quality outcomes. Results and conclusions: Ozone concentrations are significantly lower in compact regions, but ozone exposures in neighborhoods are higher in compact regions. Fine particulate concentrations do not correlate significantly with regional compactness, but fine particulate exposures in neighborhoods are also higher in compact regions. Exposures to both ozone and fine particulates are also higher in neighborhoods with high proportions of African Americans, Asian ethnic minorities, and poor households. Takeaway for practice: Compact development and infill do not solve air quality problems in all regions or for all residents of a given region. Planners should take differences in neighborhood air quality and human exposure into account when planning for new compact developments rather than just focusing on emissions reductions. Research support: This project was supported by a grant from the ShenAir Institute at James Madison University and by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 363-371
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.486623
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.486623
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:363-371
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Timothy Bates
Author-X-Name-First: Timothy
Author-X-Name-Last: Bates
Title: Alleviating the Financial Capital Barriers Impeding Business Development in Inner Cities
Abstract: Problem: In his “Competitive Advantages of the Inner City” papers, Michael Porter maintained that comparative advantages of inner-city economies, once recognized, would lure profit-motivated investors to start new ventures and expand existing businesses in these areas. Porter stressed limited access to financing as a major barrier to inner-city economic development and its expanded provision as a remedy. Purpose: I consider whether Porter's claims match the evidence. Methods: I investigate both private and government-assisted providers of debt and equity capital to inner-city businesses that appear to exhibit Porter's competitive advantages. I distinguish successful inner-city business financing operations from those that are unsuccessful and use these results to draw lessons about effective and ineffective strategies for increasing inner-city businesses’ access to financing. Results and conclusions: Lack of financing appears to be an important barrier to inner-city economic development, as Porter concluded, but the comparative advantages he thought made the inner city attractive to profit-seeking investors have not been demonstrated. Porter asserted that inner-city households seeking to buy consumer products were underserved by local firms. However, other researchers did not find this to be the case and new business ventures serving this market have had poor profits and poor rates of survival over time. Porter's revitalization blueprint aimed to create jobs and sustainable businesses to benefit inner-city residents, yet evidence indicates that inner-city firms largely meet their staffing needs by employing workers living outside the inner city. Private venture capital investment in the inner city has not generated attractive returns. However, inner-city lending can be profitable under the right conditions. Takeaway for practice: There is a lack of business financing available to fund the creation and expansion of inner-city ventures, creating a barrier to inner-city economic development. However, my case studies illustrate that private lenders can be profitable in this market if they have: (a) a sufficiently large and diverse portfolio of investments; (b) lending policies requiring sufficient collateral or loan guarantees to offset defaults; and (c) skilled, experienced, professional managers. Research support: None.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 349-362
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.488717
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.488717
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:349-362
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Forthcoming in : Autumn 2010
Journal:
Pages: 384-384
Issue: 3
Volume: 76
Year: 2010
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2010.489498
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2010.489498
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:76:y:2010:i:3:p:384-384
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: A Point of View in Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 1-2
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689011
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689011
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:1-2
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brenda Case Scheer
Author-X-Name-First: Brenda Case
Author-X-Name-Last: Scheer
Title: Historic Infrastructure Left Behind: Should Urban Planners Protect Streets and Blocks?
Abstract:
The disappearance of historic buildings can tear at the emotions of neighbors and advocates, yet the disruption of a historic urban plan is rarely noted or mourned and does not receive the attention from planners that it deserves. Just as they stay aware of important buildings, preservationists and planners should take up the street and lot patterns as a cause to preserve because it provides a protective infrastructure for historic character and buildings. The urban plan, laid down as the place was founded, is not only an important historic resource in its own right but also a framework for change and a safeguard for the character of a place and its historic buildings.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 3-10
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1667263
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1667263
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:3-10
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dave Amos
Author-X-Name-First: Dave
Author-X-Name-Last: Amos
Title: Understanding the Legacy of Pedestrian Malls
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: In the postwar period, cities in the United States installed pedestrian malls to support downtown retail as suburbanization lured shoppers to malls on the periphery. Many cities removed their malls after downtown retail continued to falter. This failure has fostered a negative perception of pedestrian malls among city planners and the general public. In this research I re-examine pedestrian malls as public space and ask why some cities removed their malls while others remain. I compiled a catalog of all 140 pedestrian malls built between 1959 and 1985 that provides the data to understand the full scope of the phenomenon during this era. The catalog also includes data that tests hypotheses about why some pedestrian malls survived, including climate, proximity to a university, and nearby population. I supplement the catalog with a survey of pedestrian mall managers to understand the role of renovation and management in their survival. The results show pedestrian malls are more likely to survive in places with temperate climates, near universities, and in growing cities, though there are exceptions. City governments or business improvement districts actively manage many remaining malls, and programming and periodic renovations have helped them remain vibrant.Takeaway for practice: Old pedestrian malls failed because cities installed them to save retail and did not consider the fundamentals of placemaking when siting and designing them. Many remaining pedestrian malls are in areas with high pedestrian volumes. Cities have continued to design and manage these spaces according to best practices. Planners considering new pedestrian spaces should not be deterred by the history of old pedestrian malls, as long as they choose their site carefully and manage the space to keep it safe, clean, and inviting.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 11-24
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1656103
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1656103
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:11-24
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: V. Kelly Turner
Author-X-Name-First: V. Kelly
Author-X-Name-Last: Turner
Author-Name: Matthew Stiller
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Stiller
Title: How Do Homeowners Associations Regulate Residential Landscapes?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Residential landscapes are homogenizing the ecology of cities, and decisions about yard structure and management practices are the result of a complex mix of actors and institutions operating at multiple scales. In this study we examine how one such institution, the homeowners association (HOA), homogenizes yard ecology at the neighborhood scale through formal institutional rules. We examine a random sample of publicly recorded covenants, codes, and restrictions (CCRs) documents and a nonrandom sample of private architecture and landscaping guidelines for HOAs in Maricopa County (AZ). We find landscaping rules in CCRs have increased over time but are relatively small in number and generic in content, sometimes repeated municipal rules, and increasingly outsourced rules to architectural and landscaping guidelines. Rules about yard aesthetics or maintenance were required, whereas rules relating to environmentally sensitive landscaping were encouraged. We propose HOAs facilitate ecological homogenization by aggregating heterogeneous rule types to formulate a club good.Takeaway for practice: Our findings suggest planners can enact ordinances that influence residential landscape ecology in HOAs via statutory mandates because CCRs reinforce existing rules at the neighborhood scale. However, HOAs potentially inhibit adoption of voluntary programs directly or indirectly via approvals and restrictions. Moreover, the finding that HOAs are increasingly shifting regulations from publicly recorded CCRs to private documents reveals a challenge for planners because private contract law allows land use provisions in HOAs to remain “hidden” from the public domain.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 25-38
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1665474
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1665474
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:25-38
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Meerow
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Meerow
Author-Name: Sierra C. Woodruff
Author-X-Name-First: Sierra C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Woodruff
Title: Seven Principles of Strong Climate Change Planning
Abstract:
As greenhouse gas emissions and climate change impacts increase worldwide, there is an urgent need for communities, and thus urban planners, to simultaneously mitigate and adapt to climate change. We synthesize recent research to examine whether the field of planning is adequately addressing climate change. We conclude that although there has been progress in recent years, it is insufficient given the scope of the climate change challenge and the myriad ways climate impacts negatively affect communities. We argue for seven principles of strong climate change planning: 1) clear goals; 2) strong fact base; 3) diverse strategies; 4) public participation; 5) coordination across actors, sectors, and plans; 6) processes for implementation and monitoring; and 7) techniques to address uncertainty. For each of these principles we discuss the current state of research and practice.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 39-46
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1652108
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1652108
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:39-46
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Carolan
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Carolan
Title: “Urban Farming Is Going High Tech”
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: How do traditional forms of urban agriculture and the newer digital urban agriculture converge and diverge from one another in terms of land use and gentrification? I interrogate the subject of digital urban agriculture with data from 82 semistructured interviews and notes taken during public forms and tours of facilities. Respondents were located in Denver (CO; n = 30), New York (NY; n = 26), and San Francisco (CA; n = 26) and held positions ranging from community organizers, investors, local food powerbrokers, and planners to engineers involved in facilitating urban foodways based on vertical farming, automation, and related technologies. I find digital platforms—systems exhibiting characteristics including real-time surveillance, artificial intelligence, and automation—share similarities with traditional urban farming systems. Both platforms have the potential to disrupt dominant political economies and also have links to gentrification and other inequitable land use patterns. Potential divergences include differences in a) social, cultural, economic, human, and built capital barriers and outcomes; b) land use life course; and c) zoning.Takeaway for practice: Digital urban farming systems inhabit a regulatory gray area; respondents encountered agricultural, industrial, or commercial zoning permits. The “digital” aspects of these systems contributed to this ambiguity and are used by powerbrokers to obtain further zoning permission than is possible with traditional urban agriculture. Compared with more traditional urban farming systems, digital urban agriculture taps into different forms of human capital. Finally, my findings are inconclusive on the issue of land use life course. Some data indicate digital farms will remain in urban cores, whereas other evidence points to the eventual migration of these platforms to the metropolitan periphery.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 47-59
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1660205
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1660205
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:47-59
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lu Liao
Author-X-Name-First: Lu
Author-X-Name-Last: Liao
Author-Name: Mildred E. Warner
Author-X-Name-First: Mildred E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Warner
Author-Name: George C. Homsy
Author-X-Name-First: George C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Homsy
Title: When Do Plans Matter?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Plans often sit on the shelf and fail to promote action. This raises the question of how and when plans matter. This is especially important in sustainability planning where local governments are more likely to take actions with short-term benefits that are easy to adopt. How can planners promote more sustainability actions, especially those with longer term benefits? In this study we examine factors influencing local sustainability actions by tracking 651 U.S. local governments’ adoption of 34 sustainability actions from 2010 to 2015. We differentiate places that recently adopted a sustainability plan from those that have had a plan for a longer period and those that have never adopted a sustainability plan. We use difference-in-difference (DID) modeling to assess what effect plans have on the level of sustainability actions. We find a plan may have its greatest effect in motivating actions when it is newly created. Places that adopted a plan between 2010 and 2015 exhibited a significant increase in sustainability actions during those same years. By contrast, places that already had a plan in 2010 showed higher initial levels of sustainability actions but did not show a higher level of growth in the number of actions adopted compared with places without plans. In general, we find local governments with higher levels of sustainability actions articulate social equity goals, devote staff and budget resources to the effort, engage the public, and promote interdepartmental coordination. Local governments under Republican control enact fewer sustainability actions.Takeaway for practice: Sustainability plans are most effective in spurring local sustainability actions when they are newly created. However, this initiation impact in motivating actions wanes over time. Promoting continued adoption of sustainability actions requires a comprehensive approach with attention to political support, public participation, social equity, interdepartmental coordination, and local capacity.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 60-74
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1667262
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1667262
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:60-74
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aditi Mehta
Author-X-Name-First: Aditi
Author-X-Name-Last: Mehta
Author-Name: Mark Brennan
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Brennan
Author-Name: Justin Steil
Author-X-Name-First: Justin
Author-X-Name-Last: Steil
Title: Affordable Housing, Disasters, and Social Equity
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) is the most common financing mechanism for subsidized housing production in America. We investigate how and to what extent states are currently using the LIHTC to prepare for and recover from disasters. We systematically code guidelines in the 2017 LIHTC qualified allocation plans from 53 states and territories to identify disaster-related provisions. Twenty-four states and territories include provisions for preparedness or recovery in their allocation plans, of which 13 include only preparedness provisions, 3 include only recovery provisions, and 8 include both types. Preparedness provisions address project design and siting, whereas recovery provisions direct credits to disaster-affected areas or the replacement of damaged units. Using t tests, we compare three sets of states—those without any disaster-related provisions, those with either preparedness or recovery provisions, and those with both types of provisions—across measures of housing cost, demographic composition, disaster exposure, and political ideology. States with higher homeownership rates, lower home values, and lower rents are more likely than other states to have either or both types of provisions. Future research should investigate state adoption of disaster-related LIHTC provisions to better inform affordable housing policy.Takeaway for practice: State governments could mitigate disaster-related hazards and help speed recovery by including locally relevant preparedness and recovery provisions in their LIHTC allocation plans. These provisions could encourage resilient construction, weigh the social costs and benefits of LIHTC construction in floodplains, or waive program rules to address postdisaster housing shortages.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 75-88
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1667261
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1667261
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:75-88
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Constantine E. Kontokosta
Author-X-Name-First: Constantine E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kontokosta
Author-Name: Vincent J. Reina
Author-X-Name-First: Vincent J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Reina
Author-Name: Bartosz Bonczak
Author-X-Name-First: Bartosz
Author-X-Name-Last: Bonczak
Title: Energy Cost Burdens for Low-Income and Minority Households
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Of the three primary components of housing affordability measures—rent, transportation, and utilities—utility costs are the least understood yet are the one area where the cost burden can be reduced without household relocation. Existing data sources to estimate energy costs are limited to surveys with small samples and low spatial and temporal resolution, such as the American Housing Survey and the Residential Energy Consumption Survey. In this study, we present a new method for small-area estimates of household energy cost burdens (ECBs) that leverages actual building energy use data for approximately 13,000 multifamily properties across five U.S. cities and links energy costs to savings opportunities by analyzing 3,000 energy audit reports. We examine differentials in cost burdens across household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and analyze spatial, regional, and building-level variations in energy use and expenditures. Our results show the average low-income household has an ECB of 7%, whereas higher income households have an average burden of 2%. Notably, even within defined income bands, minority households experience higher ECBs than non-Hispanic White households. For lower income households, low-cost energy improvements could reduce energy costs by as much as $1,500 per year.Takeaway for practice: In this study we attempt to shift the focus of energy efficiency investments to their impact on household cost burdens and overall housing affordability. Our analysis explores new and unique data generated from measurement-driven urban energy policies and shows low-income households disproportionately bear the burden of poor-quality and energy-inefficient housing. Cities can use these new data resources and methods to develop equity-based energy policies that treat energy efficiency and climate mitigation as issues of environmental justice and that apply data-driven, targeted policies to improve quality of life for the most vulnerable urban residents.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 89-105
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1647446
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1647446
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:89-105
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Manville
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Manville
Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen
Author-X-Name-First: Paavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen
Author-Name: Michael Lens
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Lens
Title: It’s Time to End Single-Family Zoning
Abstract:
Local planning in the United States is unique in the amount of land it reserves for detached single-family homes. This privileging of single-family homes, normally called R1 zoning, exacerbates inequality and undermines efficiency. R1’s origins are unpleasant: Stained by explicitly classist and implicitly racist motivations, R1 today continues to promote exclusion. It makes it harder for people to access high-opportunity places, and in expensive regions it contributes to shortages of housing, thereby benefiting homeowners at the expense of renters and forcing many housing consumers to spend more on housing. Stacked against these drawbacks, moreover, are a series of only weak arguments in R1’s favor about preferences, aesthetics, and a single-family way of life. We demonstrate that these pro-R1 concerns are either specious, or can be addressed in ways less socially harmful than R1. Given the strong arguments against R1 and the weak arguments for it, we contend planners should work to abolish R1 single-family zoning.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 106-112
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1651216
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1651216
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:106-112
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jake Wegmann
Author-X-Name-First: Jake
Author-X-Name-Last: Wegmann
Title: Death to Single-Family Zoning…and New Life to the Missing Middle
Abstract:
Planners in the United States and Canada should stop defending single-family zoning, the single most harmful widely used practice in planning. In the century since first adoption, it has exacerbated both inequality and climate change. Land use regulations that make a singly occupied, detached house on a large parcel the only allowable option should be replaced, wherever they exist, with new rules that allow medium-density, or “Missing Middle,” housing to be built by right. These changes should be applied broadly at the scale of an entire city or, best of all, a state, rather than piecemeal. Encouraging recent events in Minneapolis (MN), Oregon, and elsewhere show that single-family zoning is being seriously challenged for the first time, but more progress is needed.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 113-119
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1651217
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1651217
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:113-119
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Mogush
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Mogush
Author-Name: Heather Worthington
Author-X-Name-First: Heather
Author-X-Name-Last: Worthington
Title: The View From Minneapolis: Comments on “Death to Single-Family Zoning” and “It’s Time to End Single-Family Zoning”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 120-120
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689012
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689012
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:120-120
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Glen Searle
Author-X-Name-First: Glen
Author-X-Name-Last: Searle
Author-Name: Peter Phibbs
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Phibbs
Title: Ending Single-Family Zoning: Is There a Plan B?
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 121-122
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689013
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689013
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:121-122
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anaid Yerena
Author-X-Name-First: Anaid
Author-X-Name-Last: Yerena
Title: Not a Matter of Choice: Eliminating Single-Family Zoning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 122-122
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689014
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689014
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:122-122
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arnab Chakraborty
Author-X-Name-First: Arnab
Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty
Title: Calls to End All Single-Family Zoning Need More Scrutiny
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 123-124
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689015
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689015
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:123-124
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lane Kendig
Author-X-Name-First: Lane
Author-X-Name-Last: Kendig
Title: Eliminating Existing Single-Family Zoning Is a Mistake
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 124-125
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689016
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689016
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:124-125
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerritt Knaap
Author-X-Name-First: Gerritt
Author-X-Name-Last: Knaap
Author-Name: Nicholas Finio
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas
Author-X-Name-Last: Finio
Title: Though Rumors of Its Demise Might Be Exaggerated…
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 125-126
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689017
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689017
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:125-126
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Harley F. Etienne
Author-X-Name-First: Harley F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Etienne
Title: The Detached Single-Family Home Genie and Its Bottle
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 126-127
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689018
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689018
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:126-127
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Manville
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Manville
Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen
Author-X-Name-First: Paavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen
Author-Name: Michael Lens
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Lens
Title: Last Thoughts From Manville, Monkkonen, and Lens
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 127-128
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689019
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689019
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:127-128
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jacob Wegmann
Author-X-Name-First: Jacob
Author-X-Name-Last: Wegmann
Title: Last Thoughts From Wegmann
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 128-128
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689020
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689020
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:128-128
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerardo Francisco Sandoval
Author-X-Name-First: Gerardo Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandoval
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 129-130
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689030
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689030
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:129-130
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Hibbard
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Hibbard
Title: Pemberton: Rural Regeneration in the UK
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 131-132
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689021
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689021
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:131-132
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Millard-Ball
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Millard-Ball
Title: Chapple and Loukaitou-Sideris: Transit-Oriented Displacement or Community Dividends? Understanding the Effects of Smarter Growth on Communities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 132-133
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689023
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689023
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:132-133
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas C. Cornillie
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cornillie
Title: Ash: Chicago Union Station
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 133-134
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689026
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689026
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:133-134
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rebecca Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Title: Spiers: Smarter Growth: Activism and Environmental Policy in Metropolitan Washington
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 134-135
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689028
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689028
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:134-135
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Whit Blanton
Author-X-Name-First: Whit
Author-X-Name-Last: Blanton
Title: Speck: Walkable City Rules: 101 Steps to Making Better Places
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 136-137
Issue: 1
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1689029
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1689029
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:1:p:136-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: In Defense of the Generalist Journal
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 139-141
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1718973
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1718973
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:139-141
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward G. Goetz
Author-X-Name-First: Edward G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz
Author-Name: Rashad A. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Rashad A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Anthony Damiano
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony
Author-X-Name-Last: Damiano
Title: Whiteness and Urban Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The ability of planning to address America’s urban problems of inequality, crime, housing, education, and segregation is hampered by a relative neglect of Whiteness and its role in shaping urban outcomes. We offer a justification for centering Whiteness within urban planning scholarship and practice that would examine its role shaping and perpetuating regional and racial injustices in the American city. The focus of planners, scholars, and public discourse on the “dysfunctions” of communities of color, notably poverty, high levels of segregation, and isolation, diverts attention from the structural systems that produce and reproduce the advantages of affluent and White neighborhoods. Planners and planning scholars frequently invoke a “legacy of injustice” with regard to concentrated poverty and disadvantage but not in regard to neighborhoods of White affluence. One is segregated and problematized and the other is idealized.Takeaway for practice: Planners and planning scholars need to understand the role of Whiteness, in particular White affluence, to assess the potential impacts of planning interventions. Doing so will inform a wider range of planning approaches to problems of racial and spatial equity.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 142-156
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1693907
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1693907
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:142-156
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marisa Turesky
Author-X-Name-First: Marisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Turesky
Author-Name: Mildred E. Warner
Author-X-Name-First: Mildred E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Warner
Title: Gender Dynamics in the Planning Workplace
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planners’ workplaces are diversifying with respect to gender, but office culture and policies do not always reflect such change. Our research explores the influence of gender, management, and organizational characteristics on planners’ perceptions of workplace culture and benefits. We conducted a national survey with the APA’s Women and Planning Division in 2015 to assess whether planners’ perceptions regarding workplace culture and benefits differ by gender and organizational characteristics of the planning office. A limitation of the survey is the small self-selected sample of mostly female respondents. We combine feminist planning theory with workplace psychology theories of expectation states, role congruity, and representative bureaucracy, as well as transformational leadership, to explain workplace dynamics in planning agencies. Qualitative analysis shows problems with exclusive communication and equal opportunity are linked to management characteristics. To test this, we build five regression models on gender respect, exclusive communication, work–life benefits, flexibility perception, and equal opportunity. Our regression models control for gender, age, experience of respondent, and organizational characteristics. Our results indicate that gender respect, work–life benefits, and flexibility perception do not differ by gender. However, women are less likely to feel heard in their workplace (exclusive communication) or perceive equal opportunity. Workplaces with female management are more likely to show sensitivity to gender issues, support for flexible benefits, and equal opportunity for pay and advancement.Takeaway for practice: These results suggest planners feel they can raise gender issues and access flexibility benefits without prejudice. But planning workplaces need to address problems with exclusive communication and women’s perceptions of unequal opportunities for pay and advancement. Introducing gender-inclusive planning and leadership development curriculum to planning programs would prepare future planners; and ongoing training for management may improve behavior, communication, and benefits for all genders in planning workplaces.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 157-170
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1691041
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1691041
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:157-170
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deirdre Pfeiffer
Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre
Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeiffer
Author-Name: Meagan M. Ehlenz
Author-X-Name-First: Meagan M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ehlenz
Author-Name: Riley Andrade
Author-X-Name-First: Riley
Author-X-Name-Last: Andrade
Author-Name: Scott Cloutier
Author-X-Name-First: Scott
Author-X-Name-Last: Cloutier
Author-Name: Kelli L. Larson
Author-X-Name-First: Kelli L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Larson
Title: Do Neighborhood Walkability, Transit, and Parks Relate to Residents’ Life Satisfaction?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planners lack clarity about how they can promote the subjective wellbeing (SWB) of the communities they serve. In this research we use descriptive and econometric methods to explore the interconnections between three aspects of the objective and perceived neighborhood built environment (NBE)—walkability, transit, and parks—and one aspect of SWB—life satisfaction—drawing on a survey of 496 people in the Phoenix (AZ) region. Respondents who were more satisfied with the quantity of neighborhood parks and lived in objectively more walkable neighborhoods expressed higher life satisfaction. Park satisfaction is linked to other life satisfaction–promoting perceptions, including greater neighborhood social connection, nature engagement, exercise opportunities, and lower neighborhood disorder. However, what shapes links between life satisfaction and walkability is less clear. Notably, objective and perceived parks access and walkability were not strongly linked and an understudied factor—perceiving neighborhood geography narrowly—was linked to lower life satisfaction. Planners should be cautious in applying these findings because they do not derive from causal methods or fully account for the propensity of more satisfied people to feel more positively about their environments or live in neighborhoods with particular qualities. Future work should also consider how our findings apply to life satisfaction across diverse places and time.Takeaway for practice: Life satisfaction is associated with neighborhood planning. Planning strategies that may increase residents’ opportunities for higher life satisfaction include a) engaging with communities to better understand and plan for parks that meet residents’ needs and b) enhancing neighborhood walkability. Planners should note that objective measures of the NBE, like walkability and parks, do not necessarily correspond to residents’ perceptions of these qualities. Further investigation into the causal links between the NBE and life satisfaction, including the complex roles that transit accessibility and resident perceptions of neighborhood geography play, is warranted.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 171-187
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1715824
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1715824
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:171-187
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kian Goh
Author-X-Name-First: Kian
Author-X-Name-Last: Goh
Title: Planning the Green New Deal: Climate Justice and the Politics of Sites and Scales
Abstract:
Climate change and the rise of a grassroots–legislative political–environmental movement in the United States should change how urban planners think and act on spatial change and social justice. After the 2018 U.S. elections, organizing movements and progressive legislators endorsed the Green New Deal. In this Viewpoint I look at the Green New Deal’s potential implications for urban planning. I analyze it in reference to the 1930s’ New Deal inspirations and current climate and urban challenges, and illustrate the contradictions between large-scale spatial change and community-scale social justice. I explain how the imperatives of the Green New Deal, in conjunction with the shifting sites, scales, and politics of planning for climate change, should encourage planners to reframe their spaces and politics of practice toward a reconceptualized urban regional scale and a new politics of more public participation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 188-195
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1688671
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1688671
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:188-195
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mattijs Van Maasakkers
Author-X-Name-First: Mattijs
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Maasakkers
Author-Name: Jeeson Oh
Author-X-Name-First: Jeeson
Author-X-Name-Last: Oh
Title: Where Should We Have the Meeting?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Scholars and practitioners in the fields of planning, public participation, and consensus building have devised a variety of techniques for participatory decision making. Despite the ever-growing literatures on public participation, consensus building, and deliberative democracy, few scholars have studied perhaps the most elemental consideration in designing participatory processes: how to create physical environments for productive interactions and conversations. In this study, we address that gap in the scholarship on participatory decision making by answering two questions: What are planners are seeking to achieve when creating venues for engagement, participation, or collaboration? What are the tools at their disposal to do so? We interviewed practitioners with significant experience in the facilitation of planning processes, selected at random from the National Roster of Environmental Conflict Resolution Professionals, and developed a set of objectives and considerations for creating effective venues for participation and collaboration in planning. Based on our analysis, we find that venue creation involves three key dimensions: determining the appropriate venue-related process objectives, selecting a location, and arranging the chosen space.Takeaway for practice: Combining insights from existing guidance in handbooks and reports with the findings from our interviews, we developed the Venue Creation Tool to support more informed discussions and choices related to venues for participation and collaboration in planning.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 196-207
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1685904
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1685904
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:196-207
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Minjee Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Minjee
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: Negotiation or Schedule-Based?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Local governments can secure valuable public benefits from private real estate development through negotiations or schedule-based exaction programs. Nevertheless, few studies have empirically examined their relative strengths and weaknesses. In this study I compare the experiences of two major U.S. cities, Boston (MA)—where exactions are heavily negotiated—and Seattle (WA)—where public benefits are secured through statutory exaction programs with pre-established schedules. I analyze the entitlement processes of large-scale projects approved in 2016 in each city and show that both approaches have their own strengths and weaknesses. Boston was able to extract substantial public benefit packages, but uncertainty was high, and projects were subject to inconsistent decision making at times. By contrast, Seattle’s schedule-based approach was found to be fair and certain while yielding moderate public benefit packages. Despite the commonly held belief that negotiating land uses on a project-by-project basis is associated with significant process delays and a lack of transparency, the case of Boston offers a different perspective. Boston’s projects were approved in a shorter time frame and were subjected to more public meetings per project than Seattle’s.Takeaway for practice: U.S. local governments are likely to rely on both negotiations and schedules to extract public benefits from real estate developments. Though schedule-based exaction programs ensure overall fairness and certainty of the entitlement process, project-by-project negotiation could potentially yield significant public benefits. However, uncertainty can be high in a negotiation-heavy system, which may disadvantage small-scale developers. Moreover, negotiations may open up room for poor and inconsistent decision making, which must be mitigated by establishing clear policies and standards to guide the negotiation process. Both negotiation and schedule-based processes can be designed to ensure a transparent process with multiple public participation opportunities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 208-221
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1691040
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1691040
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:208-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xiaoxia Dong
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoxia
Author-X-Name-Last: Dong
Title: Trade Uber for the Bus?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Few studies have examined ride-hail users’ individual preferences between ride-hail and transit. Based on a survey of ride-hail users in the Philadelphia (PA) region, I examine who uses ride-hail and investigate ride-hail users’ willingness to use ride-hail versus transit. My results suggest that more than one-quarter of respondents replaced transit with ride-hail in their last ride-hail trips. Mixed logit regression analysis based on stated preference choice experiments indicate that higher-income respondents and respondents over 30 years old are increasingly willing to choose ride-hail over transit, even though their actual ride-hail usage is lower than that among lower-income and younger respondents. Results also show that female respondents are more willing to choose ride-hail over transit than male respondents and less frequent transit users are more likely to choose ride-hail than frequent transit users. Higher cost and longer trip duration are significant deterrents for travel by either mode. Respondents consider the time spent on walking to and from transit more burdensome than in-vehicle travel time and wait time for transit and ride-hail. They consider waiting for ride-hail less burdensome than waiting for transit. Survey sampling and design limitations provide lessons for future ride-hail studies.Takeaway for practice: Practitioners should ensure convenient, affordable travel options for lower-income residents, who are more frequent but less willing ride-hail users than higher-income residents. Female respondents’ safety concerns about transit should urge transit agencies to recognize female transit riders’ travel needs. The relationship between age and willingness to use ride-hail reminds planners to anticipate greater substitution of ride-hail for transit as the more tech-savvy generation starts entering their 30s. Last, fare reduction alone may not be enough to prompt ride-hail users to switch to transit. Service improvements that shorten the overall trip duration are imperative to make transit more attractive.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 222-235
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1687318
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1687318
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:222-235
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Keunhyun Park
Author-X-Name-First: Keunhyun
Author-X-Name-Last: Park
Author-Name: Reid Ewing
Author-X-Name-First: Reid
Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing
Author-Name: Sadegh Sabouri
Author-X-Name-First: Sadegh
Author-X-Name-Last: Sabouri
Author-Name: Dong-ah Choi
Author-X-Name-First: Dong-ah
Author-X-Name-Last: Choi
Author-Name: Shima Hamidi
Author-X-Name-First: Shima
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamidi
Author-Name: Guang Tian
Author-X-Name-First: Guang
Author-X-Name-Last: Tian
Title: Guidelines for a Polycentric Region to Reduce Vehicle Use and Increase Walking and Transit Use
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The monocentric development pattern in the Alonso–Mills–Muth model underpinned theoretical discussions of urban form in the 1960s and 1970s and truly dominated theory up to the point when Joel Garreau published Edge City: Life on the New Frontier in the early 1990s. Monocentric development patterns remain dominant to this day among smaller metropolitan areas in the United States. However, for larger metropolitan areas in the United States, regional transportation plans suggest a paradigm shift to a polycentric structure. We review 126 regional transportation plans in the United States and find that a hierarchy of centers connected by high-quality transit has become the dominant vision for most of them. The plan for Salt Lake City (UT), for example, strives for a multicentered region even though secondary centers are only beginning to emerge beyond a dominant downtown. Generally missing from regional transportation plans are quantitative criteria for designating and guiding centers: In no case are the quantitative criteria empirically based on proven transportation benefits. Here we investigate how the built environment characteristics of centers are associated with people’s travel mode choices and vehicle use. We employ visual and exploratory approaches through a generalized additive model (GAM) to identify nonlinear relationships between travel outcomes and “D” variables (density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit) within centers. The model and plots help us recommend the built environment characteristics of centers.Takeaway for practice: The built environment thresholds and relevant tools provided here can enable planners to make informed decisions about future growth patterns, set realistic—yet visionary—goals, and improve the overall health of its residents and communities. We provide strategies and tools that planning agencies, such as metropolitan planning organizations, transit agencies, and municipalities, can adopt to channel developments into centers.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 236-249
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1692690
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1692690
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:236-249
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerrit-Jan Knaap
Author-X-Name-First: Gerrit-Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Knaap
Author-Name: Daniel Engelberg
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Engelberg
Author-Name: Uri Avin
Author-X-Name-First: Uri
Author-X-Name-Last: Avin
Author-Name: Sevgi Erdogan
Author-X-Name-First: Sevgi
Author-X-Name-Last: Erdogan
Author-Name: Fred Ducca
Author-X-Name-First: Fred
Author-X-Name-Last: Ducca
Author-Name: Timothy F. Welch
Author-X-Name-First: Timothy F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Welch
Author-Name: Nicholas Finio
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas
Author-X-Name-Last: Finio
Author-Name: Rolf Moeckel
Author-X-Name-First: Rolf
Author-X-Name-Last: Moeckel
Author-Name: Harutyun Shahumyan
Author-X-Name-First: Harutyun
Author-X-Name-Last: Shahumyan
Title: Modeling Sustainability Scenarios in the Baltimore–Washington (DC) Region
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Planners today are confronted with unprecedented uncertainty in economic, political, and technological environments, especially at the regional scale. An increasingly common approach to addressing such uncertainty is exploratory scenario analysis. To provide new insights into the methods and utility of such analyses, we conducted a scenario analysis of the Baltimore (MD)–Washington (DC) region by engaging a technical advisory committee and exercising a loosely coupled suite of advanced transportation, land use, and environmental impact models. Our analysis suggests the future is indeed uncertain and may evolve into plausible but quite different alternative scenarios. Key drivers of these scenarios include fuel prices; the rate and form of technological change, especially in the transportation sector; and the restrictiveness of land use controls.Takeaway for practice: By developing exploratory scenario analyses and analyzing them using advanced computational models, planners can gain insights into how best to address uncertain development trends, such as how and to what degree planners can influence the adoption of electric and automated vehicles, how and where to guide development patterns through land use controls, and how best to respond to variation in the cost of energy, which could have dramatic impacts on the future sustainability of cities and regions. Although such scenario analyses cannot in most circumstances provide unambiguous robust or contingent policy prescriptions, they can provide important insights for raising public awareness and provide the foundation for further policy evaluation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 250-263
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1680311
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2019.1680311
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:250-263
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rolf Pendall
Author-X-Name-First: Rolf
Author-X-Name-Last: Pendall
Title: Knowing What Land Use Regulations Localities Have “On the Books” Can Reveal Regulatory Stringency—And Much More
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 264-265
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725237
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725237
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:264-265
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Linda C. Dalton
Author-X-Name-First: Linda C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dalton
Title: What Planners Do Know: Their Community’s Culture
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 265-266
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725242
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725242
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:265-266
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ned Levine
Author-X-Name-First: Ned
Author-X-Name-Last: Levine
Title: What’s Wrong With Objective Questions?
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 267-268
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725248
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725248
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:267-268
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen
Author-X-Name-First: Paavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen
Author-Name: Michael Manville
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Manville
Title: Planning Knowledge and the Regulatory Hydra
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 268-269
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725255
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725255
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:268-269
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dave Guyadeen
Author-X-Name-First: Dave
Author-X-Name-Last: Guyadeen
Title: Lewis and Marantz’s “What Planners Know”: A Springboard for Further Analysis
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 269-270
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725256
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725256
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:269-270
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul G. Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: Paul G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Author-Name: Nicholas J. Marantz
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Marantz
Title: A Response to Comments on “What Planners Know: Using Surveys About Local Land Use Regulation to Understand Housing Development”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 270-271
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725257
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725257
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:270-271
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerardo Francisco Sandoval
Author-X-Name-First: Gerardo Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandoval
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 272-273
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725263
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725263
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:272-273
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bert van Wee
Author-X-Name-First: Bert
Author-X-Name-Last: van Wee
Title: Fishman: Bike Share
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 274-275
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725264
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725264
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:274-275
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David A. King
Author-X-Name-First: David A.
