Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868748 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868748 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Gronow Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Gronow Author-Name: Brian Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: Jarryd Heasman Author-X-Name-First: Jarryd Author-X-Name-Last: Heasman Author-Name: Brent Rogalski Author-X-Name-First: Brent Author-X-Name-Last: Rogalski Author-Name: Peter Peeling Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Peeling Title: Team movement patterns with and without ball possession in Australian Football League players Abstract: This study assessed the relationship of GPS derived movement patterns (integrated with match footage), separated into time with and without ball possession, and team performance in elite Australian football. Time spent running <14 km. h-1, >14 km. h-1, >19 km. h-1 and >24 km. h-1 were used, plus when the ball was in dispute or dead. Games and quarters were separated by win/loss, and further categorized by player position. In wins compared to losses, no significant difference existed between time spent with and without ball possession across full games. Within quarters, time spent with possession was significantly greater than without possession in winning quarters. In game and quarter wins, % time spent at >14 km. h-1 with possession was significantly lower than in losses, whilst % time spent >19 km. h-1 and >14 km. h-1 without possession was significantly greater in quarter wins than losses. Forwards had a greater % of time spent at >14 km. h-1 with possession, defenders a greater % without possession, and midfielders had the most balanced profile. Overall, in winning quarters, teams had a greater amount of possession and time spent at >14 km. h-1 without ball possession, which was a significant predictor of success. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 635-651 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:635-651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Roddy Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Roddy Author-Name: Kevin Lamb Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Author-Name: Paul Worsfold Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Worsfold Title: The importance of perturbations in elite squash: An analysis of their ability to successfully predict rally outcome Abstract: This study investigated the presence of perturbations within elite squash through the analysis of critical incidents responsible for successful rally outcome. Thirty one matches from the men’s 2011 Australian Open Squash Championships were analysed via a customised Dartfish performance tagging template. The type of critical incident (perturbation, unforced error, unreturnable shot, let/stroke, and miss-hit) was identified relative to shot selection, player/ball landing position and shot accuracy. Logistic regression analysis assessed the strength of predicting the critical incident responsible for successful rally outcome from the identified predictor variables (shot selection, player/ball landing position, and shot accuracy) and whether certain shot types yielded significant contributions towards such outcomes. The results showed that perturbations were identified 238 times (10%), which was noticeably less frequent than the other critical incident categories; unreturnable shots (36%), unforced errors (31%) and let/strokes (23%). A miss-hit occurred once. The predictive abilities of the logistic regression model demonstrated that it was only effective at predicting the unreturnable shot in relation to the identified predictor variables (98.7%, 94.7, 91.4%, and 100% accurate, respectively). Both Actor and Opponent identified the same shots as having a significant contribution towards rally outcome; volley (p < .01), boast/volley boast (p < .01) and drop/volley drop (p < .01 and p < .05 respectively). It was concluded that whilst perturbations are evident in elite level squash, their importance is questionable as they fail to contribute significantly to the outcome of a rally relative to other critical incidents. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 652-679 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:652-679 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandre I. A. Medeiros Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre I. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Medeiros Author-Name: M. Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: M. Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: O. Rui Marcelino Author-X-Name-First: O. Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Marcelino Author-Name: José M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Title: Effects of technique, age and player’s role on serve and attack efficacy in high level beach volleyball players Abstract: The aim of the present study was to assess effects of technique of execution, age and player’s role on serve and attack efficacy. A total of 1.100 serves and 1.165 attacks from under-19, 927 serves and 1.015 attacks from under-21, and 1.564 serves and 1.854 attacks from senior were assessed through video match analysis. Techniques considered for serve were standing serve (SS), jump serve (JS) and float jump serve (FJS); and for attacks were spike and shot. All players were analysed according to their role (defenders or blockers). Results showed that defenders in under-19 and under-21 had better efficacy using SS and FJS, while in senior category the best efficacy was obtained through JS and FJS. Blockers had better efficacy using SS and FJS in all categories. The attack efficacy seems to be independent of player role, although it is related to technique and age. While in senior category attack efficacy was similar using spike and shot, in younger categories it was slightly higher when using spike. This study suggests that serve and attack present different efficacy profiles when considered the technique of execution, player role and age, and therefore it should be considered when planning training programs for teams throughout different phases of athlete development. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 680-691 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:680-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Gama Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Gama Author-Name: Pedro Passos Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Passos Author-Name: Keith Davids Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Davids Author-Name: Hugo Relvas Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Relvas Author-Name: João Ribeiro Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro Author-Name: Vasco Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Vasco Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Author-Name: Gonçalo Dias Author-X-Name-First: Gonçalo Author-X-Name-Last: Dias Title: Network analysis and intra-team activity in attacking phases of professional football Abstract: In this study we sought to verify whether network analyses could be used to identify key players in attacking phases of a professional football match and establish the main interactions and preferential linkages between attacking teammates during competitive performance. For this purpose, we examined circulation of the ball on field during randomly selected attacking phases of play in a video-taped Portuguese Premier League match. We observed six matches and notated 1488 collective attacking actions, including: passes completed, passes received, and crosses involving a total of 4126 intra-team interactions (eg., 2063 passes and crosses performed and 2063 passes and crosses received). We used Amisco® software to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses of the attacking actions. Results indicated how key individual players are instrumental in orchestrating team performance, exerting a powerful influence in creating attacking patterns of play. Our findings may help coaches and sports scientists quantify the contributions and interactions of individual team members through analysis of their relevant actions in team sports like football. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 692-708 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868752 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:692-708 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Wright Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Chris Carling Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Carling Author-Name: David Collins Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: The wider context of performance analysis and it application in the football coaching process Abstract: The evolving role of PA and the associated proliferation of positions and internships within high performance sport has driven consideration for a change, or at least a broadening, of emphasis for use of PA analysis. In order to explore the evolution of PA from both an academic and practitioner perspective this paper considers the wider conceptual use of PA analysis. In establishing this, the paper has 4 key aims: (1) To establish working definitions of PA and where it sits within the contemporary sports science and coaching process continuum; (2) To consider how PA is currently used in relation to data generation; (3) To explore how PA could be used to ensure transfer of information, and; (4) To give consideration to the practical constrains potentially faced by coach and analyst when implementing PA strategies in the future. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 709-733 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868753 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868753 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:709-733 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David J Barron Author-X-Name-First: David J Author-X-Name-Last: Barron Author-Name: Steve Atkins Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Atkins Author-Name: Chris Edmundson Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Edmundson Author-Name: Dave Fewtrell Author-X-Name-First: Dave Author-X-Name-Last: Fewtrell Title: Accelerometer derived load according to playing position in competitive youth soccer Abstract: The integration of accelerometers and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) provides the opportunity to objectively measure a players work output Although these systems have been widely adopted at the elite level, a positional profile of the external demands of soccer is currently missing from the literature. This study aimed to investigate the acceleration, deceleration and triaxial player load during competitive youth football. Eight 11v11 games were monitored during the competitive phase of the 2012-2013 season, using Catapult Minimax 5Hz GPS and 100Hz accelerometers. Analysis showed that wide midfielders completed significantly more maximal acceleration and deceleration actions. There were no reductions between playing halves in maximal acceleration or deceleration actions, across all playing positions. Central midfielders had a significantly higher total load, and a higher Y axis load compared to central defenders. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 734-743 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868754 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868754 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:734-743 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Claudio Casal Author-X-Name-First: A. Claudio Author-X-Name-Last: Casal Author-Name: Rubén Maneiro Author-X-Name-First: Rubén Author-X-Name-Last: Maneiro Author-Name: Toni Ardá Author-X-Name-First: Toni Author-X-Name-Last: Ardá Author-Name: José L Losada Author-X-Name-First: José L Author-X-Name-Last: Losada Author-Name: Antonio Rial Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Rial Title: Effectiveness of Indirect Free Kicks in Elite Soccer Abstract: The aims of this study were to determine the effectiveness of indirect free kicks, identify variables associated with a successful outcome, and propose a model for taking free kicks with an increased probability of success. The analysis focused on 783 free kicks taken in 124 matches at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the final stages of the UEFA Champions League in 2010/11, and the 2010 UEFA Euro-pean Championships. The following variables were studied by univariate, biva-riate, and multivariate analyses: time of the match when the indirect free kick was taken, position and laterally of the kick, number of attackers, number of defenders, interaction context, delivery of ball, path of ball, type of marking, number of intervening attackers, area to which the ball was passed, shooting area, offensive organization, type of shot, and match status. The results show that almost 36 indirect free kicks are needed to score a goal, but that 64% of goals from indirect free kicks have a decisive influence on game outcome. Goals were more common when the attack was organized dynamically and three or four players touched the ball before a shot was taken. These findings could help coaches to improve free-kick performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 744-760 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868755 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868755 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:744-760 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kai (Kyle) Lin Author-X-Name-First: Kai (Kyle) Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Title: Applying Game Theory to Volleyball Strategy Abstract: Mottley (1954) asserted that applying scientific methods to developing sports strategies could substantially improve team’s performance. Developing an effective volleyball strategy is a sought-after goal of volleyball players and a crucial aspect of team success. This study was focused on applying game theory to construct a volleyball strategy for players to use before a game and to adjust the guidelines included in the strategy during the game. The game theory analysis indicates that no pure Nash equilibrium existed. An analysis of mixed strategy equilibrium provided a set of possibility formulas for arriving at an optimal volleyball strategy. Volleyball players can follow the strategy formulas to perform favorably before the game and make corresponding adjustments based on situational changes during the game. The results indicate that game theory can provide volleyball coaches and players with effective instruction to execute their game plan throughout the competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 761-774 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868756 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868756 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:761-774 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Boone Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Boone Author-Name: Dieter Deprez Author-X-Name-First: Dieter Author-X-Name-Last: Deprez Author-Name: Jan Bourgois Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Bourgois Title: Running economy in elite soccer and basketball players: differences among positions on the field Abstract: In the present study running economy (RE) was recorded in elite soccer and basketball players and positional differences were addressed. Elite soccer players (n=111) and basketball players (n=39), active in the Belgian first division performed an incremental running test (8 km. h-1 + 2 km. h-1 each three minutes) on a treadmill until exhaustion. Throughout the test gas exchange was registered and capillary blood samples were taken from which peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), speed at the anaerobic threshold (VAnT) and RE could be determined. These parameters were compared among the playing positions in soccer and basketball. In soccer, midfielders (214.4 ± 11.1 ml. km-1.kg-1) and full-backs (218.4 ± 10.3 ml. km-1.kg-1) had a significantly higher RE compared to center-backs (231.4 ± 8.8 ml. km-1.kg-1). In basketball, guards (229.4 ± 10.4 ml. km-1.kg-1) had a significantly higher RE compared to forwards (237.8 ± 9.3 ml. km-1.kg-1) and centers (243.3 ± 13.2 ml. km-1.kg-1). These differences in RE were accompanied by similar positional differences in VO2 peak and VAnT. Furthermore, both in soccer (R=0.56) and basketball (R=0.63), RE was correlated to VAnT. The present study points at the importance of RE in physical preparation of team sports and it can be concluded that teamsport-specific training should also focus on improving RE. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 775-787 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868757 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:775-787 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philip Mortimer Author-X-Name-First: Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Mortimer Author-Name: W. Edward Burt Author-X-Name-First: W. Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Burt Title: Does momentum exist in elite handball? Abstract: The theory of momentum is contentious within performance analysis in sport and has been subject to much academic investigation; with many researchers exploring the scale of its existence. Within handball, previous research has focused predominantly on psychological momentum with no statistical analysis of behavioural momentum, as found in research into basketball and other sports.In this study, a method derived from Taylor and Demick (1994) was used to investigate the existence and effect of behavioural momentum in 45 elite handball matches. Results highlighted momentum as being present within elite handball, and having a positive effect on match outcome in 86% of the matches analysed. Further assessment of the results indicated turnovers in possession, at stage two of the three-stage momentum model, to be a key performance indicator. It is hoped this study can be used to develop future research that incorporates a more complex analysis of the existence and effect of momentum in elite sport. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 788-800 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868758 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:788-800 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Castelão Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Castelão Author-Name: Júlio Garganta Author-X-Name-First: Júlio Author-X-Name-Last: Garganta Author-Name: Rodrigo Santos Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Author-Name: Israel Teoldo Author-X-Name-First: Israel Author-X-Name-Last: Teoldo Title: Comparison of tactical behaviour and performance of youth soccer players in 3v3 and 5v5 small-sided games Abstract: Soccer is a predominantly tactical sport and tactical skills are particularly important for enhancing performance, since the actions are unpredictable, thus forcing players to constantly adapt to the situations. Our aim is to compare the tactical behaviour and performance of soccer players in 3v3 and 5v5 small-sided games (SSGs). The sample comprised 10 U-11 youth soccer players who performed 1,563 tactical actions in both 3v3 and 5v5 SSGs. We used the System of tactical assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) to assess players’ tactical behaviour and performance. Descriptive analyses were performed Shapiro-Wilk normality test was conducted T-test for repeated measures and Wilcoxon test were used to compare data between both situations (P<0.05). Significant differences were found in all categories of variables except in the category Tactical Performance Index (TPI). Players performed considerably more frequently the principles of Penetration and Delay in 3v3 and Offensive Unity and Balance in 5v5 SSGs. We concluded that while players’ tactical performance has not changed, 3v3 and 5v5 demand different tactical behaviour from the players. These data can contribute to practice since coaches should take into account the changes in tactical behaviour when considering the number of players in soccer SSGs during training sessions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 801-813 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868759 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:801-813 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcin Andrzejewski Author-X-Name-First: Marcin Author-X-Name-Last: Andrzejewski Author-Name: M. Jan Konarski Author-X-Name-First: M. Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Konarski Author-Name: Jan Chmura Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Chmura Author-Name: Beata Pluta Author-X-Name-First: Beata Author-X-Name-Last: Pluta Title: Changes in the activity profiles of soccer players over a three-match training micro cycle Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate soccer players’ recovery by analyzing activity profiles of 11 Polish professional league soccer players over a period of three intense matches. Activity profiles were collected to evaluate each player, who played 3 matches, within a period of 7 days. The Amisco Pro® system was used to collect these data. The total distance, 6 different motor activity intensity ranges, frequencies of different activities, recovery time, speed and some technical elements were observed. The average total distance was 11,286 m and players covered longer distances during every consecutive match. The players covered a greater distance in the 2nd half of the first and third matches. There was a systematic decrease in covered distance at the high speed running level, and an initial distance increase and decrease at the sprinting level. The findings of the study provide a detailed description of the physical demands placed on elite soccer players during short recovery periods, which will influence the way teams approach their training and preparation process, according to intense playing schedules. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 814-828 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868760 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:814-828 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefan Schmidhofer Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidhofer Author-Name: Roland Leser Author-X-Name-First: Roland Author-X-Name-Last: Leser Author-Name: Michael Ebert Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Ebert Title: A comparison between the structure in elite tennis and kids tennis on scaled courts (Tennis 10s) Abstract: This study aimed to compare the playing structure between ATP tennis and three different kids age groups following the ITF’s “Tennis 10s” concept. The playing structure was defined by means of 17 conventional performance parameters. All in all 48 matches were analysed by proper video footage. Sixty-seven different players participated in the study. The ATP group comprised a mixture of different player types (offensive/defensive base line players, serve and volley players etc.) competing in the round of 16 matches up to finals in official ATP tournaments. The kids sample consisted of the best 20 Austrian players from the age groups Boys Under 9 (U9), Under 10 (U10) and Under 12 (U12). Absolute and relative differences as well as one-way ANOVA were calculated between the groups. The study’s results indicate that the playing structure of the U9 is most similar to ATP tennis among all youth groups, followed by the U12 and the U10. While the age groups U12 and U10 are playing on a full size court the age group U9 is the only one playing on a scaled court (Orange-Court). This obviously affects the technical and tactical playing style being closer to adult tennis compared to the other groups. In particular evident was the problem of a too large field (full size court) for the U10. Although taller and physically stronger, their performance parameters differentiated much more from ATP tennis than the U9 ones. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 829-840 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868761 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:829-840 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iván Prieto Lage Author-X-Name-First: Iván Prieto Author-X-Name-Last: Lage Author-Name: Alfonso Guttiérrez-Santiago Author-X-Name-First: Alfonso Author-X-Name-Last: Guttiérrez-Santiago Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Prieto Lage Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Ángel Prieto Author-X-Name-Last: Lage Title: The teaching-learning process of judo techniques improved using knowledge of errors. Tai-otoshi as a case study Abstract: The objective of this study was to discern the typical errors and sequences of the tai-otoshi projection aiming to optimize the start-up phase of the teaching-learning process of this technique according to the theory of the Knowledge of performance. The study was carried out by means of video recordings taken from inexperienced judokas during the performance of this technique. Descriptive statistics and sequential analysis of T-Patterns showed the presence of inaccuracies during the execution of the technique and chains of errors affecting the initial action of imbalance, the position of the feet and hip-trunk, the defensive actions and the final action of the arms. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 841-851 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868762 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:841-851 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Ayán Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Ayán Author-Name: JM Cancela Author-X-Name-First: JM Author-X-Name-Last: Cancela Author-Name: Beni Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Beni Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández Title: Changes in Wheelchair Basketball Performance Indicators throughout a Regular Season: a pilot study Abstract: Research about how the physical fitness condition and the skill level of wheelchair basketball (WB) players evolve over an entire season is very scarce. The purpose of this study was to make a further contribution to the current area of knowledge in the field of WB by providing information regarding elite players’ physical conditioning and performance skills markers after being monitored throughout a season. Twelve WB players (11 male and 1 female; average age 29.6±5.4 years) from the same elite team participated in the study. During the season, the players’ fitness condition and performance skills were assessed on three testing periods by means of ten specific field-based tests. The obtained results showed that the changes observed throughout the season in the WB skills and fitness of the players who completed the three assessments were mostly trivial or small, with the exception of the passing skills, which showed a significant progressive improvement. These findings suggest that the motor skills and fitness level of elite WB players do not experience significant changes throughout a competition season, with the exception of passing skills, which seems to have room for improvement. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 852-865 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868763 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868763 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:852-865 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yusuf Vahed Author-X-Name-First: Yusuf Author-X-Name-Last: Vahed Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Author-Name: Ranel Venter Author-X-Name-First: Ranel Author-X-Name-Last: Venter Title: The effect of the law changes on time variables of the South African Currie Cup Tournament during 2007 and 2013 Abstract: In rugby union, several law changes were introduced between 2007 and 2013, yet the impact of these changes have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the law changes on the time intervals and contact profile of the South African Currie Cup Tournament during the 2007 and 2013 seasons. The frequencies of 15 performance indicators were used for the aim of this study. The time interval profiles revealed that the total match time and total stoppage time increased significantly (p < 0.01), while the total ball in play time decreased significantly (p < 0.01). The individual phase activity also indicated a significant decrease p < 0.01). The contact profile revealed that the total tackle time increased significantly (p < 0.01), while the total ruck/maul-, scrum-and line-out-times decreased significantly (p < 0.01). The study revealed that the profile of the South African game has become more continuous, with total time spent at rucks/mauls and between subsequent rucks decreasing. The findings of this study can assist coaches and trainers with information to re-create match situations during training in order to improve performance during match play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 866-883 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868764 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868764 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:866-883 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hazuan Hizan Author-X-Name-First: Hazuan Author-X-Name-Last: Hizan Author-Name: Peter Whipp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Whipp Author-Name: Machar Reid Author-X-Name-First: Machar Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Author-Name: Jon Wheat Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Wheat Title: A comparative analysis of the spatial distributions of the serve return Abstract: The execution of the serve return is of particular importance given the increasing serve speeds that characterise modern tennis. The spatial distributions of the serve return at the professional level and between two age groups of high performance players (i.e., Under-16 and Under-12) were analysed to determine whether the location of a serve-return was independent of or related to, the gender of the player. Chi-square analysis revealed significant differences in the distribution of first serve-return across the three serve-return locations to wide serves between the male and female Under-16 players (p< .001) and between the male and female Under-12 players (p< .001). When only points won by the returner were considered, no relationship was found between locations of serve-returns and winning the point of the male and female professional, Under-16 and Under-12 players. It was also revealed that professional players attacked second serves by directing second serve returns to the corners of the court These findings aid coaches to value how the serve-return strategies of players may evolve with age and vary with gender — in line with variables of technical skill development and the game’s temporal demands. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 884-893 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868765 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868765 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:884-893 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. Manzanares Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Manzanares Author-Name: J. M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: E. Ortega Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Title: The coach’s perception of the performance of game actions in training sessions. A case study in volleyball Abstract: Monitoring training sessions is a key aspect for team sports. This study presents and applies a tool for improving the coach’s qualitative analysis of the technical and tactical content. The goal of this study was to compare the coach’s subjective evaluation of players’ actions in training with the objective evaluation. The tool was applied to analyse two complete weeks of training of the competitive phase (including matches) of a volleyball team from the Spanish men’s first division. The study’s variables included: a) type of task, b) type of technical action carried out in the task, c) degree of fulfilment of the objectives in the exercises, d) coach’s perception, and e) degree of agreement between what is perceived and what is actually carried out. A descriptive and inferential analysis of the data was done. In this sample, the differences between the subjective perception of the coach and the objective recording of the efficacy demonstrate the need for training processes to be constantly monitored and the need for a specific plan for observing and analysing the training processes to increase the quality of the work that is carried out. The benefits, limitations, and usability of the tool are reviewed in the article. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 894-906 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:894-906 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kerys Harrop Author-X-Name-First: Kerys Author-X-Name-Last: Harrop Author-Name: Alan Nevill Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Nevill Title: Performance indicators that predict success in an English professional League One soccer team Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to identify performance indicators that may discriminate between games a soccer team won, drew and lost. A second aim was to identify those variables that best predict success for the team. The sample comprised of 46 matches played by a League One soccer team during the 2012-2013 domestic season. Offensive and defensive game-related statistics were gathered Match location was also considered. A Kruskal Wallis test and binary logistic regression were used to identify those indicators associated with success (wins). The Kruskal Wallis test identified significant differences in the number of passes, percentage of successful passes and passes made in the opposition half Significantly more passes and passes in the opposition half were made when the team lost compared to when they won and drew games (P<0.05). A significantly lower percentage of successful passes were completed when the team drew (P<0.05). The results of the binary logistic regression concluded that the team should perform fewer passes and dribbles but complete more successful passes and shots to be successful. The results indicate that for the team to be successful they should implement a direct style of play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 907-920 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:907-920 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose Carlos Barbero Author-X-Name-First: Jose Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Barbero Author-Name: Juan Granda-Vera Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Granda-Vera Author-Name: Julio Calleja-González Author-X-Name-First: Julio Author-X-Name-Last: Calleja-González Author-Name: Juan Del Coso Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Del Coso Title: Physical and physiological demands of elite team handball players Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse physical and physiological demands of elite team handball players. Nineteen men from a professional handball team played a simulated 30-min match in an outdoor sport facility. Instantaneous speed during the games was assessed using GPS devices and the number of body-impacts above 5-g was measured by accelerometry. Individual heart rate was also measured by using heart rate monitors. Handball players covered 94.0±7.7 m/min during the simulated match with a mean of 82.5±4.7 % of maximal heart rate. The average speed of the wingmen was significantly higher than pivots, centres and backcourt players (102.5±1.8 vs. 94.4±4.6, 92.6±1.0 and 86.1±6.0 m/min, respectively; P<0.05). Running pace at sprint speed (e.g.,<18 km/h) was on average 2.4±2.3 m/min but it was significantly higher in wingmen than in the remaining playing positions (4.5±2.4 vs 0.5±0.1, 2.4±1.7 and 1.3±1.0 m/min, respectively; P<0.05). The overall number of body-impacts was 13.6±7.7 per min of game with pivots being the players that presented the highest values (17.2±5.7 impacts/min; P<0.05). Physical demands of elite handball are primarily related to high-intensity actions, impacts and rapid recovery during the game. The training of elite handball players should be specific to the exercise actions performed during the game. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 921-933 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868768 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868768 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:921-933 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Portillo Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Portillo Author-Name: Pablo Abián Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Abián Author-Name: José A. Navia Author-X-Name-First: José A. Author-X-Name-Last: Navia Author-Name: Mauro Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Mauro Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez Author-Name: Javier Abian-Vicen Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Abian-Vicen Title: Movement patterns in under-19 rugby union players: Evaluation of physical demands by playing position Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess physical performance during competition in elite youth rugby players with respect to their specific position on the field (backs vs. forwards). Twenty two elite male under-19 rugby union players voluntary participated in the study (13 forwards and 9 backs). Players’ activity profiles were assessed using Global Positioning System technology during three rugby union friendly matches. Players’ heart rates were also recorded. No significant differences were found between forwards and backs in total distance covered, average speed, or maximum and average heart rate. Backs covered significantly greater running distance than forwards at 0 to 6 km. h-1 (35.5±4.1 vs. 28.7±4.0 m·min-1; p<0.05) and greater distance at speeds of 20 km. h-1 and greater (7.5±2.8 vs. 2.6±2.2 m·min-1; p<0.05) whereas forwards covered greater distance at 6 to 12 km. h-1 (26.6±4.8 vs 19.9±4.8 m·min-1; p<0.05) and at 12 to 14 km. h-1 (8.8±2.7 vs. 6.5±2.0 m·min-1; p<0.05). Backs performed more very high-intensity runs than did forwards (0.33±0.13 vs. 0.14±0.10 no·min-1; p<0.05). In conclusion physical demands during the match differed between backs and forwards with backs performing a greater number of high intensity efforts than did forwards. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 934-945 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:934-945 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raquel Escobar-Molina Author-X-Name-First: Raquel Author-X-Name-Last: Escobar-Molina Author-Name: Javier Courel Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Courel Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Author-Name: Pedro Femia Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Femia Author-Name: Nemanja Stankovic Author-X-Name-First: Nemanja Author-X-Name-Last: Stankovic Title: The impact of penalties on subsequent attack effectiveness and combat outcome among high elite judo competitors Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of incurring a penalty (shido) on subsequent attack effectiveness and combat result among judo competitors. The sample contained 1462 throw attempts and 293 shido from 242 fights that counted toward the IJF 2013 World Ranking List, including both genders and all weight categories. Variables pertaining to attack effectiveness, combat result and combat minute were included in analyses. Data were collected through systematic observation. Two-way ANOVA and post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction were used to identify the effects of gender and weight category on the number of shido given per fight A series of multilevel binomial regression analyses were conducted to predict the influence of being penalised on subsequent attack effectiveness and combat result. Main findings revealed that receiving a shido was associated with match outcome, increasing the likelihood of being defeated (OR = 3.18; P < 0.01), particularly in heavier weight categories (OR = 1.22; P < 0.01). Furthermore, the probability of being penalised increased with greater time in the match (OR = 2.41; P < 0.01). Finally, winners were more effective in attacking after receiving a shido compared to combatants who ultimately lost the match (OR = 6.51; P < 0.01). Thus, developing training tasks to enhance athletes’ combativeness appears essential to avoid being penalised during the fight. Additionally, effectively dealing with being penalised is an important aspect in modern judo. The reported data may constitute a useful guide in the development of competition-specific training tasks to enhance athletes’ adaptation and responses during the fight, improving performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 946-954 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868770 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:946-954 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Villarejo Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Villarejo Author-Name: Enrique Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: José-Manuel Palao Author-X-Name-First: José-Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Title: Design, validation, and reliability of an observational instrument for ball possessions in rugby union Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to design and validate an observational instrument to analyse ball possessions in rugby union. The instrument design and validation was done in six stages. The first and second stages had the objective of designing the observational instrument, a category system. In the third and fourth stages, the content validity was established and calculated. In the fifth stage, the instrument’s reliability was tested. In the sixth stage, the observers used and applied the designed instrument. The number of experts that participated in the present study was 56 coaches. The final instrument included 99 behaviours for observation. Sixty were related to the initial phase, 14 were related to the game phase, and 25 were related to the end phase. Since all variables had an Aikeńs V greater than 0.85, they were pertinent. This instrument design is valid and reliable for describing ball possessions in rugby and also for differentiating winning and losing technical and tactical performances. It allows for the analysis of the performance of rugby teams from a technical and tactical perspective. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 955-967 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868771 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:3:p:955-967 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:3:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Miguel Castro Author-X-Name-First: José Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Castro Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Title: Analysis of the Attack Tempo Determinants in Volleyball’s Complex II – a Study on Elite Male Teams Abstract: This study aims to analyse possible determinants that might predict the attack tempo in the Volleyball’s complex II. A total of 881 actions were analyzed from 28 games of the national male teams presented in the World Cup 2007. A multinomial logistic regression was applied, with the level of significance determined in α=0.05. The variables dig type, dig efficacy and setting zone demonstrated predictive power of the attack tempo. The dig without all attack options and the dig with fall decreased the probability of quicker attack tempos. The higher frequency of the dig without all attack options is, perhaps, an explanation to the high values of the non acceptable setting zone, whose occurrence promotes a slower attack organization. In this sense, the increasing of the dig efficacy and stabilization of the dig type will improve the dig action to acceptable and excellent setting zones, which will increase the use of quicker attack tempos. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 197-206 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868515 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:3:p:197-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. J. Turner Author-X-Name-First: B. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: M. G. L. Sayers Author-X-Name-First: M. G. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Sayers Title: The influence of transition speed on event outcomes in a high performance football team Abstract: Research has suggested that fast counter-attacks (transitions) in Football influence the number of positive attacking outcomes. However, very few studies have analysed the transition as a whole and so the determinants of transition speed and how it is affected by other variables remains undefined. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between transition speed, the various aspects that define a transition (e.g. passing characteristics, position on the field, etc.) and positive/non-positive outcomes during high level Football matches. Analysis was based on recording every transition during 27 Football matches played by a successful team during the 2009/2010 Hyundai A-League season (n=1105). Transition outcomes were assigned as either positive (Shot, Penalty, and Free kick), or non-positive (Tackled, Passed Out, Passed Back to GK, Offside, and Pass Intercepted). Significant differences were found between transition speed and transition starting field position (p < .001), pass sequence length (p < .001), and number of players involved (p < .001). No significant differences were found between mean transition speeds of positive and non-positive outcomes (p = .133). These results established that positive and non-positive outcomes occurred irrespective of how fast the team transitioned. However, performance indicators that formed part of the build-up play significantly affected transition speed and transition outcomes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 207-220 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:3:p:207-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P Meletakos Author-X-Name-First: P Author-X-Name-Last: Meletakos Author-Name: I Bayios Author-X-Name-First: I Author-X-Name-Last: Bayios Title: General trends in European men’s handball: a longitudinal study Abstract: The present study investigated in a longitudinal manner from seven consecutive competition years (2002-2003 through 2008-2009) the final results of men’s handball National Major League matches from seven European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and Sweden). The results showed that there were significant differences between the countries with regards to the total number of goals scored per match. Nonetheless all the countries followed a consistent pattern of significant increase in the total number of goals scored per match, which over the years amounted to an increase of roughly five goals per match, from 52.9 to 57.9 goals, meaning an increase of 10%. The seven countries were heterogeneous also with regards to the percentage of close games i.e. of matches with a goal difference of two or less, as well as with regards to the outcome of the matches (home win, away win, and draw). The present findings provide experts in handball with valuable information regarding general trends in modern handball with regards to pace of the game, home advantage importance and the quantification of competitiveness based on the results of close games as well as specific differences between countries in Europe. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 221-228 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868517 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:3:p:221-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michel Calmet Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Calmet Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Modeling of grasps in judo contests Abstract: In judo, the two contestants get close to each other, perform their grasps, move on the mat and attack. The approaches and kumi-kata (grip technique) give way to specific behaviors between the two contestants. The briefness and the capacity of simultaneous actions, the multiple interactions and the result at stake result in a complex system that is most of the time clarified by the coach to the contestant. A computerized observation may help to highlight some actions associated to success from that complex system. The winners of 35 contests were analyzed (9 beginners, 16 intermediate levels, and 10 experts) through their behaviors (approaches and kumi-kata) and positions. The results enable experts to assume lengths (15.8±9.5s) and amount (9±6) of the combat phases (lapse of time between beginning and stop, announced by the referee) similar to the other two groups. Beginners approach each other with much care and precision, mainly holding their opponents with both hands for the projection. The percentage of total time spent by beginners and experts grabbing the opponent’s judogi with both hands, attack and throw was 86% and 24%, respectively, indicating a much lower time spent between grip contact and technique application in experts compared to beginners. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 229-240 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868518 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:3:p:229-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Doug King Author-X-Name-First: Doug Author-X-Name-Last: King Author-Name: A. Patria Hume Author-X-Name-First: A. Patria Author-X-Name-Last: Hume Author-Name: Trevor Clark Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Title: Video analysis of tackles in professional rugby league matches by player position, tackle height and tackle location Abstract: This paper describes the nature, height, site and direction of tackles seen in professional rugby league. Retrospective observational analysis was conducted using videos of 80 rugby league matches from 2008. There were 50,019 tackles recorded representing 701 ±64 tackles per match. Nearly 50% of tackles involved tacklers from behind the visual fields of the ball carrier, most tackles involved either two or three tacklers and most tackles involved contact with the mid-torso and hip-thigh region of the ball carrier. Significantly more players were involved in the tackle in the first, than the second half of matches (χ2=4.3, df=1, p=0.038). Significantly more tackles were recorded in the defence than the attack side of the field. Forwards were more commonly involved in the tackle than backs. Forwards were significantly more involved in tackle events than backs but when viewed in player groups, adjustables were involved in significantly more tackle events than outside backs and hit-up forwards. Coaches should focus on getting players to practice correct tackle technique during tackling with two or more players involved in the tackle and especially, when making a tackle in the ball carriers blind vision area. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 241-254 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:3:p:241-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Joseph Taylor Author-X-Name-First: B. Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: D. Stephen Mellalieu Author-X-Name-First: D. Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Mellalieu Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Phil Barter Author-X-Name-First: Phil Author-X-Name-Last: Barter Title: Situation variable effects and tactical performance in professional association football Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of match location (i.e. home vs. away), match status (i.e. winning vs. drawing vs. losing) and competitive season (i.e. season one vs. season two) upon tactics-related performance indicators of a professional association football team. The Noldus Observer Video Pro 4.1 behavioural measurement package (Noldus Information Technology, 2002) was employed to observe and record relevant tactical information (i.e. pass incidence and spatial distribution of pass origins upon the pitch surface) from 47 pre-recorded matches sampled from two consecutive domestic league seasons (season one = 25 matches, season two = 22 matches). Log-linear modelling procedures indicated that the occurrence of passes performed by the team varied as an interactive function of match location, match status and the competitive season. Distribution of passes across the pitch surface was also influenced by match location, match status and the competitive season but the effects were independent as opposed to interactive. The findings highlight the complex nature of football performance under differing contexts and outline the need for sports scientists and coaches working within football to consider the influence of situation variables upon tactical performance indicators. The presence of season associated effects also suggests care should be taken when extrapolating findings from one time period to another. Future research should examine alternative methods for assessing the impact of situation variables upon football performance and verify the extent to which the findings presented in the current study can be generalised to other teams and footballspecific populations (e.g. amateur, women and youths). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 255-269 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:3:p:255-269 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Malte Siegle Author-X-Name-First: Malte Author-X-Name-Last: Siegle Author-Name: Martin Lames Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Lames Title: The relation between movement velocity and movement pattern in elite soccer Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyse the inter-individual differences concerning the velocities at which changes in movement pattern occurred. During the FIFA World Cup Final in 2006 20 players were observed. For every player the individual velocity boarders were obtained for the movement patterns walking, jogging, cruising and sprinting. Comparisons were done between common velocity boarders and the individualized thresholds. Significant differences (p < .001) were found for all three movement patterns. Therefore analysis based on generalized and fixed transition velocities should be reconsidered. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 270-278 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:3:p:270-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kjell Hausken Author-X-Name-First: Kjell Author-X-Name-Last: Hausken Author-Name: Anne Tomasgaard Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Tomasgaard Title: Evaluating Performance Training and Step Aerobics in Intervals Abstract: Performance Step Interval is evaluated over 75 min, measuring heart rates on 10 subjects. The three step aerobics parts and the aerobics part have significantly (p=0.040) larger energy expenditure (9.95±1.27 kcal. min-1) than the three weight lifting parts and balance (8.93±1.20 kcal. min-1). The first and second step aerobics parts have energy expenditure (10.05±1.30 kcal. min-1) 12.1±5.4% higher (p=0.00058) than for the first and second weight lifting parts (8.97±1.19 kcal. min-1). Rixon et al. (2006) found 20% higher energy expenditure during one hour Step than during one hour Pump. The lower percentage follows since the subjects build muscular strength through weight lifting while recovering from step aerobics. Performance Step Interval has energy expenditure (8.56±1.16 kcal. min-1) comparable (p=0.374) to running at 8.05 km. hour-1 (8.74±1.23 kcal. min-1), and significantly (p=0.020) below running at 8.37 km. hour-1 (9.83±1.38 kcal. min-1). Performance Step Interval is found to be a viable and time efficient training form where subjects build muscular strength through weight lifting while recovering from the high energy expenditure during the step aerobics part, and enter the subsequent step aerobics part with a lower energy expenditure. The study provides a framework for evaluating and comparing exercise programs in terms of energy expenditure for different kinds of activities sequenced through time. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 279-294 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:3:p:279-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koh Sasaki Author-X-Name-First: Koh Author-X-Name-Last: Sasaki Author-Name: Takumi Yamamoto Author-X-Name-First: Takumi Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamoto Author-Name: Masahiko Miyao Author-X-Name-First: Masahiko Author-X-Name-Last: Miyao Author-Name: Takashi Katsuta Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Katsuta Author-Name: Ichiro Kono Author-X-Name-First: Ichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Kono Title: Network centrality analysis to determine the tactical leader of a sports team Abstract: Purpose: The goal of this study was to clarify the defensive structures that play a decisive role in the game of Rugby football, which is a competitive team sport. Method: The study used data from games played under the Rugby Union code, and particularly on turnovers made during defensive plays in the 2015 Rugby World Cup. Social network centrality analysis was applied to analyse organisational strategies. A correspondence analysis performed using centering resonance techniques was shown to deepen our understanding of relationship structures in network mapping, while the application of network analysis was able to improve the description of complex passages of play. Result: Eigenvector centrality would reflect the specific network structures of one’s neighbour vertexes. It also reflects the centrality of all other vertexes that can be further reached from directly involved ones. Team sports rely on cooperation between teammates. The applications of network analysis would be one viewpoint of representing a society in which decision-making behaviours are taken on the basis of human relationships. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 822-831 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1402283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1402283 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:822-831 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anton Kalén Author-X-Name-First: Anton Author-X-Name-Last: Kalén Author-Name: Alexandra Pérez-Ferreirós Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez-Ferreirós Author-Name: Ezequiel Rey Author-X-Name-First: Ezequiel Author-X-Name-Last: Rey Author-Name: Alexis Padrón-Cabo Author-X-Name-First: Alexis Author-X-Name-Last: Padrón-Cabo Title: Senior and youth national team competitive experience: influence on player and team performance in European basketball championships Abstract: This study aimed to discover if the number of previous senior and youth national team championships played relates to the team and player performance at the European basketball championships. The sample consisted of all national teams and their players participating in the 2011, 2013 and 2015 European Championships for men (teams n = 72; players n = 697) and women (teams n = 52, players = 520). The teams were classified into four groups based on their highest stage reached in the tournament. A k-means cluster was used to group the players as high, medium or low performers according to their efficiency rating. The number of previous senior and youth championships was compared between groups. Better performing teams and players had a higher number of previous senior championships. The competitive experience differentiates low performing players for both genders, but only distinguishes high from medium performing players for women. No differences in the number of youth championships were found. It appears to be critical to have a sufficient amount of accumulated senior competitive experience within the team to reach the semi-final phase both for men’s and women’s national teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 832-847 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1405610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1405610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:832-847 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Ramos Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Ramos Author-Name: Patrícia Coutinho Author-X-Name-First: Patrícia Author-X-Name-Last: Coutinho Author-Name: Pedro Silva Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Keith Davids Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Davids Author-Name: Eduardo Guimarães Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Guimarães Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Title: Entropy measures reveal collective tactical behaviours in volleyball teams: how variability and regularity in game actions influence competitive rankings and match status Abstract: This study analysed and compared the influence of match status and final team rankings on variability of tactical performance behaviours within side-out phase, in female volleyball teams of different competitive levels. Performance data were analysed from matches (n = 8 for each level) in the 2012 Olympic women’s volleyball competition (elite level) and the Portuguese women’s league (national level) in the 2014–2015 season, with a total of 1496 rallies observed. Variability of setting conditions, attack zone, attack tempo and block opposition were assessed using Shannon entropy measures. Magnitude-based inferences were used to analyse and compare values of selected variables. Results showed that current match status had no influence on tactical performance of elite teams showing that they adapted their collective organisation without losing their game patterns. Analysis of final team rankings showed that, at national level, the highest ranked teams revealed greater unpredictability in all tactical performance measures (mainly in attack tempo and block opposition), emphasising the importance of the setter to differentiate performance of national teams. These findings may guide coaches in designing practice contexts for developing specific game patterns (setting conditions) and in seeking greater variability in other game actions (in attack), regardless of competitive level of performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 848-862 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1405611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1405611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:848-862 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michel Calmet Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Calmet Author-Name: Emanuela Pierantozzi Author-X-Name-First: Emanuela Author-X-Name-Last: Pierantozzi Author-Name: Stanislaw Sterkowicz Author-X-Name-First: Stanislaw Author-X-Name-Last: Sterkowicz Author-Name: Monica Yuri Takito Author-X-Name-First: Monica Yuri Author-X-Name-Last: Takito Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Judo rules: searching for a wind of changes Abstract: After 2016, the International Judo Federation changed rules to promote the “positive” judo. This study compared two World Championships editions before and after the rules changes: Astana-2015 and Budapest-2017. Data from matches disputed in Astana (765) and Budapest (768) were analysed concerning: total match duration, frequency of scores and penalties, association between edition and extra-time, disqualifications and matches without penalties. Three-way ANOVA was used to compare sexes, weight categories and World Championships edition, with Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) test as post hoc. The associations between World Championships edition and matches finished in extra-time, disqualifications and matches without any score were tested via Chi-square. Results were: (a) no change in number of ippon when the same sex and weight category were considered across years; (b) number of waza-ari increased from Astana to Budapest; (c) number of penalties decreased from Astana to Budapest. Females in Budapest received less penalties than females in Astana and males in both competitions. Extra-lightweights received less penalties than lightweights upwards; heavyweights received more penalties than all other weight categories from middleweights downwards; (d) occurrence of extra-time and hansoku-make increased for females, males and all groups together; (e) males’ matches were longer than females ones. Thus, the new rules partially achieved the goal proposed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 863-871 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1405612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1405612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:863-871 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Galé-Ansodi Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Galé-Ansodi Author-Name: Julen Castellano Author-X-Name-First: Julen Author-X-Name-Last: Castellano Author-Name: Oidui Usabiaga Author-X-Name-First: Oidui Author-X-Name-Last: Usabiaga Title: More acceleration and less speed to assess physical demands in female young tennis players Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe the physical demands in match of female young tennis players, focusing on velocity and acceleration using microtechnology. Twenty-six female high-level young tennis players participated in the current study. Match-play played in official Tournament was codified using a global positioning system (10 Hz) that includes accelerometry (100 Hz). The results showed that: (1) the Estimation Distance (59.1 ± 24.8 m min−1) was overcome in 33% to the Real Distance (44.4 ± 7.7 m min−1); (2) the Acceleration Distance was around 89% of the Real Distance; (3) the 97.0 ± 6.1% of time and 90.9 ± 8.2% of distance covered by players were obtained in low speed zones (Positioning: 0–0.5 m s−1 and Jogging: 0.6–1.9 m s−1, respectively). The main conclusion of this study was that the two dimensions, velocity and acceleration, allowed to obtain complementary values of physical demands of tennis players. Nevertheless, acceleration dimension could give us more information about the intermittent profile of tennis players who are not able to reach high speeds. Therefore, tennis coaches should take into account the demands in both dimensions, specifically in acceleration/deceleration variables to design specific training tasks. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 872-884 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1406780 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1406780 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:872-884 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Sevil Serrano Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Sevil Serrano Author-Name: Alba Práxedes Pizarro Author-X-Name-First: Alba Author-X-Name-Last: Práxedes Pizarro Author-Name: Luis García-González Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: García-González Author-Name: Alberto Moreno Domínguez Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Domínguez Author-Name: Fernando del Villar Álvarez Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: del Villar Álvarez Title: Evolution of tactical behavior of soccer players across their development Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyse the tactical behaviour of soccer players in real-game situations across the different stages of development. The study involved 186 soccer players, aged between 8 and 19 years, from 15 teams across 3 Spanish Soccer clubs. We analysed 4409 actions over 30 league matches. The instrument used was an adaptation of the Game Performance Evaluation Tool, which measures decision-making and execution actions for passing, dribbling and shooting skills in different age groups (i.e. U10, U12, U14, U16 and U19). Our results demonstrate that in all groups the percentage of successful skill executions was lower than that of adequate decisions. Further, progression into the U10 and U14 groups interrupted the development of decision-making and skill execution actions. Based on this we propose a change to the regulatory configuration of youth and child categories that allows for a progressive adaptation to the skills and training needs of players. The training of both tactical and technical skills is also considered relevant. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 885-901 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1406781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1406781 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:885-901 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ângelo Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ângelo Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Author-Name: Paulo Roriz Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Author-X-Name-Last: Roriz Author-Name: Pedro Silva Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Ricardo Duarte Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Duarte Author-Name: Júlio Garganta Author-X-Name-First: Júlio Author-X-Name-Last: Garganta Title: Effects of pitch surface and playing position on external load activity profiles and technical demands of young soccer players in match play Abstract: This study aims to analyse the effect of different pitch surface, i.e. artificial turf (AT), natural turf (NT) and dirt field (DF) on running activity and technical demands of young soccer players (age:13.4 ± 0.5yrs; height: 161.82 ± 7.52cm; body mass; 50.79 ± 7.22kg; and playing experience: 3.5 ± 1.4 yrs). Running activity data were collected using GPS units which allowed the calculation time–motion variables. Technical performance data were registered filming soccer matches. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was employed to assess differences among variables. Total distance covered; distance for low-intensity running and very high-intensity running were higher on AT than NT (TD: η2 = .09, p = .007); (LIR: η2 = .062, p ≤ .05); and (VHIR: η2 = .05, p ≤ .05), respectively. Significant differences were identified between pitch surfaces on successful passing (η2 = .052, p = .051); unsuccessful passing (η2 = .155, p < .001); and interceptions (η2 = .1087, p < .001). Results suggest that pitch surface influences running activity and technical actions of young players. This information contributes to understand the different demands imposed in each pitch surface and, provides to the coaches the opportunity to implement strategies that could optimise players’ performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 902-918 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1407207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1407207 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:902-918 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Antonio García-de-Alcaráz Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: García-de-Alcaráz Author-Name: Philip Furley Author-X-Name-First: Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Furley Title: Analysis of contextual-related variables on serve and receiving performances in elite men’s and women’s table tennis players Abstract: The goal of the study was to identify the serve and reception effectiveness in relation to selected contextual-related variables in elite table tennis players. The sample comprised 140 matches from the men’s and women’s 2016 Olympic Games Tournament (N = 70, respectively). The contextual-related variables considered were: quality of opposition; the dominant hand of the players; match and set duration; biggest lead; most consecutive points in each set; deficit overcome; and previous set outcome. Bivariate correlations, independent samples comparisons, and multiple linear regressions were applied to identify the influence of contextual variables on performances when serving and receiving during the match/set. The analyses demonstrated that serving in table tennis does not necessarily provide a big advantage with points won when serving being only slightly higher than 50%. Performance when receiving was slightly below 50% and varied substantially as a consequence of contextual variables (e.g. biggest lead, most consecutive points, quality of opposition, great deficit overcome, and match duration) in men’s and women’s matches. The results highlight the importance of contextual variables on serve and reception performance in table tennis during the match. Implications in regard to coaching strategies and training programmes are discussed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 919-933 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1407208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1407208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:919-933 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victor Hugo de Freitas Author-X-Name-First: Victor Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: de Freitas Author-Name: Solange de Paula Ramos Author-X-Name-First: Solange de Paula Author-X-Name-Last: Ramos Author-Name: Anthony Leicht Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Leicht Author-Name: Thâmara Alves Author-X-Name-First: Thâmara Author-X-Name-Last: Alves Author-Name: Felipe Rabelo Author-X-Name-First: Felipe Author-X-Name-Last: Rabelo Author-Name: Maurício Gattás Bara-Filho Author-X-Name-First: Maurício Gattás Author-X-Name-Last: Bara-Filho Author-Name: Flávia Alessandra Guarnier Author-X-Name-First: Flávia Alessandra Author-X-Name-Last: Guarnier Author-Name: Fábio Yuzo Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Fábio Yuzo Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Title: Validation of the futsal-specific intermittent shuttle protocol for the simulation of the physical demands of futsal match-play Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of a futsal-simulated match (SM) and futsal-specific intermittent shuttle protocol (FISP) on physical performance, and muscle damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress markers immediately and 24 h post protocols. Thirteen, male, U-20 futsal players performed the FISP and the SM on two different occasions. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during both protocols with countermovement jump (CMJ), perceived muscle soreness, and blood samples measured Pre, Post, and 24 h post protocols. Player’s HR was not significantly different between FISP and SM (p > .05) with RPE significantly higher during the FISP (p < .05). Player’s CMJ for FISP and SM (p < .05) decreased at Post and 24 h compared with Pre, without significant increases in perceived muscle soreness, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, carbonylated proteins and advanced products of protein oxidation (AOPP) at 24 h (p > .05). Creatine kinase (CK) increased 24 h for SM (p < .05). The chances of FISP being different from SM were very likely for CK and AOPP 24 h and unclear for other variables. The results found demonstrated the FISP as a valid simulator of futsal match demands. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 934-947 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1409499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1409499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:934-947 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Piechota Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Piechota Author-Name: Z. Borysiuk Author-X-Name-First: Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Borysiuk Author-Name: M. Błaszczyszyn Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Błaszczyszyn Title: Pattern of movement and the pre- and post-start activation phase during the sprint start in the low-distance athletic run Abstract: The purpose of the paper was to identify the pattern of movement of sprinters’ start. The assessment was conducted as to the movement structure expressed by electromyography (EMG) indicators (muscles’ bioelectric voltage [μV] and timing in muscles activity [ms]) in the group of experts-sprinters and in the group of novices-students. Identification was made as to the interdependency in muscles activity in the pre-and post-start phase of sprint start in both tested groups. The research covered a group of 22 specialist stage sprinters (experts-sprinters) of 1st and 2nd sport class and a group of 32 students of master’s study programmes in physical education major (novices-students). The sprinter run test was conducted at a distance of 30 m from start block along with registration of the EMG signal. Sprinters generated significantly higher bioelectric voltage of the examined muscles. The experts-sprinters activated muscles appropriate for the structure of the pattern of movement at sprint start: triceps brachii, biceps brachii, rectus femoris, as well as vastus lateralis of the right and left limb. Motor programme significantly correlates with start reaction time (R = −.47). The smaller the number of activated muscles in sprinters in the pre-start phase, the shorter the start reaction time. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 948-960 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1409500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1409500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:948-960 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hui Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Hui Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Zheng Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Zheng Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: An analytical model of the two basic situation strategies in table tennis Abstract: To explore table tennis tactics frequently used by players with different racket hands, this study used 364 table tennis matches among elite players as samples and adopted an analytical model of two basic situation strategies to calculate the usage rates and scoring rates of different tactics. The results showed that (1) this model could be applied to the evaluation of concrete tactical behaviours of first four strokes for elite table tennis players; (2) in men’s matches, players typically serve a short ball or return with a touch short to control their opponents, and they then would attack first (such as with topspin) in the third or fourth strokes to increase their scoring rate; (3) in women’s matches, players usually return the ball with a push to take the initiative and attack each other (e.g. topspin against topspin, or topspin against attacking), indicating that female players have simpler tactics than male players and (4) there are certain differences in effective tactics that are usually adopted by male and female players, as well as by right-hand and left-hand players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 970-985 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1415071 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1415071 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:970-985 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patricia Lynch Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Lynch Author-Name: Robert Carroll Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Carroll Title: To compare the type of passing in Gaelic football at senior inter-county level historically to modern day Abstract: Notational analysis was used to record hand and kick passes for both the 1980s and 2014–2016 periods (10 games each). The type, quantity, percentage of successful passes, direction and zone of each pass was recorded using SportsCode software. The number of consecutive hand passes competed along with the ball in play time was recorded. A significant increase in hand passing (p ≤ 0.001) and a significant decrease in kick passing (p ≤ 0.001) were observed between the periods. The ratio of hand to kick passes had risen from 1:1.6 (1980s) to 2.5:1 (2014–2016). Forward passes accounted for the highest proportion of passes while most passes were completed in the middle zone for both periods (1980s and 2014–2016). Sequences of consecutive hand passing increased from between 1 and 7 passes (1980s) to between 1 and 16 consecutive hand passes recorded in the 2014–2016 period. The amount of time which the ball was in play increased significantly (p ≤ 0.001). Therefore, the results of this study confirm the growing use of hand passing in Gaelic football and a decreasing number of kick passes being completed in the game. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 986-995 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1416526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1416526 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:986-995 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Ciro José Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ciro José Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Author-Name: David H. Fukuda Author-X-Name-First: David H. Author-X-Name-Last: Fukuda Author-Name: Carlos Castilho Barros Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Castilho Author-X-Name-Last: Barros Author-Name: Cássia Goulart Author-X-Name-First: Cássia Author-X-Name-Last: Goulart Author-Name: Fábio Dal Bello Author-X-Name-First: Fábio Author-X-Name-Last: Dal Bello Author-Name: Fabrício B. Del Vecchio Author-X-Name-First: Fabrício B. Author-X-Name-Last: Del Vecchio Title: Influence of ACTN3 R/X gene polymorphisms on racing strategy in rowing athletes Abstract: This study compared the polymorphisms RR, XX and RX of the ACTN3 gene among rowers with different race strategies across competitive levels and weight categories. We evaluated 137 rowers divided into: male non-elite openweight (n = 23), male elite openweight (n = 33), male non-elite lightweight (n = 31), male elite lightweight (n = 13), female non-elite openweight (n = 9), female elite openweight (n = 9) and female non-elite lightweight (n = 15), female elite lightweight (n = 4). The main results indicated that rowers who adopted starting/early (within the initial 500 m) or finishing/late (within the final 500 m) strategies exhibited similar ACTN3 genotype frequencies, while fewer athletes who adopted moderate (within the middle 1000 m) pacing strategies were categorised with the ACTN3 XX (8%) genotype as compared to the RR (50%) and RX (42%) genotypes (p = 0.002). Elite openweight male rowers with the ACTN3 RR more frequently preferred moderate pacing strategies (p = 0.006), while non-elite lightweight male athletes with ACTN3 RR more frequently preferred starting/early pacing strategies (p ≤ 0.001). Therefore, rowing athletes with specific ACTN3 genotypes may adopt unique race pacing strategies, while no differences were shown by competitive level or weight category. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 996-1006 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1416527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1416527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:996-1006 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Tubez Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Tubez Author-Name: C. Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Author-Name: J. Paulus Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Paulus Author-Name: J.-L. Croisier Author-X-Name-First: J.-L. Author-X-Name-Last: Croisier Author-Name: O. Brüls Author-X-Name-First: O. Author-X-Name-Last: Brüls Author-Name: V. Denoël Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Denoël Author-Name: B. Forthomme Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Forthomme Title: Which tool for a tennis serve evaluation? A review Abstract: For coaches, the most common and easiest way to analyse the tennis serve is to refer to their own vision. However, human vision is insufficient to observe high-speed motion with great precision. With the improvement of technology, it is now possible to study the gesture from a quantitative point of view. The quantitative evaluation of the tennis serve focuses on the kinematics and kinetics of the player but also on the stroke result, which includes the ball speed and the ball trajectory. This review aims to highlight the current tools available for players, coaches, medical staffs and biomechanical researchers, to evaluate the tennis serve. This overview will provide information to the player’s entourage in order to choose the right tools depending on their specific purposes. All of these tools can be applied in performance improvement and injury prevention. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1007-1033 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1419407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1419407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:1007-1033 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hayden Croft Author-X-Name-First: Hayden Author-X-Name-Last: Croft Author-Name: Bobby Willcox Author-X-Name-First: Bobby Author-X-Name-Last: Willcox Author-Name: Peter Lamb Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Title: Using performance data to identify styles of play in netball: an alternative to performance indicators Abstract: The advent of sports technology has led to large, high-dimensional, performance data-sets, which pose decision-making challenges for coaches and performance analysts. If large data-sets are managed poorly inaccurate and biased decision-making may actually be enabled. This paper outlines a process for capturing, organising and analysing a large performance data-set in professional netball. Two hundred and fifty ANZ Championship matches, from the 2012 to 2015 seasons, where analysed. Self-organising maps and a k-means clustering algorithm were used to describe seven game styles, which were used in a case study to devise a strategy for an upcoming opponent. The team implemented a centre-pass (CP) defence strategy based on the opponent’s previous successful and unsuccessful performances. This strategy involved allowing the oppositions Wing-attack to receive the CP while allowing their Goal attack to take the second pass. The strategy was monitored live by the coaches on a tablet computer via a custom-built dashboard, which tracks each component of the strategy. The process provides an alternative to use of conventional performance indicators and demonstrates a method for handling large high-dimensional performance data-sets. Further work is needed to identify an ecologically valid method for variable selection. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1034-1043 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1419408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1419408 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:1034-1043 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nimai Parmar Author-X-Name-First: Nimai Author-X-Name-Last: Parmar Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Huw Jones Author-X-Name-First: Huw Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Gary Hearne Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Hearne Title: Team performance indicators that predict match outcome and points difference in professional rugby league Abstract: Performance indicators allow for the objective quantification of performance, however, limited PI research for professional rugby league exists. Therefore, this paper assessed 24 relative PIs (home value minus away) from all 27 rounds of the 2012, 2013 and 2014 European Super League seasons, collected by Opta, amounting to 567 matches. Backwards logistic (match outcome) and linear (points difference) regression models were used alongside exhaustive Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection decision trees to identify performance indicators (PIs) and key performance indicators. Teams had a higher chance of winning and would gain more points when they scored first (OR = 1.6, β = 2.4) and increased completed sets (OR = 1.2, β = 1.2) by one unit. Conversely, teams had a lower chance of winning when they increased scoots (OR = 0.9, β = −0.2). However, some PIs which were thought to be important (as identified by previous literature) were removed from the analysis thus calling into question the appropriateness of stepwise methods. Future research may consider utilising dimension reduction techniques when analysing large data-sets that encompass multiple variables. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1044-1056 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1419409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1419409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:1044-1056 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heinrich Painczyk Author-X-Name-First: Heinrich Author-X-Name-Last: Painczyk Author-Name: Sharief Hendricks Author-X-Name-First: Sharief Author-X-Name-Last: Hendricks Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Title: Utilisation of performance analysis among Western Province Rugby Union club coaches Abstract: The growth and accessibility of performance analysis (PA) is attributed to the growth of modern PA systems and PA companies that provide the services of match coding. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the utilisation of PA among Western Province Super League club rugby coaches. Fifty-one coaches involved at senior and under 20-level teams participated in this study. The study had a response rate of 88%. The study revealed that only 16% of coaches have access to video footage after every game and 82% of coaches do not have access to and do not use computerised notational systems (CNS). Despite the fact that 80% of coaches value PA extremely, the study concluded that PA is not being used by a large majority of coaches in Western Province Rugby Union clubs. It was further concluded that this is due to the availability of PA resources (video equipment and CNS) due to budget restraints. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1057-1072 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1429757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1429757 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:1057-1072 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Author-Name: Miguel Gómez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Ruano Author-Name: Gai Yang Author-X-Name-First: Gai Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Styles of play in professional soccer: an approach of the Chinese Soccer Super League Abstract: Describing and measuring different styles of play that soccer teams can adopt during a match is a very important step towards a more predictive and prescriptive performance analysis. The current study aimed to identify and measure different styles of play in professional soccer. The sample comprises all 240 matches in the Chinese Soccer Super League during the 2016 season. Data were examined using a linear regression analysis and a factor analysis. Five factors had eigenvalues greater than 1 and explained 79.6% of the total variance. The following styles of play were found: Factor 1 (“possession” style of play, correlated with the ball possession, ball possession in opponent half and in the final third of the field, positional attacks, passes, accurate passes, passes forward and back), Factor 2 (set pieces attack, correlated positively with the number of set pieces attacks, and attacks), Factor 3 (counterattacking play, correlated with interceptions, interceptions in opponents half, recovered balls, and number of counterattacks) and Factor 4 and 5 (transitional play, correlated with lost balls, and picking up free balls). These metrics may allow coaches and analysts to classify the teams’ into specific profiles of playing styles. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1073-1084 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1431857 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1431857 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:6:p:1073-1084 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Martín Gamonales Puerto Author-X-Name-First: José Martín Author-X-Name-Last: Gamonales Puerto Author-Name: Jesús Muñoz Jiménez Author-X-Name-First: Jesús Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz Jiménez Author-Name: kiko León Guzmán Author-X-Name-First: kiko Author-X-Name-Last: León Guzmán Author-Name: Sergio José Ibáñez Godoy Author-X-Name-First: Sergio José Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Godoy Title: Efficacy of shots on goal in football for the visually impaired Abstract: Research on performance indicators in 5-a-side football for the visually impaired is in its infancy, in spite of it being one of the most popular sports for people with this disability. The purpose of this study was to analyse the shots on goal performed in the Blind Football World Championship in 2014. All the matches were analysed, and the sample consisted of a total of 1497 shots on goal. The IOLF5C tool was used to analyse the efficacy of the shot on goal. Thirteen variables were used to define each shot on goal. First, a descriptive study was performed and subsequently the relations among the variables and shot on goal efficacy were analysed. Finally, the most effective shot on goal was defined. Significant associations were identified among the variables defining the shot and its final efficacy. These results make it possible to characterise the shot on goal in this sports modality. The associations that have been identified serve as a basis for establishing training objectives, as well as strategies, which favour more effective shot on goal. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 393-409 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1475194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1475194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:3:p:393-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ângelo Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ângelo Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Author-Name: Paulo Roriz Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Author-X-Name-Last: Roriz Author-Name: Ricardo Duarte Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Duarte Author-Name: Júlio Garganta Author-X-Name-First: Júlio Author-X-Name-Last: Garganta Title: Match-running performance of young soccer players in different game formats Abstract: Present study aimed to analyse the effect of game format, age-group, and playing position on match-running variables of soccer players (age ranging from 6.94 ± 0.7 to 13.46 ± 0.5 years; height ranging from 125.36 ± 6.04 to 159.16 ± 7.78 cm; weight ranging from 27.16 ± 5.75 to 49.89 ± 8.89 kgf). Match-running variables were assessed using global positioning system technology. Results suggest that game formats, which include more players have a significant effect on match-running variables than those having fewer players (p < 0.001). Moreover, oldest age-groups covered significantly higher distances in all categories than younger groups, total distance (TD): η2 = 0.32, p < 0.001; low-intensity running (LIR): η2 = 0.09, p < 0.001; high-intensity running (HIR): η2 = 0.25, p < 0.001; very high-intensity running (VHIR): η2 = 0.34, p < 0.001; very high-intensity activity (VHIA): η2 = 0.42, p < 0.001; and sprinting (SP): η2 = 0.41, p < 0.001). Match-running variables also differ among playing positions. Defenders covered lowest TD and HIR in all age-groups; midfielders covered highest TD and LIR in all age-groups (p < 0.001); forwards covered highest VHIR, VHIA, and SP in U14 age-group. Defenders covered lowest TD, LIR, HIR, and VHIR; midfielders covered highest TD and HIR regardless game format (p < 0.001); forwards covered highest VHIR, VHIA, and SP in 11v11 format (p < 0.001). These findings can provide an opportunity for coaches to maximise the efficiency of their training sessions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 410-422 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1479924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1479924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:3:p:410-422 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Fernandez-Navarro Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez-Navarro Author-Name: Luis Fradua Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Fradua Author-Name: Asier Zubillaga Author-X-Name-First: Asier Author-X-Name-Last: Zubillaga Author-Name: Allistair P. McRobert Author-X-Name-First: Allistair P. Author-X-Name-Last: McRobert Title: Influence of contextual variables on styles of play in soccer Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of match status, venue, and quality of opposition on the styles of play in soccer. Data were collected from 380 games of the English Premier League from the 2015–2016 season. Linear mixed models were applied to evaluate the influence of these contextual variables on membership scores for Direct Play, Counterattack, Maintenance, Build Up, Sustained Threat, Fast Tempo, Crossing, and High Pressure. The results showed that match status had a significant effect on the eight styles of play (all P < 0.001), venue had a significant effect on all styles of play (P < 0.01) except Counterattack and Maintenance, and quality of opposition had a significant effect on all styles of play (P < 0.05) except Counterattack. Moreover, the interaction between match status and quality of opposition, and venue and quality of opposition showed significant effects on some styles of play. The results of this study imply that contextual variables influence the use of styles of play in soccer match play. Consequently, this provides meaningful recommendations for practitioners in soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 423-436 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1479925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1479925 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:3:p:423-436 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pedro Bergua Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Bergua Author-Name: Jesús Montero-Marin Author-X-Name-First: Jesús Author-X-Name-Last: Montero-Marin Author-Name: Alejandro Gomez-Bruton Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez-Bruton Author-Name: José Antonio Casajús Author-X-Name-First: José Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Casajús Title: Hanging ability in climbing: an approach by finger hangs on adjusted depth edges in advanced and elite sport climbers Abstract: Hanging ability on small depth edges is one of the most limiting factors in climbing. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a hanging ability indicator measured on an adjusted depth edge. Forty voluntary sport climbers (34 men) were divided into an advanced group (AG; n = 22) and an elite group (EG; n = 18). Climbers performed three sustained finger tests following a test–retest design: (a) maximum hanging time on a 14-mm edge depth (MHT_14), (b) minimum edge depth in which climbers could hang for 40 s exactly (MED_40) and (c) maximum added weight test on the MED_40 edge depth (MAW_5). EG performed better than AG in all tests. The regression analyses showed that the MHT_14 test and MAW_5 test explained a 35% and 69% of the climbing sport level in AG and EG, respectively. All the tests were reliable (ICC3,1 values ranging from 0.89 to 1.00). The MAW_5 and MHT_14 tests demonstrated to be valid and reliable hanging ability indicators for EG and AG, respectively. The measurement of hanging ability on adjusted depth edges might be a key factor in elite climbers, but not necessary in lower level climbers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 437-450 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1486115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1486115 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:3:p:437-450 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sam McIntosh Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: McIntosh Author-Name: Stephanie Kovalchik Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Kovalchik Author-Name: Sam Robertson Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson Title: Examination of player role in the Australian Football League using match performance data Abstract: This study developed multiple methods to determine player role in Australian Rules football utilising objective match performance data. Specifically, Australian Football League (AFL) Player Ratings from the 2016 AFL season were used to classify players into seven a priori determined playing roles, as well as determine levels of individual player similarity. Mean values for the 11 AFL Player Ratings categories were calculated for each individual player, and a performance profile created based on the relative contribution of points from each category to that players overall rating total. A decision tree model incorporated five of the 11 categories to classify player role at an accuracy of 74.3% (95% confidence interval = 70.5–77.9% across 10-fold cross-validation). Role classification was most accurate for key forwards, midfielders and general defenders, whilst the midfield-forward role was most difficult to define objectively. A Euclidean distance measure was used to determine the most similar pairs of individual players within the AFL, as well as from an intra-club perspective. An application was also developed to visually represent the similarity of players within the squad of a single AFL club. Sporting organisations may apply the methods provided here to support decisions regarding player selection and recruitment. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 451-462 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1486116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1486116 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:3:p:451-462 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Danilo L. Alves Author-X-Name-First: Danilo L. Author-X-Name-Last: Alves Author-Name: Ramon Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Ramon Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz Author-Name: Pablo R. Domingos Author-X-Name-First: Pablo R. Author-X-Name-Last: Domingos Author-Name: Raul Osiecki Author-X-Name-First: Raul Author-X-Name-Last: Osiecki Author-Name: Fernando R. De Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Fernando R. Author-X-Name-Last: De Oliveira Author-Name: Jorge R.P. Lima Author-X-Name-First: Jorge R.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Lima Title: Do warnings received in race walking influence the speed of athletes? Abstract: The aim of the study was to measure the influence of bent knee and loss of contact warnings on lap speed in race walkers and correlate with maximum and minimum lap speeds. Fifty-four national race walkers (32 men and 22 women, 22.8 ± 9.0 and 20.7 ± 9.0 years old, respectively) participated in the study. The lap speed pre-warnings, at the moment and post-warnings were compared, with analysis between bent knee and loss of contact. Additionally, the maximum and minimum lap speeds were associated with the lap speed at the moment of warning compared between bent knee and loss of contact. The bent knee warnings were given at lower speeds than loss of contact warnings (F(1) = 22.894, p = 0.001). Additionally, only bent knee warnings negatively influenced the athlete’s speed (F(2) = 11.430, p = 0.001) and were associated with the minimum or maximum lap speed in the race (r = 0.440, p = 0.001; r = 0.201, p = 0.036, respectively). In conclusion, these findings showed that athletes should avoid very fast or very slow speeds, which reduce the risk of receiving bent knee warnings, and consequently, speed throughout the race. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 463-469 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1488438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1488438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:3:p:463-469 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sotirios Drikos Author-X-Name-First: Sotirios Author-X-Name-Last: Drikos Author-Name: Athanasios Tsoukos Author-X-Name-First: Athanasios Author-X-Name-Last: Tsoukos Title: Data benchmarking through a longitudinal study in high-level men’s volleyball Abstract: A benchmark is a reference point for comparisons established from the value of a performance indicator. In order to create benchmarks for volleyball, we used performance data from each team of the Greek Volley League from the season 2005–2006 until the season 2016–2017 (N = 143). We considered the effectiveness of 14 parameters from five skills: serve, attack after passing, attack after defence, block and pass. The results showed that high-level teams of the Greek championship, which finished in positions 1–4, had as benchmarks: (a) in serve, two aces every five serve errors, while teams 9–12 had two aces every six errors, (b) in attack after passing one error or one passive block every four kills, while teams 9–12 had one every five kills, (c) in attack after defence one error or one passive block every three kills versus every two kills for 9–12 and (d) one error every nine passes on the target against every seven passes for 9–12. Overall, the results of this study indicate that success in volleyball can be explained with skill performance indicators, expressed as the ratio of successful to unsuccessful attempts, or with a ratio of successful attempts per set, in case of block skill. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 470-480 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1493319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1493319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:3:p:470-480 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karsten Øvretveit Author-X-Name-First: Karsten Author-X-Name-Last: Øvretveit Title: Acute physiological and perceptual responses to Brazilian jiu-jitsu sparring: the role of maximal oxygen uptake Abstract: Sparring is a training form in combat sports designed to simulate fighting. This study sought to assess physiological and perceptual responses to Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) sparring and their relationship with maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). Twelve male BJJ athletes (age: 30.6 ± 2.7 (SD) years; height: 182.5 ± 5.9 cm; body mass (mb): 81.2 ± 6.7 kg; body fat: 9.9 ± 3.2%) with 4.6 ± 2.2 years of BJJ experience and a training volume of 10.3 ± 4.4 h· week−1 participated in the study. Following a V̇O2max measurement, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([La‾]b), and rating of perceived exertion were obtained during sparring in a regular training session. Each participant sparred five consecutive 6-min rounds separated by 90-s breaks. Mean sparring HR was 164 ± 9 beats· min−1, equivalent to 85% ± 4% of the maximal HR (HRmax). The sparring was perceived as “hard”. Mass-independent V̇O2max correlated negatively with HR, relative HR (%HRmax), and [La‾]b (p <0.05). The inverse relationship between V̇O2max and physiological markers of exertion suggest that V̇O2max affects exercise tolerance in BJJ and could also point to a limited efficacy of sparring for developing aerobic endurance due to insufficient exercise intensity in trained athletes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 481-494 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1493634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1493634 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:3:p:481-494 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Agnieszka Wojtaś Author-X-Name-First: Agnieszka Author-X-Name-Last: Wojtaś Author-Name: Piotr Unierzyski Author-X-Name-First: Piotr Author-X-Name-Last: Unierzyski Author-Name: Elżbieta Hurnik Author-X-Name-First: Elżbieta Author-X-Name-Last: Hurnik Title: Fitness and skill performance characteristics of Polish female national taekwondo squad members Abstract: The aim of the research is to describe the influence of some physical factors, motor abilities and technical skills on the performance level in taekwondo. The subjects were 16 female competitors (aged 18-26 years, mean 21.7 years) - members of Taekwondo WTF Polish National / Olympic Team possessing black belts (1st Dan) The data included height, body mass, BMI, ranking and the results of general and special fitness tests for taekwondo. Results showed that less heavily built athletes were superior to those with higher BMI in terms of speed, speed-endurance and flexibility. The results also show that better athletes are generally leaner from their peers and that leaner body build has a positive influence on performance level in taekwondo Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-8 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:1-8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Garefis Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Garefis Author-Name: G. Tsitskaris Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Tsitskaris Author-Name: K. Mexas Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Mexas Author-Name: D. Kyriakou Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Kyriakou Title: Comparison of the effectiveness of fast breaks in two high level basketball championships Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the offensive effectivess of fast-breaks in high level basketball teams. Twenty five games of A1Greek professional teams, and twenty five games between national teams in the European championship were recorded, and fast-breaks were evaluated using video analysis in conjunction with different parameters such as success, initiation, type, player completing the fast-break and conditions of execution. Although no significant statistical differences were recorded between the two different levels of basketball in fast-break completion, significant differences were recorded in the type of fast break, with the A1 teams recording greater 4 on 3 (13.8%) while national teams tended to prefer 1 on 1 fast breaks (14.3%). A significant statistical difference in success rates with the 4 on 2 was revealed since, national teams succeded in 91.4% of attacks, and clubs in 67.4%. The results indicate that emphasis should be given to completing transition from the 3‥ area and practice 1 on 1 primary, and 4 on 3 secondary transition to enhance the effectiveness of fast-breaks in these situations. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 9-17 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:9-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Simon Eaves Author-X-Name-First: J. Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Eaves Author-Name: L. Adam Evers Author-X-Name-First: L. Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Evers Title: The relationship between the ‘play the ball’ time, post-ruck action and the occurrence of perturbations in professional rugby league football Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify if a relationship exists between types of perturbation, post-ruck action and ‘play the ball’ time in professional rugby league football. Six full games were notated post-event using a commercially available computerized system. Initial intra-observer reliability analysis established that the level of observer agreement exceeded 97% for all variables under examination. Data analysis revealed a significant (F2, 35 = 3.62, P < 0.02) Post-Ruck Action main effect for mean ruck time. Post-hoc analysis of this effect indicated the difference was significant (P < 0.005) between ruck times preceding a hit up (4.27 s) and ruck times preceding a dummy run (3.31 s). A significant Post-Ruck Action (F2, 36 = 15.27, P < 0.0005) main effect was identified for perturbation percentage. Post-hoc analyses of this effect indicted that the percentage of perturbations created during pass play (32.7%) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than from hit ups (14.5%) and from dummy runs (9.7%). It was concluded that both the speed of the ‘play the ball’ and the position of attack relative to the initial ruck position are factors associated with creating perturbations in play in professional rugby league football. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 18-25 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:18-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. López-Botella Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: López-Botella Author-Name: J.M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: J.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Title: Relationship between laterality of foot strike and shot zone on penalty efficacy in specialist penalty takers Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to study the relationship between laterality of foot strike and shot zone on penalty efficacy in professional penal-tytaking specialist football players. A total of 514 penalty shots of national (Spanish) and international competitions in the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 seasons were analyzed. A descriptive and correlative intra- and inter-group design was used. The variables studied were: shot efficacy (goals, saves by the goalkeeper, hitting the goal post, and misses), foot used for strike, and shot zone. Descriptive and inferential analyses (Chi-Square Test and likelihood ratio) of the data were done. The following conclusions can be established from the results obtained: a) No significant differences in shot efficacy in relation to foot used in specialists were found; b) The specialist penalty takers obtained a goal in eight out of ten penalty shots; c) There was a tendency in right-footed players to shoot to a zone right of the goalkeeper and a tendency in left-footed players to shoot to a zone left of the goalkeeper; and d) There was a tendency in both right-footed and left-footed players to shoot to the low zones of the goal. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 26-36 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:26-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luc Collard Author-X-Name-First: Luc Author-X-Name-Last: Collard Title: Average swimming speeds for 6 sections of the 50-meter backstroke race: Comparison of performance in zones swum underwater or at the surface in 12 international short course events Abstract: We measured the speed of 12 international-level swimmers (6♀ and 6♀) for 6 sections of the 50m backstroke race in a short course (25m) pool (0-5m; 5-15m; 15-25m; 25-30m; 30-40m; 40-50m) by breaking down the races using video analysis. Our assessment revealed that swimmers went faster when underwater (independently of the benefit obtained by pushing off the pool wall in the 0-5m and 25-30m zones) than when they swam at the surface. These results were supported by the per-zone speed ranking established by the vast majority of 151 sports students acting as observers. The latter viewed each race 3 times, in order to divide up the race into the 6 zones using frame-by-frame images (with an index of agreement of more than 76%, according to Pareto’s criterion). Only the per-zone speed rankings for the 3 slowest female swimmers deviated from the majority ranking (using Kendall’s L statistic), as the result of a shorter underwater segment during the 2nd length.Despite being considered (by the sport’s rules and in scientific terms) as a subsidiary and disruptive element of propulsion, underwater dolphin kicks are responsible for the highest speeds in this type of event. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 37-45 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868408 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:37-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koh Sasaki Author-X-Name-First: Koh Author-X-Name-Last: Sasaki Author-Name: Takuo Furukawa Author-X-Name-First: Takuo Author-X-Name-Last: Furukawa Author-Name: Jun Murakami Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Murakami Author-Name: Hironobu Shimozono Author-X-Name-First: Hironobu Author-X-Name-Last: Shimozono Author-Name: Masaki Nagamatsu Author-X-Name-First: Masaki Author-X-Name-Last: Nagamatsu Author-Name: Masahiko Miyao Author-X-Name-First: Masahiko Author-X-Name-Last: Miyao Author-Name: Takumi Yamamoto Author-X-Name-First: Takumi Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamoto Author-Name: Ichiro Watanabe Author-X-Name-First: Ichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Watanabe Author-Name: Hiroshi Yasugahira Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Yasugahira Author-Name: Taketoshi Saito Author-X-Name-First: Taketoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Saito Author-Name: Yuichi Ueno Author-X-Name-First: Yuichi Author-X-Name-Last: Ueno Author-Name: Takashi Katsuta Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Katsuta Author-Name: Ichiro Kono Author-X-Name-First: Ichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Kono Title: Scoring profiles and defense performance analysis in Rugby Union Abstract: A game analysis is the practical approach for the performance evaluation and the structure of modern rugby. The longitudinal data gathering could verify the concerned unique structure of the specific league. That relates to the solution of a subject to contribute to the improvement in the quality of the competition of the league as well. In this study, Japanese domestic league was analyzed from 2003 until 2005. Analytic contents were the score profile, the actual exhaustion condition by the long season and try structure. As a source of try, the turnover play was focused in the detail. This defense performance which is connected to quick attacking phase would be common strategic and tactic facet for world second tier union like Japan which has been forced the physical disadvantage constantly. And also that kind of contest and continuity situation would make one of the dynamic mechanisms of rugby union game. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 46-53 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:46-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Eaves Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Eaves Author-Name: Gemma Broad Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Broad Title: A comparative analysis of professional rugby league football playing patterns between Australia and the United Kingdom Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish whether the playing patterns of professional rugby league teams in the English Super League (SL) were different from teams playing in the Australian National Rugby League (NRL). Twelve games of professional rugby league were notated post-event using the SportsCode Elite system. Initial intra-observer reliability analysis established that the level of observer agreement exceeded 95% for all variables and for the identification of playing zones. Data analysis revealed a significant difference in the percentage of plays in the defence zone (t = −3.33, P <0.01) and transition zone (t = 3.67, P < 0.005), with teams in the NRL spending less time in transition, but more time in the defence zone. Analysis further revealed that teams in the NRL utilised the hit up in the attack zone significantly more than teams in the SL (t = −2.29, P < 0.05) and employed the turtle tackle significantly more when the play was in their defence zone (t = −3.31, P < 0.009). It was concluded that teams in the NRL are more adept than teams in SL at confining their opponents to the defence zone. In addition they play a more expansive game in the transition zone which enables them to move more quickly into the attack zone. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 54-66 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868410 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:54-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebeca Piñeiro Mosquera Author-X-Name-First: Rebeca Piñeiro Author-X-Name-Last: Mosquera Author-Name: Javier Sampedro Molinuevo Author-X-Name-First: Javier Sampedro Author-X-Name-Last: Molinuevo Author-Name: Ignacio Refoyo Román Author-X-Name-First: Ignacio Refoyo Author-X-Name-Last: Román Title: Differences between international men’s and women’s teams in the strategic action of the penalty corner in field hockey Abstract: The penalty corner is one of the strategic actions that determine the result in a match in field hockey. In that investigation we want to show if differences exist between international men’s and women’s teams in the development of this strategy when it is successful. We propose the following aims in our study: to see if a relationship exists between gender and the following variables: used skill, number of players who intervene, number of passes, zone of shot and direction of the sucessful shot at the goal in the penalty corner. The sample is formed by 59 games of international level of top level female (n=21) and male (n=38). In these games 128 penalty corners that finished in goals were registered. We used the data base notational “OBANGOFH” for the capture of information. The analysis of the data was carried out through crosstabs, and Chi-square (p<0,05), where the statistical SPSS package was used. The results obtained in this study determine that the action of the goal in the penalty corner, suggests significant differences between men and women, in the skill of use, the number of players who intervene, the number of passes and the zone of shot. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 67-83 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:67-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Louise Hale Author-X-Name-First: Sara Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Hale Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Addressing turning and direction changes when using the Bloomfield Movement Classification Abstract: The Bloomfield Movement Classification (BMC) allows speed agility quickness requirements as well as injury risk of activity in team games to be characterised. A limitation of previous applications of the BMC is that frequencies of movement types can be over-estimated while duration of movement instances can be under-estimated. This is because a movement instance composed of segments performed in different directions and / or turning activity will be presented as separate movement instances even if the same locomotive movement type is being performed. The current paper proposes a method of processing data captured using the BMC to address this. The method not only recognises movement instances composed of multiple segments but also allows movements to be characterised by the number of turns and direction changes performed within the movement instances. The netball movement data used in the current investigation has limited reliability and the results should only be considered in the knowledge that reliability is limited. However, the way in which the results are presented here are a good example of how the BMC can be used in future investigations of movement in different sports where a greater level of reliability is achieved. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 84-89 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868412 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:84-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jörg M. J♀ger Author-X-Name-First: Jörg M. Author-X-Name-Last: J♀ger Author-Name: Jürgen Perl Author-X-Name-First: Jürgen Author-X-Name-Last: Perl Author-Name: I. Wolfgang Schöllhorn Author-X-Name-First: I. Wolfgang Author-X-Name-Last: Schöllhorn Title: Analysis of players’ configurations by means of artificial neural networks Abstract: Quantifying tactics in team sports is of major interest for reliable diagnostics and goal oriented training but it is usually accompanied by the problem of considering several athletes at once. The purpose of this study is to analyze changes of patterns of configurations and the team specific variability of the underlying tactical concepts. This is done by means of self organizing maps that are trained with the configurations (i.e. players’ positions) of female volleyball players from the world championship 2002. A time discrete (target configurations) as well as time continuous (trajectories of configuration changes) oriented approach is chosen and compared. Results show that the classification of constellations is possible and may support a qualitative analysis of structural interactions within a game. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the rally from Germany vs. Italy shows, that the German team uses fewer types of configurations more often whereas the Italian team chooses from more constellations but less frequently. Since the world champion of 2002 – Italy – shows a higher variability of configuration patterns, these variable tactics seem to correlate with success in team sports. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 90-105 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:90-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Damien Lafont Author-X-Name-First: Damien Author-X-Name-Last: Lafont Title: Towards a new hitting model in tennis Abstract: This study highlights recent observations in tennis which have revealed that the head position and gaze direction during the hitting process distinguished significantly elite players (with significant results in Grand Slam tournaments) from other top players: Elite players spent more time tracking the ball and fix the contact zone (or hitting zone) throughout the hitting action. These characteristics of elite players provide the basis for a simplified hitting model which emphasizes the fixation on the contact zone until the end of the follow-through. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 106-116 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:106-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Bradley Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Blake Wooster Author-X-Name-First: Blake Author-X-Name-Last: Wooster Author-Name: Phil Tordoff Author-X-Name-First: Phil Author-X-Name-Last: Tordoff Title: The reliability of ProZone MatchViewer: a video-based technical performance analysis system Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the inter-observer reliability of ProZone’s MatchViewer system. Two groups of trained observers independently analysed an English FA Premier League soccer match. In total, 2552 events were recorded by both observers with 12 events being recorded only by the first observer and 37 events being recorded only by the second observer. The mean absolute error of event time was 0.007 s with very good strengths of inter-observer agreement found for event type (κ = 0.990), player (κ = 0.995) and second player involved in the event (κ = 0.979). The mean absolute error in pitch location of event was 3.6 m with the location of 95% of events being agreed by the two observers to within 8.5 m. The results suggest that ProZone’s MatchViewer system is reliable when operated by observers that have undergone the recommended quantity of end-user training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 117-129 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868415 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:117-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868503 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:2:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Israel Teoldo da Costa Author-X-Name-First: Israel Teoldo da Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Júlio Garganta Author-X-Name-First: Júlio Author-X-Name-Last: Garganta Author-Name: Pablo Juan Greco Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Greco Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: André Seabra Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Seabra Title: Influence of Relative Age Effects and Quality of Tactical Behaviour in the Performance of Youth Soccer Players Abstract: The present study examines the associations between tactical performance indexes with quality of tactical behaviours and birth-date quarters of youth Soccer players. The sample comprised a total of 534 youth players classified into four seasons of 3 months (January-March; April-June; July-September; October-December). A system of tactical assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression were applied. The tactical performance indexes were divided into tercis (low, moderate and high) in order to evaluate the influences of relative age effects and quality of tactical behaviours. The quality in the “penetration” and “offensive coverage” principles were positively related to moderate performance indexes. Players with the highest quality in the “depth mobility” and “unity defensive” principles were more likely to present higher performance indexes. Regarding the defensive phase, those with better qualities in the “delay”, “concentration” and “defensive unity” principles were more likely to have moderate performance index. Additionally, better quality in the “defensive coverage” and “balance” principles corresponded to a higher likelihood of having a superior performance index. Relative age effects were observed only in high defensive performance index. The present results revealed a positive correlation between tactical performance indexes and quality of tactical behaviours. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 82-97 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868504 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:2:p:82-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Muehlbauer Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Muehlbauer Title: Relationship between Starting and Finishing Position in Formula One Car Races Abstract: This study examined the relationship between starting position and finishing position performed in 70 official Formula One Grand Prix car races over a four year period. Associations were analyzed for positions 1 to 8, resulting N=560 cases, for which the finishers score points towards the drivers’ world championships. Contingency coefficient revealed a significant correlation between starting and finishing position (C=0.63, p<0.001). Furthermore, the relative frequency to win a race was highest (59.9%) when starting from pole position, but progressively decreased up to 0% when starting from position seven or eight. Frequency of reasons why pole position drivers and those starting behind lost races were highest for races finished 2nd or less (n=396 cases) followed by technical problems (n=56) and accidents (n=35). The most frequently reason why drivers starting behind pole position won their races were a poor fueling strategy (n=11) made by the pole drivers or their teams. Results reflect that the outcome of Formula One car races is to some extent based on merit achieved during final and qualifying races. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 98-102 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868505 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:2:p:98-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Patsiaouras Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Patsiaouras Author-Name: A. Moustakidis Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Moustakidis Author-Name: K. Charitonidis Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Charitonidis Author-Name: D. Kokaridas Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Kokaridas Title: Volleyball technical skills as winning and qualification factors during the Olympic Games 2008 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the technical skills that emerged as statistically important for volleyball men teams’ progress into the qualification round, semi-final and final in the Beijing Olympic Games of 2008. Collection of data included the use of the statistical recording program Data Volley 2 Professional (2005) for games evaluated. Additional statistical analyses included the use of SPSS 15.0. Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test use revealed statistically significant differences among the teams concerning the “attack errors following bad receptions” factor. Additional statistical analyses using Mann - Whitney U test showed statistically important differences between the teams playing in each semi-final and the final with the qualification round teams regarding the “attack errors following bad receptions” factor. Statistically important differences were also noticed in the “attack after bad reception” between qualification round teams and teams playing in the final (Brazil-USA) Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 115-120 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:2:p:115-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Apostolos Theodorou Author-X-Name-First: Apostolos Author-X-Name-Last: Theodorou Author-Name: Emmanouil Skordilis Author-X-Name-First: Emmanouil Author-X-Name-Last: Skordilis Title: Consequences of the European Team Championships’ new rules on Pole Vault Abstract: Over the 2009 European Team Championship, the European Athletics Association proceeded to a modification of Pole Vault rules according to which, each competitor was entitled to a maximum of 4 aggregate fouls throughout the competition. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of new rules implementation on men’s and women’s Pole Vault competition. The 2008 and 2009 European Team Championships results for the Super and First Leagues (n = 48; 24 males & 24 females) were compared. The dependent variables were: Athlete’s Final Height (AFH), Number of Efforts (NE), Successful Efforts (SE), Failed Efforts (FE) and Efforts Forgoed (EF). Men’s AFH remained unchanged (0.04%). NE reduced by 1.92% while the percentile SE/FE distribution changed favourably towards the SE (40.65%/59.35% for 2008 vs 43.42%/56.58% for 2009). Women’s AFH remained unchanged (+ 0.24%). NE decreased significantly by 16.28%, while the percentile SE/FE distribution changed favourably towards the SE (44.70%/55.30% for 2008 vs 47.21%/52.79% for 2009). Overall, the restriction in Pole Vault efforts seems to have had a slightly positive effect on men’s and women’s performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 121-130 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:2:p:121-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Machar Reid Author-X-Name-First: Machar Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Author-Name: Darren McMurtrie Author-X-Name-First: Darren Author-X-Name-Last: McMurtrie Author-Name: Miguel Crespo Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Crespo Title: Title: The relationship between match statistics and top 100 ranking in professional men’s tennis Abstract: Match statistics are supplied at the majority of professional tennis tour events. The governing body of the men’s tour – the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – updates players’ statistical profiles on a weekly basis. The relationships between the rankings and fourteen statistics describing the match performance of the top 100 male professional players in 2007 were examined to determine which statistics were most related to playing success. Partial correlations determined the strength of these associations and selected variables were entered into a stepwise regression procedure to predict professional ranking. Five variables were significant predictors of top 100 ranking while only second serve return points won and second serve points won remained in the final prediction equation, which accounted for 52% of the variance in professional ranking: predicted men’s professional ranking = 548.5 + -666.6 * second serve points won + -319.9 * second serve return points won. This analysis suggests that second serve points won and second serve return points are among the most relevant statistics commonly available to ATP players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 131-138 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:2:p:131-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Clark Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Title: Intermittent high intensity activity in English FA Premier League soccer Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to describe the activity within English FA Premier League match play. There were 20 players included in the study; 4 centre backs, 4 wide backs, 4 central midfielders, 4 wide midfielders and 4 forwards. The entire on-field activity of the players was verbally coded and recorded for later entry into a computerised time-motion analysis system. The players spent 9.5±2.5% of the first half performing high intensity activity compared to 7.8±2.4% of the second half (p < 0.001). Positional role had a significant influence on the percentage of match time spent performing high intensity activity (p = 0.006) with the 13.1+1.5% for wide backs being significantly greater than the 8.1±1.6% for centre backs (p = .011) and the 8.0±2.0% performed by forwards (p = .009). The high intensity activity performed by the players was intermittent with 58.0% of all bursts of high intensity activity being less than 3s. However, there was no relationship between the duration of high intensity burst and the recovery period that followed it (p = .737). Therefore, coaches and players should be aware that players may be required to take short recoveries after bursts of any duration. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 139-151 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868510 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:2:p:139-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Fritz Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Fritz Author-Name: Bruce Bukiet Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Bukiet Title: Objective Method for Determining the Most Valuable Player in Major League Baseball Abstract: The sportswriters who select the Most Valuable Player (MVP) and Cy Young award winners for Major League Baseball do not use any mandated criteria to make their selections and as a result, many observers feel they do not select the most appropriate players. In this paper, we introduce an objective criterion for selecting the MVP and Cy Young award winners. We extended the Markov Chain model developed by Bukiet et al. (1997) to include more realistic aspects of baseball, improving its authenticity. We used the model to analyze the various candidates for the two awards over a period of 20 years to determine the players whose performance would have added the greatest number of expected wins to an average team and call these players the “objective winners” of the awards. We found that the sportswriters’ selections matched the objective criterion just under half the time and that the sportswriters selected one of the top three performers nearly 70% of the time. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 152-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868511 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:2:p:152-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Germain Poizat Author-X-Name-First: Germain Author-X-Name-Last: Poizat Author-Name: David Adé Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Adé Author-Name: Ludovic Seifert Author-X-Name-First: Ludovic Author-X-Name-Last: Seifert Author-Name: Huub Toussaint Author-X-Name-First: Huub Author-X-Name-Last: Toussaint Author-Name: Nathalie Gal-Petitfaux Author-X-Name-First: Nathalie Author-X-Name-Last: Gal-Petitfaux Title: Evaluation of the Measuring Active Drag system usability: An important step for its integration into training sessions Abstract: This paper is the first stage of an iterative process aiming at the (re)design of a training device for swimming. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usability of the Measuring Active Drag (MAD) system, a technical device for biomechanical evaluation and performance analysis. To do so, this study examines real activity of elite swimmers using this system. It was conducted within an activity-centred approach: the course-of-action technological research programme. Three international male swimmers volunteered to participate in the study. Two types of data were collected: (a) video recordings, and (b) verbalisations during post-protocol interviews. The data were processed in two steps: (a) reconstructing each swimmer’s course of action, and (b) comparing these courses of action. The results are presented in two stages: (a) the concerns and modalities of using, and (b) use sensations. One of the most important results was that these components changed according to the swimmer’s speed when using the MAD system. The discussion is organized in two sections: (a) usability of the MAD system, and (b) design proposals to insert MAD system into training sessions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 170-186 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:2:p:170-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stuart Pavely Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Pavely Author-Name: Roger D Adams Author-X-Name-First: Roger D Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Author-Name: Tanya Di Francesco Author-X-Name-First: Tanya Author-X-Name-Last: Di Francesco Author-Name: Stephen Larkham Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Larkham Author-Name: Christopher G Maher Author-X-Name-First: Christopher G Author-X-Name-Last: Maher Title: Bilateral clearance punt kicking in rugby union: effects of hand used for ball delivery Abstract: Clearance kicking for distance is a pre-requisite skill in first-grade Rugby Union, but is seldom performed equally well on both sides. To assess kicking performance in a game-like manner, kick direction to the left or right was signalled to an approaching player in a reactive agility test, so that an active choice regarding the kicking foot was required. Ten kicks were recorded from each of ten right-footed first-grade players, who punted for distance, on the run, toward the left or right far corner flags as signalled. Kicks with the nonpreferred foot travelled significantly less distance than kicks with the preferred foot (36m vs 42m) with significantly more trajectory variation. Ball delivery to the preferred right foot came from the ipsilateral right hand on 84% of kicks, however 70 % of delivery for the non-preferred left foot was by the contralateral right hand or both hands together. The resulting shorter clearance punt kick distance and lower directional accuracy on the nonpreferred left side may be due to suboptimal kicking biomechanics caused by the involvement of the preferred right hand in ball delivery. Training methods are needed that can improve use of the ipsilateral hand to guide the ball onto the non-preferred foot. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 187-196 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:2:p:187-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868772 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Pablo Raya-Castellano Author-X-Name-First: E. Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Raya-Castellano Author-Name: Luis Fradua Uriondo. Author-X-Name-First: Luis Fradua Author-X-Name-Last: Uriondo. Title: A review of the multidisciplinary approach to develop elite players at professional football academies: Applying science to a professional context Abstract: This paper reviews literature related to several disciplines affecting performance in football at an academy level and clearly defines some roles of the staff working within professional football academies. This includes the lack of notational analysis research transferable to youth matches and the absence of research covering performance analysts’ or coaches’ behaviour during video analysis sessions; the practice activities used by coaches and their behaviour within practical sessions and how these influence the players’ individual tactical capabilities; insights on how to approach fitness training depending on football’s physical demands, the player’s position, level of maturity and style of play; and psychological (individual and organisational) support to overcome intrinsic and extrinsic factors which impede the fulfilment of players’ potential. It also provides head coaches, fitness coaches and psychologists working at professional football academies with some advice, based on scientific knowledge, to better carry out their responsibilities. Finally, it intends to raise the awareness of scientists and practitioners on the need to work together to understand the academy context and therefore approach practice more efficiently, which ultimately will contribute to developing professional knowledge. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868773 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:1-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ronnie Lidor Author-X-Name-First: Ronnie Author-X-Name-Last: Lidor Author-Name: Gal Ziv Author-X-Name-First: Gal Author-X-Name-Last: Ziv Title: On-field performances of female and male field hockey players – A review Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to review a series of studies (N = 23) on on-field performances of female and male field hockey players. Studies were selected from a computerized search in electronic databases (SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar), as well as from a manual search. Among the main findings that emerged from the studies on female players were that (a) the mean distance covered during a game ranged between 5.5-6.6 km, (b) the individual playing time was approximately 48 min, and (c) the average heart rate (HR) was approximately 170 beats·min-1. For the male players, it was found that (a) the total distance covered per playing position for the duration of the game ranged from ∼5,820 m to ∼10,000 m, (b) the players spent most of the time and covered most of the distance while performing low-and moderate-intensity activities, and (c) the players’ HR was over 75% of HRmax for 90% of the game. Among the methodological and measurement concerns discussed in the article are: the variation in the selection of different locomotion categories, the lack of data on game results and opponent strength, and the presentation of data per individual player and/or per playing position. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 20-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868774 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868774 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:20-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasar Salci Author-X-Name-First: Yasar Author-X-Name-Last: Salci Title: The metabolic demands and ability to sustain work outputs during kickboxing competitions Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine heart rates, lactate levels and rates of perceived exertion responses to kickboxing competitions. A further aim was to evaluate the number of attacks and leg strength throughout the competitions. Ten kickboxers participated in the study and completed two kickboxing fights with the same opponent, at 1 week apart. After each round, lactate levels and rates of perceived exertion (CR-10 scale) were recorded, and heart rates were measured continuously throughout the competitions. One fighter from each fight was isokinetically tested for identifying lower extremity strength variations during kickboxing competitions. Each fight was also recorded by a video camera to analyse the technical actions performed. The study results suggest that metabolic demands imposed on kickboxing athletes progressively increase from round one to round three, represented by mean cardiovascular responses, lactate levels and rates of perceived exertion. However, concentric quadriceps strength, hamstring strength, hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, and number of kicking and punching attempts decreased significantly over the course of consecutive rounds. In summary, it is observed that kickboxers experienced a higher physiological stress and lower work outputs during consecutive rounds. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 39-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868775 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868775 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:39-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Glenn A Miller Author-X-Name-First: Glenn A Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: Natasha A Collins Author-X-Name-First: Natasha A Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Michael J Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Michael J Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Darren G Challis Author-X-Name-First: Darren G Author-X-Name-Last: Challis Title: Throwing Technique and Efficiency in the 2013 British Judo Championships Abstract: In order to quantify the use of technical throwing techniques in British Judo, the 2013 Junior and Senior British Championships were subject to analysis. 292 competitors of differing age and gender, competing in 558 contests under the 2010 – 2012 IJF rules, were analysed using SportsCode Pro software and publically available video footage. The overall aim was to develop a technical profile for standing techniques in British Judo, looking primarily at technique type and throw efficiency. The data exemplified that British judoka most effectively use foot techniques (ashi-waza) to obtain scores, with uchi-mata (inner thigh throw) proving to be the most efficient technique in the British repertoire. Males and females, juniors and seniors execute differing techniques; however only junior males provided data that didn’t match the overall trend, with te-waza (hand throws) and seoi-nage (shoulder throw) being the highest scoring and most efficient. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 53-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868776 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:53-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Sanchez-Pay Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez-Pay Author-Name: Gema Torres-Luque Author-X-Name-First: Gema Author-X-Name-Last: Torres-Luque Author-Name: David Cabello Manrique Author-X-Name-First: David Cabello Author-X-Name-Last: Manrique Author-Name: David Sanz-Rivas Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Sanz-Rivas Author-Name: Jose M Palao Author-X-Name-First: Jose M Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Title: Match analysis of women’s wheelchair tennis matches for the Paralympic Games Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the differences between winning and losing a wheelchair tennis match in the 2012 Paralympic Games. Data from 67 sets of 32 matches played by 32 female players in the 2012 Paralympic Games were analysed. The variables were grouped into four groups: variables related to the serve, to the return, to winners and errors, and variables related to net points. Univariate (Wilcoxon test) and multivariate (discriminant) analyses of data were carried out to discriminate the result of the set (win or loss). The variables that best predict the result of the set are break points won and points won on the first serve. The results showed that the winning player is a more aggressive server and serve returner, achieves more winning shots than her opponent, and commits fewer errors during the match. The paper discusses the differences between conventional tennis and wheelchair tennis and the application of the results. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 69-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:69-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Filipe Manuel Clemente Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Clemente Author-Name: Fernando Manuel Lourenço Martins Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Manuel Lourenço Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Author-Name: Dimitris Kalamaras Author-X-Name-First: Dimitris Author-X-Name-Last: Kalamaras Author-Name: P. Del Wong Author-X-Name-First: P. Del Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Rui Sousa Mendes Author-X-Name-First: Rui Sousa Author-X-Name-Last: Mendes Title: General network analysis of national soccer teams in FIFA World Cup 2014 Abstract: This study analyzed the network characteristics of successful and unsuccessful national teams that participated in FIFA World Cup 2014. The relationship between the variables of overall team performance and the network characteristics measured on the basis of the passes between teammates was also investigated. A dataset of 37,864 passes between teammates in 64 soccer matches enabled the study on network structure and team performance of 32 national soccer teams. Our results showed significant differences in the dependent variables of network density (F4,123 = 2.72; p = 0.03; η2p = 0.04; small effect size) and total links (F4,123 = 2.73; p = 0.03; η2p = 0.04; small effect size) between the teams that reached the later stages of the tournament. Goals scored presented a small positive correlation with total links (r = 0.24; p = 0.001), network density (r = 0.24; p = 0.001), and clustering coefficient (r = 0.17; p > 0.050). High levels of goals scored were associated with high levels of total links, network density, and clustering coefficient. This study showed that successful teams have a high level of network density, total links, and clustering coefficient. Thus, large values of connectivity between teammates are associated with better overall team performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 80-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868778 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:80-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Villarejo Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Villarejo Author-Name: José-Manuel Palao Author-X-Name-First: José-Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: Enrique Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gomez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez-Ruano Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Title: Match-related statistics discriminating between playing positions during the men’s 2011 Rugby World Cup Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the match-related statistics for the different playing positions based on the match outcome during the men’s 2011 Rugby World Cup. A total of 48 matches from the men’s 2011 Rugby World Cup were used for the purpose of this study. The performance indicators were divided into two groups based on the principles of play: attack and defence. Univariate (t-test) and multivariate (discriminant) analyses of data were done. The results demonstrated performance indicators that measure positive aspects of performance (kicks executed, tries, try assists, runs executed, kick return runs, metres gained per run, line breaks, and offload) as well as negative aspects (pick up and drives, tackles executed, ineffective tackles and missed tackles) which discriminate the final outcome regarding playing positions. This paper discusses the characteristics of each playing position regarding their game actions and their incidence in the game. The results and evaluations obtained in the present study can serve as a guide or criteria to take into consideration when training as well as in the research field of rugby with regard to game patterns. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 97-111 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868779 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868779 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:97-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Claire Flemmer Author-X-Name-First: L. Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Flemmer Author-Name: C. Rory Flemmer Author-X-Name-First: C. Rory Author-X-Name-Last: Flemmer Title: A comparison of kicking accuracy for elite rugby players and a robotic kicker Abstract: This work reports the average place kicking accuracy as a function of field position for players in the last two Rugby World Cup competitions and compares this accuracy with that of a robotic kicker.Human kicker angular standard deviation varies from 2.1 to 7.0 degrees over kicking distances from 35.3 to 52.8m. The robot kicks an average distance of 44.2 ± 2.4m with an angular standard deviation of 2.2 degrees. The results show that human kickers become less accurate as they have to strike the ball harder in order to reach greater distances. At a distance of 44m, the robotic kicker is considerably more accurate than human kickers. Unlike human kickers, the robotic kicker has a consistent kick style and is therefore a useful tool for research into the mechanics, kinematics and dynamics of place-kicking a rugby ball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 112-124 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868780 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868780 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:112-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: E. Ortega Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Title: Skill efficacy in men’s beach volleyball Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse and compare the frequency and efficacy of the technical and tactical actions between winning and losing men’s teams in beach volleyball (World Tour). The sample of this study was composed of the actions executed by 91 players in 13,939 rallies, corresponding to 84 matches (179 sets) of the 2008 men’s World Tour beach volleyball organised by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB). An action’s performance was evaluated in relation to the success of the action and the options it gave the opponent. The data analysis included occurrence, coefficient, ratios, and performance efficacy. A univariant, discriminant analysis of the data was done. Winning teams had significantly higher coefficients and efficacy for the serve, reception, set, and side-out spike. Winning teams are differentiated from losing teams by the serves that allowed no attack options, block points, serve points, and counter-attack points. Success was achieved by men’s beach volleyball teams through the interaction of different game skills. The unrelated analysis of the actions risks misinterpretation of the data. The use of different performance values for the various skills is recommended for the analysis of their performances. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 125-134 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868781 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:125-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julen Castellano Author-X-Name-First: Julen Author-X-Name-Last: Castellano Author-Name: David Casamichana Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Casamichana Title: What are the differences between first and second divisions of Spanish football teams? Abstract: We compared the performance of teams in the first and second divisions of the Spanish soccer league (BBVA and Adelante Leagues, respectively) in 2013-14. We analysed 320 first-division (L1) matches and 335 second-division (L2) matches. Variables related to use of space (width/depth of play and height of defense) and physical performance (total kilometers)) were coded using TRACAB®, while technical-tactical actions (shots, centre kicks, corner kicks, total passes, and percentage of successful passes) were coded by OPTA®. The 42 teams were divided into four groups: top 10 and bottom 10 teams in L1 (L11 and L12) and top 10 and bottom 12 teams in L2 (L21 and L22). Significant differences were found for all the indicators, with L11 teams performing better than the other three groups for almost all variables. It is noteworthy that L12 teams performed significantly better than L21 teams in terms of width and depth of play and height of defense. Our findings add to the body of knowledge of game models employed by elite soccer teams in match situations and may help coaches to design training drills focusing on specific skills and tactics, physical requirements, and use of space to optimise game dynamics and overall performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 135-146 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868782 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868782 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:135-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Luke Hogarth Author-X-Name-First: W. Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Hogarth Author-Name: J. Brendan Burkett Author-X-Name-First: J. Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Burkett Author-Name: R. Mark McKean Author-X-Name-First: R. Mark Author-X-Name-Last: McKean Title: The relationship between physical capacity and match running performance in men’s tag football Abstract: This study examined the differences in match-activity profiles between selected and non-selected representative players and determined the relationship between Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) and match running performance in tag football. The match-activity profiles of fifteen male tag football players from the same team were determined using global positioning system (GPS) devices during the 2014 Queensland State Cup. Differences were examined based on representative selection into the Queensland state team and the relationship between Yo-Yo IR2 and match running performance was assessed using partial correlations controlling for playing position. Selected representative players covered greater distances during the Yo-Yo IR2 compared to non-selected players (ES=1.40; p<0.01). Selected players also covered greater distances at very high-intensity (VHIA) running (ES=0.65; p<0.01), performed more frequent VHIA efforts (ES=0.61; p<0.01) and reached higher peak running speeds (ES=0.51; p=0.01) during matches. Yo-Yo IR2 performance had a positive association with VHIA distance (r=.77; p<0.01), VHIA effort frequency (r=.75; p<0.01) and peak running speed (r=.77; p<0.01). The Yo-Yo IR2 is a useful determinant of high-intensity running performance and appears to influence playing ability in men’s tag football. Improving the physical capacities related to the Yo-Yo IR2 should be a key focus of training programs for tag football players competing at state-level competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 147-158 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868783 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868783 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:147-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luís Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Luís Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Author-Name: Bruno Figueira Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Figueira Author-Name: Bruno Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Title: Classifying youth rugby union players by training performances Abstract: In order to be successful in rugby union, coaches need to adapt their training program to meet the demands of the modern game. The purpose of this study was classify youth rugby union players by training performances and know if these criteria can be used to group players instead the age group-criteria. Twenty-eight players participated in the study (under-16, n=13; under-18, n=15) during a two-week period for eight randomly selected training sessions. A two-step cluster analysis was performed to classify the players into different groups according their performance variables during the training sessions, and, the analysis resulted in 2 different groups: Cluster 1 (n=16, 57.1%) and Cluster 2 (n=12, 42.9%). The heart rate (HR) results were the best predictors of group classification. There were also significant differences across the two cluster groups for the heart rate zones, where all players spent most of the time below 75% of maximum heart rate (HRmax). Coaches and trainers can use this information to assist with grouping players based on the physiological demands of training, instead of using the age group-criteria. This classification analysis can be used to improve the accuracy of talent identification programs and to help improve the task representativeness in training sessions by optimizing the conflict effects. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 159-171 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868784 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868784 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:159-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carmen Fernandez-Echeverria Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez-Echeverria Author-Name: Alexander Gil Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Gil Author-Name: Alberto Moreno Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Author-Name: Fernando Claver Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Claver Author-Name: M. Perla Moreno Author-X-Name-First: M. Perla Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Title: Analysis of the variables that predict serve efficacy in young volleyball players Abstract: The main objective of this research study was to analyse, in volleyball, the prediction level of different serve variables on its efficacy. The sample was comprised of 2038 serve actions, corresponding to 36 female teams participating in the Spanish Championship female in 2010 in the Under-14 and Under-16 categories. The independent variables were: serve zone, serve type, striking technique, in-game role of the server, reception zone, receiver player and serve direction. The dependent variable was serve efficacy. The multinomial logistic regression applied showed that all the variables considered in the study, except for serve direction and striking technique, predicted the efficacy of serve. The probability of increasing serve efficacy was achieved through: executing standing serves, serving to the space between players and serve reception by players other than the libero. These results can guide coaches in volleyball player training processes, with respect to the serve action. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 172-186 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868785 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:172-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra M Bauer Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra M Author-X-Name-Last: Bauer Author-Name: Warren Young Author-X-Name-First: Warren Author-X-Name-Last: Young Author-Name: Brendan Fahrner Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Fahrner Author-Name: Jack Harvey Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Harvey Title: GPS variables most related to match performance in an elite Australian football team Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify which GPS variables are most related to Australian football (AF) physical performance. Data was collected from thirty-five professional AF players over 11 games early in the 2013 Australian Football League (AFL) season. Match performance was measured by the Champion Data© Player Rank (PR) and coaches’ ratings (CR). Variables were sampled at 10Hz and partial correlations adjusted for game time were calculated between all variables and both performance measures, by position. Variables that displayed the highest partial correlations with both performance measures were used in a stepwise regression to identify the most relevant to performance. For the nomadic group, a negative relationship (P<0.05) was found between walking (distance and # entries) and PR. For the fixed players, a negative relationship (P<0.05) was evident between sprinting (# entries) and PR. However, a positive relationship (P<0.05) was found between CR and HSR (% time) and sprinting (distance). This indicates that the GPS variables that most relate to performance depend on the performance measure employed by coaches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 187-202 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:187-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Luke Hogarth Author-X-Name-First: W. Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Hogarth Author-Name: J. Brendan Burkett Author-X-Name-First: J. Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Burkett Author-Name: R. Mark McKean Author-X-Name-First: R. Mark Author-X-Name-Last: McKean Title: Activity Profiles and Physiological Responses of Tag Football Referees: A Case Study Abstract: This study determined the activity profiles and physiological responses of tag football referees during the 2013 Australian National Championships. Portable global positioning systems (GPS) and heart rate (HR) monitors provided data on 28 refereeing performances and Individual HR-VO2 relationships were used to estimate cardiorespiratory involvement and energy expenditure. Referees covered an average of 3688±553 m over ∼40 minutes of playing time equating to a work-rate of 94.3±13.6 m/min. The majority of distance was covered at low-and moderate-intensity running speeds (∼89%) although referees performed a number of high-speed running (HSR) efforts (1 every ∼95 s) over short distances (13-17 m). Referees experienced reductions in HSR effort frequency (-19%; ES=-0.44) and HSR distance (-18%; ES=-0.41) between playing halves. Referees recorded mean HR values of 79.3±8.4% HRmax and spent considerable amounts of time above the ventilatory (45%) and anaerobic (8%) thresholds. Match HR values corresponded to an estimated oxygen uptake of 32.9±7.0 ml. kg-1. min-1 equating to ∼67% of referees maximal oxygen uptake. Collectively, the results of this study suggest tag football refereeing is a physically demanding task that imposes high cardiorespiratory involvement and metabolic demands. The activity profiles identified in this study can be used to guide training strategies for tag football referees. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 203-216 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:203-216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Pulling Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Pulling Author-Name: Matthew Stenning Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Stenning Title: Offloads in Rugby Union: Northern and Southern Hemisphere International Teams Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the use of offloads by northern and southern hemisphere international teams within rugby union. A total of 491 offloads were analysed from 26 international rugby union matches. The matches that were analysed were sampled from four international series’: the 2012 Autumn International Series; the 2013 Autumn International Series; the 2013 Six Nations and the 2013 Rugby Championship. The northern hemisphere teams consisted of England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. The southern hemisphere teams consisted of Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The southern hemisphere teams performed significantly more offloads during the 26 games compared to the northern hemisphere teams (U = 216.00, p = 0.02, r = -0.31). The southern hemisphere teams scored significantly more tries from the offloads performed compared to the northern hemisphere teams (U = 206.50, p = 0.01, r = -0.36) The findings suggest that southern hemisphere international teams are using the offload as an attacking strategy more effectively to score tries than northern hemisphere international teams. Future research into offloads should consider the tactics applied by the defensive team, the impact of environmental conditions and the channels of the pitch where offloads are performed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 217-228 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:217-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paulo Paixão Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Author-X-Name-Last: Paixão Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Author-Name: Carlos H. Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Carlos H. Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Author-Name: Ricardo Duarte Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Duarte Title: How does match status affects the passing sequences of top-level European soccer teams? Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of match status (winning, losing or drawing) on the length of passing sequences of top-level soccer teams. A total of 20 matches of the knockout phase of the 2008-2009 UEFA Champions League were analysed. The sample consisted of 222 passing sequences leading to shooting opportunities performed by the four semi-finalists teams (FC Barcelona, Manchester United FC, Chelsea FC and Arsenal FC). These passing sequences were selected to reflect how each team tended to break the balance with the opposing teams to reach the goal (symmetry-breaking process). The passing sequences were measured by the number of passes performed until the shot and their respective durations, according to the match status. Results revealed that teams used preferentially long passing sequences when they were losing or drawing, and short passing sequences when they were winning. Besides, these top-level European teams tended to differently adapt the length of their passing sequences according to the evolving score-line, which suggests the existence of a team’s signature of play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 229-240 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868789 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:229-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Scarfone Rosario Author-X-Name-First: Scarfone Author-X-Name-Last: Rosario Author-Name: Tessitore Antonio Author-X-Name-First: Tessitore Author-X-Name-Last: Antonio Author-Name: Minganti Carlo Author-X-Name-First: Minganti Author-X-Name-Last: Carlo Author-Name: Capranica Laura Author-X-Name-First: Capranica Author-X-Name-Last: Laura Author-Name: Ammendolia Antonio Author-X-Name-First: Ammendolia Author-X-Name-Last: Antonio Title: Match analysis heart-rate and CMJ of beach soccer players during amateur competition Abstract: The aim was to examine the physiological responses and activity patterns of a Beach soccer friendly match, involving varsity ten male players (age: 23.6±4.4 yrs; height: 177±0.05 cm; body mass: 71.8±3.8 kg). The match was arranged to evaluate heart rates, blood lactate, lower limbs power performance and time motion analysis (TMA), considering: standing, walking, jogging, running and sprinting, and technical and tactical aspects. The match imposed a mean HR of 166±16 beat·min-1, corresponding to an overall mean of 85.3±8% of the maximum heart rate (HRmax). The mean value of blood lactate (La) was 6.20 mM. The TMA results showed that for 51% of the match the players performed very low intensity activities. The notational analysis (NA) showed that during the 60.8% of the offensive actions 2 players were involved and the 54.1% of the offensive actions was performed by one pass. The beach soccer is an intermittent high intensity sport with a significant involvement of anaerobic metabolism. The results of TMA and NA underscored that the sand does not support the movements of players overall the high intensity running. Team work is difficult to implement due to irregular rebounds doesn’t consent precise passes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 241-253 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868790 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:241-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Ryan Crotin Author-X-Name-First: L. Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Crotin Author-Name: K. Dan Ramsey Author-X-Name-First: K. Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Ramsey Title: Stride Length: A reactive response to prolonged exertion potentially effecting ball velocity among baseball pitchers Abstract: This study assessed pitching performance by examining variability in ball velocities among skilled pitchers over two simulated games, where stride lengths were altered while monitoring the effect of fatigue on performance. Nineteen competitive pitchers were randomly assigned to pitch two simulated, 80-pitch games, at ±25% of their desired stride lengths while throwing a ratio of 3 fastballs for every change-up, or off-speed pitch. Conventional motion capture tracked 3D throwing biomechanics while the velocity of every pitch was simultaneously monitored using a professional radar gun. Seventy-two hours rest was allocated between games. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA tested the effect of stride length and the number of innings pitched on ball velocity, while pairwise t-tests were used to compare between conditions variables. Ball velocities for the fastball (mean and peak) and change-up (mean and min) were significantly different (p<0.001). Despite over/under-stride lengths were statistically different from the desired stride, within and between subjects ball velocity variability (BVV) and ball velocity differentials (BVD) were no different within the same pitch type. Compensatory throwing mechanics owing to altered stride lengths had no influence on ball velocity, meaning fastball and change-up velocities could be maintained while fatigued. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 254-267 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868791 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:254-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Miguel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: A. Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Bartosz Molik Author-X-Name-First: Bartosz Author-X-Name-Last: Molik Author-Name: Natalia Morgulec-Adamowicz Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Morgulec-Adamowicz Author-Name: J. Robert Szyman Author-X-Name-First: J. Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Szyman Title: Performance analysis of elite women’s wheelchair basketball players according to team-strength, playing-time and players’ classification Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyze the game-related statistics that best differentiate the performance of women’s wheelchair basketball players according to team strength, playing time and players’ classification. Thirty-three games from the World Wheelchair Basketball Championships (2010) were analyzed for this purpose. The official game-related statistics were studied (FIBA box-scores). Team strength (stronger and weaker teams), playing time (important and less important players), and player class (1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 classes) were used as independent variables. The results from MANOVA showed greater differences between low and high point players for most of the game-related statistics. The stronger teams had better values in assists, turnovers, fouls received and successful free-throws. Playing time was significant for all the game-related statistics with the exception of blocks and successful 3-point field-goals. The main interactive effects were identified between team strength and class for defensive rebounds, assists, successful 2-points field-goals, and unsuccessful 3-point field-goals; between class and playing time for defensive rebounds, blocks, fouls on, successful free-throws and unsuccessful 2-point field-goals; between team strength and playing time only for steals; and between class, team strength and playing time for defensive rebounds and unsuccessful 3-point field-goal attempt. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 268-283 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868792 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:268-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. William Gageler Author-X-Name-First: H. William Author-X-Name-Last: Gageler Author-Name: Scott Wearing Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Wearing Author-Name: A. Daniel James Author-X-Name-First: A. Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: Automatic jump detection method for athlete monitoring and performance in volleyball Abstract: Athlete performance and monitoring is an area of interest across many sporting codes, for indoor sports however, the primary methods of athlete monitoring are manually recording statistics or video analysis.This paper contains two studies, the first to validate an automatic jump detection method which was developed using inertial sensors and the second to determine the accuracy at which the time of flight (ToF) can be detected using this method.To evaluate the automatic jump detection method both male (n=7) and female (n=5) volleyball players performed a total of 1201 jumps manually identified on video during a typical training session. Of these 1201 jumps, the method correctly identified 1144 (95%) jumps in the inertial data with only 57 (5%) being false negatives and 54 (4%) false positives.The ToF was then found to be underestimated with a mean error of -0.015s ± 0.058s when compared to the ToF obtained from a force plate.Overall the system provided a means to quickly and easily track the number of jumps being performed by each player and the approximate ToF of each jump when compared to existing methods. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 284-296 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868793 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:284-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge Diaz-Cidoncha Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Diaz-Cidoncha Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia Author-Name: Ignacio Refoyo Román Author-X-Name-First: Ignacio Refoyo Author-X-Name-Last: Román Author-Name: Julio Calleja-González Author-X-Name-First: Julio Author-X-Name-Last: Calleja-González Author-Name: Alexandre Dellal Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre Author-X-Name-Last: Dellal Title: Comparison of tactical offensive variables in different playing surfaces in sided games in soccer Abstract: In recent decades soccer has been analysed in great detail, enabling the technical and tactical aspects of the game to be improved through observation, analysis and training. However, there are not significant studies that particularly looked at the impact of the playing surfaces in depth. Thus the main aim of this study is to analyse and compare the quantitative and qualitative effect of the playing surface (grass, dirt or turf) on teams’ and players’ performances from a tactical perspective, through observing various sided games in youth soccer players. 54 games in three different formats (5v5, 7v7 and 9v9) were analysed, divided into two age groups (378 players of U-9 and U-14 categories) and filmed at three Spanish soccer clubs. This study used the observational and descriptive method and was carried out by systematic observation. This involved watching pre-recorded matches to observe and log different types of behaviour in previously defined categories. Results revealed that there were no significant differences for the different surfaces or game formats, and the study presents a description and analysis of the aspects that had considerable influence on the attacking moves for each surface and game format. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 297-314 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:297-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Bráulio H.M. Branco Author-X-Name-First: Bráulio H.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Branco Author-Name: Fabrício B.D. Vecchio Author-X-Name-First: Fabrício B.D. Author-X-Name-Last: Vecchio Author-Name: Suzi Camey Author-X-Name-First: Suzi Author-X-Name-Last: Camey Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Development and validation of a time-motion judo combat model based on the Markovian Processes Abstract: The aim of the study was to develop a technical-tactical model of judo combat. Thus, 2.316 combats performed by men ranked as the world’s best and qualified for the 2012 Olympics Games were collected in 2011 and 2012, and 769 performances were used and 53.403 combat situations were analyzed. In order to develop the model of combat situations and the combinations between phases, as well as their respective components, the statistical analysis used the multi-state Markov Model. Moreover, the objectivity of the analysis was observed with comparisons and, the intra and inter-agreement was verified by means of the Cohen Kappa coefficient. Results showed no differences among analysts and referent to the actions in each phase of combat, the correlations analyses showed a “Almost perfect” classification for 87% of all variables analyzed. Regarding Markovian process analysis of the combat phases, results show the main tactical systems of attacks, where attack to the front follows attack to the right in the most part of the time and the highest likelihood to occur a projection is after attack to the front and to the right orientations. This information can help analysts and coaches to improve tactical and physiological athlete’s performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 315-331 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:315-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Hawkins Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Hawkins Author-Name: Paul Bertrand Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Bertrand Title: Relationship between twelve mechanic measures and score for national-level pistol shooters Abstract: The relationship between shooting mechanic measures and performance was determined by combining data from two pools. Eight national-level air-pistol athletes performed 60 simulated competition shots from each of four stance angles (0, 15, 30, and 45 degrees). A different pool of eight national-level shooters performed 60 simulated competition shots from each of two spine-to-arm angle positions (70 and 90 degrees). NOPTEL optoelectronic system was used to collect data for 12 mechanic measures from both pools.Analyzing data from two different pools by stepwise multiple regression identified the mechanic measures most effective in predicting adjusted score. Combining data from both pools and using a stepwise multiple regression analysis on all fired shots found similar results as that from the individual pools, p < 0.001, R2Adj = 0.41. The independent variables significantly related to performance were the shooting mechanic measures hold (COGf and COGr), hold accuracy (Hitr and Hitf), and time (HitHt and Total Time). NOPTEL mechanic measure, Hitr was the single most important criterion, accounting for 39% of the variation in adjusted score. These measures reflect important information that could be used when training with an optoelectronic system in conjunction with some system to capture score. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 332-342 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868796 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868796 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:332-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Lawrence Judge Author-X-Name-First: W. Lawrence Author-X-Name-Last: Judge Author-Name: M. Jeanmarie Burke Author-X-Name-First: M. Jeanmarie Author-X-Name-Last: Burke Author-Name: J. Tiffany Patrick Author-X-Name-First: J. Tiffany Author-X-Name-Last: Patrick Author-Name: D. Tyler Guidry Author-X-Name-First: D. Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: Guidry Author-Name: L. Donald Hoover Author-X-Name-First: L. Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Hoover Author-Name: A. Elizabeth Wanless Author-X-Name-First: A. Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Wanless Author-Name: M. David Bellar Author-X-Name-First: M. David Author-X-Name-Last: Bellar Title: Effects of wrist wraps on throwing distance in highly skilled shot put athletes Abstract: Shot put throwing distances of 18 male Division I track and field athletes in the United States were compared among three wrist wrap conditions: 1) a large heavy wrist wrap, typically worn by athletes competing in the shot put event, 2) a small light wrist wrap and 3) no wrist wrap. The average and maximum throwing distances when the athletes were wearing the heavy wrist wrap (12.31 ± 1.699maximum; 11.92 ± 1.627average) were greater than when the athletes were not wearing a wrist wrap (12.05 ± 1.550maximum; 11.70 ± 1.457average). Performance increases exceeded criteria for the smallest worthwhile improvements in the shot put event, suggesting that heavy wrist wraps provide a competitive advantage. These results revealed previously undocumented, beneficial effects of taping and bracing on sports performance in the shot put throw. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 343-358 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868797 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868797 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:343-358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Kirk Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Kirk Author-Name: Howard T Hurst Author-X-Name-First: Howard T Author-X-Name-Last: Hurst Author-Name: Stephen Atkins Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Atkins Title: Measuring the Workload of Mixed Martial Arts using Accelerometry, Time Motion Analysis and Lactate Abstract: Tri-axial accelerometry has previously been shown to provide a reliable technique for the assessment of MMA specific activities during isolated training movements. However, this method has yet to be used for the analysis of competition demands. Six male MMA trained participants took part in a single simulated MMA bout each comprising of 3 rounds of 5 minutes with 1 minute rest between rounds. Participants wore a tri-axial accelerometer positioned between the T3-T4 vertebrae in a harness. Mean accumulated player load (PLdACC) and mean accumulated player load per minute (PLdACC.min-1) were calculated for each round and for the bout overall. Capillary blood lactate samples were also taken prior to warm up, post warm up, upon completion of each round and 5 minutes post bout whilst video based time motion analysis was completed post hoc. PLdACC was 224.32 ± 26.59 au, whilst PLdACC.min-1 was 14.91 ± 1.78 au. Participants had a mean post bout lactate of 9.25 ± 2.96 mmol.L whilst there was significant differences in lactate levels across all six sampling points. The group was found to have a work rest ratio (W:R) of 1:1.01 whilst a significant difference was found between bout winners and bout losers in terms of the amount of successful takedowns. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 359-370 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:359-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hongyou Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hongyou Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Qing Yi Author-X-Name-First: Qing Author-X-Name-Last: Yi Author-Name: Jesús-Vicente Giménez Author-X-Name-First: Jesús-Vicente Author-X-Name-Last: Giménez Author-Name: Miguel-Angel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Angel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Title: Performance profiles of football teams in the UEFA Champions League considering situational efficiency Abstract: Performance of football teams varies constantly due to the dynamic nature of this sport, whilst the typical performance and its spread can be represented by profiles combining different performance-related variables based on data from multiple matches. The current study aims to use a profiling technique to evaluate and compare match performance of football teams in the UEFA Champions League incorporating three situational variables (i.e. strength of team and opponent, match outcome and match location). Match statistics of 72 teams, 496 games across four seasons (2008-09 to 2012-13) of this competition were analysed. Sixteen performance-related events were included: shots, shots on target, shots from open play, shots from set piece, shots from counter attack, passes, pass accuracy (%), crosses, through balls, corners, dribbles, possession, aerial success (%), fouls, tackles, and yellow cards. Teams were classified into three levels of strength by a k-cluster analysis. Profiles of overall performance and profiles incorporating three situational variables for teams of all three levels of strength were set up by presenting the mean, standard deviation, median, lower and upper quartiles of the counts of each event to represent their typical performances and spreads. Means were compared by using one-way ANOVA and independent sample t test (for match location, home and away differences), and were plotted into the same radar charts after unifying all the event counts by standardised score. Established profiles can present straightforwardly typical performances of football teams of different levels playing in different situations, which could provide detailed references for coaches and analysts to evaluate performances of upcoming opposition and of their own. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 371-390 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868799 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868799 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:371-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Kawczyński Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Kawczyński Author-Name: Kamil Kobiałka Author-X-Name-First: Kamil Author-X-Name-Last: Kobiałka Author-Name: Mroczek Dariusz Author-X-Name-First: Mroczek Author-X-Name-Last: Dariusz Author-Name: Chmura Paweł Author-X-Name-First: Chmura Author-X-Name-Last: Paweł Author-Name: Maszczyk Adam Author-X-Name-First: Maszczyk Author-X-Name-Last: Adam Author-Name: Zając Adam Author-X-Name-First: Zając Author-X-Name-Last: Adam Author-Name: Chmura Jan Author-X-Name-First: Chmura Author-X-Name-Last: Jan Title: Blood lactate concentrations in elite Polish 100 m sprinters Abstract: The main objective of this study was to show and analyse the changes in blood lactate concentrations in Polish elite sprinters. The study sample was comprised of 9 top male sprinters and 8 top female sprinters, all finalists from the Polish national championships. Blood lactate concentrations were evaluated with the use of a Lactate Scout measuring device. The measurements were taken pre-exercise and at 1, 5 and 10 minutes post-exercise. Before warm-up, the mean blood lactate concentration in male subjects was 1.40 ± 0.24 mmol/L and for female subjects 1.23 ± 0.24 mmol/L. During the first minute of recovery, the post-exercise lactate concentration rose to 9.38 ± 2.18 mmol/L in male sprinters and to 6.73 ± 2.48 mmol/L in female sprinters. Five minutes after the end of the 100 m sprint, the lactate level for females was 11.01 ± 2.14 mmol/L and for males 10.11 ± 0.99 mmol/L. Lactate concentrations at 10 minutes post-exercise reached 9.51 ± 1.23 mmol/L for male sprinters and 9.09 ± 1.46 mmol/L for female sprinters. The observed blood lactate concentration changes in Polish elite sprinters after a 100 m race provide new information regarding recovery dynamics which can be useful in designing sprint training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 391-396 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868800 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:391-396 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zbigniew Jastrzębski Author-X-Name-First: Zbigniew Author-X-Name-Last: Jastrzębski Author-Name: Łukasz Radzimiński Author-X-Name-First: Łukasz Author-X-Name-Last: Radzimiński Title: Individual vs General Time-Motion Analysis and Physiological Response in 4 vs 4 and 5 vs 5 Small-Sided Soccer Games Abstract: The purposes of this study were to present a new time-motion analysis approach in soccer small-sided games by incorporating the physical potential of individual players and to evaluate the physiological response applied to 4 vs. 4 and 5 vs. 5 small-sided games. Thirteen professional soccer players participated in small-sided game training sessions. The physical demands (GPS) and physiological responses (Heart Rate – HR) of the 4 vs. 4 and 5 vs. 5 small-sided games were compared. In contrast to previous studies, speed zones were divided individually for each player according to his maximal running speed (Smax) and running velocity at the lactate threshold (V/LT). The analyses confirmed that the mean V/LT of the player was 3.8 ± 0.16 m·s-1 and the Smax speed was 8.26 ± 0.65 m·s-1. The total distance covered during the 4 vs. 4 games was significantly longer than that covered during the 5 vs. 5 games. The application of obligatory limits for speed zones could result in an inappropriate assessment of the players’ commitment during training. Utilizing an individual assessment of player motion during small-sided games can improve the optimization of training load application. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 397-410 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868801 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:397-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Tenga Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tenga Author-Name: A. Zubillaga Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Zubillaga Author-Name: O. Caro Author-X-Name-First: O. Author-X-Name-Last: Caro Author-Name: L. Fradua Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Fradua Title: Explorative Study on Patterns of Game Structure in Male and Female Matches from Elite Spanish Soccer Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore emergent patterns of game structure in male and female matches from elite soccer by using playing distances measured according to the ball location. Archive data based on carefully selected four male and four female matches from elite Spanish soccer seasons 2002-3, 2003-4 and 2004-5 were collected by help of AMISCO PRO® system. Differences across six ball locations were found in mean playing length (χ25=328.1 and 520.9, P<0.001) and playing width (χ25=39.6 and 26.9, P<0.001) from male and female matches, respectively. Both sexes displayed similar movements in playing length that vary with stretch-contraction-stretch patterns and in playing width that vary with opposite patterns of contraction-stretch-contraction, but these patterns varied to a significantly greater extent in male matches. For example, male matches (mean=44.93±8.34 m) produced significantly (U=128564.0, z=-8.2, P<0.001) longer playing width during transition phase in midfield compared with female matches (mean=41.80±8.00 m). Results suggest that female matches produced less favourable patterns of game structure with fewer penetration opportunities than male matches. Specific suggestions for coaching intervention were given. This study demonstrates the potential of analysing playing distances according to the ball location for studying patterns of game structure in real soccer matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 411-423 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:411-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: Ana Belén López-Martínez Author-X-Name-First: Ana Belén Author-X-Name-Last: López-Martínez Author-Name: David Valadés Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Valadés Author-Name: Enrique Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Title: Physical actions and work-rest time in women’s beach volleyball Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the ball contacts, jumps, hits, work time, and rest time for women’s beach volleyball players in relation to their in-game role. The sample of this study was composed of 2,708 rallies played by 48 female beach volleyball players, which corresponded to 69 sets of the 2008 Olympic Games. The variables recorded were: ball contacts, jumps, hits, work time, rest time, and player’s role (defense specialist, blocker, or no specialization). A significantly higher number of jumps were performed by blockers. No differences were found in the number of contacts or hits. The work : rest ratio was 1 : 5. This paper discusses how the data can be used to create game-like situations in practices regarding physical demands in women’s beach volleyball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 424-429 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868803 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868803 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:1:p:424-429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannah Beare Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Beare Author-Name: Joseph Antony Stone Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Antony Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Title: Analysis of attacking corner kick strategies in the FA women’s super league 2017/2018 Abstract: This study describes how corner kicks were taken across the 2017/2018 FA Women’s Super League season and assesses the effectiveness of these attacking corner kick strategies. A total of 824 corner kicks were analysed examining delivery type, delivery area and attack organisation on corner kick outcomes. A total of 38 goals were scored (4.6% of corners taken resulted in a goal) from the corner kicks, accounting for 13.5% of the total 282 goals scored during the 2017/2018 season. Corner delivery type did not affect the outcome of the corner (p > 0.05). However, delivery zone effected both the likelihood of an attempt on target (p = 0.018) and goal being scored (p < 0.001). Attempts on target were increased when the ball was delivered into the central area of the 18-yard box (zone CA2) with 14.7% of corners delivered to CA2 resulting in an attempt on target. Goals were most likely to be scored when the ball was delivered into the central zone but closer to the goal line (zone GA2) with 13.0% of corner kicks delivered to this zone resulting in a goal. These results can aid coaches to enhance the attacking effectiveness of corner kicks within Women’s soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 893-903 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1677329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1677329 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:893-903 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben William Strafford Author-X-Name-First: Ben William Author-X-Name-Last: Strafford Author-Name: Adam Smith Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Jamie Stephen North Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: North Author-Name: Joseph Antony Stone Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Antony Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Title: Comparative analysis of the top six and bottom six teams’ corner kick strategies in the 2015/2016 English Premier League Abstract: This study compared the corner kick strategies employed by the top six and bottom six teams across 120 matches of the 2015/2016 English Premier League Season. In total, 2,303 corner kicks were examined by univariate analyses (individual χ2) and bivariate analyses with contingency tables (χ2 and association measures). Top six teams favoured an outswinging delivery, whilst the bottom six teams favoured inswinging deliveries (p < 0.001). Top six teams operated a dynamic attacking organisation during ball deliveries (p < 0.001), whereas the bottom six operated static and dynamic attacking strategies in equal measure. Top six teams took corner kicks frequently when winning or drawing, whereas bottom six teams took most corner kicks when losing or drawing (match status, p < 0.001). Bivariate analyses identified that goals were scored from corner kicks when attacking organisation was dynamic, two defenders were on the posts and the score line was level (p < 0.05). Results supplement the design of practice tasks that afford successful corner kicks in training and game play scenarios. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 904-918 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1677379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1677379 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:904-918 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russ Best Author-X-Name-First: Russ Author-X-Name-Last: Best Author-Name: Regan Standing Author-X-Name-First: Regan Author-X-Name-Last: Standing Title: All things being equal: spatiotemporal differences between Open and Women’s 16-goal Polo Abstract: Polo is an equestrian team sport, consisting of Open and Women’s only handicapping systems. Equine activities may differ in distribution and their affect upon match outcome in Women’s Polo compared to Open Polo, potentially impacting equine preparation and management. We aimed to quantify spatiotemporal differences between Open and Women’s Polo when matched for handicap and assess their interaction with chukka and match outcomes. Distance, speed and high-intensity activity data were collected via player-worn global positioning system (GPS) units during 16-goal Open and Women’s Polo tournaments. Notational analysis quantified chukka duration and chukka and game outcomes. Spatiotemporal metric differences between Open and Women’s Polo were small to large (ES: 0.54–1.81). In Open Polo, players covered moderately more distance in games won (mean: 429.0 m; 95% CI: 238.9 m to 619.0 m), with small to large increases in high-intensity activities also performed. Whereas in Women’s Polo, moderately higher maximum speeds were attained in games won (17.13 km.h−1; 11.86 km.h−1 to 22.40 km.h−1) and a small increase in accelerations performed (5.1; 0.2 to 10.0). Open and Women’s Polo, when matched for handicap, present with small to large spatiotemporal differences that are likely of practical significance, and may influence game outcome differently between codes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 919-929 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1681790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1681790 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:919-929 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gunal Bilek Author-X-Name-First: Gunal Author-X-Name-Last: Bilek Author-Name: Efehan Ulas Author-X-Name-First: Efehan Author-X-Name-Last: Ulas Title: Predicting match outcome according to the quality of opponent in the English premier league using situational variables and team performance indicators Abstract: The purpose of this research is to investigate the situational variables and performance indicators that significantly affect the match outcome (win, loss or draw) based on the quality of opposition. The data consisted of the situational variables and performance indicators of the matches in the English Premier League for the 2017–2018 season. One-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD, k-means clustering and decision tree approaches were implemented in the analyses. Scoring first was found as the most influential on match outcome in each decision tree, while the effects of clearances, shots, shots on target, possession percentage and match location on the match outcome varied according to the quality of opponent. An average of 2.43, 0.53 and 0.97 goals were scored by the teams that won, lost and drawn, respectively and teams that scored first won 67% of the matches. The decision trees based on the quality of opponent correctly predicted 67.9, 73.9 and 78.4% of the results in the games played against balanced, stronger and weaker opponents, respectively, while in all games (regardless of the quality of opponent) this rate is only 64.8%, implying the importance of considering the quality of opponent in the analyses. Coaches and managers can use these findings to create targets for players and teams during training and matches, and also can be prepared for these different competitive scenarios. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 930-941 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1684773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1684773 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:930-941 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Fitzpatrick Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzpatrick Author-Name: Joseph Antony Stone Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Antony Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Author-Name: Simon Choppin Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Choppin Author-Name: John Kelley Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Kelley Title: Important performance characteristics in elite clay and grass court tennis match-play Abstract: The performance characteristics of elite tennis match-play differ depending on court surface. However, the performance characteristics (e.g. aces, first serve points won, forced errors) most associated with success on different surfaces are currently unknown. With three weeks typically separating Roland Garros and Wimbledon, the transition from clay to grass courts, whereby players must adapt their game style between surfaces, is crucial to understand. Using the recently validated PWOL method, we analysed 984 singles matches across the 2016 and 2017 Roland Garros and Wimbledon tournaments, to identify the most important performance characteristics in clay and grass court tennis. Results revealed that points won of 0-4 shot rally length, first serve points won and baseline points won were most strongly associated with success for both sexes; serve-related characteristics (aces, double faults and average first serve speed) were among the least associated with success. Furthermore, winning short points (points of 0-4 shots) was more closely associated with success than winning medium-length (5-8 shots) and long points (9+ shots). To be representative of match-play, findings suggest that players should afford sufficient practise time to short rallies and point-ending strategies during the clay and grass court seasons, rather than over-emphasising long rallies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 942-952 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1685804 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1685804 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:942-952 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thorben Hülsdünker Author-X-Name-First: Thorben Author-X-Name-Last: Hülsdünker Author-Name: Martin Ostermann Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Ostermann Author-Name: Andreas Mierau Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Mierau Title: Standardised computer-based reaction tests predict the sport-specific visuomotor speed and performance of young elite table tennis athletes Abstract: The importance of visuomotor reactions in sports is inevitable; however, its assessment using computer-based tests raises the question, if results are transferable to sport-specific situations. Since computer-based simple reaction tests are widely used by sport scientists and practioners, this study examined their relation to sport-specific visuomotor reaction speed and performance. Seventeen international young elite table tennis players performed a simple visuomotor reaction test in response to stimuli presented on a computer screen (laboratory experiment) as well as table tennis balls played by a ball robot (sport-specific experiment). A sport-specific cued choice reaction task served as a control condition. The visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) was determined for all tasks. In addition, neurophysiological correlates of visual perception/processing speed (N2/N2-r) were measured in the laboratory experiment. The VMRT and neurophysiological parameters measured in the laboratory experiment predicted the sport-specific reaction speed (VMRT: r = 0.62; N2: r = 0.51; N2-r: r = −0.47) as well as sport-specific visuomotor performance reflected by the number of successfully hit balls (VMRT: r = −0.68; N2: r = −0.65; N2-r: r = 0.50). This did not apply to the choice reaction task. This study suggests computer-based behavioural and neurophysiological indices of visuomotor reaction time are directly related to the sport-specific visuomotor speed and performance in a more ecologically valid setting. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 953-970 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1688071 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1688071 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:953-970 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shane Mangan Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Mangan Author-Name: Kieran Collins Author-X-Name-First: Kieran Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Con Burns Author-X-Name-First: Con Author-X-Name-Last: Burns Author-Name: Cian O’Neill Author-X-Name-First: Cian Author-X-Name-Last: O’Neill Title: An investigation into the physical, physiological and technical demands of small sided games using varying pitch dimensions in Gaelic football Abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pitch size on the physical, physiological and technical demands of small-sided games (SSGs) in a sub-elite Gaelic football setting. Methods: Thirty-four sub-elite adult male Gaelic football players completed tailored Gaelic football SSGs on three different pitch sizes (40 x 20 m, 60 x 20 m, 80 x 20 m) in a 4v4 format, resulting in 312 individual player observations over the course of the 2018 season. Results: Participants performed significantly greater high-speed running (>17 km∙h−1) (p ≤ 0.001) and sprinting (>22 km∙h−1) (p ≤ 0.001) on the 60x20 m pitch compared to the 40x20 m and 80x20 m pitches. Pitch size had only trivial effects on the average heart rate and the peak heart rate recorded in games. Games played on the 40x20 m pitch resulted in more scores per team (p = 0.062; η2 = 0.071), no-score entries (p = 0.075; η2 = 0.067) and possessions per team (p = 0.015; η2 = 0.106), while ball-in-play percentage was moderately higher (p = 0.040; η2 = 0.082) on the 80x20 m pitch. Conclusion: Coaches should consider pitch size and the associated effects on physical and technical demands when planning training games, with specific reference to the stated objectives of each respective session. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 971-984 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1689003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1689003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:971-984 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leesa A Pearce Author-X-Name-First: Leesa A Author-X-Name-Last: Pearce Author-Name: Wade H Sinclair Author-X-Name-First: Wade H Author-X-Name-Last: Sinclair Author-Name: Anthony S Leicht Author-X-Name-First: Anthony S Author-X-Name-Last: Leicht Author-Name: Carl T Woods Author-X-Name-First: Carl T Author-X-Name-Last: Woods Title: Passing and tackling qualities discriminate developmental level in a rugby league talent pathway Abstract: This study compared the passing and tackling qualities of talent identified rugby league (RL) players within a developmental pathway. From a total of 88 players, three developmental levels were defined: under 18 years (U18; n = 27), under 20 years (U20; n = 29), and state league (SL; n = 32). All participants performed skills tests that measured passing and tackling qualities. A MANOVA modelled the main effect of developmental level (three levels: U18, U20 and SL) with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves then built for variables that showed a significant effect. A significant effect was noted for passing over four to 12 m (V= 0.303, F = 2.406, P< 0.05), with the SL players outperforming their U18 and U20 counterparts. The ROC curves generated an area under the curve of greater than 63% for each passing test criterion, indicating greater than chance discrimination. The choice of tackle and technical execution of tackle discriminated the SL players from the U18 and U20 groups. Utilising the criteria for objective measures for fundamental skill assessment throughout RL development is likely to assist with the junior-to-senior transition of talented RL players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 985-998 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1689750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1689750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:985-998 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raphael Brito E Sousa Author-X-Name-First: Raphael Author-X-Name-Last: Brito E Sousa Author-Name: Sarah Da Glória Teles Bredt Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Da Glória Teles Author-X-Name-Last: Bredt Author-Name: Pablo Juan Greco Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Greco Author-Name: Filipe Manuel Clemente Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Author-X-Name-Last: Manuel Clemente Author-Name: Israel Teoldo Author-X-Name-First: Israel Author-X-Name-Last: Teoldo Author-Name: Gibson Moreira Praça Author-X-Name-First: Gibson Moreira Author-X-Name-Last: Praça Title: Influence of limiting the number of ball touches on players’ tactical behaviour and network properties during football small-sided games Abstract: This study aimed to compare the frequencies of core tactical principles, the percentages of successful tactical principles, and the general network properties of football small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG) with and without the limitation of the number of ball touches. Thirty-six under-15 national level football players participated in this study and performed atotal of 15,067 tactical actions. They performed four SSCG bouts with 4 minutes of passive recovery between each bout, in two experimental conditions: free-play SSCG and two-touch SSCG. Tactical behaviour and performance were analysed using the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer and the Social Network Analysis, was used to measure players’ interactions. Results showed that two-touch SSCG increased the frequency of actions of width and length without the ball (p = 0.001), depth mobility (p = 0.029), concentration (p = 0.001), and defensive unity (p = 0.001). The two-touch format also increased defensive performance (p = 0.005), density (p = 0.001), and clustering coefficient (p = 0.007). Therefore, coaches should adopt the two-touch rule for increasing ball circulation or to reduce the tactical complexity of the task for the defending team. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 999-1010 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1689751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1689751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:999-1010 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikael Jamil Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Jamil Title: A case study assessing possession regain patterns in English Premier League Football Abstract: Recent years have seen significant attention awarded to possession regains in football. This case study examines possession regain patterns of an elite English Premier League team across three seasons from the 2015–16 season to the 2017–18 season (n = 106). A series of regressions are conducted in order to determine: what impact possession regains had on attacking performance, which players were most productive with possession post regains and which other factors influenced the number of successful possession regains by the subject team. Results revealed that possession regains in the opponent’s half were highly significant and had a positive impact upon attacking performance (p = 0.006). Possession regains that occurred on the left-hand side of the playing field led to more productivity in front of goal (p = 0.028). The quality of the opponent was also revealed to have a significant impact upon the number of possession regains (p = 0.025). It is concluded that possession regains high up the playing field are crucial to the subject team’s attacking success. Furthermore, players performing on the left side of the playing field were more productive with possession regains than those playing centrally or on the right. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1011-1025 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1689752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1689752 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:1011-1025 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rodrigo Aquino Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Aquino Author-Name: João Cláudio Machado Author-X-Name-First: João Cláudio Author-X-Name-Last: Machado Author-Name: Filipe Manuel Clemente Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Author-X-Name-Last: Manuel Clemente Author-Name: Gibson Moreira Praça Author-X-Name-First: Gibson Moreira Author-X-Name-Last: Praça Author-Name: Luiz Guilherme C. Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Luiz Guilherme C. Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Author-Name: Bruno Melli-Neto Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Melli-Neto Author-Name: João Victor S. Ferrari Author-X-Name-First: João Victor S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrari Author-Name: Luiz H. Palucci Vieira Author-X-Name-First: Luiz H. Palucci Author-X-Name-Last: Vieira Author-Name: Enrico F. Puggina Author-X-Name-First: Enrico F. Author-X-Name-Last: Puggina Author-Name: Christopher Carling Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Carling Title: Comparisons of ball possession, match running performance, player prominence and team network properties according to match outcome and playing formation during the 2018 FIFA World Cup Abstract: This study on the 2018 Russia FIFA World Cup examined: i) the potential variations of ball possession, match running performance, player prominence, team network properties according to match outcome and playing formation; and ii) the relationships between player prominence and total distance covered according to team ball possession. Sixty-one matches were analysed (n = 988 player observations). Running performance was examined using total distance covered in (TDIP) and out of possession, and that travelled in different speed-range categories. Player prominence (micro) and team network properties (macro) were obtained using social network analysis where completed passes between teammates were counted (n = 28,019 passes). Main findings were: i) with the exception of clustering coefficients which indicate the level of interconnectivity between close teammates (win = draw > loss), match outcome was unaffected by ball possession, running and network measures; iii) teams employing a1‒4‒2‒3‒1 formation reported greater values for ball possession, TDIP, and micro/macro network measures compared to those playing 1‒4‒4‒2 and 1‒4‒3‒3 formations; iv) TDIP tended to be related to most player prominence variables, even though the magnitude of coefficients varied considerably according to network measures and playing positions. This study has provided additional insights into elite soccer match-play performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1026-1037 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1689753 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1689753 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:1026-1037 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Moya-Vergara Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Moya-Vergara Author-Name: D. Curotto-Berruezo Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Curotto-Berruezo Author-Name: P. Valladares-Arellano Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Valladares-Arellano Author-Name: E. Arriaza-Ardiles Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Arriaza-Ardiles Author-Name: T. Valverde-Esteve Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Valverde-Esteve Author-Name: J.M. García-Manso Author-X-Name-First: J.M. Author-X-Name-Last: García-Manso Title: Evaluation of visual-motor reaction time and quality of response in rugby sevens players after the application of a neurocognitive training programme Abstract: This work proposes a neurocognitive training (NCT) programme that seeks to optimise the mechanisms of visual perception, the processing of information and decision making. Also, to evaluate the effects on visual-motor reaction time (VMRT) and effectiveness of response (ER). A system of analysis, evaluation and specific training was applied, followed by comparison using different tests to assess the players’ performance. We evaluated 8 male rugby seven players from the Chilean national team (age: 28.5 ± 2.2 years, height: 179.5 ± 6.5 cm, weight: 92.5 ± 7.8 kg). The results showed that in the two variables, the players show statistically significant average improvements in the RTs of the total actions (total VMRT: 5.1%, 95%CI: 17.3–69.24, p=0.006, ES: 0.49) and in the RTs of attempts that were considered effective (effectiveVMRT: 9.3%, 95%CI: 22.77–77.08, p=0.003, ES: 0.66). In the case of ER, a slight improvement in the quality of the actions is detected (4.1% increase in effectiveness and 4.3% decrease in failed attempts), although the changes are not statistically significant. In conclusion, it can be stated that the neurocognitive training programme used led to an improvement in the performance of the variables VMRT and ER, with a differing degree of effectiveness. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1038-1051 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1691814 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1691814 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:6:p:1038-1051 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868523 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rui Araújo Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Araújo Author-Name: José Afonso Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Title: Procedural knowledge, decision-making and game performance analysis in Female Volleyball’s attack according to the player’s experience and competitive success Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse procedural knowledge, decision-making and game performance of the zone 4 attackers in Volleyball, according to the players’ experience and competitive performance. A verbal interview protocol was implemented immediately after randomly chosen live game actions to analyze procedural knowledge. Decision-making and players’ performance were analyzed by video images. Oneway Anova, Independent Samples t-Test, and Pearson Chi-Square were applied to data analysis. The results showed that more experienced and more successful players play more under goal concepts than condition concepts and concern more often with the opponent. Specifically, more experienced players mentioned more goal concepts and less sophisticated conditions, as more successful players mentioned more action concepts. More experienced players also presented fewer condition concepts than the less experienced ones. Successful players tended to make more appropriate decisions. However, as player’s experience and competitive success are multidimensional variables they might not be fully well characterized by the number of years of practice and competitive results. Therefore, future research is required, and it should include other criteria to characterize both variables. Moreover, qualitative analysis is needed, since it will allow a deeper understanding of the tactical development of the players according to the specific nature of the training process, and also considering the competitive success and the player’s experience as multidimensional variables. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868524 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Waldron Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Waldron Author-Name: Paul Worsfold Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Worsfold Author-Name: Christopher White Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: White Author-Name: Stafford Murray Author-X-Name-First: Stafford Author-X-Name-Last: Murray Title: Swarming behaviour in elite race bunch cycling: a case study Abstract: The current study undertook a dynamical systems analysis of race bunch cycling, considering the ‘sports contest’ as a dynamical, self organising system (McGarry et al., 2002). Data from one international track racing event was used to analyse a potential non-linear aggregation theory of ‘swarming’ in the ‘points race', with two objectives; 1) To identify a race profile of a basic swarm mentality within the points race; 2) To identify system stability and the possible perturbation of stability in relation to successful and unsuccessful breakaways. Stability was based upon a ‘normal’ profile of race behaviours, measured by three separate dependent measures, namely; Absolute Difference, Rate of Change and Phase Duration. Results showed; 1) The points race exhibits the quintessential ‘attract and repel’ elements that characterise the swarm mentality 2) One-way ANOVA revealed that breakaways of both successful (3.3±1.2 half laps) and unsuccessful (3.1±1.5 half laps) conditions tend to differ from the race ‘norm’ (2.1±1.3 half laps) in terms of phase duration (F(2, 228)=18.4, P<0.05), suggesting that breakaways perturb the system through longer attract and repel phases. Results are discussed in relation to the current and future effectiveness of describing race bunch cycling as a dynamical system. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 14-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:14-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luc Collard Author-X-Name-First: Luc Author-X-Name-Last: Collard Author-Name: Emmanuel Auvray Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel Author-X-Name-Last: Auvray Author-Name: Ivan Bellaunay Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Bellaunay Title: Comparison of performance levels over 25 m by 11 expert swimmers using anguilliform-like and carangiform-like techniques; eel-like swimming versus carangiform-like swimming Abstract: Performance levels over 25 m for two underwater swimming techniques (carangiform- and anguilliform-like swimming) were compared in 11 national-level, competitive swimmers. Several indicators of propulsive efficiency were recorded: leg oscillation frequency and amplitude, head oscillation amplitude and the Strouhal number (St). Video analysis suggested that head movement amplitude correlates with performance levels in anguilliform-like swimming (dolphin kicking with the arms alongside the trunk). However, analysis of St did not lead to the expected results in our evaluation of carangiform-like swimming (i.e. conventional dolphin kicking, with the arms stretched out in front). Although the anguilliform-like technique is not used in competitive swimming, it turned out to be as effective in our swimmers (despite the lack of prior practice) as the carangiform-like technique. This paper discusses the relevance of two techniques inspired by the animal kingdom and which are vying to become the “fifth stroke”. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 26-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868526 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:26-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laios Alexandros Author-X-Name-First: Laios Author-X-Name-Last: Alexandros Author-Name: Moustakidis Athanasios Author-X-Name-First: Moustakidis Author-X-Name-Last: Athanasios Title: The setting pass and performance indices in Volleyball Abstract: The present article focuses primarily on the effect of the setter’s choice on the outcome of the attack. The sample was comprised from the matches of the final four of the 2009 C.E.V. Champions League held in Prague and of the final four of the 2009 C.E.V. Cup held in Athens. The total number of phases analyzed was 1472. After a perfect reception the setter makes a right choice when the he chooses the center spiker only when the opposing center blocker is out of position or time to attempt the block, otherwise the pass goes to an outside hitter. Conversely, a wrong choice is when the center is blocked and he receives the pass, or when the center is free and he does not receive the pass. Results have shown that the setters make the right choice only in half the cases and this has a significant impact on the team’s attack efficiency, especially in the case of quick attacks. Setters can be trained to improve their peripheral vision, so that they can track simultaneously the trajectory of the ball coming from the reception, and the relative timing (or better its absence) of the middle hitters and blockers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 34-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:34-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gemma Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Paul Nielson Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Nielson Title: Path changes and injury risk in English FA Premier League soccer Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to examine relationships between path changes performed by English FA Premier League soccer players, anthropometric variables and injuries reported. The study involved 25 players for whom typical path change performances were derived from at least six 90 minute matches. The players performed 39.9+13.2 sharp path changes to the side of the non-dominant leg which was significantly greater than the 35.4+12.7 sharp path changes made to the side of the dominant leg (p < .001). There was a negative association between height and the number of each type of path change (r < -.373) as well as a negative association between body mass and the number of each type of path change (r < -.287). There were no significant differences between the 10 players who missed at least one match through injury during the 2007-08 season and the 15 who did not for the frequency of any type of path change. Therefore, understanding the frequency of path changes alone is not sufficient to assess injury risk and it may also be necessary to examine the technique used when making path changes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 40-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:40-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Lapresa Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lapresa Author-Name: Rafael Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Author-Name: Javier Arana Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Arana Author-Name: Belén Garzón Author-X-Name-First: Belén Author-X-Name-Last: Garzón Author-Name: Mario Amatria Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Amatria Title: Spatial and temporal analysis of karate kumite moves: comparative study of the senior and 12-13 year old groups Abstract: This article presents a study of karate using an observational methodology. Our interest in studying children’s sport prompted us to consider a comparative study of the senior category and the 12-13 age group. Data for this study were obtained from fights filmed at Spanish national karate championships. An ad hoc observation instrument was constructed to record the different actions performed during the karate combats and their spatial and temporal performance. Two analyses were carried out of the data obtained: a comparative statistical analysis using the SPSS programme; and an analysis of temporal patterns using the Theme programme. Significant differences were observed in technical-tactical performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 57-70 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:57-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Lamas Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Lamas Author-Name: D. De Rose Junior Author-X-Name-First: D. De Rose Author-X-Name-Last: Junior Author-Name: F. Santana Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Santana Author-Name: E. Rostaiser Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Rostaiser Author-Name: L. Negretti Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Negretti Author-Name: C. Ugrinowitsch Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Ugrinowitsch Title: Space creation dynamics in basketball offence: validation and evaluation of elite teams Abstract: The game of basketball involves several interactions of the offensive and defensive teams (i.e., dynamics). The dynamics for defensive disruption can be organized in classes of equivalence defined herein as space creation dynamics (SCDs). The aims of this study were: a) to validate a set of SCDs classes for offensive actions and b) identify the recurrence of these classes on elite teams’ games. SCDs definition and validation followed Fonseca’s et al. (2008) criteria: 1a. proposition of a preliminary model of SCDs classes based on researchers experience and game analysis; 1b. expert improvement of the pre-defined proposal of SCDs; 1c. intra-observer and inter-observers reliability; 1d. application of the SCDs: analysis on elite basketball games. Resultant classes of SCDs (steps 1a-b): Space creation with ball dribbled (BD); Space creation with ball not dribbled (BND); Post Isolation (PostI); Perimeter Isolation (PerI); Space creation without the ball (WB); On ball screen (OnBS); Out-of-ball screen (OutBS). Reliability (1c): Kappa test intra-observer and inter-observer reliability range from (0.76 -0.85) to (0.73-0.86), respectively. Inter-judges reliability indicates the usefulness of these classes for game analyses. (1d): “OnBS” presented the highest frequency of occurrence among elite teams (34.8%) indicating the relevance of pick and roll for teams’ strategy. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 71-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868530 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:71-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sotiris Drikos Author-X-Name-First: Sotiris Author-X-Name-Last: Drikos Author-Name: George Vagenas Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Vagenas Title: Multivariate assessment of selected performance indicators in relation to the type and result of a typical set in Men’s Elite Volleyball Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify volleyball performance indicators that best discriminate between winning and losing teams in a set according to set final score differences. The data were collected from teams’ performances (N=350) in all sets played during the 2009 Men’s European Volleyball Championship in Turkey. Clusters analysis established three different groups of sets according to set final score difference: 2 points (ambivalent), 3-5 points (safe), >5 points (unbalanced). A 3x2 MANOVA (type of set x type of result) was then performed on 9 performance indicators reflecting % expressions of four basic skills of the game (serve, pass, attack, block). The analysis revealed significant multivariate differences in type of set, in type of results, and in their interaction. A follow-up Discriminant Analysis showed that effectiveness of attack is the most important performance indicator for all types of sets, far more for the ambivalent ones. The discriminant function correctly classified increasing % of cases with increase in score difference. Especially for ambivalent sets 67.3% were correctly classified, letting some space for further improving the critical performance indicators. The results suggest that training of a men’s volleyball team should emphasize more to improve offensive abilities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 85-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868531 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:85-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gustavo Conti Costa Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo Conti Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: R. Conselheiro Joaquim Caetano Author-X-Name-First: R. Conselheiro Joaquim Author-X-Name-Last: Caetano Author-Name: Natália Neiva Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Natália Neiva Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Author-Name: Gabriel Junqueira Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Junqueira Author-Name: José Afonso Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso Author-Name: R. Dr. Plácido Costa Author-X-Name-First: R. Dr. Plácido Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Title: Determinants of attack tactics in Youth male elite volleyball Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify determinants of the attack tactics’ effectiveness in Elite Youth Men’s Volleyball. Eleven matches of the 2007 World Youth Championship were analyzed, totalling 863 actions of reception, 1191 actions of attack and 435 actions of defence. Multinomial logistic regression was applied in order to analyze the association of reception effect, defence effect, attack tempo and attack type, with the attack effectiveness. The reliability of the observation was calculated through Cohen’s Kappa, with values being above 0.81. This study showed that the powerful attack increased the chances of scoring in both side-out and transition. Regarding the timing of the attack, 1st tempo increased the chances of scoring in transition. These results show that the Elite Youth male’s game claims a more offensive game through powerful and quick attacks. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 96-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868532 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868532 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:96-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrice Bouvet Author-X-Name-First: Patrice Author-X-Name-Last: Bouvet Title: And if Freddie had been... a new study of the influence of driving and putting on PGA Tour performances Abstract: In recent years, many experts in the economic analysis of golf have been interested in the skills/earnings relationship with regard to the PGA Tour. In most cases, their results are similar: putting is a determining aspect of the game with regard to winning. Despite these results, many experts still put the emphasis on driving distance. Accordingly, to address this issue from a different angle, we chose to proceed in two stages. As a first step, we established the results of Fred Couples, if he had been a good putter throughout his career (the counterfactual hypothesis). This first analysis confirms most of the results obtained in other research on this topic. It also shows the need to distinguish different types of putts influencing results (scores) and earnings (rankings on money list) on the PGA Tour. As a second step, we built a series of models, based on our results, which assessed more precisely the influence of different types of putts on PGA Tour earnings. Our conclusion: to achieve superior performance on the PGA Tour it is better to belong to the category of “money putters”. In other words, avoid failures on short putts and sink a significant percentage of putts over 25 feet. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 105-120 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868533 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:105-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason J Williams Author-X-Name-First: Jason J Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Performance analysis and cheating in sport - a model for discussion Abstract: In all sport there is a varying amount of cheating, however, there has been limited work undertaken in performance analysis of this aspect of sport. This paper developed a generic model that may be used within performance analysis, drawing from work undertaken on the definition of cheating. Using statistics from the International Rugby Board’s Game Analysis Centre, the developed model was tested and successfully identified how infringements in rugby union fitted into the five categories developed within the research. Differences were then discussed between the Six Nations and Tri Nations competitions within the framework of the model. It was suggested that the model could be used for analysis within individual sport and between sports. This method of analysis could introduce an interesting and novel way of investigating cheating in sport, expanding the analysis that has already been undertaken on infringements. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 121-129 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868534 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:121-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luís Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Luís Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Author-Name: Alain Mouchet Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Mouchet Author-Name: David Carreras Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Carreras Author-Name: Honorato Morente Author-X-Name-First: Honorato Author-X-Name-Last: Morente Title: The importance of rugby game-related statistics to discriminate winners and losers at the elite level competitions in close and balanced games Abstract: The aim of the current study was to identify the Rugby game-related statistics that discriminated between winning and losing teams in International Rugby Board (IRB) competitions (World Cup and Six Nations) and Super Twelve Tournament (S12) in close and balanced games. A cluster analysis was conducted to establish, according to game final score differences, three different match groups. Only the close and balanced games group was selected for further analysis. An analysis of the structure coefficients (SC) obtained through a discriminant analysis allowed the identification of the most powerful game-related statistics in discriminating between winning and losing teams. The results showed that when compared, IRB and S12 close and balanced games were evident, although significant between-games differences were found for all of the analysed group clusters. This suggests that for close and balanced games a general profile may be created, which is probably specific to each team, and may indicate the strengths and weaknesses of that specific competition groups. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 130-141 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868535 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868535 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:130-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Lundgren Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Lundgren Author-Name: S. Brorsson Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Brorsson Author-Name: M. Hilliges Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hilliges Author-Name: A.-L. Osvalder Author-X-Name-First: A.-L. Author-X-Name-Last: Osvalder Title: Sport performance and perceived musculoskeletal stress, pain and discomfort in kitesurfing Abstract: The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview of the specific movement patterns in kitesurfing, and the participants’ perceptions of musculoskeletal stress, pain and discomfort. Task analysis and survey studies were used to provide an overview of the sport, and to identify problematic issues associated with the performance of the tasks. Three different methods were complimentary used for data collection: observations (n=8), a web questionnaire (n=206) and interviews (n=17). Participants were contacted through kitesurfing events and online forums. Their ages ranged from 16-62 years. The results showed that participants experienced high musculoskeletal stress for short times during a session (jumps, tricks and strong winds), and lower, static musculoskeletal stress over a longer time (crossing). High stress was most frequently perceived in abdominal muscles. Knees and feet were the sites most frequently experienced as painful, followed by the shoulders and elbows. This study provides additional information on the performance of kitesurfing and perceived musculoskeletal stress, pain and discomfort. The results can be used as input data to develop training methods and equipment for safe and comfortable performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 142-158 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:142-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Bradley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Counterattacks in elite Gaelic football competition Abstract: This study objectively analyses how Gaelic football teams counter-attack. Fifteen matches played in the All-Ireland senior football championship during the 2007 and 2008 seasons were analysed using publicly available broadcast coverage. Results indicated that the outcome of counter-attacks was significantly associated with the destination area of the counter-attack (p<0.001) with more counterattacks occurring in central areas of the pitch, in front of goal. There was a significant difference between the number of passes (p < 0.001) and the duration of the counter-attacks (p < 0.001) between counterattacks of different outcomes. Successful counterattacks relied on teams maintaining possession, allowing players to move the ball in a controlled manner, allowing players off the ball to obtain good supporting positions and exploiting the opposition whilst they are vulnerable and disorganised. Attacks lasting between 26s and 35s were found to be the most successful. Longer passing sequences during counter-attacks were found to be more successful compared to attacks with fewer passes which had a higher turnover rate. Successful counterattacks require players to have the ability to carry the ball, break the tackle and provide support for the man in possession. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 159-170 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868537 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:159-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Mathew Brown Author-X-Name-First: B. Mathew Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Mike Lauder Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Lauder Author-Name: Rosemary Dyson Author-X-Name-First: Rosemary Author-X-Name-Last: Dyson Title: Notational analysis of sprint kayaking: Differentiating between ability levels Abstract: Sprint kayaking involves simultaneously balancing the boat and maintaining peak kayak velocity. Previous investigation focused on the technique and performance of elite competitors, however little research has compared elite and sub-elite paddlers. This study aimed to determine, using notational analysis, whether key technique factors could be identified which would provide insight for lower ability paddlers seeking to develop their paddling technique. 135 kayak paddlers (78 International; 38 national and 19 club) were recorded competing over 200 m and 500 m. For both distances higher stroke rates, shorter stroke times, and shorter glide times were indicative of elite paddlers for both men and women (P < 0.017). Using a 0 – 5 ranking scale for 22 spatial body and boat variables revealed significantly greater stroke width, forward reach, trunk rotation and leg motion in the elite (P < 0.017), indicating that amateur paddlers should incorporate greater use of the musculature in the legs and trunk to improve kayak velocity and performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 171-183 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868538 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:171-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Lamb Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Author-Name: Michael Stöckl Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Stöckl Author-Name: Martin Lames Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Lames Title: Performance analysis in golf using the ISOPAR method Abstract: Performance analysis in golf has been hindered by a lack of valid performance indicators available. This paper presents an application of the ISOPAR method (Stöckl et al., 2011) to performance analysis in golf for two tournaments at the Golfclub Augsburg in Germany. The method involves characterising golf holes using ball locations and the number of shots required to hole out from each respective ball location. Using these data, ISOPAR maps can be created to visualise the difficulty of the hole. Areas on the greens which provide putts with the least difficulty were shown on the ISOPAR maps. Shots played to hole locations on elevated areas of the green may be considered more influential in the outcome (score) of the hole. A new performance indicator Shot Quality is also demonstrated in this paper. The quality of individual shots was highly correlated (Rd 1, ρ = -0.749; Rd 2, ρ = -0.441; Rd 3, ρ = -0.429) with hole score yet showed almost no relationship with round score. The correlation with tournament ranking was higher than expected (ρ = 0.221) considering the lack of correlation with Shot Quality and round score. In this study, only putting data were collected but future research will extend the method to include entire holes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 184-196 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868539 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:184-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabian Steinberg Author-X-Name-First: Fabian Author-X-Name-Last: Steinberg Author-Name: Tobias Dräger Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Dräger Author-Name: Ansgar Steegmanns Author-X-Name-First: Ansgar Author-X-Name-Last: Steegmanns Author-Name: Marc Dalecki Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Dalecki Author-Name: Marco Röschmann Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Röschmann Author-Name: Uwe Hoffmann Author-X-Name-First: Uwe Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann Title: Title: fit2dive - A field test for assessing the specific capability of underwater fin swimming with SCUBA Abstract: Exercise modalities such as cycle ergometry do not mimic the specific movements of fin swimming underwater. Therefore, there is a need to develop a specific diving capability assessment procedure. The purpose of the study was the application of a standardized field test to assess and rate underwater swimming performance. The fit2dive-test consists of an incremental protocol that is performed in a pool (<5 m depth). The underwater swimming speed is increased stepwise by 0.2 m·s-1, starting with 0.4 m·s-1 until the subject’s subjective exhaustion is attained. Time of break-off (fit2dive-time), swimming technique (e.g. range of motion (ROM) of hip and knee joints) and equipment configuration was recorded via a standardized checklist. Subjects with the highest hip and knee flexion had lower fit2dive-times (373 ± 119 s; p<0.01) than those in the normal hip and knee flexion ROM category (448 ± 104 s). Further, divers using full foot fins had significantly higher (p<0.001) fit2dive-times (474 ± 97 s) than divers with adjustable strap fins (375 ± 104 s). The fit2dive test indicates the specific capability of underwater fin swimming. The results allow identifying weak factors such as underwater swimming technique or equipment configuration. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 197-208 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868540 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:1:p:197-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-iii Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868725 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:i-iii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Baláš Author-X-Name-First: Jiří Author-X-Name-Last: Baláš Author-Name: Michaela Panáčková Author-X-Name-First: Michaela Author-X-Name-Last: Panáčková Author-Name: Jan Kodejška Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Kodejška Author-Name: J. Darryl Cochrane Author-X-Name-First: J. Darryl Author-X-Name-Last: Cochrane Author-Name: J. Andrew Martin Author-X-Name-First: J. Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: The role of arm position during finger flexor strength measurement in sport climbers Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of different arm positions for finger flexor strength measurement in sport climbers. Forty six climbers completed finger flexor strength measurement on a climbing specific device with four different arm positions: 1 - handgrip, shoulder flexed at 0°, elbow fully extended; 2 - shoulder flexed at 90° and externally rotated, elbow flexed at 90° (position 90/90); 3 - shoulder abducted at 130°, elbow flexed at 50° (position 130/50), 4 - shoulder flexed at 180°, elbow fully extended (position 180/0). Intra-session reliability from 3 trials was assessed by an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). To assess the criterion related validity repeated analysis of covariance was used (4 x 2 x 2) with the arm position as a within subject factor, sex and climbing ability as between subject factors, and body mass as a covariate. The criterion was represented by self-reported climbing ability. A high ICC was found for all arm positions ranging from 0.95 to 0.98. The highest variability explained by climbing ability in finger strength was found in the 180/0 position (ηp2 = 0.25) and 130/50 position (ηp2 = 0.25). The handgrip test had the lowest validity to the reported climbing ability (ηp2 = 0.05). It was concluded that the positions 180/0 and 130/50 are most suitable to assess finger flexor strength in climbers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 345-354 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868726 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:345-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. David Keeley Author-X-Name-First: W. David Author-X-Name-Last: Keeley Author-Name: D. Gretchen Oliver Author-X-Name-First: D. Gretchen Author-X-Name-Last: Oliver Author-Name: R. Michael Torry Author-X-Name-First: R. Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Torry Author-Name: Jason Wicke Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Wicke Title: Validity of Pitch Velocity and Strike Percentage to Assess Fatigue in Young Baseball Pitchers Abstract: Although coaches chart pitch velocity (PV) and strike percentage (SP) to assess pitcher fatigue levels, the validity of these tools has not been quantified in young pitchers. The purpose of this study was to compare PV and SP across levels of perceived fatigue in young pitchers. Data describing PV, first strike percentage (SP1st), total strike percentage (SPT) and perceived fatigue (PFL) throughout a simulated performance were recorded for 14 pitchers. Differences within PV, SP1st, and SPT were compared across PFLs utilizing repeated measures analysis of variance. PF was the independent variable and PV, SP1st, and SPT were the dependent variables. Results indicated no differences in PV across fatigue levels. SPT increased significantly from PFL 0 to PFL 1 (p = 0.0250). SP1st also increased significantly between PFL 0 and PFL 1 (p = 0.0040) before decreasing significantly for PFL 2 (p < 0.001). These results indicate that the tracking of PV may not be a valid tool for assessing fatigue. However, tracking both SP1st and SPT may be valid tools for assessing fatigue and may provide coaches with evidence of the onset of fatigue. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 355-366 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868727 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:355-366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Luke Hogarth Author-X-Name-First: W. Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Hogarth Author-Name: J. Brendan Burkett Author-X-Name-First: J. Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Burkett Author-Name: R. Mark McKean Author-X-Name-First: R. Mark Author-X-Name-Last: McKean Title: Movement patterns in tag football: Influence of playing position, representative selection and fatigue Abstract: This study investigated the physical demands of male and female tag football players, stratified by playing position and representative selection. Global positioning systems provided data on 98 playing appearances during the 2013 Queensland State Cup. Players covered 97 m/min (men’s) and 91 m/min (women’s) over ~23 min of on-field playing time. High-speed running (HSR) accounted for 15% (men’s) and 13% (women’s) of total distance and there were regular changes in running tempo in men’s and women’s matches (1 acceleration >1 m. s-2 every 10-11 s). Selected players covered greater distance (men ES=0.72, p=0.145; women ES=1.06, p=0.002), performed more HSR efforts (men ES=0.73, p=0.085; women ES=1.20, p=0.001) and reached higher running speeds (men ES=0.65, p=0.033; women ES=0.53, p=0.092) than non-selected players. Positional groups showed meaningful differences for very high-intensity running (VHI) distance (men ES=0.56-1.26; women ES=0.53-0.83), frequency of VHI efforts (men ES=0.45-0.97; women ES=0.51-0.98) and maximum running speeds (men ES=0.54-1.35; women ES=0.08-0.69). This study found repeated high-intensity running, change of direction and sprinting performance to be important physical qualities of successful tag football players. Importantly however, the high-intensity movement demands of tag football were found to be dependent on playing position and training should be individualised accordingly. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 367-383 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868728 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:367-383 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Filipe Clemente Author-X-Name-First: M. Filipe Author-X-Name-Last: Clemente Author-Name: Fernando M. L. Martins Author-X-Name-First: Fernando M. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Author-Name: S. Micael Couceiro Author-X-Name-First: S. Micael Author-X-Name-Last: Couceiro Author-Name: S. Rui Mendes Author-X-Name-First: S. Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Mendes Author-Name: António J. Figueiredo Author-X-Name-First: António J. Author-X-Name-Last: Figueiredo Title: Inspecting teammates’ coverage during attacking plays in a football game: A case study Abstract: The tactical behaviour of football players is fundamental in sport teams. Despite this importance, the methods to measure such behaviour are very time-consuming for human operators. Therefore, the aim of this case study was to propose a set of collective technological metrics to evaluate the attacking coverage provided by teammates to the player in possession of the ball. For this case study data was collected from three official matches of the same professional team. Using the information about the Cartesian position of players in the field provided from a tracking method, it was possible to propose four different technological metrics and ratios: i) cover in support; ii) cover in vigilance; iii) attacking cover; and iv) depth mobility. Using those metrics it was possible to observe that on average the team observed use with higher regularity support in vigilance as well as depth mobility, thus suggesting a specific tactical behaviour. In summary, it was possible to apply all metrics to real data from three official matches, thus allowing a new technological method to improve the match analysis systems that use multiplayer tracking. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 384-400 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868729 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:384-400 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathan Elsworthy Author-X-Name-First: Nathan Author-X-Name-Last: Elsworthy Author-Name: Darren Burke Author-X-Name-First: Darren Author-X-Name-Last: Burke Author-Name: J. Ben Dascombe Author-X-Name-First: J. Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Dascombe Title: Factors relating to the decision-making performance of Australian football officials Abstract: Team sport officials are charged with the responsibility to enforce the laws of the game and their performance is based upon the quality of their decisions during a match. The current investigation examined the effects of positioning and retrospective physical demands had on the decision-making accuracy of Australian football officials. Match decision-making statistics and time motion data from 20 elite Australian football matches and the factors related to improved decision-making during match play were examined. Most decisions were made from a distance between 11-15 m, however distance from play had no significant effect on accuracy. There was no significant effect of movement velocity at the time of a decision on accuracy. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference between correct and incorrect decisions in the running speed across the 5 s prior to the decision being made. These findings determine that there is no effect of distance from play or instantaneous velocity on decision-making accuracy during match play. However, higher relative running speeds prior to a decision increases the likelihood of a decisional error. Superior anticipatory skill may reduce the running demands immediately prior to a decision, and therefore possibly improve the decision-making accuracy of umpires. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 401-410 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868730 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:401-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hugo Sarmento Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmento Author-Name: M. Teresa Anguera Author-X-Name-First: M. Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Anguera Author-Name: Antonino Pereira Author-X-Name-First: Antonino Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira Author-Name: Adilson Marques Author-X-Name-First: Adilson Author-X-Name-Last: Marques Author-Name: Jorge Campaniço Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Campaniço Author-Name: José Leitão Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Leitão Title: Patterns of Play in the Counterattack of Elite Football Teams - A Mixed Method Approach Abstract: This study aimed to detect and analyse regular patterns of play in football teams during their offensive phase, through the combination of the sequential analysis technique and semi-structured interviews of experienced first League Portuguese coaches.The sample included 36 games (12 per team) of the F.C. Barcelona, Internazionalle Milano, and Manchester United teams that were analysed through sequential analysis with the software SDIS-GSEQ. Based on the detected patterns, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 8 expert high-performance football coaches. Data were analysed through the content analysis technique using the software Nvivo 9.The detected patterns of play revealed specific characteristics of different philosophies of play. Through the performed content analysis we could observe that coaches interpreting play patterns mainly based their opinions on tactical-strategic and tactical-technical aspects, and on the characteristics of the players on their team.On the other hand, consideration was given to three of the main evolutionary trends of play/soccer practice, which focus on the development of exercises that cover: i) the connection between the four play moments (offensive/defensive organization and transitions); ii) the pre-programmed ball possession recovery; iii) the execution of set pieces. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 411-427 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868731 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:411-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: António P. Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: António P. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Author-Name: Ana Volossovitch Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Volossovitch Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: Towards the game critical moments in basketball: a grounded theory approach Abstract: Exploring the practical knowledge of expert basketball coaches, the present study aims to analyse the basketball game criticality through a grounded theory approach. Data from semi-structured interviews with 17 expert basketball coaches were used to explore the conceptual understanding of game critical moments. Results demonstrated that expert coaches identify different game occurrences as precipitating events. They can be characterized according the basketball game nature. Game tempo, point’s difference and balance/unbalance perception emerged as three situational variables that allowed us to define a preliminary coaching model to explain how expert coaches deal with the critical game situations. This preliminary model allows us to access a whole range of information about game development and to a better understanding of the coaching decision-making. Further studies are needed to investigate and generalize these results and to have a more valid explorative model of the sport games criticality. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 428-442 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868732 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868732 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:428-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier García Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: García Author-Name: J. Sergio Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: J. Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Author-Name: A. Miguel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: A. Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: Basketball Game-related statistics discriminating ACB league teams according to game location, game outcome and final score differences Abstract: The aim of the study was to identify the basketball performance indicators that best discriminated winning and losing teams according to game location and final score differences. The sample used was composed by 306 games of the ACB basketball league from the 2007-2008 regular season. A cluster of k-means was used to split the sample into 3 groups: balanced (differences between 1 and 12 points); unbalanced (differences between 13 and 28 points) and blowout games (differences above 28 points). The results obtained from the discriminant analysis showed that home teams were discriminated from away teams by assists (SC=.41), successful 2-point field goals (SC=.40) and defensive rebounds (SC=.36) during balanced games when home teams won. Conversely, when visiting teams win, assists (SC=.33) and steals (SC=.42) discriminated home and away teams. In unbalanced games, when home teams win, home and away teams were discriminated by assists (SC=.30). On the other hand when away teams win, home teams were discriminated from away teams by assists (SC=.31) and 3-point field-goals (SC=-.33). These findings may help coaches to prepare and design specific programs focused on game dynamics. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 443-452 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:443-452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Relative age effect on elite tennis strategy for players born before and after 1 January 1985 Abstract: Relative age influences participation in professional tennis. The purpose of the current investigation was to compare the %net points played between players born in the first 6 months of the calendar year (H1 players) and players born in the second 6 months (H2 players). There were 116 players included in the current investigation because net statistics were provided for at least 6 of their matches in the 2011 to 2013 US Opens and the 2012 to 2014 Australian Opens. Players were also classified by generation; born before 1st January 1985 or after due to the introduction of surface grading in 2002. The %net points for male players was significantly influenced by generation (p = 0.041) and the interaction of generation and half year of birth (p = 0.040). The 17 H1 male players born in 1985 or later played 12.1±2.5% net points compared with 10.4±2.8% for the 16 H2 male players born in 1985 or later. The H1 players may have developed a greater tendency to go to the net as junior players with a relative age advantage. These players have continued to play more net points as seniors even though they no longer have a relative age advantage. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 453-462 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868734 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:453-462 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Silva Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Daniel Lacerda Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lacerda Author-Name: Paulo Vicente João Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Vicente Author-X-Name-Last: João Title: Match analysis of discrimination skills according to the setter defence zone position in high level volleyball Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the discrimination skills according to the setter position in the defence zone (Zones 1, 6 , and 5) in forty nine matches (n = 49) played during the semi-finals of men’s senior volleyball competitions during the biennium 2010–2012 (World Championship; European League; World Cup; European Championship; World League; Olympic Games). For data analysis using Data Volley Software, the discriminating function identified the discriminating variables with the canonical structuring coefficient |SC| ≥ 0.30. Results revealed that the reception error, counter attack point, set error, and attack point were discriminating variables that can identify the final outcome (i.e., win or loss) of the match when the setter was in the defence zone. In effect, this study helps to explain why volleyball teams win; success with the match skills of attack point and counter attack point often predict a winning outcome. As such, the study provides substantial contributions for volleyball training and competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 463-472 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868735 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868735 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:463-472 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amanj Mohammed Author-X-Name-First: Amanj Author-X-Name-Last: Mohammed Author-Name: Mohsen Shafizadeh Author-X-Name-First: Mohsen Author-X-Name-Last: Shafizadeh Author-Name: K. Geoffrey Platt Author-X-Name-First: K. Geoffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Platt Title: Effects of the level of expertise on the physical and technical demands in futsal Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between elite and semi-elite futsal players in terms of the technical and physical demands of the sport. 12 elite senior teams that competed in the World Cup 2012 and 5 futsal clubs that competed in the north of England were selected non-randomly. Time-motion analysis was used to quantify physical movements during matches and the movement classifications included standing, walking, jogging and sprinting. Technical skills assessed were offensive movements including the percentages of successful passes, dribbles and shots. The results of Hotelling T2 showed that there were significant differences in both the technical and physical demands between the two groups (p<0.05). The follow-up tests showed that elite players demonstrated more successful attempts in passing, dribbling and shooting. In addition elite players spent more time during a match on sprinting, whereas semi-elite players recorded higher percentages on standing and walking activities (p<0.05). In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that by improving the proficiency of skills through practice the ability to exploit space during a match is also improved through using more intensive activities and the most accurate performance predictors in attacking play are passes, dribbles and shots. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 473-481 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868736 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:473-481 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alessandro H. N. Ré* Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro H. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Ré* Author-Name: T. Maria Cattuzzo Author-X-Name-First: T. Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Cattuzzo Author-Name: Felipe M. C. Santos Author-X-Name-First: Felipe M. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Author-Name: Carlos B. M. Monteiro Author-X-Name-First: Carlos B. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Monteiro Title: Anthropometric characteristics, field test scores and match-related technical performance in youth indoor soccer players with different playing status Abstract: This study compared anthropometric characteristics, field test scores and match-related technical performance of elite youth indoor soccer players from different playing status and examined the relationship between these variables. Sixty elite adolescent players (age 14.0 ± 0.93 years) were selected for the study and grouped as starters (n=21), non-starters (n=21) and substitutes without participation in the games (n=18). The participants underwent measurements for anthropometry (height, body mass, sum of three skinfolds), field tests that simulated training drills (linear and zigzag running and kicking, passing and dribbling abilities) and match-related technical performance of twenty competitive games (passing, dribbling, kicking and disarms and interceptions). ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences between groups and, in general, the measures obtained outside of the games did not correlate with performance in the games. Thus, in elite adolescent players, anthropometric characteristics and isolated skills do not predict match-related technical performance and should be used with caution for talent identification or training purposes. Many part-practice drills commonly used to train technique in stable and predictable conditions may not be useful to improve technical performance in real matches, particularly in players who have already mastered the basic fundamentals of soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 482-492 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868737 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868737 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:482-492 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryland Morgans Author-X-Name-First: Ryland Author-X-Name-Last: Morgans Author-Name: David Adams Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Author-Name: Richard Mullen Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Mullen Author-Name: Morgan D Williams Author-X-Name-First: Morgan D Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Changes in physical performance variables in an English Championship League team across the competitive season: the effect of possession Abstract: This study examined changes in physical match performance of six players from an English Championship League team across the competitive season and examined the effect of team possession. Sprint and high intensity distances and frequency of efforts were all greatest in early-season, and were significantly reduced in both mid-and-late-season phases (all p < 0.0001). None of these variables were, however, related to team possession (p range = 0.2759 to 0.7411). Total distance covered on the other hand was sustained and did not significantly change over the season phases (p = 0.9219), but it was negatively associated with possession (p = 0.0080). This association suggests that physical demands were lower when this team was in possession of the ball. In summary, evidence of residual fatigue at mid-and-late-season was obtained from sprint and high intensity variables. Given possession was associated with a reduced total distance covered during matches, it may be speculated that better quality teams are able to maintain possession for longer periods of matches and thus require less recovery time due to reduced physical match demands. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 493-503 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868738 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:493-503 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcin Andrzejewski Author-X-Name-First: Marcin Author-X-Name-Last: Andrzejewski Author-Name: Jan Chmura Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Chmura Author-Name: Beata Pluta Author-X-Name-First: Beata Author-X-Name-Last: Pluta Title: Analysis of motor and technical activities of professional soccer players of the UEFA Europa League Abstract: The aim of this study was a detailed physical and technical activities analysis of professional soccer players. The studied match performance variables included physical activity and technical actions. The study included 147 soccer players participating in 10 matches of the 2008-2009 and 2010-2011 Europa League seasons. Physical and technical variables were analyzed according to players’ positions on the field. The study was performed using the Amisco Pro (version 1.0.2.). The statistical analysis revealed that the total distances covered by studied players ranged from 10,335 m to 11,760 m, with the total sprinting distance ranged from 167 m to 346 m. While in ball possession, the forwards and external midfielders covered a 10-fold longer total sprinting distance than the central defenders (p < 0.05). The technical analysis showed that the players retained ball possession between 36.4 s and 64.9 s per match, and they had no more than 2.3 ball touches per individual possession. More specifically, the central defenders performed successful passes at 76.7%, and forwards at 69.7%. In conclusion, elite soccer players feature the ability to repeat high-intensity actions, while losing a certain number of ball possessions, and to perform technical actions quickly during matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 504-523 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868739 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868739 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:504-523 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Castillo-Rodríguez Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Castillo-Rodríguez Author-Name: J.R. Alvero-Cruz Author-X-Name-First: J.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Alvero-Cruz Author-Name: A. Hernández-Mendo Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Hernández-Mendo Author-Name: J.C. Fernández-García Author-X-Name-First: J.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-García Title: Physical and physiological responses in Paddle Tennis competition Abstract: Paddle-tennis is a racket sport practised by 4.5 million people around the world and it is increasing each year. The aim of this study was to analyse physical responses, i.e., partial and total distances covered, and physiological responses, i.e., mean heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and lactate, during competition. Sixty sets were analysed on twenty-four male paddle-tennis players. Differences in physical and physiological variables were evaluated using one way ANOVA. High level players (C1) covered lower distance than middle (C2) and lower level (C3) players during set and match play (P<0.05). In addition, HR in C1 was 131.7±16.3 beats/min and versus 156.4±15.6 and 150.8±14.4 beats/min of C2 and C3, respectively (P<0.05). Finally, C1 remained 43.7% and 12.9% of the playing time in HR2 (50-70% of maximum HR) and HR4 (80-90%of maximum HR) zones, respectively; while that C2 and C3 registered 15-20% and 30-32% in HR2 and HR4 zone, respectively (P<0.05). RPE was also significantly lower in C1 with regard to the one found in C2 and C3. These results reveal that C1 shows lower physical and physiological responses than C2 and C3, and these responses are similar to single tennis and table-tennis sports but lower than squash and badminton in match play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 524-534 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:524-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Yanci Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Yanci Author-Name: A. Iturricastillo Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Iturricastillo Author-Name: C. Granados Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Granados Title: Heart rate and body temperature response of wheelchair basketball players in small-sided games Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze the physiological response of wheelchair basketball (WB) players during the different bouts of a training task (4 vs. 4). Twelve WB players participated in this study (25.3 ± 2.4 years). Five sessions of the small-sided games (SSG) were performed, with 4 sets each session and a rest interval of 2 min between each one. Significant differences were found (p<0.05) in heart rate peak (HRpeak) in the last three bouts in comparison to the first (169.5 ± 12.47, 170.78 ± 12.80, 170.03 ± 11.78 vs. 167.19 ± 11.74 beat•min-1). Mean HR (HRmean) showed a similar trend, but there were also significant differences (p<0.05) between the second and third bouts (156.37 ± 12.04 vs. 158.21 ± 11.82 beat•min-1). Body temperature remained constant during the first three bouts and showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the fourth bout. During the SSG, HRmean was similar to that obtained in other studies of official matches, so they could represent an adequate training task for improving WB performance. However, special attention should be paid to the number of bouts performed in the training sessions as the physiological response was not constant. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 535-544 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868741 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:535-544 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chih-Cheng Chen Author-X-Name-First: Chih-Cheng Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yung-Tan Lee Author-X-Name-First: Yung-Tan Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Chung-Ming Tsai Author-X-Name-First: Chung-Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Tsai Title: Professional Baseball Team Starting Pitcher Selection Using AHP and TOPSIS Methods Abstract: Selecting starting pitchers is a strategic issue with a significant effect on the performance of a professional team. Choosing optimal starting pitchers from many alternatives is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. This study develops an evaluation model, based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), to help managers and coaches of a professional baseball team make the optimal selection for starting pitchers. The AHP was used to analyze the structure of starting-pitcher selection and determines weights of the criteria, whereas the TOPSIS method makes the final ranking. Empirical analysis illustrates model utilization for selecting starting pitchers. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 545-563 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:545-563 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: E. Hernández-Hernández Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hernández-Hernández Title: Game statistical system and criteria used by Spanish volleyball coaches Abstract: The aim of this paper was to study the game analysis used by Spanish volleyball coaches. The sample included 22 coaches from the first and second divisions of the men’s and women’s Spanish competition. The variables studied were: criteria used to evaluate technical and tactical actions, mathematical calculations used to analyse the data, reference values used, adaptations done in the statistical analysis, and situation in which performance is monitored. Descriptive and inferential analyses of the data were done. The use of game statistics is high in volleyball. It is used in practice, competition, opponent scouting, and post-analysis. Volleyball coaches use a category scale to monitor players’ and team’ actions based on the effect on the rally and/or the following game actions. Coaches make adaptations to this scale to fit their needs, perspective, goals, etc. This adaptation varies with regard to type of actions. The types of calculation most used for data analysis and establishing reference values are simple (total values and percentages), probably due to the high number of aspects to monitor or because coaches share the results of the monitoring with players. Coaches individualise their technical-tactical analysis to their needs in order to practice and compete properly. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 564-573 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868743 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868743 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:564-573 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G. Robert Lockie Author-X-Name-First: G. Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Lockie Author-Name: D. Matthew Jeffriess Author-X-Name-First: D. Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Jeffriess Author-Name: S. Tye McGann Author-X-Name-First: S. Tye Author-X-Name-Last: McGann Author-Name: J. Samuel Callaghan Author-X-Name-First: J. Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Callaghan Title: Ankle Muscle Function during Preferred and Non-Preferred 45° Directional Cutting in Semi-Professional Basketball Players Abstract: No research has analysed the influence of ankle muscle activity for joint mobility and stability on preferred directional cutting. Twelve basketballers completed the Y-shaped agility test, requiring 45° cuts to the left or right, to assess planned and reactive cutting. In planned conditions, participants knew the cutting direction. In reactive conditions, participants responded to a randomly illuminated gate. Legs were defined as the outside (furthest from target gate) or inside (closest to target gate) cut legs. The preferred outside cutting leg was determined from the fastest planned cut. Electromyography measured peak normalised (against 10-meter sprint performance) activity of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus (PL), peroneus brevis (PB), and soleus. Paired t-tests (p < 0.05) compared preferred and non-preferred cutting legs; effect sizes (d) were calculated. There were no differences in muscle activity between the preferred and non-preferred legs in the planned (p = 0.218-0.828) or reactive (p = 0.092-0.862) cuts. There were moderate effects for a 28% higher PL (d = 0.51), and 27% lower PB (d = 0.57) activity, for the reactive outside cut leg. Due to the synergistic nature of these muscles, there was likely no effect to agility. Irrespective of preferred cutting direction, ankle muscles respond similarly. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 574-593 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:574-593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Author-Name: Luís Vilar Author-X-Name-First: Luís Author-X-Name-Last: Vilar Author-Name: Duarte Araújo Author-X-Name-First: Duarte Author-X-Name-Last: Araújo Author-Name: Tim McGarry Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: McGarry Title: Tactical performance changes with equal vs unequal numbers of players in small-sided football games Abstract: This study investigated the effects of equal (GK+4-vs-4+GK) and unequal (GK+4-vs-3+GK) numbers of outfield players on tactical behaviour of players and teams in small-sided football games. Thirty sequences of play without transitions in ball possession captured from six games of five minutes duration were selected for analysis from each game condition. The movement trajectories of players, teams and ball were expressed using polar coordinates referenced on centre location of the defending goal. Tactical performance was expressed by the degree of coupling of players and teams as indicated by the relative phase for different dyad combinations and by spatial-temporal relations between players and teams using various kinematic metrics. Results showed stronger couplings in the defending dyads, defending player ball pairs and the defending team and ball (p < 0.05) for the unequal numbers game condition. Also, decreased distances between players to their team geometric centre, decreased surface areas but increased distances between team geometric centres was observed for unequal playing numbers (p<0.05). Thus, results demonstrated that numerical advantage for the attacking team changed the tactical performances of the defending and attacking players and teams, particularly the former. Knowledge on this matter provides support for coaches manipulating small-sided football games for training purposes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 594-605 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:594-605 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Daniel Clay Author-X-Name-First: C. Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Clay Author-Name: E. Kylie Clay Author-X-Name-First: E. Kylie Author-X-Name-Last: Clay Title: Player Rotation, On-court Performance and Game Outcomes in NCAA Men’s Basketball Abstract: Coaches differ in in how they use the talents of their players and player rotation is among their most strategically important game management levers; some substitute sparingly while others routinely go to a deep bench. This research examines the impact of size of rotation on team performance and success among 7,154 NCAA Division I Men’s Basketball team performances collected over multiple seasons. Study findings demonstrate that depth of player rotation has a significant positive effect on game outcomes and that the relationship is conditioned by number of personal fouls, overall team strength and home court advantage. The pathways through which a larger rotation results in greater odds of winning include offensive rebounding, steals and overall defensive efficiency, all areas where the fresh legs, quick hands and sustained energy levels characteristic of a deeper bench can make a measurable difference. Advantages of a smaller core rotation are manifested at the offensive end of the court, notably in shooting percentages, ball control and overall offensive ratings. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 606-619 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868746 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:606-619 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Husnija Kajmovic Author-X-Name-First: Husnija Author-X-Name-Last: Kajmovic Author-Name: Izet Radjo Author-X-Name-First: Izet Author-X-Name-Last: Radjo Title: A Comparison of Gripping Configuration and Throwing Techniques Efficiency Index in Judo Between Male and Female Judoka During Bosnia and Herzegovina Senior State Championships Abstract: The aim of this study is to present the comparison between throwing techniques efficiency index performed from the same and opposite grip for senior male and female during Bosnia and Herzegovina senior State championships. The study is based on the notation analysis of 280 grip configurations of male along with the equal number of throwing techniques and 166 grip configurations of female judoka along with the equal number of throwing techniques. Regarding the results of Chi-square test (13.2; p < .001) along with Yates’s Correction (12.5; p < .001) the difference in the frequencies of the same and opposite grip has been confirmed. Male dominate in regards to the same side grip, while female dominate in regards to the opposite side grip. The most efficient throwing technique for male considering the same side grip is Ippon seoi nage (0.68), while for the female that is Harai goshi (0.73). The technique which has the highest efficiency index in male regarding the opposite side grip is Uchi mata (0.66), and with the female likewise Uchi mata (1.21). The information gathered from this research can be of use to the coaches and contestants, so that they can take a new approach in training their gripping technique. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 620-634 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:2:p:620-634 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hubert Remmert Author-X-Name-First: Hubert Author-X-Name-Last: Remmert Author-Name: Anh-Tuan Chau Author-X-Name-First: Anh-Tuan Author-X-Name-Last: Chau Title: Players’ decisions within ball screens in elite German men’s basketball: observation of offensive–defensive interactions using a process-orientated state-event model Abstract: Ball screens have become more important in basketball since the shot clock’s 24-s limitation in 2000. To quantify the percentage of ball screens in German elite men’s basketball and success rates of concrete offensive ball screen finishing solutions, we observed 12 play-off-games of the German “easyCredit Basketball Bundesliga” season 2016/17 using observational categories that describe the detailed offensive–defensive interactions within ball screens. In total, 1821 offensive sequences producing 1.03 points in average have been counted. Ball screens are used in 55.4% of any offense to finish offensive sequences with an overall success rate of 1.01 points per offense, 89.4% of them being active screens. Ball screens are most successful when defenders act passively (remaining in the screens shadow and sagging under the screen). The ball handler’s shot and the screener’s pop out are the most successful finishing actions. Winning teams scored more effectively from active and dribble screens and show an advantage in average points scored from ball screens, they also defend more effectively. We recommend youth players to adapt to the broad variety of ball screen actions and perfect their ball handling and shooting skills in the long term. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1534198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1534198 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Covadonga Mateos-Padorno Author-X-Name-First: Covadonga Author-X-Name-Last: Mateos-Padorno Author-Name: Juan Manuel García-Manso Author-X-Name-First: Juan Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: García-Manso Author-Name: María José Martínez-Patiño Author-X-Name-First: María José Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Patiño Author-Name: Teresa Valverde-Esteve Author-X-Name-First: Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Valverde-Esteve Title: Analysis of effectiveness of free segment actions and antero-posterior and lateral body displacements during the take-off phase of high jump (flop style) Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyse frontal and lateral displacements, as well as free segment actions in a sample of 10 athletes (7 in national categories and 3 at an international level) in order to compare them with optimal reference levels and determine their current technical level. To achieve this, all jumps were recorded during an official competition by 6 synchronised cameras, previously validated with a 24 control point reference system. Calculations were based on the sum of all 14 angular momenta in relation to the body’s centre of mass.From the results, it can be concluded that, in the highest jumpers, jump height was correlated to vertical displacement in the sagittal plane (r = −0.60), free leg arm velocity (r = −0.56) and frontal plane angle momentum (r = −0.59). The main technical errors in the assessed athletes were identified as body inclination in the analysed planes at the beginning of take-off (frontal and sagittal) and excessively low free leg activity. These mistakes could be improved with training in curved run-up and transition to take-off. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 14-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1555737 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1555737 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:14-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shaoliang Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Shaoliang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Alberto Lorenzo Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Lorenzo Author-Name: Changjing Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Changjing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Yixiong Cui Author-X-Name-First: Yixiong Author-X-Name-Last: Cui Author-Name: Bruno Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Author-Name: Miguel Angel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Angel Gómez Title: Performance profiles and opposition interaction during game-play in elite basketball: evidences from National Basketball Association Abstract: The aim of this study was two folds: (i) to explain the relationships between game-related statistics and game outcome based on team quality and (ii) to explore the effects of opposition interaction on the players’ technical and physical performances according to playing position. Game-related statistics of all the 692 balanced games of regular season 2016–2017 in the National Basketball Association were analysed. All the analyses were conducted by decision-tree algorithm (exhaustive CHAID) and magnitude-based inferences. Our study indicated that defensive rebounds, blocked shots, and assists determined between winning and losing games for stronger teams while defensive rebounds and turnovers were the key performance indicators for weaker teams. Subsequently, in stronger vs stronger games, players from winning teams in home games ran slower than their peers from losing teams, whereas an opposite trend was found in away games. In stronger vs weaker games, players from winning teams in home games covered more distance and ran faster than their peers from losing teams. In weaker vs weaker games, effective defence played an important role in winning the games. The findings provide references for coaches and performance analysts to design training plans accounting for quality of teams and oppositions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 28-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1555738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1555738 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:28-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carmen Fernandez-Echeverria Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez-Echeverria Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: Manuel Conejero Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Conejero Author-Name: M. Perla Moreno Author-X-Name-First: M. Perla Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Title: Perceptions of elite volleyball players on the importance of match analysis during the training process Abstract: In the present study, athletes from an elite female volleyball team (N = 12) experienced an intervention programme, based on the provision of information from match analyses, throughout a single season. The information provided related to individual and team competitive performances, as well as the performances of opposition teams. Our aim was to assess the study athletes’ perceptions of this intervention once the season had ended. We used a semi-structured interview method and a thematic analysis of interview content using the categorisation and coding procedures. Regarding the match analysis related to the study team, 95.65% of the comments made by the players were positive and only 4.34% was negative. Players indicated it was useful to understand the negative aspects of their game in order to correct them, and positive aspects in order to motivate weekly training. All of the comments regarding match analyses of opposition teams were positive, with one highlight being that this helped players to be informed about the oppositions’ game and to be more prepared for upcoming matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 49-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1559544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1559544 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:49-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dušan Perić Author-X-Name-First: Dušan Author-X-Name-Last: Perić Author-Name: Nebojša Ilić Author-X-Name-First: Nebojša Author-X-Name-Last: Ilić Author-Name: Zlatko Ahmetovićvić Author-X-Name-First: Zlatko Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmetovićvić Title: Kinematic and dynamic stroke variables of elite and sub-elite rowers Abstract: The subject of this research are the kinematic and dynamic stroke variables measurable in real conditions (during regatta speed boat movement in water), as well as basic body dimensions of elite and sub-elite rowers. The aim is to determine the extent to which kinematics and dynamic variables influence on the regatta speed of the boat and whether they can be used to explain the differences between the elite and sub-elite rowers. The sample consisted of four elite rowers (world championship medal winners) and eight sub-elite competitors (quality university rowers). The data regarding all kinematic and dynamic variables were obtained by applying a modern electronic BioRow system that enables automatic data reading in real conditions during rowing. The results obtained indicate that the speed of the boat is mostly correlated with Rowing Power, and then with Finish Angle and Average Force. These three variables had the strongest influence on the differences between the elite and sub-elite rowers. Significant differences between elite and sub-elite rowers were determined for two additional, dynamic (Work per Stroke and Maximum Force) and two anthropometric variables (Body Mass and Body Height). For each of them, the elite rowers had significantly higher average values. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 65-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1563857 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1563857 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:65-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke W. Oates Author-X-Name-First: Luke W. Author-X-Name-Last: Oates Author-Name: Ian G. Campbell Author-X-Name-First: Ian G. Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell Author-Name: Xavier Iglesias Author-X-Name-First: Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: Iglesias Author-Name: Michael J. Price Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Price Author-Name: Daniel Muniz-Pumares Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Muniz-Pumares Author-Name: Lindsay M. Bottoms Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay M. Author-X-Name-Last: Bottoms Title: The physiological demands of elite epée fencers during competition Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the physiological demands of epée fencing performance. Eight elite male epée fencers competed in a competition consisting of 7 Poule and 7 Direct Elimination (DE) fights. Core temperature (TC), heart rate (HR), movement patterns, training load, and differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected for all Poule and DE fights. Expired gas, and energy expenditure (EE) were measured using breath-by-breath gas analysis during selected fights, along with blood lactate concentration. Maximal HR and RPE were greater in DE than Poule fights. There was a tendency for greater increases in TC in DE compared to Poule fights (p = 0.052). Blood lactate concentration decreased during the competition from Poule to DE suggesting reliance on phosphocreatine and aerobic energy sources during fencing. High oxygen consumption (~50 ml.kg−1.min−1) and EE (~13 kcal.min−1) were recorded in both Poule and DE. Fencers covered 3 times more distance in DE than Poule fights. High training load scores were also recorded. This is the first study to show an increased physiological strain, with high aerobic and anaerobic demands, as fencing competition progressed from Poule to DE. Additionally, there was a considerable energy demand exhibited during epée competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 76-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1563858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1563858 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:76-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graeme G. Sorbie Author-X-Name-First: Graeme G. Author-X-Name-Last: Sorbie Author-Name: Chris. Low Author-X-Name-First: Chris. Author-X-Name-Last: Low Author-Name: Ashley K. Richardson Author-X-Name-First: Ashley K. Author-X-Name-Last: Richardson Title: Effect of a 6-week yoga intervention on swing mechanics during the golf swing: a feasibility study Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that participating in physical conditioning programmes can improve golf performance; however, the effectiveness of a yoga intervention is yet to be investigated. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of a 6-week yoga intervention on golf swing mechanics. Ten male golfers participated in the laboratory-based study. Golf swing mechanics were collected from two testing sessions, before and after the 6-week yoga intervention, using the Vicon motion capture system. Following the 6-week yoga intervention, significant changes were observed between the yoga and control group in X-Factor (P ≤ 0.05) and a medium effect (d ≥ 0.50) observed. No significant changes (P > 0.05) and no effect (d < 0.20) were observed in the X-Factor stretch. Significant changes (P ≤ 0.05) and a medium effect (d > 0.50) were observed for the pelvis rotations following the yoga intervention; however, no differences were observed in torso rotations or hand velocities (P > 0.05). The findings of this feasibility study suggest that yoga may be a promising intervention in helping to improve golf swing mechanics; however, future research is required to confirm the effect of the use of yoga during the golf swing due to the sample size. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 90-101 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1566845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1566845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:90-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Felipe García-Pinillos Author-X-Name-First: Felipe Author-X-Name-Last: García-Pinillos Author-Name: Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Ramírez-Campillo Author-Name: Luis E. Roche-Seruendo Author-X-Name-First: Luis E. Author-X-Name-Last: Roche-Seruendo Author-Name: Víctor M. Soto-Hermoso Author-X-Name-First: Víctor M. Author-X-Name-Last: Soto-Hermoso Author-Name: Pedro Á. Latorre-Román Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Á. Author-X-Name-Last: Latorre-Román Title: How do recreational endurance runners warm-up and cool-down? A descriptive study on the use of continuous runs Abstract: This study aimed at examining the presence of running-based exercises in the warm-up and cool-down routines for recreational endurance runners and to determine the training volume (i.e. time and distance) orientated to warm-up and cool-down. Recreational endurance runners filled a questionnaire through an online Google Docs, which consisted in 12 items referred to demographic information, athletic performance, training contents, warm-up and cool-down routines. Five level groups were determined according to their personal best in a 10-km trial. Out of 1419 athletes, 80.6% were men and 19.4% were women. On average, participants trained 4.1 ± 1.6 sessions per week, with a weekly mileage of 47.3 ± 17.5 km. The 70.5% of participants always included continuous runs (CR) as a warm-up, with an average duration of ~13 min, with longer duration in higher level groups. Regarding the cool-down routines, 45.7% of the participants always included CR as a cool-down, whereas 43.4% just after high-intensity sessions. On average, participants spend ~7 min for cooling-down, ~3 times per week, with greater volumes (in terms of duration and frequency) in higher level groups. In summary, these data indicate that an average endurance runner spends ~18% of his/her total training time per week warming-up or cooling-down. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 102-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1566846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1566846 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:102-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Duygu Sevinç Author-X-Name-First: Duygu Author-X-Name-Last: Sevinç Author-Name: Mergül Çolak Author-X-Name-First: Mergül Author-X-Name-Last: Çolak Title: The effect of electronic body protector and gamification on the performance of taekwondo athletes Abstract: The aim of the study is to analyze changes in the performance of taekwondo athletes after training with an electronic body protector and the effects of gamification on this change. The study included 15 licensed taekwondo athletes between the ages of 10 and 13 training in a private taekwondo hall. The three techniques most frequently used in matches were selected according to the level of difficulty, and the athletes followed a three-month training program. In addition, five athletes were interviewed to determine the effects of using the electronic body protector system and the gamification components on their performance. The results showed significant difference between the mean scores of all three taekwondo techniques over time. The data obtained through interviews indicated that training with an electronic body protector improved the participants’ condition and technical skills, and also helped them learn the correct use of the techniques. The electronic body protector was observed to indirectly affect performance. The participants emphasized fair scoring for everyone as the electronic body protector was perceived as an objective system. Announcement of the scores of each measurement on the scoreboard was reported to increase competition, improvement and motivation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 110-120 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1570457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1570457 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:110-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Author-Name: Caio Ferreira Diniz de Moura Author-X-Name-First: Caio Ferreira Diniz Author-X-Name-Last: de Moura Author-Name: Seihati Ari Shiroma Author-X-Name-First: Seihati Ari Author-X-Name-Last: Shiroma Author-Name: Clare Humberstone Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Humberstone Author-Name: Ursula Ferreira Julio Author-X-Name-First: Ursula Ferreira Author-X-Name-Last: Julio Title: Pacing in judo: analysis of international-level competitions with different durations Abstract: The objective of the present study was to analyse pacing in judo matches, considering differences related to match duration, sex and weight category. Time-motion measures of 1960 judo matches from the 2017 Judo World Tour (World Championship, World Masters, Grand Slam, and Grand Prix) were analysed. The sum of high-intensity actions (attack, feints, grip dispute and groundwork combat) were divided by low-intensity actions (pause and displacement without contact) to estimate the pacing of judo combat. Matches lasting 1-min, 2-min, 3-min, 4-min and extra-time were analysed. Comparisons between sex, weight category and match durations were conducted using three-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey test. The effect size was calculated using Cohen’s d. The high-intensity to low-intensity effort ratio was higher in 1-min matches compared to all other durations, and was lower in extra-time matches compared to 2- and 3-min matches. Furthermore, in 1-min matches, the high-intensity to low-intensity effort ratio was higher in female compared to male matches, and higher in heavier compared to lighter categories. In conclusion, 1-min judo matches are more intense than longer ones; in 1-min judo matches, females compete at a higher intensity compared to males, and heavier athletes compete at higher pace compared to lighter ones. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 121-130 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1570458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1570458 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:121-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Henryk Migdalski Author-X-Name-First: Adam Henryk Author-X-Name-Last: Migdalski Author-Name: Joseph Antony Stone Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Antony Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Title: Investigating lineout performance between the top and bottom four English Premiership rugby union teams in the 2016/17 season Abstract: This study investigated lineout performance between the top and bottom four English Premiership rugby union teams during the 2016/17 season. A season long review was conducted analysing all of the top four (n = 1152) and bottom four teams’ (n = 1124) lineouts. Findings showed the number of tries scored originating from a lineout play for the top four teams’ (1.57 tries per match) was higher in comparison to the bottom four teams’ (1.10 tries per match) (p < .05). Lineout success did not change between the top (87%) and bottom (85%) four teams (p > .05). However, the top four teams were more effective in stealing opposition possession at a lineout (17%) compared to the bottom four teams (9%, p < .05). Additionally, top four teams showed a more forwards orientated style of play using binding actions (top = 62%, bottom = 56%, p < .05) and maul formation (top = 55%, bottom = 47%, p < .05). These results suggest coaches should focus on analysis of opposition tactics in lineout play in an aim to develop effective strategies to steal opposition possession at a lineout. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 131-141 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1570459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1570459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:1:p:131-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco Manuel Ávila-Moreno Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Ávila-Moreno Author-Name: Luis Javier Chirosa-Ríos Author-X-Name-First: Luis Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Chirosa-Ríos Author-Name: Aurelio Ureña-Espá Author-X-Name-First: Aurelio Author-X-Name-Last: Ureña-Espá Author-Name: Demetrio Lozano-Jarque Author-X-Name-First: Demetrio Author-X-Name-Last: Lozano-Jarque Author-Name: David Ulloa-Díaz Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Ulloa-Díaz Title: Evaluation of tactical performance in invasion team sports: a systematic review Abstract: The objectives of this revision were to identify game indicators, the references for evaluating tactical efficiency, and the types of data analysis used in invasion team sports for the analysis of tactical performance. A search of the principal electronic databases was carried out, the procedure was adjusted to the PRISMA-P 2015 protocol, and 62 non-experimental published articles were obtained from the years 2000–2016. The results showed the complimentary use of diverse types of indicators and the frequent elaboration of instruments ad hoc. The individual technical-tactical actions were widely used. The record of standardised team actions was scarce. The research lines with a sequential data record for their temporary analysis were significant. The transitory or final score and the results of game sequences were the most used references of performance. The big data tools of analysis, web analysis, and the detection of temporal patterns or the application of polar coordinates were emerging methods of analysis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 195-216 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1460054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1460054 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:195-216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philippe Chassy Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: Chassy Author-Name: James J. Malone Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Malone Author-Name: Dan P. A. Clark Author-X-Name-First: Dan P. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Title: A mathematical model of self-organisation in football Abstract: The theory of self-organising systems was used to analyse the factors that play a key role in a football teams’ performance. The resulting mathematical model revealed that passing was the most central component to team’s performance. The current study aimed to introduce a spatial component into the model by exploring passing data from different spatial zones of the pitch (defence, midfield and attack). This analysis helped understand the organisation which underpins the dynamics at the core of team performance when in possession of the ball. The amended Spatial Integrated Model of Self-Organisation in Football Teams (SIMSOFT) considers seven parameters of which six relate to passing frequency and accuracy. SIMSOFT outputs a team play index which, when applied to the results from Barclays Premier League on the complete 760 games of season 2012–2013, accounts for 57% of the variance in football team performance, measured as the number of goals scored per minute of possession. We conclude that the self-organising theoretical framework is a useful theoretical approach to examine the performance of football teams. These findings may have potential implications for coaches’ looking to develop footballers in the most efficient way to maximise performance outcome. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 217-228 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1460966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1460966 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:217-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Fábio Dal Bello Author-X-Name-First: Fábio Author-X-Name-Last: Dal Bello Author-Name: Ciro José Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ciro José Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Author-Name: Montassar Tabben Author-X-Name-First: Montassar Author-X-Name-Last: Tabben Author-Name: Andrea Oguma Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Oguma Author-Name: John Amtmann Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Amtmann Author-Name: Danilo Gomes Moreira Author-X-Name-First: Danilo Gomes Author-X-Name-Last: Moreira Author-Name: Elena Pocecco Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Pocecco Author-Name: Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio Author-X-Name-First: Fabrício Boscolo Author-X-Name-Last: Del Vecchio Author-Name: Karim Chamari Author-X-Name-First: Karim Author-X-Name-Last: Chamari Title: Injuries during a World Judo Championship: differences between sex, weight category and competition phase Abstract: This study analyses the injury incidence and related factors during the World Judo Championship of 2013. For this purpose, 673 athletes (258 females and 415 males) of all weight categories have been evaluated concerning factors related to occurred injuries (severity, body area, situation, type and mechanism) in an epidemiological observational study. Concussions were identified and analysed separately for injury risk and incidence rate per 1000 A-E (athlete-exposures). ANOVA, Tukey, Chi-squared and a Logistic Regression Analysis were performed, p ≤ .05. The overall incidence rate was of 47.2 injuries. The incidence rate separated by sex was 38.0 and 52.9 for males and females, respectively. There was a higher prevalence of soft-tissue injuries (58.8%) characterised as stress injuries (36.8%) and miscellaneous traumas (42.6%), mostly occurring during being thrown (29.4%) and gripping fight (32.4%). Concerning the phases of the competition, there was a higher prevalence of injuries in the Eliminatory (54.4%) followed by the Final (20.6%). Male athletes had a prevalence of injury mechanism “contact with mat”, while an increase in the weight division was negatively associated with the incidence of miscellaneous traumas, musculoskeletal injuries and neck chokes. These risks in competitions could be minimised with prevention systems. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 229-244 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1463777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1463777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:229-244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: João Guilherme Cren Chiminazzo Author-X-Name-First: João Guilherme Cren Author-X-Name-Last: Chiminazzo Author-Name: Júlia Barreira Author-X-Name-First: Júlia Author-X-Name-Last: Barreira Author-Name: Leandro S. M. Luz Author-X-Name-First: Leandro S. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Luz Author-Name: William C. Saraiva Author-X-Name-First: William C. Author-X-Name-Last: Saraiva Author-Name: Josué T. Cayres Author-X-Name-First: Josué T. Author-X-Name-Last: Cayres Title: Technical and timing characteristics of badminton men’s single: comparison between groups and play-offs stages in 2016 Rio Olympic Games Abstract: Badminton match is characterised by intermittent efforts of high intensity and short-duration rallies interspersed by periods of rest. The analyses of technical and timing variables provide important information for understanding the match. The aim of this study was to characterise the technical and timing variables of badminton men’s singles matches and to compare the characteristics between groups and play-offs stages in 2016 Olympic Games. All men’s single matches (groups = 43 and play-offs = 13) from Rio 2016 were used to carry out the post-event analysis. The comparison between phases showed that total time, pause time, points played and shots/rally were significantly higher in the play-offs phase. The frequency of serve, net, smash and total shots was also significantly higher in the play-offs. Only drive presented higher frequency in the group phase. We can conclude that play-offs were more intense than the group stage. Research in this area is relevant for understanding the match and providing information for training planning. The results of this study are important to set the appropriate targeting of workloads in view of the requirements of a match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 245-254 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1463785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1463785 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:245-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mustafa Söğüt Author-X-Name-First: Mustafa Author-X-Name-Last: Söğüt Title: Stature: Does it really make a difference in match-play outcomes among professional tennis players? Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of body height on match-play characteristics among professional tennis players participated in the 2017 Wimbledon Championships. Anthropometric features and 11 match-play statistics of 119 players (male = 60, female = 59) were obtained from the official web page of the tournament and/or from the ATP and WTA. They were divided into three consecutive sub-groups according to their heights. Results revealed that, regardless of gender, players in the tallest group had significantly produced higher speed on both first and second serve than the players in the other groups. Tallest male players exhibited significantly greater scores on the percentage of first serve points won and aces per set than the players in the shortest group. Conversely, players in the shortest groups achieved significantly more percentage of return point than the players in the tallest groups. Height was found to be significantly and positively correlated with both first and second serve speeds, and aces performed per set and significantly and negatively associated with percentage of return points won in both genders. These findings highlight the considerable advantages and disadvantages of stature on serve and return related match outcomes in a grass court tournament. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 255-261 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1466259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1466259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:255-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frantisek Vaverka Author-X-Name-First: Frantisek Author-X-Name-Last: Vaverka Author-Name: Jiri Nykodym Author-X-Name-First: Jiri Author-X-Name-Last: Nykodym Author-Name: Jan Hendl Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Hendl Author-Name: Jiri Zhanel Author-X-Name-First: Jiri Author-X-Name-Last: Zhanel Author-Name: David Zahradnik Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Zahradnik Title: Association between serve speed and court surface in tennis Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine whether the serve speed differs between Grand Slam tournaments (GSTs) played on different court surfaces. The study was carried out for both men and women (n = 70–98) who participated in four of the GSTs in 2008, 2012 and 2016 (Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and US Open). The following serve-speed parameters were obtained from the official GST websites: the speed of the fastest serve (FS), the average speed of the first serve in a given match (S1) and the average speed of the second serve in a given match (S2). Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed linear model procedure (NCSS 2007, Keysville, UT). FS varied irregularly, but it did not differ significantly between GSTs in the three observed years. The values of S1 and S2 for both men and women were highest in WIM in all three years, and were significantly higher than the other variables measured at the other GSTs. An association between serve speed and tennis court surface was confirmed only for S1 and S2 at fast grass court surfaces at WIM in the period 2008–2016. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 262-272 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1467995 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1467995 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:262-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maamer Slimani Author-X-Name-First: Maamer Author-X-Name-Last: Slimani Author-Name: Hela Znazen Author-X-Name-First: Hela Author-X-Name-Last: Znazen Author-Name: Maha Sellami Author-X-Name-First: Maha Author-X-Name-Last: Sellami Author-Name: Philip Davis Author-X-Name-First: Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Davis Title: Heart rate monitoring during combat sports matches: a brief review Abstract: The aims of the present short review were to (i) summarise data relating to the heart rate (HR) response to combat sports matches according to many factors and (ii) determine the cardiovascular demand and intensity of combat sports matches. The present review shows that HR increased significantly across rounds during male taekwondo, boxing and kickboxing matches. HR and maximal heart rate (HRmax) increased significantly across successive karate and judo combat matches in young men and boy athletes. It has also been shown that there are no significant differences between winners and losers and males and females in HR response during official and simulated striking combat sports matches. Furthermore, combat HR intensity as a percentage of HRmax varied from 90% to 94%, from 86% to 100%, from 83% to 94%, and approximately 95% during judo, taekwondo, karate and Muay Thai matches, respectively. Coaches, sports scientists and athletes can also use HR to (i) assess athletes’ cardiovascular demand and (ii) monitor exercise intensity during combat sports matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 273-292 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1469080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1469080 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:273-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Lapresa Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lapresa Author-Name: Ángel Del Río Author-X-Name-First: Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Del Río Author-Name: Javier Arana Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Arana Author-Name: Mario Amatria Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Amatria Author-Name: M. Teresa Anguera Author-X-Name-First: M. Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Anguera Title: Use of effective play-space by U12 FC Barcelona players: an observational study combining lag sequential analysis and T-pattern detection Abstract: This observational methodology study had a substantive and a methodological aim. The substantive aim was to analyse the use of overall and effective play-space (EP-S) in the construction of offensive sequences ending in a shot by under-12 (U12) FC Barcelona (FCB) players. Analysis of EP-S helps to contextualise play in terms of a player’s relationship with the ball and other players on the pitch. The data analysed corresponded to all the matches played by FCB during an international U12 tournament. The reliability and generalisability of the data were confirmed. The methodological aim was to illustrate the complementary use of two of the most common diachronic techniques in observational methodology: lag sequential analysis and T-pattern detection. The software for both techniques (GSEQ and Theme, respectively) is free. The patterns detected for the use of space in general and EP-S using both techniques show that FCB’s U12 team exhibits certain features of play that the senior team is well known for, namely, elaborate play; frequent use of the wings to widen the area of play and press forward to ultimately break through the last line of defense; and recovery of the ball in forward positions within the EP-S of both teams, enabling rapid completion of sequences ending in a shot. We also detected behaviours that reflect a playing style adapted to the smaller size of the pitch used in 7-a-side soccer (e.g. the use of distant shots from within the rival team’s EP-S). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 293-309 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1475195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1475195 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:293-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cristiano Diniz da Silva Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano Author-X-Name-Last: Diniz da Silva Author-Name: Cícero Paschoal Braga Author-X-Name-First: Cícero Paschoal Author-X-Name-Last: Braga Author-Name: Richard Pollard Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Title: The effect on home advantage when a team changes from grass to artificial turf – a worldwide study in professional football Abstract: The use of artificial turf (AT) for professional soccer has been a controversial topic since its introduction in the 1980s. One concern has been its potential to give teams with AT an additional home advantage (HA). After identifying all teams in the top two levels of domestic competition adopting AT after July 2004, the implementation date for FIFA-approved AT, the purpose of the study was to establish whether or not HA for these teams increased as a result of the switch to AT. Only teams playing two seasons on natural turf (NT), followed by two on AT were included, resulting in 43 teams from 13 different countries. A general linear model was fitted, with HA as the dependent variable, with the season as a factor, while controlling for team ability, overall league HA, number of other teams in the league with AT and concomitant switching to a new stadium, all variables that might have had a confounding influence on HA. No significant difference in HA was found between the four seasons (p = .85). This result, together with studies showing no injury, physical or performance difference between AT and NT, gives further validation to FIFA in its current promotion of AT. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 310-317 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1475196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1475196 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:310-317 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergio José Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Sergio José Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Author-Name: José Antonio Pérez-Goye Author-X-Name-First: José Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez-Goye Author-Name: Javier Courel-Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Courel-Ibáñez Author-Name: Javier García-Rubio Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: García-Rubio Title: The impact of scoring first on match outcome in women’s professional football Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the impact of scoring first on the final match outcome and teams’ performance in women’s professional football competition. Data from all matches with at least one goal (n = 230) of 2015/2016 season from the first Spanish women’s football league were collected using the official match reports. Logistic regression detected important relationships between team ranking and match outcome in scoring first odds. Scoring first increased from 2.8 to 11.1 times the winning chances. The better the ranking position, the higher the chances to score first. No influence of game location, quality of opposition and game surface was observed. Decision tree analyses revealed significant effects of situational variables on both match outcome and scoring first. When scoring first, teams ranked 1st to 3rd get the victory in over 90% of times whilst 3rd to 10th teams in almost the 80%. In turn, teams ranked 11th to 14th decreased to 54% the winning chances even if scoring first. Given the impact of the first goal in women’s football, data provide about the influence of situational variables may help in designing teaching and training tasks and competition plans to deal with first goal situations. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 318-326 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1475197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1475197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:318-326 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Perri Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Perri Author-Name: Kevin Ian Norton Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Norton Author-Name: Clint Ronald Bellenger Author-X-Name-First: Clint Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Bellenger Author-Name: Alistair Philip Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Alistair Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Title: Training loads in typical junior-elite tennis training and competition: implications for transition periods in a high-performance pathway Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the differences in training and competition loads at three distinct development levels in a junior-elite tennis academy. A total of 39 junior-elite tennis players were recruited from three squads; U/12, U/15 and U/18. Metrics of global positioning systems, accelerometer microtechnology and hitting demands were quantified to determine the external load. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to quantify internal training and competition loads. Two training sessions and one competition match were quantified. The results showed an increase in training hitting demands as age increased from the U/15–U/18 squad (p < 0.05). Serve loads were greater in competition compared to training across all squads (p < 0.05). Perceptions of exertion were greater in competition for the U/12 males (p < 0.01) with the U/15 males showing higher RPE in training (p < 0.05). No differences in perceptions of exertion were seen between female groups in training however, the U/15 females found competition less demanding than training (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings suggest practitioners be aware that the U/15–U/18 transition involves significant increases in hitting loads. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 327-338 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1475198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1475198 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:327-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher A. Aiken Author-X-Name-First: Christopher A. Author-X-Name-Last: Aiken Author-Name: Alec M. Genter Author-X-Name-First: Alec M. Author-X-Name-Last: Genter Title: The effects of blocked and random practice on the learning of three variations of the golf chip shot Abstract: The current study investigated the acquisition of three variations of a golf chipping task using either a blocked or random practice schedule. Twenty-four individuals performed a 5.5 m chipping task in which they practised from three different ground lies. Half were randomly assigned to a blocked practice condition in which they practised all trials of one task variation before moving on to the next variation. The other half were assigned to a random practice condition in which they practised the three tasks in a random order. Acquisition consisted of 54 total trials. Ten minutes following acquisition a six-trial blocked retention test was performed, followed by a six-trial random retention test. During acquisition, individuals significantly improved their chipping performance (p < .001) but no group differences emerged (p > .05). The random condition was significantly more accurate in chipping performance during the random retention test (p < .05) but no group differences emerged for the blocked retention test (p > .05). These results suggest that increased contextual interference during practice of a golf chip task facilitates learning. Practitioners should seek to implement increased levels of CI while instructing novice golfers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 339-349 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1475199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1475199 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:339-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Author-Name: Zukhanye Magwa Author-X-Name-First: Zukhanye Author-X-Name-Last: Magwa Author-Name: Elmarie Terblanche Author-X-Name-First: Elmarie Author-X-Name-Last: Terblanche Title: Analysis of South African semi-elite rugby head coaches’ engagement with performance analysis Abstract: The introduction of performance analysis (PA) in rugby union presented coaches with a range of tools to support and enhance their coaching practices. This study aimed to investigate how PA was used by semi-professional South African rugby union coaches. Specific objectives were: to determine how PA contributed to coaching practices; to assess the extent to which PA was integrated into practice; how PA was valued by coaches and the role of the analyst in the process. A descriptive research design was followed and a questionnaire was used to gather data. Forty-six rugby coaches from provincial (n = 15), university (n = 15) and school (n = 16) levels participated, which constituted a response rate of 57%. The results indicated that, at all levels, most coaches (67%) completed technical PA themselves, although 48% had access to a PA to provide match analysis. Sixty-seven per cent had readily access to video footage, while 22% had infrequent access. Provincial coaches (93%) had more access to video footage compared to other levels (p = 0.004). Sixty-four per cent of the coaches indicated that their selection of key performance indicators is informed by their coaching philosophy. A key finding was that the majority of coaches valued PA and used it frequently in their coaching. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 350-366 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1477026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1477026 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:350-366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jolanta Marszałek Author-X-Name-First: Jolanta Author-X-Name-Last: Marszałek Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Bartosz Molik Author-X-Name-First: Bartosz Author-X-Name-Last: Molik Title: Game performance differences between winning and losing sitting volleyball teams regarding teams’ ability Abstract: Performance analysis research has tried to find those factors that best differentiate winning and losing teams in sport. However, the available research done within disabled sport is scarce. Then, the purpose of this study was to differentiate winning and losing teams of elite sitting volleyball games according to teams’ ranking (best/worst teams). All the matches played by the sitting volleyball men’s teams (n = 16) during the World Sitting Volleyball Championships in 2014, were analysed 168 sets (50 matches). The indicators analysed were: attack, serve, block, block of serve, defence (overhead, forearm, others), and ball receiving (overhead, forearm, others). Game analyses were described by Modified Game Performance Sheet for Sitting Volleyball. The binomial logistic regression was used to differentiate winning and losing teams. The results showed that effectiveness of attack is the main factor that characterized winning teams. Effectiveness of attack and block as well as the number of all attempts of attack and serve increases the probability of winning the set in these games between best (first eight teams) and worst teams (last eight teams). The current findings allow coaches to better control and prepare competitions focusing on improving attack, serve and reception. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 367-379 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1477027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1477027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:367-379 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karol Gryko Author-X-Name-First: Karol Author-X-Name-Last: Gryko Author-Name: Kazimierz Mikołajec Author-X-Name-First: Kazimierz Author-X-Name-Last: Mikołajec Author-Name: Adam Maszczyk Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Maszczyk Author-Name: Ruiqi Cao Author-X-Name-First: Ruiqi Author-X-Name-Last: Cao Author-Name: Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk Author-X-Name-First: Jakub Grzegorz Author-X-Name-Last: Adamczyk Title: Structural analysis of shooting performance in elite basketball players during FIBA EuroBasket 2015 Abstract: The aim of this study was to conduct an analysis of the shooting structure in terms of the execution manner of the shots delivered during FIBA EuroBasket 2015 according to the footwork (one- or two-count stop, etc.), handwork (one-hand overhead, layup, floater, etc.). Additionally, the second purpose of the study was the performance comparison of the eight best teams (Places 1–8) and the eight worst teams (Places 17–24) taking part in the event. The analysis covered 9024 shots in all matches (n = 110) played by the teams from places 1–8 (n = 70) and the teams that were eliminated first (n = 40). The study used categorised observation. The results were analysed with the ANOVA (post hoc Tukey’s test) and a multiple ridge regression. The regression analysis and reference values for the manner of performing a shot in relation to the points scored during EuroBasket 2015 revealed that the number of successful two-point shots (F = 35.51, p = 0.001) was the most important predictor of the points scored by the eight best teams. On the other hand, the most important predictor for the points scored by the weakest group of teams was the number of successful three-point shots (F = 21.82, p = 0.001). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 380-392 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1479923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1479923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:2:p:380-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannah MacLeod Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: MacLeod Author-Name: Chris Bussell Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Bussell Author-Name: Caroline Sunderland Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Sunderland Title: Time-motion analysis of elite women’s field hockey, with particular reference to maximum intensity movement patterns Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish the activity profile of elite level female field hockey players during competition. In addition, the nature of sprint activity concerning pre- and post-sprint activity was investigated. Twelve elite female outfield players (age 22 ± 3 years) from the women’s English National League were videoed for the entire duration of a game. Definitions of each movement classification (stand, walk, jog, cruise, sprint) were established for analysis. A lunge defined as a sudden elongated step, but with a bent front knee, was included in analysis due to its frequent use in field hockey. The majority of the game was spent in low intensity activity (90%). A mean significant decrease (P<0.05) in the amount of high intensity activity performed in the second half, coupled with a significant decrease in average heart rate in the second half (174 ± 12 beats·min−1 vs. 169 ± 11 beats·min−1; p<0.01), suggests a manifestation of fatigue resulting in a decrease in physical performance. To conclude, field hockey is predominantly low intensity in nature, interspersed with short periods of high intensity effort. Despite the continuous substitutions rule, there is a decline in work rate in the second half. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-12 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868392 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:1-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: Bruno César Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: César Title: Characterisation of the opposite player’s attack from the opposition block characteristics. An applied study in the Athens Olympic games in female volleyball teams Abstract: The purpose of this study was to characterize the attack of the opposite player in Elite Volleyball Female, according to the opposition block characteristics. Six games of the 2004 Olympics Games (female, senior teams) were analyzed, which corresponds to 437 attack actions. In order to test the association between variables, descriptive and inferential statistics were used namely the Chi-Square and Monte Carlo test. The reliability showed that the observations are reliable enough to be used as scientific tool, based on the percentage of accordance and according to the Kappa de Cohen statistic. By zone 1, the opposite player’s attack is slow because it permits the opposition of the triple block and the formation of the compact block. It is also effective in as much as the continuity effect prevails. On the contrary, the attack by zone 2 is fast because it accentuates the use of the simple block in relation to zone 1 and the double and triple block is predominantly badly formed. It is also more effective since the point effect prevails when there is no contact with the ball and the block. These results prove that the 2nd line attack by zone 1 is not sufficiently developed in the female Volleyball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 13-27 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868393 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:13-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Goran Sporiš Author-X-Name-First: Goran Author-X-Name-Last: Sporiš Author-Name: Vlatko Vučetić Author-X-Name-First: Vlatko Author-X-Name-Last: Vučetić Author-Name: Marjan Jerković Author-X-Name-First: Marjan Author-X-Name-Last: Jerković Title: Relationship between kicking and sprinting performance Abstract: Kicking is one of the most vital skills in soccer and strength and power share importance in the explosive movement of top level play. The full instep – kick is one of the kicks typically used to generate fastball speed. Twenty-seven Croatian national football team members (U-15) (mean (SD) age 15.8 (2.9) years, height 173.5 (5.5) cm, weight 62.1 (5.4) kg took part in the study, and performed sprint tests and kicking performance test (measured by radar gun, Stalker-Pro, Texas). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between kicking performance and sprinting performance, using field performance tests. Kicking performance correlated with sprinting performance in all four sprinting variables (r = 0.49 to 0.54; p<0.05) and body mass (r =0,53, p<0,05). SRA revealed a simple solution with sprint distance of over 30m and body mass as significant predictors variables, which explained 52,6 % of kicking performance. Using a radar gun to measure the velocity of a soccer kick is a reliable test of kicking performance. Some motor abilities, also important to the basis of sprinting and kicking performance, are related. Players who perform well on sprinting test are also likely to be successful in kicking performance tests. A sprint of over 30m is one of the most important indicators of kicking performance efficiency. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 28-35 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868394 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868394 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:28-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Lago Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago Title: Are winners different from losers? Performance and chance in the FIFA World Cup Germany 2006. Abstract: This paper explains the effects of performance and chance in the results obtained by teams in the matches of the FIFA World Cup Germany 2006. The research is based on linear regression analysis, mean comparison test and logit multinomial. Results point out that performance is a relevant variable for explaining the points obtained by teams in the first round of the competition, when the system of play is the league system. However, in the second round of the competition, when the system of play is the knockout system, the role of performance is less important: there are not statistically significant differences in the performance obtained by winners and losers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 36-47 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868395 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:36-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Armatas Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Armatas Author-Name: A. Yiannakos Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Yiannakos Author-Name: P. Sileloglou Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Sileloglou Title: Relationship between time and goal scoring in soccer games: Analysis of three World Cups Abstract: The purpose of this study was to record the time that goals were scored in course of soccer games. All matches (n=192) of the three latter World Cups were recorded using video and analyzed with computerized match analysis hardware and video playback system for game performance analysis using Sportscout. Chi-square methods were used for the data analysis and the level of significance was set in p<0.05. The 45-min analysis revealed that in World Cups 1998 and 2002 most goals were scored in the second half (p<0.05), while in the recent World Cup (2006) no significant difference were observed although second half presented greater percentage (52.5%). The 15-min analysis presented that in World Cup of 1998 most goals were scored in last period (76-90, p<0.05). Also in World Cups 1998 and 2002 there was presented a trend towards more goals scored as time progressed. Finally, in the latter World Cup most goals were scored in the last period (32.8%, p<0.05). The statistical analysis showed that there was not a uniform distribution in goals scored (p<0.01) and no differences occurred between World Cups. The results revealed that goal scoring might be depending on time and specifically that more goals are scored as time progresses. The above could be explained by the deterioration in physical conditioning, the tactical play, fluid balance and lapses in concentration. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 48-58 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868396 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868396 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:48-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Rhian Jenkins Author-X-Name-First: E. Rhian Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins Author-Name: Lynsey Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Lynsey Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: A case study into the effectiveness of computerised match analysis and motivational videos within the coaching of a league netball team Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to study the effectiveness of match analysis within the coaching process. A match analysis process used by a university netball team was monitored over 4 months with performances in 8 matches being evaluated. The match analysis process involved providing motivational videos to the team and providing the coach with quantitative match statistics and related video sequences of areas for improvement. Field notes were made during the 7 match-to-match cycles regarding the extent to which the match analysis process identified areas of performance requiring attention, whether these were addressed during squad training and whether there were improvements in these areas in subsequent matches. The 12 players of the squad completed a questionnaire about their views of the motivational videos, the open responses of which were analysed using qualitative techniques. The field notes revealed evidence that providing match analysis support was beneficial to the coach’s decision making. The questionnaire survey revealed that the players found the motivational videos helped to increase their understanding of their performance, increase self confidence and team confidence and motivate players for forthcoming matches. However, the players also stated that watching motivational videos should not interfere with warm up for matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 59-80 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868397 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868397 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:59-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Francisco Argudo Iturriaga Author-X-Name-First: M. Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Argudo Iturriaga Author-Name: José Ignacio Alonso Roque Author-X-Name-First: José Ignacio Alonso Author-X-Name-Last: Roque Author-Name: Pablo García Marín Author-X-Name-First: Pablo García Author-X-Name-Last: Marín Author-Name: Encarnación Ruiz Lara Author-X-Name-First: Encarnación Ruiz Author-X-Name-Last: Lara Title: Influence of the efficacy values in counterattack and defensive adjustment on the condition of winner and loser in male and female water polo. Abstract: This study has pursued to find the efficacy values in the playing microsituations in the counterattack and in the defensive adjustment and to analyse the relation between these and the condition of winner or loser. We analysed the matches of the 10th World Championship of Water polo which did not ended in a draw. Playing microsituations in the counterattack and in the defensive adjustment were evaluated by means of coefficients, obtaining efficacy values. Differences were revealed in male category in the following coefficients: possibility (p=.025), concretion (p=.006), definition (p=.029) and precision (p=.047). In female category differences were found in the following coefficients: possibility, concretion, definition, resolution and precision (p=.000) and accuracy (p=.001); taking as reference a value of p <.05. To conclude with, we can say that in eight, in male category, and twelve, in female category, out of the fourteen efficacy coefficients proposed for evaluating the playing microsituations in the counterattack and defensive adjustment in water polo, there are significant differences between the condition of winner or loser. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 81-91 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868398 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868398 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:81-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikel Mellick Author-X-Name-First: Mikel Author-X-Name-Last: Mellick Author-Name: Scott Fleming Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming Author-Name: Gwilym Davies Author-X-Name-First: Gwilym Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Title: An interpretive analysis of interpersonal communication: a case study from elite rugby union match officiating Abstract: During the last two decades there has been a rapid expansion in the study of interpersonal communication. This has coincided with a move towards increasingly interpretive or cultural perspectives to examine the stories, symbols, rituals, roles, and communication practices and performances of organisations. In this paper a methodological protocol is presented for researching the communication behaviours of elite match officials in rugby union. Critical incident data from referees on the International Rugby Board’s merit-based list were captured during international matches during the 2001-2002 season. They were then subjected to expert review (by panels including referees, referee coaches, referee managers, assessors and performance analysts), and later to content analysis (which established stable patterns of referee behaviour). This process generated an empirically derived theoretical model of referee communication which was then evaluated from within the practice community of rugby union referees. It received support from them for its accuracy and as a pedagogic tool for explaining effective referee communication practice. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 92-105 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868399 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:92-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ramazan Basturk Author-X-Name-First: Ramazan Author-X-Name-Last: Basturk Title: Many-facet Rasch Measurement and its applicability in sport science: an explanation and exemplar data Abstract: In this research, teams’ quality, players’ ability, judges’ severity and bias of the judges – players interactions effects were investigated by analyzing of the Second Leg of 2006 Soccer World Cup Playoff Match between Turkey and Switzerland using Many-Facet Rasch Measurement. The ordinal data used in this research were from eight national newspapers, selected randomly among Turkish National Press, giving scores for each teams and soccer player’s performance. According to the results, Turkish National Team was better in performance quality than the Swiss National Team. Nine players performed above average in Turkey whereas five Switzerland players’ performance was above average. “Aksam” newspaper was the most severe and “Sabah” newspaper was the most lenient judge among the eight national presses and there were biases between the judges-players interaction. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 106-116 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:106-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Panagiotis Kountouris Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis Author-X-Name-Last: Kountouris Author-Name: Yannis Laios Author-X-Name-First: Yannis Author-X-Name-Last: Laios Title: The Effectiveness of External Cues on Learning Spiking In Volleyball Abstract: The present study investigated the hypotheses that beginners in volleyball can attain and retain higher levels of precision in spiking if their training includes external cues, especially variable verbal cues. To this purpose 64 subjects were divided into the control, visual, auditory, and variable auditory groups, based on the results of the initial measurement and were trained accordingly for 12 one-hour sessions. The subjects were tested at the end of training and five days after that for the evaluation of the retention of learning. Each measurement included two batteries of six spikes at random targets, issued with visual and auditory cues. The parameter analyzed was the success ratio. The results indicated that performance improvement and retention of learning of the spiking skill for beginners in volleyball is significantly enhanced if their training includes external cues. Practicing with variable auditory cues demonstrated the best results, thus providing validation for the variability-of-practice hypothesis. Furthermore the appearance of the phenomenon of reminiscence was adequately explained within the framework of the existence of a generalized motor program, which is a basic concept of the schema theory. Apart from providing positive evidence for a number of crucial hypotheses in motor learning, the present results may also prove useful to volleyball coaches and players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 117-125 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:117-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: J.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: J.A. Santos Author-X-Name-First: J.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Author-Name: A. Ureña Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ureña Title: Effect of the manner of spike execution on spike performance in volleyball Abstract: The purpose of this study was to find out the common tendencies of peak performance spikes and study the effect that the manner of execution (type of spike, zone and direction) has on spike performance. A total of 4968 spikes from 33 men’s matches and 2450 spikes from 23 women’s matches of the 2000 Olympic Games were analyzed. The variables studied were spike performance, type of spike, zone of the court from which spike was done, spike direction, rally phase, gender and team level. The results show that the use of fast tempo spikes and the use of the line spike both increase spike performance, and the ball contacting the block reduces spike performance. The zone most used by males and females was zone four (left side of the net) both in side-out and in counter-attack. Player’s participation is different depending on gender. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 126-138 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:2:p:126-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-iii Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868255 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868255 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:i-iii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian M. Franks Author-X-Name-First: Ian M. Author-X-Name-Last: Franks Title: Evidence-based practice and the coaching process Abstract: This essay highlights the issue of evidence-based practice for coaching. A comparison is drawn between the process of health delivery and the process of coaching. The similarities between the two are striking and the need for empirical scientific study in the two professions focuses the reader on the major differences between the two professions. Reasons for the lack of empirical evidence to support coaching methods is discussed along with a tentative compromise solution that would involve the creation of a large data base of performance for both coaching and athlete behaviours. Finally, a cautionary note is offered against accepting the concept of evidence-based practice without concern for the practical realties of coaching or rehabilitation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868256 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Hughes Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: S.-M. Cooper Author-X-Name-First: S.-M. Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Name: A. Nevill Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Nevill Title: Analysis procedures for non-parametric data from performance analysis Abstract: It is vital that the reliability of a data gathering system is demonstrated clearly and in a way that is compatible with the intended analyses of the data. The data must be tested in the same way and to the same depth in which it will be processed in the subsequent analyses. In general, the work of Bland and Altman (1986) has transformed the attitude of sport scientists to testing reliability; can similar techniques be applied to the non-parametric data that most notational analysis studies generate? There are also a number of questions that inherently re-occur in these forms of data-gathering – this study aims to demonstrate practical answers to some of these questions.The most common form of data analysis in notation studies is to record frequencies of actions and their respective positions on the performance area, these are then presented as sums or totals in each respective area. What are the effects of cumulative errors nullifying each other, so that the overall totals appear less incorrect than they actually are?The application of parametric statistical techniques is often misused in notational analysis - how does this affect the confidence of the conclusions to say something about the data, with respect to more appropriate non-parametric tests? Analysing 72 research papers recently published under the banner of notational analysis, it was found that 70% did not report any reliability study and a large proportion of the remaining used questionable processes given the recent ideas in reliability testing in sports science (Atkinson, G. and Nevill, A. (1998) Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Med., 26, 217–238). In some cases the reliability studies were executed on summary data, and the system was then assumed to be reliable for all of the other types of more detailed data analyses that were produced.By using practical examples from recent research and consultancy projects, undergraduate and postgraduate studies, this research investigated these issues associated with reliability studies and subsequent analyses in performance analysis, in order to give practical guidelines to enable establishing simple and reliable comparisons of non-parametric sets of data. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 6-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868257 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:6-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jürgen Perl Author-X-Name-First: Jürgen Author-X-Name-Last: Perl Title: Game analysis and control by means of continuously learning networks Abstract: The paper deals with the question, if and how the process of learning can be modelled, analysed and maybe improved by means of Neural Networks. The problem is that most of the developed types of network are designed for restricted technical purposes only. The similarity to neural brain structure is reduced to some basic formulae describing algorithms of static learning in the meaning of pattern recognition and activity selection.Using a more dynamic approach, however, it seems to be possible to model dynamic aspects of learning and decision processes as well. One step in this direction has been done with the Dynamically Controlled Network (DyCoN), which - in order to support continuous learning - has been developed on the basis of a conventional Kohonen Feature Map (KFM) and has been tested successfully in different areas of sport during the last couple of years.The approach presented here on the one hand shall demonstrate the performance that is induced by the ability of continuous learning. On the other hand, it is sketched in an outlook what could be future developments of this approach and what kind of basic work has to be done in order to better understand what is happening in a game. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 21-35 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:21-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter G. O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter G. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Time-motion analysis of work-rate in English FA Premier League soccer Abstract: This study used time-motion analysis to characterise the intermittent nature of professional soccer competition. The activity of the mean defender, midfielder and forward covered by Sky Digital’s PlayerCam facility in 35 English FA Premier League matches were compared. During a 15 minute observation period, players performed 30.6±3.5 bursts of high intensity including 14.1±2.3 bursts of under 2 s and 3.0±0.2 bursts of 6 s or longer. There was no significant difference between the duration of the average burst performed by defenders, midfielders or forwards (P>0.05). Midfielders had a significantly shorter recovery between bursts than defenders (P<0.01). These results suggest that there is variation in the duration of high intensity bursts as well as low intensity recoveries in professional soccer that should be considered when designing conditioning elements of players’ training programmes. Furthermore, the amount of recovery between high intensity bursts is influenced by playing position. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 36-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:36-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Schwieger Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Schwieger Author-Name: A. Baca Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Baca Title: Quantifying the jump height in vertical jumping with two different evaluation concepts. Abstract: When evaluating jumping performance two different concepts are most frequently applied for quantifying jump height. In many investigations jump height is defined as the flight height (hflight), i.e. lifting height of the body´s center of mass (CM) from the liftoff position (htakeoff) to the vertex of the flight trajectory. In other studies the jump height is defined as the difference between the height of the CM at the apex of the jump and the height of the CM in upright standing (htotal). The purpose of this study was to compare these concepts. In addition, the study was undertaken to gain deeper insight in the relationship between htakeoff and hflight. 230 jumps (10 per subject) were selected for the comparisons. Force plate data were used to compute both kinds of jump height. The mean difference between htotal of the best trial and that with highest hflight (10 trials per subject) was 0.33 ±0.56 % (1.53 ± 2.37 mm) indicating that it is more or less alike which parameter to use in order to identify the best trial of a jump series. Spearman´s coefficient between htakeoff and hflight ranged from −0.503 to 0.842 (mean: 0.117) and did not show a general tendency (one-sample t-test: p>0.2). The reason might be individual differences in motor control stategies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 44-54 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:44-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Performance models of ladies’ and men’s singles tennis at the Australian Open Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to produce models of tennis performance for ladies’ and men’s singles that related the overall performance goal (winning the match) to relevant aspects of tennis strategy. Match data from 83 ladies’ singles matches and 82 men’s singles matches was obtained from the official Australian Open web site. Break points won was the variable that most distinguished between the winning and losing player in both ladies' (t82 22.9, P < 0.001) and men’s singles (t81 = 15.2, P < 0.001). The number of break points won was strongly associated with the number of points won when serving which is functionally dependent on the proportion of first and second serves that are in as well as the proportion of points won when first and second serves are in. Correlation analysis revealed that service speed had an indirect influence on the proportion of points that were won on first and second serve in both singles games. In ladies' singles aces and net ability was related to effectiveness in points emanating from first serve where as winner to unforced error ratio was a determinant of effectiveness on second serve points. In men’s singles, effectiveness in points emanating from first serve was influenced by aces, winner to unforced error ratio, net approaches and ability at the net. Success in points emanating from the second serve in men’s singles was influenced by winner to unforced error ration as well as ability at the net. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 73-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868262 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:73-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Stephen D. Mellalieu Author-X-Name-First: Stephen D. Author-X-Name-Last: Mellalieu Author-Name: Chris Hollely Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Hollely Title: Analysis of strategies in soccer as a function of European and domestic competition Abstract: Existing investigations of strategies in soccer using notational analysis have traditionally focused upon nomothetic analysis of international competitions such as World or European Championships (i.e., Luhtanen et al., 2001; Yamanaka, et al., 2001). To enhance the applied benefit of notational analysis idiographic assessment of teams, strategies are required to establish meaningful normative profiles (Hughes et al., 2001). A need also exists to examine individual player behaviours to determine potential influences upon team strategies. The aim of the current study was to assess the strategies of a team in both domestic and European competition over a competitive season. Matches of a British professional soccer team were analysed using a computerised behavioural measurement package with regard to frequency and duration of possession in designated areas of the soccer field. European matches were characterised by more play in pre-defensive areas at the expense of pre-offensive areas compared to domestic matches. Attacking play was found to occur more frequently down the right hand side of the pitch in domestic compared to Europe. Variability was also observed between ball possession and passing difficulty made by individual players in each pitch area. The findings suggest that differences in tactical strategies are evident at both individual and team levels as a function of the nature of the competition. Individual roles therefore appear to be dictated by playing position, team tactics and game circumstances. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 85-103 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868263 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868263 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:85-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Roger Bartlett Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Bartlett Title: JSS - Editorial of the Special Edition on Performance Analysis Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 104-106 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868264 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:104-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Call for Abstracts - The 6 World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport - June, Belfast Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 107-107 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868265 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:107-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Call for Abstracts - The 3 World Congress of Science and Racket Sports - May, Paris Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 108-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:108-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Baca A. (2002). Computer science and biomechanics in sports-interdisciplinary aspects in research and education Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 113-114 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 2002 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2002.11868267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2002.11868267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:2:y:2002:i:1:p:113-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: General Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868349 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: International Journal of Performance Analysis of Sport-e Schedule for 2006 Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: ii-iv Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868350 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:ii-iv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lars Tore Ronglan Author-X-Name-First: Lars Tore Author-X-Name-Last: Ronglan Author-Name: Jon Grydeland Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Grydeland Title: The effects of changing the rules and reducing the court dimension on the relative strengths between game actions in top international beach volleyball. Abstract: Ahead of the 2001 season FIVB (Fédération Internationale de Volleyball) reduced the beach volleyball court dimension from 9×18 m to 8×16 m, and changed the scoring system from side out scoring (scoring only from one’s own serve) to rally point scoring. The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality and efficiency of game actions in top international beach volleyball for men before and after these changes in constitutive rules. The winning teams in 17 semi-finals and finals in three World Tour tournaments in 1999 and 2000 (sample A) were compared with the winning teams in 17 semi-finals and finals in the same tournaments in 2001 and 2002 (sample B). Serve efficiency, reception efficiency, set efficiency, attack efficiency, block efficiency and defense efficiency in the two samples were analyzed, using established evaluation scales. Mann-Whitney U-test was used to test any significant changes in efficiency values on the game actions in the two samples. The results showed a significant reduction in serve efficiency and attack efficiency after the change of regulations, as well as a significant increase in block actions and block efficiency. The results indicate that the change of rules and court dimension only to a certain extent have led to the expected intensions of FIVB, as the field defense actions nor showed an increase in number nor in efficiency in this study. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-12 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:1-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Sunderland Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Sunderland Author-Name: Chris Bussell Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Bussell Author-Name: Greg Atkinson Author-X-Name-First: Greg Author-X-Name-Last: Atkinson Author-Name: Rebecca Alltree Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Alltree Author-Name: Melanie Kates Author-X-Name-First: Melanie Author-X-Name-Last: Kates Title: Patterns of play and goals scored in international standard women’s field-hockey. Abstract: In this study we investigated the patterns of play resulting in goals scored in International field hockey. In total 70 women’s international field hockey matches were observed. Only goals scored from open play, a total of 130, were considered in the study. Three phases of play leading up to the goal being scored were evaluated: repossession of the ball, passing into the D and the D phase. The pitch was divided into zones and specific hockey movements defined so that movement actions during each phase and time to complete each phase could be analysed. Most repossession occurred in the attacking half of the field outside the D (68%) by a free-hit (42%) or interception (38%). Goals were scored faster if the ball was repossessed in the attacking 25 yard (22.9m) area compared with the other areas of the pitch. More balls were dribbled into the D (50%) than were hit (21%), pushed (28%) or swept (1%) with more D entries from the right hand (45%) side of the pitch than the left (32%). The majority of the goals were scored from a hit (24%), deflection (25%) or push (22%) and more goals were scored from the areas nearest the goal. The results suggest that a higher proportion of goals arise from right hand offensive plays that target the bottom left hand side of the goal. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 13-29 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868352 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:13-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Michele van Rooyen Author-X-Name-First: K. Michele Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooyen Author-Name: D. Timothy Noakes Author-X-Name-First: D. Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Noakes Title: Movement time as a predictor of success in the 2003 Rugby World Cup Tournament. Abstract: A video evaluation of the English, Australian, New Zealand and South African rugby performances during the 2003 Rugby World Cup was conducted to establish if movement duration could predict successful performance. The data show that over 50% of all movements lasted less than 20 seconds. There were two different profiles observed for the frequency of data in the different movement categories. South Africa had a greater percentage of movements that lasted between 0 – 20 seconds, whereas England, Australia and New Zealand had a greater % of movements that lasted longer than 80 seconds. Points were scored with 30% of the movements each team created. Differences were noted between the performances of England, Australia and New Zealand, and South Africa although they were not significant. When broken down into different categories it was observed that points were more frequently scored when the movements lasted between 60 and 80 seconds (44%). England, Australia and New Zealand scored in 57% of the movements lasting longer than 80 seconds and had a return of 2.8 points per movement that lasted longer than 80 seconds. South Africa had only 1 movement over 80 seconds and did not score from it. This study therefore suggests that the ability of teams to construct movements that lasted longer than 80 seconds was a key influence on where teams finished in the Rugby Union World Cup 2003 tournament. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 30-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:30-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Michele van Rooyen Author-X-Name-First: K. Michele Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooyen Author-Name: D. Timothy Noakes Author-X-Name-First: D. Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Noakes Title: An Analysis of the movements, both duration and field location, of 4 teams in the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Abstract: A comparative study of English, Australian, New Zealand and South African performances in the 2003 Rugby World Cup was performed from a video evaluation of all matches played by the four teams during the tournament. Each team averaged 43 movements per match comprising 20% point scoring, 56% running play and 24% kicked play movements. South Africa completed fewer point scoring (16%) and more kicked play movements (29%). Differences between the mean movement times for the four teams were not significant. All teams had significantly longer time in possession during point scoring movements than in movements that resulted in a turnover (P<0.05). All teams with the exception of England had significantly longer time in possession of the ball during running play than during kicked play movements (P<0.05). There were significant differences between the locations on the field where the teams scored points. England and Australia predominantly scored between the posts, South Africa scored out wide, but New Zealand scored with equal frequency across the try line. This study also found that semi-final teams (England, Australia and New Zealand) transferred 10% more possession from the defending to the attacking half of the field than did South Africa. In summary this study has shown clear differences between teams reaching the semi finals of the 2003 Rugby World Cup and those knocked out at the quarterfinal stage (South Africa). These differences can be summarized as a greater ability to retain the ball for longer and to move possession from the defensive to the attacking half of the field. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 40-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868354 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868354 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:40-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Michele van Rooyen Author-X-Name-First: K. Michele Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooyen Author-Name: I. Mike Lambert Author-X-Name-First: I. Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Author-Name: D. Timothy Noakes Author-X-Name-First: D. Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Noakes Title: A Retrospective analysis of the IRB statistics and video analysis of match play to explain the performance of four teams in the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Abstract: A retrospective analysis of performance during the Rugby Union World Cup 2003 was conducted by comparing data from the top three nations with data from South Africa (SA). Differences were observed between the four teams in three performance variables; number of penalty kicks and drop goals scored, and percentage possession. England scored more points from penalty kicks and drop goals. SA had less percentage possession than either England or New Zealand. SA’s scoring opportunities began more frequently from inside the opposition’s territory (86% of all scoring movements). Possession was most frequently lost when the movement began inside SA’s territory (55% of all movements in which possession was lost). The duration for which possession was retained was greater for movements that resulted in points (21.9 ± 14.5 s), than where possession was turned over (14.8 ± 5.2 s) (P< 0.05). Points were scored against SA 24 times, 58% in the second half and 71% of the scores against SA occurred the next play after SA had lost possession. These data suggest that superior performance in World Cup rugby is linked to possession retained, the number of points scored in the second half and the propensity to lose possession in areas of the field from which the opposition is likely to score. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 57-72 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868355 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:57-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: N. Sera Doğramacı Author-X-Name-First: N. Sera Author-X-Name-Last: Doğramacı Author-Name: L. Mark Watsford Author-X-Name-First: L. Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Watsford Title: A comparison of two different methods for time-motion analysis in team sports. Abstract: Time-motion analysis has been extensively used to provide an insight into the movement patterns of athletes in team sports. However, few studies have indicated whether analysis involved breaks in play, or all the activities within the standard clock-time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to differentiate whether differences existing between clock-time and match-time time-motion analysis had an affect on the results. Data was collected from the Australian National Futsal Team. Analysis was initially conducted against the actual playing clock-time of 40 min, then on a match-time of 70 min including all actions and breaks in play, excluding half-time and time-out intervals. When comparing match-time to clock-time data, there was a 16% greater total overall distance covered, a 6.9% increase in the time spent in low-intensity activities, and a change in activity every 4.00 s vs. 3.28 s, respectively. There was little change in the high-intensity activities from clock-time to match-time comparison. As clock-time data may misrepresent the movement patterns of the game, it is important to establish a standard method of analysis, namely based on match-time data. This may have implications on similar sports based on clock-time such as water polo, basketball, ice hockey and handball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 73-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868356 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:73-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C.Y.A. Ong Author-X-Name-First: C.Y.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ong Author-Name: T.H.M. Koh Author-X-Name-First: T.H.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Koh Author-Name: L.W. Boey Author-X-Name-First: L.W. Author-X-Name-Last: Boey Title: Performance analysis in the 2005 South East Asian (SEA) games, held in Manila, Philippines – a case study of the track and field competition Abstract: Performance analysis in track and field competitions provides a very attractive tool to the coaches as this may facilitate them to strategize subsequent races during the competition as well as for long term developmental training. The information required for analysis is usually explicit and the blueprint to obtain this information is well documented. However, the planned setup and procedure may not be easily implemented during competitions. The real situation on the ground may require some anticipation, adaptation and modification to the planned procedures that will incur additional unplanned resources, especially in time. The awareness of such real ground situations will, arguably, facilitate the mitigation of such resource wastage. This case study of the 2005 SEA Games will reveal the blueprints, co-documented with the national athletic coaches, for obtaining the field information in the sprints, 400m sprint relay, long jumps and throwing events. More importantly, it will depict the insights into the thinking process of the four sports biomechanists involved in the derivation of on-the–spot solutions within the context of the ground situation. This will potentially provide a good reference for technical teams in their preparation for collecting field information in similar competitive situations. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 84-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868357 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868357 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:84-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gómez Miguel Ángel Author-X-Name-First: Gómez Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Ángel Author-Name: Tsamourtzis Evangelos Author-X-Name-First: Tsamourtzis Author-X-Name-Last: Evangelos Author-Name: Lorenzo Alberto Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Alberto Title: Defensive systems in basketball ball possessions. Abstract: The aim of the present study was to analyse the importance of defensive systems used by winning and losing basketball teams in their ball possessions, trying to study their influence in the offensive success. To achieve this, 1450 ball possessions were registered from 8 close games (final score differences below 12 points) of the Spanish Basketball Play-offs series, from the 2004-2005 season. The ball possessions were registered by systematic observation with Cohen’s Kappa for each observational category coefficients >0.90; the variables registered were: final classification (winner and loser), type of defensive system (man-to-man half court, man-to-man pressure, zone in half court, zone pressure and mixed), points scored, number of passes and duration per ball possession. Statistical analysis used were Crosstabs commands, nonparametric χ2 (chi-square) test and a Student t-test for independent samples. The results showed these main conclusions: a) The winning teams made more ball possessions versus different types of defensive systems (mixed, zone pressure, man-to-man pressure) than losing teams; while the last ones generally made their ball possessions versus man-to-man and zone in half court ; b) The winners got more points scored per ball possession versus different defensive systems, while the losers usually made their ball possessions without scoring versus half court defensive systems (zone and man—to-man); c) The winning teams made more number of passes and spent more time duration their possessions of the ball versus different defensive systems than losing teams. This profile helps the coach to prepare practices and tasks to this specificity of defensive systems, and allow him to be ready to control these variables during the game in special situations like play-off series. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 98-107 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868358 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:98-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Di Salvo Valter Author-X-Name-First: Di Salvo Author-X-Name-Last: Valter Author-Name: Collins Adam Author-X-Name-First: Collins Author-X-Name-Last: Adam Author-Name: McNeill Barry Author-X-Name-First: McNeill Author-X-Name-Last: Barry Author-Name: Cardinale Marco Author-X-Name-First: Cardinale Author-X-Name-Last: Marco Title: Validation of Prozone ®: A new video-based performance analysis system Abstract: Prozone® is a new computerised video system that allows the tracking of many individuals performing a sporting activity. The aim of this study was to validate the Prozone® measurement system when measuring displacement velocities on a football pitch. Six male, recreationally active, subjects participated in the study. The subjects performed a series of runs in a straight line and different directions. The following runs were performed and tracked with the Prozone® system: 60m runs, 50m curved runs (30m straight, 20m angled) at different speeds (7 km/h, 11 km/h, 14 km/h, 19 km/h, and 23 km/h), one maximal sprint of 15m and a 20m sprint with a 90 degree turn (10m straight, 10 m left or right) in different zones of the Old Trafford and Reebook Stadiums.The subjects performed the 60m and 50m curved runs at a predetermined pace with an audio velocity control. For the short distances, the subjects were asked to run as fast as possible. For all runs, timing gates data were compared to tracking data measured with Prozone ®.The average velocity recorded by the Prozone ® system during the paced runs of 60m and 50m showed an excellent correlation (r = 0.999; Total error 0.05, Limits of agreement 0.12) with the average velocity measured by timing gates. Similar correlation (r = 0.970; Total error 0.23, Limits of agreement 0.85) was recorded during the maximal 15m sprint and during the maximal 20m sprint with right or left turns (r = 0.960; Total error 0.05, Limits of agreement 0.12). The results of this study show that Prozone® represents a valid motion analysis system for analysing movement patterns of footballers on a football pitch. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 108-119 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868359 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868359 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:108-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Goran Sporiš Author-X-Name-First: Goran Author-X-Name-Last: Sporiš Author-Name: Jurica Šango Author-X-Name-First: Jurica Author-X-Name-Last: Šango Author-Name: Vlatko Vučetić Author-X-Name-First: Vlatko Author-X-Name-Last: Vučetić Author-Name: Tonči Mašina Author-X-Name-First: Tonči Author-X-Name-Last: Mašina Title: The latent structure of standard game efficiency indicators in basketball. Abstract: This study defines the latent structure of standard indicators of situational efficiency in the game of basketball. Data was collected from 134 basketball matches played in the regional Goodyear League 2002/03 season. The sample of variables included 13 standard situational efficiency indicators recorded during a basketball match. The (Factorial) principle components method was employed and the number of significant factors was determined using the Guttman-Kaiser Criterion. The initial co-ordinate system was transformed through a non-orthogonal rotation according to the Oblimin criterion. Six inter-independent latent dimensions explaining 67.5 % of total variance were determined: basic offensive efficiency, the three-point play, errors in posting the defense and realisation from the free throw line, defensive agressivness on the player in possession of the ball and offensive agressivness of the player in possession of the ball, basic defensive efficiency and defensive/offensive back line efficiency.The obtained latent structure provided good interpretation of the continuance and functional dependence of 13 standardised indicators of player performance. However, these indicators are considered inadequate for explaining the complexity of the game. Additional player performance indicators should be included in future scientific analysis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 120-129 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:120-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D.C. Bishop Author-X-Name-First: D.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Bishop Author-Name: C. Wright Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: A time-motion analysis of professional basketball to determine the relationship between three activity profiles: high, medium and low intensity and the length of the time spent on court. Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine an exercise to rest profile for basketball, identifying if a relationship existed between total time spent on court and the intensity levels of the players. Five BBL matches (n =6) were filmed using footage which was captured and observed using the Noldus Observer Pro system. The total time and duration of high, medium and low intensity activity was configured with average time bouts of 1.5 s (± 1) for high intensity, 3.4 s (± 0.3) for medium intensity and 4.4 s (± 0.4) for low intensity exercise. Results indicated an exercise to rest ratio of 1:4:5 between high, medium and low exercise. No significant relationship was evident between the activity profiles high, medium and low intensity exercise and the total time spent on court with correlation values < 0.17 (p<0.05). The results provide evidence which refutes previous findings highlighting the link between medium and low intensity activities and their role in energy provision through oxidative metabolism as opposed to anaerobic energy pathways. These findings have a number of implications for conditioning and tactical considerations of basketball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 130-139 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868361 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:130-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Markus Tilp Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Tilp Author-Name: Christina Koch Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Koch Author-Name: Sibylle Stifter Author-X-Name-First: Sibylle Author-X-Name-Last: Stifter Author-Name: S. Georg Ruppert Author-X-Name-First: S. Georg Author-X-Name-Last: Ruppert Title: Digital game analysis in beach volleyball. Abstract: The purpose of the study was twofold: (a) to create a useful tool for the analysis of beach volleyball and (b) to make a structure analysis of this type of sport. Therefore, the authors adapted the video analysis software called StatShot to investigate the U18 and U21 world championships 2003. Videos recorded during the competitions have been analyzed. The output of the research is a statistical summary on the used volleyball techniques connected to the corresponding video scenes. This connection should ensure the practical wealth of this method for the athletes as they have a complete game statistics and can study themselves or their opponents. This possibility improves the applicability of a classical quantitative analysis. The method was tested and showed good values regarding reliability and objectivity. The validity is given as the results have been successfully used and accepted by the Austrian national team trainer during competition. The structure analysis showed some interesting details in the game structure of U18 and U21 world class beach volleyball which are summarized within this paper. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 140-148 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868362 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868362 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:140-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ramiz Arabacı Author-X-Name-First: Ramiz Author-X-Name-Last: Arabacı Title: An ınvestıgatıon ınto the openıngs used by top 100 chess players. Abstract: The aim of the our study is an ınvestıgatıon ınto the openıngs used by top 100 chess players. The chess games (n=2046) that 70 players, who took part in Top 100 list, played during January-April 2006 period were examined. The frequencies and percentages of the openings used were calculated. Separating the chess players into five different age groups, the frequency values and percentages of the openings they used, and the winning, defeating, and drawing were calculated using the Chi-Square Test and evaluated statistically.The most frequently played openings were as follows respectively: Sicilian defence (n=476; 23,3%), Queen’s Gambit (n=326; 1,9%), Ruy Lopez/Spanish Game (n=252; 12,3%).The kinds of openings, Semi-Open Games (33 %) are the most frequent and Other Black Response To d4 (4,1 %) is the least frequently played. According to the kinds of openings, there are statistically significant differences between the drawings, winnings and defeatings obtained (p<0.05). The kinds of openings played according to age groups, Semi-Open Games are preferred most in the 20 years old or younger, 21 to 30 years old, and 31 to 40 years old age groups, Indian Systems are preferred most in the 41 to 50 years old age group (p<0.05).It can be claimed that Top 100 players prefer Semi-Open Games most; the winning, defeating, and drawing percentages change depending on the increasing age and the kinds of openings played; and the best opening is Caro-Kann for Whites, French Defence for Blacks, and Petrof’s Defence for a draw. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 149-160 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868363 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868363 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:149-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Beth Fenwick Author-X-Name-First: Beth Author-X-Name-Last: Fenwick Author-Name: Stafford Murray Author-X-Name-First: Stafford Author-X-Name-Last: Murray Title: Expanding normative profiles of elite squash players using momentum of winners and errors. Abstract: This paper aims to extend these ideas and explore a new application of these analysis techniques to develop ‘momentum profiles’ through notational analysis. We defined positive momentum as a player hitting successive winners, negative momentum, as a player hitting errors, and if the player is passive, not hitting winners or making errors, then the player’s momentum will stay the same.With the data processed by the software it was possible to present the 2 sets of data for both players at the same time. It is possible to examine these curves and see where the ‘turning points’ in the match occurred. For the coach and/or the team psychologist to discuss with the player what happened at these turning points would enhance insight into each respective performance.This study demonstrates a quantitative, yet qualitative, approach to psychological momentum. Both the world number 1 male and female players have averages of peak length significantly higher than their peers. Further research needs to be done to analyse why their peaks are longer and steeper. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 161-171 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868364 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868364 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:161-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eleni Zetou Author-X-Name-First: Eleni Author-X-Name-Last: Zetou Author-Name: Nikolaos Tsigilis Author-X-Name-First: Nikolaos Author-X-Name-Last: Tsigilis Author-Name: Athanasios Moustakidis Author-X-Name-First: Athanasios Author-X-Name-Last: Moustakidis Author-Name: Andromachi Komninakidou Author-X-Name-First: Andromachi Author-X-Name-Last: Komninakidou Title: Playing characteristics of men’s Olympic Volleyball teams in complex II Abstract: The aim of the present study was to present the playing characteristics of the teams in complex II and to attempt to determine which of these characteristics led to victory and to the final ranking of the teams. The subjects were 38 Olympic Volleyball men’s games. In every game, teams were characterized according to the result of the game (win or lose). The games were video-recorded and analyzed with the “Data Volleyball” program. It recorded every skill of the complex II of the game, for each player of each team. There was a 5 level scale protocol according to the effectiveness of the skill (Eom & Schutz, 1992; Eom, 1989). Discriminant analysis was conducted to select which subset of the measured variables significantly contributed to the prediction of winning or losing in Olympic Volleyball teams. Among the five variables of service: “reception to other court” and “ace” were entered into the final model yielding high loadings, .80 and .79 respectively. Predicting game outcome from the five “counter attacked” variables, resulted in one significant function and “ace” was selected to enter into the final model. None of the three “dig” or the four “block” categories were significantly discriminating game outcome. These results conclude that “ace” in service and in counterattack remain powerful aggressive tools for high level teams and were predictors to win. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 172-177 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868365 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868365 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:172-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Yiannakos Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Yiannakos Author-Name: V. Armatas Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Armatas Title: Evaluation of the goal scoring patterns in European Championship in Portugal 2004. Abstract: The aim of the present study was to study the characteristics of goal scoring patterns in top leveled soccer matches. The sample the study constituted of 32 games of the European Championship (Euro 2004). Cross tabulation and chi-square methods were used for the data analysis. The results revealed that more goals were achieved in the second half (57.4%) than in the first half (42.6%, p<0.05). As far as the type of offense concerned, goals achieved through organized offence presented the higher frequency (44.1%) following goals after a set play (35.6%) and counter-attacks (20.3%). Regarding the actions that occurred prior to the goal, long passes presented the higher frequency (34.1%). More specifically, the kind of dead-ball situations was examined, and the conclusion is that corners and free kicks showed bigger frequency of appearance in the game. Finally, regarding the zone of scoring attempt, the following percentages were presented: 44.4% penalty area, 32.2% goal area, and 20.4% outside the penalty area. The results reveal that coaches should focus on train of the dead-ball situations. Also attention must be given to the fatigue that players appear towards the end of a game, which consequently leads to goal scoring by the opponent team, and to its confrontation through training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 178-188 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868366 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868366 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:1:p:178-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 77-78 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868278 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868278 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:2:p:77-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel A. Pérez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez Author-Name: Mercedes Macías Author-X-Name-First: Mercedes Author-X-Name-Last: Macías Author-Name: Sergio Ibañez Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Ibañez Author-Name: Sebastián Feu Author-X-Name-First: Sebastián Author-X-Name-Last: Feu Title: Software for planning sport training: Basketball application Abstract: It is necessary to establish, define, and specify initially, before the development of a season, the greatest number of variables affecting the development of the training process. This generic definition will serve as a framework for subsequent concretion and development in the different phases of training. The computing application that we here present allows the planning of the training process (the season, macrocycles, mesocycles, microcycles and sessions).This computer application, PYC-Basket, aims to be an instrument to facilitate the work of planning and controlling training sessions for basketball coaches, making this process more rigorous and objective.The computer system presented helps the planning process of the training of basketball teams. It is exhaustive, precise, and objective, and ranges from the general data of a season to those of a training session. Moreover, initial planning information will be compared with real information that will be collected in the different training sessions. This allows control of the training process, so that the deviations occurring in it can be studied.This instrument permits making better use of the time used for planning and controlling the training session, since this will be done automatically on introducing the real data of each work session. The work of the coach must be orientated towards the interpretation of this data and any appropriate adjustments. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 79-89 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868279 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:2:p:79-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Albin Tenga Author-X-Name-First: Albin Author-X-Name-Last: Tenga Author-Name: Øyvind Larsen Author-X-Name-First: Øyvind Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen Title: Testing the Validity of Match Analysis to describe Playing Styles in Football Abstract: Purpose: To test the validity of match analysis by comparing its results with pre-established findings on playing styles. Methods: Single-match case design and combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative evaluation were used in this study. Kappa measure of agreement (κ) was used in reliability testing before the present study. Alpha level of .01 or less was considered statistically significant. Results: Overall results show a difference in attacking styles (p < .0001) and a similarity in defending styles (p = .59) of Norway and Brazil. Further, indirect attacking strategies managed to distinguish the attacking styles of Norway and Brazil (p < .01). No difference was found between the effects of playing with highversus low-pressure tactic, either in attack (p = .03) or defence (p = .15). Nevertheless, results of single variables registered clear tendencies that indicate agreement with pre-established observations. Interestingly, no difference was found between attacking strategies employed by Norway and Brazil during effective periods of the match, while the difference was found in indirect attacking strategies (p < .01) during less effective periods. Conclusions: Results of match analysis indicate overwhelming agreement with pre-established findings. The introduced method is therefore considered valid for describing playing styles in football. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 90-102 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868280 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:2:p:90-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Eaves Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Eaves Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Patterns of play of international rugby union teams before and after the introduction of professional status. Abstract: Many methods of assessing game intensity that are appropriate to the research scientist- including heart rate analysis (Ali and Farrally1), blood lactates (Deutsch, Maw, Jenkins and Reaburn2) and time-motion analysis (Reilly and Thomas3 and Withers, Maricic, Wasilewski and Kelly4) - may have limited application in the ‘real world’. Hence in game analysis, the relative simplicity of videotape recordings may be considered the most appropriate tool for the rugby coach in terms of applicability and reproducibility.Anecdotal evidence would suggest that since the introduction of professional rugby union, the game has become more intense due to increases in total activity duration and speed of play. Analysis using a modified time/motion approach specifically relating to activity times may provide detailed information on the relative intensity of the game.The purpose of this study was to compare the time and frequency of activity and ball re-cycling (using videotaped recordings) of International Rugby Union teams in four discrete periods spanning the inception of professional rugby in the mid 1990’s with particular reference to periods spanning the inception of professional status in 1995/6.Individual activity times (initial possession to completed tackle) were recorded for twelve pre-recorded matches (1988-2002) taken from the Five and Six Nations Championships; using a standard lap split time stopwatch and hand notation system.Intra-observer reliability analysis of ruck time indicated 0.11sec difference between observations. This represented 96% level of agreement. For activity time, intra-observer reliability was calculated as 0.18 sec difference between observations. This represented an agreement of 97%.Repeated measure ANOVA indicated highly significant differences between periods activity times (F = 10.16, df = 3 12, p = .001). Post hoc analysis (Tukey HSD) revealed differences to be between period 1 compared to period 3 and period 1 compared with period 4. No main effect was established for ruck time. Analysis of ruck frequency revealed significant differences (F = 13.87, df = 3, 12, p < .0005) between games periods. Post hoc analysis indicated these to be between periods 4 and 2 (p = .003) and 4 and 1 (p = .0005). Repeated measures analysis for frequency of activity revealed significant main effects for period (F = 5.39, df = 3, 12, p <. 01). Results of post hoc analysis revealed differences in activity instances between periods 1 and 4 (p = .01). Analysis of ball in play time comparing pre and post 1995 revealed a significant main effect for period (F = 12.97, df = 1, 14, p = .003) with ball in play 26.5% of the time in the period pre-1995 compared to 32.1% of the time in the period post-1995. This represents a mean time difference of 4 minutes and 45 seconds of play.It was concluded that since the inception of professional status in rugby union, the mean time players spend in game activity has been significantly reduced, whilst total game activity has been increased. Similarly the frequency of rucks has significantly increased in the post professional era, although the speed of ball recycling has been shown to be relatively consistent during 1988-2002. This indicates that the game activity patterns may have shifted towards a faster ruck dominated game which includes more phases of play. Consequently, game activity time has increased indicating a positive shift in game activity duration. Accordingly, such changes in the game need to be considered in designing training schedules for rugby union. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 103-111 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:2:p:103-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victor M Reis Author-X-Name-First: Victor M Author-X-Name-Last: Reis Author-Name: Artur J Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Artur J Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Title: The validity of general and specific strength tests to predict the Shot Put performance – a pilot study Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the precision of several general and specific strength tests to predict the Shot Put performance. Eleven male Shot Putters performed a battery of seven tests on the early and on the peak phase of a competitive season. A significant improvement was observed during the season on the Shot Put performance as well as on the tests performance. The jumping tests did not correlate with the Shot Put performance. The throwing tests and the heavy-lift tests have shown significant associations with the Shot Put performance. These associations were stronger on the peak-phase of the season. Therefore, the adoption of these tests for assessment purposes may lack the proper validity when they are performed during a preparation phase or during the early competitive season. The results suggest that a combination of throwing tests (Over-Head Back Throw and Squat Double-Jump Front Throw) and heavy-lift tests (Bench Press, Half Squat and Power Snatch) may provide a good predictive power, as they could explain ∼88% of the variance of the Shot Put performance with a relative error of ∼2.7%. More studies are warranted with larger samples, in order to confirm the results we have obtained. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 112-120 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868282 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:2:p:112-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michele K. Boddington Author-X-Name-First: Michele K. Author-X-Name-Last: Boddington Author-Name: Mike I. Lambert Author-X-Name-First: Mike I. Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Author-Name: Miriam R. Waldeck Author-X-Name-First: Miriam R. Author-X-Name-Last: Waldeck Title: The Analysis of Skilled Performance and Game Parameters During League Field Hockey Matches Abstract: The performance profiles of field hockey were determined by quantifying match descriptors (n = 20) during league matches (n = 10). All data were analysed where appropriate, using Chi Square to determine if consistency within any of the match descriptors existed. Graphical methods were used to estimate consistency where there were low frequencies or Chi Square showed non-significant differences. Consistency was defined as minimum number of matches that could be analysed to establish a consistent profile. There were significant differences between 11 of the 20 match descriptors during the 10 matches (P<0.05). Normative or consistent profiles were established for 2 of the 20 match descriptors after only 1 match, and for 7 after 7 to 9 matches. The remaining 15 match descriptors did not profile before the 10th match. The ratio of shots to goals was stable after 2 games. Comparison of the matches against the same opposition in which the results differed, found significant differences in only 2 areas; the number of attacking short corners and the number of shots against. This suggests that more predictive comparisons can be made when the opponents are consistent. In conclusion, many match descriptors do not have stable profiles before 10 matches and are therefore of little use when trying to predict performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 121-129 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868283 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:2:p:121-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shane King Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: King Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: The Activity Profile of Men’s Gaelic Football Abstract: Time-motion analysis has been used to develop an understanding of the physical demands of many field games including Gaelic football. Many time-motion studies claim that training that is specific to the movement patterns observed during competition will be more effective than tradition methods of conditioning training. However, there is little experimental evidence to support these claims. This study, therefore, was an experiment into the effectiveness of a specific intermittent high intensity training programme that was developed from knowledge gained from a previous time-motion investigation into Gaelic football. The nature of high intensity activity in Gaelic football and the development of the specific intermittent high intensity training programme are described. The training programme contained bursts of varying lengths as well as recovery periods of varying lengths that reflected those performed in competition. The training programme was undertaken by an experimental group of 15 under-14 players with a control group of 15 under-14 players performing skill based exercise at a moderate intensity over the experimental period. The subjects of the experimental group improved their multi-stage fitness test performance (P < 0.05), multiple agility run test performance (P < 0.01) and vertical jump performance (P < 0.05) significantly more than the subjects of the control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups for the improvement in 20m sprint performance over the experimental period (P > 0.05). These results provide evidence that the training programme was effective. However, due to the age-group of the subjects, this might be partially explained by psychological factors. Further work is recommended to test the training programme using senior subjects. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 130-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:2:p:130-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. J. Ibañez Author-X-Name-First: S. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ibañez Author-Name: M. A. Pérez Author-X-Name-First: M. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez Author-Name: M. Macías Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Macías Title: Software for the basketball player’s evaluation in real time Abstract: During training and competition, head coaches must take technical and tactical decisions, basing them on his intuition and experience without the support of objective data. For this reason, it is important to develop indicators for the registration, analysis and evaluation of quantitative and qualitative elements in the practice of sports. The computer application that we present here is an attempt to advance in the development of these instruments, allowing for the compilation, analysis and evaluation of the players’ actions in real time. Our aim is to try to help head coaches to take inter-active decisions, by providing them with information on variables that traditionally have depended on mere subjectivity (technical and tactical actions that conventional statistics do not collect, sequence and effectiveness of the game systems, etc), making possible the quantification and analysis in real time. In order to develop the program, we have objectively established several indicators which allow the information demanded by head coaches during the training or competition to be collected in real time. Once the indicators were validated we proceeded to design and create the instruments (hardware and software) for compiling the information, analyzing it and passing it on to the head coach during the training session or competition.The recording of players’ actions during the development of a basketball game, for example, entails several problems, mainly due to the speed at which the various actions to be recorded occur. In order to solve this, several different people must be involved in the collection of information, each one of them specialized in a different phase of the game, for example one in offence and one in defence, each of them assigned to one team, and all of them must co-operate to collect all the information without any being lost.The entry of a larger number of variables to analyse, both quantitatively and qualitatively, together with their quantification, enables us assess the players in a more accurate way which is more attuned to reality. With this program, it is also possible to view the game events in a different way: according to a player, a team, actions and in real time. All the data obtained will be stored for a later analysis.Future works are aimed at the improvement of devices related to teams. In particular, improvements will be aimed at making the program easier to transport and operate for use inside sport centres by removing the need for cable connection of the equipment. Likewise, the data entry devices are one of the applications which we could be optimized and which we will keep on working on. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 145-155 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:2:p:145-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christo A. Bisschoff Author-X-Name-First: Christo A. Author-X-Name-Last: Bisschoff Author-Name: Ben Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Author-Name: Michael R. Esco Author-X-Name-First: Michael R. Author-X-Name-Last: Esco Title: Heart rate variability and recovery as predictors of elite, African, male badminton players’ performance levels Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether pre-match, in-match, resting and post-match heart rate variability (HRV) as well as resting and post-match heart rate recovery (HRR) can serve as significant predictors of male, elite, African, singles badminton players’ performance levels. Twenty-two male badminton players were categorised into successful and less successful player groups according to match results. Heart rates were recorded every second before (pre-match), during (in-match) and directly after (post-match) 46 matches to determine 14 HRV and 2 HRR indices. Binary, forward, stepwise logistic regression analyses’ results showed that log transformed low frequency to high frequency ratio (Ln-LFnu/Ln-HFnu ratio) and peak very low frequency power (VLF power (Hz)), were significantly (p < .05) related to group allocation of successful and less successful badminton players. Overall model fit was good and 75% of players could be classified into their original groups by making use of the HRV-based logistic regression formulas. Furthermore, all models had a large effect in predicting player classification, although only the pre- and in-match models emerged as being useful. In conclusion, short-term frequency domain-related HRV variables are related to badminton match performances and should be considered when measuring HRV in sport and exercise settings. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1437868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1437868 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:1-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonas Rohleder Author-X-Name-First: Jonas Author-X-Name-Last: Rohleder Author-Name: Tobias Vogt Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Vogt Title: Performance control in handstands: challenging entrenched coaching strategies for young gymnasts Abstract: Despite well-accepted knowledge concerning the importance of the wrists’ contributions in handstand balances, common handstand coaching strategies prioritise developing the required aligned and aesthetic body shape. Thus, this study investigated the effects of a sole postural training on the maintenance compared to the execution quality in handstands in young competitive gymnasts. Therefore, twenty-two participants (13 females, aged: 8.54 ± 1.56 years; 9 males, aged: 8.67 ± 0.87 years) were randomly assigned into two counterbalanced groups, GPT (guided postural training) and CON (control), each n = 11. Within one week, GPT received four standardised training sessions (T1, T2, T3 and T4) including verbal and tactile advices addressing a straight body posture. Prior to T1 (pre-test), after T2 (mid-test) and after T4 (post-test), all participants (GPT and CON) were asked to perform five handstands where handstand executions were assessed by four gymnastics judges based on standardised video recordings which also captured the balance time. There were no group-related changes in balance time (p > .05); however, following T2, results revealed a positive impact of GPT on postural execution (p < .05). With respect to the importance of forearm activity in handstand performances, further research is needed approaching wrist-related advice in handstand acquisition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 17-31 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1440459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1440459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:17-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liandi Van den Berg Author-X-Name-First: Liandi Author-X-Name-Last: Van den Berg Author-Name: Ben Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Author-Name: Seugnet Blignaut Author-X-Name-First: Seugnet Author-X-Name-Last: Blignaut Author-Name: Martie Mearns Author-X-Name-First: Martie Author-X-Name-Last: Mearns Title: The competitive intelligence process in sport: data collection properties of high-level cricket coaches Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the data collection properties of cricket coaches, using the first stage of the 4Cs Competitive Intelligence (CI) process model of Weiss as framework. Semi-structured interviews were performed with high-level cricket coaches in South Africa. Content analysis was performed by developing a codebook through the creation of theory and data-driven codes with ATLAS.TITM computer assisted qualitative data analysis software. Codes were thematised into the what, where, who and how of data collection as well as challenges cricket coaches face. Overall, coaches indicated that they make use of various sources of information on competitors, own team and the environment. Data collection is usually performed by numerous persons within the team set-up and a variety of information formats are utilized. The main findings of the study indicated that easy available sources are not effectively utilized, data collection processes are not performed in a structured manner and coaches need skill development regarding data collection and analysis. Furthermore, the lack of technology as well as the absence of a person who can collect data and a shortage of skills by the person who is responsible for data collection, are the main challenges coaches face. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 32-54 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1443367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1443367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:32-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erhan Çene Author-X-Name-First: Erhan Author-X-Name-Last: Çene Title: What is the difference between a winning and a losing team: insights from Euroleague basketball Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine which game-related factors have the most influence on game outcome for basketball matches based on the 2016–2017 Euroleague season. Games are divided into three groups with cluster analysis based on final score differences. First, independent samples t-test is used to detect differences between winning and losing teams among game-related variables. Later, Bayesian Model Averaging is employed to determine key candidate variables. Finally, conditional interference classification trees are constructed for all game groups. According to classification tree results, true shooting percentage, steals and committed fouls separates winners from losers for the close games. While 2-point field goal made, 3-point field goal made, steals and defensive rebounds are crucial for the balanced games; 2-point field goal made and defensive rebounds are the most influential game statistics on the game outcome for the unbalanced games. The results from the classification trees implied that in close games, quality of the shots are more important than the quantity of shots, whereas, the inverse deduction can be made for balanced and unbalanced games. These results may show guidance to basketball coaches and players in terms of training and game preparation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 55-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1446234 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1446234 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:55-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dachen Chu Author-X-Name-First: Dachen Author-X-Name-Last: Chu Author-Name: Li-Jung Chen Author-X-Name-First: Li-Jung Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Ya-Ling Lee Author-X-Name-First: Ya-Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Bao-Lien Hung Author-X-Name-First: Bao-Lien Author-X-Name-Last: Hung Author-Name: Kuei-Ming Chou Author-X-Name-First: Kuei-Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Chou Author-Name: Ai-Chi Sun Author-X-Name-First: Ai-Chi Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Shih-Hua Fang Author-X-Name-First: Shih-Hua Author-X-Name-Last: Fang Title: The correlation of brainwaves of Taekwondo athletes with training vis-à-vis competition performance – an explorative study Abstract: Various studies have reported the correlation between brainwaves electroencephalogram (EEG) and various sports. However, until now, the correlation between EEG signals and the Taekwondo (TKD) have not been reported. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation of brainwaves of TKD athletes in training experiences and competition performance. The EEG signals were collected from 12 elite male TKD athletes. The β-wave was significantly increased when the heart rate of participant was >120 min−1 compared to the resting state. The γ-wave was significantly decreased during foot kicking modalities. In addition, the γ-wave was significantly increased while watching competition films when compared to that in resting state. In the simulation game, before the first and second round, the δ-wave of the winner group was significantly higher, whereas the α-and γ-waves were significantly lower than those of the loser group. While before the third round, the θ-wave of the winner group was significantly lower. This study showed that EEG signals were significantly different during the training experiences versus the simulated game of TKD. The results of this study also sheds light on training methods for improving sport performance in future programmes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 69-77 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1447205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1447205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:69-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Fábio dal Bello Author-X-Name-First: Fábio Author-X-Name-Last: dal Bello Author-Name: Ciro José Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ciro José Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Author-Name: John Amtmann Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Amtmann Title: Technical-tactical ratios by round, genders and weight division of mixed martial arts for training Abstract: This study compared the technical–tactical analysis by time ratios between genders and weight divisions of female mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes competing in the Ultimate Fighting Championships. Eighty-two athletes (G1 = 21 male middleweights, G2 = 14 male lightweights, G3 = 21 female middleweights, G4 = 14 female lightweights), were evaluated using a time–motion and technical–tactical protocol. Four hundred eighty-four males and 205 female MMA rounds were analysed. Time–motion and technical–tactical variables were evaluated according to frequency of attempts and effective strikes, takedowns and submissions, as well as fighting activity time and preparatory of standing and groundwork combat. Comparing groundwork preparatory activity time G1 showed longer times than other groups (35:0 ± 1.8 s; p ≤ .002). For standing fighting activity time, G2 showed longer times than other groups (151.2 ± 72.9 s; p ≤ .001). G2 displayed longer times between actions during standing [p = .003; 1: 32.5 (17.8; 74.8)] and groundwork [p ≤ .003; 1: 30.0 (9.0; 52.0)] than G3. In conclusion, G1 and G2 showed longer groundwork and standing actions than G3 and G4. In standing and groundwork actions, G2 presented longer time between striking actions than G3. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 78-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1447210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1447210 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:78-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivan Zarić Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Zarić Author-Name: Milivoj Dopsaj Author-X-Name-First: Milivoj Author-X-Name-Last: Dopsaj Author-Name: Milan Marković Author-X-Name-First: Milan Author-X-Name-Last: Marković Title: Match performance in young female basketball players: relationship with laboratory and field tests Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the quantitative relationship between the results of laboratory and field tests assessing functional, metabolic and motor abilities and the match performances of young female basketball players. The research included the U16 female basketball players of the top three basketball clubs of the Serbian first under-16 league (N=30), (14.98 ± 0.68 yrs). The complex model method we applied included: laboratory and field testing and match performance analysis. The relations between the criterion and the system of predictors were determined by applying the multiple regression analysis, which defined the model of multiple relations and prediction. The research results have shown that the predictor variables are statistically significant, describing the criterion with 84.4% probability, meaning that there is a high multidimensional correlation between the results of laboratory and field tests and the match performance index. The practical application of this study implies a system of controlling the efficacy of the training process in the preparation stage, the selection and the creation of the model characteristics of functional, metabolic and motor abilities of young basketball players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 90-103 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1452109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1452109 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:90-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathanial Maraga Author-X-Name-First: Nathanial Author-X-Name-Last: Maraga Author-Name: Rob Duffield Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Duffield Author-Name: Danielle Gescheit Author-X-Name-First: Danielle Author-X-Name-Last: Gescheit Author-Name: Thomas Perri Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Perri Author-Name: Machar Reid Author-X-Name-First: Machar Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Title: Playing not once, not twice but three times in a day: the effect of fatigue on performance in junior tennis players Abstract: This study examined physical and perceptual responses to multiple daily tennis matches. Six junior males completed 3 × 90 min singles matches, each separated by 45 min recovery. Physical capacity (agility, countermovement jump [CMJ]), shoulder internal and external rotation (IR, ER), serve performance, creatine kinase (CK) and perceptual (soreness, pain and fatigue) measures were performed before match 1 and following each match. During matches, distances and speeds covered, stroke count and stroke acceleration magnitudes were assessed. Between-match changes (effect size ±90% confidence interval [CI]) ≥75% likely to exceed the smallest important effect size (ES = .20) were considered practically important. Movement distance (−.63 ± .90, 81% likely) and mean speed (−.61 ± .82, 82% likely) decreased only in match 2. Total strokes played also reduced in match 2 (−11.0 ± 17.7, 84% likely), without changes in stroke acceleration magnitudes. Serve accuracy declined post-match 3 (.76 ± 1.15, 81% likely), though speed did not change. CMJ height was unchanged, though shoulder IR and ER declined (−.57 ± .44, 92% likely), as did agility (.75 ± .35, 99% likely) by post-match 3. CK, pain, fatigue and soreness ratings increased throughout. Same-day tennis matches impair physical capacities and increase fatigue and soreness. Between-match fluctuations in stroke count and movement also infer altered technical elements of match-play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 104-114 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1452110 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1452110 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:104-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wade Hobbs Author-X-Name-First: Wade Author-X-Name-Last: Hobbs Author-Name: Stuart Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Author-Name: Adam D. Gorman Author-X-Name-First: Adam D. Author-X-Name-Last: Gorman Author-Name: Mitchell Mooney Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell Author-X-Name-Last: Mooney Author-Name: Jonathan Freeston Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Freeston Title: Playing unpredictably: measuring the entropy of ball trajectories in international women’s basketball Abstract: It is generally accepted that playing unpredictable basketball is advantageous, however this strategic assumption has not been adequately tested. The aim of this study was to describe unpredictability of in-play ball movement trajectories during a selection of women’s international basketball games to determine the association, if any, between unpredictability and success in basketball. Ball movements were tracked for 60 international women’s basketball games over a two-year period. Ball movements were broken into five-second play segments and the spatial distribution of the ball was tracked across the court. Shannon’s entropy was then used to estimate the relative variability in ball movements. While no differences in entropy were observed between teams, the overall analysis revealed that entropy during large-deficit games (score differential of 10 points or more) was greater than that for small-deficit games and large-deficit wins showed greater entropy than large-deficit losses. Additionally, the entropy in the frontcourt (the scoring end for a given team) was significantly greater for wins compared to losses. This suggests that higher entropy may be associated with success in basketball, but more specifically, entropy in the frontcourt is potentially where it matters most. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 115-126 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1453639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1453639 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:115-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco de Assis Manoel Author-X-Name-First: Francisco de Assis Author-X-Name-Last: Manoel Author-Name: Diogo Hilgemberg Figueiredo Author-X-Name-First: Diogo Hilgemberg Author-X-Name-Last: Figueiredo Author-Name: Fabiana Andrade Machado Author-X-Name-First: Fabiana Andrade Author-X-Name-Last: Machado Title: Can the endurance training change the pacing strategy during 10 km running performance? Abstract: The aim of this study was to verify the effect of endurance training on the pacing strategy and analyse the risk of premature fatigue during the 10-km performance in moderately trained runners. Study participants were 14 runners (18–35 years) who had training prescribed with peak velocity (Vpeak) and its time limit (tlim). Three tests were performed on a treadmill: two maximum incrementals for VO2max and Vpeak and one for tlim. The 10-km running performance was evaluated on a 400-m track. The mean velocity, heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored at each trial of 10-km running performance. Evaluations were collected pre and after 4 weeks of endurance training. The RPE and HR increased linearly throughout the test, and the risk of fatigue decreased after 3 km. The pacing strategy used by the participants was the “U” running pace in pre- and post-training. There was improvement in the 10-km run after training (40.8 ± 2.8 vs. 39.6 ± 2.7 min). The study showed that 4 weeks of endurance training does not change the pacing strategy and the risk of premature fatigue. However, the training was responsible for improving the 10-km running performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 127-136 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1454744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1454744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:127-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerusa Petróvna Resende Lara Author-X-Name-First: Jerusa Petróvna Resende Author-X-Name-Last: Lara Author-Name: Claudio Luis Roveri Vieira Author-X-Name-First: Claudio Luis Roveri Author-X-Name-Last: Vieira Author-Name: Milton Shoiti Misuta Author-X-Name-First: Milton Shoiti Author-X-Name-Last: Misuta Author-Name: Felipe Arruda Moura Author-X-Name-First: Felipe Arruda Author-X-Name-Last: Moura Author-Name: Ricardo Machado Leite de Barros Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Machado Leite de Author-X-Name-Last: Barros Title: Validation of a video-based system for automatic tracking of tennis players Abstract: The purpose of this study was to validate an automatic method for tracking tennis players. The method is based on algorithms for camera calibration, image pre-processing, segmentation, filtering, tracking and computer vision tools. Two digital video cameras (30 Hz) were used to register player movement on a tennis court. The validation of the 2D-reconstructed points was based on the following analysis: intra-operator repeatability (.009 m), inter-operator repeatability (.007 m), relative error (.24% for length and .52% width coordinates) and ICC (.88 consistency and .89 absolute agreement, p < .05). The mean bias and precision were .33 and .15 m, respectively, resulting in an accuracy of .36 m. There were significant linear regressions (p < .05) between positions obtained by the automatic and manual tracking procedures (R2 = .9903 for x-coordinate, R2 = .9952 y-coordinate). The RMS error comparing both methods was .51 m. The percentage of automatic tracking (when the system identified player’s position correctly, without operator intervention) during a simulated match reached 99.98% of the 22,000 frames processed. The distances covered by the two players during a set were 1229.6 and 1083.1 m. In conclusion, the method proposed revealed to be simple, valid and consistent to track tennis players on the court. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 137-150 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1456886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1456886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:137-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Navarro Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Navarro Author-Name: Juan Pablo Morillo Author-X-Name-First: Juan Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Morillo Author-Name: Rafael E. Reigal Author-X-Name-First: Rafael E. Author-X-Name-Last: Reigal Author-Name: Antonio Hernández-Mendo Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Hernández-Mendo Title: Polar coordinate analysis in the study of positional attacks in beach handball Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the relationships between the various behaviours of the positional attack of beach handball in male and female categories. With a sample of 150 international players (men, n = 90), HOISAN software package was used to analyse 24 observations of matches played at the European Beach Handball Championship. We used observational methodology, specifically a nomothetic/point/multidimensional study design. The data obtained were subjected to a polar coordinate analysis from the perspective of genuine retrospectivity. Seven focal behaviours – related to how the attack ends and the player who finishes it – were chosen. The results revealed differences by gender. In the women’s category, positional attacks tended to focus on inflight shots; the plays were elaborate and relied on the player in the role of “specialist” for successful execution. In the men’s category, in contrast, attacks tended to end with a spin shot when the observed team was trailing in the score and when the opposing team used an open defence; the men’s teams also relied more on the pivot to create open spaces. The differences shown suggest intervening in each category with a specific orientation to lead to improvements in the performance of each of them. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 151-167 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1460052 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1460052 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:151-167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Rave Author-X-Name-First: Guillaume Author-X-Name-Last: Rave Author-Name: Jacques-Olivier Fortrat Author-X-Name-First: Jacques-Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Fortrat Author-Name: Brian Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: François Carre Author-X-Name-First: François Author-X-Name-Last: Carre Author-Name: Gregory Dupont Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Dupont Author-Name: Ayoub Saeidi Author-X-Name-First: Ayoub Author-X-Name-Last: Saeidi Author-Name: Daniel Boullosa Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Boullosa Author-Name: Hassane Zouhal Author-X-Name-First: Hassane Author-X-Name-Last: Zouhal Title: Heart rate recovery and heart rate variability: use and relevance in European professional soccer Abstract: The study objectives are (1) to draw up an inventory of the use of heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) by European professional football clubs, and (2) to analyse these practices in relation with the scientific literature. A survey was filled by 137 clubs playing in the top European divisions. The survey had the aim of identifying the procedures for the use of HRR and HRV. Within respondents, 50% used HRR and 36% HRV; the 47% that do not use HRR deemed it to be of no interest and the 54% that do not use HRV deemed it too restrictive. A total of 28 and 24 procedures for the use of HRR and HRV were, respectively, identified. Resting HRV in the morning and after standardised submaximal exercise were the most represented, with the parasympathetic indices of HRV the most used. The use of HRR and HRV is not widespread or consensual. The lack of consensus noted here stresses the need to identify the procedures to better determine HRR and HRV, and to make them more practical for their use by the clubs for identifying facets of players’ recovery, readiness and adaptation during different phases of the season. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 168-183 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1460053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1460053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:168-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Werlayne S. S. Leite Author-X-Name-First: Werlayne S. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Leite Author-Name: Carlos H. Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Carlos H. Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Title: Competitive-level and mid-term effects on the magnitude of home advantage in Portuguese futsal Abstract: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to analyse the influence of the level of competition (First and Second Divisions) on the magnitude of home advantage (HA) in Portuguese futsal; (2) to examine whether the HA has changed over the recent years in Portugal. Data from 6.558 matches contested in First (n = 2.002) and Second (n = 4.556) Divisions of Portuguese futsal over the last 11 seasons (from 2006–07 to 2016–17) were collected and analysed. The mean values of HA were significantly greater than 50% (p < 0.001) in both divisions: First Division (57.86%); Second Division (55.77%). A paired t-test revealed the HA was significantly higher in the First Division compared to the Second one (p = 0.034; very large size effect: r = 0.614). Besides, Pearson’s correlation measures showed a significant negative relationship between HA and time in the First Division (p = 0.015); however, the same temporal trend was not verified in the Second Division (p > 0.05). Disregarding the competitive level, the HA has not significantly declined in Portuguese futsal over the last decade. Further research is recommended to examine if other national futsal leagues, and different competitive levels, are suffering similar temporal fluctuations in the phenomenon of HA. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 184-194 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1460967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1460967 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:1:p:184-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyle R. Barnes Author-X-Name-First: Kyle R. Author-X-Name-Last: Barnes Author-Name: Rita Malcata Author-X-Name-First: Rita Author-X-Name-Last: Malcata Title: Conversion index for running on different indoor track and field facility types Abstract: There are many variations of sizes for indoor running tracks, which have caused difficulty in setting fair and equitable qualifying standards for championship competitions. The aim of this study was to determine event- and gender-specific conversions by indoor track facility type for standard running events ranging from 200 to 5000 m. All performances for running events were obtained from 2010 to 2015 using the Track and Field Results Reporting System. Conversions between track types were determined as factor differences using a mixed modelling approach in SAS for gender and event separately. A total of 325,074 performances (162,176 male, 162,898 female) on 184 flat, 19 banked, 36 oversized and 21 undersized tracks were included in the analysis. All conversion standards with 90% confidence intervals for men and women presented were clear. For all events and both genders, converting from an undersized track to all other track types resulted in faster race times (conversion < 1.0), flat to banked and flat to oversized tracks also resulted in faster race times (conversion < 1.0) and banked and oversized to flat tracks resulted in slower race times (conversion > 1.0). Overall, there is a significant track effect between facility types for both genders and most facility types. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 375-384 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1346453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1346453 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:375-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pieter H. van den Berg Author-X-Name-First: Pieter H. Author-X-Name-Last: van den Berg Author-Name: D. D. J. Malan Author-X-Name-First: D. D. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Malan Author-Name: J. Hans de Ridder Author-X-Name-First: J. Hans Author-X-Name-Last: de Ridder Title: Effect of fatigue on the movement activities of senior male Zimbabwean national rugby sevens players Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of fatigue on the percentage of time sevens rugby players spend on the movement activities during the two different halves of match play and to compare the percentage of time starter and substitute players spend on high and low-intensity movement activities. Sixty-one time-motion analyses data-sets of twelve (12) senior male elite Zimbabwean rugby sevens players with a mean age of 27.8 years were gathered at two International Sevens rugby tournaments. Time-motion analysis data were captured at 10 Hz with a minimaxX GPS device. Results indicated that starter players covered a significantly greater distance (r = 0.26) than substitute players. However, substitute players covered a significantly greater relative distance (distance per minute) (r = 0.33) than the starter players. Hence, the substitute players had less rest during match play and therefore a higher work-to-rest ratio than the starter players. No large practically significant differences found between the high intensity movement activities of the players during the two halves of match play, suggesting that fatigue did not affect the players’ movement activities. The results therefore suggest that the use of substitute players may support the ability of teams to increase the players work rate. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 385-393 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1346454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1346454 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:385-393 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio García-de-Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: García-de-Alcaraz Author-Name: Rui Marcelino Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Marcelino Title: Influence of match quality on men’s volleyball performance at different competition levels Abstract: Performance in team sports is the result of a dynamic and interactive process between two opposing teams. The aim of this study was to examine the performance of volleyball players executing terminal actions (i.e. serve, attack, block and counter-attack) in terms of match quality. Three hundred and seven sets were selected randomly from U14s up to Olympic level and analysed according to type of match: balanced (strong vs. strong, and weak vs. weak teams) and unbalanced matches (strong vs. weak). The variables analysed were: competition category, frequency of use and coefficient of efficacy for each technical–tactical action, and way of execution in terms of match quality. A K-means cluster analysis was performed to divide teams into two groups according to quality (stronger or weaker teams). The change between the types of match was estimated by means of effect size at 90% confidence intervals. Few and small differences between balanced and unbalanced matches were found. Most changes were related to play style, and happened in balanced matches and in initial age categories. The findings may be useful for coaches, physical trainers and match analysts when evaluating team performance and designing plans according to competition demands and players’ stages of development. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 394-405 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1348058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1348058 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:394-405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Pérez-Tejero Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez-Tejero Author-Name: Santiago Veiga Author-X-Name-First: Santiago Author-X-Name-Last: Veiga Author-Name: Alberto Almena Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Almena Author-Name: Archit Navandar Author-X-Name-First: Archit Author-X-Name-Last: Navandar Author-Name: Enrique Navarro Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Navarro Title: Effect of functional classification on the swimming race segments during the 2012 London Paralympic Games Abstract: The aims of the present research were (1) to characterise the individualised race segments configuration (start, turn and free swimming) of Paralympic swimmers and (2) to examine the influence of the swimmers’ functional classification on their race segments configuration. Finalists (248 men and 264 women) in the 100 m swimming events of the 2012 London Paralympic Games were distributed in five different subgroups based on their functional class designation and race performances were video-analysed with 2D-DLT algorithms. The start and turn distances of Paralympic swimmers in the 100 m events did not coincide with the traditional 10–15 m segments and they depended on the swimmer’s functional group (η2 = 0.48), as longer start and turn distances were observed according to the lower degree of impairment of swimmers. However, no differences were observed in the start and turn distances of the least physically impaired, the visually and the intellectually impaired swimmers (S8–S14), regardless of the stroke and gender. These results indicate that, in terms of the race segments configuration, there is no evidence to support the classification of S8–S14 swimmers in different functional classes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 406-417 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1348059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1348059 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:406-417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew R. Blair Author-X-Name-First: Matthew R. Author-X-Name-Last: Blair Author-Name: Simon F. Body Author-X-Name-First: Simon F. Author-X-Name-Last: Body Author-Name: Hayden G. Croft Author-X-Name-First: Hayden G. Author-X-Name-Last: Croft Title: Relationship between physical metrics and game success with elite rugby sevens players Abstract: The purpose of this study was to use self-organising maps (SOMs) to visualise the multivariate relationship between physical metrics (PM’s) as measured by GPS and how they relate to a performance outcome in elite-level 7s rugby. The players heart rate was elevated in the high intensity zone for an average of 73% per game and covered an average distance of 1574 m. Over this distance, 22% of the time was spent high-speed running and a relative distance of 112 m/min was travelled. SOMs showed no reliable relationship between PMs and points difference while two groups of PMs demonstrated similar patterns. This included variables such as high-speed running and metabolic power in the first group and all of the body composition variables in the second group. The final group of variables, including RPE had no relationship with any of the other PM variables. High-speed running and metabolic power are related closely and provide information that can be used for the preparation of 7s specific training schedules. RPE was shown to be unreliable as it did not relate well to any of the PMs. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 418-428 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1348060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1348060 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:418-428 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Martin-Lorente Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Martin-Lorente Author-Name: J. Campos Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Campos Author-Name: M. Crespo Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Crespo Title: The inside out forehand as a tactical pattern in men’s professional tennis Abstract: The so-called inside out forehand has an active role in the baseline strategy because it offers the players new possibilities of hitting the incoming ball with their preferred shot by covering their weaker side and, at the same time, playing the ball with more open angles and directions which create more aggressive patterns of play. The purpose of this study is to analyse the use of this shot as well as its incidence on the men’s professional game both, right- and left-handed players. Eighteen matches corresponding to Grand Slam and ATP finals played between 2011 and 2014 were analysed. Eleven players (men) with ATP rankings between 1 and 14 were studied. Data show that the inside out forehand is used as a tactical weapon to counter the shots directed to the left-hand side zone of the court. The use of the inside out forehand has multiple consequences and, especially, the relationship between the use of the inside out forehand and the impact zone since it has been shown that as the player moves away laterally from the centre of the court, the percentage of transition shots is reduced, while the percentage of winners and errors increases. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 429-441 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1349528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1349528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:429-441 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Renata Alvares Denardi Author-X-Name-First: Renata Alvares Author-X-Name-Last: Denardi Author-Name: Fabian Alberto Romero Clavijo Author-X-Name-First: Fabian Alberto Romero Author-X-Name-Last: Clavijo Author-Name: Thiago Augusto Costa de Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Thiago Augusto Costa de Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveira Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Author-Name: Go Tani Author-X-Name-First: Go Author-X-Name-Last: Tani Author-Name: Umberto Cesar Corrêa Author-X-Name-First: Umberto Cesar Author-X-Name-Last: Corrêa Title: The volleyball setter’s decision-making on attacking Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the volleyball setter’s decision-making on tipping, based on spatiotemporal variables of interaction between players and between players and the game environment. The sample consisted of 172 sequences of 20 volleyball games from 6 male and 10 female teams. The actions selected for analysis were 86 tips and 86 sets (control group), both made by the setters. From the players’ x and y coordinates of displacement trajectory, 37 spatiotemporal measures of players’ interaction were calculated as dependent variables, which were analysed by multivariate analysis of variance. Results showed that tips and sets differed in terms of (i) final area between opponents, (ii) displacement of setter to reach the ball, (iii) displacement velocity of setter to reach the ball, (iv) distance between setter and net in the initial moment, (v) distance between setter and net in the final moment, (vi) pass velocity and (vii) final distance between setter and blockers. It was concluded that these variables formed a spatiotemporal configuration of the game that influenced the setter’s decision-making on tipping. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 442-457 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1350450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1350450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:442-457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michel Calmet Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Calmet Author-Name: Emanuela Pierantozzi Author-X-Name-First: Emanuela Author-X-Name-Last: Pierantozzi Author-Name: Stanislaw Sterkowicz Author-X-Name-First: Stanislaw Author-X-Name-Last: Sterkowicz Author-Name: Bob Challis Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Challis Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Rule change and Olympic judo scores, penalties and match duration Abstract: In judo, between 2009 and 2013, many changes were added, especially after London 2012 Olympics to promote “positive” actions/score instead of “negative” actions/penalties. This study compared the total match duration, frequency of scores (ippon, wazari, yuko) and penalties (shido) between Rio 2016 and London 2012 (before and after rules change), considering weight categories and competition phases. Data from 470 male athletes and 307 female athletes who disputed, respectively, 1022 and 698 matches in both Olympic Games were analysed. Three-way ANOVA was used to compare sexes, weight categories, Olympic Games edition, with Tukey test as post hoc. The association between Olympic Games edition and percentage of matches without any score was tested via Chi-square and Cramer’s – V effect size was used. Significance level was set at 5%. Eta squared (η2) was used as effect size. Results (Rio 2016 vs. London 2012) suggest in no change in ippon and wazari scores, while decreasing the number of yuko and increasing the number of penalties. Females scored more yuko and received less penalties than males. Females matches in Rio were shorter than matches for all other groups. For scores and penalties, no difference was found concerning weight categories, but half-heavyweight matches were shorter than lightweight ones. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 458-465 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1350489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1350489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:458-465 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shaoliang Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Shaoliang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Alberto Lorenzo Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Lorenzo Author-Name: Miguel-Angel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Angel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Hongyou Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hongyou Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Bruno Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: Players’ technical and physical performance profiles and game-to-game variation in NBA Abstract: The aim of this study was to (i) identify technical and physical performances of basketballers according to playing position in strong and weak teams, and (ii) describe variability in game-to-game performance according to game outcome, location, quality of teams and opposition. Performance-related variables of all the 699 matches of regular season 2015–2016 in the National Basketball Association were analysed. All the comparisons were performed using magnitude-based inferences. As could be expected, results showed that technical and physical performances differed between players of strong and weak teams. In technical aspect, forwards and centres from strong teams made more three-point field goals, but fewer two-point field goals, than their counterparts from weak teams. Interestingly, forwards and guards from strong teams covered shorter distances and lower speeds than their peers from weak teams. In addition, the three-point field goals made and attempted presented high variability. Game location generally had no significant impact on the variability of players’ performance. Guards exhibited relatively lower variability in technical and physical variables in comparison with players from other positions. Exploring the difference and variability of technical and physical performances of basketballers allows fine-tuning of practice and game plans in order to build up optimal winning strategies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 466-483 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1352432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1352432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:466-483 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher A. Spice Author-X-Name-First: Christopher A. Author-X-Name-Last: Spice Author-Name: Dan A. Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Dan A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Author-Name: Lee Smith Author-X-Name-First: Lee Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: James A. Johnstone Author-X-Name-First: James A. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnstone Title: Work rates of international hockey umpires Abstract: In recent years, a number of significant changes have occurred to the rules of international hockey, but no evaluation has taken place of the effect this has had on the demands placed upon match officials. The present study assessed match demands placed on elite male and female hockey officials. A total of 10 male and 11 female officials were “tracked” using Global Positioning System receivers for 66 international matches. Data extracted from receivers included metrics for distances covered during the game and while engaged in high-intensity running (HIR), as well as characteristics of each individual effort. Differences between sex and time periods were assessed using Kruskal–Wallis tests. The study found few meaningful differences (p < .05) between male and female officials for match characteristics such as total distance covered and time spent engaged in HIR, or in individual effort characteristics such as frequency of HIR and distance covered during each HIR effort. However, all significant findings showed only small to medium effect sizes for sex and match time. Findings from the present study suggest that the current guidelines available to international officials should be re-evaluated and a removal of sex differences considered. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 484-491 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1353264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1353264 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:484-491 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: César Soto-Valero Author-X-Name-First: César Author-X-Name-Last: Soto-Valero Author-Name: Mabel González-Castellanos Author-X-Name-First: Mabel Author-X-Name-Last: González-Castellanos Author-Name: Irvin Pérez-Morales Author-X-Name-First: Irvin Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez-Morales Title: A predictive model for analysing the starting pitchers’ performance using time series classification methods Abstract: Pitcher’s performance is a key factor for winning or losing baseball games. Predicting when a starting pitcher will enter into an unfortunate pitching sequence is one of the most difficult decision-making problems for baseball managers. Since 2007, vast amounts of pitch-by-pitch records are available for free via the PITCHf/x system, but obtaining useful knowledge from this huge amount of data is a complex task. In this paper, we propose a novel model for analysing the performance of starting pitchers, determining when they should be removed from the game and replaced by a reliever. Our approach represents pitch-by-pitch sequences as time series data using baseball’s linear runs and builds an instance-based model that learns from past experience using the k-Nearest Neighbours classification method. In order to compare time series of pitcher’s performance, Dynamic Time Warping is used as the dissimilarity measure in conjunction with the Keogh’s lower bound technique. We validate the proposed model using real data from 20 Major League Baseball starting pitchers during the 2009 regular season. The experimental results show a good performance of the predictive model for all pitchers; with values of Precision, Recall and F1 near to 0.9 when the outcomes of their last 10 throws are unknown. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 492-509 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1354544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1354544 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:492-509 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Ciro José Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ciro José Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Author-Name: John Amtmann Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Amtmann Title: Performance probabilities and outcome effects in technical–tactical factors with bout phase changes of mixed martial arts Abstract: The purpose of this study was to realise an objectivity performance analysis based on technical–tactical actions in different MMA spatiotemporal phases (i.e. keeping distance, clinch and ground combat), and to estimate the extent to which technical–tactical actions in different combat phases could increase the probability of winning. The sample was composed of 1,752 rounds of 584 UFC bouts (Winning vs. Losing) from 67 events in 2013 and 2014. Technical–tactical actions during spatiotemporal changes (i.e. keeping distance, clinch and ground) were observed, according to frequency of attempted and landed strikes (separated in leg, body and head orientations), takedowns, chokes, locks and submissions. Wilcoxon was applied to compare outcomes, and a logistic regression analysis was used to confirm the effects of technical–tactical actions on the dichotomous performance (losing vs. winning), p ≤ .05. The main results showed significant differences in all spatiotemporal changes, except for head and leg strike attempts while keeping the distance. The performance probability was 69.6% for outcomes, 64.5% for winning vs. 74.7% for losing. Furthermore, when verified the Wald’s criterion, it is possible to corroborate that Head Strikes Landed Keeping Distance, Offensive Passes and Takedowns Landed were the most significant variables, which contributed to probability of predicting winning bouts. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 510-520 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1360103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1360103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:510-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Javier Flores Author-X-Name-First: F. Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Flores Author-Name: Silvia Sedano Author-X-Name-First: Silvia Author-X-Name-Last: Sedano Author-Name: Juan C. Redondo Author-X-Name-First: Juan C. Author-X-Name-Last: Redondo Title: Optimal load and power spectrum during snatch and clean: differences between international and national weightlifters Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal load (Pmax load) and optimal power spectrum (OPS) to achieve maximum power output (Pmax) during the snatch and clean with international weightlifters (IW) and national competitive weightlifters (NW). Twenty-two male weightlifters participated in two testing sessions. The first session involved performing one-repetition maximums (1RM) in the snatch and clean and second session assessed a power test across a spectrum of loads (30–90%) of each subject’s 1RM in the predetermined exercises tested. Relative load had a significant effect on peak power, with Pmax load being obtained with 90% of 1RM for snatch and clean in the IW and 70 and 90% of 1RM for snatch and clean, respectively, in the NW. OPS was located between 80 and 90% for snatch and no OPS was found for the clean exercise in IW. In the NW, OPS was located between 70% up to 90% and 50% up to 90% in the snatch and clean, respectively. It may be advantageous to know the Pmax load and OPS in the snatch and clean when training to maximise power of weightlifters of different sport performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 521-533 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1366758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1366758 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:521-533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angus Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Angus Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Andrew Barnes Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Barnes Author-Name: Sarah M. Churchill Author-X-Name-First: Sarah M. Author-X-Name-Last: Churchill Author-Name: Joseph A. Stone Author-X-Name-First: Joseph A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Title: Performance indicators that discriminate winning and losing in elite men’s and women’s Rugby Union Abstract: This study aimed to identify performance indicators that discriminate winning and losing in elite men’s and women’s Rugby Union during the latest World Cup competitions. The knockout stages of the men’s 2015 Rugby World Cup (n = 8) and women’s 2014 Rugby World Cup (n = 8) were compared. Findings suggest that in the men’s game, winning teams kicked a greater percentage of possession in the opposition 22–50 m with a view to gaining territory and pressuring the opposition (winners = 16%, losers = 7%). In the women’s game successful teams adopted a more possession-driven attacking approach in this area of the pitch. Successful women’s teams appear more willing to attack with ball in hand following a kick receipt and adopt a more expansive game through attacking with wider carries in the outside channels. The percentage of lineouts won on the opposition ball was found to be an important performance indicator that discriminates winners and losers, regardless of sex (winners = 18%, losers = 11%). Findings suggest successful men’s and women’s teams adopt different tactical approaches to knockout competitions, this knowledge should be used as a basis for coaches to develop tactical approaches and training methods which are sex dependent. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 534-544 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1366759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1366759 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:534-544 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Alfredo Author-X-Name-Last: Bravo-Sánchez Author-Name: Javier Abián-Vicén Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Abián-Vicén Author-Name: Pablo Abián Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Abián Title: Analysis of the physical and technical differences between 7-a-side and 8-a-side game modalities in official under 12 soccer matches Abstract: The aim of the present investigation was to compare physical and technical performance in two types of small sided games (7-a-side and 8-a-side) during official under 12 soccer matches. 154 male under 12 regional soccer players (10.7 ± .8 years) participated in the study. The participants were categorised into two soccer-groups, 76 were classed in the 7-a-side and 78 in the 8-a-side game modality. Physical variables during the matches were assessed using Global Positioning System technology. The matches were video-taped, and each individual technical action was notated afterward. The 7-a-side game modality showed higher values for high-intensity distance (p < .001), very high intensity distance (p < .001); sprint distance (p = .037); and total distance (p < .001) covered and work/rest ratio (p = .005) than the 8-a-side game modality. In addition, an increased number of attacking movements was recorded in the 7-a-side game modality (.16 ± .13 vs. .10 ± .09 m·min-1; p = .001). In conclusion, the 7-a-side game modality included a greater number of physical and technical skills than the 8-a-side game in the under 12 soccer players. Therefore, it would be recommendable to use the 7-a-side game modality to favour better physical–technical development in young soccer players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 545-554 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1366760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1366760 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:545-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge Lorenzo Calvo Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Lorenzo Calvo Author-Name: Alejandro Menéndez García Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Menéndez García Author-Name: Archit Navandar Author-X-Name-First: Archit Author-X-Name-Last: Navandar Title: Analysis of mismatch after ball screens in Spanish professional basketball Abstract: In basketball, the ball screen has been described as one of the most important and successful forms of finishing a play, and this could generate a mismatch when defenders in a man-to-man defensive setup switch their assigned markers. This study aimed to determine (1) which players benefit the most in the case of a mismatch and (2) how does the duration of action affect the mismatch. A total of 698 situations of mismatch after ball screens from 40 matches of the 2015–2016 regular season of the male Spanish professional Basketball League (ACB) were quantitatively analysed. The results found that although inside players were the ones who finished the action more often, the duration was a crucial factor. An action that lasted under five seconds favoured the offence, with the outside players benefitting the most in such a situation. However, if the offence failed to finish the action in the first four seconds, the mismatch favoured the defence, as they had more time to organise themselves to counter the threats posed by the offence. Thus, the mismatch can be used as an effective defensive strategy, if cleverly executed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 555-562 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1367999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1367999 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:555-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jooho Song Author-X-Name-First: Jooho Author-X-Name-Last: Song Author-Name: Don Hyung Lee Author-X-Name-First: Don Hyung Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Young-Jin Moon Author-X-Name-First: Young-Jin Author-X-Name-Last: Moon Title: Kinematics of the running-like sprint start in long-track speed skating Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematics of the sprint start in long-track speed skating. Video recordings of 11 world-class long-track speed skaters (5 men and 6 women) were made during an ISU 500-m World Cup race held in February 2016. Video recordings were analysed with KWON3D XP 4.0. Analysis revealed that male skaters changed to gliding technique at fifth stroke while female skaters adopt gliding technique at sixth stroke. Although statistically not significant, male skaters showed greater difference (amplitude) in hip (mean difference = 4.43, SD = 12.11), knee (mean difference = 7.01, SD = 15.12) and ankle (mean difference = 16.68, SD = 27.76) angles between at the time of the CONTACT and the OFF compared to female skaters. Male skaters also showed greater pushoff angles compared to female skaters. These greater angles of male skaters were associated with quicker time to transition point therefore this might explain why male skaters are able to use gliding technique earlier than female skaters leading to superior performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 563-575 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1372161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1372161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:563-575 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Grace Greenham Author-X-Name-First: Grace Author-X-Name-Last: Greenham Author-Name: Adam Hewitt Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Hewitt Author-Name: Kevin Norton Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Norton Title: A pilot study to measure game style within Australian football Abstract: The generic term “game style” is often used to infer a way a team has performed or a playing pattern that has developed. However, this concept has not previously been measured. This study developed a generic model to measure game styles among field sports. Specifically, game styles of 6 Australian Football League (AFL) teams were assessed using 12 performance indicators, during the 2015 season. These variables were allocated to one of five “moments” of play: established offence/defence, transition to offence/defence and set pieces. A game style plot was generated using z-scores to show each team’s deviance from the sample average. Among the six AFL teams, there were many common features of game style indicating teams were trying to play in similar ways. Plots identified specific moments of relatively weaker or stronger performance, and hence areas for improvement. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant correlations between the total sum of z-scores across moments and success (premiership position ρ = −1, p = .025; and scoring percentage ρ = .943, p = .035). Game style plots are easy to interpret, can highlight areas of concern in specific play periods or phases, and help marry training drills with deficiencies in various moments. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 576-585 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1372163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1372163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:576-585 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Pollard Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Author-Name: Jaime Prieto Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Prieto Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Title: Global differences in home advantage by country, sport and sex Abstract: The purpose of this study was to use a multivariate approach to investigate variations in home advantage between different team sports and between different countries both for men’s and women’s competition. The data were based on the domestic premier leagues of 15 sports in 65 countries worldwide, over a 5-year period from 2011 to 2015 with a total of 1952 league tables qualifying for inclusion. After controlling for differences in competitive balance between the leagues, a general linear model found significant differences between sports, between countries and between sexes. Quantifying home advantage as the proportion of total points won by the home team in a league, basketball and handball were highest for both men and women. For men, Bosnia-Herzegovina had by far the greatest advantage with other Balkan nations well above average. Rugby union in France was the domestic league in which playing at home provided the most advantage. The results suggested that the pace of a sport and the dimensions of the playing area might both be having an effect on home advantage. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 586-599 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1372164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1372164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:586-599 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Bastida Castillo Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Bastida Castillo Author-Name: Carlos David Gómez Carmona Author-X-Name-First: Carlos David Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Carmona Author-Name: José Pino Ortega Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Pino Ortega Author-Name: Ernesto de la Cruz Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Ernesto Author-X-Name-Last: de la Cruz Sánchez Title: Validity of an inertial system to measure sprint time and sport task time: a proposal for the integration of photocells in an inertial system Abstract: This study presents a proposal for the integration of photocell data (time) into an inertial system. We divert the signal emitted by the infrared cell (ChronoJump, Spain) towards the inertial device (WIMU PRO, RealTrack System, Almeria, Spain) by an ANT + transmitter to make a mark that is later visualised in S PRO software (RealTrack System, Almeria, Spain). The objective of this study is to show the validity of an inertial system to measure sprint and sport task time by integrating photocells into an inertial system. For this purpose, we compared the time of 108 runs (at 20, 150 and 400 m) between inertial software and photocell software (gold standard). The results of the validity in this study were satisfactory and had a bias .0006 ± .0018 s. To conclude, the time measurements between photocells and an inertial system using ANT + are accurate and the proposal presented in this manuscript could make this sport activity monitoring more efficient. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 600-608 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1374633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1374633 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:600-608 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neil Watson Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Watson Author-Name: Ian Durbach Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Durbach Author-Name: Sharief Hendricks Author-X-Name-First: Sharief Author-X-Name-Last: Hendricks Author-Name: Theodor Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Theodor Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: On the validity of team performance indicators in rugby union Abstract: We conduct a validation study to determine which historically statistically significant rugby union team key performance indicators (KPIs) continue to be valid differentiators between winning and losing teams. We examine KPI validity within and among five competitions across 2013, 2014 and 2015 by determining which KPIs continue to achieve statistical significance, as well as provide actionable information to stakeholders (coaches, players, teams, performance analysts, researchers). While most of the historically significant KPIs differentiate between winning and losing teams in at least one competition, few do so across all the competitions considered. We argue that the handful of KPIs that reliably differentiate between winning and losing teams across competitions do not yield much actionable information for stakeholders. We discuss some contributing factors to this result and other important methodological issues in KPI performance analysis in rugby union. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 609-621 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1376998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1376998 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:609-621 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurent Chapelle Author-X-Name-First: Laurent Author-X-Name-Last: Chapelle Author-Name: Peter Clarys Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Clarys Author-Name: Stijn Meulemans Author-X-Name-First: Stijn Author-X-Name-Last: Meulemans Author-Name: Dirk Aerenhouts Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: Aerenhouts Title: Physiological responses, hitting accuracy and step count of a tennis drill in function of court surface: a randomised cross-over design Abstract: The present study examined physiological responses, hitting accuracy and step count during a tennis drill on both clay and hard courts. Twenty elite tennis players performed two identical ball machine led drills. Maximum and mean heart rate, energy expenditure, playing intensity (MET values) and step count were measured using the Polar RCX-5 device and the SenseWear Pro3 Armband. Hitting accuracy was calculated as the percentage of balls that were hit within marked zones. There was no significant difference and a trivial effect size between clay and hard court for maximal and mean heart rate, MET values and hitting accuracy. There was a small effect size and a trend towards a significantly higher energy expenditure on clay court. Step count showed a large effect size and was significantly lower on clay court. The correlations between step count, hitting accuracy and the physiological responses indicated little difference between clay and hard court. There was a significant moderate positive correlation between step count and hitting accuracy on hard court only. Despite a significant difference in step count, this study did not find a significant difference in physiological responses and hitting accuracy between clay and hard court during a ball machine led drill. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 622-629 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1378985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1378985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:622-629 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James F. Barkell Author-X-Name-First: James F. Author-X-Name-Last: Barkell Author-Name: Alun Pope Author-X-Name-First: Alun Author-X-Name-Last: Pope Author-Name: Donna O’Connor Author-X-Name-First: Donna Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor Author-Name: Wayne G. Cotton Author-X-Name-First: Wayne G. Author-X-Name-Last: Cotton Title: Predictive game patterns in World Rugby Sevens Series games using Markov chain analysis Abstract: The purpose of this research was to identify game patterns in rugby sevens, and utilise a Markov chain, to detect how scoring plays are likely to develop. Using notational analysis, a total of 5413 phases were coded from 117 Men’s World Rugby Sevens Series games. Results of a Fisher’s exact test identified significant differences between game patterns in pool games and finals games (p < 0.01) and category 1 games (top 4 ranked vs top 4 ranked teams) and category 2 games (all other games) (p < 0.01). Markov chain analysis revealed that some scoring phases were a result of the previous phase actions. These findings met the Markov assumption that the probability of transition to the next state depends only on the current state. Scoring phases that met the Markov assumption tended to relate to transitional plays resulting from turnovers in possession. The findings suggest that rugby sevens teams should incorporate unstructured practise that involving transitioning from defence to attack, attack to defence and structured defence to unstructured defence into their training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 630-641 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1381459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1381459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:630-641 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pablo García-Marín Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: García-Marín Author-Name: Francisco Manuel Argudo Iturriaga Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Argudo Iturriaga Title: Water polo shot indicators according to the phase of the championship: medallist versus non-medallist players Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the technical and tactical water polo shot indicators between medallist and non-medallist teams in the preliminary and final phases of the XV FINA Women’s World Championship and to compare shot indicators between both phases of the championship for each classification category. A nomothetic observational, multidimensional and longitudinal design was used. A total of 2463 throws recorded in 44 matches were studied using match analysis. A descriptive and covariance analysis was performed with the univariate general linear model. The difference in the number of goals in the final score was introduced as a covariate. In both phases of the championship, significant differences (p ≤ .05) were found between medallist and non-medallist players in equality and counterattack. Significant differences were also found in power play, but only in the preliminary phase. Penalty shot indicators were similar for all teams in both phases of the championship. The dynamics of the medallist players’ throws varied in more indicators and situational frameworks from the preliminary phase to the final phase when compared with the non-medallist players. Match analysis allowed the discrimination of performance factors in medallist and non-medallist players and suggested practical applications for throw training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 642-655 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1382215 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1382215 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:642-655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matteo Ponzano Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Ponzano Author-Name: Massimiliano Gollin Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano Author-X-Name-Last: Gollin Title: Physical demand of wheelchair tennis match-play on hard courts and clay courts Abstract: The aim of this study was to define the performance model of wheelchair tennis, by means of 20 Hz GPS together with heart rate monitors, while also investigating potential surface-related differences. Hence, 12 matches performed by 12 nationally ranked wheelchair tennis players were examined. Each athlete played one match on the clay and one on the hard court according to a counterbalanced design, and the data regarding the parameters of maximum heart rate (HRmax), average heart rate (HRav), maximum speed (SPmax), average speed (SPav), maximum acceleration (ACCmax), maximum deceleration (DECmax), maximum metabolic power (MPmax), average metabolic power (MPav) and energy expenditure (EE) were analysed. The average match duration was 82 ± 16 min on clay courts (C) and 68 ± 17 min on hard courts (H) (p = .06), while the distance covered is greater, but not significant, on clay courts (C > H, +10%). The t-test did not highlight significant differences pertaining to the playing surface. The linear regression showed significant values concerning the distance covered (C: p < .0001, r2 = .82, H: r2 = .81) and the energy expenditure (C: p < .05, r2 = .5, H: r2 = .9). The playing surface does not affect the performance of competitive wheelchair tennis athletes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 656-665 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1384975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1384975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:4:p:656-665 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Research and publication strategies in Sports Performance Analysis Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868697 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Goumas Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Goumas Title: Tyranny of distance: Home advantage and travel in international club football Abstract: Home advantage (HA) is well documented in a wide range of team sports including association football (soccer). Adverse effects of travel appear to play a role, although it is unclear which aspects of travel are important. Match data from major international club football competitions in four confederations of the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) were used to investigate the roles distance travelled and crossing time zones play in HA, and how their effects may vary worldwide. Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of each of these travel factors on HA. There was no evidence of an effect of away-team travel on HA in Asia. There was, however, a significant positive association between HA and distance travelled in Africa (p<0.01) and Europe (p<0.05). HA increased significantly (p<0.001) with increasing number of time zones crossed by away teams in South America, but there was no evidence of such an effect in the other continents investigated. The results show that both absolute distance travelled by away teams and the number of time zones crossed can be associated with poorer match performance, although their effects appear to vary considerably between continents. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868698 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868698 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lee Rylands Author-X-Name-First: Lee Author-X-Name-Last: Rylands Author-Name: Simon J Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Simon J Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Title: Relationship between starting and finishing position in World Cup BMX racing Abstract: The BMX start is one of the most important aspects of BMX racing and has been deemed by coaches as one of the strongest determining factors of finish line placing. The present study analysed the correlation between elite BMX riders and their relative position at the start of a BMX race in relation to finish line placing. Data from 348 riders results in 175 elite races in the four 2012 Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) world cup events were analysed. Time gates were placed in four positions around each BMX track and the data sets were analysed using Kendall’s tau-b bivariante correlation. A strong correlation was established at the second time gate for both males (t=0.581, P<0.01) and females (t=0.571, P<0.01). The correlation between riders’ final placing was greater in positions 1st to 3rd (t=0.586, P <0.01. 4th to 8th t=0.249, P <0.01) compared to riders placed 4th to 8th (t=0.519, P <0.01. 4th to 8th t=0.372, P <0.01.) for both male and female riders respectively. In conclusion, a strong correlation exists between riders position 8-10 s into a race. Therefore, focusing on a riders’ ability to gain placings at the start of a race will have an effect on their finish line position. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 14-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868699 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868699 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:14-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Author-X-Name-Last: Messias Author-Name: Ivan Gustavo Masselli dos Reis Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Gustavo Masselli Author-X-Name-Last: dos Reis Author-Name: Homero Gustavo Ferrari Author-X-Name-First: Homero Gustavo Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrari Author-Name: Fúlvia de Barros Manchado-Gobatto Author-X-Name-First: Fúlvia Author-X-Name-Last: de Barros Manchado-Gobatto Title: Physiological, psychological and biomechanical parameters applied in canoe slalom training: a review Abstract: Canoe slalom is an Olympic sport held in natural and artificial rivers, with peculiar characteristics as compared to other sports. This sport is divided into the subdisciplines of kayak single (K1), canoe single (C1) and canoe double (C2), which also have specific characteristics. As with many other Olympic sports still on the rise, which lack expressive media recognition, few scientific studies have investigated canoe slalom. This information gap minimises possible similarities between theory and practice and advances in the preparation of teams (i.e., coaches, physical trainers and athletes). It is well established that for athletic development, several areas of knowledge must be integrated and applied to the specific nature of the sport, optimising sports training and athletic performance. Accordingly, this review aims to bring together studies on the physiological, psychological and biomechanical parameters, sports strategies and periodisation training applied to canoe slalom, explaining the need for increased knowledge in each of these areas of the practice of this sport. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 24-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868700 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:24-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pablo Abián Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Abián Author-Name: Adrian Castanedo Author-X-Name-First: Adrian Author-X-Name-Last: Castanedo Author-Name: Xing Qiao Feng Author-X-Name-First: Xing Qiao Author-X-Name-Last: Feng Author-Name: Javier Sampedro Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Sampedro Author-Name: Javier Abian-Vicen Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Abian-Vicen Title: Notational comparison of men’s singles badminton matches between Olympic Games in Beijing and London Abstract: The purpose of the study was to compare the notational structure in men’s singles games between the Olympic Games in Beijing and London to observe how badminton evolved from 2008 to 2012. Twenty games of each event (n=40), were analyzed using the official videos of the Beijing 2008 and London 2012 Olympic Games. Game duration (Beijing:1124.6±229.9 s vs. London:1260.3±267.1 s; P<0.05), real time played (Beijing:306.9±45.7 s vs. London:354.7±86.5 s; P<0.05), rally time, shots per rally, rest time at point 11, rest time between games and shots per rally were significantly higher in London than in Beijing. Rally time intervals between 0-2.9 s were more frequent in Beijing (P<0.05) than in London and rest time between rallies of 27-29.9 s were more frequent in London (P<0.05); this distribution of time intervals suggests that badminton is evolving towards longer rallies with greater rest intervals pushing the limits of the badminton regulations. No differences were found between Beijing and London in the distribution of the last shot in each rally. In conclusion the timing factors of the badminton game was different in London 2012 from Beijing 2008, badminton is evolving towards longer rallies with greater rest intervals resulting in longer matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 42-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868701 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868701 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:42-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Sinclair Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sinclair Author-Name: G. Currigan Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Currigan Author-Name: D.J. Fewtrell Author-X-Name-First: D.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Fewtrell Author-Name: P.J. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: P.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Biomechanical correlates of club-head velocity during the golf swing Abstract: Golfers are able to attain a competitive advantage when they are able to achieve long hitting distances from the tee. Club-head velocity is perhaps the most commonly reported kinematic variable in the golfing scientific literature. This study aimed to identify 3-D kinematic aspects of the golf swing linked to the generation of club-head velocity using regression analyses. Maximal golf swings were obtained from fifty golfers using an eight camera motion capture system operating at 500 Hz. Full body three-dimensional kinematics were obtained. Multiple regression modelling was used to identify the discrete 3-D kinematic parameters associated with the development of club-head velocity. Two biomechanical parameters; sagittal plane wrist velocity and peak transverse plane torso rotation (Adj R2=0.58, p≤0.01) were obtained as significant predictors of club-head velocity. The findings from this study therefore suggest these parameters are the strongest contributors to ball velocity and potentially overall driving performance. It is conceivable based on these observations, that golfers may benefit from exposure to coaching and conditioning techniques geared towards the improvement of these parameters in order to improve their driving distance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 54-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868702 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:54-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Sinclair Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sinclair Author-Name: P. J Taylor Author-X-Name-First: P. J Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: S. Atkins Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Atkins Author-Name: J. Bullen Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bullen Author-Name: A Smith Author-X-Name-First: A Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: S. J Hobbs Author-X-Name-First: S. J Author-X-Name-Last: Hobbs Title: The influence of lower extremity kinematics on ball release velocity during in-step place kicking in rugby union Abstract: Place kicking for maximal resultant ball velocity occurs many times during a rugby union game. In modern rugby union >50% of points scored come from place kicking either in the form of a conversion or a penalty. However, despite this the biomechanical mechanisms that determine kicking performance are currently unknown. This study aimed to identify aspects of in-step rugby kicking pertinent to the generation of ball velocity. Twenty male participants performed maximal velocity place kicks as lower extremity kinematics were obtained using an optoelectric motion capture system operating at 500 Hz. Multiple regression modelling was employed to identify the kinematic parameters linked to the development of ball velocity. The results show that a single kinematic measure, knee extension velocity of the kicking limb R2=0.48, p≤0.01 was obtained as a significant predictor of ball-velocity. It is conceivable based on this observation, that rugby union kickers may profit from exposure to coaching and strength programmes aimed towards the alteration of kicking kinematics highlighted in the current study. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 64-72 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868703 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:64-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Ana DelaSerna Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: DelaSerna Author-Name: Corrado Lupo Author-X-Name-First: Corrado Author-X-Name-Last: Lupo Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: Effects of Situational Variables and Starting Quarter Score in the outcome of elite women’s water polo game quarters Abstract: The present study aimed to identify the interactive effects of Starting Quarter Score and Game Location according to Quality of Opposition in final quarters score in elite women’s water polo. Data comprised 1,828 quarters from 457 close games (goal-difference of less than 4 goals) from the Spanish water polo women’s First division (2010-2011 and 2011-2012 seasons). The interactive effects of situational variables on Starting Quarter Score according to the quality of opposition (three game contexts: HIGH vs. HIGH; HIGH vs. LOW; LOW vs. LOW) during close games were analyzed using linear regression analysis. Results showed that Starting Quarter Score reported significant effects in all the Quality of Opposition game contexts for all game quarters, and second, third, and fourth quarter. Conversely, game location showed that playing away increased by 0.68 goals in the second quarter of HIGH vs. HIGH games, and increased by 0.81 goals in the fourth quarter of LOW vs. LOW games, with respect to counterparts. Therefore, Quality of Opposition, Game Location, and Starting Quarter Score have important effects on women’s water polo game dynamics especially during the first half of close games. Finally, this study provides useful references for coaches’ plans (i.e., effective strategic approach/training proposals) to improve their women players’ performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 73-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868704 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868704 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:73-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriella Penitente Author-X-Name-First: Gabriella Author-X-Name-Last: Penitente Title: Performance Analysis of the female Yurchenko layout on the table vault Abstract: This study proposed a performance analysis method of the gymnastics vault that accounts for the open-score judging system. The model aims to identify the mechanical faults that explain the deductions assigned by judges relative to the on-board and pre-flight phases of the Yurchenko-style vault. In the attempt to identify the weakness of technique and to diagnose the likely causes of poor performance, an extensive analysis was undertaken using a deterministic model. Twelve Yurchenko layout vaults with and without full twist in the post-flight performed by female gymnasts during the team competition of the 2006 Italian Championship were filmed with three cameras operating at 100 Hz. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength of the relationship between the mechanical variables of the model and the judges’ point deductions. Significant correlations indicated that the loss of points depended mostly on the range of flexion of the shoulders at the impact with board, a disproportionate flexion of the knees during the on-board phase and the inaccuracy of the pre-flight. Comparing results with existing literature large differences were noticed, this underlines the need for up to date information on the modern vaulting techniques. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 84-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868705 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:84-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernando Gomes Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Gomes Author-Name: Anna Volossovitch Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Volossovitch Author-Name: António P. Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: António P. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Title: Team timeout calling in handball Abstract: Team timeout (TTO) in handball is a powerful instrument that influences the team’s performance. This study aimed to identify the different contexts of a TTO calling in handball according to the following contextual variables: 1) match status (current score difference), 2) goals scored in the last five ball possessions, 3) goals allowed in the last five ball possessions, 4) game period, and 5) match location. The sample consisted of 2178 TTOs registered in 720 match reports of official statistics of the ASOBAL League, seasons 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. The results suggest that 71.0% of TTOs were called when the match status was “balanced” or “lose”, 57.0% of TTOs occurred in the last ten minutes of each period and 57.9% of TTOs were called when the ratio between offensive and defensive short-term performances became negative. The interaction between match status, game period and short-term offensive and defensive performance was confirmed as the main source that causes handball coaches to call TTO. Further studies should focus on the contents of coaches’ interventions during a TTO, as well as on its consequences on team performance in handball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 98-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868706 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868706 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:98-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G. Dean Higham Author-X-Name-First: G. Dean Author-X-Name-Last: Higham Author-Name: G. Will Hopkins Author-X-Name-First: G. Will Author-X-Name-Last: Hopkins Author-Name: B. David Pyne Author-X-Name-First: B. David Author-X-Name-Last: Pyne Author-Name: M. Judith Anson Author-X-Name-First: M. Judith Author-X-Name-Last: Anson Title: Patterns of play associated with success in international rugby sevens Abstract: Understanding the relationships between annual mean performance indicators and team ranking in the IRB Sevens World Series should inform long-term tactical approaches to competition. In this study we characterised these relationships using official data for each of the 12 core teams during the men’s IRB Sevens World Series between 2008/2009 and 2011/2012. Mean values, typical within-team variability and typical between-team differences were derived from the four annual World Series mean values for 23 performance indicators. Linear mixed modelling was employed to quantify the effect of an increase in performance indicator values (from typically low to typically high) on logarithmically-transformed series ranking within and between teams. Ten indicators had clear substantial between-team effects (2- to 3-fold differences) on team ranking, but only five had clear substantial within-team effects (∼1.5-fold changes). Tries scored and tries conceded had the strongest effects on ranking. Tactics that improved team ranking were based on increasing ball retention in line-outs and the breakdown, turning over possession more frequently in opposition rucks, and pressuring the opposition in their territory by kicking fewer short restarts. These findings confirm the intuitive importance of some common performance indicators and provide valuable novel insights for tactical planning. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 111-122 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868707 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868707 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:111-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mladen Hraste Author-X-Name-First: Mladen Author-X-Name-Last: Hraste Author-Name: Igor Jelaska Author-X-Name-First: Igor Author-X-Name-Last: Jelaska Author-Name: Mislav Lozovina Author-X-Name-First: Mislav Author-X-Name-Last: Lozovina Title: An analysis of the differences between young water polo players based on indicators of efficiency Abstract: The aim of this study is the identification and explanation of parameters that describe the effectiveness of four age categories of young water polo players as well as their differences in some parameters of effectiveness. The sample for this study was 72 matches of the Croatian water polo Final Championships for the younger cadets (age under 13), cadets (age under 14), younger juniors (age under 16) and juniors (age under 19) in the 2011/12 competition season.Parameter ranges that describe efficiency in all of the four age categories of young water polo players were established.Using the Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple comparisons of mean ranks for all groups at the significance level of α=0, 05, the hypothesis that there are significant differences between groups of respondents in five of the seventeen variables of effectiveness was confirmed. There is a reasonable possibility that the differences are caused by the degree of learned and implemented tactical knowledge, the degree of scoring abilities, rules of the game and inequalities in biological tempo of growth and development of young water polo players. The results of this study can be applied to a systematic and structured selection of teams and players, for the selection of the appropriate match concept and for organizing practices. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 123-137 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868708 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:123-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Courel Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Courel Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Author-Name: Pedro Femia Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Femia Author-Name: Nemanja Stankovic Author-X-Name-First: Nemanja Author-X-Name-Last: Stankovic Author-Name: Raquel Escobar-Molina Author-X-Name-First: Raquel Author-X-Name-Last: Escobar-Molina Title: Effects of grip laterality and throwing side on attack effectiveness and combat result in elite judo athletes Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of kumi-kata grip laterality and throwing side combinations (i.e., attacking on the same side of the gripping, or vice versa) on attack effectiveness and combat result in elite male and female judo athletes. Through systematic observation, 242 combats from 12 World Ranking tournaments were analysed. Results from logistic regression showed that attacking on the same side of the kumi-kata increase the chance of scoring (χ2 (4) = 10.688, P = 0.030; OR = 1.65, P = 0.009) and winning the combat (χ2 (4) = 11.181, P = 0.025; OR = 1.35, P = 0.018), independently of sex and weight category. Perform same-side attacks by kenka-yotsu (adversaries using reverse grip, right versus left) was the most effective (χ2 (4) = 11.321, P = 0.023; OR = 1.84, P = 0.023), especially for lightest weight judo fighters. Perform same-side attacks by ai-yotsu (both opponents using right or left grip at the same time; χ2 (4) = 9.630, P = 0.047; OR = 2.02; P = 0.009) and only one athlete gripping (only the athlete attacking performing the grip; χ2 (4) = 9.512, P = 0.050; OR = 3.08; P = 0.035) increased the likelihood of winning the combat. This information should be considered for coaches to plan combat strategies and design training situations close to the real competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 138-147 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868709 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868709 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:138-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Williams Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Katherine Smith Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Fernando DaMata Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: DaMata Title: Risk factors associated with horse-falls in UK Class 1 Steeplechases: 1999-2011 Abstract: Prior research has studied risk factors associated with horse-falls during racing but is now dated. This study investigated if risk factors associated with Class 1 steeplechase race horse-falls concur with those in prior research, and related these to current prophylactics strategies designed to enhance racehorse welfare. Factors associated with horse-falls and clinical injury were collected via the Racingpost website for Class 1 steeplechase races (n=647; 6454 horses) between 1999 and 2011. Data were analysed using a logistic regression model, with a Poisson fit. Speed, number of runners, distance and soft going all resulted in more falls; differences in risk between grades existed. Whilst some factors remained high risk as previously identified, some have reduced suggesting scope remains for improving preventative strategies and thus racehorse welfare. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 148-152 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868710 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:148-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aaron Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Early Identification of Talent in Cyclo-Cross by Estimating Age-Independent Ability via Probit Regression Abstract: Early identification of talented athletes is a goal of team managers, sponsors, and other stakeholders so that the benefits of resources devoted to sponsorship and salary can be maximized. A maximum likelihood method is presented that assigns athletes in a chosen set of races an overall ability rating based on their results. Overall ability is expressed as a quadratic function of age so that the relationship between ability and age is estimated simultaneously. This enables relative current ability and age-independent ability to be estimated. After excluding athletes near or beyond the peak age of performance, the most talented young athletes can be identified by a ranking based on the estimates of age-independent ability. The method is demonstrated by analyzing performances in the 2012/2013 cyclo-cross World Cup. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 153-161 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868711 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868711 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:153-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tiago Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Tiago Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveira Author-Name: Eduardo Abade Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Abade Author-Name: Bruno Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Author-Name: Isabel Gomes Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Gomes Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio. Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio. Title: Physical and physiological profiles of youth elite handball players during training sessions and friendly matches according to playing positions Abstract: This study aimed to describe youth elite handball players’ performance during training sessions and friendly matches, according to specific playing positions. Seventeen male players from the Portuguese national team participated in this study (goalkeepers n=4, 1st line players n=6, 2nd line players n=7). The data was gathered during a one-week period (four training sessions) and two friendly matches using the following variables: training impulse (TRIMPMOD), countermovement jump, Abalakov jump and bodyload. The comparisons were made using percentages of variation from the match, considered as the baseline. The results showed that goalkeepers presented higher demands in training sessions. Comparatively to matches, the 1st line players presented higher Abalakov jump values after training sessions (≈8%). However, the high intensity zones of TRIMPMOD and bodyload per minute presented higher values during matches. The 2nd line players showed higher values of vertical jump after the training sessions. Additionally, the TRIMPMOD training presented values above 300% in low-intensity zones and ≈100% of variation in high-intensity zones from match. The amount of specific exercises performed by goalkeepers during the training sessions elicited a higher workload, and the lowest training stimuli for both 1st and 2nd line players suggested that training sessions do not replicate the match workload demands. Therefore, the identified match performance profiles among playing positions may help coaches to establish more specific and accurate training guidelines. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 162-173 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868712 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:162-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Srikanth Sankaran Author-X-Name-First: Srikanth Author-X-Name-Last: Sankaran Title: Comparing Pay versus Performance of IPL Bowlers: An application of Cluster Analysis Abstract: Cricket is one of the sports where a large amount of data is generated in every game. In addition to popularity of existing formats of the game, the grand success of India at the first Twenty20 Cricket World Cup led to creation of the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2008. It is a franchise based tournament where teams are formed by competitive bidding from a pool of Indian and International players. Since player salaries are determined through auctions, performance of individual players is regularly monitored by media and team owners. The purpose of this ex-post study is to investigate the relationship between player performance and valuation. Along with developing new performance metrics, we applied data mining (K-means cluster analysis) and identified four distinct groups of bowlers based on performance effectiveness. To validate findings, we overlaid cluster results by team ranking in 2013 and observed significant differences in team mix of top and poor performing teams. The study can be applied to assist team owners in deciding players to be retained for the next season, those who should be traded-in and those in need of additional coaching/mentoring. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 174-187 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868713 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:174-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Francis Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Francis Author-Name: Gareth Jones Author-X-Name-First: Gareth Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Elite Rugby Union Players Perceptions of Performance Analysis Abstract: This study provides an in depth insight into the current views and opinions of elite level rugby union players regarding the use of performance analysis as a tool for improving their own playing performance and in highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of upcoming opponents. A total of seventy-three elite level rugby union players from two clubs in Great Britain completed a semi-structured questionnaire. Additionally, four players completed a semi-structured interview and following inductive content analysis, four key themes emerged: (1) the use of video for player development, (2) preparing for a match, (3) using video for player reflection in addition to other psychological tools and (4) players suggestions for improvements to the clubs current performance analysis programme. The main finding of the study concludes that players viewed performance analysis as a beneficial and useful tool to support their development and preparation. As a result the study provides an insight into the use of performance analysis within professional rugby union, enabling rugby coaches and practitioners to gain an understanding and appreciation of the players views towards the clubs current provision. Additionally, the findings help build and strengthen the on-going knowledge coaches, analysts and researchers currently have regarding how players perceive performance analysis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 188-207 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868714 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:188-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Sinclair Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sinclair Author-Name: J. Hebron Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hebron Author-Name: P.J. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: P.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Does tester experience affect the reliability of multisegment foot kinematics? Abstract: In recent times; multi-segment foot models have been developed and implemented, which have served to advance our knowledge of foot function during gait. This study examined differences in multi segment foot kinematics both between and within experimenters with three different levels of experience in multi segment foot marker placement. Twelve male participants walked across a 22 m laboratory at 1.25 m. s-1. Three experimenters (experienced, intermediate and novice) positioned multi-segment foot markers on two occasions. Differences in 3D foot articulations both between and within experimenters were examined using mixed ANOVA’s. The within experimenter reliability of the kinematic waveforms were further analysed using intraclass correlations. The results show that significant differences in discrete parameters were observed in the transverse plane between experimenters and also within experimenters in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes for the novice practitioner. Furthermore, the results also showed that the experienced experimenter was associated with the highest levels of reliability in marker placement. This suggests that it may be prudent for multi-segment foot kinematics to be conducted using experienced practitioners and for analyses to state the experience level of the researchers conducting the anatomical marker placement. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 208-216 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868715 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868715 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:208-216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julian Tirp Author-X-Name-First: Julian Author-X-Name-Last: Tirp Author-Name: Joseph Baker Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: Matthias Weigelt Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Weigelt Author-Name: Jörg Schorer Author-X-Name-First: Jörg Author-X-Name-Last: Schorer Title: Combat stance in judo – Laterality differences between and within competition levels Abstract: This study examined the impact of lateral preferences (i.e. left-dominant vs. right-dominant fighting stance) on success at different levels of judo competition (German University Championships vs. German Championships vs. Olympic Games). The lateralization of the fighting stance of 840 male judoka (Olympic Games n = 204, German Championships n = 203, & German University Championships n = 433) were compared. First, a comparison of high ranked versus a normative sample was conducted. Second, statistical analyses examined the relative impact of a left-dominant vs. right-dominant fighting stance between and within competition levels. Left dominant judoka from all tournaments ranked 1st-5th were over-represented compared to athletes who ranked 7th or worse at the German University Championship. Lateral differences in fighting stance also differentiated the tournament levels, with the highest percentage of judoka fighting with a left-dominant stance at the Olympic Games. Surprisingly, there were more left dominant judoka at the German University Championship in comparison to the more competitive German Championships. No interaction between fighting stance and rankings was revealed. Lateral differences have performance implications in competitive judo; the impact of a left-dominant fighting stance on competitive success differs within and between competition levels. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 217-224 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868716 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868716 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:217-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tristan Sharp Author-X-Name-First: Tristan Author-X-Name-Last: Sharp Author-Name: Mark Halaki Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Halaki Author-Name: Andrew Greene Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Greene Author-Name: Benedicte Vanwanseele Author-X-Name-First: Benedicte Author-X-Name-Last: Vanwanseele Title: An EMG assessment of Front Row Rugby Union Scrummaging Abstract: The rugby union scrum comprises of two distinct phases; the engagement and second shove. The engagement phase is achieved through the interlocking of opposition forward packs through front row players of each team. The current study analysed professional and amateur front row forwards for horizontal force production. EMG patterns and muscular activation were compared between groups during two distinct time points of the engagement phase, pre engagement to first contact and first contact to maximum horizontal force to determine their effects, if any on horizontal force production. Isokinetic strength data was collected from all players to investigate any relationship this had to horizontal force production during the engagement phase. Body mass was found to be significantly different between playing groups. Maximum horizontal force during the engagement phase was significantly different between groups, with professional players generating more than both amateur groups. EMG analysis presented no significant differences between groups for muscular activation patterns. Peak muscular activation for all recorded muscles was achieved prior to first contact. A significant correlation was found between muscular activation and max horizontal force for professional players only. Junior players were found to have a significant negative correlation between isokinetic strength and max horizontal force production. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 225-237 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868717 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868717 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:225-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vobr Radek Author-X-Name-First: Vobr Author-X-Name-Last: Radek Title: Identification of peak performance age in track and field athletics Abstract: The aim of this paper is to process and evaluate the peak performance age in track and field athletics. The object of this paper is to analyse the top world’s Championships (World Championships, European Championships and the Olympic Games) between years 1970 – 2007. Our study is based on status description using normative investigation and developmental survey. Within our investigation we tried to answer questions concerned with significant features of the peak performance age, possibility to state the age accurately, and to monitor its progress. Our data set includes 6314 athletes in total (3,474 men, 2,840 women). Some of the events have binomial distribution which enables accurate peak performance age identification. At present, the age for both sexes moves around 25 and 26 years (except for marathon race). In addition, in long distance races a big disproportion between European and World Championships is found. Surprisingly, there is a difference of 4 years in average in 10 km race. We believe that these results may be of benefit to the individual sport federations, trainers and athletes themselves in their long-term planning of their sport preparation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 238-251 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868718 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868718 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:238-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Husnija Kajmovic Author-X-Name-First: Husnija Author-X-Name-Last: Kajmovic Author-Name: Adis Kapur Author-X-Name-First: Adis Author-X-Name-Last: Kapur Author-Name: Izet Radjo Author-X-Name-First: Izet Author-X-Name-Last: Radjo Author-Name: Amel Mekic Author-X-Name-First: Amel Author-X-Name-Last: Mekic Title: Differences in Performance Between Winners and Defeated Wrestlers in the European Championships for Cadets Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the difference in performance between winners defeated wrestlers in the Greco-Roman style. Data were collected and analyzed from 946 techniques in parterre and standing positions and the same number achieved technical points of the 2010 European Championships for cadets in the Greco-Roman style. To determine the difference between winners and defeated cadets we used the Wilcoxon’s test at the level of statistical significance of p ≤ 0.05. Results of the Wilcoxon’s test showed the existence of differences between winners and defeated cadets in the overall number of performed technical actions in parterre and standing positions (p < .001); performed actions of winners and defeated wrestlers in standing position (p < .001), except in variables Shoulder throw (p = .291) and sagging bodylock (p = .285); performed technical actions by winners and defeated wrestlers in position (p < .005). The total technical points achieved in standing position and parterre position between winners and defeated wrestlers (p < .001); in achieved technical points of winners and defeated wrestlers in the standing position (p < .001), except in 5 points (p = .564) and parterre position (p < .001) except in 5 points (p = .083). This research can help coaches and athletes in the cadets category to raise their performance on the higher level of wrestling. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 252-261 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868719 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868719 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:252-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dibyojyoti Bhattacharjee Author-X-Name-First: Dibyojyoti Author-X-Name-Last: Bhattacharjee Author-Name: Hemanta Saikia Author-X-Name-First: Hemanta Author-X-Name-Last: Saikia Title: On Performance Measurement of Cricketers and Selecting an Optimum Balanced Team Abstract: A cricket squad that participates in a tournament generally comprises of fifteen players. A balanced squad contains players having different expertise like batting, bowling, wicket keeping, etc. Keeping in view the cricketing requirements, selecting an optimal squad is a difficult decision-making problem. In order to attain that, the study proposes a composite index to measure the performance of cricketers irrespective of their expertise. Then using a binary (0-1) integer programming method a balanced squad of 15 players is selected. To apply the tool to practice, optimum balanced squads are selected from amongst the Indian players who participated in the Indian Premier League (IPL), based on the proposed performance measure for different seasons. The team so selected is compared to the actual Indian team selected for the International Cricket Council (ICC) Twenty20 World Cups following the IPLs in the year 2009, 2010 and 2012. It is seen that the actual Indian team is not much variant to the optimal squad of ICC Twenty20 World Cup 2012 but things are different during the years 2009 and 2010. The optimization technique discussed in this study can be helpful for the balanced team selection of other team sports as well. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 262-275 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868720 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:262-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Michael Najdan Author-X-Name-First: J. Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Najdan Author-Name: T. Matthew Robins Author-X-Name-First: T. Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Robins Author-Name: S. Paul Glazier Author-X-Name-First: S. Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Glazier Title: Determinants of success in English domestic Twenty20 cricket Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of success in English domestic Twenty20 cricket. 29 innings for winning teams and 30 innings for losing teams were analysed from the 2010 English domestic Twenty20 competition. Magnitude-based inferences, reported as effect sizes (ES), were used to characterise differences in performance indicators between winning and losing teams. The top 5 indicators of success were losing less wickets in the powerplay overs (ES = -1), losing less wickets between overs 7-10 (ES = -1), 50+ run partnerships (ES = 1), individual batsmen contributing 75+ runs (ES = 1) and 50-74 runs (ES = 1). In addition, winning teams scored a higher percentage of total runs to long-off (ES =0.4) and the off-side (ES = 0.2), and bowled a higher percentage of deliveries at a yorker (ES = 0.4) and short length (ES = 0.58) than losing teams. Collectively, these findings highlight that teams should retain wickets in the first 10 overs of an innings, without necessarily maximising the number of runs scored. In the final 10 overs, teams should outscore the opposition by hitting boundary 4s and avoid scoring a high percentage of runs from 1s. Moreover, from a bowling perspective, a more balanced strategy with regards to bowling length appears to be advantageous, as evidenced by the greater usage of short and yorker length deliveries by winning teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 276-295 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868721 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868721 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:276-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul R Worsfold Author-X-Name-First: Paul R Author-X-Name-Last: Worsfold Author-Name: Matthew Page Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Page Title: The influences of rugby spin pass technique on movement time, ball velocity and passing accuracy Abstract: The success of a rugby spin pass is determined by the speed of the passing movement and the resultant velocity, distance and accuracy of the ball flight. the present study investigated 900 dominant and 900 non-dominant hand spin passes at three randomised target distances (4, 8 and 12 m), whilst players ran between 60 and 80% of their maximum speed. two distinct types of spin pass technique were compared. one involved the player lowering their body height (‘body drop’) then raising it again prior to ball release, and the other, players maintained a more upright body position and incorporated greater arm movement. the current study assessed performance measures (velocity, spin, timing, accuracy) of the two previously identified passing techniques made from the players’ dominant and non-dominant hands. the percentage of passes which included a ‘body drop’ phase rose linearly with pass distance. the ‘body drop’ technique resulted in higher ball velocities and improved accuracy from both the dominant and non-dominant passing hands. in comparison, the more upright passing technique resulted in a faster passing movement, but was compromised by lower ball velocity and accuracy. the findings provide an understanding of how different spin pass techniques affect the mechanics of ball flight and performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 296-306 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868722 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:296-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leonardo Lamas Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo Author-X-Name-Last: Lamas Author-Name: Junior Barrera Author-X-Name-First: Junior Author-X-Name-Last: Barrera Author-Name: Guilherme Otranto Author-X-Name-First: Guilherme Author-X-Name-Last: Otranto Author-Name: Carlos Ugrinowitsch Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Ugrinowitsch Title: Invasion team sports: strategy and match modeling Abstract: Performance in invasion team sports (ITS) is highly dependent on the appropriate execution of an efficient team strategy by the players. Strategy enables individual and group actions to be organized in order to produce collective execution, increasing the diversity and unpredictability of the team’s actions. Nonetheless, the scientific literature has mainly analyzed match events without integrating information regarding the observed behavioral patterns and team strategies. As neither match dynamics nor its relation with strategy has been modeled, this study accomplishes these goals through the following steps. First, the organization of collective play was defined by modeling the strategic control of players’ actions and the coordination of cooperative actions between two or more players. Second, a model was constructed that supports the design of strategies, including constraints that ensure effective usefulness of the strategy. Third, the integration between the strategy model and the dynamical structure of the confront was established through the match model. The presented model may provide insight for team training, match analysis, support the development of intelligent software to help coaches design team strategies and as prior information about the collective movements of the team players acquired from automatic player recognition using digital video images. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 307-329 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868723 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:307-329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin S Gill Author-X-Name-First: Kevin S Author-X-Name-Last: Gill Author-Name: Chris White Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: White Author-Name: Paul R Worsfold Author-X-Name-First: Paul R Author-X-Name-Last: Worsfold Title: Track cycling: An analysis of the pacing strategies employed during the devil elimination race Abstract: This study aimed to provide a description of the pacing requirements of the track cycling Elimination race, and to identify effective pacing strategies to maximise overall Omnium medal opportunity. Six male, and six female elite competitive races were investigated using half-lap split times. A 2×3×2×2 way repeated measures ANOVA was applied to test for differences in speed and speed SD, across race-quarter, lap-type, and lap-half between successful (top 6 finishers) and unsuccessful groups (7th-12th). Additionally, Spearman’s Rho correlations were used to test patterns between speed, speed SD variables and the final finishing position of riders. Pacing patterns of the men’s and women’s races were complex, but followed an overall positive and variable pacing pattern, with men’s race quarter speeds of 52.8km/h (±1.9), 52.1km/h (±2.1), 51.1km/h (±2.2), and 49.5km/h (±5.5). In general, differences in pacing strategy were not found to significantly influence the success of riders unless employed late in the race. Results are discussed for the application and the development of effective elimination race strategies and tactics. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 330-344 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868724 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868724 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:14:y:2014:i:1:p:330-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-iii Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868541 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:i-iii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Lawrence Judge Author-X-Name-First: W. Lawrence Author-X-Name-Last: Judge Author-Name: David Bellar Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bellar Author-Name: Mike Turk Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Turk Author-Name: Mike Judge Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Judge Author-Name: Erin Gilreath Author-X-Name-First: Erin Author-X-Name-Last: Gilreath Author-Name: John Smith Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Relationship of squat one repetition maximum to weight throw performance among elite and collegiate athletes Abstract: Weight room 1 repetition maximums (1RM) have been shown to be associated with performance in the throwing events. The purpose of this study was to investigate the primary variables that contributed to maximum throwing distance in the indoor weight throw event in track and field. A survey instrument was developed to collect data regarding national level collegiate weight throwers in the United States. Bivariate correlations for weight throw personal best and squat 1RM revealed significant correlations for both the male (r=0.642, p<0.001) and female participants (r=0.799, p<0.001). The height of the female athletes was also significantly correlated to weight throw personal best (r=0.710, p<0.001); however, height was not significantly correlated to personal best among male participants (r=0.173, p=0.361). Furthermore, the results may provide some insight into the obstacles and barriers limiting the development of US weight throwers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 209-219 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:209-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. L Ribas Author-X-Name-First: R. L Author-X-Name-Last: Ribas Author-Name: R. M Navarro Author-X-Name-First: R. M Author-X-Name-Last: Navarro Author-Name: F. Tavares Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Tavares Author-Name: M. A. Gómez Author-X-Name-First: M. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Title: An analysis of the side of rebound in high level basketball games Abstract: The aim of the present study was to identify if there was any difference between the side of the rebound when attempt occurs from three different zones. The sample was composed of 48 games (n= 4548 field-goals gathered) corresponding to the 2009-2010 Top 16 of the Euroleague. The analyzed variables were the unsuccessful attempted field goals, which generate rebounds, and then sample was split into three groups: i) paint zone, ii) two points zone, and, iii) three points zone. To analyze the side of rebound, the court was divided: i) same side and ii) opposite side of the field goal attempt.The results of the present study showed: i) 46.5% of the shoots were taken from the paint compared with 38.3% taken from the 3 point zone and 15.2% taken from the 2 point zone; ii) near 91% of all rebounds were obtained inside the paint while there were no rebounds in three point zone; iii) when shoots were taken inside the paint, the same side had statistically significant more percentage of rebounds than the opposite side. Overall, it is suggested that coaches should take into account this reference values to better prepare training plans and game tactics in basketball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 220-226 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868543 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868543 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:220-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mario Jovanovic Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Jovanovic Author-Name: Goran Sporis Author-X-Name-First: Goran Author-X-Name-Last: Sporis Author-Name: Zoran Milanovic Author-X-Name-First: Zoran Author-X-Name-Last: Milanovic Title: Differences in Situational and Morphological Parameters between Male Soccer and Futsal - A Comparative Study Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine similarity and differences in morphological and situational parameters between futsal and soccer. The research was conducted on a sample of 82 subjects: 40 male futsal players and 42 male soccer players. In addition to height and body mass eight other anthropometric measures were presented. Situational parameters were represented by nine variables. Effect size of variables ranged from 0.001 to 0.062. Statistically significant difference was not determined among futsal and soccer players in the parameters of morphological characteristics. Futsal and soccer players have showed significant differences in the parameters of the number of gained possessions of the ball and number of runs with the ball at the level of significance p< 0.01. The other situational efficiency variables have shown no significant difference between these two types of team sports. The results of this study have shown that the futsal and soccer players differ only in two situational parameters. The difference in morphological variables was not found due to the fact that futsal players were mainly ex-soccer players. This finding suggests that futsal needs more specialized approach when starting in this sport. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 227-238 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868544 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:227-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bahadorreza Ofoghi Author-X-Name-First: Bahadorreza Author-X-Name-Last: Ofoghi Author-Name: John Zeleznikow Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Zeleznikow Author-Name: Clare MacMahon Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: MacMahon Title: Probabilistic modelling to give advice about rowing split measures to support strategy and pacing in race planning Abstract: In this work, we focused on understanding the required performance levels throughout each section of rowing races to finish in certain positions. We conducted our analysis in terms of each 500-m sector of those races for which historical performance data existed. We considered the ranking and time taken in each sector by a given boat as two important predictor factors/attributes that can be taken into account for strategic pacing planning in standard rowing races. We developed a novel hybrid data mining approach based on probabilistic modelling and combinatorial optimization to find the optimal permutation of split measures (times and rankings) that can maximize the chance of a boat winning certain medals in a standard 2000-m rowing race. We further extended our probabilistic model to analyse rowing data from other perspectives. In this research, we considered race type (fast, medium, slow) as well as country profiles. The latter analysis could be used for strategic planning in terms of combating opposing countries’ strategies by understanding their racing patterns. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 239-253 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868545 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:239-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Carlos Roberto Hayashida Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Hayashida Author-Name: Ursula Ferreira Julio Author-X-Name-First: Ursula Ferreira Author-X-Name-Last: Julio Author-Name: Michel Calmet Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Calmet Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Objectivity of FRAMI-Software for Judo Match Analysis Abstract: The use of technology can greatly improve performance analysis in sport. The purpose of this paper is to present objectivity measures from the computer software for judo matches, called FRAMI. In order to verify objectivity measures, 573 matches of two different levels of championships (regional and state matches) were taped. Next, the data was assessed through intra and inter-observer testing procedures. In inter-observer comparison, the first expert selected 10 combats in a randomized form and had analyzed 20 athletes’ performances, the second expert analyzed the same 20 athletes and the third expert analyzed the same 20 athletes. After this procedure, the last expert analyzed the same sample two more times for intra-observer testing. The following groups of match variables were considered: time structure; penalties; execution, orientation and scores of attack techniques, and; gripping types. In order to verify concordance, means were compared and a quartile criteria of the confidence interval was established by  ≥ 0.70, where concordance was classified as strong (q ≤ 30%), moderate (30% < q ≤ 60%) or weak (q > 60%). The computer program showed a strong concordance between and within the evaluators’ comparisons, from a total of 42 criteria, since their replies were almost totally identical (86.11% are strong or absolute). Variables with weak classification will be grouped for better results. In conclusion, this software can clarify the understanding of technical and tactical judo match analysis with very good accuracy. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 254-266 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868546 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868546 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:254-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joško Sindik Author-X-Name-First: Joško Author-X-Name-Last: Sindik Author-Name: Miran Kondri Author-X-Name-First: Miran Author-X-Name-Last: Kondri Title: Correlation between the result efficiency indexes and success in table tennis Abstract: For a player’s situational performance analysis, the basic and most utilitarian indicator of game quality is simply the achieved result on a particular sports competition. The basic aim of this research study is to find to what extent the indexes and variables directly derived from the results of individual table tennis games can predict the indexes that are described by the final result of an individual in a larger number of individual table tennis games. The research involved an analysis of an intentional sample of 914 table tennis players competing in various recreational table tennis leagues in SOKAZ during 2006. The predictive value of the indicators used has been determined, for the prognosis of direct indicators of success. Results have shown that correlations between individual variables of a table tennis competitor’s efficiency are statistically significant, just as correlations between indexes of a table tennis competitor’s efficiency. Positive and significant correlations were found between all the direct and indirect indicators of a player’s efficacy. The correlation between individual variables and indexes of a table tennis competitor’s efficiency, with the total efficacy index, is statistically significant and mostly positive. Indexes and variables directly derived from the results can, to a statistically significant degree, predict indexes and variables of final competition success: game index, set index, games won and sets won. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 267-283 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:267-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. Meletakos Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Meletakos Author-Name: G. Vagenas Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Vagenas Author-Name: I. Bayios Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Bayios Title: A multivariate assessment of offensive performance indicators in Men’s Handball: Trends and differences in the World Championships Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to assess the relative importance of selected performance indicators in modern top-level handball through the analysis of offensive actions in three consecutive men’s world championships (2005, 2007 and 2009). A total of 288 matches were examined, which included 29,439 throw attempts resulting in 16,240 goals. The results demonstrated the strong relationship between the six-meter and nine-meter offensive actions, as evidenced by their very high negative correlation coefficients in both the throw attempts and goals scored. The significant decrease of the throw attempts and goals scored from the six-meter position, evidenced in the 2007 and 2009 championships, is associated with the collateral significant increase of the nine-meter throws and goals. Interestingly, the nine-meter efficacy remained relatively constant throughout the three competition years, while the six-meter efficacy depicted a significant increase in competition years 2007 and 2009 compared to 2005, as a result of the appearance of highly qualified top ranking players in the pivot position. The high performance efficiency of these players resulted in adaptive defensive tactics to prevent the ball from reaching this key position. The present findings provide valuable information to handball coaches, in the design of their strategic and tactical plans. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 284-294 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:284-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Adam Cullinane Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Cullinane Title: A regression-based approach to interpreting sports performance Abstract: Sports performance variables are unstable with opposition quality being the main source of player of variability. Therefore, performance indicators should be evaluated addressing quality of opposition. This paper uses the men’s singles at the 2010 and 2011 Australian Open tennis championships to show how opposition effect can be modelled. The models are for expected performance indicator values given the World rankings of the players involved in the match. The residual values determine how much better or worse a player did than expected for each performance indicator. The residuals can be mapped onto percentage evaluation scores that address opposition quality. These interpretation scores can be used to interpret individual performances, determine performance profiles or trends in performance. This idea has been extended to address the relative strengths and weaknesses of particular opponents rather than applying the same model to all players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 295-307 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868549 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:295-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Lames Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Lames Author-Name: Otto Kolbinger Author-X-Name-First: Otto Author-X-Name-Last: Kolbinger Title: German Bundesliga Clubs’ rankings in season 2010/11 were significantly affected by the number of players released to World Cup 2010 Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyse the influence of the 2010 World Cup for teams of the German Bundesliga that had to release from up to 13 to no players. For the 34th day of the 2009/10 season and all days of the first round 2010/11 the rankings and the number of World Cup internationals were obtained for every team. Spearman’s rank correlations were calculated and compared to the rank correlation of day 34 of the 2009/10 season. Significant differences (p < 0.05) for seven days with medium to strong effect sizes for all seventeen days of the first round were found. These findings prove that rankings of clubs from German Bundesliga were affected considerably by their releases to World Cup. Teams with many releases underperformed in the first half of the season whereas teams with few or no releases performed surprisingly well. These facts may be explained by a lacking or inadequate preparation of the internationals leading to a bad start into the season with only partial recovery until mid-season. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 308-313 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868550 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:308-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcus Seaton Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Seaton Author-Name: Jose Campos Author-X-Name-First: Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Campos Title: Distribution competence of a football clubs goalkeepers Abstract: Much of the existing goalkeeper (GK) research is based around GK’s performance but not with a match analysis theme. Research has focused on physiology, psychology and injury prevention. Performance analysis based GK research will significantly increase the standards of GK performance by increasing the knowledge we have of a GK’s match demands. As a consequence of this lack of knowledge surrounding GK’s distribution performance the aim of this study was to increase the understanding of GK’s performance through their distribution performance and to see if the level in which they compete influences this. The subjects used in this study were all professional GK’s from the same club, they were all the first choice GK’s from the clubs 4 most senior teams. The study analysed the GK’s distribution performances through Distribution Location, Type, Success and Outcome data. Results found that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in the GK’s Location, Type and Success of distributions. This research has found that the GK’s did indeed perform differently and that GK’s do truly perform to better standards as their level of competition increases, this is shown by performing simpler tasks to a near perfect standard and performing more difficult tasks well. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 314-324 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868551 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868551 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:314-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruno Beaune Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Beaune Author-Name: Sylvain Durand Author-X-Name-First: Sylvain Author-X-Name-Last: Durand Title: Cardiac chronotropic adaptation to open-wheel racecar driving in young pilots Abstract: Objectives: we aimed to evaluate heart rate (HR) response in pilots to repeated bouts of race car driving.Design and methods: Eight young male student pilots (18.75 ± 3.41 years) participated to a training session consisting in 5 successive bouts (27.81 ± 1.50 min) of driving a “Formula academy” open-wheel race car on the “Bugatti” Speedway of Le Mans (France) . Mean and peak speeds were calculated after lap duration measurement using a telemetric infrared timing device. HR was recorded continuously on 5-second intervals using a portable cardiometric device.Results: when driving at a mean 134.94 ± 2.96 km/h speed, mean HR was 132.71 ± 10.71 bpm corresponding in 67.88 ± 5.37 %HRmax intensity. No significant differences were found between the different driving bouts whatever the parameters considered.Conclusions: these results showed good repeatability of the measurements and they suggested that HR monitoring is a valid method to evaluate racecar pilot adaptation to driving . Moreover, the lack of relationships between duration variation, mean or peak speed and HR all along the experiment confirms the major role of muscle isometric loads on energy expenditure and therefore on HR when driving a “Formula academy” open-wheel racecar. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 325-334 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868552 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:325-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Heather Smith Author-X-Name-First: K. Heather Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Penalty shots in International water polo: Regular opportunities with robust success despite a greater impact on the game under current rules Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of changes in the official water polo regulations, effective since 2005, on the impact, frequency and success of penalty shots relative to the game situation. Analysis of official records from the 192 games of the 2007 and 2009 World Championships compared with 216 games of 1998 and 2001 tournaments revealed a greater impact of penalties on the game under current rules. Penalties more than doubled, were distributed across more games, contributed double to the proportion of all goals scored, and affected the outcome of 20% of games. However, penalty shot success rate remained robust (77%) and was unrelated to aspects of the game situation that prescribe the importance of a goal to winning: the closeness of the score, the quarter or criticality of the game. Analyses of the 438 penalties from all games established that the frequency of occurrence and success of penalty shots did not differ from that expected under any particular situational combination of game criticality, quarter or closeness. The penalty shot thus remains a regular opportunity, unrelated to the game situation describing the importance of a goal, consistently executed with high success by élite water polo players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 335-343 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868553 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:335-343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: J. Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Author-Name: Dawie D.J. Malan Author-X-Name-First: Dawie D.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Malan Author-Name: H. Pieter van den Berg Author-X-Name-First: H. Pieter Author-X-Name-Last: van den Berg Title: Analysis of movement patterns and work-to-rest ratios for different panels of South African Rugby Union referees during matchrefereeing Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the movement patterns, heart rate recordings and work-to-rest ratios for different refereeing panels of South African Rugby Union referees during match-refereeing. The referees were monitored during play by means of a video camera in a total of 16 matches within a tournament. The frequency and duration of the different movement patterns were analysed using different functions of the Dartfish 5.5 TeamPro software package. Heart rates (HR) were recorded by a Suunto Team pack HR monitor system to determine the intensity of the movement patterns. The mean frequency of movement activities revealed a moderate practical significant difference between referee panels for jogging (d=0.51) and the mean duration indicated a moderate practical significant difference for jogging (d=0.43) and sprinting (d=0.43). The intensity of movement activities indicated a large practical significant difference for the anaerobic threshold (d=3.68) and sub-threshold (d=1.36) heart rate zones. A work-to-rest ratio of 1:4 was revealed for both referee panels during match-refereeing. The study revealed that contender panel referees completed more jogging activities and spent more time on jogging and sprinting activities than the provincial referees, and regarding intensities the contender panel referees also spent more time in low intensity heart rate zones. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 344-355 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868554 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868554 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:344-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Said El Ashker Author-X-Name-First: Said El Author-X-Name-Last: Ashker Title: Technical and tactical aspects that differentiate winning and losing performances in boxing Abstract: The analysis of video recordings of boxing matches could verify differentiation between winners and losers. The aim of this study was to determine aspects of winning and losing boxers based on the use of technical and tactical elements over the progression of boxing contests and differences through bouts. A Sample of 66 first-ranked male elite boxers (aged 22.1 ± 2.3) in 33 fights (11finals; 22 semi-finals) was used. Nineteen variables were determined to describe technical and tactical elements within boxing matches. Differences between rounds were examined by a combined 3 x 2 within and between factors ANOVA to identify main effects through rounds as within winners or losers, with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. Results showed that winners were higher developed than losers in performing offensive skills directed to head or body, total, lead and rear hand punches, boxing combinations, defensive skills and technical performance effectiveness (TPE) statistics. Data emphasizes the significance of making more punches in both single punches and in combinations in order to score more points than the opponent. Defensive skills should be utilized by arm, foot and trunk connected with attack. Prospective studies need to be considered to investigate the association between performance and physiological and biomechanical variables. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 356-364 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868555 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868555 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:356-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hazuan Hizan Author-X-Name-First: Hazuan Author-X-Name-Last: Hizan Author-Name: Peter Whipp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Whipp Author-Name: Machar Reid Author-X-Name-First: Machar Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Title: Comparison of serve and serve return statistics of high performance male and female tennis players from different age-groups Abstract: The serve and the serve return performance of professional, high performance Under-16 and high performance Under-12 male and female players was examined. Collectively, the players served approximately 60% of their first serves in. A significant gender by player group interaction was found for serving aces. Male professionals served significantly more aces than the Under-16 and Under-12 male players (p < .001) and female professional players (p < .004). Female professional players served more aces than the Under-12 female players (p < .003). Independent of gender, player group differences were noted with professionals serving significantly fewer double faults, winning a significantly greater percentage of points on first serve, and winning significantly more points on second serve return than the Under-16 and Under-12 groups (p < .001). The professionals also won a significantly higher percentage of points on second serve return than first serve return (p < .004). However, the male professionals won significantly fewer points on first serve return compared to all other groups (p < .001). The findings point to both age-group and gender differences in the way that the serve and serve return are used in matchplay. Coaches should be aware of these differences and structure their players training accordingly. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 365-375 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868556 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:365-375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mandie Tromp Author-X-Name-First: Mandie Author-X-Name-Last: Tromp Author-Name: Lucy Holmes Author-X-Name-First: Lucy Author-X-Name-Last: Holmes Title: The effect of free-hit rule changes on match variables and patterns of play in international standard women’s field hockey Abstract: Rule changes are a common feature in sports today and objective assessments are required to ascertain the impact of such changes. The current project sought to investigate the intention of the latest rule change in field hockey that was introduced in 2009 by the International Hockey Federation (FIH) - the use of a “self-pass” as a legitimate method of taking a free hit, and changes to the procedures for taking free hits within the 25 yard area. Twenty-eight (n=28) international women’s field hockey games were analysed for changes in time-variables from repossession to final outcome, along with methods and areas of repossessions and circle penetrations. Results indicate that the intention of the self-pass rule was met by significantly decreasing the average amount of time taken to engage in free hits (8.0 ± 0.9s in 2008 to 4.6 ± 0.3s in 2009), reducing the disruption of flow to the game. A significant difference was found in the method of circle penetrations, with most penetrations occurring by dribbling (33% in 2008, 57% in 2009). A significant decrease in time taken from repossession in the defensive 25 left and defensive left indicates an increase in the intensity of the game, emphasising the importance of aerobic capacity of participants. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 376-391 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:376-391 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Keane Wheeler Author-X-Name-First: W. Keane Author-X-Name-Last: Wheeler Author-Name: Rachael Wiseman Author-X-Name-First: Rachael Author-X-Name-Last: Wiseman Author-Name: Keith Lyons Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Lyons Title: Tactical and technical factors associated with effective ball offloading strategies during the tackle in rugby league. Abstract: Performance analysis examined the attributes of ball offloading in rugby league and the association with try scoring. Every attempted ball offload (N = 5628) during the 2010 National Rugby League season was coded. A ball offload was when an attacking ball carrier while in contact with the defence attempted to distribute the ball to a supporting attacking player. Variables assessed offload type, stability of attacking ball carrier when offloading, proximity to advantage line and offload outcome. Results showed that 57 % of tries were scored as a result of a good offload outcome, where a supporting player did not need to make any postural or line of motion adjustments to receive the ball. Attacking ball carriers were more likely to achieve a good offload when they advanced the ball beyond the advantage line, displayed a stable base of support in the tackle and then used a pop offload to a supporting player. The flick offload technique was an ineffective offloading strategy as it was likely to result in a turnover. The ability of attacking ball carriers to offload the ball in the tackle effectively is an important skill in rugby league and the technical attributes should be emphasised in training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 392-409 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868558 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868558 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:2:p:392-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge Rodríguez-Arce Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Arce Author-Name: Laura I. Flores-Núñez Author-X-Name-First: Laura I. Author-X-Name-Last: Flores-Núñez Author-Name: Otniel Portillo-Rodríguez Author-X-Name-First: Otniel Author-X-Name-Last: Portillo-Rodríguez Author-Name: Saúl E. Hernández-López Author-X-Name-First: Saúl E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hernández-López Title: Assessing the performance of soccer goalkeepers based on their cognitive and motor skills Abstract: In this work, the authors propose the use of a new electronic measurement platform to assess the performance of goalkeepers based on their cognitive and motor skills. A test was run in order to show how the GoMeSy platform could be used by coaches to evaluate the penalty shot-stopping skills of goalkeepers, consequently, the performance of 22 players was measured. In the case of the cognitive skills, there is not a significant difference between novice and expert goalkeepers (p = 0.333), meanwhile, in the case of the motor skills, there is a significant difference (p = 0.006). In addition, there is a moderate, positive correlation between weight and motion time (r = 0.437). In general, this study demonstrates that the GoMeSy platform allows coaches to evaluate with accuracy the penalty shot-stopping skills of goalkeepers. The findings of the test emphasize the fact that coaches do not have to focus only on the goalkeepers’ physical training (motor skills), but they should also consider developing the reaction time (cognitive skills). The results also highlight that although the body mass index depends on the height and weight of each subject, coaches should focus primarily on monitoring the weight of players to improve their performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 655-671 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1647042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1647042 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:655-671 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason D. Vescovi Author-X-Name-First: Jason D. Author-X-Name-Last: Vescovi Author-Name: Alexander Klas Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Klas Author-Name: Iva Mandic Author-X-Name-First: Iva Author-X-Name-Last: Mandic Title: Investigating the relationships between load and recovery in women’s field hockey – Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM) study Abstract: This study examined the relationships between internal and external load metrics with subjective wellness-recovery indices in female field hockey players. Specifically, to evaluate 1) morning wellness-recovery with the current day loads (same-day analysis), and 2) the current day loads with wellness-recovery the following morning (next-day analysis). Objective (total distance and training impulse) and subjective (session RPE) load metrics as well as subjective indices of recovery and wellness were monitored daily with a women’s U21 field hockey team (n = 16) during a 16-day European tour (8 matches and 7 training sessions). Linear-mixed models were used to quantify the relationship between load and wellness-recovery metrics. A unit rise in wellness was associated with a 37.8 m increase in total distance for the sessions that day (p = .038); otherwise there were no correlations observed between load and wellness-recovery metrics for same-day and next-day analysis. There was substantial intra-individual variation among players for these relationships. Over the course of a typical field hockey event player responses were not evident at a group-level. Therefore, it is important for coaches and support staff to monitor individual changes in the loads experienced along with wellness-recovery patterns. Subsequent adjustments could have implications regarding performance, fatigue management, and athlete well-being. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 672-682 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1647731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1647731 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:672-682 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jie Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jie Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Comparison of table tennis serve and return characteristics in the London and the Rio Olympics Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in table tennis serves and return of serves between the London (2012) and Rio (2016) Olympic Games. The sample consisted of 30 matches corresponding to 60 player-games with 3,009 serves and 2,961 returns from rounds four to finals. Notational analyses were conducted to examine the stroke positions, ball placements, and stroke efficacies for serves and returns as well as stroke types for returns. Wilcoxon or Mann–Whitney U tests were used to quantify the differences of different categories of each variable within the same Games or between the two Games. From the 2012 Games to the 2016 Games, significant increases were found in the middle short placement of serve (p < 0.01) and flip return (p < 0.01). Significant decreases were found in half placements of serve (p < 0.05), very good serve (p < 0.05), backhand return (p < 0.05), very good return (p < 0.01), very poor return (p < 0.05), and topspin returns (p < 0.01). These findings indicated a more balanced serve and return from the 2012 Games to the 2016 Games, which may inform coaches and players for taking corresponding countermeasures. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 683-697 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1647732 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1647732 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:683-697 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriel Delgado-García Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Delgado-García Author-Name: Jos Vanrenterghem Author-X-Name-First: Jos Author-X-Name-Last: Vanrenterghem Author-Name: Alejandro Muñoz-García Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz-García Author-Name: Emilio J. Ruiz-Malagón Author-X-Name-First: Emilio J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz-Malagón Author-Name: Alfonso Mañas-Bastidas Author-X-Name-First: Alfonso Author-X-Name-Last: Mañas-Bastidas Author-Name: Víctor Manuel Soto-Hermoso Author-X-Name-First: Víctor Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Soto-Hermoso Title: Probabilistic structure of errors in forehand and backhand groundstrokes of advanced tennis players Abstract: Accuracy and speed are related to performance in tennis. Most research has focused on speed and little is known about the probabilistic structure of error (i.e. accuracy). In the present study 31 advanced players performed a standardised test and accuracy was measured using video analysis. Parameters describing 95% confidence ellipses (CEs) of forehand and backhand were calculated to determine the probabilistic structure of errors. Results showed that for both groundstrokes the long axis of the CEs was oriented almost parallel to the sideline. Despite greater ball speed (~107.2 vs. ~97.3 m • s−1; p < 0.001), the forehand showed a smaller longitudinal distance to the target than the backhand (~123.3 vs. ~164.0 cm; p = 0.024) and a smaller CE area (~34.4 vs. ~40.3 m2; p = 0.045). This means that tennis shot placements fit a bivariate normal distribution (represented by an ellipse), similar to other throwing sports, with differences between the forehand and backhand. Further research will need to explore the underlying causes of these distributions, which in turn may open up opportunities for coaches to modify them in their players according to what is deemed most vital for improved performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 698-710 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1647733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1647733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:698-710 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: João Almeida Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Author-Name: Hugo Sarmento Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmento Author-Name: Seamus Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Seamus Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Title: Coach decision-making in Futsal: from preparation to competition Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to analyse expert futsal coaches process of decision-making from preparation to competitive moments. Ten expert and professional coaches’ (M = 46,9 ± 7,93 years old andM= 15,4 ± 7,22 years of coaching experience) from different countries were interviewed using asemi-structured interview (quantitative and qualitative) with two different goals: (1) evaluate the preparation for decision-making moment during the game; (2) classifying the importance of different game related points for decision-making during match moment. The data analysis was processed through combination of deductive and inductive methods through software QSR NVivo 11. The results revealed that coaches’ share similar ideas when preparing their teams. Coaches focus first their attention on their own team identity and frame andsecond on opposition team behaviour and frame. It was also possible to identify clear coaching behavioural signs possible to be structured as cues and guiding lines for their decision-making process and actions before and during competitive moments. Such information can be important for the development of most appropriated coaching education curriculums according to game demands specificities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 711-723 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1648717 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1648717 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:711-723 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena Vila Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Vila Author-Name: Carmen Ferragut Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Ferragut Title: Throwing speed in team handball: a systematic review Abstract: Its undeniable that throwing speed is one of the most important actions during handball match so it is really important for trainers to improve their knowledge about it. Thus, the aim of the article is threefold: a) to review the scientific studies about the factors that determine throwing speed in team handball to be able to establish the importance of each one b) to summarize the scientific knowledge about throwing speed in handball including aspects that need more studies c) To suggest practical recommendations for handball coaches. Our review revealed that; a) Players with greater elbow angles and higher elbow displacement angles at the release of the ball throw faster b) Hand size, biacromial breadth and finger length are the main anthropometric factors related to throwing speed c) handball players are able to reach a high throwing speeds without losing accuracy, so they should carry out their throwing speed training sessions always at high-speed d) There many different training proposals but with most of them throwing speed is improved. It is necessary to analyse the tactical-technical and conditional work related with throwing speed. e) There are very few studies made in real competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 724-736 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1649344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1649344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:724-736 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Mattes Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Mattes Author-Name: S. Wolff Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wolff Title: Asymmetry of the leg stretcher force high-performance female and male juniors in sweep rowing Abstract: The geometry of sweep rowing causes an asymmetrical movement with uneven force distribution on both sides of the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the asymmetry of the stretcher force for junior women and men. Four rowing eight-crews (N = 32) completed a stroke rate test and a 2000 m race. The rowing angle, the handle force and the stretcher force for the inside (oarside) and outside (non oarside) leg were measured. In both sub-samples, the outside leg stretcher force was higher than the inside leg stretcher force. The women rowed with higher symmetry index of stretcher force (26.8 ± 19.7%) than the men (8.6 ± 15.9%). This asymmetry was reduced with increasing stroke rate but increased with physical fatigue in the course of the rowing race. The transmission to the oar via trunk and arms is associated with unequal loading of the pelvis and lumbar spine. Female and male sweep rowers with high asymmetry of the stretcher force should use appropriate strength and technique training to reduce the asymmetry and the risk of low back pain. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 737-748 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1651085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1651085 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:737-748 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose Luis Hernández-Davó Author-X-Name-First: Jose Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Hernández-Davó Author-Name: Francisco Javier Moreno Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Author-Name: David Sanz-Rivas Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Sanz-Rivas Author-Name: Héctor Hernández-Davó Author-X-Name-First: Héctor Author-X-Name-Last: Hernández-Davó Author-Name: Álvaro Coves Author-X-Name-First: Álvaro Author-X-Name-Last: Coves Author-Name: Carla Caballero Author-X-Name-First: Carla Author-X-Name-Last: Caballero Title: Variations in kinematic variables and performance in the tennis serve according to age and skill level Abstract: To analyse the influence of age and skill level on tennis serve performance, 99 male participants took part in a study of maximum effort serves to a target (50 x 50 cm) in the add service box. Participants were divided into two skill level groups (elite and recreational) and three age groups (under 12 years old [U12], under 16 years old [U16] and +18). During testing, kinematic data were recorded and serving performance (accuracy and speed) was measured. A single-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse the differences for kinematic and performance variables between the six groups. Correlation analysis was performed to establish the relationships between kinematics variables and serve performance. Results highlighted the influence of both age and skill level on performance (speed and accuracy), as well as on kinematics (hand, arm, hip peak velocities) of the tennis serve. The spatial position of the hand in respect to the hip in the moments previous to ball impact in the medio-lateral, and the vertical axes was significantly correlated with serving performance in all the age groups. These results suggested that an increased range of motion of shoulder external rotation and wrist flexion, as well as higher velocities of shoulder internal rotation and elbow extension should be developed to increase tennis serve speed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 749-762 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1653036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1653036 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:749-762 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Riaan Schoeman Author-X-Name-First: Riaan Author-X-Name-Last: Schoeman Author-Name: Robert Schall Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Schall Title: Team performance indicators as predictors of final log position and team success in Aviva Premiership, Guinness Pro 14, French Top 14 and Super Rugby Abstract: This study examined the relationship between team performance indicators and five characteristics of team success (final log position, league points, points difference, points scored and points conceded) over a full season in four major rugby union competitions. Number of tries scored was the most significant (p < .0001) predictor of all five team success characteristics. Univariate analysis also identified stolen line-outs, tackles completed percentage, line breaks, tackle breaks, turnovers won, and total mauls as significant predictors of team success. Multiple regression analysis of performance indicators for team success suggested that team success is multifactorial, and selected performance indicators constitute independent aspects for winning the game. Different sets of performance indicators selected for points scored versus points conceded suggested performance indicators that are significantly associated with offensive and defensive capabilities, respectively. The most important indicators of defensive performance are line-outs stolen and percentage of tackles completed, while line breaks are the most important indicator of offensive performance. Improving offensive capability must be focused on achieving line and tackle breaks. Conversely, to improve defensive performance, the focus must be on stealing opposition line-outs and effective tackling. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 763-777 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1655337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1655337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:763-777 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-Name: L.A. Gentico-Merino Author-X-Name-First: L.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gentico-Merino Author-Name: I. Prieto-Lage Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Prieto-Lage Title: Detection of the technical-tactical pattern of the scoring actions in judo in the men’s category of –73 kg Abstract: The scoring actions determine the judoka winner in a combat. The scientific community has studied them, but these studies are especially descriptive. To this end, the purpose of this study is to discover and analyse the technical-tactical patterns of the scoring actions in judo combat. Ninety-one scoring actions were analysed (−73 kg males, Judo World Championship 2017) using different commonly used analysis techniques within the observational methodology: traditional statistical analysis, T-Patterns detection, sequential analysis delays and polar coordinates analysis. The tendency of scoring with leg and arm projections prevails (seoi-otoshi, ouchi-gari, tai-otoshi and uchi-mata). The more efficient technique on the ground was yoko-shiho-gatame. The waza-ari is three times more frequent than the ippon. The actions score mainly during the final stages of combat. The judokas with favourable scores score more points through immobilisations, with scores equal to leg techniques and with scores against sacrificial techniques. It is important to conduct the combat’s initiative because in most the actions, the judoka that scores has no penalties and the one who does not score does. A common pattern is achieving a waza-ari with a direct leg attack technique or a static arm technique. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 778-793 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1655934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1655934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:778-793 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Cassirame Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Cassirame Author-Name: H. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Author-Name: T. A Exell Author-X-Name-First: T. A Author-X-Name-Last: Exell Author-Name: V. Panoutsakopoulos Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Panoutsakopoulos Author-Name: A. S. Theodorou Author-X-Name-First: A. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Theodorou Author-Name: S. Homo Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Homo Author-Name: J. Frère Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Frère Title: Differences in approach run kinematics: successful vs. unsuccessful jumps in the pole vault Abstract: This study investigated biomechanical differences between successful and unsuccessful jumps during a pole vault competition. Two hundred and seven pairs of successful and unsuccessful jumps at the same height were analysed. Participants included male and female athletes of three different age groups with bar height clearances ranging from 2.81 to 5.91 m. Run-up parameters were collected using an Optojump Next system and a Stalker Pro II radar gun. A 2D kinematical analysis was conducted to obtain selected parameters of the take-off. Only trivial and small differences were found between successful and unsuccessful jumps. The speed at last touchdown showed a significant small difference between successful and unsuccessful jumps, as the greater speed at take-off (+0.15 m/s) was observed at successful jumps compared to unsuccessful jumps. Furthermore, female athletes showed a significant small difference in horizontal hand–foot distance between successful jumps and unsuccessful jumps (+0.05 m and +0.06 m at pole plant and take-off, respectively). The results suggest that pole vaulters should produce a fast run-up and avoid a decrease in speed before take-off. Small adjustments in the take-off posture might increase the transfer of energy from the athlete to the pole and thus an improvement concerning the height of bar clearance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 794-808 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1657655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1657655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:794-808 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alliance Kubayi Author-X-Name-First: Alliance Author-X-Name-Last: Kubayi Author-Name: Paul Larkin Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Larkin Title: Analysis of teams’ corner kicks defensive strategies at the FIFA World Cup 2018 Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse corner kick defensive strategies during the 2018 FIFA World Cup. A total of 600 corner kicks from all 64 matches in the tournament were obtained from the InStat database and analysed. Data were analysed and reported as frequency counts and percentages. Chi-square test for independence (χ2) used to test associations between key performance indicators. Results showed that 22 goals (3.7% of all corners kicks) were conceded from corner kicks. Teams conceded more goals using a zonal marking strategy (6.0%) compared to a mixed marking strategy (3.7%). There was a significant association between types of corner kicks and defensive outcomes (χ2 = 111.30,V = 0.57). Most goals were conceded from inswing corner kicks (4.6%) compared to short (3.3%) and outswing (3.1%) corner kicks. Seventeen (3.9%) goals were conceded from corners when there were no players on the goal line. Most goals came from the centre (7.0%) and the first goalpost (3.5%). These findings highlight potential strategies soccer coaches may employ for an effective defensive set-up against corners, such as employing a mixed marking method, having players positioned on the goalposts and being aware of the attacking threat posed by short corner kicks. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 809-819 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1660547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1660547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:809-819 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yang-Qing Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Yang-Qing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Hui Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Hui Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Analysis of goals in the English Premier League Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the time period and league-ranking effects within different types of goals in the English Premier League. We investigate these effects through the use of six time periods (taken every 15 minutes), eight types of goals and four categories of teams. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis H test followed by the Bonferroni-adjusted Mann-Whitney U test, the key finding of this study is that different types of goals have varying degrees of time period effects and that there is a significant league-ranking effect both within all six time periods and within six types of goals (excluding throw-in and indirect free-kick). The study also reveals that the final 15 minutes of the game is the most prolific time for scoring. Our findings suggest that the top 5 teams have significant advantages in open play goals (elaborate attack and counter attack), while this overwhelming advantage is weakened in the other four types of goals (direct free-kick, corner kick, penalty, and own goal) and even absent in goals from indirect free-kicks and throw-ins. At the same time, there is no significant difference between the lower-middle 5 teams and the bottom 5 teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 820-831 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1661613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1661613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:820-831 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Büchel Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Büchel Author-Name: Rasmus Jakobsmeyer Author-X-Name-First: Rasmus Author-X-Name-Last: Jakobsmeyer Author-Name: Michael Döring Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Döring Author-Name: Michael Adams Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Author-Name: Ulrich Rückert Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich Author-X-Name-Last: Rückert Author-Name: Jochen Baumeister Author-X-Name-First: Jochen Author-X-Name-Last: Baumeister Title: Effect of playing position and time on-court on activity profiles in german elite team handball Abstract: On-court activity profiles in team-handball can help coaches to individualise conditioning programmes for the purposes of performance enhancement and return to performance. The aim of our study was to quantify on-court activity in an independent sample of elite team-handball players related to playing positions and playing time. 16 matches of a german first division squad were recorded by two ceiling cameras. Based on trajectory data of semi-automatic tracking windows, we quantified activity of 168 players. Wings (n = 44) showed higher absolute activity due to increased time on-court (51.0 ± 20.9 min) and distance covered (4057.9 ± 1630.5 m) compared to backcourts (n = 93; 35.8 ± 16.5 min; 2881.96 ± 1239.29 m) and pivots (n = 31; 35.4 ± 15.8 min; 2702.8 ± 1180.0 m). Furthermore, times and distances at different intensities differed significantly between positions (p < .001). Wings covered more distance standing (1.09% ± 0.2%) and sprinting (9.8% ± 2.2%) compared to backcourts (0.7% ± 0.3%; 33.4 ± 2.0%) and pivots (0.9% ± 0.2%; 4.4% ± 1.8%). Low time players (1.4 ± 0.2 m/s) moved significantly quicker compared to high time players (1.3 ± 0.1 m/s, p = .003). Activity profiles in handball are modulated by playing position and playing time. The present data may help individualising training programmes according to on-court demands to enhance performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 832-844 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1663071 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1663071 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:832-844 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Corrado Lupo Author-X-Name-First: Corrado Author-X-Name-Last: Lupo Author-Name: Alexandru Nicolae Ungureanu Author-X-Name-First: Alexandru Nicolae Author-X-Name-Last: Ungureanu Author-Name: Paolo De Pasquale Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: De Pasquale Author-Name: Paolo Riccardo Brustio Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Riccardo Author-X-Name-Last: Brustio Title: Performance analysis of elite lifesavers during competition: effects related to gender, turn of competition, and age category Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse elite lifesavers’ official performances according to specific intermediate times recorded during each speciality, and comparing them in relation to genders, turns of competition (qualifications; finales), and age (seniors; youths) categories. For this purpose, the intermediate times of 825 (female: 423, male: 402) individual performances were recorded by means of the official stopwatch of championship and two video cameras synchronised with the official stopwatch of competition. A linear mixed-effects model was applied to verify subgroup differences (p ≤ 0.05). For single specialty, differences emerged for each observed variables (p ≤ 0.001). Differences (p range: <0.001–0.03) were confirmed for the interactions with specific intermediate times, excepting for those in “Manikin Tow with Fins – 100 m” with each variable, in “Manikin Carry with Fins – 100 m” with age, and in “Obstacle Swim – 200 m” with gender and age. Therefore, elite lifesaving coaches will be able to benefit from the results of this study, considering specific performances, avoiding any generalisation, and promoting more aware training sessions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 845-855 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1664215 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1664215 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:845-855 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Natalya Dzhilkibaeva Author-X-Name-First: Natalya Author-X-Name-Last: Dzhilkibaeva Author-Name: Matthias Ahrens Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Ahrens Author-Name: Marko S. Laaksonen Author-X-Name-First: Marko S. Author-X-Name-Last: Laaksonen Title: Can performance in biathlon world cup be predicted by performance analysis of biathlon IBU cup? Abstract: Biathlon performance consists of skiing speed, shooting accuracy (ShAcc) and shooting time (ShT). For coaches, the evaluation of the performance level of biathletes to select biathletes to particular competitions is crucial. The present study aimed to compare two different approaches to analyse biathletes’ skiing performance (relative skiing speed, SS%, and skiing time coefficient, STC), and to analyse the relationship between different parameters of performance between two competition levels (World Cup, WC and IBU Cup, IC). The data from four competitive seasons were analysed including 166 male and 184 female biathletes. The correlation between SS% in IC and WC was similar for both sexes (males r = .81; females r = .78) compared to correlation between STC in IC and WC (males r = .80; females r = .75) (p < .001), whereas the mean absolute percentage error was higher for STC (1.2% and 1.8% vs. 18% and 22%). SS%, ShAcc and ShT in IC explained 54% and 45% (p < .001) of the entire WC rank for males and females, respectively. Thus, SS% is recommended to be used for evaluation of biathletes’ skiing performance. To predict the performance in WC from results in IC should be used with caution. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 856-865 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1665884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1665884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:856-865 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lorenzo Laporta Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Laporta Author-Name: José Afonso Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso Author-Name: Beatriz Valongo Author-X-Name-First: Beatriz Author-X-Name-Last: Valongo Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Title: Using social network analysis to assess play efficacy according to game patterns: a game-centred approach in high-level men’s volleyball Abstract: Match Analysis has provided valuable insights for understanding performance. Social Network Analysis has delivered powerful contributions, especially with its most recent game-centred approaches, coupled with the weighting of direct and indirect connections between game actions. The goal was to expand upon these applications, analysing whether different networks associate with distinct levels of play efficacy applied to high-level men’s volleyball. Eigenvector Centrality was used, and one network was created for each level of play efficacy: 0 (error), 1 (continuity) and 2 (scoring a point). The sample was composed by 1,618 game actions (9 matches from the 2015 World League Finals) of six functional game complexes (i.e. K0 to KV). Results showed similar networks for all efficacy levels, suggesting that game patterns may not be as relevant for discriminating efficacy as individual actions, and/or that the chosen variables were not sensitive enough to differentiate system dynamics. Overall, actions performed under non-ideal conditions were most central in almost all game complexes, which suggests that playing off-system is the rule instead of the exception. It is therefore important to promote tasks that stimulate playing under non-ideal conditions and expose the attackers to stressful conditions (e.g. cohesive blocks), potentially providing transfer from training to competing. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 866-877 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1669007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1669007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:866-877 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yang Gai Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Gai Author-Name: Anna Volossovitch Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Volossovitch Author-Name: Anthony S. Leicht Author-X-Name-First: Anthony S. Author-X-Name-Last: Leicht Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Title: Technical and physical performances of Chinese Super League soccer players differ according to their playing status and position Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the technical and physical performances of starters, substitutes and whole-match players of different playing positions: central defender, full-back, central midfielder, wide midfielder, and forward. Data were collected from the Chinese Super League. Technical and physical match-performances were analysed using independent / paired t-tests for the following groups: starters (n = 4,794) vs. substitutes (n = 1,208); whole-match players (n = 3,505) vs. substitutes (n = 1,208); within-player comparisons: starters (n = 258) vs. substitutes (n = 258). Significant differences were identified between substitutes and starters/whole-match players for central defenders (number of shots, total distance), central midfielders (high-intensity and total distance, number of high-intensity runs and sprints), wide-midfielders (high-intensity distance, number of high-intensity runs and sprints) and forwards (number of forward passes). Significant differences were identified during within-player comparisons for fullbacks (shot success, ground challenges success), central midfielders (number of passes, shots, aerial challenges and ground challenges), wide midfielders (number of high-intensity runs, sprint % of distance) and forwards (sprint % of distance, number of shots). Substitutes in the CSL experienced greater work-rates and completed more technical actions than starters or whole-match players but with a lower efficacy that was modulated by playing position. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 878-892 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1669356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1669356 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:5:p:878-892 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868804 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868804 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudio A Casal Author-X-Name-First: Claudio A Author-X-Name-Last: Casal Author-Name: Rubén Maneiro Author-X-Name-First: Rubén Author-X-Name-Last: Maneiro Author-Name: Toni Ardá Author-X-Name-First: Toni Author-X-Name-Last: Ardá Author-Name: José L Losada Author-X-Name-First: José L Author-X-Name-Last: Losada Author-Name: Antonio Rial Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Rial Title: Analysis of Corner Kick Success in Elite Football Abstract: This study analyzes corner kicks in elite football to determine their efficacy, identify shared characteristics and associated variables, and propose a model for predicting successful outcomes. In total, 1139 kicks taken in 124 matches in the 2010 FIFA World Cup (64 matches), UEFA Euro 2012 (31 matches), and the UEFA Champions League 2010-2011 (29 matches) were studied by univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Just 2.2% of the corners ended in goal, but this goal was responsible for the team winning or drawing the match on 76% of occasions. In general, kicks are delivered through the air to the near post, with 1 or 2 intervening attackers; the attack is organized statically and the defense is a combination of zone and man-to-man. The following variables were significantly associated with corner kicks resulting in a goal: time (p=0.04), number of intervening attackers (p=0.001), and offensive organization (p=0.02). The likelihood of a shot on goal or shot could be increased with the intervention of 3 or 4 attackers, a dynamic attack, and indirect delivery of the ball to the far post. This information could be of great interest for football professionals interested in improving corner kick performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 430-451 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868805 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868805 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:430-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Timothy Knight Author-X-Name-First: J. Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Knight Author-Name: R. Brendan Scott Author-X-Name-First: R. Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Author-Name: Farzad Jalilvand Author-X-Name-First: Farzad Author-X-Name-Last: Jalilvand Author-Name: G. Robert Lockie Author-X-Name-First: G. Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Lockie Title: The Effect of Changing Player Numbers on the Physiological Responses and Time-motion Characteristics of a Soccer-Specific Training Drill Abstract: Soccer-specific training (SST) drills are used to develop physiological adaptations, technical and tactical skills, and provide coaches with greater control of external training load. Despite widespread use, there has been little analysis of SST drills. This study quantified the effect of manipulating player numbers on the physiological demands of an SST drill. Fourteen players completed nine trials (3 × 8, 10, 12 players) of a 4-min SST drill modelled on soccer time-motion data. Physiological intensity measures (heart rate, blood lactate concentration [BLa-], rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) and GPS time-motion data (movement distances and velocities) were collected for each drill. A repeated measures analysis of variance determined significant (p < 0.05) between-drill differences. Results showed variables such as total running distance (TD), mean percentage of maximum heart rate, RPE, and [BLa-] were greater for the 8-player SST drill. The 10-player drill also had a 22% greater TD and 21% higher average speed compared to the 12-player drill, which tended to have a lower activity profile. The 8-player SST drill could be used to develop aerobic capacity and repeat-sprint ability (RSA) because of a higher activity profile. The 10- and 12-player drills would be suited for RSA and sprint acceleration enhancement. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 452-470 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:452-470 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hugo Sarmento Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmento Author-Name: Paul Bradley Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Title: The Transition from Match Analysis to Intervention: Optimising the Coaching Process in Elite Futsal Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate how elite Futsal coaches use match analysis tools. Six elite coaches from the top Portuguese Futsal League participated. Interviews were conducted and data were analysed through content analysis using QSR NVivo10 software. All coaches prepared for games in a systematic way using the observational process. Thus, they carefully selected highly skilled analyst, and defined a list of indicators to be observed/analysed in games. Coaches stated that the most important aspects to observe in the game are: i) the global dynamics; ii) the key moments of the game; iii) set pieces; iv) individual characteristics of players. Although coaches use both quantitative/qualitative data, they primary focus their attention using qualitative analysis of the game. Coaches evaluate both their own team and that of the opposition by focusing on strengths/weaknesses/opportunities and follow a specific logic of prioritisating this in team meetings throughout the week. The interventions applied mainly come in the form of specific training exercises and video analysis. During the game, coaches typically provide feedback continously during the game, in addition to communicating using gestures. Time-outs are a partcularly unique aspect of futsal and these are used intellegently to correct strategic and emotional factors in addition to fatigue. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 471-488 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868807 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:471-488 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco Javier Diaz-Lara Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Diaz-Lara Author-Name: Juan del Coso Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: del Coso Author-Name: José Manuel García Author-X-Name-First: José Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: García Author-Name: Javier Abián-Vicén Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Abián-Vicén Title: Analysis of physiological determinants during an international Brazilian Jiu-jitsu competition Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the physical and physiological demands of a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) competition. Twenty-six expert male BJJ athletes competing in the 2013 European Open Jiu-Jitsu Championship participated in the study. Before and after an official fight, maximal handgrip strength and maximal height during a countermovement jump (CMJ) were measured. Blood samples were obtained just after the fight and after 10 min of passive recovery to assess blood lactate concentration and clearance. Handgrip force (from 49.65 to 44.85 kgf; P < 0.01) and maximal CMJ height (from 34.0 ± 5.2 to 30.8 ± 6.7 cm; P < 0.001) were significantly reduced from pre-to-post fight. Lactate concentration at the end of the fight (14.8 ± 3.2 mmol·L-1) was progressively cleared at a rate of 0.45 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1·min-1. In conclusion, an official BJJ fight causes measurable muscle fatigue in both upper-and lower-body extremities. Moreover, energy production during a BJJ fight greatly relies on the glycolytic pathway and thus the rate of blood lactate clearance could be a determinant physiological factor for success in this sport. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 489-500 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868808 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:489-500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Martinent Author-X-Name-First: Guillaume Author-X-Name-Last: Martinent Author-Name: Claude Ferrand Author-X-Name-First: Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrand Title: Are Facilitating Emotions Really Facilitative? A Field Study of the Relationships between Discrete Emotions and Objective Performance during Competition Abstract: This study explored discrete emotions - objective performance relationship during competition using a video-assisted self-confrontation approach. Thirty self-confrontation interviews were conducted with national table tennis players. Quantitative analyses of interviews showed that participants: (a) experienced more pleasant and facilitating emotions and less unpleasant and debilitating emotions during winning vs. losing sets; (b) performed well during experience of multiple-point facilitating anxiety; (c) failed to perform up to their potential during experience of multiple point debilitating anger, anxiety, and discouragement. Overall, results of the present study expand knowledge base by highlighting: (a) the main role played by frequency of (facilitating and debilitating) discrete emotions on the emotion-objective performance relationship during competition; (b) the prominent role played by duration of discrete emotions on objective performance variability; (c) the influence of a wide range of discrete emotions experienced by athletes while competing on their objective levels of performance during competition; and (d) that athletes who rated discrete emotions as facilitating performed up to their potential and those who rated discrete emotions as debilitating really failed to perform up to their potential. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 501-512 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868809 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:501-512 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier García-Rubio Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: García-Rubio Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: María Cañadas Author-X-Name-First: María Author-X-Name-Last: Cañadas Author-Name: J. Sergio Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: J. Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Title: Offensive Rating-Time coordination dynamics in basketball. Complex systems theory applied to Basketball Abstract: Previous research on coordination dynamics has targeted the 1 vs. 1 sub phases. This study focused on collective variables. The aim of this work was to check the reliability of ecological dynamics to describe the dynamics of basketball contest as the interaction of two teams along time. Control and Order parameters were described as offensive rating across time. Games not classified by mathematical model (discriminant analysis) of ACB league were analyzed in ecological dynamics terms. Offensive ratings moving average in each minute of 73 games were used to calculate games’ relative phase trough Hilbert transform. Different groups of games were found, according to their relative phase characteristics. Results showed different tendencies in game dynamics. Stable relations in-phase, anti-phase and transitions were found. The findings pointed the importance of quality and location in team’s performance. Finally, this study provides useful information for coaches’ plans (game strategy, training methods) in order to improve their teams’ performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 513-526 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868810 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868810 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:513-526 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier García-Rubio Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: García-Rubio Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Author-Name: J. Sergio Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: J. Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Title: Effect of match venue, scoring first and quality of opposition on match outcome in the UEFA Champions League Abstract: The aim of the present study was twofold. First, to identify the effects of situational variables, which are match location (ML), scoring first (SF) and quality of opposition (QO) all of them simultaneously when considering the minute of the first goal (GM) and the competition stage (CS) in the UCL; and secondly to analyze the match-related statistics when completing and explaining the obtained results. Sample was composed by 475 matches of 2009 to 2013 seasons. Data were analyzed in function of group stage and knockout stage. Regression analysis were used to analyze the effects of situational variables (scoring first, match location, quality of opposition, score differences of the first match and minute when the first goal was scored) in match outcome. Discriminant analysis was conducted to identify performance indicators that clarify teams in both competition stages. Results enhanced the importance of interactive effects of match location, scoring first and quality of opposition on UCL according competition stage. The findings of this study should help coaches to improve their match strategies and raining designs before competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 527-539 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868811 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868811 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:527-539 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Sánchez-Pay Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Pay Author-Name: David Sanz-Rivas Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Sanz-Rivas Author-Name: Gema Torres-Luque Author-X-Name-First: Gema Author-X-Name-Last: Torres-Luque Title: Match analysis in a wheelchair tennis tournament Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the activity patterns of wheelchair tennis matches. 16 male singles tennis matches were played. Eight internationally ranked players were recorded and subsequently analyzed according to the following variables: total playing time, effective playing time, resting time (both in absolute values and as a percentage of total time). The average rally duration and the number of shots per rally were also recorded. The results showed a mean (SD) of match length of 61.70 (14.33) minutes, a effective playing time of 20.07 (3.67) %, a work:rest time ratio of 1:4.12 and an average duration of point of 6.93 (5.16) seconds. Most of the points end in 3 or less shots. No significant differences were found in rally duration and shots per rally with regards to non-breakpoint opportunities and breakpoint opportunities (p>0.05). Knowledge of the activity patterns within competition helps with specific training for the sport. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 540-550 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868812 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868812 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:540-550 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: René Prüßner Author-X-Name-First: René Author-X-Name-Last: Prüßner Author-Name: Malte Siegle Author-X-Name-First: Malte Author-X-Name-Last: Siegle Title: Additional Time in Soccer – Influence of League and Referee Abstract: The objectives of the present study were to analyse a possible influence of the playing country and the referee on the additional time added up at the end of a soccer match. Therefore, 699 matches of the second leg season 2012/2013 of Premier League (England), Serie A (Italy), Primera Division (Spain) and Bundesliga (Germany) were analysed in detail. Results showed significant differences between the four leagues (F3,263 = 16.943, p < .001) with a small effect size (η² = 0.068).The highest difference between duration of relevant game stoppages and additional time was observed for the German Bundesliga (- 47.6s), thus resulting in the highest rate of additional time set too low (57.3%). Moreover, results of ANOVA concerning the referees revealed a non-significant difference between the referees within each league (pPremier League = .409, pBundesliga = .780, pPrimera Division = .379, pSerie A = .580).As a consequence of these results all referees need to be trained very well and continuously. Furthermore, FIFAs law of the game is to general and needs to be adapted to the problem. A more detailed definition of the additional time and the situations, which have an influence to it, have to be introduced. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 551-559 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868813 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868813 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:551-559 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marius Zienius Author-X-Name-First: Marius Author-X-Name-Last: Zienius Author-Name: Antanas Skarbalius Author-X-Name-First: Antanas Author-X-Name-Last: Skarbalius Author-Name: Aurelijus Zuoza Author-X-Name-First: Aurelijus Author-X-Name-Last: Zuoza Author-Name: Kazimieras Pukenas Author-X-Name-First: Kazimieras Author-X-Name-Last: Pukenas Title: Total time taken and heart rate changes of youth golfers during pre-shot routines in on-course conditions Abstract: The aim of the research was to assess the total time taken and the heart rate (HR) changes of youth golfers during pre-shot routines in on-course conditions. Ten male golfers participated. Data of a golf round were gathered hole by hole using a golf personal statistical protocol. HR responses were recorded at 2 s intervals using Suunto t6 HR monitors. Observers recorded behavioural patterns during the pre-shot routines. The subjects’ pre-shot routines for approach shots were significantly shorter (p < 0.05) than their pre-shot routines for tee shots. HR increased significantly (p < 0.05) from the start to the end of the pre-shot routines for tee and fairway shots; the number of practice swings had the strongest relationship with the increased HR from the start to the end of the pre-shot routines for tee (r = 0.474; p < 0.05) and fairway (r = 0.373; p < 0.05) shots. Approach shots require more accuracy than full swing shots; therefore, findings suggest that a longer pre-shot routine for these shots is essential. The number of practice swings is the factor significantly increasing HR responses before full swings shots. The increase in HR before tee shots has a negative influence on the accuracy of these shots. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 560-571 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868814 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868814 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:560-571 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: María Cañadas Author-X-Name-First: María Author-X-Name-Last: Cañadas Author-Name: J. Sergio Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: J. Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Author-Name: Nuno Leite Author-X-Name-First: Nuno Author-X-Name-Last: Leite Title: A novice coach’s planning of the technical and tactical content of youth basketball training: A case study Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the type of content that was planned for youth basketball training at initiation stages as well as the factors that determine this planning. A case study of a novice mini-basketball coach (U12) was carried out Two basketball seasons were analyzed. All 856 training tasks were studied, as well as the pedagogical knowledge of the coach. The results indicate that during season 1 the tasks were aimed at improving technique, specifically content related to individual offensive skills, while during season 2 they were aimed at improving tactics. The results demonstrate a shift in the coach’s beliefs regarding training in the same way as the aims of the tasks. To work on technique, drills and unopposed training situations (1-on-0) were utilized. To work on tactics, games, training situations (1-on-1) and small-sided games (2-on-2, 3-on-3) were utilized. There is a discrepancy between the coach’s beliefs and his actions regarding the best training practices for working on technique. The characteristics of the players, their learning rate, their formative stage, and factors related to the basketball coach’s professional development (mentoring and experience level) affected his planning of the technical and tactical content. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 572-587 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:572-587 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Latorre-Román Author-Name: Marcos Muñoz Jiménez Author-X-Name-First: Marcos Muñoz Author-X-Name-Last: Jiménez Author-Name: Victor Manuel Soto Hermoso Author-X-Name-First: Victor Manuel Soto Author-X-Name-Last: Hermoso Author-Name: Jesús Salas Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Jesús Salas Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez Author-Name: Alejandro Molina Molina Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Molina Author-X-Name-Last: Molina Author-Name: Alejandro Robles Fuentes Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Robles Author-X-Name-Last: Fuentes Author-Name: Felipe García-Pinillos Author-X-Name-First: Felipe Author-X-Name-Last: García-Pinillos Title: Acute effect of a long-distance road competition on foot strike patterns, inversion and kinematics parameters in endurance runners Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the foot strike patterns, inversion and kinematics variables in recreational runners during a long-distance road competition, determining an association between foot strike pattern’s classification, inversion and kinematics variables with athletic performance and sex. Five hundred and forty-two athletes who participated in a half marathon passed through the 15 km data collection point. Photogrammetric techniques (2D) were used to measure contact time and flight time. A high prevalence of rearfoot and high rearfoot strikes was found among the most recreational distance runners. No significant differences between sexes in foot strike pattern were found, whilst significant differences between level groups in the asymmetry (first level = 96.5%, second level = 10.6% and third level = 0.4%) were found. Additionally, forefoot and high forefoot strike exhibit greater percentage for inversion. Moreover, athletes with high rearfoot and rearfoot strike showed a greater contact time and lower flight time. Foot strike patterns were influenced by running speed; thus, athletes with higher performance exhibit lower frequency of rearfoot and high rearfoot strikes. Further research could clarify the causes and consequences (performance and injury) of the current findings. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 588-597 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868816 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:588-597 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabio A. D. Campos Author-X-Name-First: Fabio A. D. Author-X-Name-Last: Campos Author-Name: Ídico L. Pellegrinotti Author-X-Name-First: Ídico L. Author-X-Name-Last: Pellegrinotti Author-Name: N. Bruno Pasquarelli Author-X-Name-First: N. Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Pasquarelli Author-Name: N. Felipe Rabelo Author-X-Name-First: N. Felipe Author-X-Name-Last: Rabelo Author-Name: Ricardo A. R. SantaCruz Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo A. R. Author-X-Name-Last: SantaCruz Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Title: Effects of game-location and quality of opposition in futsal league Abstract: The advantage of playing at home has been observed in different individual, dual and team sports. A greater prevalence of victory or points gained was observed when teams played at home, compared to the teams playing as visitors (>50%). The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the influence of game location in elite futsal; and (2) to analyze the home advantage effect in different game contexts according to quality of opposition (balanced and unbalanced games according to team ranking difference between confronting teams). Archival data was composed of 532 games gathered from three seasons of the Brazilian Futsal League (seasons 2012 to 2014). Game results and the goals scored by both confronting teams were quantified. The results suggest the existence of a home advantage effect in elite futsal (63.8%), regardless of the quality of the opposition. Considering the quality of opposition effect, a smaller presence of home advantage was found in games played by teams of different strength levels (62.2%), when compared to teams with the same strength level (65.6%). The present results suggest that the home advantage phenomenon is present in futsal competitions, regardless of quality of opposition contexts. The identified trends confirm the influence of home advantage in futsal and the negative relationship with stronger teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 598-607 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:598-607 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio Milián-Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Milián-Sánchez Author-Name: C. Juan Morante Rábago Author-X-Name-First: C. Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Morante Rábago Author-Name: María Álvarez Hernández Author-X-Name-First: María Álvarez Author-X-Name-Last: Hernández Author-Name: Pedro Femia Marzo Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Femia Author-X-Name-Last: Marzo Author-Name: Aurelio Ureña Author-X-Name-First: Aurelio Author-X-Name-Last: Ureña Title: Participation in terminal actions according to the role of the player and his location on the court in top-level men’s volleyball Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the probability of success of the different players who execute the terminal actions according to their role and location on the court at that time, differentiating between the 2010 World Championship and the 2011 European Championship. 23 matches of the World Championship (n=5790) and 29 of the European Championship (n=7640) were analysed, differentiating by the roles of the players (setter, receiver, middle blocker, opposite and libero), type of terminal action (serve#, serve=, attack#, attack=, block#, block=, reception=, set=, defence= and others) and location at the time of the action (front court and back court). The descriptive analysis showed greater participation in final actions by the receiver (39%) and the opposite (25%), with no differences between the two championships being found Logistic regression analysis carried out by the player’s role and location at the time gave highly significant results (p<0.001). The opposite was the player with greater probability of success in his actions in both championships (World Championship; European Championship), followed by the receiver (OR: 0.723; 0.662), middle blocker (OR: 0.553; 0.612) and setter (OR: 0.250; 0.242). Execution from the front court showed greater success than from the back court, both for the World Championship (OR: 3.271) and the European Championship (OR: 2.809). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 608-619 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868818 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:608-619 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Sánchez-Moreno Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Moreno Author-Name: R. Marcelino Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Marcelino Author-Name: I. Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: A. Ureña Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ureña Title: Analysis of the rally length as a critical incident of the game in elite male volleyball Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify and classify the distribution of rally length in high-level men’s volleyball, considering the set’s characteristics (set number, set type, set status on the match, and set period). Particularly, we aimed to assess if a long rally can be considered a critical incident of the game by evaluating the outcome of the subsequent rally, and to determine the relationship between rally length and team success in the current rally. Twenty-four matches of the World Championship and twelve of the World League were analysed through cluster analysis. Thereby, 6120 rallies were classified as short (73.6%), medium (15.9%) or long (10.5%). Rallies’ average length was 5.0 ± 4.3 seconds. In initial sets winning a”long rally” increased in 1.65 times the probability of winning the subsequent rally compared with the”short rallies”, and 1.62 times in comparison with”medium rallies”. This could be a starting point for assessing the importance of long rallies as critical incidents of the game. In addition, in the side-out phase the shorter the duration the smaller the chance of losing the point, and the longer the duration, the higher the probability of losing it (OR = 0.907). Teams must establish tactical strategies to manage long rallies appropriately according to the game phase. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 620-631 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868819 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:620-631 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Courel-Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Courel-Ibáñez Author-Name: J. Bernardino Sánchez-Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: J. Bernardino Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Alcaraz Author-Name: Jerónimo Cañas Author-X-Name-First: Jerónimo Author-X-Name-Last: Cañas Title: Effectiveness at the net as a predictor of final match outcome in professional padel players Abstract: This study aimed to analyse effectiveness at the net and its influence on match outcome regarding serve situation in professional padel players. The sample contained 2107 rallies from the 15 male matches of the 2013 Masters Finals World Padel Tour. Variables pertaining to game result, attack effectiveness, players’ location, and serve situation were registered through systematic observation. Statistical analyses included a series of binomial logistic regression analyses. Results showed that six out of ten rallies finished at the net. Furthermore, points scored at the net accounted for over 80% of the total. More importantly, playing effectively at the net increased the likelihood of winning the match. Specifically, winning players scored 34% more points and made 49% less unforced errors at the net than those who lost (P = 0.011). Additionally, scoring odds for winners were further increased when resting (OR = 1.65; P = 0.014) compared to losers. Therefore, controlling the net game seems to be a key factor in professional padel that distinguishes between winning and losing players. The reported data may constitute a useful guide in the design of appropriate game strategies and specific-training sessions based on actual competition context. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 632-640 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:632-640 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pedro Silva Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Pedro Esteves Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Esteves Author-Name: Vanda Correia Author-X-Name-First: Vanda Author-X-Name-Last: Correia Author-Name: Keith Davids Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Davids Author-Name: Duarte Araújo Author-X-Name-First: Duarte Author-X-Name-Last: Araújo Author-Name: Julio Garganta Author-X-Name-First: Julio Author-X-Name-Last: Garganta Title: Effects of manipulations of player numbers vs. field dimensions on inter-individual coordination during small-sided games in youth football Abstract: The relative space per player formulated in small-sided and conditioned games can be manipulated either by promoting variations in player numbers or by modifying field dimensions. In this study we analysed how the same relative spaces per player, obtained through manipulations of player numbers and field dimensions, influenced inter-individual coordination. The positional data (GPS, 10 Hz) of 24 U-15 yrs performing in three different relative spaces per player (118, 133 and 152m2) was used. Inter-individual behavioural measures included: (i) effective relative space per player, (ii) radius of free movement; (iii) numerical relations inside each player’s relative space per player; and (iv) players’ spatial distribution variability. Magnitude-based inferences were used to analyse the practical significance of the selected variables. Results showed that manipulations of player numbers elicited more free space in the vicinity of each player. However, more advantageous numerical relations adjacent to each individual player and broader individual spatial distributions on field were observed during manipulations of field dimensions. These findings highlight the complex nature of performance behaviours captured by the co-adaptation of players to surrounding spatial constraints. Sport pedagogists should carefully evaluate the use of player numbers and field dimensions as strategies to simulate constraints of specific game contexts. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 641-659 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:641-659 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: María A. Fernandez-Villarino Author-X-Name-First: María A. Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez-Villarino Author-Name: Elena Sierra-Palmeiro Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Sierra-Palmeiro Author-Name: Marta Bobo-Arce Author-X-Name-First: Marta Author-X-Name-Last: Bobo-Arce Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Title: Analysis of the training load during the competitive period in individual rhythmic gymnastics Abstract: The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to describe the training load of elite rhythmic gymnastics in training situations and (ii) to examine the relationship between different training indicators with the final score of the gymnasts. Performance data were collected from elite gymnasts (n=7) in competition exercises executed over 10 sessions occurring in the competition period. Three variables were considered: heart rate, subjective rate of perceived exertion, final score achieved by gymnasts. Data were examined using Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficient and paired samples T-test. Results showed that the heart rate average values ranged between 137 and 154 beats per minute. At the end of the competitive period a decrease in the perceived exertion and in the average score of the exercises was observed. The highest scores were achieved in the first sessions (1-3) and the lowest scores in the last sessions (9-10) of the competition period. There is not a clear relationship between RPE, average heart rate and the score achieved by the gymnasts. The findings can contribute to improve training program effectiveness in rhythmic gymnastics. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 660-667 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868822 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868822 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:660-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio García-de-Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: García-de-Alcaraz Author-Name: Enrique Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Author-Name: José M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Title: Effect of age group on male volleyball players’ technical-tactical performance profile for the spike Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze male volleyball players’ technical-tactical performance profile of the spike (attack and counterattack) at various age groups and categories. The sample comprised 16,467 spike actions (8,890 attacks and 7,577 counterattacks) performed by 986 players in 299 sets from various categories (U-14, U-16, U-19, national senior, and international senior). A descriptive and correlational inter-and intragroup observational design was used. The variables studied were: category of competition, spike tempo, and spike performance. The results showed a significant increase in the use of fast-tempo attacks (first and second tempos) as well as a significant improvement in the performance of first tempo spikes (both attack and counterattack). An increase in the speed of the game by means of fast attacks is observed at higher age categories, which contributes to higher efficacy. This paper discusses various reasons for the evolution in the spike as well as the effects on the training process in different categories of competition in volleyball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 668-686 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868823 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:668-686 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Delextrat Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Delextrat Author-Name: Augusti Badiella Author-X-Name-First: Augusti Author-X-Name-Last: Badiella Author-Name: Victor Saavedra Author-X-Name-First: Victor Author-X-Name-Last: Saavedra Author-Name: Dionne Matthew Author-X-Name-First: Dionne Author-X-Name-Last: Matthew Author-Name: Xavi Schelling Author-X-Name-First: Xavi Author-X-Name-Last: Schelling Author-Name: Lorena Torres-Ronda Author-X-Name-First: Lorena Author-X-Name-Last: Torres-Ronda Title: Match activity demands of elite Spanish female basketball players by playing position Abstract: The primary aim of this study was to identify the effects of playing position on match activities of female basketball players. A secondary aim was to compare these match activities between quarters of play. Forty-two elite females players (25.9±4.3y, 183.4±9.0 cm) were studied during competitive matches. The frequency, duration and percentage of live time (%LT) were calculated. Differences between playing positions (PG, SG, SF, PF and C) and quarters were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed significantly more movements in PG than other positions (25.6±2.8 per min vs. 21.2±2.2 to 23.6±2.6 per min, P = 0.022), and more sprints in PG than PF and C (0.4±0.2 per min vs. 0.1±0.1 and 0.1±0.1, respectively for PG, PF and C, P = 0.040). Furthermore, PF and C performed more jumps and static exertion than other positions (jump frequencies and %LT static exertion of 1.2±0.2 per min and 4.8±2.1% for PF, 1.5±0.3 per min and 7.1±2.2% for C vs. 0.7±0.3 to 1.0±0.2 per min and 1.7±0.6 to 3.4±1.2 % in other positions, P = 0.002 to 0.028). A decrease in %LT for high-intensity movements was observed in the 4th compared to 1st and 3rd quarters (P = 0.048). These results highlight that physical conditioning by playing position might be worth considering by coaches, although longitudinal training studies are necessary to confirm this observation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 687-703 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868824 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868824 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:687-703 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Filipe Manuel Clemente Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Clemente Author-Name: Fernando Manuel Lourenço Martins Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Manuel Lourenço Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Author-Name: P. Del Wong Author-X-Name-First: P. Del Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Dimitris Kalamaras Author-X-Name-First: Dimitris Author-X-Name-Last: Kalamaras Author-Name: Rui Sousa Mendes Author-X-Name-First: Rui Sousa Author-X-Name-Last: Mendes Title: Midfielder as the prominent participant in the building attack: A network analysis of national teams in FIFA World Cup 2014 Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the most prominent players’ positions that contributed to the build of attack in football during FIFA World Cup 2014. The connections among teammates in all matches of the tournament were analyzed, and the tactical lineup and players’ positions of players were codified as independent variables. Four centrality network metrics were used to identify the pertinence of each players’ position. A total of 37,864 passes between teammates were recorded. Each national team was analyzed in terms of all their matches, thus all 64 matches from the FIFA World Cup 2014 tournament were analyzed and codified in this study. A total of 128 adjacency matrices and corresponding network graphs were generated and used to compute the centrality metrics. Results revealed that the players’ position (p = 0.001; η2p = 0.143; Power = 1.00; moderate effect size) showed significant main effects on centrality measures. The central midfielders possessed the main values in all centrality measures in the majority of analyzed tactical lineups. Therefore, this study showed that independent of the team strategy, the players’ position of a central midfielder significantly contributed to the build of attack in football, for example, greater cooperation and activity profile. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 704-722 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:704-722 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Fletcher Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher Author-Name: Roger Bartlett Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Bartlett Author-Name: Arron Docksteadder Author-X-Name-First: Arron Author-X-Name-Last: Docksteadder Author-Name: Nicholas Romanov Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Romanov Title: Determining key biomechanical performance parameters in novice female rowers using the Rosenberg and Pose techniques during a 1 km ergometer time trial Abstract: The link between internal and external forces in rowing and the related kinematics causing stroke length, stroke frequency and boat velocity is presently ambiguous. This study examined these biomechanical parameters using two diverse rowing techniques: Rosenberg and Pose. Ten female novice rowers participated in a pre-and post-test 1 km time trial using a Concept 2 ergometer fitted with load cells at the handle/foot stretchers. Pose rowing was significantly different from Rosenberg rowing in increased stroke frequency per minute (mean ± S. D. 32 ± 1: 37 ± 4) and decreased stroke length (m) (1.3 ± 0.1: 1.1 ± 0.1). Oar handle impulse (N. s) was significantly less in the Pose rowers (266 ± 24: 222 ± 26) while power (W) remained similar (223 ± 26: 222 ± 26). SIMI Motion recorded two-dimensional kinematics. Significantly less trunk extension (°) (-29 ± 1.0: -14 ± 0.5) at the end of the drive phase in Pose rowing may explain the stroke length and stroke frequency significant differences between the two techniques possibly owing to the 18.3% shorter drive time. Practical application centred on the transfer of body weight from the foot stretchers, oar handle and seat in reference to the influence of muscle activity. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 723-748 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:723-748 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehdi Rouissi Author-X-Name-First: Mehdi Author-X-Name-Last: Rouissi Author-Name: Moktar Chtara Author-X-Name-First: Moktar Author-X-Name-Last: Chtara Author-Name: Adam Owen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Owen Author-Name: Anis Chaalali Author-X-Name-First: Anis Author-X-Name-Last: Chaalali Author-Name: Anis Chaouachi Author-X-Name-First: Anis Author-X-Name-Last: Chaouachi Author-Name: Tim Gabbett Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Gabbett Author-Name: Karim Chamri Author-X-Name-First: Karim Author-X-Name-Last: Chamri Title: “Side-stepping maneuver”: not the more efficient technique to change direction amongst young elite soccer players Abstract: Two change of direction (COD) maneuvers (Side-Stepping [SSJ and Crossover-Stepping [CR) are often described in the scientific literature. However, there are other COD techniques which have not been investigated Therefore, the main aim of this study was to compare the performance of SS maneuver and a “By-Pass” (BP) COD maneuver (multiple short steps to avoid reduction in running speed by performing longer distance and wider angle of COD compared to SS) over several angles of COD. Seventy-three male soccer players (from U15 and U18 categories) competing at youth level participated in the study. Each age-category was divided into Starters Players (SP) and Non-Starters Players (NSP). Players performed a total of 26 sprints of 10-m, either in straight-line or with a COD (5 m straight ahead and the other 5 m with a turn of 45°, 90°, and 135°) using the two different maneuvers separately: SS and BP. Sprint performance was significantly better at 45°, 90° and 135° CODs (p<0.001) when players performed a BP maneuver compared to SS. Significant age-group effects were revealed, with U18 players demonstrating better performances (p<0.001) than U15 players in all COD angles. Further analysis revealed a significant effect of playing-level, with SP having better performances (p<0.002) compared to NSP in all COD angles. It can be concluded that the BP is a more effective maneuver than SS for changing direction in youth elite soccer players. Also, COD tests with angles ranging between 45° and 135° discriminate between Starters and Non-starters in youth soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 749-763 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868827 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:2:p:749-763 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868495 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandros Laios Author-X-Name-First: Alexandros Author-X-Name-Last: Laios Author-Name: Panagiotis Kountouris Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis Author-X-Name-Last: Kountouris Title: Association Between The Line-Up Of The Players And The Efficiency Of The Serving Team In Volleyball Abstract: In the game of Volleyball, at the beginning of every set, the coach is called to declare the starting line-up of his players. Every time the team wins a rally served by the opponent all its players make a clockwise position rotation and the team serves the rally. The primary aim of the present study was to study whether the six possible line-ups that appear during position rotations have the same efficiency for the serving team. All the games of the A1 division of the men’s Greek Championship of Volleyball for the 2005–2006 period were used. More specifically all the points (N=21469) of the two rounds of the regular season from 484 sets in 132 games, were taken into account. The results showed that the teams performed two and a half full rotations per set and that the serving team had the disadvantage to win the rally. The χ2 test showed that, with regards to the efficiency of the teams when serving, there are significant differences between the six line-ups. Also the efficiency when serving for home and away games depends on the setter’s position and there was a statistically significant decrease for the setter at position 4. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-8 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868496 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:1:p:1-8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Waldron Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Waldron Author-Name: Paul Worsfold Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Worsfold Title: Differences in the Game Specific Skills of Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Football Players: Implications for Talent Identification Abstract: The concept of multidimensional talent modelling offers a recent attempt to objectively identify sporting talent in adolescents, of which game specific skill assessment has become a significant dimension. Previous studies have used closed skill testing to assess ‘open’ skills in youth football players, often finding such measures to discriminate between elite and sub-elite groups. The current study used an example performance analysis template to; 1) Identify differences in performance indicators between pre-determined groups of elite and sub-elite performers during an open match environment; 2) Identify differences in performance indicators between positional groups of elite and sub-elite performers at separate levels of competition; 3) Individually identify sub-elite players compared to a normative profile of elite positional counterparts. Results from Mann-Whitney U testing suggested that elite players are significantly higher (p<0.0028) performers within 9 of 18 performance indicators. Comparisons refined by position and round of competition found only one indicator to distinguish between elite and sub-elite players. The use of a normative profiling method demonstrated how sub-elite players may be analysed relative to elite counterparts. Results are discussed in relation to the advantages of performance analysis as a preferred measure of game specific skills in the talent identification process. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 9-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:1:p:9-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Douglas Loveday Author-X-Name-First: E. Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Loveday Author-Name: J. Richard Coast Author-X-Name-First: J. Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Coast Title: Simulated Time Trial Using Three Different Pedal Rate Protocols Abstract: We sought to determine whether pedaling strategy during a 30 minute simulated time trial affected caloric requirements. The simulation consisted of a 30 minute bout divided into three successive 10 minute workloads (250W, 200W and 300W) ridden with three different cadence protocols. Protocol 1 matched the cadence to the power output of each 10 minute period, protocol 2 matched cadence to the average power output over bout and protocol 3 used a constant 95 rpm (common cadence in competition). Heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), and perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. The average total Kcal requirement for each protocol (1-3) was 470.1, 469.8 and 494.3, respectively. The average HR for each protocol was 151.5, 149.3 and 153.0 and the average RPE for each protocol was 12.8, 12.3 and 12.4. Protocol 3 required the greatest amount of energy (P<0.001) and elicited a higher HR (P<0.05) when compared to protocols 1 and 2. At the same time, RPE was not different across bouts (P>0.05). The results show energy expenditure was significantly elevated during the constant 95 rpm bout and that perceived exertion was not an accurate indicator of energy expenditure. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 25-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:1:p:25-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Michele van Rooyen Author-X-Name-First: K. Michele Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooyen Author-Name: Emile Diedrick Author-X-Name-First: Emile Author-X-Name-Last: Diedrick Author-Name: D. Timothy Noakes Author-X-Name-First: D. Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Noakes Title: Ruck Frequency as a predictor of success in the 2007 Rugby World Cup Tournament Abstract: An evaluation of the 2007 Rugby World Cup was conducted to establish if ruck occurrence could predict successful performance. These data were compared with the 6 Nations and Tri Nations competitions of 2007. There were 117 (range 65 – 172) rucks per match. The knockout stages had a greater number of rucks per game (121 range 71-164) than the pool stages (116 range 65-172). 66% of rucks occurred in the midfield zones, 28% in the attacking and 7% in the defensive zones. Comparisons with the 6 Nations and Tri Nations revealed that there were 20% fewer rucks during World Cup matches. Matches during the pool stages were won (58%) by teams with the highest number of rucks. This was also observed during the 6 Nations and the Tri Nations. In the knockout stages the team with the fewest rucks won 100% of the matches. These data suggest that during International rugby competitions and pool stages of a World Cup, the greater the number of rucks that a team creates, the more likely it is to win the match. This strategy was not effective during the knockout stages of the Rugby World Cup; here the avoidance of rucking was associated with success. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 33-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:1:p:33-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Jason Douglas Author-X-Name-First: M. Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Douglas Author-Name: Nicholas Tam Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Tam Title: Analysis of team performances at the ICC World Twenty20 Cup 2009 Abstract: Cricket has evolved in recent years and has resulted in the emergence of Twenty20 cricket. We examined the batting, bowling and fielding variables associated with success in cricket in the recent Twenty20 World Cup. We compared several key batting and bowling variables of winning and non-winning teams by comparing the magnitudes of differences (Cohen’s effect size). We established several moderate or large differences between winning and losing teams with respect to batting, bowling and fielding variables. The best indicators of success in the tournament can be broken down into general match, batting and fielding variables. The top 5 indicators for success in the tournament were losing less wickets in the game (ES= −1.66), losing less wickets in the powerplay while batting (ES= −1.22), scoring more runs per over (ES= 1.23), scoring more runs in the middle eight overs (ES= 0.86) and bowling more dot balls (ES= 1.15). Thus it could be concluded that for overall success in Twenty20 cricket, teams should focus on taking wickets and bowling dot balls whilst fielding, and implementing tactics that encourage 50+ partnerships and boundary hitting batsmen whilst batting. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 47-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:1:p:47-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Lawrence Judge Author-X-Name-First: W. Lawrence Author-X-Name-Last: Judge Author-Name: David Bellar Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bellar Author-Name: Glenn McAtee Author-X-Name-First: Glenn Author-X-Name-Last: McAtee Author-Name: Mike Judge Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Judge Title: Predictors of Personal Best Performance in the Hammer Throw for U.S. Collegiate Throwers Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the variables that contributed most to maximum throwing distance in the hammer throw event in track and field. A 41-item survey instrument was developed to collect data regarding national level collegiate hammer throwers throughout the United States. Multiple regression analysis for hammer throw personal record (PR) yielded a significant model (r=0.811, p≤0.001) with the following predictors: number of throws per year, number of years throwing the hammer, NCAA division, back squat, and type of hammer technique. The model explained in excess of 65% of the variance in hammer technique among the respondents (r2=0.658). These results provide quantitative information for coaches and athletes involved in the hammer throw event about the importance of years of experience, volume of training and strength levels. Furthermore, the results may provide some insight into the obstacles and barriers limiting the development of US hammer throwers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 54-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:1:p:54-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Jason Harding Author-X-Name-First: W. Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Harding Author-Name: A. Daniel James Author-X-Name-First: A. Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: Analysis of Snowboarding Performance At The Burton Open Australian Half-Pipe Championships Abstract: Half-pipe snowboarding performance is assessed by subjective measures. Knowledge of the relative importance of objective performance indicators however can improve training and competition performance assessment. We analysed previously developed key performance indicators at the Burton Open Australian Half-Pipe Championships over three years (2006, 2007, 2008). Linear regression showed the two individual key performance indicators most strongly correlated to competition success and multiple linear regression (enter method) showed the shared variance in scores explained by these objective variables. The two objective performance variables most highly correlated with competition success were average air time (AAT) and average degree of rotation (ADR). When combined (multiple linear regression), AAT and ADR objectively explain 71 – 94% of shared variance in subjective competition scores. We compared magnitudes of differences in AAT and ADR between athletes achieving top three (podium) final rankings and those achieving final rankings outside the top three. Magnitude of difference between athletic performances was established with a standardised (Cohen’s) effect size (ES) with 95% confidence limits. Differences in AAT and ADR between athletes placing in the top three and those finishing outside the top three routinely showed moderate (ES = 0.6 – 1.2 95% CL) to very large (ES >2.0 95% CL) effects. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 66-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2010.11868502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868502 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:10:y:2010:i:1:p:66-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Laird Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Laird Author-Name: Polly Sutherland Author-X-Name-First: Polly Author-X-Name-Last: Sutherland Title: Penalty Corners in Field Hockey: A guide to success Abstract: The purpose of this study was to devise a suitable notational analysis system (video analysis combined with hand notation) to help coaches and players improve their performance during penalty corners in field hockey. The design of the system sought to highlight successful tactics, while eliminating the unsuccessful ones. Two hundred and fifty penalty corners from the 1998 field hockey World Cup in Holland were analysed using video analysis and a hand notation system. Results showed that most successful goals were scored from straight shots that were either flicked or undercut. The average number of touches which resulted in a straight shot/outright goal was found to be three. Unsuccessful goals occurred most often when the ball was saved by either the goalie or a defender or when the attacker lost possession. Most shots that were on target, resulted in a save. These shots were usually hit without the ball leaving the ground. This information could be used by coaches and players to concentrate a portion of training time to perfecting these successful tactics and discouraging the unsuccessful ones. The ability to score from penalty corners can be the determining factor in winning a match Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 19-26 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868270 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:19-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lígia Mendes Author-X-Name-First: Lígia Author-X-Name-Last: Mendes Author-Name: Fernando Tavares Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Tavares Title: The defensive dimension in basketball. analysis of the cinematic pattern of the defensive slide, the declarative knowledge and technical and tactical structures. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 27-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868271 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:27-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernando Tavares Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Tavares Author-Name: Núbio Gomes Author-X-Name-First: Núbio Author-X-Name-Last: Gomes Title: The offensive process in basketball – a study in high performance junior teams Abstract: By defining the main performance indicators that correlate with success in a sport, analysts can determine how teams can achieve their potential by focusing their training and practices on these important factors. The purpose of this study is to describe and compare the offensive process in Basketball, the subject population were high performance level junior men teams based on the qualitative and quantitative technical and tactical variables. The sample comprises four teams, Spain (N=5), United States of America (N=3), Croatia (N=5) and Brazil (N=8), observed during the 6th World Championship of Men Juniors, Portugal 1999.From a total of 21 games we analysed the set offence and fast break and we recorded their frequency, duration and outcome actions. Descriptive and non-parametric statistics were used for data analysis techniques.The results of our study allow the following conclusions: (1) the main game method of all teams is set offense (74,6%), while fast-break is the second game method (25,4%); (2) about ¾ of set offenses have duration between 13 and 18 seconds; (3) the duration of the fast-break is in 70% between 4 and 6 seconds; (4) the shooting area with better performance is the painted area (zone 9); (5) 1x1 is the tactical structure more applied for all teams; (6) the game performance indicators that differentiated the teams are: mean points scored, percent of success of free-throws, number of fouls made on, number of suffered fouls and offensive rating. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 34-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868272 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868272 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:34-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Author-Name: Manuel Janeira Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Janeira Title: Statistical analyses of basketball team performance: understanding teams’ wins and losses according to a different index of ball possessions Abstract: The aim of the present paper is to investigate the discriminatory power of game statistics between winning and losing teams in the Portuguese Professional Basketball League. Methodological issues concerning game rhythm contamination and data organization according to game type (regular season or play-off), game final outcome (win or loss), game location (home or away) and game final score differences are discussed. Archival data were obtained for the 1997-1998 and the 1998-1999 Portuguese Professional Basketball League seasons for (a) all 353 regular season home and away games and (b) all 56 play-off home and away games. Cluster analysis was conducted to establish, according to game final score differences, three different groups for the subsequent analysis (close games, with final score differences between 1 and 8 points; balanced games, with final score differences between 8 and 18 points and unbalanced games, with final score differences above 18 points). Afterwards, discriminant analysis was used to identify the game statistics that maximize mean differences between winning and losing teams according to previously defined factors (type, location, cluster groups). Obtained results allowed us to understand that in balanced and unbalanced games, losing teams performed poorly in all game statistics. In contrast, results from close games allowed us to identify different team performance profiles according to game type and location. Globally, regular season profile was best discriminated by successful free-throws, whereas play-offs profile was best discriminated by offensive rebounding. On the other hand, home wins were best discriminated by committed fouls whereas successful free-throws discriminated away wins. Coaches and players should be aware of these different profiles in order to increase specificity at the time of game planning and control. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 40-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868273 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:40-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Richard Daniel Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Daniel Title: Playing patterns of elite and non-elite volleyball. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop an efficient and comprehensive hand notation system, for the purpose of effectively recording elite and non-elite volleyball. Twenty sets (ten for each standard) were analysed post event from video recordings to provide technical, tactical and court utilization data to ascertain the different patterns of play adopted by the two standards.An investigation in to the patterns of play in volleyball was the chosen area of investigation because it is an area that has had very little work done on, the originality of the project meant that results found were not predictable or obvious. As a keen volleyball player the author maintained interest and enthusiasm throughout the work.Results showed that clear distinctions do exist between elite and non-elite teams, firstly in the quality of the execution of shots, where elite teams were significantly better for the quality of both the serve reception and the defence. This proved significant as it was found that the quality of elite teams setting was dependant on the quality of the defence or serve reception, similarly it was found that the quality of the attack depended on the quality of the set. Although similar results were found for non-elite teams the relationship was not so strong. The research also found that the rally outcome differed significantly, with elite teams winning more points and making less errors.It was concluded that clear distinctions do exist between elite and non-elite teams, firstly in the quality of the execution of shots, where elite teams were significantly better for the quality of both when serving and receiving. This proved significant as it was found that the quality of elite teams setting was dependant on the quality of the defence or serve reception, similarly it was found that the quality of the attack depended on the quality of the set. Although similar results were found for non-elite teams the relationship was not so strong. The research also found that the rally outcome differed significantly, with elite teams winning more points and making less errors. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 50-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868274 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:50-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Giatsis Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Giatsis Title: The effect of changing the rules on score fluctuation and match duration in the FIVB women’s beach volleyball Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between the two scoring systems, Rally Scoring (RS) and Side Out scoring (SO), in the duration and the score fluctuation of matches in Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) Women’s Beach Volleyball (BV). In this research the duration and the points of 1253 matches were recorded from 22 tournaments of the FIVB Women’s BV World Tour. The 2000 FIVB tournaments followed the SO system and the 2001 FIVB followed the RS system. Since the 2001 FIVB was played in 2 winning sets, it was divided in two subgroups concerning the final score (RS2-0 and RS2-1). The 2000 FIVB was played in a single set of 15 points. The one way ANOVA indicated that there were significant differences (F(3,1835) = 268.091, p< .001) in total duration of matches between the tournaments. The Post Hoc Scheffe indicated significant differences between the SO (M = 35.5, SD = 9.9 min) and the RS (M = 41.6, SD = 10.2 min) and he SO and the RS2-1 (M = 53.8, SD = 7.2 min). In SO matches the losers won (M = 8.1, SD = 3.7 points), while in the RS mean match phases were (? = 83.5, SD = 17.4). 46.4% and 12.7% of the matches included a set with the minimum difference of points in the RS and SO respectively. In conclusion, RS increased match duration due to the third set and the matches were more wavering and spectacular as more sets finished with the minimum difference of points. However, the physical demands of the game were increased due to the greater number of rallies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 57-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868275 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:57-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Giatsis Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Giatsis Author-Name: George Tzetzis Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Tzetzis Title: Comparison of performance for winning and losing beach volleyball teams on different court dimensions. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the performance between winning and losing teams in Beach Volleyball (BV) matches on courts of new (8x8m) and old dimensions (9x9m) at the side out phase. Side out in BV means the change of the right to serve Nine semifinals and seven finals of the Hellenic BV Championship taking place at an 8x8m and 9x9m court were video-recorded using a camera. 34 sets and 1466 phases were recorded and the following technical skills were analyzed: a) serve b) reception c) attack. In addition, attack was divided into two categories according to the type of the attack: a) spikes and b) shots. The term effectiveness was established by the ratio determining the total kills minus total errors divided by total attempts. Independent samples t-test was used in order to compare the above mentioned parameters between the winning (N) and losing (H) teams at these two different court dimensions (8x8, 9x9). Significant differences were found, t(16) = 3.06, p< .01), in the attack efficiency (MN8x8 = .476, SD = .086, MH8x8 = .315, SD = .131), (t(18) = 2.44, p< .05), in the spike efficiency (MN8x8 = .479, SD = .162, MH8x8 = .254, SD = .236), in the percentage of errors (MN8x8 = .139, SD = .052, MH8x8 = .204, SD = .077), (t(18) = 2.21, p< .05), in the percentage of receptions errors (MN9x9 = .09, SD = .043, MH9x9= .032, SD = .029), t(10) = 2.73, p< .05) and in reception (MH9x9 = 0.96, SD = 0.03, MH9x9 = 0.90, SD = 0.05), (t(10) = 2.74, p< 0.05). Winning and losing teams used the spikes and shots at approximately the same rate. In conclusion, different skills performance contributed to winning the match after the reduction in court dimensions. On the 8x8, the winners had better attack efficiency and fewer errors, while on the 9x9 they had better reception. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 65-74 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:65-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport VI Jordanstown, Northern Ireland 22 to 25 June 2004 Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 75-76 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2003 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2003.11868277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868277 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:75-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: The use of feedback videos in sport. Abstract: The purpose of match analysis in coaching contexts is to provide augmented feedback to players. Computer-based systems integrate quantitative performance data with video images. These systems can be tailored for use with any sport using performance indicators of interest to the coaches and players. This paper describes how feedback is given to players using match analysis systems, based on experience of working with athletes competing in international tournaments. The process of using systems to gather performance data, analyse that data, providing feedback in the form of statistics and video sequences. Video sequences can be provided in 2 ways; interactively through the match analysis system or as a stand alone edited movie. Interactively provided video sequences have the benefit of being provided flexibly and as soon as the data is analysed on the system. This can be as soon as the match has completed. If there is limited time between matches and a need for rapid feedback, interactively provided video sequences are used. These can include critical match events and novel incidents. The statistical information provided by the systems can identify areas that require attention such as possession losses, but observation of the relevant sequences allows the coaches to identify exactly why possessions are being lost and then this can be properly addressed in practice sessions with the player. There are different types of standalone video that can be produced. These include motivational videos of positive aspects with background music of the players’ choice. There are occasions where videos contain both negative and positive aspects.Coaches usually require the complete match on video in order to be able to investigate any ad hoc query they are interested in. Individual player videos can be motivational in nature or can include negative as well as positive aspects to provide feedback helping the player learn about their performance and identify areas requiring attention. Other areas of sports science support often require video sequences of examples of incidents in play. For example, psychological aspects of performance such as errors of attentional focus can be displayed to the team to help the sports psychologist to advise players on psychological skills. Where match videos of forthcoming opponents are available, they can be analysed and a movie produced to brief players on the typical tactics and technical ability of their opponents. Other types of standalone video that have been produced are videos of coach behaviour, souvenir movies of international tournaments and the occasional funny movie to provide light relief. The statistical information produced during analysis has been integrated into videos so as the quantitative information and supporting video sequences are provided synergetically. During the production of videos, it is important to be aware of trends in quantitative performance indicators in identifying relevant video sequences to display. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-14 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868368 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868368 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:1-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroo Takahashi Author-X-Name-First: Hiroo Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi Author-Name: Tomohito Wada Author-X-Name-First: Tomohito Author-X-Name-Last: Wada Author-Name: Akira Maeda Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Maeda Author-Name: Mitsuo Kodama Author-X-Name-First: Mitsuo Author-X-Name-Last: Kodama Author-Name: Hidetsugu Nishizono Author-X-Name-First: Hidetsugu Author-X-Name-Last: Nishizono Author-Name: Hiroshi Kurata Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Kurata Title: The relationship between court surface and tactics in tennis using a computerized scorebook. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to use a newly developed computerised scorebook for tennis in order to clarify the characteristics of tennis tactics used on specific court surfaces. The authors developed a computerised scorebook for tennis that calculates the time duration of shots, points, and the time between points. Data were collected from matches played by male Japanese intercollegiate players. A total of 97 points were observed. Two observers (A, B) were recruited for recording matches using the scorebook. The mean error of observer A was 0.003±0.05 s, while the mean error of observer B was 0.02±0.10 s.The computerised scorebook for tennis was used to collect data for clarifying the characteristics of tennis tactics used on specific court surfaces. Forty-one matches from the Grand Slam tournaments held in 2003 and 2004 were analyzed. The scorebook recorded the final shot of each point, the result of each point, and the time duration of each shot. The final shots were categorised into the following 5 groups: service, return of serve, ground strokes, attacking strokes, and defending strokes. The time between the impact of the serve and the impact of the return of serve determined the duration of service. The time duration of ground strokes was calculated as the time between the impact of one player and the impact of the other player. A chi-square test was used to compare the distribution of the final shots on each surface. An ANOVA test was conducted in order to compare the time duration on each surface and a Tukey’s HSD test was used for multiple comparisons. For the last shot of each point, significant differences were observed between the court surface and the distribution of the type of stroke. The percentage of ground strokes was high on clay while the percentages for attacking and defending strokes were high on grass. Furthermore, the rate of service strokes was high on hard courts. The shot time duration of the 1st service was 0.91 s on clay, 0.71 s on grass, and 0.73 s on hard courts. The time duration of service on clay was significantly longer than the time durations observed on other surfaces. The time duration of ground strokes was 1.36 s on clay, 1.34 s on grass, and 1.35 s on hard courts. The time duration of ground strokes on clay was significantly longer than time durations observed on grass; however, the difference was only 2/100 of a second. Service and return of service strokes were important to the tactics used on grass and hard courts as players must react more quickly than on clay. Ground strokes were important on clay and hard courts, and the average time duration of ground strokes was equal on these surfaces. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 15-25 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868369 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868369 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:15-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katja Westphal Author-X-Name-First: Katja Author-X-Name-Last: Westphal Author-Name: Anita Hökelmann Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Hökelmann Author-Name: Peter Blaser Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Blaser Title: The connection between cognitive movement representations and movement implementation under the conditions of an accompanied-athletic training in rhythmic gymnastics. Abstract: Mental training aims to improve the foundation for cognitive regulation of complex movement performance. When mental representation of a sport skill is improved with the aid of systematic techniques, performance is enhanced considerably. The computer-aided tool “Gymnastic-Mental” should be tested during training practice to make mental training more effective and to improve motor performance. As a result of the testing, we looked for a training means that could be used in rhythmic gymnastics to optimize the training technique. In the “Gymnastic-Mental”-programme are selected model examples of sport-specific body techniques and combination techniques as figures. This system can influence the internal movement representations over the visual and acoustic analyzer. The pictures of the technique are to be arranged in the correct order for the movement. Indicators for quantifying the effects of practising and of cognitive learning gain are defined using the “error rate” as a measurement for accuracy of action and “cognitive time consumption” as a measurement for time taken to make decisions and hence availability of representation pattern. A group of 8 top-level gymnasts were tested. The cognitive and motor components were concurrently examined in pre- and post-tests. Mental Training was carried out on a daily basis over a one-week period. Practice was being done during this week, as well as for another seven weeks. The athletes were video recorded before and after the period of practicing. Data were collected and analysed with SIMI Motion. We looked for biomechanical parameters which are demonstrated the quality of the movement implementation. For our selected technique “double diving turn backward” a low back bend and big amplitude of the legs are important parameters. A significant improvement in learning was found. After one week of mental practice, 95% of the pictures were assigned correctly during the post-test conditions. The time required to select the pictures decreased on average about 80.6%. A significant improvement of the accomplishment could be proved after a period of seven weeks. The back bend increased on average about 15° and the angle between the legs about 8°. After one-week period of mental training exercise, it can be assumed that the programme supports mental learning (basic structure of the movement) and allows the control of movement association. As a result, mistakes associated with an incorrect movement can be assessed and removed. It becomes clear that the motor implementation still shows considerable deficienies. At the time a quantitative evaluation of the biomecanical parameters takes place. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 26-33 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868370 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868370 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:26-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jürgen Perl Author-X-Name-First: Jürgen Author-X-Name-Last: Perl Title: Qualitative analysis of team interaction in games by means of the load-performance-metamodel PerPot. Abstract: Observation of team behaviour in games shows rather inhomogeneous distributions of the levels of activity and effectiveness along the game. It is to expect, of course, that even for a high level team a phase of great effort is followed by a phase of reduced activities, while the opponent team is increasing its pressure. The result could be thought to be something like a rhythmic change, where the maximum activities of the one team correspond to the minimum ones of the other team.However, as we got from handball data that Martin Lames from the University of Ulm/Germany recorded last year (private correspondence), the correspondences can be much more difficult and varying: Lames measured the scoring effectiveness depending on the aggregated numbers of ball possessions that formed a non-linear transformation of the time axis. The results were diagrams where high and low performance intervals of both of the teams can alternate, follow and overlap each other or even can appear concurrently.Based on the interpretation that the subsequent effectiveness of the one team is a kind of performance, which in a delayed way is caused by the past and present pressure or load from the opponent team – i.e. its activities and scoring – the game can be understood as a symmetric process of load-performance-interaction. Such processes can be analysed by means of PerPot, which originally was developed in order to analyse physiological adaptation processes.The new aspect of the presented approach is that in case of games the performance output of the one team forms the load input of the opponent one, where the delay of the reaction characterizes the temporary state or the temporary fatigue of the respective team. The first results of this approach are that the types of local correspondences of the effectiveness patterns can be simulated quite well. Even the qualitative reproduction of longer sequences of patterns is satisfying. The simulation is controlled only by the respective delay values.Currently, some work has been done in order to improve those results and the understanding of the team interaction dynamics. The aim could be to predict up-coming weak phases earlier and control and optimize the activities of a team. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 34-51 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:34-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Merni Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Merni Author-Name: A. Morelli Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Morelli Author-Name: F.M. Impellizzeri Author-X-Name-First: F.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Impellizzeri Author-Name: D. Concari Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Concari Author-Name: R. Di Michele Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Di Michele Title: Performance monitoring during a mountain biking race. Abstract: Previous studies analyzing the performance in road and MTB cyclists report usually oxygen uptake and lactate data collected during incremental tests. Infrequent are the observations of physiological parameters during the race. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of Cyclists of Italian National Team during an official MTB competition through the continuous monitoring of heart rate (HR), speed, and revolutions per minute (RPM). Our ultimate goal is to obtain a more careful performance model including also an indirect estimate of the physiological load, related to the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the anaerobic threshold (AT). This will be carried out analyzing the relationship between HR collected during the race and physiological parameters obtained with incremental tests.In the laboratory, the cyclists warmed up for 20’ at 100W using a cycloergometer Monark, adapted to allow the use of his own bike to each of the athletes. VO2max was assessed through an automatic analyzer (Vmax29, Sensor Medics, Iorba Linda, California), HR was collected, also during the race, with an heart rate monitor (Vantage NV, Polar Electro Oy, Finland), allowing to register speed and RPM too. In the incremental test, power was increased in 25 W every 30s until exhaustion. VO2Max is the mean VO2 of the last step. HR, VO2 and power were calculated as maximal values and relative to the AT, estimated at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mMol/l.We tested 14 athletes belonging to the Italian National Team, participating to an official international MTB competition. From the initial group we selected 6 subjects having different results in the initial test, and different strategic behaviours - then different results - during the race. The race course and the tactical behaviour render the performance model very different between the athletes and also for the same athlete during the 7 rounds of the course.From the trend of parameters we observed 4 racing strategies:1. High load (intensity near the maximal) for a third of the duration of the competition, especially in the central phases determinant for the selection, then control of the race at a lower intensity2. Regular race with a load a few inferior to AT without reaching the maximum metabolic load (controlled race, nearly a training)3. High load at the beginning, then administration of the race with a strain necessary to maintain the acquired0 position4. More frequent load around the AT, with under- and over-AT phases, with a Gaussian distribution of the load. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 52-66 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868372 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868372 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:52-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: Notational analysis in soccer: past, present and future. Abstract: Notational analysis is now widely used in soccer, the result of influential previous research, its use by well respected individuals within the sport and the development of affordable technology. Currently most, if not all, professional soccer teams all over the world use some form of video feedback coupled with some statistical summary of events. The details of which are difficult to determine comprehensively due to the secrecy surrounding performance analysis and the need to gain an advantage over the opposition. This paper therefore predominantly discusses some of the influential published papers and comments on the conclusions derived from them. Current issues that are relevant to both researchers and coaches of soccer, such as sample size, operational definitions, performance over time, invariant behaviour and perturbations, are described and discussed using practical examples where possible. Possible future directions in notational analysis research are briefly considered including fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 67-81 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868373 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868373 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:67-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anita Hökelmann Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Hökelmann Author-Name: Peter Blaser Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Blaser Author-Name: Sebastian Scholz Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Scholz Author-Name: Steffen Plock Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Plock Author-Name: Stefanie Veit Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: Veit Title: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of World Standing in Group Competition in the Sport of Rhythmic Gymnastics. Abstract: It seems sensible to utilise performance analysis techniques in Rhythmic Gymnastics as well, as the performance structure in group routines is complex, and it is difficult to find the reasons for success or failure of a team. However, no such analyses of Rhythmic Gymnastics could be found in the published literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to define effective methods for computerised analyses of group compositions in Rhythmic Gymnastics. These methods need to be suitable to analyse the world’s leading gymnastics groups, as well as to provide teams with feedback on their performance compared to that of the world leaders. The judgement of group competitions in rhythmic gymnastics is influenced by subjective aspects, although the evaluation is based on uniform criteria. It is a complex and difficult task because the execution of the movements and the change from one appliance to another takes place extremely fast. Therefore, one team of judges assesses the artistic aspects and another team assesses the difficulty of the choreography on the basis of a reference list. Quantitative parameters of the performances are not considered. Therefore, the performances are not exactly comparable. In order to get a detailed analysis of the actual performance of elite groups and to compare the choreography, a computer program has been developed. This program makes it possible:1. to document the participation of individual gymnasts during the execution of selected difficulties and while changing to another appliance,2. to produce an overview of the frequency of the individual elements,3. to determine the area covered, the number of appliance changes and the distances covered with each appliance, and4. to compare the synchronicity of executing the movements.Commercial software was identified that could be used to record the gymnasts’ positions and actions, and a new computer program was written to visualise the path of each gymnast. A complete analysis of the routines of 4 teams was performed, including the distance covered by each gymnast and the number of actions and interactions of the gymnasts was executed on the basis of videos from the World Cup of Rhythmic Gymnastics in Düsseldorf (Germany) 2005. A first analysis showed that the top teams differ from the German team in terms of the:1. number of big appliance changes,2. average width of the throws,3. distance run by the gymnasts,4. number of elements with high difficulties executed by all competitors,5. number of formation forms and6. practice speed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 82-87 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868374 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:82-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Bazanov Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Bazanov Author-Name: P. Võhandu Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Võhandu Author-Name: R. Haljand Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Haljand Title: Factors influencing the teamwork intensity in basketball. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the offensive team activity and to determine factors influencing the teamwork intensity in basketball. We were able to determine the teamwork structure by using a system of analysis of the offensive process. The analysis of the team activity as an integrated whole becomes very important.For this research we observed the Tallinn University basketball team, which plays in Division One of the Estonian league. The data was gathered from 600 ball possessions in 8 recorded games of the regular season. The data we collected (the count of elements in the offensive zone during one team s ball possession: dribbles, passes, screens on the ball, screen off s the ball, shots; the time in possession during the transition, ball possession in the offensive zone and total time; the type of offence: fast break, early offence or set offence; the beginning: after steal, defensive rebound or inbound) was analyzed by the means of data mining. Data mining summarises the data and presents the main patterns. It meets this target by listing the relations between all the values in each field and the dependent variable. The method employs a unique algorithm that segments numeric fields in an optimal way, and displays the relation between each interval and the value under analysis. This analysis of the basic rules and trends results in the summary of the data.The analyzing system of the competitive activity of the game, enables us to find out interesting offensive teamwork models from the data. The results showed that the teamwork intensity index was equal to 0,82 on average (SD = 0.26) with a frequancy of 43%. Trend report show, that the main impact factors influencing the teamwork intensity in offensive zone are time in possession in offensive zone (prediction power 67), the total time of ball possession (prediction power 59) and screen off s the ball (prediction power 39).On the basis of the research, the coach can evaluate the activity of the team and correct the strategy for future games. The analyzing system worked out through that helps coaches to develop performance and promote learning. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 88-96 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868375 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:88-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernando Seabra Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Seabra Author-Name: Luis E.P.B.T. Dantas Author-X-Name-First: Luis E.P.B.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Dantas Title: Space definition for match analysis in soccer. Abstract: Studies on match analysis in soccer frequently use some kind of geometrical field division in order to situate and classify the actions observed. However, as an invasion game, with both teams acting in the same regular space, intertwining and creating play configurations of outstanding complexity and dynamism, a more appropriate procedure to locate actions encompassing its tactical meaning seems to be in relation to opponent distribution in the field. Aiming to provide a contextual notation of actions, this paper proposes the utilization of a match analysis instrument based on the opposition’s spatial configuration called Space of Defensive Occupation (SDO). SDO emerges from the application of the concept of space effectively covered (Merand, 1976; Gréhaigne, 1992) to the entire team while defending. Apart from peripheral limits, the position of players inside the SOD is also considered, resulting in internal subdivisions and generating different zones. For the purpose of studying the relationship between the actions of assistance pass, reception and shot and SDO zones, we have analysed 112 shot attempt situations from seven matches of Brazil and Germany in the 2002 World Cup. Variables were classified into four groups:(1) zone of action’s occurrence – frontal (F), central midfield (cM), peripheral midfield (pM), central defence (cD), peripheral defence (pD), central space behind the defence (cB), peripheral space behind the defence (pB);(2) action – assistance pass, reception and shot; (3) shot attempt result – successful or unsuccessful;(4) team – Brazil, Brazil’s opponents, Germany and Germany’s opponents. Chi-square tests indicated that cD is proportionally the main reception and shooting zone, while cB and pB presented the highest relative efficiency. cM and pM are essentially assistance pass zone, though cM’s relative efficiency is specially low. Both of these showed the smaller relative efficiency to reception and shot. For the assistance pass, cD is the most efficient; conversely, there is no significant difference between successful and unsuccessful distributions among SDO zones. According to the spatial distribution of actions related to successful shot attempts, assistance pass was most diversified and unpredictable (J=0.94) than reception (J=0.83) and shot (J=0.76). Brazil played a larger proportion of assistance passes in central zones with reception in central zones than Germany, and a smaller proportion of assistance passes in peripheral zones with reception in central zones than its opponents. Germany did not present significant differences compared to its opponents. The instrument’s reliability was tested with values ranging from K=0.73 to 0.90 for inter-observers test and from K= 0.83 to 0.93 for intra-observers test. The analysis of results suggests that SDO is a reliable instrument, capable of spatially characterizing actions so as to point out differences in team performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 97-113 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:97-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Reed Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Reed Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: An Exploration of Team Sport as a Dynamical System. Abstract: At the heart of this paper is the concept of open (complex) systems; a theory which seeks to explain how regularity emerges from within a system that consists of many degrees of freedom in constant flux. Theoretically dynamic patterns are founded on, and greatly inspired by the pioneering work of Hermann Haken, who introduced the concept of non-equilibrium phase transitions within natural patterns (Haken, 1983). At the heart of this theory is how patterns are formed in complex systems with small changes to the system prompting large (nonlinear) changes in the system. Kelso, Turvey and colleagues have been instrumental in applying these types of theory to the experimental analysis of perception and action (for a review, see Kelso, 1995). In these patterns, contents aren’t contained but are revealed by the systems dynamics. Understanding of these theories within sports behaviour has opened up an entirely new research avenue, including synergies, cooperation, and control and order parameters.The current paper discusses and reviews the application of dynamical systems theory within performance analysis of soccer, before beginning to apply this knowledge within the development of a new framework. Data are presented as team profiles composed of perturbations, territory, possession and momentum data from English League Football. It is hypothesized that application of similar strategies on differing scales may enable researchers to efficiently spot the periods of play which are critical to success, therefore negating the pitfalls of traditional notation research. These concepts may also enable players and coaches to understand the components of ‘game control’ and therefore improve the standards of their game through feedback, tactical interventions, player and coach psychology and pattern prediction. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 114-125 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868377 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:114-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sebastian Prim Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Prim Author-Name: Michele van Rooyen Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooyen Author-Name: Michael Lambert Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Title: A comparison of performance indicators between the four South African teams and the winners of the 2005 Super 12 Rugby competition. What separates top from bottom? Abstract: The South African regional teams participating in the Super 12 rugby union competition seem to under-perform compared to the performance of the national team in the Tri-Nations competition against similar Australasian opposition. The aim of this study was to compare various performance parameters between the four South African Super 12 teams (Bulls, 3rd position; Stormers, 9th position; Cats, 11th position; and Sharks, 12th position) and the eventual winners, the Crusaders from New Zealand. Nine games from the 2005 Super 12 season were analysed. These nine games included the four South African teams playing against the Crusaders and against each other (one game, Stormers v Sharks, was lost due to technical problems). All game analyses were performed after the tournament using a digital analysis software program (Sportscode Elite version 5.4.24, Sportstec, Australia). Ball possession, tries scored and various performance indicators associated with successful ball retention and attacking effectiveness in the tackle situation (as obtained through a panel of elite coaches and analysts) were quantified.There were no statistically significant differences between the teams for the total amount of ball possession per match (Crusaders 1057±216s, Bulls 1048±158s, Cats 852±73s, Sharks 1078±84s and Stormers 984±186s) or time of each movement involving ball possession (Crusaders 15.2±3.0s, Bulls 15.5±1.9s, Cats 13.0±1.0s, Sharks 16.9±2.3s and Stormers 15.0±3.8s). There were no significant differences between the number of tries scored (Crusaders 6±4, Bulls 4±3, Cats 3±1, Sharks 3±2 and Stormers 2±1 tries), number of offloads (Crusaders 19±12, Bulls 12±4, Cats 13±5, Sharks 15±4 and Stormers 17±5 offloads), turnovers won (Crusaders 3±3, Bulls 4±2, Cats 5±1, Sharks 2±1 and Stormers 5±1 turnovers) or conceded (Crusaders 4±1, Bulls 3±2, Cats 4±2, Sharks 5±1 and Stormers 6±2 turnovers). There were no statistically significant differences between the number of times the different teams committed 0, 1, 2 or 3 support players when they were tackled. There were also no statistical differences in the number of times the various teams committed 0, 1, 2 and 3 support players to counter-ruck once they had made a tackle.Due to the relatively small sample size, there is a risk of making a type II error (i.e. missing significant differences) between the variables analysed. However when these data are inspected using a visually striking box and whisker plot, there are noticeable differences between the styles of play of the teams. Future studies should investigate whether this form of data analysis is valid, particularly when having to give feedback to coaches of elite teams, involving analyses in which the sample size may always lack statistical power. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 126-133 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868378 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868378 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:126-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim McGarry Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: McGarry Title: Identifying patterns in squash contests using dynamical analysis and human perception. Abstract: This report examines the space-time patterns of squash players as they move around the squash court in the context of a dynamical system. The phase relations that describe the squash dyad (i.e., where one player is in relation to the other player) demonstrated a strong tendency towards an anti-phase (180°) relation, as expected. When the data from a number of squash rallies (N = 47) were combined a second stable phase relation of 135° emerged, thus indicating the existence of a previously undetected lead-lag phase relation within the squash dyad. The lead phase relation belonged to the server of the rally in each instance. Further inspections of individual squash rallies demonstrated other properties consistent with a dynamical system description, namely the existence of phase fluctuations (i.e., increased variability in the phase relations), phase transitions (i.e., a switch between stable phase relations), and phase slippages as a result of a missing, or extra, phase cycle for one of the two players. Together, these results indicate that the space-time interactions of squash players might usefully be described in the context of dynamical principles of self-organizing (complex) systems. These findings furthermore suggest that the dynamical properties of the squash dyad may contain important information for identifying the squash patterns that we think we see using visual inspection. To examine this supposition we used the point-light method to represent the movements of the two squash players within a rally as contrasted against a distracter set of varying complexities. Interestingly, humans retained the ability to identify the squash dyad beyond chance even when the distracter set contained squash-like properties. Whether a dynamical analysis of these data is likewise discriminatory in its ability to detect squash behaviours from squash-like behaviours remains to be determined in future research. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 134-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868379 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:134-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arnold Baca Author-X-Name-First: Arnold Author-X-Name-Last: Baca Title: Innovative diagnostic methods in elite sport. Abstract: Effective means to improve sport performance in elite sport are provided by the integrated application of modern information and communication technologies. Computer scientists and engineers cooperate with biomechanists, physiologists, sports psychologists and interdisciplinary development systems, which provide coaches and athletes with innovative and most efficient support as they identify and analyse performance indicators. Various sensors and devices are incorporated into the sport equipment or attached to the athlete. Mobile computers acquire and present the data recorded, other systems use telemetric methods to transmit the data acquire to receiving stations, which then process and adequately present them. Portable devices, which are not bound to laboratory conditions, are particularly useful. Systems of that kind have been developed for rowing, table tennis and biathlon. In the case of rowing, a system was constructed for recording and presenting relevant kinetic information during on-water and ergometer rowing. In the example of table tennis, two types of systems may be used for quantifying technical strength. The first variant is based on the detection of impact positions of the ball on the table, the second on the acquisition of ball impact intervals. A video based system was developed for tracking the muzzle of the rifle in biathlon shooting just before and immediately after the shot. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 148-156 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2006.11868380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868380 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:6:y:2006:i:2:p:148-156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Special Issue on Reliability Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868381 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Joe Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Joe Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Simon Stanley Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Stanley Title: Reliability procedures for categorical data in Performance Analysis Abstract: A number of papers have discussed reliability assessment techniques but none have previously limited themselves to methods appropriate to the collection of categorical data on the nominal scale i.e. where events are recorded within defined categories, as in many instances for performance analysis. This paper makes a number of recommendations including the use of a gold standard coding to compare the typical analyst’s codes against. Reliability measures should reflect the way in which the notation data is analysed so that assessments can be made regarding the extent to which each variable presented in the results was coded accurately. The Yule’s Q statistic, based on the odds ratio, is recommended as the reliability statistic of choice for categorical data due to the intuitiveness of the measure, its ease of calculation and its apparent applicability to the decision making of performance analysts. Furthermore a value of 0.95 or above should be deemed an acceptable value to determine confidence in the analyst’s ability to place an event into a category reliably. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-11 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868382 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:1-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gemma Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: A weighted kappa statistic for reliability testing in performance analysis of sport Abstract: The kappa statistic has been used to evaluate the reliability of performance indicators measured using computerised notational analysis systems. However, all disagreements between observers are treated as total disagreements event if neighbouring values of ordinal scale performance indicators are used. Where nominal values are used to represent areas of the playing surface, kappa does not give any credit where the observers record neighbouring cells. Therefore, the purpose of the current paper was to illustrate how the weighted kappa statistic can be used with performance analysis data to give some credit where there are partial agreements between the observers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 12-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868383 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:12-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonny Bloomfield Author-X-Name-First: Jonny Author-X-Name-Last: Bloomfield Author-Name: Remco Polman Author-X-Name-First: Remco Author-X-Name-Last: Polman Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Reliability of the Bloomfield Movement Classification Abstract: The Bloomfield Movement Classification (BMC) (Bloomfield et al., 2004) is a detailed classification of movement used to analyse speed agility quickness demands of different sports. The purpose of the current investigation was to evaluate the inter-operator reliability of the BMC for the analysis of soccer. Two independent observers applied the BMC to a single subject’s purposeful movement (5 mins 45s within 15 minutes of Sky’s PlayerCam coverage of the player). This took between 4 and 6 hours for each observer to enter. There was a good strength of inter-observer agreement for movement type (κ = 0.7277), direction of movement (κ = 0.6968), intensity of movement (κ = 0.7062) and games related activity (κ = 0.7891) with a moderate strength of agreement being achieved for turning (κ = 0.5639). It is recommended that when the BMC to analyse movement patterns in any sport, it is essential to establish the level of reliability of the method when being used by the observers involved in the research. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 20-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868384 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:20-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Brown Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Relating reliability to analytical goals in performance analysis Abstract: The level of reliability of performance indicators used in an investigation should be related to the analytical goals of the investigation. This paper uses the example of analysing athletes using different tactical performances within the 2004 Olympic women’s 800m running final. The percentage error statistic should not use the whole of the mean performance but consider a meaningful sub-range of values. There are different split times within the 800m that characterise the difference between the performances of different types of athlete such as leaders, waiters, breakers and pacers. A comparison of inter-operator errors with inter-sample differences for these split times is a useful means of relating reliability to analytical goals. The main contribution of this paper is the proposal of an alternative %error equation that considers absolute error as a percentage of the mean value recorded above some theoretical minimum value. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 28-34 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868385 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:28-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Reliability Issues in Performance Analysis Abstract: There are beliefs that have come to be accepted by many in performance analysis. This paper challenges some of these beliefs. The presence of precise operational definitions does not guarantee good reliability nor does their absence guarantee poor reliability. Intra-operator reliability studies cannot show a system to be objective. Some reliability statistics give values considered to reflect good reliability even when observations are not even looking at the same match! The value of a reliability statistic considered to be acceptable needs to be justified. Limited reliability can introduce variability into data that reduces the chance of finding a significant difference. Reliability is at least as important when performance analysis is used in coaching and judging contexts as when it is used for academic research. There is a trade off between reliability and the precision of measurement. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 35-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:35-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hyongjun Choi Author-X-Name-First: Hyongjun Author-X-Name-Last: Choi Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: An investigation of inter-operator reliability tests for real-time analysis system. Abstract: Sports performance data has been measured and collected by a variety of methods including different measurement tools or systems in the field of performance analysis of sport. Lapse-time analysis (LTA) has often been used rather than real-time analysis (RTA) because of the difficulties of data gathering, presentation of the results, non-feasibility of feedback during match time and the selection of valid performance indicators (PIs). RTA data has often been used to enhance performances and, therefore, it is necessary to investigate the reliability tests used on such data.Pearson’s r, Chi-square, % error and Kappa tests statistics were used to evaluate the reliability between independent observers. A peer review process of modelling different levels of reliability with synthetic data demonstrated that kappa was the only one of the four statistics to have construct validity for the purpose of reliability assessment. With the Cybersport system for basketball, kappa values for the system as a whole of 0.8 or above are interpreted as good while values of 0.6 to 0.8 are acceptable. When using kappa for post hoc reliability analysis of individual event types, values of 0.5 or above can be considered as acceptable. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 49-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:49-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Lames Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Lames Author-Name: Tim McGarry Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: McGarry Title: On the search for reliable performance indicators in game sports Abstract: This article addresses the reliability of performance indicators in game sports. In this context, reliability is invariably treated from a technical point of view as a question of observer agreement i.e. high levels of agreement between observations. That the measurement process itself should yield reliable data, as defined, for sports performance is given. Our considerations of reliability, however, extend from the process of measurement to include the trait (i.e., the performance) being measured. From these considerations, we present the argument that the performance traits, as measured, are inherently unstable and that the performance indicators are therefore necessarily unreliable (or unstable). In this light, the ongoing search for reliable (or stable) measures of sports performance indicators is questioned. Instead, alternative approaches for performance analysis are offered that recognise the dynamic interactions that characterise game sports as key features of sport performance. This notion of dynamic interactions is compatible with sporting experiences and the way that sports practitioners think about sports performance. We conclude that performance analysis for purposes of theoretical advancement should make use of mathematical modelling and simulation techniques, and that performance analysis for practical purposes should include qualitative research methods to arrive at the necessary inferences for sports practice. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 62-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:62-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason J Williams Author-X-Name-First: Jason J Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Peter O’Donoguhe Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoguhe Author-Name: Gwilym Davies Author-X-Name-First: Gwilym Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Title: A reliability study of a Real-Time and Lapsed-Time application for rugby union. Abstract: This paper details the reliability study for a computerised lapsed and real-time application for rugby union. The lapsed-time application was written in order to capture match details post event and the real-time application was developed to capture match detail while the match was in progress. The reliability test was conducted using percentage error, which was deemed the most appropriate for this data. For the purpose of the current investigation, a percentage error of under 5% was deemed to be acceptable Three tests were undertaken by the same operator (intra-observer) and the results were presented and discussed. The system was found to be reliable with both systems, but there were some performance indicators that had a percentage error of more than 5%. It was suggested that the majority of high percentage errors stemmed from poor match coverage or poor communication and ambiguity from the referee. Finally, it was noted that in any form of notation there is a trade off between the time taken to notate and the reliability of the captured data. The developed system was shown to be reliable and it would be possible to conclude, that as the percentage differences were so low, the system was reliable. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 80-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:80-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen-Mark Cooper Author-X-Name-First: Stephen-Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: M. Alan Nevill Author-X-Name-First: M. Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Nevill Title: A simple statistical method for assessing the reliability of data entered into sport performance analysis systems Abstract: The purpose of this srudy was to present a method for Assessing a reliability based upon Bland and Altman’s (1999) suggestions for the non-parametric treatment of comparison data and the proposals of Nevill et al. (2001) who recommended that 95% of differences should be recorded within a reference value thought to be of ‘no practical importance’. In this study, it is shown how the analyst can apply the method when individual sport performance indicators are treated as individual variables. A simple notation analysis test-retest ‘experiment’ is described, and the intraobserver data collected by one subject was used for illustrative purposes to explain how the necessary graphical, point estimate and confidence interval computations are made. The notational analyses of a further three volunteer subjects are considered in order to investigate the sensitivity of the method. The method is a simple measure of absolute agreement that is sensitive enough to distinguish between the successes and errors made by expert, experienced and improving sport performance analysts. The method is also free from the assumptions of normality, does not depend upon high within-systems variance and it can be applied successfully to individual performance indicators in the development of sport performance analysts and analysis systems. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 87-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2007.11868390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868390 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:7:y:2007:i:1:p:87-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Liebscher Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Liebscher Author-Name: Thomas Kirschstein Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Kirschstein Title: Predicting the outcome of professional darts tournaments Abstract: Sports statistics are one of the oldest applications of data analysis techniques in order to visualize and understand the outcome of sports events. One particularly interesting application is the analysis of darts data as darts has become tremendously popular and, hence, professional in recent years. In this paper we analyse a data-set consisting of more than 800 professional darts matches. We propose and test various player specific and match specific performance measures in order to identify variables that allow us to assess the players’ winning probabilities in a (single-set) darts match. We find that in about 80% of the analysed single-set matches the winner could be identified correctly by the fitted generalized linear regression models. Afterwards we show how these results can be used in a negative Poisson binomial model to assess the winning probabilities for a multi-set match. Finally, the results of multi-set matches are used in a tournament framework in order to predict the probabilities of all potential outcomes of a darts tournament. The approach is illustrated by analysing the latest World Darts Championship. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 666-683 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1372162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1372162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:666-683 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bulent Kilit Author-X-Name-First: Bulent Author-X-Name-Last: Kilit Author-Name: Ersan Arslan Author-X-Name-First: Ersan Author-X-Name-Last: Arslan Title: Physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of young tennis players: comparison of serve vs. return games and winners vs. losers matches Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of young tennis players between serve vs. return games and winners vs. losers matches during simulated tennis match play. Heart rate (HR) and skin temperature (ST) were monitored along with total distance covered in four different speed zones—walking, low-intensity running, moderate-intensity running and high-intensity running, using two portable multivariable integrated 10 Hz GPS monitoring devices over fourteen outdoor clay court matches; ratings of perceived exertion were also determined at the end of the game. Variables describing the characteristics of the matches determined from video recordings were: strokes per rally, rally duration, effective playing time, work-to-rest ratio and rest time between rallies. The results showed no significant differences in physiological responses and time-motion characteristics both serve vs. return games and winners vs. losers matches (p > .05). These findings might be used for the training programmes in order to improve the tennis-specific technical and performance required for young tennis players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 684-694 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1381470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1381470 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:684-694 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rodrigo Aquino Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Aquino Author-Name: Luiz H. Palucci Vieira Author-X-Name-First: Luiz H. Palucci Author-X-Name-Last: Vieira Author-Name: Christopher Carling Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Carling Author-Name: Guilherme H. M. Martins Author-X-Name-First: Guilherme H. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Author-Name: Isabella S. Alves Author-X-Name-First: Isabella S. Author-X-Name-Last: Alves Author-Name: Enrico F. Puggina Author-X-Name-First: Enrico F. Author-X-Name-Last: Puggina Title: Effects of competitive standard, team formation and playing position on match running performance of Brazilian professional soccer players Abstract: This study examined the effects of competitive standard, team formation and playing position on match running performance in a Brazilian professional soccer team. Performance was investigated in 36 players in 48 matches at 3 competitive standards: 1st São Paulo State Championship; 3rd and 4th Brazilian leagues. Global Positioning System technology was used to determine total distance covered (TD), maximal running speed (MRS), mean speed (SMEAN) and frequency of high-intensity activities (HIA). Data were compared across competitive standards, team formations and playing positions. Magnitude-based inferences showed greater values for TD, SMEAN and HIA (likely to almost certain) in the lower national (3rd, 4th Brazilian) vs. the top state division (1st São Paulo). Higher values for all variables were reported for the 1–4–3–3 vs. the 1–4–4–2 formation (likely to almost certain). External defenders/midfielders and forwards reported greater values (likely to almost certain) vs. central defenders/midfielders, especially in HIA. Linear regression analyses showed that playing position demonstrated a higher relative contribution to the variance in MRS (24%) and HIA (29%) compared to team formation (16 and 25%, respectively). In a Brazilian professional soccer team, match running performance was dependent upon competitive standard, playing formation and playing position. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 695-705 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1384976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1384976 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:695-705 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shane Mangan Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Mangan Author-Name: Martin Ryan Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan Author-Name: Simon Devenney Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Devenney Author-Name: Aidan Shovlin Author-X-Name-First: Aidan Author-X-Name-Last: Shovlin Author-Name: Jason McGahan Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: McGahan Author-Name: Shane Malone Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Malone Author-Name: Cian O’Neill Author-X-Name-First: Cian Author-X-Name-Last: O’Neill Author-Name: Con Burns Author-X-Name-First: Con Author-X-Name-Last: Burns Author-Name: Kieran Collins Author-X-Name-First: Kieran Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: The relationship between technical performance indicators and running performance in elite Gaelic football Abstract: The aim of the current study was to assess whether technical performance relates to positional running demands of elite Gaelic football players. Over a period of three years (2014–2016), four elite Gaelic football teams were monitored using GPS technologies. Four hundred and thirty-two individual player samples were collected from 52 competitive matches. Video analysis software was used to code technical performance indicators in all games. Pearson’s correlations were performed between all technical variables and total distance (m) and high-speed distance (≥17 km h−1). Total ball in play time had small to medium effects (r = .233 to .390, p ≥ 0.190) on increasing the amount of total distance and high-speed distance run. Similarly, the percentage of short kick-outs taken by the opposition team and total opposition possession time had small to medium effects (r = .146–.410, p ≥ 0.202) in increasing the amount of total distance and high-speed distance run. The number of fouls made in the middle third had the largest negative effect (r = −.89 to −.325, p ≥ 0.439) on running demands. The results of this study give coaches information on how kick-out strategies, passing strategies and defensive strategies impact on running performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 706-720 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1387409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1387409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:706-720 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maickel Bach Padilha Author-X-Name-First: Maickel Author-X-Name-Last: Bach Padilha Author-Name: José Guilherme Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Guilherme Author-Name: Jaime Serra-Olivares Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Serra-Olivares Author-Name: André Roca Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Roca Author-Name: Israel Teoldo Author-X-Name-First: Israel Author-X-Name-Last: Teoldo Title: The influence of floaters on players’ tactical behaviour in small-sided and conditioned soccer games Abstract: This study examined players’ tactical behaviours based on core tactical principles during small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG) with and without floaters on the sidelines. A total of 24,068 tactical actions performed by 168 Under-17 academy soccer players were assessed using the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUTSAT) across two different SSCG: “Floaters off” (Gk+3 vs. 3+Gk) and “Floaters sidelines” (Gk+3 vs. 3+Gk+2 floaters). Results revealed that players showed different tactical behaviours depending on the SSCG format and playing phase. In “Floaters off” SSCG, players more frequently performed the core tactical principles of concentration during the defensive phase and penetration for the offensive phase of play creating more opportunities for 1 vs. 1 situation. In contrast, in the “Floaters sidelines” SSCG, players made more effective use of playing space (width and length) in the opponent’s half during the offensive phase and limited the space for the opponent by compacting the defence in their own half (defensive unity) due to numerical disadvantage during defensive phase. Findings suggest that the use of floaters (on the sidelines) encourage players to keep ball possession during offensive organisation, as well as promote the team’s defensive stability by decreasing the spaces between teammates during defensive organisation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 721-736 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1390723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1390723 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:721-736 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hawkar Ahmed Author-X-Name-First: Hawkar Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmed Author-Name: Glen Davison Author-X-Name-First: Glen Author-X-Name-Last: Davison Author-Name: David Dixon Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Title: Analysis of activity patterns, physiological demands and decision-making performance of elite Futsal referees during matches Abstract: The aims of this study were to examine Futsal referee match activity profile, decision-making performance and whether these correlate with fitness test performance. Eighteen elite Futsal referees (mean ± SD: age, 34.1 ± 3.2 years) participated. Total distance covered (5943.6 ± 414.7 m: 3374.0 m ball in play) low-, moderate-, high-intensity and sideways running distances were similar to previous research, walking (1741.4 ± 225.1 m) was lower, sprinting (149.0 ± 59.2 m), jogging (754.9 ± 162.5 m) and backwards distances (654.7 ± 149.3 m) were higher. Total distance (3093.5 m vs. 2850.1 m) and average heart rate were higher (p < 0.05) in the first compared to the second half but lactate and session RPE were similar. The proportion of correct decisions decreased in the second half (91.1 ± 14.9% correct vs. 73.3 ± 17.4%, p = 0.002). No correlations were evident between FIFA fitness tests and activity profile but Yo-Yo IET-2 performance and total distance (clock time) were correlated (r = 0.720, p = 0.019). Activity pattern differences compared to previous research could reflect the FIFA rule change (2010) and/or different study populations. Traditional FIFA tests seem less appropriate than intermittent (Yo-Yo IET-2) tests for assessing Futsal referee-specific fitness. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 737-751 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1399321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1399321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:737-751 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rafael Azevedo Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Azevedo Author-Name: Ramon Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Ramon Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz Author-Name: Marcos Silva-Cavalcante Author-X-Name-First: Marcos Author-X-Name-Last: Silva-Cavalcante Author-Name: Renata Silva Author-X-Name-First: Renata Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Carlos Correia-Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Correia-Oliveira Author-Name: Patrícia Couto Author-X-Name-First: Patrícia Author-X-Name-Last: Couto Author-Name: Adriano Lima-Silva Author-X-Name-First: Adriano Author-X-Name-Last: Lima-Silva Author-Name: Romulo Bertuzzi Author-X-Name-First: Romulo Author-X-Name-Last: Bertuzzi Title: Methodological approaches to determine the “U”-pacing strategy in cycling time trial Abstract: The present study proposed two models (visual and mathematical) to determine the three phases of “U”-pacing profile during a cycling time trial. The reliability of visual model was tested and models were compared. Fifteen cyclists performed a maximal incremental test and two 4-km TT. For the visual model, four experienced evaluators analysed twice the pacing, seven days apart. The mathematical model consisted on the mean of power output during phase 2 (1- until 3 km) plus two standard deviations, to distinguish phase 2 change points between phases 1 (CP1) and 3 (CP2). The CP1 occurred at 419 ± 186 and 415 ± 178 m for visual and mathematical model and CP2 occurred at 3646 ± 228 and 3809 ± 213 m, respectively. There was no difference between models for both CP (p <0.05). The within-evaluator visual model reliability for CP1 was ICC >0.87 and CP2 was ICC >0.96 (p <0.05), and between-evaluator reliability was ICC > 0.89 (p <0.05). Bland–Altman plots showed agreement between models, most the difference was <5%. The visual and mathematical models are reliable and produce similar values for determining main phases of the “U”-pacing profile during a cycling TT. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 752-762 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1399322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1399322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:752-762 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leonardo S. Fortes Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fortes Author-Name: Bruna D. V. Costa Author-X-Name-First: Bruna D. V. Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Pedro P. Paes Author-X-Name-First: Pedro P. Author-X-Name-Last: Paes Author-Name: Edilson S. Cyrino Author-X-Name-First: Edilson S. Author-X-Name-Last: Cyrino Author-Name: Jeferson M. Vianna Author-X-Name-First: Jeferson M. Author-X-Name-Last: Vianna Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Effect of rapid weight loss on physical performance in judo athletes: is rapid weight loss a help for judokas with weight problems? Abstract: The goal of the present study was to analyse the impact of rapid weight loss methods (10%) on physical performance of judo athletes. Thirty-nine adult male judo athletes were selected to participate in the present study. Athletes were randomly allocated in two groups: experimental (EG, n = 20) and control (CG, n = 19). Twenty-four hours before the beginning of experimental approach, athletes were submitted to anthropometrical measurements and performed the Special Judo Fitness Test. The weight loss in the EG was conducted to generate a mean loss of 5% per week during 2 weeks. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements was conducted to compare groups and moments. There was a group and moment interaction (p = .001) for body mass, with decrease only for the EG (Δ% = −10.6%, p = .01). There was also a group and moment for the Special Judo Fitness Test index (p = .001), with an improvement only in the CG (Δ% = −6%, p = .01). It was concluded that the rapid weight loss process was not a good strategy for judo athletes’ performance optimisation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 763-773 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1399323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1399323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:763-773 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Garrett S. Bullock Author-X-Name-First: Garrett S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bullock Author-Name: Abigail C. Schmitt Author-X-Name-First: Abigail C. Author-X-Name-Last: Schmitt Author-Name: Patrick Chasse Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Chasse Author-Name: Barrett A. Little Author-X-Name-First: Barrett A. Author-X-Name-Last: Little Author-Name: Lee H. Diehl Author-X-Name-First: Lee H. Author-X-Name-Last: Diehl Author-Name: Robert J. Butler Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Butler Title: Heart rate response does not differ between pitch types in college baseball pitchers Abstract: Fatigue has been observed to effect pitching velocity, performance and pain. Pitch counts are a sub-optimal substitute to quantify pitching physiologic stress. Heart rate (HR) response is conducive to quantify physiologic stress. Currently, there is a paucity of literature investigating HR response between different pitch types. It is hypothesised that different pitch types will have divergent HR responses during pitching. A gyroscope, triaxial accelerometer device (Optimeye S5, Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia) and HR monitor were worn by 25 collegiate pitchers during a pitching session. Individual pitch-type velocities were recorded for fastballs, curveballs, sliders and changeups. All HR was normalized to age predicted maximal HR (%HRmax), for each pitch type. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests (p < .01) and effect size indexes (ESI). %HRmax was lower for fastball compared to changeup (p < 0.01); however, when ESI’s were calculated, no difference was observed (ESI < 0.01). There was no difference in %HRmax between fastball to curveball (ESI < 0.01, p = 0.75) and fastball to slider (ESI < 0.02, p = 0.10). No meaningful difference in %HRmax was observed between fastball, curveballs, slider and changeups. Future studies are required to understand physiological stress responses beyond heart rate for different pitch types. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 774-782 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1399324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1399324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:774-782 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yixiong Cui Author-X-Name-First: Yixiong Author-X-Name-Last: Cui Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Bruno Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Author-Name: Hongyou Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hongyou Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: Effects of experience and relative quality in tennis match performance during four Grand Slams Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the differences in technical, tactical and movement performance of professional male tennis players in Grand Slams, according to player's experience and relative quality. Match data of 1188 players competing in 2015–2017 Grand Slam tournaments were collected. Experience and relative quality (RQ) were used to classify players via cluster analysis, based on Cubic Clustering Criterion. Afterwards, a descriptive discriminant analysis was performed to identify the most important variables that best predict player clusters in each Grand Slam, and two discriminant functions were generated (p < 0.01). High-experienced Higher RQ Players (n = 337) outperformed other players in serve and return (fewer double faults, more second serve and return points won), rally winners and breaking opportunities while covering longer distance. Experienced Higher RQ Players (n = 267) hit faster serves and more aces, played more aggressively when returning (more return winners and unforced errors) and traversed less distance. Players approached the net with similar times in all Slams, showing that the current trend in male tennis is being tactically aggressive on all court surfaces. The effects of experience and RQ provide insights on individualized training and performance optimization in practice and competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 783-801 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1399325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1399325 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:783-801 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Tenga Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tenga Author-Name: A. Mortensholm Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Mortensholm Author-Name: P. O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Opposition interaction in creating penetration during match play in elite soccer: evidence from UEFA champions league matches Abstract: The aim of this study is to compare how penetrations were created between the Finalists and Non-finalists by assessing opposition interaction in elite soccer. Sample included data from 12 matches played from the round of 16 to the final of the UEFA Champions League season 2010/2011. Differences in creating dangerous penetrations were found only after controlling for the effects of opponent’s defensive balance. Three way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the interaction of team status and opponent’s defensive balance had a meaningful effect on the percentage of penetrative ball actions into dangerous spaces (F2,20 = 2.9, p = 0.076, partial η2 = 0.227). Finalists performed a higher percentage of dangerous penetrative ball actions per match than Non-finalists when playing against an imbalanced defence (89.2 ± 14.0 vs. 77.6 ± 13.6), while Non-finalists performed a higher percentage when playing against balanced (25.8 ± 10.7 vs. 16.1 ± 12.5) and beginning imbalanced (32.8 ± 10.9 vs. 29.1 ± 9.2) defences. Results suggest that effective exploitation of spaces within and behind the last line of opponent’s defence is an important determinant of successful offensive performance in soccer. The assessment of opposition interaction is of critical importance when analysing elite soccer performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 802-812 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1399326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1399326 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:802-812 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Scott Perrotta Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Perrotta Author-Name: Nicholas James Held Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas James Author-X-Name-