Author-X-Name-Last: King
Title: Shoup: Parking and the City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 275-276
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725267
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725267
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:275-276
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Hendee Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Peter Hendee
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown
Title: Garvin: The Heart of the City: Creating Vibrant Downtowns for a New Century
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 276-277
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725269
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725269
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:276-277
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Floyd Lapp
Author-X-Name-First: Floyd
Author-X-Name-Last: Lapp
Title: Wolfe: Urbanism Without Effort: Reconnecting With First Principles of the City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 277-278
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725271
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725271
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:277-278
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: Sagalyn: Power at Ground Zero: Politics, Money, and the Remaking of Lower Manhattan
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 278-280
Issue: 2
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725272
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725272
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:2:p:278-280
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 307-307
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1479591
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1479591
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:307-307
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dennis E. Gale
Author-X-Name-First: Dennis E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gale
Title: Schlichtman, Patch, and Hill: Gentrifier
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 308-309
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1479594
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1479594
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:308-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan M. Hoffmann
Author-X-Name-First: Susan M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann
Title: Schlichtman, Patch, and Hill: Gentrifier
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 309-310
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1479601
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1479601
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:309-310
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jennifer Ann Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Title: Mayne: Slums: The History of a Global Injustice
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 310-311
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1479604
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1479604
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:310-311
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephanie Ryberg-Webster
Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie
Author-X-Name-Last: Ryberg-Webster
Title: Souther: Believing in Cleveland: Managing Decline in the “Best Location in the Nation”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 311-312
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1479606
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1479606
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:311-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nisha D. Botchwey
Author-X-Name-First: Nisha D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Botchwey
Title: Coutts: Green Infrastructure and Public Health
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 312-313
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1479608
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1479608
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:312-313
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: Gruen: Shopping Town: Designing the City in Suburban America
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 313-314
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1479610
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1479610
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:313-314
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yan Tang
Author-X-Name-First: Yan
Author-X-Name-Last: Tang
Author-Name: Sisi Liang
Author-X-Name-First: Sisi
Author-X-Name-Last: Liang
Author-Name: Ruizhi Yu
Author-X-Name-First: Ruizhi
Author-X-Name-Last: Yu
Title: Theoretical and Practical Influences of Kevin Lynch in China
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Kevin Lynch was a distinguished city designer and humanist whose thoughts, theories, and practices have had a far-reaching influence on planning across the world, including in China. Here we identify the impact of Lynch’s ideas on China’s urban development, design practices, and ideas about urban design education during the various stages of China’s urbanization. Our literature review, supplemented by interviews with Lynch’s former colleagues in China, reveals the qualitative and quantitative dimensions of his contributions. His thoughts on city construction, rooted in humanism and psychological analysis of how people perceive cities, have had a formative influence in the past 3 decades in the evolution of urban design methods and have helped accelerate the new profession of urban design and new systems of regulating urban development.Takeaway for practice: It is useful to understand how Lynch’s ideas, largely the product of American thought, have had influence in China as this country makes a transition to a more pluralistic and locally driven form of planning. China’s vast scale and tempo of urban development and planning provide an important example of the impact Lynch made. We can also learn much from the Chinese experience in large-scale urbanization that has relevance for other rapidly growing cities in the developing world.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 293-305
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1521300
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1521300
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:293-305
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meredith Drake Reitan
Author-X-Name-First: Meredith
Author-X-Name-Last: Drake Reitan
Author-Name: Tridib Banerjee
Author-X-Name-First: Tridib
Author-X-Name-Last: Banerjee
Title: Kevin Lynch in Los Angeles
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Here we examine the legacy of Kevin Lynch in Los Angeles (CA). We begin by describing his contributions to planning at the city and regional scales. We then focus on Los Angeles’s central core because of its prominence as a case study in The Image of the City. Specifically, we ask how Lynch’s ideas influenced planning efforts for Los Angeles’s downtown. We use a mixed-methods approach comprising expert interviews and analysis of archival documents, news stories, oral histories, plans, and reports. Although it is impossible to attribute the evolving physical form of Los Angeles to Lynch, we can see the effects of his thinking in the empowerment of local citizens and in the sensibility of planners and urban designers. Lynch’s contribution occurred at both the city and district scales, first as a consultant for the general plan and the visual studies that led to its creation, and second by inspiring the work of planners tasked with remaking Los Angeles’s downtown.Takeaway for practice: A principal aim of Lynch’s work was for planners to engage with citizens and to understand how the public experiences the city. Planners and urban designers in Los Angeles were inspired by his ideas and were able to use at least some of his vision to navigate the thicket of the planning process.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 217-229
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1524307
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1524307
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:217-229
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giyoung Park
Author-X-Name-First: Giyoung
Author-X-Name-Last: Park
Author-Name: Gary W. Evans
Author-X-Name-First: Gary W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Evans
Title: Lynch’s Elements of the City in the Digital Era
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 276-278
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1524308
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1524308
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:276-278
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ginette Wessel
Author-X-Name-First: Ginette
Author-X-Name-Last: Wessel
Author-Name: Alireza Karduni
Author-X-Name-First: Alireza
Author-X-Name-Last: Karduni
Author-Name: Eric Sauda
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Sauda
Title: The Image of the Digital City: Revisiting Lynch’s Principles of Urban Legibility
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 280-283
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1524716
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1524716
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:280-283
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deni Ruggeri
Author-X-Name-First: Deni
Author-X-Name-Last: Ruggeri
Author-Name: Chester Harvey
Author-X-Name-First: Chester
Author-X-Name-Last: Harvey
Author-Name: Peter Bosselmann
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Bosselmann
Title: Perceiving the Livable City
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Livability is a popular goal, yet a consistent definition and approach for measuring livability remain elusive. Many urban designers embrace etic indicators such as block size, multimodality, and accessibility rather than emic perceptions of users. Kevin Lynch showed great concern for emic livability and studied how culture and technology might affect it. We examine relationships between emic and etic interpretations of livability, drawing on a pilot study involving both in-person and Google Street View audits performed by U.S. and Norwegian student volunteers in San Francisco (CA) and Oslo (Norway) neighborhoods. Audits recorded both etic and emic measurements of walkability, compactness, connectivity, enclosure, and imageability, commonly associated with livable urban environments. Results show substantial differences between emic and etic measures. Regression models show that of all etic variables, only a few are useful predictors of emic measures. Country of origin also has no significant effect in these models, which suggests that emic interpretations of livability are reasonably consistent among auditors from both nations despite their lack of previous familiarity with non-home cities.Takeaway for practice: Emic impressions of livability may be more internationally transferable than etic qualities traditionally associated with livable places. Google Street View led to greater livability impressions than in-person audits, which suggests caution in relying on virtual experiences as proxies for fieldwork.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 250-262
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1524717
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1524717
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:250-262
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tridib Banerjee
Author-X-Name-First: Tridib
Author-X-Name-Last: Banerjee
Author-Name: Gary Hack
Author-X-Name-First: Gary
Author-X-Name-Last: Hack
Author-Name: Michael Southworth
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Southworth
Title: Introduction to the Special Issue
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 214-216
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1526102
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1526102
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:214-216
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Mondschein
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Mondschein
Author-Name: Steven T. Moga
Author-X-Name-First: Steven T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Moga
Title: New Directions in Cognitive-Environmental Research
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Cognitive-environmental urban planning and design began with Kevin Lynch’s (1960) The Image of the City. Scientific and technological developments, including discoveries in brain physiology and cognitive psychology, the psychosocial determinants of health, and the spread of navigation and information technologies, have increased the pertinence of cognitive-environmental research to planning. Re-engagement in contemporary debates about brain function and cities can help address long-standing humanistic challenges in planning as well as new challenges arising from emergent urban technologies. We systematically review scholarly work that cites Lynch or invokes cognitive mapping and synthesize cognitive-environmental concepts and methods from fields outside planning. We propose how planning and design practice can align with a cognitive-environmental framework. Cognitive-environmental research engages issues such as the need for equitable access, codes and rules that create good urban form, planning data and information systems, and participatory planning imbued with local knowledge and civic engagement. Urban planners and designers can use cognitive-environmental approaches to work toward more just and humane cities, even as they are transformed by new technologies. Lynch’s ideas, particularly his insistence on an engaged approach to learning the city, remain highly relevant.Takeaway for practice: Insights from cognitive-environmental research identify specific priorities and methods for planning, including participant-generated urban information, community engagement and learning, revisions to urban codes and regulations related to neurological differences in the experience of the built environment and technological changes in wayfinding and navigation, and health-focused urban planning initiatives, particularly related to mental wellbeing.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 263-275
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1526644
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1526644
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:263-275
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Chen
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen
Title: Designing the Danceable City
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Kevin Lynch envisions the city as a place that supports health, survival, social contact, and vitality. Urban dance is how many Beijing (China) residents achieve these goals. Urban dance has become a popular activity for an estimated 100 million Chinese residents. I ask 4 research questions: 1) Why are people dancing in Beijing? 2) Where does urban dance happen? 3) Why does dance happen in some places but not in others? and 4) Why may urban dance be relevant to American planning? I used open-ended interviews and 2 surveys to evaluate these issues, finding that urban dancers are mostly older women who dance to keep healthy, to enhance positive emotions, and to cultivate a sense of community. Urban dance in Beijing happens primarily in parks and spaces in the transportation infrastructure, although dancers prefer parks because of the clean air and natural environment. Dance groups are forced to move multiple times; they often move to transportation infrastructure, where it is noisy and polluted. Complaints and conflicting demands for open space have led the central and municipal governments to attempt to ban or restrict urban dance. Urban dance continues to persist, however, bringing health, community, and vitality to Beijing’s open spaces and offering an attractive vision to American planners and urban designers. Limitations of this study include the age of the data, which were collected in 2004 through 2006 and in 2007.Takeaway for practice: Urban dance presents challenges to those designing and planning cities, despite providing health benefits to participants. Dance groups must move often because their activities are noisy, and they compete with other users for limited space.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 237-249
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1526645
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1526645
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:237-249
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruce Appleyard
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce
Author-X-Name-Last: Appleyard
Author-Name: Michael Stepner
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Stepner
Title: Toward the Dreams and Realities of Temporary Paradise? Lynch and Appleyard’s Look at the Special Landscape of San Diego/Tijuana
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 230-236
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1528171
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1528171
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:230-236
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Bosselmann
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Bosselmann
Title: Kevin Lynch and His Legacy on Teaching Professional Planners and Designers
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Here I highlight the continued relevance of Kevin Lynch’s pedagogy through cultivating primary sources of information based on observation, field measurements, and interviews with users, especially at a time when information necessary for design decisions is available with increasing ease from secondary sources. Lynch’s approach to teaching departed from solely studio-based pedagogies to include methods that drew from the city as a research laboratory. Lynch’s tradition continued under Donald Appleyard at the University of California, Berkeley. Research required methodological foundations borrowed from the social sciences in the context of fieldwork and in the classroom. The environmental psychologist Kenneth H. Craik provided the necessary instruction. I summarize the research I have done over decades with urban design and planning students in the professional degree program at Berkeley.Takeaway for practice: Students following Kevin Lynch’s research tradition are better prepared to articulate planning policy when instructed to combine subjective data gained through direct observation with objective data and with data collected onsite. Substantial professional attention was given to the results of multiple research methods seminars over the years; student research influenced official planning policy.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 284-292
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1528172
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1528172
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:284-292
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Rosenbloom
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbloom
Title: Letter From the Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 213-213
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 84
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1529464
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2018.1529464
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:84:y:2018:i:3-4:p:213-213
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Speaking to the Future
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 281-283
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1760002
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1760002
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:281-283
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ryan Allen
Author-X-Name-First: Ryan
Author-X-Name-Last: Allen
Author-Name: Jueyu Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Jueyu
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Title: Immigrant Legal Status and Commute Mode Choice for Hispanics in the United States
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Despite an estimated 10.7 million undocumented immigrants living in the United States in 2016, little research in urban planning focuses on immigrant legal status. The failure to account for immigrant legal status as an explanatory factor in travel behavior research is problematic because undocumented immigrants face structural disincentives for driving compared with immigrants legally residing in the United States and may make different travel mode choices as a result. We use the 2008 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation and a methodology that identifies likely undocumented immigrants in the data to answer two research questions: Given their inability to possess a valid driver’s license in most states, do undocumented immigrants drive less than their counterparts who reside in the United States legally? More generally, what is the relationship between immigrant legal status and commuting mode choice? We find that two-thirds of Hispanic undocumented immigrants who commute to work drive, but that undocumented status has a suppressive effect on driving compared with native-born Hispanics or Hispanic immigrants legally residing in the United States. Our analysis does not assess the relationship between travel behavior and immigrant legal status for non-Hispanic immigrants and does not control for built environment factors.Takeaway for practice: Unlicensed driving by undocumented immigrants may reduce public safety. To reduce unlicensed driving by undocumented immigrants, planners should encourage alternative commute modes with a particular focus on carpooling and support the passage of new legislation that allows undocumented immigrants to apply for driver’s licenses in states that currently do not give undocumented immigrants this right.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 284-296
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1724818
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1724818
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:284-296
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miriam Solis
Author-X-Name-First: Miriam
Author-X-Name-Last: Solis
Title: Racial Equity in Planning Organizations
Abstract:
In this Viewpoint, I urge public planners to examine how planning departments’ internal rules and norms reproduce racial inequity. I first explain how public planning departments’ inner workings are racialized and then offer racial equity in planning organizations (REPO) as a framework and directive to align public planning racial equity goals with internal rules and norms. I argue that organizational change will position planners to advance racial equity in the United States. REPO can lead to local change and recalibrate how planners envision their role in changing their communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 297-303
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1742189
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1742189
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:297-303
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Victoria Morckel
Author-X-Name-First: Victoria
Author-X-Name-Last: Morckel
Title: Flint (MI) Missed an Opportunity to “Right Size” With Its Water Crisis
Abstract:
The city of Flint (MI) should have right sized its water infrastructure as part of its response to its water crisis, which was a series of government failures that resulted in lead and other contaminants in the city’s municipal water supply. I discuss why right sizing water systems is necessary in shrinking cities and outline a process for right sizing that uses hydraulic models to identify opportunities for downscaling or removing pipelines. With this information and public input, policymakers can make changes in land use designations that align with a city’s master plan and acknowledge population change. In describing this process, my arguments serve as an example for other cities that are contemplating right sizing. I also argue that infrastructure considerations need to be part of land use decisions: if a city cannot reasonably decommission infrastructure because of system configuration, complete right sizing of vacant land might not be possible.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 304-310
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1734059
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1734059
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:304-310
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Lempert
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Lempert
Author-Name: James Syme
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Syme
Author-Name: George Mazur
Author-X-Name-First: George
Author-X-Name-Last: Mazur
Author-Name: Debra Knopman
Author-X-Name-First: Debra
Author-X-Name-Last: Knopman
Author-Name: Garett Ballard-Rosa
Author-X-Name-First: Garett
Author-X-Name-Last: Ballard-Rosa
Author-Name: Kacey Lizon
Author-X-Name-First: Kacey
Author-X-Name-Last: Lizon
Author-Name: Ifeanyi Edochie
Author-X-Name-First: Ifeanyi
Author-X-Name-Last: Edochie
Title: Meeting Climate, Mobility, and Equity Goals in Transportation Planning Under Wide-Ranging Scenarios
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Prediction-based approaches, the heart of current transportation planning practice, are inadequate for informing transportation decisions in today’s rapidly changing conditions. In this study we offer an initial demonstration of how robust decision making (RDM) might enhance current long-range planning by applying the approach to selected components of Sacramento Area Council of Government’s (SACOG’s) 2016 regional transportation plan. RDM, a quantitative, exploratory, scenario-based method, informs decisions under deep uncertainty by stress-testing proposed plans over thousands of plausible futures, identifying scenarios that best distinguish futures in which plans meet and miss planning goals, and using these scenarios to identify more robust plans. Our analysis suggests that SACOG’s ability to meet critical mobility and climate goals depends on socioeconomic growth, fuel price, and fuel efficiency assumptions. This study explores potential responses to these vulnerabilities and suggests a path toward wider RDM usage in transportation planning. Our study is limited by the use of a simple cohort model, calibrated to a single predictive scenario run of SACOG’s Sacramento Regional Activity-Based Simulation Model (SACSIM) travel demand model. A more complete RDM analysis would require multiple runs of a model with more explicit treatments of feedbacks and spatial representations.Takeaway for practice: RDM offers a promising complement and possibly future alternative to current prediction-based and scenario approaches that could help planners better manage in today’s conditions of fast-paced change.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 311-323
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1727766
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1727766
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:311-323
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sylvia Y. He
Author-X-Name-First: Sylvia Y.
Author-X-Name-Last: He
Author-Name: Sui Tao
Author-X-Name-First: Sui
Author-X-Name-Last: Tao
Author-Name: Mee Kam Ng
Author-X-Name-First: Mee Kam
Author-X-Name-Last: Ng
Author-Name: Hendrik Tieben
Author-X-Name-First: Hendrik
Author-X-Name-Last: Tieben
Title: Evaluating Hong Kong’s Spatial Planning in New Towns From the Perspectives of Job Accessibility, Travel Mobility, and Work–Life Balance
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: From the 1970s to the 1990s, the Hong Kong government developed several new towns to alleviate pressure on contemporary urban areas and provide housing for a rapidly growing population. Although self-containment is a key objective in building new towns, no research has assessed residents’ behavioral outcomes, limiting the objective assessment of the spatial planning of new towns. In this study, we hypothesize that adequate job accessibility would offer residents shorter commutes and hence more time for noncommute travel and activities and better work–life balance. Drawing on census and household travel survey data, we assess the spatial planning of new towns by investigating the effects of job accessibility on commute and noncommute travel durations. We find that a) there is a disparity in self-containment and access to job opportunities between these towns and urban areas, b) job accessibility strongly influences commute duration, and c) prolonged commutes can reduce noncommute travel duration, particularly for public transportation users, suggesting that this may harm work–life balance for workers with long commutes.Takeaway for practice: Building a self-contained new town requires strategic spatial planning and a concrete plan to develop the local economy. To cultivate local employment, planners should develop a regional plan that differentiates main industries in different new towns. A good starting point would be a thorough understanding of the history, spatial distribution of existing industries and firms, and skills of local workers in these towns. We recommend more proactive efforts to a) establish more self-contained new town communities, b) relocate jobs in certain sectors (e.g., government offices) to new towns, c) strengthen an integrated transit system, and d) adopt alternative work schedules (e.g., telecommuting, flexible work hours) in certain industries to relieve commute burdens, improving both commute experience and work–life balance.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 324-338
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1725602
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1725602
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:324-338
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shaleen Miller
Author-X-Name-First: Shaleen
Author-X-Name-Last: Miller
Title: Greenspace After a Disaster: The Need to Close the Gap With Recovery for Greater Resilience
Abstract:
Parks and greenspace planning have often been limited to environmental planning; however, these spaces’ ecological benefits may also protect communities from hazards and their negative outcomes, thereby increasing resiliency. Although hazard planning has begun to consider nature-based mitigation solutions, the postdisaster recovery planning of these greenspaces is rare. This can result in a loss of function, a delay in the return to normality, and lost opportunity for increasing park, greenspace, and community resilience. Here I discuss the nature of green infrastructure after a disaster, using examples from both literature and recent North American hurricanes, to suggest the need to add parks and greenspaces to recovery and resilience planning.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 339-348
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1730223
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1730223
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:339-348
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shima Hamidi
Author-X-Name-First: Shima
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamidi
Author-Name: Reid Ewing
Author-X-Name-First: Reid
Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing
Title: Compact Development and BMI for Young Adults
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The literature widely reports a statistical association between the built environment and obesity. What is less clear is the reason for the association. Is it environmental determinism—the effect of the built environment on individual behavior—with compact places inducing more physical activity and hence lower weight? Or is it self-selection, the tendency of healthy-weight individuals to select to live in compact places where they can be more physically active and possibly the tendency of overweight or obese individuals to opt for sprawling places? Both theories have been promoted in the literature. In this study we seek to address this issue using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We study body mass indices (BMIs) of survey participants, all young adults, at two points in time and follow them longitudinally for 9 years as they move from place to place. We estimate models for the entire cohort and also for young adult movers and stayers separately. We find more evidence of self-selection than of environmental determinism. First, we find that compactness is not significantly associated with BMI in young adults for those staying in the same place for the entire period. Second, we find no significant association between changes in sprawl and the changes in BMI for the cohort of young adult movers. Third, our longitudinal analysis shows that young adults who are not overweight tend to move in the direction of greater neighborhood compactness, whereas overweight young adults tend to move in the direction of greater sprawl. Because young adults are at a unique stage in the life cycle, these findings cannot be generalized to other cohorts.Takeaway for practice: These findings do not suggest that place characteristics are unimportant; planners need to meet the growing demand for walkable, compact, and connected places, which are currently undersupplied. Still, they do not provide evidence that place characteristics influence the behaviors of young adults and hence their weight. Rather, they suggest that compact places appeal to more than half of the young adult population and that this latent demand should be met by providing dense, diverse, and well-designed residential options, even in the suburbs, through regional transportation plans and local planning and zoning. Education for primary and secondary school students, who are about to enter young adulthood, could also play a role.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 349-363
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1730705
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1730705
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:349-363
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jiangping Zhou
Author-X-Name-First: Jiangping
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou
Author-Name: Yuling Yang
Author-X-Name-First: Yuling
Author-X-Name-Last: Yang
Author-Name: Chris Webster
Author-X-Name-First: Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Webster
Title: Using Big and Open Data to Analyze Transit-Oriented Development
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: In this study, we investigate how to exploit big and open data (BOD) to quantitatively examine the relationships between transit-oriented development (TOD) attributes and TOD outcomes. Here, TOD attributes are measurable or perceivable attributes that TOD proponents cherish, and TOD outcomes are the targeted outcomes, such as increased ridership, associated at least partially with TOD attributes. Based on BOD from Shenzhen (China), we create indicators to measure both TOD attributes and outcomes. We explore the associations of TOD attributes, including centrality of a TOD site, travel time to the central business district, density, destination, diversity, and design, with TOD outcomes. We identify the TOD attribute that best predicts TOD outcomes such as metro ridership, frequent riders, people co-located in a station area, and ratios derived from these outcomes. We find that special neighborhoods, specific metro lines, and age of the district significantly influence TOD outcomes. Our study has a few limitations: a) the BOD we use do not directly measure TOD attributes, so proxies must be used; and b) the BOD we use contain little information about “why,” “who,” and “how,” such as why people rode transit, who they were, and how they perceived/appreciated various TOD attributes.Takeway for practice: BOD-derived variables allow planners to revalidate existing planning guidelines and principles concerning TOD and adapt them to local contexts. BOD can also be used to formulate new metrics to evaluate different TOD plans or projects in ways not achievable with traditional data alone. In short, BOD can and should be used to refine TOD analytics and design and to implement corresponding theories in pursuit of TOD.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 364-376
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1737182
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1737182
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:364-376
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerardo Francisco Sandoval
Author-X-Name-First: Gerardo Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandoval
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 377-378
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1759948
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759948
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:377-378
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanjeev Vidyarthi
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjeev
Author-X-Name-Last: Vidyarthi
Title: Talen: Neighborhood
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 379-380
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1759957
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759957
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:379-380
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deirdre Pfeiffer
Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre
Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeiffer
Title: Manturuk, Lindblad, and Quercia: A Place Called Home: The Social Dimensions of Homeownership
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 380-381
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1759958
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759958
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:380-381
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick M. Condon
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Condon
Title: Kelbaugh: The Urban Fix: Resilient Cities in the War Against Climate Change, Heat Islands and Overpopulation
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 382-383
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1759959
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759959
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:382-383
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steven M. Richter
Author-X-Name-First: Steven M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Richter
Title: Albro: Vacant to Vibrant: Creating Successful Green Infrastructure Networks
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 383-384
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1759963
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759963
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:383-384
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dave Amos
Author-X-Name-First: Dave
Author-X-Name-Last: Amos
Title: Prytherch: Law, Engineering, and the American Right-of-Way: Imagining a More Just Street
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 384-385
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1759966
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759966
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:384-385
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Parcell
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Parcell
Title: Mallach: The Divided City: Poverty and Prosperity in Urban America
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 386-387
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1759969
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759969
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:386-387
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dennis E. Gale
Author-X-Name-First: Dennis E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gale
Title: Florida: The New Urban Crisis: How Our Cities Are Increasing Inequality, Deepening Segregation, and Failing the Middle Class and What We Can Do About It
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 387-388
Issue: 3
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1759971
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759971
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:3:p:387-388
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Measuring Journal Success
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 389-392
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1798715
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1798715
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:389-392
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivis García
Author-X-Name-First: Ivis
Author-X-Name-Last: García
Title: Cultural Insights for Planners: Understanding the Terms Hispanic, Latino, and Latinx
Abstract:
Planners use various terms—Hispanic, Latino, and Latinx—to refer to people of Latin American descent and from Spanish-speaking countries. Understanding the differences among these terms is relevant to planning given that Hispanics/Latin/o/a/x are a fast-growing group in the United States and terms have evolved over time and differ between users. I ask three questions: Why do planners need to better understand the ethnonyms Hispanic/Latin/o/a/x? How can planners understand the evolution of Hispanic, Latino, and Latinx terminology? Which strategies can help planners to decide which terms to use? Recommendations for practicing planners include hiring more diverse planners; developing a context-specific manual of style; organizing conversations with local organizations, their state APA chapter, or planning school about ethno-racial identity; mapping identities; and creating equity plans at the department or city level. By becoming more culturally competent, planners can plan for and with the Hispanic/Latin/o/a/x community more effectively.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 393-402
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1758191
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1758191
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:393-402
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Uri Avin
Author-X-Name-First: Uri
Author-X-Name-Last: Avin
Author-Name: Robert Goodspeed
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Goodspeed
Title: Using Exploratory Scenarios in Planning Practice
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Despite growing interest by practitioners in using exploratory scenarios within urban planning practice, there are few detailed guidelines for how to do this. Through the discussion of five case examples, we illustrate different approaches to linking exploratory scenarios to different planning contexts. We conclude by observing that to directly inform a plan, regardless of the specific approach taken, exploratory scenarios in urban planning must incorporate stakeholder values and not only rely on expert judgment and analysis.Takeaway for practice: Exploratory scenarios are effective for analyzing uncertainty within a planning process. However, exploratory scenarios can be incorporated into planning practice in different ways, ranging from workshops among experts that aim to cultivate general learning to complex projects that result in highly detailed scenarios and recommendations for plans. Practitioners can draw on the cases we present to inspire planning methods for particular projects, taking into account specific contexts and goals.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 403-416
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1746688
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1746688
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:403-416
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Siyu Yu
Author-X-Name-First: Siyu
Author-X-Name-Last: Yu
Author-Name: A. D. Brand
Author-X-Name-First: A. D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Brand
Author-Name: Philip Berke
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Berke
Title: Making Room for the River
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: In this study we analyze plan integration for flood resilience in the city of Nijmegen, the site of the largest Room for the River project in The Netherlands. Little is known about the degree to which local and regional plans are coordinated with the national Room for the River program or about the cumulative influence of plans on flood vulnerability. To effectively investigate these issues, we use and build upon the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard (PIRS) concept and method, which analyzes the consistency and effects of networks of plans on community vulnerability. We expand the scope to include plans from multiple administrative scales and the focus to include environmental vulnerability. Using a three-phase evaluation process, we demonstrate that Room for the River policies are well integrated in Nijmegen’s network of plans, particularly with respect to flood safety and natural protection. However, we also find that policies at different administrative scales lack consistency in some places, some socially vulnerable neighborhoods receive comparatively little policy attention, and local plans often prioritize development over flood resilience, though higher tier plans sometimes make up for these policy gaps. Flood resilience is still finding its way in the Dutch planning system.Takeaway for practice: The PIRS offers planning practitioners a method to assess how networks of plans influence community vulnerability and, as demonstrated in this analysis, to determine the degree to which plans at multiple administrative scales target the most physically, socially, and environmentally vulnerable geographic areas. It can be used to support the ambitious goals of a program like Room for the River and align them with local development priorities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 417-430
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1752776
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1752776
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:417-430
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jenna Davis
Author-X-Name-First: Jenna
Author-X-Name-Last: Davis
Author-Name: Henry Renski
Author-X-Name-First: Henry
Author-X-Name-Last: Renski
Title: Do Industrial Preservation Policies Protect and Promote Urban Industrial Activity?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: In recent years, several major cities have implemented industrial preservation policies to attract and retain industrial uses after facing acute pressures to rezone often centrally located industrial land to “higher and better” uses. Minimal research to date, however, has examined how effective industrial preservation policies have been at protecting and promoting urban industrial activity. In this study, we ask how New York City’s (NY) Industrial Business Zone (IBZ) program affected four measures of urban industrial activity—industrial business registrations, industrial employment, industrial building permits, and industrial land—in IBZs in New York City. We benchmark our results against a comparison group established using propensity score matching. We find that the IBZ program had a significant impact on retaining industrial land in IBZs but that it did not have a significant impact on promoting new industrial business registrations, employment, or building permits in IBZs.Takeaway for practice: Our research provides evidence of how various measures of urban industrial activity change following the designation of an industrial preservation policy. This research suggests that industrial preservation policies can be an effective tool to stem urban industrial land losses in cities facing land use conversion pressures, but that such policies need to create more robust linkages with economic development planning objectives. In the interest of continuing to protect middle-class industrial job opportunities in central cities, planners and practitioners should consider how to strengthen ties between physical land use planning and economic development planning.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 431-442
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1753563
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1753563
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:431-442
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bev Wilson
Author-X-Name-First: Bev
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson
Title: Urban Heat Management and the Legacy of Redlining
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Historical patterns of discrimination and disinvestment have shaped the current landscape of vulnerability to heat in U.S. cities but are not explicitly considered by heat mitigation planning efforts. Drawing upon the equity planning framework and developing a broader conceptualization of what equity means can enhance urban heat management. Here I ask whether areas in Baltimore (MD), Dallas (TX), and Kansas City (MO) targeted for disinvestment in the past through practices like redlining are now more exposed to heat. I compare estimates of land surface temperature (LST) derived from satellite imagery across the four-category rating system used to guide lending practices in cities around the United States, summarize the demographic characteristics of current residents within each of these historical designations using U.S. Census data, and discuss the connection between systematic disinvestment and exposure to heat. LST and air temperatures are not equivalent, which makes it difficult to reconcile existing research on the human health impacts of heat exposure that rely on a sparse network of air temperature monitoring stations with more granular LST data. Areas of these cities that were targeted for systematic disinvestment in the past have higher mean land surface temperatures than those that received more favorable ratings. Poor and minority residents are also overrepresented in formerly redlined areas in each of the three study cities.Takeaway for practice: By examining areas that have experienced sustained disinvestment, cities may be able to more quickly narrow the focus of heat mitigation planning efforts while furthering social equity. Efforts to mitigate the negative impacts of rising temperatures in U.S. cities must be tailored to the local climate, built environment, and sociodemographic history. Finally, geospatial data sets that document historical policies are useful for centering and redressing current inequalities when viewed through an equity planning lens.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 443-457
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1759127
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759127
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:443-457
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carole Turley Voulgaris
Author-X-Name-First: Carole
Author-X-Name-Last: Turley Voulgaris
Title: What Is a Forecast for?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The forecasts transit agencies submit in support of applications for federal New Starts funding have historically overestimated ridership, as have ridership forecasts for rail projects in several countries and contexts. Forecast accuracy for New Starts projects has improved over time. Understanding the motivations of forecasters to produce accurate or biased forecasts can help forecast users determine whether to trust new forecasts. For this study I interviewed 13 transit professionals who have helped prepare or evaluate applications for federal New Starts funds. This sample includes interviewees who have had varying levels of involvement in all 82 New Starts projects that opened between 1976 and 2016. I recruited interviewees through a snowball sampling method; my interviews focus on the interviewees’ perspectives on how New Starts project evaluation and ridership forecasting has changed over time. Interview results suggest that ridership forecasters’ motivations to produce accurate forecasts may have increased with increased transparency, increased influence on local decision making, and decreased influence on external (federal) funding.Takeaway for practice: Planners can evaluate the likely trustworthiness of forecasts based on transparency, internal influence, and external influence. If forecast users cannot easily determine a forecast’s key inputs and assumptions, if the forecaster has been tasked with producing a forecast to justify a predetermined action, and if an unfavorable forecast would circumvent decisions by the forecaster’s immediate client, forecasts should viewed with skepticism. Planners should seek to alter conditions that may create these conflicts of interest. Forecasters seem to be willing and able to improve forecast accuracy when the demand for accurate forecasts increases.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 458-469
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1746191
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1746191
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:458-469
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Li Fang
Author-X-Name-First: Li
Author-X-Name-Last: Fang
Author-Name: Reid Ewing
Author-X-Name-First: Reid
Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing
Title: Tracking Our Footsteps
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: We conduct a systematic reading of all articles published in the past 30 years in three U.S.-based general planning journals, Journal of the American Planning Association (JAPA), Journal of Planning Education and Research (JPER), and Journal of Planning Literature (JPL), using latent Dirichlet allocation, a text mining technique. We find that certain research themes remain important in the past 3 decades, such as planning process, planning methods, and land use/growth management, whereas others have lost their prominent status, such as planning theory and planning education. New fields such as food systems have emerged during the study period. Editorial regimes appear to be associated with theme dynamics.Takeaway for practice: In this study we demonstrate a text mining method to effectively summarize a large amount of text data and track planning researchers’ footsteps in the study of planning issues reflected from published research articles. We identify past and emerging research trends in the studied journals that can help scholars situate their work in the literature and practitioners find collaboration opportunities. It also helps professional associations such as the American Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) and the APA open up new conference tracks and/or specialization groups/divisions so they can reflect the ever-changing interests of their memberships in a timely manner.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 470-480
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1766994
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1766994
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:470-480
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kelly L. Kinahan
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kinahan
Author-Name: Matthew H. Ruther
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ruther
Title: Uncovering the Relationship Between Historic Districts and Same-Sex Households
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Despite established connections between the LGBTQ community and historic preservation, there is no analysis of unmarried partnered same-sex households (UPSSHs) and historic districts. Here we investigate the relationship between locally designated and National Register historic districts and demographic, socioeconomic, and housing changes—specifically, UPSSHs, racial and ethnic subgroups, and median household income—in 46 U.S. cities. Although the U.S. Census data capturing UPSSHs are time limited and only capture one segment of the broader LGBTQ community, they are the best available national data. We find significant growth in the share of male UPSSHs from 2000 to 2010 in census tracts where historic districts were established during the 1990s. Tracts with higher shares of male UPSSHs in 2000 are more likely to establish locally designated historic districts from 2000 to 2010. Finally, we also find evidence that historic districts are significantly related to later changes in race, ethnicity, and median household income.Takeaway for practice: The results indicate that historic districts can help grow the presence of UPSSHs, one segment of the broader LGBTQ community. Planners concerned with protecting queer spaces should consider incorporating preservation-based approaches. The presence of male UPSSHs increases the likelihood of locally designated historic districts, and preservation planners should work to ensure LGBTQ social histories are included in new designations where appropriate. Our findings also suggest losses of racial and ethnic subgroups and increasing median household income after designation, indicating the need for proactive efforts from planners and preservations to help protect existing vulnerable residents. The timing of these changes is not the same for all variables; thus, planners should focus attention on both short- and long-term shifts in historic districts.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 481-494
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1762507
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1762507
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:481-494
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shima Hamidi
Author-X-Name-First: Shima
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamidi
Author-Name: Sadegh Sabouri
Author-X-Name-First: Sadegh
Author-X-Name-Last: Sabouri
Author-Name: Reid Ewing
Author-X-Name-First: Reid
Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing
Title: Does Density Aggravate the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The impact of density on emerging highly contagious infectious diseases has rarely been studied. In theory, dense areas lead to more face-to-face interaction among residents, which makes them potential hotspots for the rapid spread of pandemics. On the other hand, dense areas may have better access to health care facilities and greater implementation of social distancing policies and practices. The current COVID-19 pandemic is a perfect case study to investigate these relationships. Our study uses structural equation modeling to account for both direct and indirect impacts of density on the COVID-19 infection and mortality rates for 913 U.S. metropolitan counties, controlling for key confounding factors. We find metropolitan population to be one of the most significant predictors of infection rates; larger metropolitan areas have higher infection and higher mortality rates. We also find that after controlling for metropolitan population, county density is not significantly related to the infection rate, possibly due to more adherence to social distancing guidelines. However, counties with higher densities have significantly lower virus-related mortality rates than do counties with lower densities, possibly due to superior health care systems.Takeaway for practice: These findings suggest that connectivity matters more than density in the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Large metropolitan areas with a higher number of counties tightly linked together through economic, social, and commuting relationships are the most vulnerable to the pandemic outbreaks. They are more likely to exchange tourists and businesspeople within themselves and with other parts, thus increasing the risk of cross-border infections. Our study concludes with a key recommendation that planners continue to advocate dense development for a host of reasons, including lower death rates due to infectious diseases like COVID-19.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 495-509
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1777891
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1777891
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:495-509
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Wachs
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Wachs
Title: JAPA Is More Than a Generalist Journal
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 510-510
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1785823
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1785823
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:510-510
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Subhrajit Guhathakurta
Author-X-Name-First: Subhrajit
Author-X-Name-Last: Guhathakurta
Title: Geographic Silos: A Cautionary Note
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 510-511
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1785824
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1785824
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:510-511
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerardo F. Sandoval
Author-X-Name-First: Gerardo F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandoval
Title: JAPA’s Generalist Planning Journal Book Review Section
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 511-512
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1785825
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1785825
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:511-512
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Mapping Communities: Responding to Commentaries on “In Defense of the Generalist Journal”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 512-513
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1785828
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1785828
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:512-513
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerardo Francisco Sandoval
Author-X-Name-First: Gerardo Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandoval
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 514-515
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1803631
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1803631
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:514-515
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tim Chapin
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapin
Title: Rothstein: The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 516-517
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1803632
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1803632
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:516-517
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Charles Connerly
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Connerly
Title: Knapp: Constructing the Dynamo of Dixie: Race, Urban Planning, and Cosmopolitanism in Chattanooga, Tennessee
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 517-518
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1803638
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1803638
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:517-518
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jane M. Rongerude
Author-X-Name-First: Jane M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Rongerude
Title: Anacker, Carswell, Kirby, & Tremblay (Eds.): Introduction to Housing (2nd ed.)
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 518-520
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1803633
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1803633
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:518-520
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Seymour
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Seymour
Title: Tighe & Ryberg-Webster: Legacy Cities: Continuity and Change Amid Decline and Revival
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 520-522
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1803634
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1803634
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:520-522
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sonia Hirt
Author-X-Name-First: Sonia
Author-X-Name-Last: Hirt
Title: Sies, Gournay, & Freestone (Eds.): Iconic Planned Communities and the Challenge of Change
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 522-523
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1803635
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1803635
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:522-523
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Ann Schweitzer
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer
Title: Haselberger (Ed.): Encounters in Planning Thought: 16 Autobiographical Essays From Key Thinkers in Spatial Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 523-524
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1803636
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1803636
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:523-524
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeremy Németh
Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy
Author-X-Name-Last: Németh
Title: Borden: Skateboarding and the City: A Complete History
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 525-526
Issue: 4
Volume: 86
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1803637
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1803637
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:86:y:2020:i:4:p:525-526
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: International Content in the Journal of the American Planning Association
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 1-2
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1838195
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1838195
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:1-2
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandeep Agrawal
Author-X-Name-First: Sandeep
Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal
Title: Human Rights and the City: A View From Canada
Abstract:
In planning matters, human rights challenges are increasing, so planning scholars and practitioners must understand the issues and find ways to address them. In this Viewpoint I argue that the Canadian state, through constitutional and quasi-constitutional protections as well as its active judiciary, has strengthened the rights of Canadians to tackle issues at the city level. Nonetheless, the pursuit of these rights is ongoing, especially regarding issues of access to housing, universal accessibility to public services, and freedoms of expression and religion. Educating practicing and budding planners, and the public, about the implications of human rights on planning is a key way forward.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 3-10
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1775680
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1775680
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:3-10
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian W. Ohm
Author-X-Name-First: Brian W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ohm
Title: Analyzing Action/Plan Consistency
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings An increasing number of laws throughout the United States require that local officials articulate the reasons for their decisions related to land use matters. These include the legal basis for the decision and the factual basis of the particular matter. Although there is not much research on the role of planning staff reports in the planning process, staff reports become part of the record and can provide legitimacy for a decision. In this study I summarize the legal requirements found in many states that certain local decisions must be consistent with a locally adopted comprehensive plan. I analyze how planning staff reports evaluate consistency. Many staff reports fail to provide decision makers with an analysis of how a proposed action relates to the policies in the plan.Takeaway for practice A comprehensive plan is more than a future land use map. Planning staff reports need to provide the framework for an analysis of how a proposed action relates to the community’s plan as a whole and give meaning to the concept of consistency. Staff reports should inform decision makers about the content of the plan, thereby reminding decision makers of the existence of the plan, and evaluate how the proposed action relates to the policies in the plan through a narrative that reinforces the value of planning.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 11-20
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1785926
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1785926
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:11-20
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Stoker
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoker
Author-Name: Danya Rumore
Author-X-Name-First: Danya
Author-X-Name-Last: Rumore
Author-Name: Lindsey Romaniello
Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey
Author-X-Name-Last: Romaniello
Author-Name: Zacharia Levine
Author-X-Name-First: Zacharia
Author-X-Name-Last: Levine
Title: Planning and Development Challenges in Western Gateway Communities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Small towns and cities outside of national parks, scenic public lands, and other natural amenities throughout the western United States are becoming increasingly popular places to live and visit. As a result, many of these gateway communities appear to be experiencing a range of pressures and challenges. In this study we draw on the results of in-depth interviews with 33 public officials and a survey of more than 300 public officials to shed light on the planning and development concerns across western gateway communities. Our results indicate that gateway communities throughout the western United States are experiencing a range of planning and development challenges, many of which seem atypical for small rural communities, such as challenges associated with housing affordability, cost of living, and congestion. These challenges seem to be more related to population growth than increasing tourism and stand out in stark contrast against the fact that these communities strongly value and identify with their small-town character. Our findings suggest gateway communities are doing a variety of things, some quite innovative, to address their planning and development challenges but often feel overwhelmed, behind the curve, and in need of additional capacity and planning support.Takeaway for practice Our study highlights the importance of effective and proactive planning in gateway communities. It also suggests that to do forward-looking planning and to respond to the challenges they face, many gateway communities will need additional planning support and tools. We highlight gateway communities here to provide a platform for future efforts aimed at assisting these small, rural communities in protecting the qualities that make them such special places to live and visit amid the planning and development pressures and challenges they face.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 21-33
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1791728
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1791728
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:21-33
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sungyop Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Sungyop
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Author-Name: Fengpeng Sun
Author-X-Name-First: Fengpeng
Author-X-Name-Last: Sun
Author-Name: Clara Irazábal
Author-X-Name-First: Clara
Author-X-Name-Last: Irazábal
Title: Planning for Climate Change
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Climate scientists have developed high-resolution climate models to project local effects of climate change. However, such high-resolution climate information is not widely incorporated into climate change adaptation plans. In this study we analyze high-resolution (1.24 × 1.24-mile grid) temperature data generated by a climate model for Los Angeles County (CA). The data include projected surface air temperature and the number of extreme heat days (daily maximum temperature exceeding 95 °F) between a baseline period (1981–2000) and a mid-21st-century period (2041–2060). The data assume that human-induced greenhouse gas emissions will continuously increase at the current level and no change in existing built environments. We find significant geographic heterogeneity in terms of climate change effects in Los Angeles County. Also, given the assumptions, we expect inland suburban areas where urban expansion has been occurring to have more severe extreme heat effects than central and coastal areas by mid-century.Takeaway for practice Planners should engage with climate scientists to access and use high-resolution climate data. The use of high-resolution climate data needs to be mandated in plan-making in the era of climate change. Many regions may have different spatial patterns of extreme heat events and require tailored climate adaptation plans. In Los Angeles County, for example, continuing suburbanization in inland valley areas may need to be discouraged, whereas coastal areas with the least effects may consider denser, inclusive redevelopment strategies.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 34-44
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1788415
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1788415
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:34-44
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meagan M. Ehlenz
Author-X-Name-First: Meagan M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ehlenz
Title: “Can You Imagine What’s Happened in Durham?”
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings As Durham’s (NC) economy collapsed in the mid-1990s, Duke established a plan to intervene. Its actions aligned with anchor institution models at many universities; its approach, however, was unique. In a city where Duke was a fixture, university leadership understood a top-down approach was not viable. Instead, administrators launched a community-led model intended to change the “story [from] ‘Look at what Duke did’, to ‘Can you imagine what’s happened in Durham?’” according to one administrator in a 2015 interview. I use a longitudinal case study to examine Duke’s anchor institution model in 12 Durham neighborhoods. I consider Duke’s approach from the mid-1990s to present, drawing from interviews with Duke administrators, community organizations, and neighborhood representatives; newspaper articles and reports; and a descriptive analysis of neighborhood change. I explore an anchor model that engages nonprofit partners and community development strategies. My findings show the potential for a multipartner anchor model that cultivates neighborhood improvement and minimizes (to an extent) gentrification pressures that can arise from anchor investment. Duke’s anchor model offers a unique perspective on university–community engagement, partnerships, and neighborhood investment.Takeaway for practice Duke’s case offers insights for how major institutions—from university anchors to local government—can recast their roles in communities; it also offers a roadmap for how institutions can engage (and benefit) neighborhoods in meaningful ways. Informed by a collaborative anchor model, Duke empowered residents to identify their own neighborhood priorities and partnered with local community organizations to meet those aims. This anchor model reveals a powerful role for intermediaries, including planners and community organizers, to connect institutional resources with neighborhood priorities. Supported by a participatory planning process, there are opportunities to realign anchor institution strategies and tools with neighborhood priorities to move toward mutually beneficial outcomes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 45-61
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1782766
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1782766
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:45-61
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nathaniel Decker
Author-X-Name-First: Nathaniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Decker
Title: Affordable Housing Without Public Subsidies
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Rental housing affordability is a severe problem for low- and moderate-income families across the United States. While some renters benefit from subsidies or rent regulation, most low-income renters live in unsubsidized, unregulated units, particularly in low-cost 1- to 4-unit properties. Some of these small rental properties are low cost because they are low quality or are in low-demand neighborhoods, but there has long been speculation that many of these units are low cost because their owners set rents below market. However, the extent to which owners set rent below market, which owners do so, and why, is unknown. I conducted a nationwide survey with follow-up interviews of the owners of small rental properties to understand below-market rent setting. I find that nearly half of small rental owners choose to set rents below market. These discounts are substantial, averaging 16% below market. Owners’ rent-setting strategies are diverse, and there do not appear to be sharp distinctions between owners who set rent below market and those who do not. However, there is evidence that some owners’ lack of knowledge of market conditions contributes to discounts, as does owners’ impressions of their tenants’ incomes.Takeaway for practice Most municipalities likely have large stocks of good-quality below-market rental housing in small rental properties. Supporting below-market small rentals could be a means for municipalities to realize their housing affordability goals. However, the right policies to support this part of the stock are unclear and likely vary by jurisdiction. Planners could examine the owners and tenants of small rentals in their area to understand their needs and respond accordingly. Supporting this stock will raise new equity questions, particularly regarding who gets to rent these units and practical issues about how the public sector can productively engage with nonprofessional landlords.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 62-72
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1798806
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1798806
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:62-72
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matthew Stern
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Stern
Author-Name: T. William Lester
Author-X-Name-First: T. William
Author-X-Name-Last: Lester
Title: Does Local Ownership of Vacant Land Reduce Crime?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Urban vacancy presents myriad concerns for American legacy cities, including cyclical disinvestment, property value and tax revenue decimation, increased crime, and high management costs. To address these problems, the City of Chicago (IL) has sold more than 1,200 vacant city-owned parcels in distressed communities for $1 through its Large Lots Program since 2014. Program buyers must be same-block landowners, although they are not required to live nearby. In this study we estimate the true distance between buyers and their parcels and perform a block-level difference-in-differences analysis to explore whether the program reduces crime. We find that same-neighborhood buyers have purchased 69% of parcels. Overall, sales reduce block-level crime rates by 3.5%, but sales to neighborhood residents decrease crime rates by 6.8%. These findings are agnostic to what buyers actually do with their land and could be enhanced with a better understanding of which owners achieve productive reuse.Takeaway for practice Side yard programs seek solutions to urban vacancy via decentralized community reinvestment but have so far been relatively untested. We demonstrate that Chicago’s Large Lots Program has reduced crime while providing reinvestment and wealth-building opportunities. However, attention should be paid to how program rules and outreach efforts affect how “local” parcel buyers are. More research is needed to evaluate the broader impacts of side yard programs, such as on wealth building and community redevelopment.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 73-84
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1792334
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1792334
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:73-84
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Julia Gabriele Harten
Author-X-Name-First: Julia Gabriele
Author-X-Name-Last: Harten
Title: Housing Single Women
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Globally, house sharing among unrelated individuals is on the rise. In this study I use a rare data opportunity to uncover the role of gender in an extreme form of shared housing, the case of bed space rentals in Shanghai (China). Combining web-scraped online data with fieldwork, I find that women face gendered hindrances as they trade personal space for spatial access to opportunities. In particular, barriers to entry restrict women’s choices in this housing submarket. In addition, they pay a premium of almost 10% to rent in better, less crowded conditions. This rent premium is driven by distinctively gendered housing needs, including concerns for personal safety. My findings are somewhat constrained by the geographical scope. Although contemporary urban China is facing many of the pressures that have been documented in growing cities globally, Chinese cities are uniquely shaped by the country’s socioeconomic and cultural context, including culturally specific gender norms, economic transition, and the hukou household registration system. Still, the findings provide important impetus for gender-conscious planning approaches to shared housing beyond the Chinese context.Takeaway for practice The absence of planning solutions for young adults who increasingly navigate prolonged housing transitions has led to a diversity of informal affordable housing strategies, including sharing of accommodation. Because house sharing ostensibly disadvantages women and potentially puts them at risk, planners need to engage gender in approaching the emergent shared housing trend.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 85-100
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1781681
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1781681
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:85-100
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gabriella Y. Carolini
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriella Y.
Author-X-Name-Last: Carolini
Author-Name: Prassanna Raman
Author-X-Name-First: Prassanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Raman
Title: Why Detailing Spatial Equity Matters in Water and Sanitation Evaluations
Abstract:
Efficiency metrics in water and sanitation performance benchmarking are widely referenced, even where the most serious challenge facing cities is actually extending the service reach of public water and sanitation systems. Critical scholarship on water governance gives water and sanitation planners reason to question whether such performance benchmarks are universally appropriate references. This is especially the case where there is not yet universal water and sanitation coverage. In such environments, the extensive use of efficiency-based benchmarks couple with the growth of financialization to create vulnerabilities for equity-based objectives. Citizen report cards represent an important, spatially informed alternative for assessing utilities’ performances.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 101-107
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1788416
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1788416
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:101-107
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivis García
Author-X-Name-First: Ivis
Author-X-Name-Last: García
Author-Name: April Jackson
Author-X-Name-First: April
Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson
Author-Name: Stacy A. Harwood
Author-X-Name-First: Stacy A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Harwood
Author-Name: Andrew J. Greenlee
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenlee
Author-Name: C. Aujean Lee
Author-X-Name-First: C. Aujean
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Benjamin Chrisinger
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Chrisinger
Title: “Like a Fish Out of Water”
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Many planning practitioners, faculty, and students have worked to address diversity and inclusion. However, only a few studies have examined specifically the ways in which African American and Latinx students perceive and experience instruction related to racial/ethnic diversity and the overall diversity climate as part of their urban planning education. This study, conducted by the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) Planners of Color Interest Group (POCIG), is based on 451 surveys with urban planning students of all racial/ethnic identities and 14 in-depth interviews with African American and Latinx students. Survey results show that most students report an overall supportive and positive climate for diversity within their programs. Nonetheless, survey data also show differences between African American, Latinx, and White students’ experiences of bias and discrimination. Furthermore, interviews revealed that African American and Latinx students continue to face challenges in urban planning programs.Takeaway for practice The educational training of planners, in general, does not attempt to undo discriminatory practices; instead, these racialized tensions move from the classroom to the workplace. Ultimately, strategies to diversify the planning profession fail because of exclusionary interpersonal and institutional practices. Findings provide insight into how to better support African American and Latinx students in academia and as future practitioners. Results also suggest that greater representation of African American and Latinx students, coupled with mentorship, the creation of counter-spaces, and faculty/staff training on racial microaggressions, could foster more inclusive learning environments in urban planning institutions. Fostering inclusive environments will, in turn, help students learn how to develop healthy relationships with diverse communities. These interpersonal skills likely will translate into a more welcoming workplace and expand opportunities for effectively engaging Latinx and African American communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 108-122
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1777184
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1777184
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:108-122
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Geoff Boeing
Author-X-Name-First: Geoff
Author-X-Name-Last: Boeing
Title: Off the Grid…and Back Again?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings In this morphological study I identify and measure recent nationwide trends in American street network design. Historically, orthogonal street grids provided the interconnectivity and density that researchers identify as important factors for reducing vehicular travel and emissions and increasing road safety and physical activity. During the 20th century, griddedness declined in planning practice along with declines in urban form compactness, density, and connectivity as urbanization sprawled around automobile dependence. But less is known about comprehensive empirical trends across U.S. neighborhoods, especially in recent years. Here I use public and open data to examine tract-level street networks across the entire United States. I develop theoretical and measurement frameworks for a quality of street networks defined here as griddedness. I measure how griddedness, orientation order, straightness, 4-way intersections, and intersection density declined from 1940 through the 1990s, while dead-ends and block lengths increased. However, since 2000, these trends have rebounded, shifting back toward historical design patterns. Despite this rebound, when controlling for topography and built environment factors, all decades after 1939 are associated with lower griddedness than pre-1940 decades. Higher griddedness is associated with less car ownership—which itself has a well-established relationship with vehicle kilometers traveled and greenhouse gas emissions—while controlling for density, home and household size, income, jobs proximity, street network grain, and local topography.Takeaway for practice Interconnected grid-like street networks offer practitioners an important tool for curbing car dependence and emissions. Once established, street patterns determine urban spatial structure for centuries, so proactive planning is essential.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 123-137
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1819382
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1819382
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:123-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerardo Francisco Sandoval
Author-X-Name-First: Gerardo Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandoval
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 138-140
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1841508
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1841508
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:138-140
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Millard-Ball
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Millard-Ball
Title: Levine, Grengs, and Merlin: From Mobility to Accessibility: Transforming Urban Transportation and Land-Use Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 141-142
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1841511
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1841511
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:141-142
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Floyd Lapp
Author-X-Name-First: Floyd
Author-X-Name-Last: Lapp
Title: Plotch: Last Subway: The Long Wait for the Next Train In New York City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 142-143
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1841513
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1841513
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:142-143
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zachary M. Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Zachary M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Title: Redaelli: Connecting Arts and Place: Cultural Policy and American Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 144-145
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1841515
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1841515
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:144-145
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kenneth M. Reardon
Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Reardon
Title: Wilson: The Heart of Community Engagement: Practitioner Stories From Across the Globe
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 145-146
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1841518
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1841518
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:145-146
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Barry Nocks
Author-X-Name-First: Barry
Author-X-Name-Last: Nocks
Title: Dandekar (Ed.): The Planner's Use of Information (3rd ed.)
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 146-148
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1841519
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1841519
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:146-148
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter B. Meyer
Author-X-Name-First: Peter B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer
Title: Fitzgerald: Greenovation: Urban Leadership on Climate Change
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 148-149
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1841521
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1841521
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:148-149
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Doug Kelbaugh
Author-X-Name-First: Doug
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelbaugh
Title: Condon: Five Rules for Tomorrow’s Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 149-150
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1841522
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1841522
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:149-150
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Correction
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 151-153
Issue: 1
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1834799
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1834799
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:1:p:151-153
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Theories and Planning Theories
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 155-158
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1885267
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1885267
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:155-158
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benjamin Davy
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Davy
Title: Social Distancing and Cultural Bias
Abstract:
Social distancing (also called physical distancing) is a highly recommended intervention against the community spreading of the new coronavirus. Although social distancing is a prudent intervention, its implications and impacts are not. The new distancing rules affect personal space and create a new sense of what is considered clean or dirty. Mary Douglas, founder of Cultural Theory, has asserted that “dirt” is a social construction that combines a social order with the contravention to this order (“Dirt is matter out of place”). As a social construction, however, “dirt” is subject to cultural bias. To some, disobedience to distancing rules is “dirty” (hierarchist bias); to others, the proximity of strangers or outsiders (egalitarian bias); to a third group, the duty to wear masks and other restrictions to personal liberty (individualist bias). Social biases shape the spatial consequences of COVID-19 and social distancing. Using cultural bias to examine reactions to social distancing allows identifying possible components of a clumsy, yet viable response to the COVID-19 crisis.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 159-166
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1824617
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1824617
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:159-166
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew H. Whittemore
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Whittemore
Title: Exclusionary Zoning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings In light of recent debate over upzonings and leveraging markets as means of expanding housing opportunity, I review the evolution of exclusionary zoning practices in the United States and provide an intellectual history of scholars’ research into these practices. In the context of early 20th-century racial and class tension, American elites coveted the ability to use the states’ police powers to sort out cities by housing type and gained this ability with legislative and judicial support for local land use zoning schemes that controlled residential densities and building forms. Many 20th-century U.S. planners upheld the resulting socially sorted city as an ideal outcome of good zoning practice. But in the postwar decades, a new breed of equity-focused advocacy planner sought to address racial ghettoization by using zoning reforms and other measures to open exclusive areas to low- and moderate-income housing. Wider shifts in housing policy since the 1970s and the increasing attention of economic scholarship to the myriad impacts of American zoning practices have, however, diluted the original equity-focused agenda of exclusionary zoning scholarship.Takeaway for practice Given the need for a common effort against business-as-usual zoning in the United States, planners can assert the ethics of the planning profession in debates about American zoning practices. Scholarly and professional efforts to dismantle exclusionary zoning can return to their roots in housing advocacy, becoming one part of a multipronged agenda aimed at expanding housing opportunity by a variety of means.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 167-180
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1828146
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1828146
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:167-180
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carolyn G. Loh
Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Loh
Author-Name: Rose Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Rose
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Title: Are We Planning for Equity?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Social equity goals are supposed to be prioritized in planning along with economic and environmental goals, yet in practice they are often de-emphasized. We developed a publicly available plan equity evaluation tool to investigate to what extent and in what ways local governments incorporate goals and recommendations that would advance equitable outcomes in their comprehensive plans. Using plan content analysis, we find that most plans do not talk about equity, nor do they include many goals and recommendations that would advance equity. More recent plans, plans in communities with more planning capacity, plans in coastal communities, and plans with strong public participation processes have stronger equity orientations. Limitations of our study include that we had a small sample size of 48 plans in a single state, our coding was partly conducted by volunteers, and our study is limited to plan content and so did not investigate existing conditions or equitable outcomes.Takeaway for practice Plans should make equity a guiding principle. Planning processes need to be multifaceted. Plans should identify vulnerable people and geographic areas and ensure equitable protection from hazards and equitable distribution of amenities. Future land use changes should be more transparent.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 181-196
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1829498
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1829498
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:181-196
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ariel H. Bierbaum
Author-X-Name-First: Ariel H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bierbaum
Author-Name: Alex Karner
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Karner
Author-Name: Jesus M. Barajas
Author-X-Name-First: Jesus M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Barajas
Title: Toward Mobility Justice
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Transportation equity research addresses questions of participation and planning process or the distribution of transportation’s benefits and burdens. This work largely elides issues related to youth and student travel. Existing work on school trip mode choice does not engage deeply with the equity implications of its findings. Education equity researchers identify the abstract notion of choice as equity enhancing but do not engage with the realities of disparate transportation resources and infrastructure. In this review essay, we articulate the contours of transportation equity, youth travel, and school choice research. We use emerging perspectives on “mobility justice” to frame the issues and provide vocabulary that can help bring education and transportation together in planners’ everyday work.Takeaway for practice A mobility justice framework encourages critical thought and action to address the root causes of inequities. Our conclusions make three contributions to research and practice: 1) challenging school district leaders to think about choice systems designed for access to schools, not just access to information about available options; 2) clarifying the broader implications of school choice by refusing to look away from the racial implications of forecasts; and 3) elucidating the need for a regional perspective.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 197-210
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1803104
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1803104
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:197-210
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert Tonghoon Han
Author-X-Name-First: Albert Tonghoon
Author-X-Name-Last: Han
Author-Name: Lucie Laurian
Author-X-Name-First: Lucie
Author-X-Name-Last: Laurian
Author-Name: Jim Dewald
Author-X-Name-First: Jim
Author-X-Name-Last: Dewald
Title: Plans Versus Political Priorities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsLocal elected officials play a leadership role in setting plan directions and can jeopardize implementation if they are not committed to plan goals. In this research, we apply topic modeling, semantic networks, and sentiment analyses to Calgary’s (Canada) plans and candidates’ social media communications in the 2017 Calgary municipal election to assess alignments or divergences between plans’ and candidates’ priorities. Though the mayor, ward representatives, incumbents, and challengers prioritized different topics, we find overall support for transit infrastructure, development, and improving the downtown and the municipal tax base. However, candidates showed little interest in environmental issues, growth management, and regional cooperation, which are important plan goals that may not be addressed. The methodology has limitations: Using social media posts underrepresents the views of some candidates; text data processing may miss metaphorical phrases; elected officials’ priorities during campaigns may not determine their actual votes once in office; and this cross-sectional analysis does not capture the ever-changing relations between officials’ priorities, plan-making, and implementation.Takeaway for practiceCandidates focused mainly on transit and taxes to the detriment of regional and environmental issues (energy, watershed, and growth management), revealing the incoming municipal administration’s priorities and its potential blind spots. Planners may use this methodology to analyze large text data from both online and offline sources, understand local implementation barriers, explain shifts in municipal policy directions, and engage elected officials to build support for important plan components.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 211-227
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1831401
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1831401
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:211-227
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Li Fang
Author-X-Name-First: Li
Author-X-Name-Last: Fang
Title: Land Preservation Under the Transfer of Development Rights Program
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Transfer of development rights (TDR) programs are land preservation programs that promise to conserve land in its current use by allowing landowners to sell development rights on their parcels. Using Montgomery County (MD) as an example, I examine how development patterns evolve under a TDR program and how well this program delivers its promise of permanent preservation. Montgomery County is a national model as one of the most successful TDR programs in the United States. After matching the digitized TDR transaction records with land use/land cover maps, I found a clear effect of the program on encouraging agricultural land and forest preservation. However, scattered development patterns have also emerged in the TDR sending area. The TDR program showed promising effects on preserving agricultural land and forest but also insufficiency in advancing desirable development patterns and ensuring permanent conservation.Takeaway for practice Planners should be cautious about the putative advantages of land preservation through TDR programs. Such efforts may not engender the desired outcomes. Owing to the unbridled pressure for development in large metropolitan areas, attempting to maintain land for agricultural and forest use perpetually in their suburbs is financially challenging. Thus, planners should enhance their endeavors to track the actual preservation achieved by TDR programs and discern whether sprawling patterns start to emerge in the TDR sending areas. I also discuss specific design features that planners can use in land preservation programs to improve their effectiveness.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 228-238
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1841670
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1841670
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:228-238
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Louis L. Thomas
Author-X-Name-First: Louis L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas
Title: Committed and “Won Over” Parents in Vancouver’s Dense Family-Oriented Urbanism
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings As North American cities revitalize, policies generally assume high density will attract the childless, overlooking the needs of families with children. Here I examine the case of Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada), where since 1989 policies have explicitly supported parents in central densifying areas. Between 1996 and 2016, the city overall had a slight decline in children under 15. In contrast, the Downtown peninsula experienced a 171% increase for this age group, which is double the percentage increase for total neighborhood residents. In this research I ask how Vancouver parents perceive their central high-density neighborhoods in terms of childrearing. Through interviews and focus groups with parents from 39 families and 5 weeks of environmental and participant observation, I find that many consider amenity-rich, dense, diverse neighborhoods ideal. Some are committed to city living. Others are “won over” by the policy-provided amenities and well-programmed public realm. Limitations include potential biases in the sample and issues of policy transferability to other North American cities. I provide U.S. examples modeled after Vancouver’s policies to support the feasibility of policy translation.Takeaway for practice Other North American cities can promote dense family-oriented urbanism. Amenities achieved through policies concerning building design, community centers, parks, protected cycling, and pedestrian infrastructure directly contributed to the “won over” parents’ decisions to stay. By focusing on parents, planners can shift the downtown revitalization narrative toward family-oriented densification. Planners must consider the needs of diverse parents to avoid a class- and age-segregated city. Cities today have a fragile opportunity to build dense and diverse in both land use and types of residents. Central areas can be reconceived as ideal places for people of all ages, incomes, and life stages.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 239-253
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1834871
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1834871
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:239-253
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa Berglund
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund
Title: Early Lessons From Detroit’s Community Benefits Ordinance
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings In 2016, Detroiters (MI) voted to pass the first-ever community benefits ordinance (CBO), a law that requires developers to negotiate with a council of local residents to agree on a set of community benefits. Drawing from the goals and the structure of community benefits agreements that have become popular since the 1990s, this ordinance has won Detroit communities benefits like locally sourced jobs, affordable housing, green space, and streetscape improvements. Scholars have evaluated many cases of community benefits agreements, and some authors claim that codifying community benefits agreements through policy is the next step to ensuring their political viability and stability. Using Detroit’s CBO as a case, I aim to uncover the successes and challenges of implementing the ordinance. I answer this question through a qualitative analysis of policies and interviews with residents, planners, developers, and activists (n = 45). I find that the ordinance is successful in its establishment of agreements for 10 projects where communities have secured more than 160 distinct benefits. However, just as with traditional community benefits agreements, the formalization of community benefits through planning policy is still subject to several shortcomings. These include a negotiation timeline that often favors developers and uneven access to development and policy knowledge.Takeaway for practice CBOs can be opportunities for inclusion in development decisions and can bring important resources to communities. However, cities should note the need to provide training to neighborhood advisory council members and allocate the resources to do so. They should also reconcile the timeline for negotiations preferred by communities with the often hurried timelines of developers.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 254-265
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1823243
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1823243
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:254-265
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eleonora Redaelli
Author-X-Name-First: Eleonora
Author-X-Name-Last: Redaelli
Title: Including Preservation in Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings The intersection of historic preservation and urban planning has advanced over the years. Revitalization has been a central theme for this intersection, but the literature has not yet analyzed how a comprehensive plan—a crucial planning tool for growth and development—has included preservation. In this study, I investigate how the city of Portland (OR) integrated historic preservation into its comprehensive plan, focusing on the 1993 Albina Community Plan. Portland developed a comprehensive plan considering several scales, resulting in an array of documents released over the years. Through a neo-institutional analysis, I look at these documents to understand 1) the underlying institutions—such as compliance procedures, formal rules, and operating practices—that frame preservation policies within a comprehensive plan and 2) the approach to preservation implied in these policies. The findings show how including preservation into planning is structured by different levels of government, developed through an array of documents covering different scales, and is part of an effort to enhance the vitality of neighborhoods. Overall, preservation is framed as a way of managing community assets, bringing attention to the history of the local community, its people, and its built and natural environments. However, historic districts, which are the major preservation efforts emerging from the plan, lack the strengths of both a comprehensive approach to planning and an urbanistic approach to preservation.Takeaway for practice My analysis shows the relevance of studying a comprehensive plan to understand how planning included preservation: It highlights the connection with preservation theories, the value of document analysis, and the importance of scale. In particular, a neo-institutional analysis reveals the mechanisms shaping policies. By examining these mechanisms in their own cities, planners and preservationists could better understand the work of previous administrations, contextualize the current situation, and recognize the elements to act upon for promoting systematic change.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 266-281
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1822753
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1822753
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:266-281
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jordi Honey-Rosés
Author-X-Name-First: Jordi
Author-X-Name-Last: Honey-Rosés
Author-Name: Oscar Zapata
Author-X-Name-First: Oscar
Author-X-Name-Last: Zapata
Title: The Impact of Residential Densification on Perceptions of Public Space
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsCity leaders are under pressure to increase urban residential density to provide affordable housing and meet sustainability objectives. Yet despite the advantages of urban densification, communities throughout North America persistently oppose new developments and housing projects in their neighborhoods. The impact of residential densification on the quality of life for existing residents is ambiguous. In this study we focus on measuring the impact of one key aspect of urban densification: the perceived quality of public space. We use an experimental design to increase pedestrians and stationary users in a pedestrianized green street for randomly selected periods over 3 weeks. We collected surveys with and without our pedestrian treatment and find that adding users to a residential street decreased the perceived quality of the space overall. The changes in perceptions were small yet significant and illustrate the real tradeoffs that planners must consider when increasing urban density in cities, especially in lower density residential communities.Takeaway for practiceIncreasing the number of public users in a residential neighborhood may slightly decrease the perceived quality of the public space. Women’s perceptions differ from those of men, and women are more sensitive to the addition of public users. We illustrate how planners may use public life experiments to anticipate how the public might respond to future changes in the public realm.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 282-295
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1846597
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1846597
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:282-295
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerard Francisco Sandoval
Author-X-Name-First: Gerard Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandoval
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 296-297
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1885268
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1885268
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:296-297
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: June Manning Thomas
Author-X-Name-First: June
Author-X-Name-Last: Manning Thomas
Title: Manufacturing Decline: How Racism and the Conservative Movement Crush the American Rust Belt
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 298-299
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1885269
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1885269
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:298-299
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aaron Golub
Author-X-Name-First: Aaron
Author-X-Name-Last: Golub
Title: Cyclescapes of the Unequal City: Bicycle Infrastructure and Uneven Development
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 299-300
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1885270
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1885270
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:299-300
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kaylyn Levine
Author-X-Name-First: Kaylyn
Author-X-Name-Last: Levine
Title: Better Buses, Better Cities: How to Plan, Run, and Win the Fight for Effective Transit
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 300-302
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1885272
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1885272
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:300-302
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marcel E. Moran
Author-X-Name-First: Marcel E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Moran
Title: Right of Way: Race, Class, and the Silent Epidemic of Pedestrian Deaths in America
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 302-303
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1885273
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1885273
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:302-303
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wes Grooms
Author-X-Name-First: Wes
Author-X-Name-Last: Grooms
Title: Planners in Politics: Do They Make a Difference?
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 303-305
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1885274
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1885274
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:303-305
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Larissa Larsen
Author-X-Name-First: Larissa
Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen
Title: Design With Nature Now
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 305-306
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1885275
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1885275
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:305-306
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Manish Shirgaokar
Author-X-Name-First: Manish
Author-X-Name-Last: Shirgaokar
Title: Basic Quantitative Research Methods for Urban Planners
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 307-308
Issue: 2
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1885276
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1885276
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:2:p:307-308
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Renia Ehrenfeucht
Author-X-Name-First: Renia
Author-X-Name-Last: Ehrenfeucht
Author-Name: Marla Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Marla
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Title: Beyond Crises
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 438-440
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1906609
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1906609
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:438-440
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Scott Ball
Author-X-Name-First: M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Ball
Title: Black Lives and Spatial Matters: Policing Blackness and Practicing Freedom in Suburban St. Louis
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 445-446
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1918999
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1918999
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:445-446
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: What Is a Contribution in Planning Research?
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 309-310
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1925063
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1925063
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:309-310
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew J. Greenlee
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenlee
Title: Toward a Transformative Planning Infrastructure
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 436-437
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1906607
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1906607
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:436-437
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard C. Sadler
Author-X-Name-First: Richard C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sadler
Author-Name: Debra Furr-Holden
Author-X-Name-First: Debra
Author-X-Name-Last: Furr-Holden
Author-Name: Ella Greene-Moton
Author-X-Name-First: Ella
Author-X-Name-Last: Greene-Moton
Author-Name: Brian Larkin
Author-X-Name-First: Brian
Author-X-Name-Last: Larkin
Author-Name: Moses Timlin
Author-X-Name-First: Moses
Author-X-Name-Last: Timlin
Author-Name: Dayne Walling
Author-X-Name-First: Dayne
Author-X-Name-Last: Walling
Author-Name: Thomas Wyatt
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Wyatt
Title: Right Sizing Flint’s Infrastructure in the Wake of the Flint Water Crisis Would Constitute an Additional Environmental Injustice
Abstract:
Right sizing has become an essential talking point in discussing next steps for postindustrial and shrinking cities as they struggle to maintain outdated, outsized infrastructure. Yet the literature has been clear that balancing economic and social objectives must be a key part of the discussion, especially given that historical patterns of disinvestment have disproportionately affected socioeconomically disadvantaged and racial/ethnic minority populations. In this Viewpoint, we illuminate concerns on a recent article published in this journal on right sizing that Flint (MI) should have enacted in the wake of its catastrophic water crisis. We present the nature of decline in Flint, as well as evidence from Flint’s recent master plan and its history with urban renewal that demonstrates why recommending such a policy not only goes against common urban planning practice but misses the local context in Flint, which is marked by deep-seated apprehension of the inequitable underpinnings of historical urban planning practice.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 424-432
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1864226
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1864226
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:424-432
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerard Francisco Sandoval
Author-X-Name-First: Gerard Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandoval
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 442-443
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1918997
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1918997
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:442-443
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meiqing Li
Author-X-Name-First: Meiqing
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Title: Sustainable Approaches to Urban Transport
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 448-449
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1919001
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1919001
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:448-449
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivonne Audirac
Author-X-Name-First: Ivonne
Author-X-Name-Last: Audirac
Author-Name: Jason Hackworth
Author-X-Name-First: Jason
Author-X-Name-Last: Hackworth
Title: Right Sizing for Efficiency and Equity but Achieving Neither
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 440-441
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1906611
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1906611
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:440-441
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Margaret Dewar
Author-X-Name-First: Margaret
Author-X-Name-Last: Dewar
Title: Better Planning Practice Lies in a Community-Based, Analysis-Informed Process
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 434-436
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1906606
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1906606
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:434-436
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jacob Wagner
Author-X-Name-First: Jacob
Author-X-Name-Last: Wagner
Title: Advancing Equity Planning Now
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 444-445
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1918998
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1918998
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:444-445
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yeeli Mui
Author-X-Name-First: Yeeli
Author-X-Name-Last: Mui
Author-Name: Maryam Khojasteh
Author-X-Name-First: Maryam
Author-X-Name-Last: Khojasteh
Author-Name: Alexandra Judelsohn
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Judelsohn
Author-Name: Avery Sirwatka
Author-X-Name-First: Avery
Author-X-Name-Last: Sirwatka
Author-Name: Sylvia Kelly
Author-X-Name-First: Sylvia
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly
Author-Name: Patrick Gooch
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Gooch
Author-Name: Samina Raja
Author-X-Name-First: Samina
Author-X-Name-Last: Raja
Title: Planning for Regional Food Equity
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsScholars in planning and public health have increasingly called attention to inequities in the food system. To evaluate and address these challenges, local and regional governments have developed and implemented a variety of plans over the last 2 decades. The role of regional food planning, however, remains understudied. Most assessments of plans, vis-à-vis food systems, fall short in gauging how plans address structural problems that lead to poor access to food. We used 130 indicators to conduct a comparative plan evaluation of adopted regional plans (n = 47) that address key dimensions of food equity in the United States from 2008 to 2018. Specifically, we quantitatively and qualitatively investigate how these plans address the nutritional adequacy of food; affordability and cultural preferences of food for all people; and social equity, spatial equity, and people’s agency in the food system. Findings show regional plans have a relative lack of attention to the affordability of food and social equity in the food system. Across different types of plans, sustainability plans focused on food equity to the greatest extent. Within plans, language about food equity was lacking in particular sections, namely in the vision, goals, and objectives; in the factual basis of plans; and in sections pertaining to monitoring progress toward food equity.Takeaway for practiceWe uncover opportunities for planners to promote food equity through strategies such as improving affordability of healthy food; supporting social equity and people’s agency in the food system through improved governance; incorporating food equity into the vision, goals, and objectives of regional plans; leveraging different types of plans to advance food equity; strengthening empirical evidence on varied dimensions of food equity; and improving the monitoring of proposed actions and outcomes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 354-369
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1845781
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1845781
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:354-369
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Tate
Author-X-Name-First: Laura
Author-X-Name-Last: Tate
Title: Designing the Megaregion: Meeting Urban Challenges at a New Scale
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 449-450
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1919002
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1919002
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:449-450
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Kuhlmann
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuhlmann
Title: Upzoning and Single-Family Housing Prices
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsIn December 2018, the Minneapolis (MN) city council approved a new comprehensive plan that proposed eliminating single-family zoning restrictions throughout the city. In this project, I study the initial impact of this change on the sales prices of affected housing units. I estimate a series of difference-in-differences models comparing the sales price of houses within 3 km of the Minneapolis border in the year before and year after the city adopted the plan. I find that compared with similar unaffected properties in surrounding cities, the Minneapolis plan change was associated with a 3% and 5% increase in the price of affected housing units. In addition, there is some evidence that this price increase is due to the new development option it offers property owners. I find that the plan-related price increases are larger in inexpensive neighborhoods and for properties that are small relative to their immediate neighbors.Takeaway for practiceBy examining the short-term effect of the Minneapolis 2040 Plan’s elimination of single-family zoning, my study is useful for planners working in cities considering similar reforms. My analysis, though preliminary, suggests that there is indeed demand for denser development in the city. But the price increases associated with the upzoning redounds most directly to relatively small properties and those in inexpensive neighborhoods. Planners should thus be sensitive to how this type of change can affect housing affordability and housing stock diversity.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 383-395
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1852101
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1852101
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:383-395
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Victoria Morckel
Author-X-Name-First: Victoria
Author-X-Name-Last: Morckel
Title: Right Sizing Is Not What You Think It Is
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 433-434
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1906605
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:433-434
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Baldwin Hess
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Baldwin
Author-X-Name-Last: Hess
Author-Name: Jeffrey Rehler
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey
Author-X-Name-Last: Rehler
Title: Minus Minimums
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsCities today face considerable land use, environmental, and economic challenges resulting from policies prioritizing automobiles and requiring ample off-street parking. In an effort to influence travel behavior and reduce parking supply, Buffalo (NY) adopted the Green Code in 2017. This zoning code reform repealed minimum parking requirements citywide and provided a “natural experiment” to investigate effects of parking deregulation among 36 major developments in its first 2 years. Our research produced two key findings. First, 47% of major developments included fewer parking spaces than previously permissible, suggesting earlier minimum parking requirements may have been excessive. Second, mixed-use developments introduced 53% fewer parking spaces than would have been required by earlier minimum requirements as developers readily took advantage of the newfound possibility to include less off-street parking. Aggregate parking spaces among single-use projects exceeded the earlier minimum requirements, suggesting developers of such projects were less motivated to deviate from accepted practices in determining the parking supply for urban development.Takeaway for practiceEliminating parking minimums can reduce unnecessary parking supply and encourage development constrained by excessive minimum requirements. Land use, location, and transportation demand initiatives affect the quantity of off-street parking supplied in response to market conditions. Our findings suggest mixed-use developers are likely to take advantage of the ability to provide less parking in highly accessible locations. Though many developers quickly pivot to the newfound possibilities of providing fewer parking spaces, others continue to meet earlier requirements. Cities of all types stand to benefit from undoing constraining parking policies of the past and allowing developers to transform parking lots to “higher uses.”
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 396-408
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1864225
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1864225
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:396-408
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Commentaries on Flint, Right Sizing, and Justice
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 433-433
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1906604
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1906604
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:433-433
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edna Ledesma
Author-X-Name-First: Edna
Author-X-Name-Last: Ledesma
Author-Name: Cecilia Giusti
Author-X-Name-First: Cecilia
Author-X-Name-Last: Giusti
Title: Why Latino Vendor Markets Matter
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsMarkets have been central to civilization, fostering trade and social life. Although markets take a variety of forms and sizes, existing planning research does not engage with flea markets and swap meets. In this study we explore four Latino vendor markets (LVMs), classified as flea markets or swap meets, in two predominantly Latino states, California and Texas. We analyze Latino vendor markets through the lens of place attachment from three perspectives: basic economic activity, social and human interactions, and their physical setting. We draw our results from 198 surveys with vendors and customers, interviews with key informants, and detailed on-site observations. We find that LVMs are vibrant and lively places where attachment and feelings of belonging manifest; we identify them as one-stop shops and places of purposeful interactions. Our findings are limited by the scope of the geographic focus of the research.Takeaway for practiceForward thinking in planning pushes away from a legacy of exclusionary practices and into an inclusive approach. Our study gives planners a better understanding of how LVMs work and their capacity to create place attachment in the process of providing for basic needs. Planners should embrace the presence of a critical mass of people as an opportunity to support community development at the markets and reach out to and support hard-to-reach populations.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 341-353
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1851288
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1851288
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:341-353
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dan Immergluck
Author-X-Name-First: Dan
Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck
Title: The Voucher Promise: “Section 8” and the Fate of an American Neighborhood
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 446-447
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1919000
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1919000
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:446-447
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xiang Yan
Author-X-Name-First: Xiang
Author-X-Name-Last: Yan
Title: Toward Accessibility-Based Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsA growing consensus has formed among planners, especially planning scholars, that promoting accessibility is a major policy goal. However, efforts to promote accessibility-based planning face a conceptual impediment: a common assumption that equates the benefits of accessibility to travel cost savings (TCS). Starting from this assumption, many researchers have interpreted the absence of TCS (e.g., savings in commuting costs and reductions in vehicle miles traveled [VMT]) as evidence undermining the rationale for accessibility-promoting strategies such as jobs–housing balance and transit-oriented development (TOD). In this study I challenge these interpretations by suggesting that accessibility improvements can result in not only TCS but also destination utility gains, which means the individual satisfaction from interacting with or choosing desirable destinations. The absence of TCS from accessibility-promoting policies can be explained by accessibility gains manifesting as destination utility gains. To analyze the importance of destination utility gains, I engage with literatures in economic geography and travel behavior and examine some recent urban trends (e.g., the rise of city-to-suburb commuting). I further estimate residential location choice models to test whether households value accessibility beyond the benefit of TCS. Results from the Puget Sound (WA) and Southeast Michigan regions support the hypothesis, demonstrating that destination utility gains shape residential location decisions.Takeaway for practicePlanners should not automatically interpret the absence of TCS as evidence that accessibility-promoting strategies are not working. To advance accessibility-based planning, planners should start to explore and measure the various forms of destination utility gains. The evaluation framework for land use and transportation policies should shift from being centered on TCS alone to being accessibility based.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 409-423
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1850321
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1850321
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:409-423
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Samantha Biglieri
Author-X-Name-First: Samantha
Author-X-Name-Last: Biglieri
Title: The Right to (Re)Shape the City
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy and findingsThe number of people living with dementia (PLWD) is set to increase to 132 million by 2050, with most expected to reside in their own homes, not congregate living settings. Limited research on the impact of the built environment on PLWD has focused on planning outcomes, with no research on access to the planning process that shapes the places they live in. In this study I ask: what are the barriers and facilitators to participation for PLWD at open houses? I accompanied seven PLWD (individually or in pairs) to open houses, a commonly used public engagement tool, in Waterloo (Canada). To capture the experiences, I used audio recordings, field notes and sketches, photographs, and a postexperience interview with participants. Accessibility of public engagement tools for PLWD can be improved by ensuring respectful and patient communication (not rushing attendees, using plain language); providing clear, concise presentation materials (less is more, offering in-the-moment feedback opportunities); and using a familiar, comfortable physical location (sensitive to sensory overstimulation through acoustics and lighting). The sense of inclusion participants felt in attending the open houses was unexpected.Takeaway for practiceThe open house is already well suited to the accessibility needs of PLWD, with peripheral, circular layouts allowing participants to learn at their own pace and interact one on one with practitioners. However, the recommendations that would make public engagement tools more accessible to PLWD are easily implementable, and by educating planners in these techniques there could be an opportunity for the profession to help dismantle the stigma associated with dementia. The commonly used public engagement tools used during the planning process need to be universally accessible so PLWD and other people with disabilities can attend any meeting they choose and have an impact on decision making in their communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 311-325
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1852100
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1852100
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:311-325
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivis García
Author-X-Name-First: Ivis
Author-X-Name-Last: García
Author-Name: April Jackson
Author-X-Name-First: April
Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson
Author-Name: Andrew J. Greenlee
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenlee
Author-Name: Anaid Yerena
Author-X-Name-First: Anaid
Author-X-Name-Last: Yerena
Author-Name: Benjamin Chrisinger
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Chrisinger
Author-Name: C. Aujean Lee
Author-X-Name-First: C. Aujean
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Title: Feeling Like an “Odd Duck”
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsAfrican American/Black and Hispanic/Latin/o/a/x practitioners are underrepresented in the planning profession. In this study we examine these practitioners’ experience with the climate for diversity in their workplaces. Drawing from a survey of 3,005 APA members, we show that African American/Black and Hispanic/Latin/o/a/x practitioners experience significantly higher rates of bias and discrimination than other groups. Interviews with 24 African American/Black and Hispanic/Latin/o/a/x planners across the United States reinforce the narrative that these racial and ethnic groups working in the planning field continue to face racism, discrimination, and microaggressions in the workplace, which affects the impact of their work in planning practice.Takeaway for practiceGiven the potential negative consequences of the lack of diversity and inclusion at work along with the presence of discrimination/microaggressions, our study shows that it is necessary not only to increase diversity in the workplace but also to create inclusive work environments. Practicing planners concluded that cross-cultural communication and antiracist training can help planners to plan with ethnically and racially diverse communities and practice inclusivity, both in the workplace among their colleagues and in communities of difference. But trainings will not be enough; for substantial change to occur, major shifts are needed in the profession as a whole, including in APA and the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP).
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 326-340
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1858936
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1858936
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:326-340
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brent D. Ryan
Author-X-Name-First: Brent D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan
Title: Rational and Advocacy Planning in Flint Will Have to Come to Terms to Forestall Future Crises
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 437-438
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1906608
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1906608
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:437-438
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Butler
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Butler
Author-Name: Tisha Holmes
Author-X-Name-First: Tisha
Author-X-Name-Last: Holmes
Author-Name: Zechariah Lange
Author-X-Name-First: Zechariah
Author-X-Name-Last: Lange
Title: Mandated Planning for Climate Change
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsFlorida’s 2015 Peril of Flood Act requires that coastal localities incorporate sea level rise (SLR) planning policies into their comprehensive plans. We surveyed planners and reviewed more than 150 plans to determine how communities responded to the state mandate along three domains: planning intelligence, SLR responses, and collaboration. We learned that the mandate spurred SLR planning, but that local SLR planning responses varied widely, ranging from complacent compliance to progressive planning responses. Further research is needed to clarify underlying motivators for these varied responses, as well as connections between policy adoption and implementation.Takeaway for practiceFlexible mandates allow for discretion in how localities respond to complex, ever-changing, long-term, and uncertain phenomena like climate change and SLR. Commitment to addressing these challenges can be bolstered by state mandates that provide political cover and an impetus to move adaptation planning forward. Such flexibility can lead to inconsistent and vague policies. Thus, mandates can spur local policy adoption but cannot ensure substantive responses to climate change. Meaningful responses to climate change adaptation still depend heavily on local commitment, capacity, and competence of planners.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 370-382
Issue: 3
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1865188
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1865188
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:3:p:370-382
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matthew Palm
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Palm
Author-Name: Jeff Allen
Author-X-Name-First: Jeff
Author-X-Name-Last: Allen
Author-Name: Bochu Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Bochu
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Author-Name: Yixue Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Yixue
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Author-Name: Michael Widener
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Widener
Author-Name: Steven Farber
Author-X-Name-First: Steven
Author-X-Name-Last: Farber
Title: Riders Who Avoided Public Transit During COVID-19
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsMillions of North Americans stopped riding public transit in response to COVID-19. We treat this crisis as a natural experiment to illustrate the importance of public transit in riders’ abilities to access essential destinations. We measured the impacts of riders forgoing transit through a survey of transportation barriers completed by more than 4,000 transit riders in Toronto and Vancouver (Canada). We used Heckman selection models to predict six dimensions of transport disadvantage and transport-related social exclusions captured in our survey. We then complemented model results with an analysis of survey comments describing barriers that individuals faced. Lack of access to alternative modes is the strongest predictor of a former rider experiencing transport disadvantage, particularly neighborhood walkability and vehicle ownership. Groups at risk of transport disadvantage before COVID-19, particularly women and people in poorer health, were also more likely to report difficulties while avoiding public transit. Barriers described by respondents included former supports no longer offering rides, gendered household car use dynamics, and lack of culturally specific or specialized amenities within walking distance.Takeaway for practicePolicymakers should plan for a level of redundancy in transportation systems that enables residents to access essential destinations when unexpected service losses occur. Designing communities that enable residents to walk to those essential destinations will help reduce the burdens faced by transit riders during crises that render transit unfeasible. At the same time, planners championing active travel as an alternative to transit during such crises also need to devise solutions for former transit riders for whom active travel is ill suited, for example, due to physical challenges with carrying groceries or needing to chaperone children.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 455-469
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1886974
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1886974
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:455-469
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emily Talen
Author-X-Name-First: Emily
Author-X-Name-Last: Talen
Title: Making Our Neighborhoods, Making Our Selves
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 590-591
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1956260
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1956260
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:590-591
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fariba Siddiq
Author-X-Name-First: Fariba
Author-X-Name-Last: Siddiq
Author-Name: Brian D. Taylor
Author-X-Name-First: Brian
Author-X-Name-Last: D. Taylor
Title: Tools of the Trade?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsA growing number of planning researchers and practitioners argue for a shift from mobility-centered transportation planning to an accessibility-focused one. Accessibility is a compelling concept that has proven more difficult to operationalize than mobility, which helps to explain why so many accessibility metrics have been developed for urban research and planning practice. To assess the state of these metrics, we reviewed 54 of them in light of their theoretical basis, data requirements, units of analysis, travel modes and trip purposes accounted for, and potential applications to planning practice. We also reviewed the substantial literature on accessibility measurement and interviewed planning practitioners who are applying accessibility metrics in practice. We find that accessibility theory and measurement has advanced more rapidly than applications in practice. However, a new generation of tools is emerging that may accelerate the move to accessibility planning. Although many of the measures focus on a single travel mode, the number of multimodal metrics is growing. Most of the measures are designed for regional-scale planning and scenario evaluation; only a few to date are intended for project evaluation.Takeaway for practiceThe 54 accessibility metrics and tools we reviewed vary widely and none stands out as obviously superior for planning practice. Although most calculate the accessibility of places, and many do so reasonably well, we see the most promise in measures of the accessibility of travelers, which can then be aggregated for place-based analyses while still shedding light on how access can vary substantially across different types of travelers. The principal challenge to broadly deploying accessibility analyses in practice in the years ahead is in developing measures that meaningfully measure the many salient dimensions of access, have manageable data requirements, and are understandable to planners, public officials, and community members.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 497-511
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1899036
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1899036
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:497-511
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katrina Raynor
Author-X-Name-First: Katrina
Author-X-Name-Last: Raynor
Author-Name: Matthew Palm
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Palm
Author-Name: Georgia Warren-Myers
Author-X-Name-First: Georgia
Author-X-Name-Last: Warren-Myers
Title: “Ambiguous, Confusing, and Not Delivering Enough Housing”
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsResponsibility for affordable housing delivery is increasingly being delivered through collaborations between private, nonprofit, and state actors and operationalized through voluntary negotiations. Negotiation theory provides a lens for understanding why outcomes are often limited by highlighting the impact of stakeholder interests, the potential for mutual gains, trust between negotiating partners, and access to information. We surveyed 148 housing stakeholders in the state of Victoria (Australia) shortly after the passage of legislation that supported the negotiation of voluntary affordable housing agreements. We found that stakeholders share a belief in the necessity of affordable housing. However, the current institutional context often precludes opportunities for mutual gain because there is little incentive to engage in negotiations, provision of sufficient incentives is problematic, and contributions are difficult to enforce. We found large discrepancies in levels of training in development feasibility across sectors and low trust between negotiation participants. We argue that these factors are likely to reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of voluntary affordable housing negotiations in Victoria and other jurisdictions with weak institutional arrangements for affordable housing negotiations.Takeaway for practiceAcross sectors, respondents prefer mandatory rather than voluntary affordable housing provisions. Voluntary affordable housing negotiations are unlikely to be effective without institutional scaffolding to ensure that negotiations result in mutual gains for stakeholders. Planners should pair the introduction of voluntary affordable housing negotiations with training resources for the stakeholders who will participate in negotiations as well as mechanisms for enforcing negotiated agreements.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 542-555
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1875870
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1875870
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:542-555
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Correction
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 595-595
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1922034
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1922034
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:595-595
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Millard-Ball
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Millard-Ball
Title: Notes From the Incoming Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 585-586
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1958552
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1958552
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:585-586
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Peer Review in a Generalist Journal
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 451-454
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1958551
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1958551
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:451-454
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Helen X. H. Bao
Author-X-Name-First: Helen X. H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bao
Title: Understanding Affordability: The Economics of Housing Markets
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 588-590
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1956258
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1956258
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:588-590
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dennis E. Gale
Author-X-Name-First: Dennis E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gale
Title: The Great American Housing Bubble: What Went Wrong and How We Can Protect Ourselves in the Future
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 587-588
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1956257
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1956257
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:587-588
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandro Rigolon
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Rigolon
Author-Name: Debolina Banerjee
Author-X-Name-First: Debolina
Author-X-Name-Last: Banerjee
Author-Name: Paul Gobster
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Gobster
Author-Name: Sara Hadavi
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Hadavi
Author-Name: William Stewart
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart
Title: Transferring Vacant Lots to Private Ownership Improves Care and Empowers Residents
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsSeveral U.S. cities have implemented vacant lot greening programs as planning strategies to address decreased tax base, crime, and other issues associated with high land vacancy in marginalized neighborhoods, yet little is known about the benefits of programs that transfer city-owned lots to private owners. Using a mixed methods approach, we studied whether and how private ownership matters for vacant lot condition-care in Chicago’s (IL) Large Lot Program, which allows property owners to purchase vacant city lots on their block for $1. We compared visual changes in vacant lot condition-care between the purchased “treatment” lots and matched “control” lots through a difference-in-differences technique. Our findings demonstrate a causal effect of private ownership: Whereas condition-care of the control lots decreased between 2014 and 2018, it significantly increased for treatment lots in the year after sale (2015) and continued to rise through 2018. Also, increases in Large Lot condition-care did not vary based on whether owners lived on the block. Focus groups with Large Lot owners showed that ownership empowers residents by reducing illicit and dangerous behaviors, expressing an ethic of care through vacant lot improvement, and continuing a legacy of land tenure tied to family and neighborhood. Further research is needed to strengthen our understanding of spatial contagion effects from treatment to nearby control lots.Takeaway for practiceOur findings show that ownership-based vacant land greening initiatives like the Large Lot Program effectively improve condition-care regardless of whether lot owners live on the same block. Focus group findings suggest that such initiatives could be integrated into community-based safety programs and could be boosted by funding to create community amenities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 570-584
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1891126
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1891126
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:570-584
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan Davis
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Davis
Author-Name: K. David Pijawka
Author-X-Name-First: K. David
Author-X-Name-Last: Pijawka
Author-Name: Elizabeth Wentz
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Wentz
Author-Name: Michelle Hale
Author-X-Name-First: Michelle
Author-X-Name-Last: Hale
Author-Name: David A. King
Author-X-Name-First: David A.
Author-X-Name-Last: King
Title: Evaluating Geodesign for Community-Based Tribal Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsGeodesign is a technology-supported planning approach that combines community collaboration and engagement with geospatial analysis to make land use decisions quickly. In this study we tested the role of Geodesign in improving the quality of local plans through community participation and collaborative decision making supported by geospatial analysis. Our research evaluates Geodesign as a tool and process in establishing community engagement in planning decisions by applying and analyzing Geodesign in two Navajo Nation communities in Arizona to use scientific and community knowledge to make consensus-based decisions for land use planning. There are three critical components to this analysis. First, we evaluate the use of Geodesign as a plan-making tool. Second, we examine how Geodesign can be inclusionary for planning using Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation with marginalized American Indian communities. Finally, we look at the planner’s role and required planning expertise in developing successful Geodesign plans. We conclude that Geodesign can empower historically marginalized Indigenous communities to make community-based land use plans that leverage local knowledge/values and geospatial analysis.Takeaway for practicePlanners can use Geodesign approaches to collaborate and guide marginalized communities to engage in the planning process and incorporate diverse perspectives and cultural values in decision making. A planner should judiciously apply their expertise in their role as a planning facilitator, trainer, and knowledge resource. Using geospatial data and community engagement, Geodesign produces community-based land use plans.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 527-541
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1873168
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1873168
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:527-541
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andres Sevtsuk
Author-X-Name-First: Andres
Author-X-Name-Last: Sevtsuk
Title: Estimating Pedestrian Flows on Street Networks
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsCity governments and planners alike commonly seek to increase pedestrian activity on city streets as part of broader sustainability, community building, and economic development strategies. Though walkability has received ample attention in planning literature, most planners still lack practical methods for predicting how development proposals could affect pedestrian activity on specific streets or public spaces at different times of the day. Cities typically require traffic impact assessments (TIAs) but not pedestrian impact assessments. In this study I present a methodology for estimating pedestrian trip generation and distribution between detailed origins and destinations in both existing and proposed built environments. Using the betweenness index from network analysis, I introduce a number of methodological improvements that allow the index to model pedestrian trips with parameters and constraints to account for pedestrian behavior in different settings. I demonstrate its application in the Kendall Square area of Cambridge (MA), where estimated foot traffic is compared during lunch and evening peak periods with observed pedestrian counts.Takeaway for practiceThe proposed approach can be particularly useful for TIAs, neighborhood plans, and large-scale development projects, where pedestrian flow estimates can be used to guide pedestrian infrastructure and safety improvements and public space investments or for locating pedestrian priority streets during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 512-526
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1864758
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2020.1864758
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:512-526
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tridib Banerjee
Author-X-Name-First: Tridib
Author-X-Name-Last: Banerjee
Title: Designing the Global City: Design Excellence, Competitions and the Remaking of Central Sydney
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 592-593
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1956261
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1956261
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:592-593
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Millard-Ball
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Millard-Ball
Title: Planning as Bargaining
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsWhy would plans have an impact on the built environment when their provisions can be revisited in the context of individual development decisions? I examined the causal impacts of transit-oriented development (TOD) plans in San Francisco (CA) and Seattle (WA) using a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative interviews and a quantitative regression discontinuity design. I found that the Market and Octavia Plan in San Francisco had a substantial impact on development outcomes, increasing densities and reducing parking ratios not just within the plan boundaries but also in adjacent neighborhoods. In Seattle, although parking ratios declined and densities rose over time, it is harder to attribute these trends to the TOD plans studied here, which constituted a small part of the city’s overall planning program. Beyond zoning changes, I identified two mechanisms through which plans exert an impact. First, in a city where development approvals are not by-right, plans can act as an anchor point for bargaining among developers, city staff, and community members. Second, plans can serve as laboratories of innovation, enabling experimentation with new policies that can later be extended to adjacent communities. These findings, however, may not extend to places where zoning provides by-right development permission or where community members are implacably opposed to new development.Takeaway for practicePlanners should consider the mechanisms through which plans exert causal impacts. In particular, they should strive for plans that provide a lasting compromise and leave limited incentives for stakeholders to reopen controversial debates in the context of individual project approvals. Planners can also use TOD and similar plans as sites of experimentation and innovation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 556-569
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1873824
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1873824
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:556-569
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joan Fitzgerald
Author-X-Name-First: Joan
Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald
Title: Uneven Innovation: The Work of Smart Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 593-594
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1956262
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1956262
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:593-594
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Evelyn Blumenberg
Author-X-Name-First: Evelyn
Author-X-Name-Last: Blumenberg
Author-Name: Hannah King
Author-X-Name-First: Hannah
Author-X-Name-Last: King
Title: Jobs–Housing Balance Re-Re-Visited
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsIn many U.S. metropolitan areas housing costs have skyrocketed in recent years relative to average incomes. A worsening shortage of affordable housing in these metros may push households away from job-rich cities and expensive neighborhoods into outlying areas, where housing is cheaper but jobs are more distant. To examine this issue, we revisit the jobs–housing balance, a popular topic of research in the 1990s, with a focus on the relationship between housing and the spatial location of workers relative to jobs. Our analysis draws on data from the Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics Origin–Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) for cities in California in 2002 and 2015. In contrast to earlier jobs–housing balance research, we find that California cities are becoming less self-contained over time, defined as a decline in the number of workers who both live and work within a jurisdiction relative to the number of commuters who travel either into or out of a city for work. Statistical models show that self-containment was higher in cities with lower housing costs and, in 2015, in cities with a greater balance between jobs and employed residents.Takeaway for practiceThe deepening housing affordability crisis in many metropolitan areas like those found in California are pushing workers and jobs farther apart, increasing the economic, social, and environmental costs of commuting. Policies to increase the supply of housing in job-rich and high–housing cost areas could help reverse this troubling trend, though they are likely to meet with considerable resistance. Our findings also underscore the importance of efforts that include but extend beyond housing production, such as policies to better match job skills and housing prices to the characteristics of workers.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 484-496
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1880961
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1880961
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:484-496
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Louis A. Merlin
Author-X-Name-First: Louis A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Merlin
Author-Name: Denis Teoman
Author-X-Name-First: Denis
Author-X-Name-Last: Teoman
Author-Name: Marco Viola
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Viola
Author-Name: Hailey Vaughn
Author-X-Name-First: Hailey
Author-X-Name-Last: Vaughn
Author-Name: Ralph Buehler
Author-X-Name-First: Ralph
Author-X-Name-Last: Buehler
Title: Redrawing the Planners’ Circle
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsFor decades, planners have been drawing circles of a quarter-mile radius to determine easily walkable distances for neighborhood and activity center planning. However, the radius of such “planners’ circles,” or walksheds, is often informed more by convention than by data. Here we examine walk-trip distances based on two national household travel surveys for the United States and Germany. We describe how walk distances vary by personal and trip characteristics, with a particular focus on trip purpose and pedestrian age. We conducted both univariate and multivariate analyses to compare patterns between the United States and Germany. The multivariate analysis examines quantile regressions for 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles to understand both typical and longer walk distances. The observed distances that people walk vary significantly across age groups, trip purposes, and national contexts. Leisure trips tend to be longest, whereas shopping and errand trips tend to be shortest. There are substantial differences between the United States and Germany in the average lengths of walks (mean/median walk distance: Germany, 1,490/980 m, 0.93/0.61 miles; United States, 970/530 m, 0.60/0.33 miles) and in the effects of independent variables. A significant portion of the variation in walk-trip distances between the United States and Germany is likely due to Germany’s higher quality walk environments.Takeaway for practiceRather than always resort to a quarter-mile or 400-m radius, planners can use the data here to customize the size of the planners’ circle, or walkshed, they draw to take into account the primary trip purposes and demographic segments under consideration. Moreover, planners can draw circles with a shorter radius corresponding to the 50th percentile to plan for the most common walk-trip lengths while also considering larger circles corresponding to the 75th and 90th percentiles to provide more supportive and safer pedestrian environments for longer trips.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 470-483
Issue: 4
Volume: 87
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1877181
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1877181
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:87:y:2021:i:4:p:470-483
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jyothi Chava
Author-X-Name-First: Jyothi
Author-X-Name-Last: Chava
Author-Name: John L. Renne
Author-X-Name-First: John L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Renne
Title: Transit-Induced Gentrification or Vice Versa?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsIn the 1990s, some cities across the United States invested significantly in expanding light rail transit (LRT) systems. As a result, transit-oriented development (TOD) near new stations became a desirable planning goal for local governments and lucrative to developers. In this study we examined evidence of gentrification in all LRT station areas before and after the opening of these new stations. We also tested the prevalence of gentrification in station areas specifically characterized as TODs. Longitudinal data across seven regions, from 1970 to 2010, demonstrated signs of gentrification in proximity to new stations compared with control areas. By 2000, the share of the White population grew near LRT stations, whereas the percentage of Black residents remained flat. From 1990 to 2010, we found signs of gentrification based on both demographic and economic indicators, including low-income populations. We also tested the relationship among built environment variables and a gentrification index, which revealed a positive correlation with walkability, density, and diversity variables. Our study did not include data to compare the differences in effectiveness between market-rate versus affordable housing, which should be part of future research.Takeaway for practiceThe results of this study should aid planners and policymakers in understanding the patterns of gentrification before and after the opening of LRT stations. Planners should be concerned with negative effects on Black and low-income residents well before LRT stations open. Our study provides evidence for the need to expand housing and job opportunities in a mixed-use environment as a critical strategy to reduce gentrification near LRT stations and in TODs.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 44-54
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1920453
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1920453
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:44-54
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: The Streets of Europe: The Sights, Sounds & Smells That Shaped Great Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 144-145
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1987802
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1987802
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:144-145
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ryan Thomas Devlin
Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Devlin
Title: For the War Yet to Come: Planning Beirut’s Frontiers
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 136-137
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1987798
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1987798
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:136-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Millard-Ball
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Millard-Ball
Title: The Width and Value of Residential Streets
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsThe width of street rights-of-way is normally determined by traffic engineering and urban design conventions, without considering the immense value of the underlying land. In this article, I develop an economic framework that can inform decisions on street width, and I use tax parcel data to quantify the widths, land areas, and land value of streets in 20 of the largest counties in the United States. Residential street rights-of-way in the urbanized portion of these counties average 55 ft wide, far greater than the functional minimum of 16 ft required for access. The land value of residential streets totals $959 billion in the urbanized portion of the 20-county sample. In most counties, subdivision regulations are binding. That is, few developers choose to build streets that are wider than code requirements, implying that softening requirements would mean more land devoted to housing and less to streets. Although I highlight the potential for narrower street rights-of-way, I did not consider detailed design issues. Nor did I analyze how any windfall from reduced land requirements would be divided among landowners, developers, and house purchasers.Takeaway for practiceParticularly in places with high land values and housing costs, reallocating street rights-of-way to housing would increase economic efficiency. In the most expensive county in the data set—Santa Clara (CA)—narrowing the right-of-way to 16 ft would save more than $100,000 per housing unit through reduced land consumption. Where streets have little or no function for through traffic, the costs and benefits accrue almost exclusively to neighborhood residents. Thus, planners could reduce or even eliminate street width requirements in subdivision ordinances, leaving developers to make the trade-off between land for streets and land for housing.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 30-43
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1903973
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1903973
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:30-43
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Atul Pokharel
Author-X-Name-First: Atul
Author-X-Name-Last: Pokharel
Author-Name: Dan Milz
Author-X-Name-First: Dan
Author-X-Name-Last: Milz
Author-Name: Curt D. Gervich
Author-X-Name-First: Curt D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gervich
Title: Planning for Dissent
Abstract:
Participatory planning traditionally requires face-to-face meetings with the public in community fora, design charrettes, planning commission meetings, and so on. However, because of the COVID-19 pandemic and aided by online participatory technologies, planners have been translating their face-to-face practices for use in digital forums. These new tools are equipping planners with greater ability to control meeting interactions, including the ability to stifle dissent. In this Viewpoint, we argue that planners should devise the means to protect modes of digital dissent if they want to avoid propagating the injustices of physical participatory processes in the digital world. Based on ongoing research, we offer guidance to planners about how to begin discussing the meaningful roles dissent could play and how it might effectively and fairly be incorporated into virtual participatory planning processes. In practice, this means that planners must pay more explicit attention to the norms and rules of participation as they evolve for online settings and to avoid hasty judgments when confronted with dissenting voices.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 127-134
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1920845
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1920845
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:127-134
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rolf Pendall
Author-X-Name-First: Rolf
Author-X-Name-Last: Pendall
Author-Name: Lydia Lo
Author-X-Name-First: Lydia
Author-X-Name-Last: Lo
Author-Name: Jake Wegmann
Author-X-Name-First: Jake
Author-X-Name-Last: Wegmann
Title: Shifts Toward the Extremes
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPundits and economists have recently inferred that zoning explains housing price inflation in fast-growth metro areas. In this article, we use the results of a longitudinal survey of local governments in the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in 2003 and 2019 to show the limitations of this narrative. Many local governments do use zoning that limits apartment construction; in some metros, more places embraced than abandoned exclusionary zoning. Rather than too little housing, however, these regions had depressed markets long dominated by racially motivated exclusionary zoning. Meanwhile, zoning grew more accommodating to apartments in strong-market metro areas that have concerned the pundits. Our work covers only the 2003–2019 period for about 800 jurisdictions in the 50 largest U.S. metro areas, and it only generally explains some of the changes we observe. Further qualitative research is needed, therefore, to spotlight what it takes to reform land use regulation to address unaffordability and exclusion.Takeaway for practiceLocal land use planners in the United States have ethical and legal obligations to undo the racial segregation designed into zoning from its founding. They also must prepare for continued population growth. Tools and strategies exist to do both of these, and some planners have the commitment and political space to use them. In other places, planners and their professional organizations need to change rules within their own communities and advocate for state legislative reforms so that planning works predictably to unwind unequal and exclusionary settlement patterns within neighborhoods and cities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 55-66
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1894970
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1894970
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:55-66
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David P. Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: The Misunderstood History of Gentrification: People, Planning, Preservation, and Urban Renewal, 1915–2020
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 141-142
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1987800
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1987800
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:141-142
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Schouten
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Schouten
Author-Name: Evelyn Blumenberg
Author-X-Name-First: Evelyn
Author-X-Name-Last: Blumenberg
Author-Name: Martin Wachs
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Wachs
Author-Name: Hannah King
Author-X-Name-First: Hannah
Author-X-Name-Last: King
Title: Keys to the Car
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsMost Americans live in communities in which automobiles are central to participation in economic, social, and cultural activities. Outside of dense central cities, the ability to continue driving as one ages is fundamental to the quality of life among older adults. Driving rates decline significantly with age. Researchers have studied the myriad reasons former drivers stop driving, but few have examined associations between these transitions and characteristics of the neighborhoods in which older adults live or to which they move. We used longitudinal data from a national sample of 20,000 observations from the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine relationships between residential location, driving reduction, and driving cessation. Longitudinal data allow analysis of changes in behavior, a major advantage over cross-sectional data; however, the timing and sequencing of behavioral changes remain difficult to isolate. Cities provide opportunities for older adults to travel by automobile and other modes that are less available outside cities. Older adults are more likely to reduce or give up driving if they reside in dense, urban, transit-oriented neighborhoods than other neighborhood types. Very few older adults move from suburban to urban neighborhoods; when they do, they are rarely more likely to reduce or stop driving.Takeaway for practiceThe findings underscore the importance of planning to accommodate aging in place. To do this in urban neighborhoods, policies must foster high-quality urban neighborhoods that not only attract younger adults (as is currently the trend) but also retain them as they age through the life cycle.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 3-14
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1907608
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1907608
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:3-14
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fei Li
Author-X-Name-First: Fei
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Zhan Guo
Author-X-Name-First: Zhan
Author-X-Name-Last: Guo
Title: How Does an Expansion of Mandatory Inclusionary Housing Affect Housing Supply?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsMandatory inclusionary housing, which requires private developers to include a portion of affordable housing units in market-rate developments, has become an internationally popular policy instrument to recapture land value and create affordable housing. Two common criticisms of mandatory inclusionary housing are that 1) it produces limited affordable housing and 2) it constrains housing supply and pushes up housing prices. In this study we examined how private developers responded to an expansion of a strong mandatory inclusionary housing scheme in London (UK). Between 2005 and 2008, each of the 33 local authorities in Greater London extended their affordable housing requirements, previously for housing projects with 15 or more units, to those with 10 to 14 units. We found that the expansion led to a reduction in new developments in the target market segment (projects with 10 to 14 units) and an increase in new developments in the unregulated alternative market segment (projects with 9 or fewer units). There was no net loss of new homes, though the strategic behavior of private developers could have dampened the affordable housing output of the expansion of mandatory inclusionary housing.Takeaway for practiceOur findings suggest that, given appealing unregulated alternatives with low barriers, developers tend to divert development to avoid mandatory inclusionary housing. This, overall, calls for better evaluation of the potential alternatives and a more comprehensive, regional approach to inclusionary housing to maximize its effectiveness and to minimize its impacts on housing supply.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 83-96
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1928533
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1928533
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:83-96
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Nguyen H. Spencer
Author-X-Name-First: James Nguyen H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Spencer
Author-Name: David Marasco
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Marasco
Author-Name: Michelle Eichinger
Author-X-Name-First: Michelle
Author-X-Name-Last: Eichinger
Title: Planning for Emerging Infectious Disease Pandemics
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPlanners have not paid enough attention to managing the risk of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), of which COVID-19 is the most recent manifestation. Overlooking aggressive policies to manage this risk of zoonotic viruses reassorting between sick animals and humans misses the greatest opportunity for stopping future disease pandemics. In this study we review several disciplines, outline the scant planning literature on EIDs, and identify the increasing calls from virologists and medical professionals to address urbanization as a key EID driver. Using the case of avian influenza outbreaks in Vietnam in 2004 and 2005, we conceptualize a preventive planning approach to managing the risk of zoonotic transmission that results in EID pandemics.Takeaway for practiceWe make several recommendations for planners. Practicing planners should consider how their plans manage the risk of zoonotic disease transmission between animals and humans through land use planning and community planning. Planning education and certification organizations should develop positions regarding the role of planning for EIDs. Food systems planners should consider the importance of livestock practices in food production as a risk factor for EIDs. Diverse research teams should combine geographic scales, data sources, and disciplinary knowledge to examine how an extended series of upstream and downstream events can result in a global pandemic. Such empirical examination can lead to effective planning policies to greatly reduce this risk.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 113-126
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1930107
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1930107
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:113-126
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saleh Ahmed
Author-X-Name-First: Saleh
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmed
Title: Dhaka’s Changing Landscape: Prospects for Economic Development, Social Change, and Shared Prosperity
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 137-138
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1987797
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1987797
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:137-138
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Millard-Ball
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Millard-Ball
Title: Notes From the Review Editor
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 135-135
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1995288
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1995288
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:135-135
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Skuzinski
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Skuzinski
Title: Zoning: A Guide for 21st-Century Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 143-144
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1989965
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1989965
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:143-144
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shengxiao (Alex) Li
Author-X-Name-First: Shengxiao (Alex)
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Wanyang Hu
Author-X-Name-First: Wanyang
Author-X-Name-Last: Hu
Author-Name: Fuyu Guo
Author-X-Name-First: Fuyu
Author-X-Name-Last: Guo
Title: Recent Relocation Patterns Among Older Adults in the United States
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsResidential relocation is a way for older adults to cope with income changes, health changes, and other life cycle events such as the loss of a partner. The number of movers aged 60 and older increased by 1.4 million from 2010 to 2019 in the United States. Therefore, it is timely to examine older adults’ recent relocation patterns. Using multiple national-level data sources, we asked two questions: First, who are movers among older adults, and why are they moving? Second, what are their destination regions and neighborhoods? Results show that movers tend to be renters, those with lower incomes, those with higher housing cost burdens, and those who live alone. Although older adults’ primary reason for relocation is to live closer to their families, baby boomers younger than 70 have more heterogeneous moving reasons than older cohorts. We classify older adult movers into three types: aging adapters (56.9% of movers), suburb lovers (37.5% of movers), and long-distance movers (5.6% of movers).Takeaway for practiceOur findings suggest short- and long-term strategies for planners to help older adults meet their heterogeneous residential needs. Practitioners should take steps to increase housing affordability for older adults, such as through changes in land use controls, by creating more age-restricted and age-inclusive communities to accommodate the diverse needs of movers among older adults, and by promoting age-friendly ride-hailing and public transit systems.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 15-29
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1902842
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1902842
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:15-29
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas C. Cornillie
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cornillie
Title: Public Transportation Systems: Principles of System Design, Operations Planning and Real-Time Control
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 145-146
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1989963
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1989963
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:145-146
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katherine Lieberknecht
Author-X-Name-First: Katherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Lieberknecht
Title: Community-Centered Climate Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPlaces around the world already experience significant damage from climate change–related weather events, economic disruption, and health impacts, exacerbated by poverty, segregation, and inequitable infrastructure. Unfortunately, Texas provides a perfect illustration of these forces, with impacts made even more severe by a lack of climate planning. How can planners minimize harm and reduce risk, given the state leadership’s unwillingness to undertake climate planning? One place to start is to investigate residents’ climate change beliefs to understand whether they share the state’s climate antagonism and then use this information to shape a planning response. In this study, I analyzed a survey (n = 1,053) to ask: What are Texans’ perceptions of climate change, and how can planners use this knowledge to create strategies to catalyze climate planning? Respondents expressed strong agreement about negative effects of climate change and increased frequency of extreme weather. They believed that climate change is due at least in part to human activity, and they expressed robust support for climate-related planning activities. These responses sharply differ from the state’s approach. However, despite agreement about climate issues, respondents did not identify climate change as a major concern about the future. This contrast suggests an opportunity for new climate-related communication frames to bridge the gap between climate perceptions and planning action.Takeaway for practiceThese findings inform three recommendations: better connect climate change impacts to everyday concerns, including housing, air quality, and health; emphasize common ground about benefits provided by nature, especially related to health; and use community engagement to refine these frames. I propose that planners can accelerate climate planning by following the lead of other disciplines that emphasize human health impacts of the climate crisis. In addition, planners can strengthen climate planning by extending environmental planning’s use of local knowledge from environmental health, urban heat planning, and climate-related land use planning to climate planning more broadly.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 97-112
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1896974
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1896974
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:97-112
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: What Is Planning?
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 1-2
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1995286
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1995286
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:1-2
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ajay Garde
Author-X-Name-First: Ajay
Author-X-Name-Last: Garde
Author-Name: Qi Song
Author-X-Name-First: Qi
Author-X-Name-Last: Song
Title: Housing Affordability Crisis and Inequities of Land Use Change
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsMany fast-growing metropolitan regions face a housing affordability crisis that necessitates cities change their land use policies to address this problem. How do cities in metropolitan regions change their land use policies to equitably address the region’s housing needs? We focused on 180 cities in the Southern California region, which has a shortage of housing for all income groups and a severe shortage of affordable housing. We first examined the region-wide distribution of land uses and evaluated whether land use portfolios of cities are associated with their populations’ socioeconomic characteristics using cluster analysis and one-way analysis of variance. Next, we examined land use change by cities and measured the “weakening” (a reduction in cities’ share of residential land use for multifamily housing from 2008 to 2016) and “exclusiveness” (cities’ share of residential land use for single-family housing in 2016) of their land use portfolios. We revealed inequities in the region-wide distribution of multifamily land use, found an association between land use portfolios of cities and their populations’ socioeconomic characteristics, and thus conclude that land use change by cities inequitably addresses the region’s housing needs. We did not, however, examine the effects of land use change on housing production or affordability, which could provide further insights.Takeaway for practiceOur findings suggest that a) California’s state government should require cities to reform their land use policies to mitigate the region-wide inequities in the distribution of multifamily housing and to equitably address the housing affordability crisis and b) researchers could similarly evaluate land use portfolios of cities in other metropolitan regions to suggest how to equitably address the region’s housing needs.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 67-82
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1911673
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1911673
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:67-82
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Enrique Silva
Author-X-Name-First: Enrique
Author-X-Name-Last: Silva
Title: The Routledge Handbook of Planning Megacities in the Global South
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 138-139
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1989964
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1989964
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:138-139
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Clio Andris
Author-X-Name-First: Clio
Author-X-Name-Last: Andris
Title: Data Action: Using Data for Public Good
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 140-141
Issue: 1
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1989960
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1989960
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:1:p:140-141
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Danielle Zoe Rivera
Author-X-Name-First: Danielle Zoe
Author-X-Name-Last: Rivera
Author-Name: Bradleigh Jenkins
Author-X-Name-First: Bradleigh
Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins
Author-Name: Rebecca Randolph
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Randolph
Title: Procedural Vulnerability and Its Effects on Equitable Post-Disaster Recovery in Low-Income Communities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsEquity is a major goal in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. However, although extensive research demonstrates the connections between race/class and heightened vulnerability to disasters, few examine or name the mechanisms responsible for this correlation. Such mechanisms are referred to as procedural vulnerabilities or historical and ongoing power relations that lead to inequitable outcomes. We interrogate the role of procedural vulnerabilities in generating inequitable recovery by analyzing LUPE et al. v. FEMA (B:08-cv-487 [2008]). This legal case emerged from the experiences of colonia residents in the Río Grande Valley of South Texas following Hurricane Dolly in 2008. From this case, we found that, first, the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA’s) unclear definitions of deferred maintenance and insufficient damages negatively affected low-income households. Second, even with clear definitions, post-disaster recovery and reconstruction outcomes would remain inequitable due to historic patterns of disinvestment in the colonias.Takeaway for practiceFrom this case, two key implications for planners emerge. First, planners must acknowledge the historic concerns facing low-income communities of color that lead to inequitable outcomes in FEMA funding. Unincorporated communities of color are less likely to be able to access strong environmental planning, placing them at higher risk of disaster. Second, local stigma surrounding communities can greatly influence the efficacy of post-disaster reconstruction and recovery by predetermining who is or is not “deserving” of assistance. Engaging local histories of racism and prejudice is key to addressing and redressing these inequities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 220-231
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1929417
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1929417
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:220-231
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joanna Bernstein
Author-X-Name-First: Joanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Bernstein
Title: Building Bridges: Community and University Partnerships in East St. Louis
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 283-284
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.2019535
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.2019535
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:283-284
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mônica A. Haddad
Author-X-Name-First: Mônica A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Haddad
Title: Green, Fair, and Prosperous: Paths to a Sustainable Iowa
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 280-281
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1989961
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1989961
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:280-281
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Timothy Beatley
Author-X-Name-First: Timothy
Author-X-Name-Last: Beatley
Title: The Good Ancestor: A Radical Prescription for Long-Term Thinking
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 279-280
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1987801
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1987801
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:279-280
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Divya Chandrasekhar
Author-X-Name-First: Divya
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandrasekhar
Author-Name: Ivis García
Author-X-Name-First: Ivis
Author-X-Name-Last: García
Author-Name: Sayma Khajehei
Author-X-Name-First: Sayma
Author-X-Name-Last: Khajehei
Title: Recovery Capacity of Small Nonprofits in Post-2017 Hurricane Puerto Rico
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsAlthough planners today generally agree that nonprofits should be involved in postdisaster recovery planning, they lack insight into the capacity of nonprofits to be engaged in recovery and whether this capacity differs by organization type. This could lead to the marginalization of small nonprofits in planning, affecting social capital formation and the sustainability of recovery plans. Using data from field research and a survey of registered nonprofits in Puerto Rico after the 2017 Hurricanes Maria and Irma, we compared the recovery capacity of small versus medium/large nonprofits. Our study shows that small nonprofits experienced lower levels of operational impact than medium/large ones but also reported lower levels of postdisaster grant funding and attended fewer postdisaster networking events and workshops. Our study also shows that small nonprofits desire additional training and technical assistance to engage with broader recovery institutions. Planners can help by providing such training and promoting networking between small and larger organizations to encourage institutional learning.Takeaway for practiceCommunity-based recovery planning benefits from engaging with small nonprofits because they typically have greater connection and interest in local matters. Our study shows that small nonprofits may not have the capacity to engage in recovery despite wanting to do so. Planners can help small nonprofits to be better engaged in recovery by helping to build their capacity through pre-event training in disaster recovery, facilitating pre- and postdisaster workshops on recovery financing, and facilitating pre- and postdisaster networking.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 206-219
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1938637
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1938637
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:206-219
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlton Basmajian
Author-X-Name-First: Carlton
Author-X-Name-Last: Basmajian
Title: Regenerating Dixie: Electric Energy and the Modern South
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 282-283
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.2019537
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.2019537
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:282-283
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Esther Sullivan
Author-X-Name-First: Esther
Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan
Author-Name: Carrie Makarewicz
Author-X-Name-First: Carrie
Author-X-Name-Last: Makarewicz
Author-Name: Andrew Rumbach
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Rumbach
Title: Affordable but Marginalized
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy and findingsMobile home parks (MHPs) are a major source of unsubsidized affordable housing in the United States but are poorly understood in planning research and practice. Here we present findings of one of the first and most comprehensive studies of MHPs in a U.S. metropolitan area. We located and spatially analyzed MHPs in the Houston (TX) metropolitan statistical area, comparing the sociodemographics, built environment, and environmental exposure of census block groups with higher shares of MHP land to block groups with fewer or no parks. We examined the relationship between land use regulations and the location of MHPs by coding government documents for the 132 jurisdictions in the metropolitan statistical area. We found that MHPs are an important component of the regional housing system and are located in areas with more diverse populations, lower socioeconomic status, and larger families. MHPs are concentrated in moderately urbanized areas relatively close to the central business district with lower housing costs and moderate job opportunities. They are clustered near other MHPs in areas with less access to transportation and urban amenities and greater exposure to environmental hazards. We demonstrate that the location of MHPs is associated with exclusionary land use regulations, which indicates future parks will likely be in areas with significant inequalities.Takeaways for practiceMHPs are difficult to analyze because they are not identified in typical sources of planning data like the U.S. Census. Planning departments should use alternative methods, like those described in our study, to map and plan for MHPs. Most major cities and metropolitan regions are facing an affordable housing crisis, and the anti-MHP regulatory stance we observed in our study is concerning for regional equity. The concentration of MHPs in areas with significant environmental hazards indicates that planning actions are likely necessary to protect these residents from future flood events.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 232-244
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1952477
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1952477
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:232-244
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rebecca Walker
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Walker
Title: From the Inside Out: The Fight for Environmental Justice Within Government Agencies
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 278-279
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.2001284
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.2001284
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:278-279
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Liang Ma
Author-X-Name-First: Liang
Author-X-Name-Last: Ma
Author-Name: Runing Ye
Author-X-Name-First: Runing
Author-X-Name-Last: Ye
Title: Utilitarian Bicycling and Mental Wellbeing
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsAlthough the physical health benefits of utilitarian bicycling are well documented, there is little empirical evidence to demonstrate the mental health benefits. We investigated a) the association between utilitarian bicycling behavior and mental wellbeing and b) the role of the built environment in promoting utilitarian bicycling and improving mental wellbeing. We used data from a large, representative survey (N = 30,105) conducted in Victoria (Australia) and applied a structural equation model (SEM) to explore the relationships between the built environment, utilitarian bicycling, and mental wellbeing. Overall, we found that utilitarian bicycling is positively associated with life satisfaction and negatively associated with psychological distress, and that these effects vary significantly by gender and age. We also found that highly bikeable neighborhoods are associated with better mental health, though this correlation is fully mediated by bicycling and walking behavior.Takeaway for practiceThese findings suggest that promoting utilitarian bicycling may help increase mental health and boost life satisfaction, particularly in women and older adults. Therefore, mental health should be addressed in the literature on the benefits of utilitarian biking. These findings also suggest that planning efforts to promote bicycling among women and older adults should focus not only on improving safety but also on providing infrastructure that enhances the psychological pleasure of bicycling. Finally, these findings suggest that a highly bikeable neighborhood is not just a healthy but a happy one.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 262-276
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1950036
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1950036
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:262-276
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Editorial
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 147-148
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2031078
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2031078
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:147-148
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Madeleine I. G. Daepp
Author-X-Name-First: Madeleine I. G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Daepp
Author-Name: Andrew Binet
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Binet
Author-Name: Vedette Gavin
Author-X-Name-First: Vedette
Author-X-Name-Last: Gavin
Author-Name: Mariana C. Arcaya
Author-X-Name-First: Mariana C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Arcaya
Author-Name:
Author-X-Name-First:
Author-X-Name-Last:
Title: The Moving Mapper
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Big data promises new insights for planning but threatens to exclude community expertise from knowledge creation and decision-making processes. Participatory methods are needed to ensure that big data is marshaled to address problems of importance to communities, that hypotheses and interpretations are shaped by evidence from lived experience, and that results are ultimately useful to residents. In this study we used a participatory action research (PAR) framework to engage Boston (MA)–area residents in leveraging a longitudinal consumer credit database to understand shared planning challenges. We describe how residents, community organizations, and academic researchers collaborated to co-design an interactive map of residential moves across Massachusetts. The resulting estimates were largely consistent with residents’ understandings of local moving patterns, providing a case of big data analysis confirming, and further specifying, phenomena identified through centering lived experience. Collaborative data analysis also generated new insights; for example, showing misalignment between regional planning boundaries and low-credit movers’ moving patterns. This work shows how sustained PAR partnerships can combine the strengths of community expertise and big data analyses to inform planning.Takeaway for practicePAR with big data is feasible, combines the power of lived experience and large-scale quantitative analysis, and can mitigate the risks of exclusion that threaten emerging uses of big data.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 179-191
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1957704
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1957704
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:179-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Galit Cohen-Blankshtain
Author-X-Name-First: Galit
Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen-Blankshtain
Author-Name: Anat Gofen
Author-X-Name-First: Anat
Author-X-Name-Last: Gofen
Title: Serial Participation in Urban Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsThe current focus on power relationships in planning processes emphasizes socioeconomic characteristics of the general public, whose participation is often portrayed as one-time, idiosyncratic, nonprofessional, and relatively powerless. To shift attention to the understudied repeated participation in the general public, we distinguish serial participation as a distinct participation pattern by focusing on an underexplored group, referred to as natural joiners or usual suspects. Our analysis focuses on Jerusalem and draws on interviews with serial participators (N = 13) who participated in at least three different planning processes and with city planners (N = 19). Becoming a serial participator emerged as an evolutionary process, during which knowledge gained triggered transitional learning, manifested by a broader perspective on planning and a transition toward locality-oriented participation. Serial participators’ influence varies; it can extend beyond specific planning outcomes to the process itself and the discourse among city planners. Although it does not mitigate imbalanced power relations within the public, serial participation contributes to more balanced power relations between ordinary citizens and paid participants in planning.Takeaway for practiceSerial participators can provide planners with valuable historical perspective, local knowledge, and participation recommendations while serving as intermediaries to the local community capable of mobilizing others and activating civic networks. Planners can nurture serial participation by encouraging repeated involvement of individuals engaged in additional community spheres or passionate “anecdotal” participants. Seeking influence and not recognition, serial participators may not always fully cooperate. Planners should invest in long-term relationships that allow for reconciling inevitable disagreements.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 149-162
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1947872
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1947872
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:149-162
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicholas J. Klein
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Klein
Author-Name: Kelcie Ralph
Author-X-Name-First: Kelcie
Author-X-Name-Last: Ralph
Author-Name: Calvin Thigpen
Author-X-Name-First: Calvin
Author-X-Name-Last: Thigpen
Author-Name: Anne Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown
Title: Political Partisanship and Transportation Reform
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsSupport for transportation policies and investments is increasingly shaped by partisan ideals. Less well documented is the role of partisanship relative to potential mediating factors like transportation-related values, beliefs about the possibility of change, self-interest, and knowledge. We surveyed a representative sample of 600 U.S. adults about these factors, their political ideology, and their willingness to change the automobile-oriented transportation status quo. We found considerable support for change but also deep partisan divides. In exploring the pathways between partisanship and policy preferences, we found that values and beliefs about change are both deeply partisan and closely associated with policy preferences. By contrast, the results were mixed for self-interest and transportation-related knowledge. Ultimately, we found that these four pathways explain much, but not all, of the partisanship in transportation policy preferences. Very conservative respondents opposed reform efforts above and beyond what we would expect from their values, beliefs, self-interest, and knowledge, indicating continuing salience of partisanship.Takeaway for practiceOur results suggest that transportation reforms enjoy broad public support in urban areas with moderate and left-leaning populaces but may struggle to win approval at the regional, state, or federal level due to partisan geographic sorting. Some planners, policymakers, and advocates may choose to embrace partisanship, but doing so may exacerbate tensions and hamper progress. Others may prefer to tackle the pathways between partisanship and preferences without deepening partisan divides. For instance, practitioners may seek to increase support for reform by tackling widespread misunderstandings about induced demand or by installing pilot projects to help the public understand that it is possible to quickly and inexpensively change infrastructure and travel.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 163-178
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1965495
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1965495
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:163-178
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeffrey S. Lowe
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lowe
Title: On Common Ground
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 277-278
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1989962
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1989962
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:277-278
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carolyn G. Loh
Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Loh
Author-Name: Amanda J. Ashley
Author-X-Name-First: Amanda J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ashley
Author-Name: Leslie Durham
Author-X-Name-First: Leslie
Author-X-Name-Last: Durham
Author-Name: Karen Bubb
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Bubb
Title: Our Diversity Is Our Strength
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy and findingsMunicipal arts and cultural plans direct significant amounts of public investment and set far-reaching policies, as arts and culture investment becomes an increasingly widespread economic development strategy. Though these plans frequently advertise the city’s diversity, they often lack specific strategies for supporting diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). In addition, the creation of these plans often does not involve urban planners, nor do the plans often connect to the city’s comprehensive plan or contain the types of fact bases and commitments to equity that comprehensive plans do. In this study of 64 U.S. municipal arts and cultural plans, we investigated what kinds of cities are producing arts and cultural plans that do a better job of integrating concepts of DEI and what factors can explain these differences. We also investigated which specific policies were present that addressed DEI in arts and cultural plans. We found that newer plans more strongly emphasized equity, and plans with more robust public processes and those in more diverse cities more strongly emphasized equity and DEI overall, whereas plans in cities with lower median household incomes more strongly emphasized equity and inclusion. Overall, plans were much more likely to talk about diversity and inclusion than the specifics of equitable distribution of arts and cultural resources.Takeaway for practicePlanners need to get involved in arts and cultural planning to ensure that planning processes for arts and cultural plans work to achieve the same standards we expect for comprehensive plans. They must be based on inclusive processes, understand the range of diversity of people in the city, and commit to specific, targeted place-based and people-based public investment to improve equity. Planners can also expand their typical approaches through alignments with topical arts and cultural plans.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 192-205
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1936127
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1936127
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:192-205
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gregory F. Randolph
Author-X-Name-First: Gregory F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Randolph
Author-Name: Elizabeth Currid-Halkett
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Currid-Halkett
Title: Planning in the Era of Regional Divergence
Abstract:
Planners tend to think and work at the scale of the neighborhood and city. We argue that a wider analytical lens focusing on extralocal economic forces—specifically, growing inequality between regions—is essential to understanding contemporary urban problems. The growth of interregional inequality is stimulating a national dialogue on place-based policies that would benefit substantially from planning expertise. We point to three ways that planning can, and should, shape this conversation: 1) by applying a truly place-based approach; 2) by advocating for a multiscalar lens in addressing spatial inequality; and 3) by advancing holistic models of development.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 245-252
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1935302
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1935302
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:245-252
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dani Slabaugh
Author-X-Name-First: Dani
Author-X-Name-Last: Slabaugh
Author-Name: Jeremy Németh
Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy
Author-X-Name-Last: Németh
Author-Name: Alessandro Rigolon
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Rigolon
Title: Open Streets for Whom?
Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has created opportunities for cities to close streets to automobile traffic in the name of public health. Although these interventions promise numerous benefits, neighborhood activists and scholars of color suggest they can perpetuate structurally racist inequities. In this Viewpoint, we implore planners and other city builders to think critically about the impact of these interventions by employing an environmental justice framework. Applying this framework in the open streets context exposes several potential paradoxes that arise. We conclude with a set of best practices that can help city builders transcend these paradoxes and extend this livability revolution to all.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 253-261
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1955735
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1955735
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:253-261
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gabriel Camară
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel
Author-X-Name-Last: Camară
Title: Urban Green Spaces: Public Health and Sustainability in the United States
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 281-282
Issue: 2
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1987803
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1987803
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:2:p:281-282
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria Watson
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Watson
Title: Disaster Assistance Winners and Losers
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsDisaster assistance in the United States has faced criticism for widening the unequal impacts of disasters, but little is known about whether and how this phenomenon applies to businesses. Small businesses make up most businesses in the United States, but they are particularly vulnerable to hazards given their relative lack of capital. Because recovery assistance to businesses is primarily loan based, this lack of capital can create conflicts in how aid is perceived and allocated. Assistance providers must balance aiding the most severely damaged businesses and lending to those that will be able to repay; for small business, the threat of additional debt can make even low-interest loans seem risky. With this research I attempted to better understand how these competing factors play out in recovery through regression analyses of approved loan amounts and loan utilization decisions in Galveston (TX) after Hurricane Ike. I found that businesses with higher repayment ability such as larger businesses, older businesses, and corporations were approved for high loan amounts. Smaller businesses, businesses with higher damage, and businesses with longer loan terms were less likely to use the loans in their recovery, despite being approved. These findings suggest that businesses with the resources to recover were more likely to be the ones benefiting from additional disaster assistance.Takeaway for practiceThese findings suggest that planners may need to create their own recovery programs specifically targeting subgroups of businesses that are important to their communities. Although important to many economic development initiatives, very small businesses, entrepreneurs, and sole proprietors may not benefit from federal assistance, particularly if they were severely damaged.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 305-318
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1980086
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1980086
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:305-318
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Manish Chalana
Author-X-Name-First: Manish
Author-X-Name-Last: Chalana
Title: The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods: Renaissance and Resurgence
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 434-435
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070414
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070414
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:434-435
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stacy Anne Harwood
Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Harwood
Title: Welcoming Immigrants
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsFew studies have systematically examined the role of municipal planning in creating immigrant-friendly cities despite the importance of immigration to the growth and development of cities. In this research project I asked to what extent and how planners are involved in immigrant welcoming initiatives. The interviews draw from two perspectives—planning and immigrant affairs—through content analysis of 42 interviews in 30 “welcoming” cities, 28 comprehensive plans, and 17 immigrant integration plans. The analysis revealed that planners are not very engaged with welcoming initiatives or immigrant affairs staff. Planners tinker with land use regulations to accommodate immigrants in specific contexts and are looking for ways to do better outreach. Overall, planning continues as “business as usual” in cities calling themselves welcoming to immigrants. Surprisingly, immigrant affairs staff and planners know little about each other.Takeaway for practicePlanners provide the ability to think spatially and long term about the rules governing the form and function of urban spaces. Immigrant affairs officials offer in-depth knowledge about the day-to-day struggles of immigrants. Together, planning and immigrant affairs have many shared goals, such as improving engagement with immigrants, helping immigrants navigate the regulatory environment in cities, and creating culturally sensitive and reasonable accommodation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 413-428
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1999843
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1999843
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:413-428
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew H. Whittemore
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Whittemore
Author-Name: William Curran-Groome
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Curran-Groome
Title: A Case of (Decreasing) American Exceptionalism: Single-Family Zoning in the United States, Australia, and Canada
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsToday, the United States stands alone among high-wealth countries in its copious use of exclusive zoning for single-family detached homes (single-family zoning, SFZ). Australia and Canada, however, are two countries that mirrored U.S. practices through the mid-20th century, and these countries still have SFZ, though it is less widespread today. We theorized reasons for the United States’ divergence in a review of histories and other studies from the three countries. We observed that when fiscal, affordability, and environmental concerns took hold globally in the 1970s, Australian and Canadian governments addressed these issues in part by opening single-family areas to more housing types, whereas nearly all U.S. governments left SFZ unchallenged. We show here how historical racial composition and prejudice in the United States, though long intertwined with zoning practices, began to distinguish American residential zoning practice from its Canadian and Australian counterparts at this time, explaining that American planners faced revanchism in the wake of civil rights legislation and White flight. A recent flurry of reform in the United States, however, indicates that U.S. residential zoning practices are reconverging with those in Australia and Canada.Takeaway for practiceObserving how American zoning paralleled and then diverged from its Australian and Canadian counterparts has revealed another way in which U.S. racial composition and prejudice have distinguished the climate of planning in the United States. We also demonstrate how a more equitable way of zoning, one that opens more urban land to housing mixture, can provide a basis for building more sustainable cities in the United States. As American zoning begins to reconverge with its Australian and Canadian counterparts, U.S. planners can look to these countries to understand the potential and limits of undoing SFZ in pursuit of environmental, fiscal, and housing goals.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 335-351
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1985591
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1985591
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:335-351
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Meerow
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Meerow
Author-Name: Ladd Keith
Author-X-Name-First: Ladd
Author-X-Name-Last: Keith
Title: Planning for Extreme Heat: A National Survey of U.S. Planners
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsExtreme heat is the deadliest climate hazard in the United States. Climate change and the urban heat island effect are increasing the number of dangerously hot days in cities worldwide and the need for communities to plan for extreme heat. Existing literature on heat planning focuses on heat island mapping and modeling, whereas few studies delve into heat planning and governance processes. We surveyed planning professionals from diverse cities across the United States to establish critical baseline information for a growing area of planning practice and scholarship that future research can build on. Survey results show that planners are concerned with extreme heat risks, particularly environmental and public health impacts from climate change. Planners already report impacts from extreme heat, particularly to energy and water use, vegetation and wildlife, public health, and quality of life. Especially in affected communities, planners claim they address heat in plans and implement heat mitigation and management strategies such as urban forestry, emergency response, and weatherization, but perceive many barriers related to human and financial resources and political will.Takeaway for practicePlanners are concerned about extreme heat, especially in the face of climate change. They are beginning to address heat through different strategies and plan types, but we see opportunities to better connect planners to existing heat information sources and leverage existing planning tools, including vegetation, land use regulations, and building codes, to mitigate risks. Although barriers to heat planning persist, including human and capital resources, planners are uniquely qualified to coordinate communities’ efforts to address the rising threat of extreme heat.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 319-334
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1977682
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1977682
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:319-334
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emmanuel Frimpong Boamah
Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Frimpong Boamah
Author-Name: Vanessa Watson
Author-X-Name-First: Vanessa
Author-X-Name-Last: Watson
Author-Name: Clifford Amoako
Author-X-Name-First: Clifford
Author-X-Name-Last: Amoako
Author-Name: Wes Grooms
Author-X-Name-First: Wes
Author-X-Name-Last: Grooms
Author-Name: Davina Osei
Author-X-Name-First: Davina
Author-X-Name-Last: Osei
Author-Name: Victor Osei Kwadwo
Author-X-Name-First: Victor
Author-X-Name-Last: Osei Kwadwo
Author-Name: Andy Bonaventure Nyamekye
Author-X-Name-First: Andy Bonaventure
Author-X-Name-Last: Nyamekye
Author-Name: Kahad Adamu
Author-X-Name-First: Kahad
Author-X-Name-Last: Adamu
Author-Name: Gabriel K. Appiah
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Appiah
Title: Planning Corruption or Corrupting Planning?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsHere we illuminate the often overlooked, yet pernicious impacts of corruption in planning. We used a sequential mixed-methods approach, inclusive of a survey of 82 planning practitioners in Ghana and semistructured interviews with 17 of these survey respondents, to investigate planners’ experiences of corruption. We found that incentives for corrupt behaviors, structured by the particularities of planning culture, are necessary but insufficient to unpack corruption in planning, both in and outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Personal values and coercion also play roles in incentivizing corruption. We also learned that practitioners rely on social coping mechanisms to resist corruption, which speaks broadly to practitioners monitoring themselves when institutional corruption controls seem weak or nonexistent within a planning culture. Further research across planning cultures is called for to develop planning curricula and practices that can help students and professional planners understand and resolve corruption and other moral dilemmas specific to their planning contexts.Takeaway for practicePractitioners, educators, and students must better understand corruption and how it complicates planning. This understanding requires examining how workplace norms and cultures (re)produce coercion among practitioners, especially among gender, ethnic/racial, and other minority practitioners. Planning schools, professional associations, and workplaces must respond to these corruption realities by purveying context-sensitive anticorruption competencies to students and practitioners.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 377-391
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1987969
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1987969
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:377-391
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tyeshia Redden
Author-X-Name-First: Tyeshia
Author-X-Name-Last: Redden
Author-Name: Laura Dedenbach
Author-X-Name-First: Laura
Author-X-Name-Last: Dedenbach
Author-Name: Kristin Larsen
Author-X-Name-First: Kristin
Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen
Author-Name: Kathryn Frank
Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn
Author-X-Name-Last: Frank
Title: Gainesville’s Forgotten Neighborhood
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsThis study contributes to our understanding of how planning reproduces the “dominant narratives” of the most powerful, especially those that stigmatize minority neighborhoods, but also how equity-minded planners can identify and apply residents’ views, or their “counternarratives.” To enable the focus on social equity, we used critical race theory (CRT) to examine enduring racial stigma, particularly against African Americans, in historical and current planning narratives. Specifically, we conducted a case study of more than 5 decades of neighborhood planning in the Porters neighborhood of Gainesville (FL) to understand how planners’ roles in storytelling and narratives reinforce inequity. Using a thematic narrative analysis, we discovered patterns and relationships in stories and narratives from within and outside the neighborhood and how dominant narratives became embedded in planning documents. The thematic narrative analysis of the Porters case was informed by our 2017–2018 research project to pilot a participatory neighborhood narrative for use in local planning. Through this analysis of practice in an African American community within a Deep South college town, we conclude that narratives matter and have profound consequences. Although neighborhood planning has shifted to include participatory methods, planners often fail to examine their own biases and the racist presumptions of planning culture and institutions before crafting policy.Takeaway for practiceNarratives are not only externally imposed on locales by surrounding residents but are also integrated and reproduced in planning documents. Reflective equity-minded planners can use narrative inquiry and CRT to deliberately examine the prevailing narratives within their historic and current policies. Using this study’s approach as a starting point, planners can examine how narratives can compete and are reproduced in the media and planning documents, by planning staff, and among neighborhood residents and to what ends.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 392-404
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1981775
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1981775
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:392-404
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eva Kaßens-Noor
Author-X-Name-First: Eva
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaßens-Noor
Author-Name: Cornelius H. (Kip) Darcy
Author-X-Name-First: Cornelius H. (Kip)
Author-X-Name-Last: Darcy
Title: Our Autonomous Future
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 429-432
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070407
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070407
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:429-432
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Author-Name: Ivis García
Author-X-Name-First: Ivis
Author-X-Name-Last: García
Title: Dream Play Build: Hands-On Community Engagement for Enduring Spaces and Places
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 433-434
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070415
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070415
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:433-434
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Balakrishnan Balachandran
Author-X-Name-First: Balakrishnan
Author-X-Name-Last: Balachandran
Author-Name: Robert B. Olshansky
Author-X-Name-First: Robert B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Olshansky
Author-Name: Laurie A. Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Laurie A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson
Title: Planning for Disaster-Induced Relocation of Communities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Disasters displace millions of people every year. After the disaster, they must decide whether to return to their homes or move elsewhere. Planners and government officials often propose permanent relocation as a response. But relocations disrupt lives and livelihoods of households and communities and are therefore rarely the preferred option of those affected. Nevertheless, relocations happen, and planners often develop relocation policies and plan the move. We examined the dynamics of the relocation process through a conceptual framework consisting of five interrelated elements: 1) the natural science; 2) the risk decision; 3) the community’s relationship to place; 4) the relocation process, land, and money; and 5) the historical, social, and political context. This research draws from analyses of 53 cases of community relocation, including many that we have directly researched or worked on. Here we introduce this framework as a way for planners to systematically approach the task of evaluating and implementing proposed disaster-induced relocations.Takeaway for practiceIn planning for relocation, planners should work with all stakeholders to evaluate the risks, balance the risks of staying against those of relocation, and consider alternatives to complete relocation. Finally, planners should be astute regarding the broader contexts of relocation proposals.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 288-304
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1978855
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1978855
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:288-304
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Author-Name: Seyoung Sung
Author-X-Name-First: Seyoung
Author-X-Name-Last: Sung
Title: Aesthetics of Gentrification: Seductive Spaces and Exclusive Communities in the Neoliberal City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 440-441
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070416
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070416
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:440-441
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Author-Name: Gordon Douglas
Author-X-Name-First: Gordon
Author-X-Name-Last: Douglas
Title: Hella Town: Oakland’s History of Development and Disruption
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 438-439
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070413
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070413
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:438-439
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Author-Name: Megan E. Heim LaFrombois
Author-X-Name-First: Megan E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Heim LaFrombois
Title: Trophy Cities: A Feminist Perspective on New Capitals
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 435-436
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070409
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070409
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:435-436
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Floyd Lapp
Author-X-Name-First: Floyd
Author-X-Name-Last: Lapp
Title: Sustaining a City’s Culture and Character: Principles and Best Practices
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 441-442
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.2019538
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.2019538
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:441-442
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Author-Name: Lauren Ames Fischer
Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Ames
Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer
Title: “Tax Discrimination District”
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy and findingsRecent efforts to promote land value capture as a solution to the fiscal crisis of local governments have gained traction, increasing the use of value capture tools across a variety of contexts. This research provides a case study examining how the politics of transit value capture district designation intersect with racialized patterns of disinvestment. Using the case of Kansas City (MO), I illustrate how the attempts of planners and policymakers to expand transit value capture were met with resistance from both low-income and wealthy neighborhoods. I explore how differentiated response to neighborhood concerns by planners combined with stakeholder frameworks about social equity and perceptions of historical domination to produce results exactly counter to the stated purpose of “not building transit purely for the White people.” The case illustrates the importance of considering racial inequities and historic patterns of marginalization in transit value capture to achieve racial equity and challenge existing patterns of segregation.Takeaway for practiceDesignating value capture district boundaries is a sociotechnical process that interacts with and potentially reinforces existing patterns of domination and oppression. To ensure that value capture implementation does not reproduce and exacerbate existing inequities, urban planning professionals should centralize issues of race, segregation, and marginality in their efforts to create, capture, and distribute land value. Value capture schemes need to be tailored to the local built environment, sociodemographic history, and the needs of specific communities to be effective at addressing spatial inequities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 352-364
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1987968
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1987968
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:352-364
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jialin Shi
Author-X-Name-First: Jialin
Author-X-Name-Last: Shi
Title: Why Place Matters: A Sociological Study of the Historic Preservation Movement in Otaru, Japan, 1965–2017
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 442-443
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2072106
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2072106
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:442-443
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Margot Garcia
Author-X-Name-First: Margot
Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia
Title: Implementing City Sustainability: Overcoming Administrative Silos to Achieve Functional Collective Action
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 439-440
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070412
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070412
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:439-440
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Data Policy: Unpacking Difficult Issues Related to Data Access, Review, and Verification
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 285-287
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2071058
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2071058
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:285-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanjeev Vidyarthi
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjeev
Author-X-Name-Last: Vidyarthi
Title: Planning for the Common Good
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 444-444
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2072107
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2072107
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:444a-444a
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen Sherman
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Sherman
Title: Race Brokers: Housing Markets and Segregation in 21st Century Urban America
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 436-437
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070410
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070410
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:436-437
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elizabeth J. Mueller
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller
Title: Constructing Community: Urban Governance, Development, and Inequality in Boston
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 445-445
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070406
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070406
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:445-445
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rosalie Singerman Ray
Author-X-Name-First: Rosalie Singerman
Author-X-Name-Last: Ray
Title: Multiscalar Deliberative Transportation Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsAt what scale should we plan transportation to shift to more sustainable modes? In this study I explore the multiscalar effort by London’s (UK) boroughs and the traffic director for London to expand bus priority in London, viewing it as a real-world case of Iris Marion Young’s “empowerment without autonomy” regional governance model. Using archival data, media analysis, and interviews, I found that the boroughs acted as a source of policy alternatives to reshape the problem–solution nexus around congestion, a forum for diverse interests to discuss this transition to more sustainable transport, and a deliberative partner for the new regional actor with sufficient capacity and expertise to reshape the policy to better meet community needs. The establishment of the position of traffic director for London in 1991 created the empowered but not autonomous structure, giving the traffic director veto power over some borough roads but empowering them to manage parking. Working together, the traffic director and the boroughs installed 524 bus lanes between 1991 and 2000, more than doubling the total number of lanes and demonstrating that a deliberative process need not sacrifice speed. Because this is a single case, more research is needed to confirm the mechanisms of the empowerment without autonomy model and how those mechanisms are most easily replicated in other contexts.Takeaway for practiceTransit planning is best done at both the local and regional levels, in an empowered but not autonomous structure that forces regional and local actors to deliberate with each other on how best to achieve the goals of each scale.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 365-376
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1960182
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1960182
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:365-376
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Correction
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 446-446
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2077586
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2077586
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:446-446
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucie A. Laurian
Author-X-Name-First: Lucie A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Laurian
Author-Name: Ernest Sternberg
Author-X-Name-First: Ernest
Author-X-Name-Last: Sternberg
Author-Name: Nadia Voigt da Mata
Author-X-Name-First: Nadia
Author-X-Name-Last: Voigt da Mata
Title: The Transgressive Urban Forest: An Ecological Aesthetic for the Anthropocene
Abstract:
City dwellers experience urban nature as controlled, romanticized, healthy, and disconnected from the global ecological crisis. The landscape aesthetics of ecological urbanism convey the message that cities can be integrated into natural ecosystems. We challenge this notion and propose alternative aesthetic principles of ecological provocation: a transgressive urban forestry model in which trees disrupt streetscapes to express the ecological struggles of the Anthropocene and humans experience the wildness, power, and fragility of nature. This new urban landscape aesthetic, inspired by architectural innovations, centers on concepts of unkempt wildness, liberated insurgent trees, furcated forest shards, and exposed decomposition.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 405-412
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1975556
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1975556
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:405-412
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanjeev Vidyarthi
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjeev
Author-X-Name-Last: Vidyarthi
Title: The Urban Planning Imagination
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 444-444
Issue: 3
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070405
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070405
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:3:p:444b-444b
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# input file: RJPA_A_2091391_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Jennifer Minner
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Minner
Title: Resisting Garbage: The Politics of Waste Management in American Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 594-595
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2091391
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2091391
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:594-595
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# input file: RJPA_A_2092359_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Michael Lens
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Lens
Title: Racial Justice and Housing Justice: Two American Illusions
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 586-590
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2092359
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2092359
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:586-590
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# input file: RJPA_A_2088218_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Ernest R. Alexander
Author-X-Name-First: Ernest R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Alexander
Title: What Is Planning? From Planning Practice to Practices
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 578-580
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2088218
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2088218
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:578-580
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# input file: RJPA_A_2077071_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: J. Revel Sims
Author-X-Name-First: J. Revel
Author-X-Name-Last: Sims
Title: The Help-Yourself City: Legitimacy & Inequality in DIY Urbanism
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 598-599
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2077071
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2077071
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:598-599
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# input file: RJPA_A_2088220_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Joseph Heathcott
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph
Author-X-Name-Last: Heathcott
Title: What Is Theory? From Planning Theory to Theory for Planning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 582-583
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2088220
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2088220
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:582-583
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# input file: RJPA_A_2099178_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: David P. Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: Levelling Up Left Behind Places: The Scale and Nature of the Economic and Policy Challenge
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 597-598
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2099178
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2099178
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:597-598
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# input file: RJPA_A_2006756_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Carl Grodach
Author-X-Name-First: Carl
Author-X-Name-Last: Grodach
Title: The Institutional Dynamics of Land Use Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsManufacturing and industrial activity can contribute to sustainable economic development, but this potential is lost to urban industrial rezonings. This is particularly the case in strong market cities where pressures to develop higher-value residential and office space are strong. The literature has documented the industrial displacement process but has yet to probe the institutional factors behind industrial rezonings or the conditions that may catalyze supportive industrial land use policy. I contribute to filling this research gap by exploring how institutional dynamics shape industrial land use planning in San Francisco (CA). Drawing on interviews and document analysis, I show how formal governance institutions, locally embedded intermediary organizations, and policy imaginaries shape policy change. Despite success in redefining and promoting the value of urban industrial lands, ongoing pressures remain with balancing competing land use agendas and priorities.Takeaway for practiceThis research highlights the tradeoffs and pressures involved in creating urban industrial land use policy in high-cost cities. The case draws attention to the importance of considering how the local institutional context for policymaking intersects with industry and urban development dynamics rather than assuming market logic alone dictates land use. Planners can better balance competing land use agendas and achieve positive outcomes when they focus on controlling policy narratives and work with intermediary organizations that possess specialist knowledge and connections.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 537-549
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.2006756
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.2006756
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:537-549
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# input file: RJPA_A_2088221_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Elizabeth L. Sweet
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sweet
Author-Name: Antonio Raciti
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Raciti
Title: Planning Theories Struggle at the Intersections of Gendered, Colonized, and Racialized Bodies
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 583-584
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2088221
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2088221
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:583-584
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# input file: RJPA_A_2106737_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Essential JAPA Style
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 447-448
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2106737
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2106737
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:447-448
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# input file: RJPA_A_2077070_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Lewis D. Hopkins
Author-X-Name-First: Lewis D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hopkins
Title: Evaluating Urban and Regional Plans: From Theory to Practice
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 592-593
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2077070
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2077070
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:592-593
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# input file: RJPA_A_2099183_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Robert Goodspeed
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Goodspeed
Title: Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 591-592
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2099183
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2099183
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:591-592
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# input file: RJPA_A_2027262_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Anne Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown
Author-Name: Nicholas J. Klein
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Klein
Author-Name: Michael J. Smart
Author-X-Name-First: Michael J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Smart
Author-Name: Amanda Howell
Author-X-Name-First: Amanda
Author-X-Name-Last: Howell
Title: Buying Access One Trip at a Time
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsNew transportation options like ride-hail can expand accessibility without the costs of car ownership. Ride-hail’s potential is particularly salient for lower-income and zero-car households. We used interviews and a national (U.S.) survey to examine how and why lower-income travelers in the United States use ride-hail. Survey and interview responses provided a temporal snapshot and thus reflect, in part, travel challenges specific to COVID-19. Findings suggest that lower-income travelers, particularly those without personal cars, use ride-hail in ways distinct from those typically reported in broader travel surveys. Individuals without cars are more likely to use ride-hail, and use it more often, compared with people with cars, particularly to fill spatial and temporal gaps in public transit service and to access medical care and groceries. Costs and price unpredictability remain significant barriers limiting travelers’ use of ride-hail services.Takeaway for practiceThis research demonstrates a latent need for car access among lower-income travelers. Substantial gaps in alternative modes pose challenges for travelers seeking reliable and timely transportation. Planners should invest in transit, biking, and walking to provide robust alternatives to car ownership. Such investments, however, take time. In the meantime, cities and agencies should consider subsidizing ride-hail trips to bridge existing gaps in the transportation network.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 495-507
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2027262
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2027262
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:495-507
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# input file: RJPA_A_2016476_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Karel Martens
Author-X-Name-First: Karel
Author-X-Name-Last: Martens
Author-Name: Matan E. Singer
Author-X-Name-First: Matan E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Singer
Author-Name: Aviv Lee Cohen-Zada
Author-X-Name-First: Aviv Lee
Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen-Zada
Title: Equity in Accessibility
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsMany studies on transport equity have analyzed disparities in access to destinations between different population groups. In this study, we challenge this disparity approach and propose an alternative: analyzing accessibility insufficiencies. We argue that disparity analyses fall short on two accounts. First, they are based on group averages that inherently hide in-group variation. Second, they compare accessibility levels between groups without addressing whether these levels actually allow people to engage in daily activities. The proposed sufficiency approach avoids the former and addresses the latter by setting an explicit sufficiency threshold for accessibility. Empirical analyses for 49 of the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas confirmed the problematic nature of disparity analyses. In line with most literature, our disparity analyses show that disadvantaged groups are virtually always better served by transit than their more advantaged counterparts. Yet a systematic sufficiency analysis reveals large inequities in accessibility, regardless of the exact sufficiency threshold employed.Takeaway for practiceOur outcomes underscore the need for researchers and planning practitioners to move away from seemingly neutral disparity analyses toward equity analyses of insufficiencies. Though this move implies inevitably normative, and thus politically difficult, decisions, such analyses enable professionals to systematically identify transport inequities as input for regional transport plans. They may also be used to prioritize already proposed interventions based on their contribution to a reduction in accessibility insufficiencies.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 479-494
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.2016476
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.2016476
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:88:y:2022:i:4:p:479-494
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# input file: RJPA_A_2013301_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Joan Fitzgerald
Author-X-Name-First: Joan
Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald
Title: Transitioning From Urban Climate Action to Climate Equity
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsHistorically, urban climate action plans have not focused on residents who are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change: neighborhoods of people of color and low-income communities, also known as frontline communities. I examined the climate action planning process for five U.S. cities that have recently updated their climate action plans to focus on equity: Austin (TX), Baltimore (MD), Cleveland (OH), Portland (OR), and Providence (RI). The goal of the analysis was to identify how planners and policymakers are making the climate action planning process more inclusive of marginalized groups and incorporating equity into the plan’s goals. I examined three aspects of climate equity: procedural, distributional, and recognition. Using content analysis of the plans and interviews with past and current sustainability directors in each of the cities and a small number of participants, I provide context for how the updated plans addressed the three aspects of equity. Further, I call into question how academics have defined procedural equity. The experiences of these five cities revealed that three actions essential to achieving authentic participation are antiracism training, comprehensive efforts to bring underrepresented groups to the table, and creating a planning process in which participants are valued. The bottom line in all three is that procedural equity is a trust-building process. Participants in these planning processes viewed acknowledging previous rounds of harm committed in frontline communities as a first step in prioritizing equity. Although distributional equity is defined through implementation, the plans of these five cities, to varying degrees, attempted to stipulate how equitable implementation of goals will be measured.Takeaway for practiceDeveloping climate plans that emphasize equity requires a considerable upfront commitment to building authentic participation from frontline communities and ensuring that it is measured in implementation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 508-523
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.2013301
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.2013301
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# input file: RJPA_A_1996263_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Eun Jin Shin
Author-X-Name-First: Eun Jin
Author-X-Name-Last: Shin
Title: Representation and Wage Gaps in the Planning Profession
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsAlthough gender and racial/ethnic equity have been primary concerns in planning, little research has examined whether the planning profession has achieved such equity in its workforce. In this study, I investigated representation and wage gaps by gender and race/ethnicity in the U.S. planning profession. Using Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data, I explored a) whether gender and racial/ethnic gaps exist in representation and wages among planners and b) the extent to which such gaps changed over the 2000–2018 period and how they varied by employment sector. The results showed a substantial increase in the proportion of female planners over the study period. Black and Hispanic planners remained severely underrepresented, especially in the private sector, although the temporal patterns of their representation differed. Despite a significant reduction in the unadjusted gender wage gap among planners over time, the adjusted gap remained constant. Notably, the gender wage gap was significant only among planners with children, likely driven by fatherhood wage premiums. Unlike other related professions, planning did not exhibit significant racial/ethnic wage gaps at the beginning of the study period. However, Black and Hispanic planners in the public sector experienced significant wage penalties later in the study period.Takeaway for practicePlanning employers need to develop strategies to close the gender wage gap, which includes work–life benefits and workplace awareness campaigns to transform the masculine culture in the planning workplace. Results also highlight the need to improve Black and Hispanic planners’ representation, especially in the private sector. Particular focus should be directed toward supporting Black planners, given their decreasing representation in both sectors and their wage penalties in the public sector in recent years. My study further suggests that interventions that hold public sector employers more accountable for their pay decisions are needed to address the racial/ethnic wage gaps recently found among planners.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 449-463
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1996263
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1996263
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# input file: RJPA_A_1997352_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Richard D. Margerum
Author-X-Name-First: Richard D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Margerum
Author-Name: Adam Zwickle
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Zwickle
Author-Name: Josh Bruce
Author-X-Name-First: Josh
Author-X-Name-Last: Bruce
Author-Name: Curtis Thomas
Author-X-Name-First: Curtis
Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas
Title: The Effects of Enhanced Information Utilization in Collaborative Hazard Mitigation Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and indingsNatural hazard mitigation plans are prepared in communities throughout the United States. Like many complex, multijurisdictional issues, the plans should be developed collaboratively using the best available data to reduce risks. In this study we assessed a program that enhanced data utilization for collaborative hazard mitigation planning to determine its impact on plans, processes, and implementation. We used surveys, plan analysis, interviews, and forums to compare three Oregon counties that participated in the program with three that partially participated and four that did not participate. We found that the program had limited effect because professionals encountered mismatched perceptions of risk, difficulties with data translation and interpretation, lack of integration, and limited engagement. This research highlights implications for packaging risk data, the role of information in collaboration, and the challenge of collaborative implementation, but the focus on the Oregon experience may limit the generalizability to other contexts.Takeaway for practiceTo overcome the decision biases common in risk-based decision making, practitioners need to articulate specific outcomes connected to emotion, social norms, and peer attitudes. Data and analysis should be part of an interactive process to promote shared understanding among decision makers. Practitioners will be more effective when they combine these strategies with opportunities to galvanize the public and decision makers toward action.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 464-478
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.1997352
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.1997352
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# input file: RJPA_A_2090163_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Ernest R. Alexander
Author-X-Name-First: Ernest R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Alexander
Title: Response to Commentaries: What’s Not to Agree?
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 584-585
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2090163
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2090163
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# input file: RJPA_A_2099187_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Jovanna Rosen
Author-X-Name-First: Jovanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosen
Title: Shaking Up the City: Ignorance, Inequality and the Urban Question
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 593-594
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2099187
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2099187
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# input file: RJPA_A_2088181_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Joseph Weil Huennekens
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Weil
Author-X-Name-Last: Huennekens
Title: A Fortress in Brooklyn: Race, Real Estate, and the Making of Hasidic Williamsburg
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 596-597
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2088181
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2088181
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# input file: RJPA_A_2088219_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Kian Goh
Author-X-Name-First: Kian
Author-X-Name-Last: Goh
Title: Theory…Out of Practice
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 580-581
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2088219
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2088219
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# input file: RJPA_A_2029542_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Jennifer Day
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Day
Author-Name: Nicholas A. Phelps
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Phelps
Author-Name: Piret Veeroja
Author-X-Name-First: Piret
Author-X-Name-Last: Veeroja
Author-Name: Xin Yang
Author-X-Name-First: Xin
Author-X-Name-Last: Yang
Title: From Edge City to City?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy and findingsThis century’s planning challenge is one of retrofitting suburbia. As relatively compact suburban forms, edge cities may be the most amenable to retrofit. In the 30 years since the publication of Garreau’s Edge City, to what extent and in what ways have planning intentions changed to favor greater urbanity in edge cities? Across 10 indicators, we examined planning intentions covering 117 of 123 edge cities identified in 1991. Content analysis of plans revealed the mixed intentions for individual edge cities and for different edge cities across metropolitan regions, but also strong and consistent intentions for a large minority of edge cities we label cities in the making. Our findings underline the limited appeal of the concept to the public, politicians, and planners.Takeaways for practiceAcross a range of indicative intentions, planning frameworks can be strengthened with a view to fostering greater urbanity in edge cities. Plans covering edge cities continue to lack the spatial and numeric specificity that would help ensure better implementation of stated intentions. Plans covering edge cities could usefully have a more joined-up or consistent approach across different but interrelated intentions.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 565-577
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2029542
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2029542
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# input file: RJPA_A_2027263_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Ruoniu Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Ruoniu
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Xinyu Fu
Author-X-Name-First: Xinyu
Author-X-Name-Last: Fu
Title: Examining the Effects of Policy Design on Affordable Unit Production Under Inclusionary Zoning Policies
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsEvidence suggests that inclusionary zoning (IZ) correlates with affordable housing and mixed-income communities; however, what effect the policy design has on affordable housing productivity remains unclear. In this study we investigated the relationship between policy features and average annual affordable unit production under IZ by using the IZ data set, which includes adoption year, standardized characteristics, and outcomes in terms of affordable unit counts for 27 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. Although the data set does not fully capture affordable unit production for all IZ policies or those produced from in-lieu payments, this study is by far the largest scale empirical examination of IZ outcomes. Findings indicated that jurisdictions with policies that were mandatory, older, covered the entire jurisdiction, or had more complex income requirements designed to reach lower income levels had significantly higher production of affordable units. The top 15% of high-producing policies disproportionately consisted of policies that created affordable rental units, covered the entire jurisdiction, and had more complex income requirements. In addition, longer affordability terms were not associated with lower affordable unit productivity in our regression models.Takeaway for practiceOur analysis identified common traits in IZ policies that produced at least one affordable unit as well as high-producing policies. These commonalities generally support enacting more stringent IZ policies with some flexibility in terms of the income levels served for greater affordable unit productivity. Limitations revealed in the data set suggested that local jurisdictions should better track affordable units to gain more information about what works. Considering that IZ policy design varies greatly, planners and policymakers must consider local housing market conditions relative to findings in this study as well as state and local regulatory environments when designing IZ policies.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 550-564
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2027263
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# input file: RJPA_A_2088217_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Planning Theories and Practices
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 578-578
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2088217
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2088217
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# input file: RJPA_A_2004913_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Stephen Averill Sherman
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Averill
Author-X-Name-Last: Sherman
Author-Name: Arnab Chakraborty
Author-X-Name-First: Arnab
Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty
Title: Beyond Plans
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPrevious studies of the impact of scenario usage in regional planning have shown limited results: Municipalities may not follow recommendations of the regional plan, and regional agencies themselves may ignore unpopular contingent futures. Though helpful, studies on scenarios and their direct impact on local plans may overlook important but less noticeable ways in which scenario planning can shape local and regional planning practice. To address this gap, we investigated scenario planning processes in three U.S. metropolitan areas with varying types of regional planning agencies and different scenario planning histories. Our work involved a review of three regional plans, 52 local plans, and nine confirmatory interviews. We found that the normative and exploratory scenarios common in regional planning rarely influence local comprehensive plans, especially in suburban municipalities. However, we also found that the regional scenario plans influenced planning practices and norms across the regions in ways that did not appear in plan documents. Our findings suggest that regional scenario planning can help practitioners identify new challenges, creatively engaging the future and shaping regional agencies, but such outcomes require institutional coordination, potentially executed by the regional agency performing technical assistance.Takeaway for practicePlanners should consider how the groups that guide scenario plans can be de facto political bodies, advocating for better planning practices. To make the regional scenario plan effective at the local level, regional agencies should institutionalize local partnership building.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 524-536
Issue: 4
Volume: 88
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2021.2004913
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2021.2004913
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# input file: RJPA_A_2119780_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Shayna Goldsmith
Author-X-Name-First: Shayna
Author-X-Name-Last: Goldsmith
Title: Fixer-Upper: How to Repair America’s Broken Housing Systems
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 146-147
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2119780
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2119780
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# input file: RJPA_A_2050935_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: George C. Homsy
Author-X-Name-First: George C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Homsy
Author-Name: Ki Eun Kang
Author-X-Name-First: Ki Eun
Author-X-Name-Last: Kang
Title: Zoning Incentives
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsIncentive zoning provides bonuses to developers (e.g., increased density or height) in return for public amenities (e.g., affordable housing or green buildings). We surveyed and interviewed local officials to investigate a) the adoption rate of incentive zoning across the United States, b) the bonuses offered to developers and the amenities sought by governments, c) whether municipalities conduct a cost–benefit analysis between bonuses and amenities, and d) the relationship between local autonomy, growth, public participation, and incentive zoning. Forty-one percent of surveyed communities reported having incentive zoning. The most common bonus offered to developers was density. The most common amenities sought by municipalities were mixed-use development, open space conservation, walkability, affordable housing, and public parks. Most communities did not conduct a cost–benefit analysis while developing or applying incentive zoning, which we found was correlated to lower utilization. Some communities used incentive zoning to entice developers to provide benefits (e.g., affordable housing or green buildings) that state legislation prohibited them from requiring.Takeaway for practicePlanners can use incentive zoning to induce developers to provide public amenities as part of their projects, especially when the political, market, or legal environment is not conducive to requiring desired amenities. Our findings suggest that planners and local officials frustrated by state preemptions in certain land use areas can investigate incentive zoning to achieve local goals. Also, practitioners must find ways to make the incentives attractive to developers while maximizing community benefit.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 61-71
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2050935
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2050935
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# input file: RJPA_A_2109926_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Larissa Larsen
Author-X-Name-First: Larissa
Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen
Title: Reimagining Sustainable Cities: Strategies for Designing Greener, Healthier, More Equitable Communities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 148-149
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2109926
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2109926
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# input file: RJPA_A_2091389_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Thomas C. Cornillie
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cornillie
Title: Amtrak, America’s Railroad: Transportation’s Orphan and Its Struggle for Survival
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 153-154
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2091389
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2091389
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# input file: RJPA_A_2070411_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: David P. Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: The Italian Legacy in Philadelphia: History, Culture, People and Ideas
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 155-156
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2070411
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2070411
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# input file: RJPA_A_2133325_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Magdalena Ugarte
Author-X-Name-First: Magdalena
Author-X-Name-Last: Ugarte
Title: Settler Colonial City: Racism and Inequity in Postwar Minneapolis
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 149-151
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2133325
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2133325
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# input file: RJPA_A_2058595_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Robert B. Noland
Author-X-Name-First: Robert B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Noland
Author-Name: Evan Iacobucci
Author-X-Name-First: Evan
Author-X-Name-Last: Iacobucci
Author-Name: Wenwen Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Wenwen
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Title: Public Views on the Reallocation of Street Space Due to COVID-19
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsMany towns and cities have reallocated street space in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was done to allow more social distancing for physical activity and to provide space for restaurants to offer outdoor dining. We used data collected via an online Qualtrics panel of New Jersey residents (n = 1,419) to evaluate how these street closures were viewed. Did people take advantage of the opportunity to dine outside? Was walking more attractive with more space? How did respondents feel about changes in traffic patterns due to the closures? Did people walk more frequently? Results suggested that there was substantial public support for these types of interventions that allowed for more walking and more lively town centers (about 40%–45% of respondents expressed support, and only 35% had negative views; a large share was neutral). Those with negative views believed that street closures increased congestion and that outdoor dining made it more difficult to walk.Takeaway for practiceIn New Jersey, many towns are considering making COVID-inspired street changes permanent. There is broad support for this, though transportation agencies remain an impediment. We suggest that the current groundswell of support for street changes represents a rare opportunity to implement street design changes that support pedestrians and outdoor activities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 93-106
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2058595
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2058595
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# input file: RJPA_A_2026808_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Bridget Fisher
Author-X-Name-First: Bridget
Author-X-Name-Last: Fisher
Author-Name: Flávia Leite
Author-X-Name-First: Flávia
Author-X-Name-Last: Leite
Author-Name: Rachel Weber
Author-X-Name-First: Rachel
Author-X-Name-Last: Weber
Title: Value Creation, Capture, and Destruction
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsMunicipalities relying on tax increment financing (TIF) to underwrite large-scale infrastructure and development projects assume that tax revenues from the increase in property values will be sufficient in the short run to cover capital expenses (i.e., that projects are self-financing). By examining a case of TIF in action, we move beyond expectations about how TIF should work in theory. Hudson Yards on the far West Side of Manhattan is one of the largest TIF projects in the United States in recent years and the first one implemented in New York City. We refined the conventional fiscal impact analysis approach by tracking costs and revenue flows of the project between 2005 and 2020 and comparing rents, assessed values, property tax appeals, abatements, and land prices across relevant submarkets. Through this exercise and critical reading of the literature, we developed a framework for analyzing TIF that treats property values as extrinsic and determined by the political arrangements and calculative negotiations that create, capture, and destroy them. Interactions between private property markets and governing bodies cause costs to fluctuate, responsibility for different expenditures and claims on new revenues to shift, and the location and magnitude of spillover effects to change over time. The flexibility of property values in Hudson Yards allowed the taxes to be used at cross-purposes, jeopardizing the payback streams and inflating risks shouldered by the public sector.Takeaway for practiceAlthough our findings are limited by the single case study approach, the creation–capture–destruction heuristic we developed can help planners modify their expectations of the future and spend economic development dollars more effectively in the present. We suggest that municipalities claw back subsidies upon a property’s sale through a local capital gains tax and restrict the use of appeals and abatements in TIF districts to limit the potential for value destruction.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 134-145
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2026808
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2026808
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# input file: RJPA_A_2126690_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Jesus M. Barajas
Author-X-Name-First: Jesus M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Barajas
Title: Spent Behind the Wheel: Drivers’ Labor in the Uber Economy
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 152-153
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2126690
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2126690
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# input file: RJPA_A_2050936_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Christopher Giamarino
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Giamarino
Author-Name: Madeline Brozen
Author-X-Name-First: Madeline
Author-X-Name-Last: Brozen
Author-Name: Evelyn Blumenberg
Author-X-Name-First: Evelyn
Author-X-Name-Last: Blumenberg
Title: Planning for and Against Vehicular Homelessness
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsShelter is a necessity, yet approximately 17 out of every 10,000 people in the United States are unhoused. Public attention to homelessness has centered on individuals sitting and sleeping in public spaces. However, as many as 50% of the unsheltered live in vehicles. For people sleeping in vehicles, finding a safe place to park is an ongoing challenge, further complicated by the growing number of ordinances restricting vehicular dwelling. We drew on point-in-time count data from the Los Angeles (CA) Homeless Services Authority to examine spatial patterns of vehicular homelessness in Los Angeles from 2016 to 2020. We tested the relationship between the presence of vehicle regulations and the number of people sleeping in vehicles. Although the data likely underestimated vehicular homelessness, we found that ordinances directly reduced the number of people living in vehicles in particular census tracts. On average, cities with citywide and overnight bans had greater impacts on people sleeping in vehicles than cities with less restrictive ordinances. However, the indirect effects in neighboring tracts were stronger and demonstrate the role of these ordinances in simply shifting the vehicular homeless between areas.Takeaway for practiceGiven the slow pace of delivering permanent housing for people experiencing homelessness, cities should reduce the harm and precariousness of living in vehicles. Strategies to do this include the reform of punitive vehicle towing and vehicle dwelling regulations. Safe parking programs can provide individuals with a safe place to park their vehicles at night, offer ancillary services, and deter harassment from neighborhood residents and the police. Longer term, transformative change will require additional policies and programs to place people into permanently affordable housing.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 80-92
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2050936
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2050936
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# input file: RJPA_A_2058065_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Hao Ding
Author-X-Name-First: Hao
Author-X-Name-Last: Ding
Author-Name: Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris
Author-X-Name-First: Anastasia
Author-X-Name-Last: Loukaitou-Sideris
Title: Racism by Design?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsWe examined land use and design controls in three municipalities in Los Angeles County (CA)—Alhambra, Arcadia, and San Gabriel—that have experienced a recent influx of Asian residents. We drew from archival research of newspaper articles, planning documents, city council and planning commission meeting minutes, and interviews with 14 local planners, architects, planning and design review commissioners, and resident groups. We found that the three cities developed stringent development controls, encouraged Anglo or Spanish heritage architectural styles, and issued new guidelines and ordinances during the period of changing demographics. These actions often stemmed from White residents’ fear of losing their neighborhoods and interest in maintaining their existing landscapes. We detail here four contestations relating to mansionization, architectural styles, historic preservation, and massage parlors.Takeaway for practiceThe study is important for planning practice because it shows that development controls and design guidelines may be developed in reaction to increased anxieties about immigration and in ways that counteract the interests and values of some minority residents. Planners in ethnically diverse communities need to be aware of and respond to the possible exclusionary effects of design and land use controls. They need to better listen to newcomers’ concerns, integrate their voices in decision making, and educate both newcomers and long-time residents about the importance of each other’s cultural heritage. Planners may seek to exercise professional ingenuity in developing and implementing design and planning regulations that better balance spatial identities and accommodate conflicting tastes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 120-133
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2058065
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2058065
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# input file: RJPA_A_2030785_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Annette M. Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Annette M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Author-Name: Kristy H.A. Kang
Author-X-Name-First: Kristy H.A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kang
Title: We Are Here
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsWith diversifying metropolises, American cities are being called upon to democratize heritage and recognize under-represented groups. Planners need strategies for fostering inclusive places of belonging that also build a cohesive civic polity. Our research project focused on the case of Los Angeles (CA), whose city council has evolved and managed “community naming” and other culture signage projects outside the purview of established heritage conservation programs. We created a database of 266 ethnic culture naming projects, mapped them, and interviewed the citizens and public servants involved in these projects to understand what needs this alternative cultural recognition process fills as well as the operational issues and lessons learned. We found that ethnic groups have sought official recognition of their presence and places of belonging that are not necessarily based on architectural excellence, property ownership, or historic significance. The city needed to formalize the processes for city-approved place naming and signage to promote transparency and cooperation between different groups. However, the current process involved mapping and managing symbolic space like physical property, which unnecessarily exacerbated competition and conflict. Instead, contemporary ethnic urbanism patterns have called for an alternative spatial concept and mapping that does not emphasize borders, but rather the centers of cultural gravity, and acknowledges the reality of physically interwoven communities.Takeaway for practiceCity leaders can help foster civic participation as well as multicultural cooperation by creating transparent, simple processes for ethnic groups to request symbolic cultural spaces that are officially recognized by the city through signage and maps. Planners could contribute by innovating new ways to map cultural spaces as centers of community that overlap and intersperse with other cultures rather than as exclusive territories to distribute.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 2-15
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2030785
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2030785
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# input file: RJPA_A_2038238_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Zachary Lamb
Author-X-Name-First: Zachary
Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb
Author-Name: Linda Shi
Author-X-Name-First: Linda
Author-X-Name-Last: Shi
Author-Name: Jason Spicer
Author-X-Name-First: Jason
Author-X-Name-Last: Spicer
Title: Why Do Planners Overlook Manufactured Housing and Resident-Owned Communities as Sources of Affordable Housing and Climate Transformation?
Abstract:
More Americans live in manufactured housing than in public and federally subsidized rental housing combined. Of the nearly 40,000 U.S. manufactured housing communities (MHCs), more than 1,000 are resident-owned communities (ROCs), a form of cooperative ownership. Yet planning research continues to neglect MHCs and ROCs, raising questions of classism and cultural bias. We address five common biases against MHCs and argue ROCs in particular deserve greater attention because they enable low-income people to improve their housing security in the face of financial and environmental vulnerabilities. Lessons from these efforts can help other alternative and collective housing providers do the same.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 72-79
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2038238
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2038238
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# input file: RJPA_A_2038659_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Xinyu Fu
Author-X-Name-First: Xinyu
Author-X-Name-Last: Fu
Author-Name: Chaosu Li
Author-X-Name-First: Chaosu
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Wei Zhai
Author-X-Name-First: Wei
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhai
Title: Using Natural Language Processing to Read Plans
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPlanners need to read plans to learn and adapt current practice. Planners may struggle to find time to read and study lengthy planning documents, especially in emerging areas such as climate change and urban resilience. Recently, natural language processing (NLP) has shown promise in processing big textual data. We asked whether planners could use NLP techniques to more efficiently extract useful and reliable information from planning documents. By analyzing 78 resilience plans from the 100 Resilient Cities Network, we found that results generated from topic modeling, which is an NLP technique, coincided to a large extent (80%) with those from the conventional content analysis approach. Topic modeling was generally effective and efficient in extracting the main information of plans, whereas the content analysis approach could find more in-depth details but at the expense of considerable time and effort. We further propose a transferrable model for cutting-edge planners to more efficiently read and study a large collection of plans using machine learning. Our methodology has limitations: Both topic modeling and content analysis can be subject to human bias and generate unreliable results; NLP text processing techniques may create inaccurate results due to their specific method limitations; and the transferable approach can be only applied to big textual data where there are enough sufficiently long documents.Takeaway for practiceNLP represents a valuable addition to the planner’s toolbox. Topic modeling coupled with other NLP techniques can help planners to effectively discover key topics in plans, identify planning priorities and plans of specific emphasis, and find relevant policies.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 107-119
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2038659
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2038659
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# input file: RJPA_A_2036222_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Jamey M. B. Volker
Author-X-Name-First: Jamey M. B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Volker
Author-Name: Susan Handy
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Handy
Title: Exploring Homeowners’ Openness to Building Accessory Dwelling Units in the Sacramento Metropolitan Area
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findings Accessory dwelling units (ADUs) are once again a hot topic, as communities across the United States face housing shortages and rising housing costs. For planners and policymakers attempting to facilitate ADU development, it is important to understand the homeowners who do not yet have one. Yet there is remarkably limited research on whether those homeowners are open to building an ADU, what motivations and obstacles they perceive regarding adding one, and why some homeowners do not want to build one at all. We surveyed 502 single-family homeowners in the Sacramento (CA) metropolitan area to investigate those three questions. Our findings suggest that up to 47% of single-family detached homeowners in the city of Sacramento could be open to building an ADU. Homeowners’ top-ranked motivation for adding one was housing themselves, family, or friends in the future. Cost-related concerns ranked as the biggest perceived obstacles. Homeowners who did not want an ADU cited a mixture of logistical challenges and potentially more immutable personal preferences.Takeaway for practiceOur findings suggest five lessons for planners. First, permissive regulation is an essential, but not sufficient, step toward addressing homeowners’ perceptions of regulatory obstacles. Second, local government regulations are not the only source of ADU restrictions. Third, even where ADUs are technically allowed, it can still be an arduous process to get one permitted. Fourth, cost remains a big obstacle to building ADUs. Fifth, homeowners—especially low-income households—need better financing options.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 45-60
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2036222
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2036222
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# input file: RJPA_A_2109927_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Stefan Norgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Stefan
Author-X-Name-Last: Norgaard
Title: The Paradox of Urban Revitalization: Progress and Poverty in America’s Postindustrial Era
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 151-152
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2109927
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2109927
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# input file: RJPA_A_2033637_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Paul Hess
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Hess
Author-Name: Michael Piper
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Piper
Author-Name: Andre Sorensen
Author-X-Name-First: Andre
Author-X-Name-Last: Sorensen
Title: Can We Retrofit Suburban Arterials?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsThe multilane arterial roadway is a central feature of post–World War II (WWII) suburbs that challenges efforts to create more transit-oriented regions. Retrofitting suburbs is an important planning goal, but research examining the urban form of arterials and their potential for transformation has been scarce. We analyzed four suburban corridors in the Toronto (Canada) region developed during different periods of suburbanization. We found that the walkability of corridors declined as modernist planning ideas were more fully implemented, and then walkability increased as new urbanist ideas began to influence planning in the 1990s. Over time, however, the retrofit potential declined across all corridors studied, with patterns of lots and development becoming ever more static. Understanding these patterns is important to developing successful strategies for retrofitting suburban arterials.Takeaway for practiceArterial roadway corridors present potential to bring transit-oriented, walkable urban places near large areas of automobile-dependent suburbs and should be a primary focus for retrofitting research and practice. We present here a set of metrics that rely on readily available data, are not complex to carry out, and produce mapping and visualization that is legible and allows comparison across corridors. We suggest that local governments should be routinely studying and evaluating the potential for retrofit and intensification of all such corridors within their jurisdiction. Planners should seek to develop approaches to managing future corridor development to permit greater adaptability in response to future economic, transportation, and climate changes and vulnerabilities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 16-30
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2033637
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2033637
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# input file: RJPA_A_2035247_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Maxwell Hartt
Author-X-Name-First: Maxwell
Author-X-Name-Last: Hartt
Author-Name: Geoff DeVerteuil
Author-X-Name-First: Geoff
Author-X-Name-Last: DeVerteuil
Author-Name: Ruth Potts
Author-X-Name-First: Ruth
Author-X-Name-Last: Potts
Title: Age-Unfriendly by Design
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsThe world’s population is aging at a rapid rate, yet many local built and social environments are not well suited to support older adults. Australia exemplifies the demographic–environmental disconnect because it is one of the world’s most suburban nations and has one of the proportionally largest baby boom generations. In this research we examined the relationship between built and social environments with respect to older adult vulnerability in Greater Melbourne (Australia). We found that neighborhoods with lower levels of built environment support also had lower levels of social infrastructure. The spatial imbalance across the region was most pronounced when considering the spatial distribution of older adults aged 85 years and older. Our analysis of policymaker interviews revealed a marked disconnect between the scale and scope of the challenges of suburban aging and the state and local government response. Limitations of the study included the operationalization of built environment and social infrastructure variables.Takeaway for practiceAge-friendly planning and design cannot be limited to the “easier stuff” such as communication and information, social participation, and respect and inclusion. Suburban built environments require more effort and investment in transportation, housing, and outdoor spaces and buildings to support the physical and mental wellbeing of older adults aging in place. Walkable suburban neighborhoods with high levels of accessible social infrastructure will help build community connections and encourage older adult physical activity and social engagement.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 31-44
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2035247
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2035247
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# input file: RJPA_A_2144700_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: What Tense Is a Plan
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 1-1
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2144700
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2144700
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# input file: RJPA_A_2109928_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Elizabeth J. Mueller
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller
Title: Tate: Post-Rational Planning: A Solutions-Oriented Call to Justice
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 156-156
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2109928
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2109928
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# input file: RJPA_A_2145071_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Carlton Basmajian
Author-X-Name-First: Carlton
Author-X-Name-Last: Basmajian
Title: The Swamp Peddlers
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 147-148
Issue: 1
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2145071
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2145071
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# input file: RJPA_A_2094450_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Maryam Khojasteh
Author-X-Name-First: Maryam
Author-X-Name-Last: Khojasteh
Title: Unplanned Food Access
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsU.S. suburbs have increasingly diversified in the past 2 decades. Most working-class and lower income immigrant households settle in older suburbs of metro regions, reversing their decline. In this study I examined the multifaceted contribution of immigrant food entrepreneurs toward the wellbeing of a multiethnic, working-class suburb (Upper Darby, PA). This mixed-methods study relied on historical research, a survey, and field observation to explore how immigrant-run food stores shaped the food environment. The historical research examined the contribution of immigrant food businesses to vacancy and food access over time and found that persistent operation, ownership, and business transfer of ethnic food businesses stabilized the community and provided continuous access to food. A cross-sectional survey of a sample of residents demonstrated that ethnic food businesses contributed to the diversity and density of the food environment, creating a healthier environment and enabling residents to navigate it according to their needs, preferences, and budgets. The sample size was relatively small (n = 115) for this exploratory research design. Insufficient data points and large number of explanatory variables posed challenges for some statistical tests (e.g., multinomial logistic regression), which did not yield strong results.Takeaway for practiceCommunity development stakeholders, including planners, recognize newcomers’ contributions toward labor markets and local economies but have paid less attention to the health effects of immigrant revitalization. This study’s findings call planners’ attention to equitable development practices, such as creating economic inclusion pathways for immigrant populations, as an important strategy to invest in equitable, multicultural, and healthy communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 210-224
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2094450
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2094450
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174347_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Michelle Meyer
Author-X-Name-First: Michelle
Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer
Title: Underwater: Loss, Flood Insurance, and the Moral Economy of Climate Change in the United States
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 258-259
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174347
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174347
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# input file: RJPA_A_2041466_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Benjamin W. Chrisinger
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chrisinger
Title: Getting to Root Causes
Abstract:
Many planning and health collaborations name the built environment as an “upstream” factor for health disparities. Though some give mention to the structural dimensions of inequality (e.g., unequal distribution of income, discriminatory policies and practices), these are rarely the focus of planning–health study. Though this narrower approach is pragmatic, it restricts the policymaking discourse to potential built environment solutions that tend not to affect structural inequalities. I argue that equity planning can help focus research and practice on the root causes of unhealthy urban forms and unequal opportunities and engage directly with the challenging redistributional questions they require.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 160-166
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2041466
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2041466
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# input file: RJPA_A_2069590_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Ahoura Zandiatashbar
Author-X-Name-First: Ahoura
Author-X-Name-Last: Zandiatashbar
Author-Name: Agustina Laurito
Author-X-Name-First: Agustina
Author-X-Name-Last: Laurito
Title: An Empirical Analysis of the Link Between Built Environment and Safety in Chicago’s Transit Station Areas
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsConsidering that safety is a key environmental factor that promotes health, understanding the relationship between built environment features around transit station areas and crime may shed light on how to foster healthy communities. Yet, there is limited work that has examined how the combination of different built environment features around transit correlate with different crimes. We addressed this issue in this study using data from Chicago (IL). First, we used cluster analysis to classify stations in Chicago in a spectrum from transit-oriented development (TOD) to transit-adjacent development (TAD) categories depending on their built environment characteristics: central business district (CBD)–TOD, TOD, hybrid, and TAD. Then, we identified the block groups that fell within a 1-mile network distance of each of these station areas and used propensity score matching to find adequate comparison block groups for them. Results from our analyses show that CBD station areas with the highest activity density, land use diversity, amenity richness, accessibility, and walkability (i.e., CBD–TOD) were the safest. In contrast, TOD areas with medium activity density and land use diversity but high amenity richness, walkability, and accessibility appeared to be the least safe. That said, low levels across these built environment features as found in TAD station areas also correlated with higher crime.Takeaway for practiceThese findings suggest the importance of balancing amenity richness and accessibility with density and land use diversity. Areas rich in amenities but with lower levels of land use diversity and density may attract crime victims and offenders while facilitating spaces in which the availability of eyes on the street or guardians is low. As such, these station areas may be poor promoters of healthy communities if high crime rates deter people from engaging in active mobility promoted by greater walkability, connectivity, and amenity richness.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 225-239
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2069590
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2069590
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174354_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Nisha Botchwey
Author-X-Name-First: Nisha
Author-X-Name-Last: Botchwey
Author-Name: Bruce Stiftel
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce
Author-X-Name-Last: Stiftel
Author-Name: Christopher Coutts
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Coutts
Author-Name: Catherine Ross
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Ross
Author-Name: Olivia Chatman
Author-X-Name-First: Olivia
Author-X-Name-Last: Chatman
Title: Community Design and Revitalization to Promote Health
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 157-159
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174354
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174354
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:89:y:2023:i:2:p:157-159
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174349_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez
Title: Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 261-262
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174349
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174349
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# input file: RJPA_A_2072370_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Samina Raja
Author-X-Name-First: Samina
Author-X-Name-Last: Raja
Author-Name: Athar Parvaiz
Author-X-Name-First: Athar
Author-X-Name-Last: Parvaiz
Author-Name: Lanika Sanders
Author-X-Name-First: Lanika
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanders
Author-Name: Alexandra Judelsohn
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Judelsohn
Author-Name: Shireen Guru
Author-X-Name-First: Shireen
Author-X-Name-Last: Guru
Author-Name: Mona Bhan
Author-X-Name-First: Mona
Author-X-Name-Last: Bhan
Author-Name: Goldie Osuri
Author-X-Name-First: Goldie
Author-X-Name-Last: Osuri
Author-Name: Mehroosh Tak
Author-X-Name-First: Mehroosh
Author-X-Name-Last: Tak
Author-Name: Yeeli Mui
Author-X-Name-First: Yeeli
Author-X-Name-Last: Mui
Author-Name: Emmanuel Frimpong Boamah
Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Frimpong Boamah
Title: Planning and Food Sovereignty in Conflict Cities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsProtracted political conflicts disrupt people's lives, including their ability to feed themselves. Urban planning, operating within the ambit of the state, impacts food systems in conflict cities. We examine the confluence of planning and political misgovernance on food sovereignty in conflict cities. We do so by documenting the experiences of urban growers who cultivate, eat, and distribute indigenous greens (haakh) in the city of Srinagar in the Himalayan belt of Jammu and Kashmir, the site of a protracted conflict. Experiences of growers were analyzed within the context of the city's complex urban planning landscape. Empirical methods included qualitative interviews of urban growers (n = 40) and review of land use plans and policies. We found that haakh production ensured access to affordable, nutritious, and culturally celebrated greens for haakh growing households. That said, intersecting burdens from undemocratic governance and militarism (from India), weak forms of local planning (within Srinagar), and climate change threaten urban growers' work, and imperils food sovereignty. Completing a study in a conflict region was extraordinarily challenging. The study's generalizability is limited by its short duration and small sample size—the inductive findings set the stage for future research.Takeaway for practiceConflict cities are a reminder that urban planning is anything but technical. Planning curricula must prepare future planners for the politics of planning. Planners in conflict cities are in liminal positions—between the state and the public. To the best of their ability, planners in conflict cities such as Srinagar have to protect smallholder growers' control of their food system, especially over land and water. The monitoring, recording, and suspension of contested or undemocratic land conversions, land grabs, or land transfers without full consent of indigenous and local peoples ought to be a local and international policy priority.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 183-195
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2072370
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2072370
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174345_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Neema Kudva
Author-X-Name-First: Neema
Author-X-Name-Last: Kudva
Title: In the Images of Development: City Design in the Global South
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 256-257
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174345
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174345
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174346_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Brian J. McCabe
Author-X-Name-First: Brian J.
Author-X-Name-Last: McCabe
Title: Homelessness Is a Housing Problem: How Structural Factors Explain U.S. Patterns
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 254-255
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174346
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174346
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# input file: RJPA_A_2050280_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Lindsey Soon
Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey
Author-X-Name-Last: Soon
Author-Name: Jason Gilliland
Author-X-Name-First: Jason
Author-X-Name-Last: Gilliland
Author-Name: Leia M. Minaker
Author-X-Name-First: Leia M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Minaker
Title: Junk Food Accessibility After 10 Years of a Restrictive Food Environment Zoning Policy Around Schools
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsZoning has been proposed as a way of reducing unhealthy food access for youth, but little research has evaluated outcomes of proposed or existing junk food bans, and even less research has considered equity implications of such zoning policies. In this simulation study, set in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario (Canada), we examined how secondary student access to fast food restaurants and convenience stores would change under such a policy over 10 years in a mid-sized Canadian municipality. Outcomes are presented by school-level advantage (derived from the proportion of students in equity-deserving subgroups: low income, students who speak English as an additional language, and students not born in Canada). Current fast food restaurant and convenience store access was higher around schools with a higher proportion of equity-deserving students, and access remained higher around these schools even after 10 years under each policy scenario. After 10 years, the mean number of fast food restaurants and convenience stores within a 1-km network distance still exceeded five unhealthy outlets for both disadvantaged and advantaged schools, which was above the threshold associated with lower junk food consumption among youth. These findings bring into question the potential effectiveness and equity implications of restrictive zoning policies aimed at protecting youth from poor-quality food environments.Takeaway for practicePlanners may consider prioritizing interventions to improve the healthfulness of food environments around schools where there are large proportions of equity-deserving students, but consideration of different interventions seems warranted in this context.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 196-209
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2050280
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2050280
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# input file: RJPA_A_2052157_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Vinit Mukhija
Author-X-Name-First: Vinit
Author-X-Name-Last: Mukhija
Author-Name: Lois M. Takahashi
Author-X-Name-First: Lois M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi
Title: Enhancing Sharing Capabilities
Abstract:
The global COVID-19 pandemic has led households to find creative ways to share resources to address isolation, stress, and anxiety. We build on these social experiments to suggest that sharing in housing and neighborhoods can lead to better mental health and wellbeing. The capabilities approach, popularized by philosophers Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, provides a theoretical perspective for integrating sharing options into housing and neighborhood design, regulation, and investment. We offer a framework delineating dimensions of sharing that has the potential to encourage more sharing and shift planning emphasis from housing as an outcome to one that promotes sharing.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 175-182
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2052157
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2052157
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174348_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Alessandro Rigolon
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Rigolon
Title: Parks for Profit: Selling Nature in the City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 260-261
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174348
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174348
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174366_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Jake Wegmann
Author-X-Name-First: Jake
Author-X-Name-Last: Wegmann
Title: Remaking the American Dream: The Informal and Formal Transformation of Single-Family Housing Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 253-254
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174366
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174366
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# input file: RJPA_A_2079550_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Patrice C. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Patrice C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Andrew Binet
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Binet
Author-Name: Dana M. Alhasan
Author-X-Name-First: Dana M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Alhasan
Author-Name: Nyree M. Riley
Author-X-Name-First: Nyree M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Riley
Author-Name: Chandra L. Jackson
Author-X-Name-First: Chandra L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson
Title: Urban Planning for Health Equity Must Employ an Intersectionality Framework
Abstract:
Urban planning for health equity should be guided by an intersectional approach. Intersectionality is an essential framework for understanding the multiple overlapping factors, such as social and economic inequalities, that produce health disparities. We offer four strategies that planning researchers and practitioners can use to develop and integrate an intersectional approach into planning for health equity: challenging implicit and explicit assumptions, building cross-sectoral coalitions united by a shared vision for social and environmental justice, applying transdisciplinary and co-designing approaches throughout the planning process, and using existing tools to evaluate the impact of programs and policies on advancing health equity.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 167-174
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2079550
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2079550
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# input file: RJPA_A_2133324_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Nick R. Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Nick R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Title: Building Colonial Hong Kong: Speculative Development and Segregation in the City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 255-256
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2133324
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2133324
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174750_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Margot W. Garcia
Author-X-Name-First: Margot W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia
Title: The Accidental Ecosystem: People and Wildlife in American Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 259-260
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174750
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174750
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# input file: RJPA_A_2061578_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Mike Harris
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Harris
Author-Name: Peter McCue
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: McCue
Title: Pop-Up Cycleways
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsGovernment agencies are increasingly interested in accelerating cycleway infrastructure to achieve co-benefits of increased physical activity, transport efficiencies, and reduced greenhouse emissions. Comprehensive evidence supports this policy direction, yet delivery of infrastructure in many cities remains slow, fragmented, and wrought with political struggle. Political forces, rather than a lack of evidence, appear to be the key challenge to implementing active transport policies. In this study we used Kingdon’s multiple stream theory to examine the policy development process that led to the rapid installation of pop-up cycleways in Sydney (Australia) in response to COVID-19.Takeaway for practiceSignificant disruption to regular transport services induced by the COVID-19 pandemic created a policy window where political expediency resulted in rapid implementation of active transport–friendly policy and legislative changes. The policy realignment occurred due to increased government agency collaboration and the elevation of cycling to an unprecedented level of priority within government. This study shows the value of ongoing commitment to evidence-based policy solutions to clearly identified urban challenges despite institutional barriers, the need to develop political alliances for when opportunities for policy change arise, and the need to swiftly capitalize on these policy windows when they open. This case study provides insights for cycling policy development in jurisdictions traditionally burdened by skepticism and reluctance to implement bicycle infrastructure by revealing the multivalent nature of policy adoption.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 240-252
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2061578
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2061578
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174350_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Matthew Wargent
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Wargent
Title: Digital Participatory Planning: Citizen Engagement, Democracy, and Design
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 262-264
Issue: 2
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174350
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174350
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# input file: RJPA_A_2099955_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Andrew Binet
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Binet
Author-Name: Rebecca Houston-Read
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Houston-Read
Author-Name: Vedette Gavin
Author-X-Name-First: Vedette
Author-X-Name-Last: Gavin
Author-Name: Carl Baty
Author-X-Name-First: Carl
Author-X-Name-Last: Baty
Author-Name: Dina Abreu
Author-X-Name-First: Dina
Author-X-Name-Last: Abreu
Author-Name: Josée Genty
Author-X-Name-First: Josée
Author-X-Name-Last: Genty
Author-Name: Andrea Tulloch
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Tulloch
Author-Name: Azan Reid
Author-X-Name-First: Azan
Author-X-Name-Last: Reid
Author-Name: Mariana Arcaya
Author-X-Name-First: Mariana
Author-X-Name-Last: Arcaya
Title: The Urban Infrastructure of Care
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy and findingsAround the world, people’s life-sustaining capacities for caring for one another are overextended in unequal and unsustainable ways, with major implications for gender, racial, and health equity in cities. Here we explore how care work depends on the urban environment and how planning can enhance the social and material conditions for caregiving in cities. We analyzed semistructured interviews with family caregivers across the Boston (MA) metropolitan area conducted as part of a participatory action research study. We found that caregivers’ day-to-day efforts to meet the needs of their dependents relied on the availability and adequacy of specific components of the urban environment, which we argue comprise an urban infrastructure of care. When this infrastructure is inadequate or incomplete in a caregiver’s context, they must work harder to ensure satisfactory background conditions for caregiving. By shaping the extent and nature of this infrastructural labor, the urban environment influences what the work of care involves, how difficult and taxing this work is, and the sociospatial distribution of the burden of this labor.Takeaway for practicePlanning for care is a necessary element of building equitable, livable, healthy, and just cities. We offer an empirically grounded framework for making matters of care visible and valued in planning via an infrastructural approach that treats the urban environment as a social and material technology that makes care possible. We recommend strategies for integrating care as an outcome of concern into planning decisions and practices and for making coordinated investments in urban infrastructures of care that seek to more equitably distribute resources for and burdens of care in cities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 282-294
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2099955
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2099955
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174753_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Max Buchholz
Author-X-Name-First: Max
Author-X-Name-Last: Buchholz
Title: Justice at Work: The Rise of Economic and Racial Justice Coalitions in Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 401-402
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174753
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174753
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# input file: RJPA_A_2083008_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Lara Sucupira Furtado
Author-X-Name-First: Lara Sucupira
Author-X-Name-Last: Furtado
Author-Name: Jessica Morgan Payne
Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Morgan
Author-X-Name-Last: Payne
Title: Inclusive Creative Placemaking Through Participatory Mural Design in Springfield (MA)
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPublic art is a beneficial creative placemaking strategy that can establish spaces for public expression, a sense of belonging, and social interactions. However, there remains a shortage of case studies documenting its tangible positive impacts in minoritized communities. We sought to fill that gap by investigating community engagement processes in the multiple stages of planning, conceptualization, and materialization of the Fresh Paint Springfield mural festival in 2019 in Springfield (MA). Through observation of one mural that was designed and painted in collaboration with hundreds of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) residents and in-depth interviews with residents, sponsors, and artists, we present public art mural installations as an inclusive creative placemaking strategy. Findings showed three aspects that fostered community pride and sense of belonging: first, artists engaged with downtown residents in multiple stages of the mural installation; second, the artistic product was intentionally designed as a culturally specific depiction of members of the local community; and last, the open-door studio policy used by the muralist in our case study instigated community member participation and broke the status quo of artists as singular producers of mural art. If given institutional support, artists are key stakeholders who promote aesthetics of belonging, adopt methods that empower residents, and create meaningful and accessible art.Takeaway for practiceCertain aspects of the festival organization generated convivial spaces and opportunities for sharing among community members. First, meaningful engagement must be at the forefront of creative placemaking strategies in terms of curating artists, participatory methodologies, and representative designs. The festival format with multiple murals offered advantages to increase buy-in from building owners and sponsors and increase the impact of public art. Last, institutions can anticipate and take on processes such as securing wall permissions, negotiating insurance, and fundraising to allow artists to thrive.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 310-323
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2083008
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2083008
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174368_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Kelly Clifton
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly
Author-X-Name-Last: Clifton
Title: A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 409-409
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174368
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174368
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# input file: RJPA_A_2074872_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Léa Ravensbergen
Author-X-Name-First: Léa
Author-X-Name-Last: Ravensbergen
Author-Name: Ahmed El-Geneidy
Author-X-Name-First: Ahmed
Author-X-Name-Last: El-Geneidy
Title: Toward Evidence-Based Urban Planning
Abstract:
Literature reviews can play a pivotal role in designing urban policies. Here we introduce two tools used by public health specialists to assess the quality of studies and quantify the evidence derived from them: the Risk of Bias Assessment (RoB) and Evaluation of Certainty of Evidence (ECE). The RoB scores articles on several domains (e.g., selection bias, study design, etc.) to provide an appraisal of how rigorous the study is, whereas the ECE tool provides a framework to clearly state how much certainty there is in the outcomes under study. Both tools can be used to enhance literature review articles in urban planning to better inform practitioners on how to best develop policies using a rigorous approach.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 389-398
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2074872
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2074872
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# input file: RJPA_A_2106291_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Michael Manville
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Manville
Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen
Author-X-Name-First: Paavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen
Author-Name: Nolan Gray
Author-X-Name-First: Nolan
Author-X-Name-Last: Gray
Author-Name: Shane Phillips
Author-X-Name-First: Shane
Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips
Title: Does Discretion Delay Development?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsLocal governments sometimes approve multifamily housing through a discretionary process, meaning a public body must vote to entitle the proposal before it can seek a building permit. By-right entitlement, in contrast, allows developers to apply directly for a building permit. We tested the hypothesis that by-right approvals are faster. Faster approval can make multifamily development more feasible, which can in turn improve housing affordability. Analyses of approval pathways are often confounded by project size and complexity, but we exploited a provision in the Los Angeles Transit-Oriented Communities (TOC) program that allowed many large projects to use by-right approval. Using data from roughly 350 multifamily projects permitted in Los Angeles (CA) from January 2018 through March 2020, we compared approval timelines for both by-right and discretionary projects. We found that by-right projects were permitted 28% faster than discretionary projects, controlling for project and neighborhood characteristics. By-right projects also had less variance in their approval times, suggesting that by-right approval offers not just more speed but more certainty.Takeaway for practicePlanners should create more opportunities for multifamily housing to be permitted by-right. Despite some selection bias in our study, evidence from the TOC program suggests that creating a by-right option would accelerate approval time and thus substantially benefit housing production. The faster approval timelines, moreover, have been accompanied by an increase in average project size and the number of units reserved for low-income households.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 336-347
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2106291
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2106291
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# input file: RJPA_A_2078735_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Casey Dawkins
Author-X-Name-First: Casey
Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins
Title: Placing U.S. Federal Housing Policy on a Secure Foundation: The SHELTER Plan
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsU.S. housing advocates have called for a fundamental rethinking of the nation’s federal housing policies. In this study, I examined the geographic and household-level consequences of a plan that redistributes federal income tax expenditures from homeowners to very-low-income households. I propose, defend, and illustrate the effects of the SHELTER plan, a redistributive policy that a) is revenue neutral, b) is tenure neutral, c) is progressive, d) prioritizes local redistribution, and e) targets excess revenues to affordable housing production subsidies in communities where an increase in cash-based housing assistance is most likely to inflate housing rents. I demonstrate that the savings from the elimination of four homeownership tax expenditures would provide more than enough revenue to fund a universal housing allowance for all very-low-income households. Ignoring housing market adjustments, the plan would reduce housing cost burdens for the nation’s very-low-income renters by 36% and reduce very-low-income homeowners’ cost burdens by 28%.Takeaway for practiceThe SHELTER plan would provide a new foundation for local affordable housing and community development practice. Very-low-income households would receive a guaranteed housing allowance with no strings attached and local planners would have new roles in the design and implementation of localized solutions to the affordable housing crisis.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 324-335
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2078735
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2078735
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174751_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Clinton J. Andrews
Author-X-Name-First: Clinton J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Andrews
Title: The Greening of America’s Building Codes: Promises and Paradoxes
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 406-407
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174751
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174751
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# input file: RJPA_A_2210498_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Reflections on the Editorial
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 265-266
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2210498
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2210498
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# input file: RJPA_A_2087724_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Larissa Larsen
Author-X-Name-First: Larissa
Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen
Author-Name: Carina J. Gronlund
Author-X-Name-First: Carina J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gronlund
Author-Name: Kaan Cem Ketenci
Author-X-Name-First: Kaan Cem
Author-X-Name-Last: Ketenci
Author-Name: Sharon L. Harlan
Author-X-Name-First: Sharon L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Harlan
Author-Name: David M. Hondula
Author-X-Name-First: David M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hondula
Author-Name: Brian Stone
Author-X-Name-First: Brian
Author-X-Name-Last: Stone
Author-Name: Kevin Lanza
Author-X-Name-First: Kevin
Author-X-Name-Last: Lanza
Author-Name: Evan Mallen
Author-X-Name-First: Evan
Author-X-Name-Last: Mallen
Author-Name: Mary K. Wright
Author-X-Name-First: Mary K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wright
Author-Name: Marie S. O’Neill
Author-X-Name-First: Marie S.
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Neill
Title: Safe at Home?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsIndoor residential environments will be an increasing source of dangerous heat exposure as summer temperatures rise. Although air conditioning is a recognized preventative measure, many vulnerable residents either lack air conditioning or cannot always afford the electricity. Understanding the relative influence of different building characteristics and percentages of tree canopy coverage on indoor air temperatures during extreme heat events can help prioritize intervention strategies. We measured indoor and outdoor temperatures at 140 homes in Detroit (MI), Atlanta (GA), and Phoenix (AZ) and surveyed residents to determine the presence of a working central air-conditioning system and their ability to afford utilities. For each home, we collected information on construction year, interior size, single versus multifamily structure, façade type, and percentage of tree canopy. After air conditioning, the importance of building characteristics versus tree canopy measures varied by city. In Detroit, masonry façades worsened the influence of outdoor temperatures, whereas increased tree canopy coverage moderated the influence. In Atlanta, building characteristics were not significant, but tree canopy moderated indoor temperatures in late afternoon. In Phoenix, some building characteristics moderated the influence of outdoor temperatures in late afternoon.Takeaway for practiceIn Detroit, only 35% of respondents had and used central air conditioning as needed compared with 57% in Atlanta and 95% in Phoenix. The influence of tree canopy and building characteristics on indoor temperatures varied by city depending on its background climate. We recommend adding questions about air conditioning and utility poverty to the U.S. Census. For rental properties, municipalities should establish and enforce maximum indoor temperature thresholds. States should include cooling in their Low Income Home Energy Assistance (LIHEAP) programs. Public cooling centers need to anticipate electricity outages. Urban planners must ensure efforts to increase mechanical cooling are powered by renewable energy sources.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 363-375
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2087724
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2087724
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# input file: RJPA_A_2190276_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Elizabeth Mueller
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller
Title: Collateral Damages: Landlords and the Urban Housing Crisis
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 408-409
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2190276
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2190276
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174369_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Ivis García
Author-X-Name-First: Ivis
Author-X-Name-Last: García
Title: American Dreams, American Nightmares: Culture & Crisis in Residential Real Estate From the Great Recession to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 405-406
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174369
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174369
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# input file: RJPA_A_2200119_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Ashley Hernandez
Author-X-Name-First: Ashley
Author-X-Name-Last: Hernandez
Title: Building Downtown Los Angeles: The Politics of Race and Place in Urban America
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 400-401
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2200119
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2200119
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# input file: RJPA_A_2105740_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Qingfang Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Qingfang
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Title: Planning for an Inclusive Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsThe coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on small businesses in the United States. However, small business resilience scholarship has seldom investigated the experiences of minority-owned businesses. In this study I used an evolutionary resilience perspective to examine the experiences of Latina-owned businesses (LaOBs) in inland Southern California in coping with the pandemic. I conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, both before and following the start of COVID-19, with a broad array of stakeholders from multiple sectors of the community. By triangulating their different perspectives, I found that the short-term crisis attributed to COVID-19 stems from long-term underinvestment in entrepreneurship and business development in underserved communities. Socioeconomic vulnerability at both the individual and community levels affects LaOBs’ resilience, a resilience conditioned by pre-pandemic networking and the institutional structures existing in underserved communities. This study is limited because it focused on only one study area, and it did not have access to large-scale quantitative data for comparative studies across ethnic groups and places.Takeaway for practiceBuilding preparedness and resilience among racial and ethnic minority-owned businesses requires continuous investment in technology, education, and social network building in underserved communities, as well as the fostering of an inclusive entrepreneurship ecosystem. Planners should acknowledge and embrace a growing, critical mass of LaOBs as an opportunity to support economic and community development. Economic development policies, workforce development, and social policies targeting poverty alleviation and immigrant integration should be considered together. Engaging with the needs and aspirations of LaOBs and their communities will help generate more meaningful policies for underserved communities like these. The findings call for a forward-looking attitude toward developing a more transformational agenda that opens opportunities for underrepresented voices and challenges the problematic power structures existing in today’s society.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 295-309
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2105740
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2105740
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# input file: RJPA_A_2190275_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Gregg Colburn
Author-X-Name-First: Gregg
Author-X-Name-Last: Colburn
Title: Yes to the City: Millennials and the Fight for Affordable Housing
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 404-405
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2190275
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2190275
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# input file: RJPA_A_2200120_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: June Manning Thomas
Author-X-Name-First: June Manning
Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas
Title: Dark Agoras: Insurgent Black Social Life and the Politics of Place
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 399-400
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2200120
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2200120
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# input file: RJPA_A_2073904_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Nicholas Kelly
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly
Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen
Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould
Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen
Title: Planning for Opportunity
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsAlthough there is strong evidence that living in high-opportunity neighborhoods can improve the long-run educational and economic outcomes of children, translating this into practical advice for planners is difficult. There is little consensus about how to operationalize neighborhood opportunity, and planning discussions rarely consider how much that opportunity costs, even though planners around the country must grapple with the typically higher cost of providing housing in opportunity areas. We offer concrete guidance to planners about how to best overcome these barriers. We argue for a streamlined measure called the school–violence–poverty (SVP) index based on three contemporary metrics that research shows enhance economic mobility for children: school quality, violent crime, and poverty. Combining the SVP index with data on rental prices in New York City (NY) and Greater Boston (MA), we identified a collection of high-opportunity bargain neighborhoods with lower rents than expected given their opportunity metrics and housing characteristics. We found that high-opportunity bargain areas tended to be more affordable because they lacked amenities such as restaurants and proximity to the city center that are associated with higher rents but are unlikely to be very related to children’s economic mobility.Takeaway for practiceHere we provide a streamlined, easy-to-use index for planners to identify high-opportunity bargain areas in their communities. It has direct implications for planners attempting to stretch limited budgets by helping planners decide where to get the most opportunity for their taxpayer dollars when building affordable housing and how to empower low-income families to weigh tradeoffs about where to live and achieve better neighborhood matches. The simplicity of the index can empower families to access areas that are more affordable and offer robust public services for their children.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 267-281
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2073904
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2073904
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# input file: RJPA_A_2071324_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Tonya Haigh
Author-X-Name-First: Tonya
Author-X-Name-Last: Haigh
Author-Name: Elliot Wickham
Author-X-Name-First: Elliot
Author-X-Name-Last: Wickham
Author-Name: Samantha Hamlin
Author-X-Name-First: Samantha
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamlin
Author-Name: Cody Knutson
Author-X-Name-First: Cody
Author-X-Name-Last: Knutson
Title: Planning Strategies and Barriers to Achieving Local Drought Preparedness
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsHere we describe a critical link between drought risk management and planning at the local level, the traditional lack of overlap between these fields, and current and future opportunities for addressing drought within local drought planning. We used a national survey of American Planning Association members (n = 537) to examine local planners’ perceptions of drought planning strategies and barriers, as well as their jurisdictions’ current and future drought-addressing plans. Explanatory factors included planner experience, communication with water managers and hazard planners, and factors characterizing the drought threat and capacity of their jurisdictions. We found planners most amenable to collaboration with water conservation and hazard mitigation planning processes, somewhat amenable toward integrating drought into local land use plans and day-to-day policies, and less interested in undertaking standalone drought plans. Current and future drought planning endeavors were largely driven by the threat of drought and less so by the resources found within planners’ jurisdictions. State plans and mandates played a role by requiring plans and/or providing capacity for the process. Future planning efforts may be limited by the barriers planners perceive. Funding, in terms of local tax resources, does not appear to restrict where drought planning has taken place to date. Planners’ perceptions of leadership, political will, data, and coordination across jurisdictions as barriers are lessened through experience, communication with water managers and/or hazard planners, and state mitigation plans.Takeaway for practicePreparing for future drought impacts may require communities to adopt mitigation actions through local planning processes. Local planners may prefer to address drought through water and hazard plans, but land use plans and standalone plans may also be important tools for effective mitigation where drought poses a threat. Some of the barriers that planners face may be reduced through experience and communication with water and hazard planners, as well as their states’ engagement in statewide drought mitigation plans.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 348-362
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2071324
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2071324
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# input file: RJPA_A_2093259_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Orly Linovski
Author-X-Name-First: Orly
Author-X-Name-Last: Linovski
Title: Planners in Publicly Traded Firms
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsDespite recent interest in the experiences of planners working in the private sector, much research does not distinguish between different organizational contexts. A key change in the consultancy market is the rise of global, publicly traded firms that provide planning services. This research draws on interviews with planners working in publicly traded firms to understand the opportunities and constraints from this model of practice. Though some planners noted opportunities in publicly traded firms, participants identified more constraints or limitations related to this model of practice. Scaling up of firm size offered benefits, such as opportunities for collaboration, but these were limited by organizational structures that promoted competition and cost-cutting strategies. Financial pressures and market demands can affect professional practice, such as through increased time spent on financial reporting and capacity issues from frequent turnover in staff. As a small, low-value component of traded firms, planners experienced issues with reduced resources, difficulties with staffing, and a lack of understanding the role of planning. A limitation of the research is that relying on self-reported data may not fully reflect ethical or professional breaches.Takeaway for practiceIncreased collaboration across disciplines and geographies may improve project outcomes, though planners’ concerns about lack of capacity and oversight point to concerns for the clients of consultants, as well as professional associations. There is a need for commissioning agencies, particularly in the public sector, to pay close attention to issues of procurement and develop strategies to evaluate project work. In firms where planning is a small business line and subordinate to more profitable services, there may be emerging ethical and practice issues that have not received sufficient attention in professional codes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 376-388
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2093259
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2093259
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174370_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Umit Yilmaz
Author-X-Name-First: Umit
Author-X-Name-Last: Yilmaz
Author-Name: Sonia A. Hirt
Author-X-Name-First: Sonia A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hirt
Title: Arbitrary Lines: How Zoning Broke the American City and How to Fix It
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 403-403
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174370
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174370
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# input file: RJPA_A_2174756_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Author-Name: Catherine Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 407-408
Issue: 3
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174756
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174756
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# input file: RJPA_A_2123023_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: May Lin
Author-X-Name-First: May
Author-X-Name-Last: Lin
Author-Name: R. Varisa Patraporn
Author-X-Name-First: R. Varisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Patraporn
Title: The Invest in Youth Long Beach Coalition
Abstract:
Problem, strategy, and findingsBroader power imbalances across race, class, and age hamper anti-racism in planning. Here, we show how the youth of color–led Invest in Youth Coalition in Long Beach (CA; IIY-LB) pushed the city to implement co-production and youth co-governance in budget planning, strategic planning, and city program development. We drew from participant observation, semistructured interviews, and secondary sources to highlight youth organizing (YO) strategies, including leadership development, political education, electoral organizing, and storytelling. Youth leaders redefined budgetary agendas through participatory research and other strategies that highlighted disinvestment in, and criminalization of, youth and communities of color. They successfully won city attention and resources for positive youth development. Building on partnerships cultivated with the city, IIY-LB also secured more equitable representation and decision-making power of low-income queer youth and youth of color in strategic planning processes. The coalition amassed and flexed electoral power of systemically disenfranchized communities, winning a local ballot measure to secure and fund an Office of Youth Development. Finally, IIY-LB has collaborated with the city to enact youth co-governance in the office’s implementation. This case study advances co-production and youth engagement literatures by illuminating specific YO strategies to achieve elusive models of authentic community collaboration and co-governance.Takeaway for practiceIIY-LB shows how planners can concretely share power with youth and communities of color, especially YO groups, at all stages of planning. Funders and planners can divert resources directly to youth and community organizing groups, whether via multiyear, unrestricted grants or directly resourcing YO groups to lead capacity building. Planners should build longer, more flexible timelines and collaborative spaces to support substantive youth decision making. Planning educators can support promote service learning and internships with YO groups to develop planners’ understanding of organizing.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 540-553
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2123023
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2123023
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# input file: RJPA_A_2112743_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Rebecca H. Walker
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Walker
Author-Name: Kate D. Derickson
Author-X-Name-First: Kate D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Derickson
Title: Mapping Prejudice
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsFollowing the murder of George Floyd, Minneapolis (MN) residents and city officials turned to Mapping Prejudice—a project that mapped every racial covenant in the city and its suburbs—to understand Minneapolis’s deep racial disparities. For this study, we investigated how data on racial covenants, clauses that were used historically to prevent the sale of a property to a person of color, had influenced planning practice in the Twin Cities. In doing so, we considered whether and how engagement with data on structural racism might meaningfully advance anti-racist planning outcomes that enhance the self-development and self-determination of racially marginalized communities. To address this question, we conducted 16 semistructured interviews with 24 planners who have used the data on racial covenants, asking specifically about how racial covenant data shaped planning practice, the planning and policy outcomes that resulted from engaging with racial covenant data, and the characteristics of the racial covenant data that made it influential. This approach assessed planners already interested in addressing racial disparities. Interviews suggest that data on racial covenants were highly influential, leading to a new understanding of structural racism, critical reflection on Whiteness and planning, and a new narrative tool for explaining and addressing racial disparities. Policy outcomes included adopting new housing policies, helping residents remove racial covenants from deeds, and implementing redistributive financial policies. Planners felt these data were important because they could be mapped and visualized and because of their fine geographic scale, narrative qualities, and the process in which they were collected.Takeaway for practiceWe draw insights about the kinds of data projects that other planners and researchers might produce to advance and inform anti-racist planning, including data that foreground White privilege, focus on phenomena appropriate for specific geographic and historic contexts, are produced using participatory and transparent processes, and tell a compelling story.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 459-471
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2112743
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2112743
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:89:y:2023:i:4:p:459-471
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# input file: RJPA_A_2144930_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Darien Alexander Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Darien Alexander
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Laura Humm Delgado
Author-X-Name-First: Laura Humm
Author-X-Name-Last: Delgado
Author-Name: Nicholette Cameron
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholette
Author-X-Name-Last: Cameron
Author-Name: Justin Steil
Author-X-Name-First: Justin
Author-X-Name-Last: Steil
Title: The Properties of Whiteness
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsLand use regulations have contributed to the construction of White supremacist racial categories and the persistent conjunction of race and property in the United States. Drawing on archival analysis of documents regarding early 20th-century municipal segregation ordinances and legal analysis of court decisions regarding property and land use law, this study makes three primary contributions to the literature. First, it homes in on the origins of a persistent thread of a racialized collective right to exclude at the neighborhood scale, exercised by White residents through some of the United States’ earliest land use regulations. Second, it draws on foundational works in critical race theory to illuminate how land use regulations helped construct race and property, examining how courts’ efforts to reconcile property rights in land with property rights in Whiteness changed judicial conceptions of the viability of property regulations, specifically zoning and land use laws. It builds on this analysis to connect the thread of racialized exclusion in the Supreme Court’s most recent takings decision in Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid (2021). Third, it draws from Black geographies to suggest takeaways for planners in supporting Black spaces that can simultaneously support Black efforts to name the collective political reality and highlight the contingency of racial constructs in ways that can eradicate the substantive conditions of Black subordination.Takeaway for practicePlanning practice and land use regulations are both a reflection of institutionally determined logics, such as judicial determinations of property rights, and, sometimes, challenges to those logics. Planners have a role to play in addressing racial domination by studying local histories of race and space, analyzing histories of White supremacist exclusionary practices, supporting thriving Black spaces, revealing the contingency of race, and delegitimizing and deconstructing spatial orders that continue to sustain class and race hierarchies.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 505-516
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2144930
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2144930
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# input file: RJPA_A_2206325_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Stefan Norgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Stefan
Author-X-Name-Last: Norgaard
Title: America’s Frozen Neighborhoods: The Abuse of Zoning
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 598-599
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2206325
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2206325
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:89:y:2023:i:4:p:598-599
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# input file: RJPA_A_2165530_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Elizabeth L. Sweet
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sweet
Author-Name: Elsie L. Harper-Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Elsie L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Harper-Anderson
Title: Race, Space, and Trauma
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsDiscriminatory planning decisions and practices, guided by dominant White spatial imaginaries, result in physical, economic, and culturally racialized spaces of trauma, contributing to the unjust destruction of Black and Brown communities. The continuous cycle of planning injustice coupled with economic and physical neglect by planning in communities of color has amounted to what some scholars call slow violence. The healing process from slow violence requires planers to acknowledge, refuse, redo, and repair the harm they caused. We use two case studies from Richmond (VA) and Norristown (PA) as exemplars of healing justice through community accountability (CA). These cases illustrate how community groups are reclaiming their spaces, authentically telling their stories, and engaging in physical, economic, corporal, and cultural healing: moving from spaces of trauma toward healing justice. Unlike systems driven by the White spatial imaginary that have historically resulted in racist policies and programs such as urban renewal and broader global forces such as structural adjustment, CA encourages community-led solutions to problems caused by planners.Takeaway for practiceUrban planners can reimagine their role in creating livable, sustainable spaces by centering healing (and justice) as core objectives in their work. Supporting and engaging communities with a CA framework must begin with acknowledging and truth-telling about past and present harms. Planners must ground their work in spatial imaginaries that reflect the values, needs, and cultures of the people and communities they serve. They must also play an active role in repairing physical, economic, and emotional harms using their influence and resources to dismantle the mechanisms (policies and practices) that created the racial spatial trauma. Engaging these communities in development decisions and codifying planning practices that reduce harm and ensure belonging can promote economic sustainability.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 554-565
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2165530
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2165530
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# input file: RJPA_A_2235993_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Zachary Lamb
Author-X-Name-First: Zachary
Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb
Title: Blue Architecture: Water, Design, and Environmental Futures
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 608-608
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2235993
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2235993
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# input file: RJPA_A_2198928_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Amada Armenta
Author-X-Name-First: Amada
Author-X-Name-Last: Armenta
Title: The Sanctuary City: Immigrant, Refugee, and Receiving Communities in Postindustrial Philadelphia
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 596-597
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2198928
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2198928
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:89:y:2023:i:4:p:596-597
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# input file: RJPA_A_2219242_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Matthew Jordan-Miller Kenyatta
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Jordan-Miller
Author-X-Name-Last: Kenyatta
Title: When Diversity Lost the Beat
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsSince the 1960s, African Americans have advocated to be systematically represented and addressed in planning education and practice. Despite burgeoning diversity work, it is unclear how specifically planning scholars have listened. Using a bibliometric and content analysis of the 21 oldest and most-cited planning journals, I analyzed the presence of race, diversity, and African Americans in 19,645 peer-reviewed research articles published between 1990 and 2020. Of these articles, only 4.8% focused explicitly on racial diversity in the abstracts, titles, keywords, or within their main text. Within these 944 U.S. diversity articles, nearly one-fourth (24.47%, n = 231) focused on African Americans. Overall, just 1.17% of the total U.S.-focused planning research in these journals focused on African Americans in this 3-decade period. Of these Black urbanism research articles, an evolving set of 34 themes and 105 story beats built on each other in six story arcs: a) Black housing, segregation, and gentrification; b) Black entrepreneurship and employment; c) Black ecology and environmentalism; d) Black arts, culture, and politics; and e) Black intersectionality. In addition to offering the first quantitative study on Black urbanism since 1990, two main analytical insights are that Black urbanism is a small literature, and specific contours exist to grow Black urbanism beyond its small canon in planning. Limitations to these findings include the small literature size, the lack of engagement with Black urbanism in a broader context than planning, technological barriers for mining older articles from archived databases, and understanding Black urbanism beyond a provincial focus on the United States.Takeaway for practiceI offer two suggestions for planning scholars and practitioners: Avoid race-neutral diversity language when practicing in or publishing about Black contexts and recognize that a canon of Black urbanism exists.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 524-539
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2219242
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2219242
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:89:y:2023:i:4:p:524-539
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# input file: RJPA_A_2181851_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Lily Song
Author-X-Name-First: Lily
Author-X-Name-Last: Song
Author-Name: Elifmina Mizrahi
Author-X-Name-First: Elifmina
Author-X-Name-Last: Mizrahi
Title: From Infrastructural Repair to Reparative Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPlanners face great urgency to account for the field’s entanglement with White supremacy and rebuild from harm. Yet the actual practice of reparative planning in political communities still mired in racial inequalities and public institutions entangled in the production of racialized space is hardly straightforward. Anti-racist reckonings and reparations measures occurring within institutionalized venues are necessary starting points for reparative planning that can be further supplemented and amplified by anti-racist struggles and social practices in different arenas. Using a multimethod research design combining direct participation and nonparticipant observation with document-based research using primary and secondary sources and interviews, this case study of Alliance for Community Transit–Los Angeles (ACT-LA) explores infrastructural systems as key areas of racial harm, focal points of anti-racist resistance, and keystones for reparative planning. The substantive analysis focuses on ACT-LA’s Reimagining Safety initiative, which seeks to replace Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Agency’s racialized policing practices with public investments in community-based systems of safety. Case findings help expand points of entry and paths for reparative planning, inform strategies by planners embracing the reparative turn, and strengthen connections between community-based mobilizations and reparative planning.Takeaway for practicePlanners can advocate for institutionalized and social practices of reparative planning in the issue areas, sectors, and organizations in which we work, in solidarity with the reparations movement and other anti-racist struggles.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 566-579
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2181851
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2181851
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# input file: RJPA_A_2221168_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Eric Morris
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Morris
Title: Age of Auto Electric: Environment, Energy, and the Quest for the Sustainable Car
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 600-601
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2221168
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2221168
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# input file: RJPA_A_2235997_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Pamela Robinson
Author-X-Name-First: Pamela
Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson
Title: Who Is Planning the Smart City?
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 592-595
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2235997
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2235997
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:89:y:2023:i:4:p:592-595
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# input file: RJPA_A_2121309_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: José W. Meléndez
Author-X-Name-First: José W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Meléndez
Author-Name: Calvin G. Hoff
Author-X-Name-First: Calvin G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoff
Title: Transforming Collaborative Governing Bodies for Immigrants’ Authentic Engagement
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsIn the Pacific Northwest, immigration has brought about unprecedented demographic changes. In this study we investigated the urban governance practice of including members of the public on collaborative governing bodies (e.g., committees, boards, planning commissions) among first- and second-generation immigrants in Oregon. We conducted 46 semistructured interviews with immigrant members of collaborative governing bodies throughout Oregon and found that the culture of a body has multiple impacts on a participant’s satisfaction and productivity. Evidence of the mitigating role culture plays (related to an individual’s sense of accomplishment and positive association) centered on participants’ reported influence on the body itself and on the practices and policies of the community at large during their service. The findings also suggest that informal activities before, in between, or after official business were equally as important to building a culture of productivity as any formal training that members received.Takeaway for practicePlanners must encourage body members and others in leadership roles to develop a core belief that nurturing the culture of the body is key to enhancing members’ feelings of influence. This approach should include an investment of resources in hosting extensive orientations that acquaint new members with the technical components of the work and with meeting procedures, and existing members with the value of storytelling during deliberation. The results of this study can inform future planners about the intricate qualities that make or break the culture of a governing body, including its members and staff.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 423-437
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2121309
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2121309
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# input file: RJPA_A_2194810_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Deirdre Pfeiffer
Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre
Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeiffer
Title: Red Hot City: Housing, Race, and Exclusion in Twenty-First-Century Atlanta
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 597-598
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2194810
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2194810
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:89:y:2023:i:4:p:597-598
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# input file: RJPA_A_2221596_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Shoshana Goldstein
Author-X-Name-First: Shoshana
Author-X-Name-Last: Goldstein
Title: The Right to Be Counted: The Urban Poor and the Politics of Resettlement in Delhi
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 604-605
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2221596
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2221596
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:89:y:2023:i:4:p:604-605
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# input file: RJPA_A_2132986_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: John C. Arroyo
Author-X-Name-First: John C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Arroyo
Author-Name: Gerard F. Sandoval
Author-X-Name-First: Gerard F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandoval
Author-Name: Joanna Bernstein
Author-X-Name-First: Joanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Bernstein
Title: Sixty Years of Racial Equity Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsDebates about race in the United States are front and center in the 21st century. From the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement to the caging of indigenous migrant children from Mexico and Central America to rising Asian American and Pacific Islander discrimination during COVID-19, the urgency for an explicit definition of racial equity planning and examples of how the ethic evolved could not be more pressing. Historically, social justice–oriented planners focused efforts on racial equity despite a lack of a collective understanding of the topic. By demonstrating diverse, applied approaches through an analysis of 17 municipal and community-led plans at various scales, we traced the primacy of race in equity planning through four key eras: civil rights, Model Cities and successive programs, HOPE VI and the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) Sustainable Cities Regional Planning Grants, and contemporary. How and why has racial equity planning evolved in the academic planning literature and representative racial equity plans in the last 60 years? Racial equity planning has always been a cornerstone of the field, and lessons from the literature and relevant plans merit deeper attention, especially as White supremacy gains stronger ground.Takeaway for practicePlanners should affirm a unified definition of racial equity planning informed by relevant scholarship and operationalize its tenets in their work. Recognizing key milestones where racial equity has successfully informed contemporary urban policies offers progressive planners a rich set of alternative policies, strategies, and programs to use across diverse communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 438-458
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2132986
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2132986
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# input file: RJPA_A_2124188_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Tonni Oberly
Author-X-Name-First: Tonni
Author-X-Name-Last: Oberly
Author-Name: Jason Reece
Author-X-Name-First: Jason
Author-X-Name-Last: Reece
Title: Planning History From the Lions’ Perspective
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPlanning history in the United States is deeply intertwined with Black history. Yet, mainstream planning history narratives center White male planners and either ignore or present Black communities as passive victims. Inspired by the periodization defined by June Manning Thomas, this review provides a counternarrative of dominant planning history by centering Black experiences. This review reframes planning history across five periods: the Progressive era, the Great Migration, public housing after 1937 including World War II housing and postwar urban renewal, the civil rights era, and the 1970s and beyond. The authors suggest an extension of the final period to include mass incarceration and ongoing police violence. Centering Black experiences in planning history highlights the agency, power, and resiliency that Black communities have enacted despite dominant racist planning policies and practices.Takeaway for practiceWith an understanding of planning history from the perspective of those oppressed by traditional planning, the oppressed will no longer be dismissed as passive victims but will be understood as active players in their lives and communities. Instead, the political, social, psychological, and cultural power dynamics are acknowledged and demonstrate the ongoing determination of an oppressed group to fight for empowerment and joy. This allows for power dynamics to be reimagined for a better future of planning with, for, and by Black communities and any marginalized communities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 487-504
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2124188
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2124188
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# input file: RJPA_A_2194809_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen
Author-X-Name-First: Paavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen
Title: Emergent Tokyo: Designing the Spontaneous City
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 601-602
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2194809
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2194809
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# input file: RJPA_A_2188102_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Andrea Urbina Julio
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Urbina
Author-X-Name-Last: Julio
Title: The Right to Dignity: Housing Struggles, City Making, and Citizenship in Urban Chile
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 603-604
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2188102
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2188102
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:89:y:2023:i:4:p:603-604
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# input file: RJPA_A_2221169_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Sanjeev Vidyarthi
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjeev
Author-X-Name-Last: Vidyarthi
Title: American Urbanist: How William H. Whyte’s Unconventional Wisdom Reshaped Public Life
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 607-607
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2221169
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2221169
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:89:y:2023:i:4:p:607-607
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# input file: RJPA_A_2154247_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Rashad Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Rashad
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Justin Steil
Author-X-Name-First: Justin
Author-X-Name-Last: Steil
Title: “The Past We Step Into and How We Repair It”
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsAnti-racist futures in urban and regional planning require repairing the White supremacist harms that have structured our metropolitan areas and patterns of living. What would constitute the appropriate dimensions for a reparative planning practice? Focusing here on the harms of anti-Black racism, answering these questions requires a deep engagement with the rich tradition of Black radical thought and debates in political philosophy and planning theory about urban justice. We begin by engaging with recent discussions in planning theory regarding definitions of urban justice. We then draw from threads of Black radical thought, identifying central insights from and tensions among Black nationalist, Marxist, feminist, abolitionist, and environmental justice movements. From these themes in Black radical thought, we present key dimensions of reparative planning and apply them to three case studies.Takeaway for practiceReparative planning must involve at a minimum at least three dimensions: public recognition, material redistribution, and social and spatial transformation. For this third, transformative dimension, we identify five principles for reparative planning: creating spaces for Black joy, advancing material redistribution, attending to intersectionality, building new democratic institutions grounded in and with the participation of non-elites, and constructing environmentally just futures. In practice, Black-led movements for economic democracy at the local level are creating examples of what grassroots reparative planning could be by creating joyful spaces for dialogue, education, and cultural production; building cooperative, nonextractive financial institutions that are redistributive; developing the capacity for broad, grassroots participatory democracy; designing structures for community control of projects that advance racial equity; and prioritizing efforts that help repair local ecosystems.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 580-591
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2154247
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2154247
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# input file: RJPA_A_2232669_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: David P. Varady
Author-X-Name-First: David P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Varady
Title: Smaller Cities in a Shrinking World: Learning to Thrive Without Growth
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 602-603
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2232669
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2232669
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# input file: RJPA_A_2096100_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Lilah M. Besser
Author-X-Name-First: Lilah M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Besser
Author-Name: Cherilyn Bean
Author-X-Name-First: Cherilyn
Author-X-Name-Last: Bean
Author-Name: Amanda Foor
Author-X-Name-First: Amanda
Author-X-Name-Last: Foor
Author-Name: Serena Hoermann
Author-X-Name-First: Serena
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoermann
Author-Name: John Renne
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Renne
Title: Evaluating Racial/Ethnic Equity in Planning-Related U.S. Health Impact Assessments Involving Parks and Greenspaces
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsHealth impact assessment (HIA) reports are used by government agencies, other organizations, and stakeholders to evaluate potential health effects of plans/policies/projects. HIAs have the potential to promote anti-racist practices. We developed and used the Tool for the Racial/Ethnic Equity Evaluation of Health Impact Assessments (TREE-HIA) to score 50 U.S. HIA reports on planning-related projects/plans involving parks and greenspaces (2005–2020). More recent and more comprehensive HIA reports addressed racial/ethnic equity to a greater degree (e.g., median TREE-HIA scores: −1.3 in 2009–2012, 4.0 in 2017–2020, where higher scores indicate greater racial/equity considerations). Overall, HIA reports addressed racial/ethnic equity to a lesser degree than expected given the principal tenet of equity guiding HIAs and urban planning alike (42% had negative TREE-HIA scores indicating inadequate racial/ethnic equity consideration). However, the limited number and types of HIAs included in this study may affect generalization to all HIAs.Takeaway for practiceHIAs incorporating racial/ethnic equity comprehensively throughout the HIA process will better enable urban planners, HIA practitioners, decision makers, and communities of color to work together to combat racist planning practices through the shared goals of addressing health disparities and equity. TREE-HIA provides professionals and researchers with a brief tool that can be used/adapted to guide and evaluate future HIAs for racial/ethnic equity considerations.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 472-486
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2096100
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2096100
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# input file: RJPA_A_2244850_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: April Jackson
Author-X-Name-First: April
Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson
Author-Name: Anaid Yerena
Author-X-Name-First: Anaid
Author-X-Name-Last: Yerena
Author-Name: Aujean Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Aujean
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Ivis Garcia-Zambrana
Author-X-Name-First: Ivis
Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia-Zambrana
Author-Name: Ben Chrissinger
Author-X-Name-First: Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Chrissinger
Author-Name: Laura Harjo
Author-X-Name-First: Laura
Author-X-Name-Last: Harjo
Author-Name: Stacey Harwood
Author-X-Name-First: Stacey
Author-X-Name-Last: Harwood
Title: Anti-Racist Futures: Disrupting Racist Planning Practices in Workplaces, Institutions, and Communities
Abstract:
In this editorial, we address the concepts of diversity, multiculturalism, equity, racial equity, racism, anti-racism, and intersectionality in urban planning. Despite their significance, these concepts have not received sufficient attention in the mainstream planning discourse. We argue that prioritizing anti-racism is essential for fostering effective anti-racist praxis in planning, leading to institutional and structural change. The special issue introduces key terms and papers, highlighting the importance of context, intersectionality, and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC)/community-led initiatives. In addition, we emphasize the need for reparative planning practices to address historical injustices and disrupt structural racism in the planning field. We call on urban planners to integrate anti-racism as a core principle in their praxis. By dismantling entrenched systems of racism and embracing intersectional approaches, the field of urban planning can contribute significantly to the pursuit of equitable and inclusive urban environments for all. Prioritizing anti-racism, embracing intersectionality, and incorporating reparative planning practices are crucial steps for urban planners to create institutional and structural changes in the planning field. Integrating anti-racism as a core principle can lead to more equitable and inclusive urban environments, addressing historical injustices and promoting positive transformations.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 411-422
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2244850
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2244850
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# input file: RJPA_A_2121308_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Philip M. E. Garboden
Author-X-Name-First: Philip M. E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Garboden
Title: The Rents of Whiteness
Abstract:
In this Viewpoint, I develop the concept of the rents of Whiteness as a tool that urban planners can use when evaluating land use issues. The exclusionary power conferred by Whiteness has been leveraged for the economic benefit of privileged communities in myriad ways. This phenomenon can be usefully described as a form of rent-seeking: deriving profits from legal or social exclusion. Planners confront the rents of Whiteness in many forms, including neighborhood exclusion, environmental injustice, and the occupation of tribal lands. Conceptualizing these situations as racial rent-seeking clarifies how benefits captured by White communities are inexorably linked to harms done in non-White communities. I conclude with recommendations for dismantling these rents. For technocratic approaches, planners must not confuse the loss of rents with material harm. In the communicative sphere, planners must redefine communities to include those who have been historically excluded.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 517-523
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2121308
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2121308
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# input file: RJPA_A_2190277_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Nidhi Subramanyam
Author-X-Name-First: Nidhi
Author-X-Name-Last: Subramanyam
Title: Planning for Water Security in Southeast Asia: Community-Based Infrastructure During the Urban Transition
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 606-607
Issue: 4
Volume: 89
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2190277
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2190277
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# input file: RJPA_A_2221165_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Kieran Donaghy
Author-X-Name-First: Kieran
Author-X-Name-Last: Donaghy
Title: Megaregions and America’s Future
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 175-176
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2221165
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2221165
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# input file: RJPA_A_2170908_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Yinnon Geva
Author-X-Name-First: Yinnon
Author-X-Name-Last: Geva
Author-Name: Matti Siemiatycki
Author-X-Name-First: Matti
Author-X-Name-Last: Siemiatycki
Title: Finding Mutual Benefit in Urban Development
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPublic and nonprofit agencies struggle to compete for space in cities as development pressures and unaffordability intensify. We have identified a potential solution in creative mixed-use projects: ad hoc, cross-sectoral partnerships to develop mixed-use buildings involving a public or nonprofit use. We built our analysis on a census of 54 projects in Toronto (Canada), interviews with 24 stakeholders, and a rich data set of secondary sources. We traced the emergence of this approach in Toronto over 2 decades, mapping its geographical expansion, stakeholder diversification, and the various mutually beneficial spatial arrangements of buildings. Building on the theory of collaborative advantage, we analyzed the motivations behind cross-sector partnered ventures, finding a gradual shift from resorting to partnership in reaction to obstacles to partnerships strategically designed to pool together land, resources, and support for development. Third, we highlight here the role of champions in underwriting risks and the limits of relying on market solutions for social purposes. We conclude by discussing the relevance of collaborative city-building in land-constrained North American planning contexts.Takeaway for practiceGovernment agencies, nonprofit organizations, and developers alike can benefit from creative mixed-use partnerships, which unlock access to land, resources, development capacities, and community support. Contrary to popular perceptions, intentional separation of nonprofit and for-profit uses can be mutually beneficial. Despite the one-off nature of creative mixed-use development, it can be propelled by an initial cohort of successful partnerships and landmark projects. Limited-time leases, insufficient organizational capacity, and low market demand hinder its implementation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 144-158
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2170908
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2170908
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# input file: RJPA_A_2155687_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Huê-Tâm Jamme
Author-X-Name-First: Huê-Tâm
Author-X-Name-Last: Jamme
Title: Productive Frictions
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsWalking, biking, and transit are known to shape street commerce, whereas private motorized mobility is assumed to act against it. I advance a new theory of productive frictions according to which opportunities for street commerce depend not on the mode of transportation but on the mode of interaction between people in motion and the built environment. The construct of productive frictions is grounded in Vietnam’s motorbike-centric urbanism. There, what core factors relate private motorized mobility with vibrant retail that anchors street life? To answer this question, I recorded 68 interviews and 333 video clips of street life in Ho Chi Minh City in 2018. Grounded theory methods guided systematic data collection, coding, and mixed methods analyses that led to the conceptualization of productive frictions. Productive frictions are the opportunities for social interactions produced by the contact of people on the move with the built environment they traverse. In Ho Chi Minh City, the core factors that create contact and make motorbike riders particularly prone to productive frictions include: slow speed, direct sensory perceptions, ease of weaving in and out of traffic, and abundant stimuli from stalls, stores, and people lining the streets. Evidence suggests that motorbike riders experience productive frictions less intensely than pedestrians but over greater distances, whereas automobilists generally experience low levels of productive frictions.Takeaway for practiceProductive frictions support small businesses, which shape accessibility, economic vibrancy, and street life. Cities like Ho Chi Minh City experiencing rising automobility should preserve motorized two-wheeled mobility for their productive frictions benefits, at least until mass transit is sufficiently developed to support dense and walkable urbanism.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 86-100
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2155687
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2155687
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# input file: RJPA_A_2128855_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: John MacDonald
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: MacDonald
Author-Name: Ahuva Jacobowitz
Author-X-Name-First: Ahuva
Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobowitz
Author-Name: Jason Gravel
Author-X-Name-First: Jason
Author-X-Name-Last: Gravel
Author-Name: Mitchell Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Author-Name: Robert Stokes
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Stokes
Author-Name: Vicky Tam
Author-X-Name-First: Vicky
Author-X-Name-Last: Tam
Author-Name: Eugenia South
Author-X-Name-First: Eugenia
Author-X-Name-Last: South
Author-Name: Charles Branas
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Branas
Title: Lessons Learned From a Citywide Abandoned Housing Experiment
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsThe negative impact of vacant and abandoned housing in city neighborhoods is extreme, affecting health and quality of life, promoting violence, and leading to further abandonment. One approach to addressing abandoned housing is to intervene with low-cost interventions that provide a visual sense of ownership. We tested whether a low-cost remediation of abandoned and vacant houses or a trash cleanup intervention would make a noticeable difference in the levels of nearby disrepair, disorder, and public safety. The abandoned housing remediation and trash cleanup interventions were a test of compliance with municipal ordinances. We used an experimental design to test the causal effects of the ordinances and because the scale of abandonment was too large to provide treatment to all abandoned houses in the city. We used systematic social observation methods to rate changes in disrepair, disorder, and litter at housing sites and on the city blocks they were located and police-reported data on gun violence and illegal substance use. Our experimental design allowed us to see whether observed disrepair, disorder, and public safety improved after working windows and doors were installed on abandoned houses compared with a trash cleanup around properties or a no-intervention control condition. Our results showed significant changes in observed disrepair, disorder, and gun violence and illustrate the benefits of experimental evaluations of place-based changes to the built environment.Takeaway for practiceImproving compliance with ordinances to remediate abandoned housing can make a noticeable difference in disrepair in neighborhoods and contribute to improved public safety. We illustrate how planners can use field experiments in partnership with city agencies, nonprofit community groups, and local universities to discover novel approaches to advance place-based changes to the built environment that can help economically disadvantaged communities abate problems of physical disorder.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 159-172
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2128855
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2128855
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# input file: RJPA_A_2136735_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Kristina M. Currans
Author-X-Name-First: Kristina M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Currans
Author-Name: Kenneth A. Stahl
Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Stahl
Title: Are Traffic Studies “Junk Science” That Don’t Belong in Court?
Abstract:
Jurisdictions rely heavily on traffic impact analyses (TIAs) to predict the traffic impacts of projects and calibrate appropriate mitigations. But TIAs are also litigation tools: Jurisdictions use them to satisfy courts that their land use decisions are supported by substantial evidence, or evidence that is credible and reliable. The problem, as we discuss in this Viewpoint, is that TIAs are not consistently credible and reliable. We explore some common criticisms—and provide a brief overview of a growing literature—regarding underlying vehicle estimation methods in practice that demonstrates the ways in which TIAs are widely flawed. Historically, courts have not expected much from TIAs, but our analysis shows a tipping point in which courts may begin to question whether conventional TIA methods constitute substantial evidence, suggesting an important need to innovate and adopt new data and methods in practice.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 77-85
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2136735
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2136735
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# input file: RJPA_A_2123382_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Kevin M. Leyden
Author-X-Name-First: Kevin M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Leyden
Author-Name: Michael J. Hogan
Author-X-Name-First: Michael J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hogan
Author-Name: Lorraine D’Arcy
Author-X-Name-First: Lorraine
Author-X-Name-Last: D’Arcy
Author-Name: Brendan Bunting
Author-X-Name-First: Brendan
Author-X-Name-Last: Bunting
Author-Name: Sebastiaan Bierema
Author-X-Name-First: Sebastiaan
Author-X-Name-Last: Bierema
Title: Walkable Neighborhoods
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsWe examined whether living in a walkable neighborhood influenced the happiness of younger and older city residents. The data for this study came from a comprehensive household population survey of 1,064 adults living in 16 neighborhoods in Dublin City (Ireland) and its suburbs. We used multigroup structural equation modeling to analyze the direct and indirect effects of walkability on happiness, mediated by health, trust, and satisfaction with neighborhood appearance. We found living in a walkable neighborhood was directly linked to the happiness of people aged 36 to 45 (p = .001) and, to a lesser extent, those aged 18 to 35 (p = .07). For older adults, we found that walkable places mattered for happiness indirectly. Such built environments enhanced the likelihood that residents felt more healthy and more trusting of others, and this in turn affected the happiness of older people living in walkable neighborhoods.Takeaway for practiceWe found that the way neighborhoods are planned and maintained mattered for happiness, health, and trust. Our findings suggest that mixed-use neighborhood designs that enable residents to shop and socialize within walking distance to their homes have direct and indirect effects on happiness. We call for an ongoing dialogue and evaluation of the way our urban and suburban neighborhoods are planned, designed, and developed, so that people can live in walkable places that better enable health and wellbeing.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 101-114
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2123382
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2123382
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# input file: RJPA_A_2119156_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Jordan Branham
Author-X-Name-First: Jordan
Author-X-Name-Last: Branham
Author-Name: David Salvesen
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Salvesen
Author-Name: Nikhil Kaza
Author-X-Name-First: Nikhil
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaza
Author-Name: Todd K. BenDor
Author-X-Name-First: Todd K.
Author-X-Name-Last: BenDor
Title: A Wrench in the Machine
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsFederal, state, and local government funding helps stimulate urban development, with growth machine politics playing an important role in determining where subsidies are allocated. The U.S. Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) was enacted to curb the role of federal subsidies in fostering development along hazardous coastal barriers, providing an opportunity to explore how local growth politics are influenced by the removal of one source of government funding. In this study, we used a series of interview-based case studies to investigate why certain areas in the CBRA developed while most did not. In most cases, the CBRA obstructed local growth coalitions, isolating landowners from the resources necessary to improve the growth potential of their land interests. However, in cases where development occurred within the CBRA, we often found evidence that powerful growth machines were able to acquire replacement subsidies from state and local governments, suggesting these actions are a key driver in overcoming the financial barriers posed by the CBRA.Takeaway for practiceThis study revealed how growth machines could be hampered by removing access to the financial resources of one level of government, despite the potential to be undermined by intervention at other levels. In an era of increasing coastal risks, subsidy removal can be an effective tool for managing coastal growth, even when authority over land use decisions is limited.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 18-29
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2119156
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2119156
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# input file: RJPA_A_2126382_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Cloé St-Hilaire
Author-X-Name-First: Cloé
Author-X-Name-Last: St-Hilaire
Author-Name: Mikael Brunila
Author-X-Name-First: Mikael
Author-X-Name-Last: Brunila
Author-Name: David Wachsmuth
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Wachsmuth
Title: High Rises and Housing Stress
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsThe financialization of housing is a rapidly growing concern for planning researchers and policymakers, but the opacity of property ownership in most cities has hampered efforts to rigorously measure the phenomenon. Here we introduce a new approach based on big data methods. By combining web scraping of property assessment, business registry, and rental advertisement data, we reliably identified the networks of property ownership lurking behind anonymous numbered companies and established the extent of financialized rental housing ownership. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach with a quantitative case study of the financialization of rental housing in Montreal (Canada). Using spatial regression and clustering analyses, we found that there are two distinct types of financialized rental housing ownership in Montreal: one characterized by precarious and student tenants and another characterized by affluent tenants. In general, high proportions of financialized ownership are associated with higher levels of housing stress and dense housing typologies.Takeaway for practiceBy demonstrating meaningful differences in housing market outcomes across financialization status—which has not usually been readily accessible to either renters or planners—our findings show the importance of rental market information asymmetry. Planners should treat landlord data as one component of the information necessary to properly regulate a rental housing market. Municipalities should make property ownership information publicly accessible to facilitate public scrutiny of residential land use and more effective protection of tenant rights.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 129-143
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2126382
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2126382
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# input file: RJPA_A_2275948_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Ann Forsyth
Author-X-Name-First: Ann
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth
Title: Welcome to the New Editorial Group
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 1-1
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2275948
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2275948
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:90:y:2024:i:1:p:1-1
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# input file: RJPA_A_2118155_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Catherine Brinkley
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Brinkley
Author-Name: Jenny Wagner
Author-X-Name-First: Jenny
Author-X-Name-Last: Wagner
Title: Who Is Planning for Environmental Justice—and How?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsEnvironmental justice (EJ) seeks to correct legacies of disproportionately burdening low-income and Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) communities with environmental hazards that contribute to health inequalities. Federal and state policies increasingly require plans to assess and incorporate EJ principles. The current lack of accessible data and plan evaluation on EJ has been a barrier to policy setting and benchmarking. We created a framework for analyzing content across a large corpus of plans by using quantitative text analysis on 461 California city general plans, also known as comprehensive plans. To verify results and identify specific policies, we conducted content analysis on a subset of seven plans. Demonstrating the broad applicability of EJ principles in planning, policies spanned all required elements of general plans: housing, circulation, land use, health, safety, open space, air quality, and noise. We found that the most headway in EJ planning has been made in cities with a majority population of color and well before the 2018 California state mandate to address EJ. Policies were primarily focused on preventing adverse exposures as opposed to correcting for legacies of inequality. Further, although all policies address vulnerable populations and places, very few specifically address race or racism. Thus, EJ has been largely operationalized as health equity.Takeaway for practiceWe identified 628 EJ policies focused on vulnerable populations across the seven city plans included in content analysis. The smorgasbord of policy approaches provides fodder for cities across the United States to incorporate an EJ approach to planning. Gaps in focus areas reveal room for policy innovation (e.g., emphasis on language justice, formerly incarcerated individuals, and noise ordinance policing). We invite planners and community advocates to search across California’s plans for EJ policy inspiration and to use the appendix of EJ policies cataloged in this research as a benchmark of city-level innovation.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 63-76
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2118155
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2118155
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# input file: RJPA_A_2247821_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Lily Baum Pollans
Author-X-Name-First: Lily Baum
Author-X-Name-Last: Pollans
Title: The Politics of Trash: How Governments Used Corruption to Clean Cities, 1890–1929
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 177-178
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2247821
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2247821
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# input file: RJPA_A_2264133_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Gordon C. C. Douglas
Author-X-Name-First: Gordon C. C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Douglas
Title: Three Atlases of Our Time
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 173-174
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2264133
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2264133
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# input file: RJPA_A_2224228_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Hsi-Chuan Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Hsi-Chuan
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Title: Urban Planning in a World of Informal Politics
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 185-186
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2224228
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2224228
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# input file: RJPA_A_2188242_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Hannah M. Teicher
Author-X-Name-First: Hannah M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teicher
Author-Name: Patrick Marchman
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Marchman
Title: Integration as Adaptation: Advancing Research and Practice for Inclusive Climate Receiving Communities
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsDespite early focus on the Global South, it has become clear that the Global North will be transformed through climate-related internal relocation as well. In North America, highly visible disasters have already caused populations to relocate, but historically, larger scale migration has occurred in response to longer term climatic shifts. As relocation to destinations spanning small towns to metropolitan gateways accelerates, planning can play a central role in shaping how these places accommodate newcomers and prepare for longer term urban restructuring. To lay the groundwork for this emerging area of research and practice, we draw from adjacent areas of planning. We examine current research on immigrant integration and amenity migration, recent media coverage of climate destinations, research on shifts in physical livability, and the emerging body of work on receiving communities. Limitations to our study include a focus on recent research and confining the geographical scope to North America. Based on our review, we found that migration is only adaptation when newcomers are effectively integrated into receiving communities. This can occur through reconciling social inclusion with economic development, meeting the distinct needs of newcomers that may also exacerbate the needs of current residents, and pursuing long-term planning for deconcentration.Takeaway for practiceAs climate-related migration becomes part of adaptation practice, planners should focus on reconciling social inclusion and economic development and engaging newcomers and existing residents in participatory processes to develop physical and social resilience.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 30-49
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2188242
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2188242
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# input file: RJPA_A_2221163_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Gabriel Camară
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel
Author-X-Name-Last: Camară
Title: Cities after Crisis: Reinventing Neighborhood Design from the Ground-Up
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 189-190
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2221163
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2221163
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# input file: RJPA_A_2235998_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: Emerging Global Cities: Origin, Structure, and Significance
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 187-188
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2235998
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2235998
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:90:y:2024:i:1:p:187-188
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# input file: RJPA_A_2141821_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Miyuki Hino
Author-X-Name-First: Miyuki
Author-X-Name-Last: Hino
Author-Name: Todd K. BenDor
Author-X-Name-First: Todd K.
Author-X-Name-Last: BenDor
Author-Name: Jordan Branham
Author-X-Name-First: Jordan
Author-X-Name-Last: Branham
Author-Name: Nikhil Kaza
Author-X-Name-First: Nikhil
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaza
Author-Name: Antonia Sebastian
Author-X-Name-First: Antonia
Author-X-Name-Last: Sebastian
Author-Name: Shane Sweeney
Author-X-Name-First: Shane
Author-X-Name-Last: Sweeney
Title: Growing Safely or Building Risk?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsLimiting housing and infrastructure in flood-prone places has long been recognized as critical to managing long-term risk. However, due to the difficulty of tracking development at small spatial scales, little empirical research has been conducted to explain differences between communities’ floodplain development patterns. We analyzed new construction across 5 million parcels in the state of North Carolina to develop standardized measures of floodplain development and evaluated the relationships between flood risk management effort and development outcomes. Statewide, for every property removed through buyouts from 1996 to 2017, more than 10 new residences were built in floodplains. At the community level, indicators of flood risk management effort (participation in the Community Rating System and use of buyouts) did not consistently align with floodplain development outcomes. Based on a sample of urban and suburban counties, we found more than 75,000 acres of vacant floodplain land currently zoned for development. Although we did not capture the full range of flood risk mitigation practices, results indicate that local development policies often run counter to efforts to limit long-term risk.Takeaway for practiceLand use planning and floodplain management have the potential to play a larger role in flood risk mitigation. Modifying federal programs to more strongly disincentivize floodplain development could enhance local regulation and minimize future flood exposure. Given extensive undeveloped floodplain land and projected climate change, additional effort to manage development is needed to limit increases in flood risk.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 50-62
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2141821
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2141821
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# input file: RJPA_A_2247820_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Larissa Larsen
Author-X-Name-First: Larissa
Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen
Title: The Heat Will Kill You First: Life and Death on a Scorched Planet
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 179-180
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2247820
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2247820
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# input file: RJPA_A_2235995_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Jennifer Minner
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Minner
Title: Build Beyond Zero: New Ideas for Carbon-Smart Architecture
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 181-182
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2235995
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2235995
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# input file: RJPA_A_2133781_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Kanako Iuchi
Author-X-Name-First: Kanako
Author-X-Name-Last: Iuchi
Title: Adaptability of Low-Income Communities in Postdisaster Relocation
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsAlthough community relocation is increasingly a policy option following disasters, research has shown that it often fails to achieve its goals. Few studies of community relocation following disasters, however, have taken a long-term interdisciplinary view of the realities of multiple actors involved in these processes. In this study I qualitatively tracked 6 years of the government-led relocation of Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda–affected communities in Tacloban City (Philippines) and recommend dimensions of a planning-centered model of community relocation following disasters. A central finding was that residents’ life concerns transformed over time, from hazard risk reduction to life re-establishment and finally to adaptation. Most relocating residents, whatever their temporary location, continued to embed themselves in their pre-typhoon economic and social networks, which gradually changed over the 6 years. The status of new site development and residents’ livelihood outlook in the relocation sites were the key drivers influencing residents’ perception, which evolved as these conditions changed. Residents strategized to improve life and eventually adapted to the new environment.Takeaway for practiceFive dimensions are important for policymakers and planners. First, as a premise, relocating residents change their minds over time. Simply moving residents away from hazard risks is not enough; their concern is also re-establishing their daily lives. Second, proactively strengthening and using residents’ capacity throughout the relocation process helps them better adapt to new environments. Third, applying some transitional strategy for the community to access socioeconomic networks will reduce relocation stress. Fourth, providing information and support helps residents view relocation positively. Last, planning needs to be an iterative, co-designing process to achieve a satisfactory outcome.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 2-17
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2133781
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2133781
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# input file: RJPA_A_2156380_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Atticus Jaramillo
Author-X-Name-First: Atticus
Author-X-Name-Last: Jaramillo
Author-Name: William M. Rohe
Author-X-Name-First: William M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe
Title: Is Housing Assistance Associated With Mental Health?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsIt is often suggested that housing assistance helps adults overcome mental health challenges, yet researchers have long struggled to unravel the complex psychological pathways that explain whether and how housing assistance affects mental health. We advance the literature by testing for a direct association between housing assistance and two mental health outcomes: depression and anxiety. We also tested for indirect associations, focusing on whether housing assistance affected mental health by affecting psychological stress, sense of control over life circumstances (i.e., mastery), and exposure to discrimination. We found that housing assistance was directly associated with reduced anxiety, but no direct association was found for depression. We also found that housing assistance was associated with variables believed to indirectly influence mental health, including mastery and psychological stress. However, neither of these variables was associated with depression or anxiety.Takeaway for practiceAlthough our findings show some positive relationships, receipt of housing assistance alone was only modestly associated with anxiety, and there was no association for depression. Our findings therefore suggest that mental health services should be made available to program participants because housing assistance alone may not promote better mental health. Supportive housing programs provide a promising model for delivering mental health services to program participants. However, housing planners and policymakers will need to develop new areas of expertise and new strategic priorities to ensure the effective expansion, implementation, and administration of such programs.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 115-128
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2022.2156380
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2022.2156380
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# input file: RJPA_A_2221167_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Mahbubur Meenar
Author-X-Name-First: Mahbubur
Author-X-Name-Last: Meenar
Title: Growing Gardens, Building Power: Food Justice and Urban Agriculture in Brooklyn
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 183-184
Issue: 1
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2221167
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2221167
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# input file: RJPA_A_2214117_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: John Accordino
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Accordino
Author-Name: Annie W. Conte
Author-X-Name-First: Annie W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Conte
Title: Planning Food and Place: Navigating Dollar Stores to Improve Healthy Food Access
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsFood access persists as a public policy concern in the United States. In the past 20 years, a variety of public and private organizations and activists have taken different approaches to address it, with varying levels of success. In the meantime, a newer actor—the dollar store—has come on the scene, proliferating widely in both urban and rural areas, alarming advocates for improved healthy food access and others. We used the business literature to describe these stores and their business models, and we reviewed scholarly literature from the public health and community development fields that is critical of them, as well as literature that views these stores as an opportunity for communities. We reviewed the efforts of localities to date to control and limit dollar stores, as well as efforts to work with them via partnerships. We offer recommendations for how planners can navigate the challenges of dollar stores to improve food access and maintain community vitality.Takeaway for practiceThe growth of dollar stores has added complexity to the task of improving food access in low-income communities, especially in rural and small-town settings. By staying grounded in their core competency of land use planning and regulation, and using both traditional and new tools, planners can navigate the challenges of dollar stores to achieve vibrant places with healthy, fresh food.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 193-212
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2214117
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2214117
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# input file: RJPA_A_2185658_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Dan Milz
Author-X-Name-First: Dan
Author-X-Name-Last: Milz
Author-Name: Atul Pokharel
Author-X-Name-First: Atul
Author-X-Name-Last: Pokharel
Author-Name: Curt D. Gervich
Author-X-Name-First: Curt D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gervich
Title: Facilitating Online Participatory Planning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsThe COVID-19 pandemic temporarily shifted participatory planning processes from face-to-face to online meetings. Prior to the pandemic, public participation included online components, but only in support of face-to-face public meetings. Thus, there was very little guidance for practitioners on how to design and host online public meetings. We interviewed 32 professional planners and facilitators with experience hosting public meetings during the summer of 2020 and asked them to discuss their experience moving their practices online. We expected to see drastic changes in how these professionals approached their work, but our expectations were only partially met. Instead of revolutionizing participatory planning, online meetings only required modest adjustments to the practices used in face-to-face meetings. Our findings are limited because they represent a narrow window in time. More substantial changes to participatory planning practices may have taken place because of the pandemic and may not be reflected in our interview data.Takeaway for practiceFace-to-face and online meetings may not be as different as popular opinion suggests, and many of the practices that planners have used to host face-to-face public planning meetings could be applied to online meetings. Moreover, the successful transition to online meetings during the pandemic also suggests that remote public meetings are a viable and legitimate option for participatory planning processes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 289-302
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2185658
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2185658
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# input file: RJPA_A_2264136_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Joanna Ganning
Author-X-Name-First: Joanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Ganning
Title: Community Benefits: Developers, Negotiations, and Accountability
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 400-401
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2264136
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2264136
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# input file: RJPA_A_2214121_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Brian Muller
Author-X-Name-First: Brian
Author-X-Name-Last: Muller
Author-Name: Stefania Mitova
Author-X-Name-First: Stefania
Author-X-Name-Last: Mitova
Title: The Hardening of the American Landscape
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPatterns of change in urban surfaces have implications for equity, health, and environmental quality in future cities and for their adaptability to climate change. Relatively little detailed research has been done on the role of land use policies—particularly the recent generation of infill and climate adaptation policies—in shaping urban surfaces and related environmental systems. I used a novel approach integrating three methods—land use change models, urban form assessments, and policy-based scenarios—to evaluate patterns of change. I applied these methods to a case study simulation of future development in Denver (CO) and used a stormwater management example to evaluate the capacity of the local management system to treat expansion of the city’s hardscape. I found that the proportion of impervious cover in the city is projected to increase substantially, possibly to levels discussed in the literature as severely affected. A major social commitment to adaptation policies such as green infrastructure would be necessary to mitigate projected hardscape increases. Dispersed development strategies generate substantially more hardscape than geographically targeted development, which suggests that there is also untapped potential for climate adaptation in general land use policy. I share common limitations of scenario-based methods.Takeaway for practiceChanges in the composition of urban surfaces in the next 2 decades could have significant environmental effects. In this research, I developed and tested methods that bridge infrastructure and land use planning practices—the public works and community planning silos in local governments—to evaluate these processes and effects. These methods should be useful in many cities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 349-366
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2214121
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2214121
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# input file: RJPA_A_2264137_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Norman Garrick
Author-X-Name-First: Norman
Author-X-Name-Last: Garrick
Title: Paved Paradise: How Parking Explains the World
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 398-399
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2264137
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2264137
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# input file: RJPA_A_2207619_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Jill L. Grant
Author-X-Name-First: Jill L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Grant
Title: Complete Community
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsDespite the ubiquity of the concept of the complete community or neighborhood in Canadian planning practice and the recent spread of the idea in the United States, few scholars have examined the idea’s development and implications. Based on a content and thematic analysis of 102 plans and policies representing all Canadian provinces and territories, along with 205 planner interviews, I argue that the complete community represents an integrative, scalable, and flexible planning theory originating from practice. Borrowing principles from other theories (such as smart growth and sustainable development), practitioners built the complete community idea bottom-up, as a persuasive rhetorical vehicle for describing planning intentions and justifying higher densities in positive ways.Takeaway for practiceContemporary planning values increasing urban densities, mix, and walkability. Here I illustrate how planners adapted to community resistance to ideas generated by external experts—and to efforts to increase growth and densities—by articulating a socially and politically positive option for urban transformation. The complete community concept places a halo over density, promising vibrancy and livability.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 213-229
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2207619
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# input file: RJPA_A_2274764_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Jonathan L. Gifford
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gifford
Title: The Great American Transit Disaster: A Century of Austerity, Auto-Centric Planning, and White Flight
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 396-397
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2274764
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2274764
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# input file: RJPA_A_2239771_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Aryana Soliz
Author-X-Name-First: Aryana
Author-X-Name-Last: Soliz
Author-Name: Lancelot Rodrigue
Author-X-Name-First: Lancelot
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodrigue
Author-Name: Christian Peaker
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Peaker
Author-Name: Isabelle Bernard
Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle
Author-X-Name-Last: Bernard
Author-Name: Ahmed El-Geneidy
Author-X-Name-First: Ahmed
Author-X-Name-Last: El-Geneidy
Title: Zoning In on Transit-Oriented Development
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsTransit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely encouraged as a strategy to limit urban sprawl, increase urban density, and enhance neighborhood diversity. Federal and regional governments have been increasingly promoting such TOD in parallel with light rail transit (LRT) projects to foster sustainable transitions. Little is known, however, about the processes through which municipalities have made changes to existing land use regulations to achieve TOD goals. In this article we trace changes in municipal plans and bylaws surrounding a CA$7 billion LRT in Montréal (Canada) that opened in summer 2023, 7 years after its announcement. Specifically, we analyzed whether changes in municipal bylaws conformed to TOD plans recommended by the metropolitan government while exploring local barriers to zoning reform. Through policy and spatial analysis, we found that only a limited number of municipalities made sufficient bylaw changes between 2016 and 2022 to support TOD plans aimed at implementing mixed-use zoning, increasing urban density, and reducing parking ratios. Through an analysis of rezoning processes, we see an opportunity for improved multilevel cooperation, public engagement activities, and positive communication strategies in the process of building integrated transport and land use systems.Takeaway for practiceThese findings can aid planners and policymakers in understanding the importance of reforming municipal zoning bylaws and regional approaches to TOD, strengthening collaboration between different levels of government, and engaging in meaningful public consultation practices to foster an integrated transport and land use approach. If LRT projects are to be successful in meeting sustainability goals, greater engagement with land use regulations across multiple scales is needed to facilitate TOD.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 318-335
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2239771
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2239771
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# input file: RJPA_A_2213214_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen
Author-X-Name-First: Paavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen
Author-Name: Michael Lens
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Lens
Author-Name: Moira O’Neill
Author-X-Name-First: Moira
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Neill
Author-Name: Christopher Elmendorf
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Elmendorf
Author-Name: Gregory Preston
Author-X-Name-First: Gregory
Author-X-Name-Last: Preston
Author-Name: Raine Robichaud
Author-X-Name-First: Raine
Author-X-Name-Last: Robichaud
Title: Do Land Use Plans Affirmatively Further Fair Housing?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsThe 1968 Fair Housing Act required local government recipients of federal money to take meaningful actions to affirmatively further fair housing (AFFH). Current fair housing analysis requirements are copious but do not request an assessment of how land use policies affect the potential for neighborhood integration. A recent California law requires local governments to include AFFH analysis in existing planning processes, and state guidelines encourage the measurement of the spatial distribution of planned sites for low-income housing with respect to opportunity. We propose and evaluate a fair housing land use score (FHLUS) that measures whether local governments’ land use policies promote inclusion across neighborhoods. We illustrate the FHLUS by examining zoning and housing plans for three municipalities in California that differ in terms of neighborhood variation in incomes. In all three cases, we found that municipal zoning and housing plans exacerbated patterns of segregation rather than reversed them. Our metric is more precise than existing approaches, but all measures of this phenomenon will be less useful in smaller, more homogenous jurisdictions. The analysis raises important questions about the geographic scale and outcome measures for AFFH analysis and expectations for municipalities of different sizes and levels of diversity.Takeaway for practiceOur metric is a useful tool for advocates and planners at all levels of government. We recommend the federal government consider incorporating it into the AFFH toolkit and practicing planners employ the measure to analyze local zoning and investment decisions. The Technical Appendix is a step-by-step guide, including an Excel formula.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 247-260
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2213214
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2213214
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# input file: RJPA_A_2274767_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Philip Plotch
Author-X-Name-First: Philip
Author-X-Name-Last: Plotch
Title: The Drive for Dollars: How Fiscal Politics Shaped Urban Freeways and Transformed American Cities
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 394-395
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2274767
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2274767
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:90:y:2024:i:2:p:394-395
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# input file: RJPA_A_2240794_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Ryan Anders Whitney
Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Anders
Author-X-Name-Last: Whitney
Author-Name: Trudy Ledsham
Author-X-Name-First: Trudy
Author-X-Name-Last: Ledsham
Title: Community Animators and Participatory Planning
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsIdentifying and implementing equitable participatory planning processes is challenging for city planners. Through a qualitative analysis of the Families and Educators for Safe Cycling Project (FESC), an active school travel (AST) project in Toronto (Canada), we identify a potential new path to increase the range of voices heard by planners and decision makers. Specifically, we present community animation and animators as an effective approach for community engagement in AST planning through analyzing 27 semistructured interviews, reviewing key project documents, and coding key themes. We showcase how community animation can play a key role in the meaningful engagement of school communities by deepening and enriching the participatory planning process. We conclude by suggesting that community animators can foster more equitable participatory planning processes by working to include historically marginalized communities within urban planning.Takeaway for practiceSpecific groups of people, such as school communities, continue to be excluded from participatory planning processes. By providing insights into the value of community animators, this research allows planners to understand, conceptualize, and apply more equitable participatory planning processes during infrastructure development. Though the case is based on a specific program related to AST in Toronto, the results can assist planners in other communities in enriching their local engagement processes.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 336-348
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2240794
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2240794
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# input file: RJPA_A_2201279_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Alessandro Rigolon
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Rigolon
Author-Name: Christopher Giamarino
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Giamarino
Author-Name: Jon Christensen
Author-X-Name-First: Jon
Author-X-Name-Last: Christensen
Title: Development Fees and Park Equity in Los Angeles
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsParks are inequitably distributed in many U.S. cities, and policies and planning initiatives around the country have sought to rectify these inequities. In this study, we examined whether one such initiative, a policy change in development fees for parks in Los Angeles (CA), achieved its equity goals. Specifically, the changed Park Fees Ordinance loosened the distance requirements between developments where fees are collected and parks where fees can be invested to create opportunities to spend funds in disadvantaged neighborhoods with little development. We examined whether disadvantaged communities received more park fees after the policy change in 2017. We found no significant equity gains based on socioeconomic status, some gains for non-Hispanic Black people, but some losses for Latinx people. We attribute these findings to a lack of equity criteria in the policy, political pressures, capital renovations to address deferred maintenance, and geographic limitations in where funds can be spent. We also found that Los Angeles seemed to have taken advantage of the increased geographic flexibility in the changed policy, although a lack of data linking fee-generating developments to fee-receiving parks limited the certainty of this finding.Takeaway for practicePark fees are not a panacea to advance park equity. Yet park fee policies could include measurable equity criteria to help direct some funds to disadvantaged park-poor communities while leaving some funds to the discretion of elected officials. Also, cities should have transparent data about the generation and distribution of park fees.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 230-246
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2201279
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2201279
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# input file: RJPA_A_2247819_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Gwen Ottinger
Author-X-Name-First: Gwen
Author-X-Name-Last: Ottinger
Title: Fighting to Breathe: Race, Toxicity, and the Rise of Youth Activism in Baltimore
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 402-403
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2247819
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2247819
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# input file: RJPA_A_2247816_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Harley Etienne
Author-X-Name-First: Harley
Author-X-Name-Last: Etienne
Title: University City: History, Race, and Community in the Era of the Innovation District
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 390-391
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2247816
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2247816
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:90:y:2024:i:2:p:390-391
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# input file: RJPA_A_2195389_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Kate Nelischer
Author-X-Name-First: Kate
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelischer
Title: Evaluating Collaborative Public–Private Partnerships
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsPublic–private partnership models designed to facilitate greater collaboration have become increasingly popular. Scholarship on these partnerships has shown that they rely less on contracts and more on trust between partners, engage private partners early to allow for participation in project visioning, and prioritize shared decision making. However, there is a need to further define collaborative partnerships and distinguish them from more conventional models. In addition, research into the impacts of collaborative partnerships within planning processes is limited, and additional insights into their administrative structures, management, and internal dynamics is needed. I respond to these gaps by analyzing the collaborative co-creation public–private partnership formed to plan a smart city in the Quayside district of Toronto (Canada). Drawing on interviews (N = 35), participant observation, and document analysis, I found that those qualities of the Quayside partnership typical of collaborative partnership models reduced governmental oversight, facilitated conflicts of interest, and afforded the private partner substantial power. The challenges precipitated by the partnership structure were amplified through its application in a smart city context, where the private partner was a technology corporation with expansive resources and ambitions. Based on these findings, I argue that collaborative partnerships pose significant risks of privatizing planning processes and that these risks are heightened when asymmetries between partners are particularly stark.Takeaway for practicePlanners should not allow a desire for greater collaboration to overshadow the necessity of divisions between public and private roles, because tension between the two is vital to partnership success. If seeking deeper collaboration, planners should ensure that responsibilities are clearly detailed in contracts to avoid ambiguities or conflicts of interest. This is especially important in projects where power differentials between partners are too significant to rely solely on trust instead of contracts.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 261-273
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2195389
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2195389
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# input file: RJPA_A_2311031_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Bernadette Hanlon
Author-X-Name-First: Bernadette
Author-X-Name-Last: Hanlon
Title: Cases of a “Not so New” Suburban Reality in the United States
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 384-387
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2024.2311031
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2024.2311031
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# input file: RJPA_A_2249866_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Linda Shi
Author-X-Name-First: Linda
Author-X-Name-Last: Shi
Author-Name: William Butler
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Butler
Author-Name: Tisha Holmes
Author-X-Name-First: Tisha
Author-X-Name-Last: Holmes
Author-Name: Ryan Thomas
Author-X-Name-First: Ryan
Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas
Author-Name: Anthony Milordis
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony
Author-X-Name-Last: Milordis
Author-Name: Jonathan Ignatowski
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Ignatowski
Author-Name: Yousuf Mahid
Author-X-Name-First: Yousuf
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahid
Author-Name: Austin M. Aldag
Author-X-Name-First: Austin M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Aldag
Title: Can Florida’s Coast Survive Its Reliance on Development?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsWith its densely built coastline and economic and fiscal reliance on development, Florida is an extreme case of how climate change threatens both the built environment and urban land governance. We conducted one of the first statewide assessments of how sea level rise will affect Florida’s municipal revenues. We paired this with a statewide survey of coastal planners and managers to assess how they have been funding climate adaptation. We found that more than half of Florida’s 410 municipalities will be affected by sea level rise, exposing on average almost 30% of local revenues. Yet, though climate impacts will significantly stress local fiscal health, we found no relationship between cities’ prioritization of climate adaptation and their fiscal exposure.Takeaway for practiceMunicipal revenues will become increasingly eroded by climate impacts and market responses. More fiscally affected municipalities are comparatively smaller, Whiter, and wealthier. They may be better able to invest in near-term adaptations, but long-term sea level rise could erode local fiscal capacity to maintain infrastructure and protect local tax bases. These municipalities’ fiscal health and decline will affect regionwide housing markets, gentrification, and displacement. These dynamics underscore the need for stronger regional climate assessments and land and tax governance to overcome challenges facing coastal and near-coastal municipalities.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 367-383
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2249866
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2249866
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# input file: RJPA_A_2319529_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Yan Song
Author-X-Name-First: Yan
Author-X-Name-Last: Song
Title: Navigating Forward: Sustaining and Enhancing JAPA’s Legacy of Impact
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 191-192
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2024.2319529
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2024.2319529
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# input file: RJPA_A_2274771_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Michael B. Teitz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitz
Title: Regional Governance and the Politics of Housing in the San Francisco Bay Area
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 388-389
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2274771
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2274771
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# input file: RJPA_A_2264132_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Karen Chapple
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapple
Title: The Heart of Toronto: Corporate Power, Civic Activism, and the Remaking of Downtown Yonge Street
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 392-393
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2264132
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2264132
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Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:90:y:2024:i:2:p:392-393
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# input file: RJPA_A_2211574_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Maria Manta Conroy
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Manta
Author-X-Name-Last: Conroy
Author-Name: Jessica Pagan Wilson
Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Pagan
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson
Title: Are We There Yet?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsIn 2020, Berke and Conroy demonstrated that plan policies did not promote sustainability principles strongly or in a balanced fashion. Has this changed in the intervening years? We conducted a longitudinal analysis of the policies in the updated versions of the plans in Berke and Conroy using their coding framework, comparing scores with the original plans. We found that most of the updated plans from the original study locations have an overarching sustainability vision, though this did not result in consistently higher sustainability scores. Although there were no significant differences in the strength with which sustainability principles were promoted in the updated plans, there were descriptive shifts in the promoted principles. In the updated plans, we found the same imbalance in principles promoted by present policies as in the original plans, making policy integration between principles a key consideration. The progress of policy adoption to promote sustainability principles may be slow; therefore, as more communities frame their comprehensive plans around sustainability, longitudinal studies are required to continue to track the effects of the progress.Takeaway for practiceSustainability scores for comprehensive plans have not significantly changed from 20 years ago, though more are focused on the concept of sustainability as an overarching vision. Evaluating scores over time provides insight into the nature of progress in supporting that vision.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 274-288
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2211574
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2211574
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# input file: RJPA_A_2236586_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Ajay Garde
Author-X-Name-First: Ajay
Author-X-Name-Last: Garde
Author-Name: Huê-Tâm Jamme
Author-X-Name-First: Huê-Tâm
Author-X-Name-Last: Jamme
Author-Name: Benjamin Toney
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Toney
Author-Name: Deepak Bahl
Author-X-Name-First: Deepak
Author-X-Name-Last: Bahl
Author-Name: Tridib Banerjee
Author-X-Name-First: Tridib
Author-X-Name-Last: Banerjee
Title: Can TODs Include Affordable Housing?
Abstract:
Problem, research strategy, and findingsInclusion of affordable housing in transit-oriented developments (TODs) is necessary for addressing the mobility and shelter needs of transit-dependent and low-income populations. Affordable housing in TODs, however, remains scarce despite state-level policies, interest group advocacy, and developer enthusiasm. We used a multiple case study method and focused on TOD areas in communities with disadvantaged populations in Southern California to examine barriers to and opportunities for affordable housing. We examined the contents of specific plans adopted by local governments to facilitate TODs around 10 selected transit stations in Los Angeles and Orange counties and conducted interviews with planners, policymakers, and developers involved in achieving affordable housing. Our findings indicated that although TOD specific plans permitted higher-density developments, they neither prioritized affordable housing nor presented a coherent vision for an inclusive transit community that would address the needs of different types of households. Moreover, onerous requirements for securing subsidies, patchwork financing, uncertainties in the approval process, and competition from market-rate housing inhibited affordable housing development. Although we did not analyze community opposition to TODs, it was hinted at by our interviewees.Takeaway for practiceTargeting affordable housing in TODs, providing incentives, and strengthening the institutional framework are critical to achieving inclusive transit communities. The development of TODs in a politically fragmented region like Southern California necessitates a lead organization to procure affordable housing investments and strengthen the housing–transportation nexus. We note broader implications of the findings beyond California.
Journal: Journal of the American Planning Association
Pages: 303-317
Issue: 2
Volume: 90
Year: 2024
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2236586
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/01944363.2023.2236586
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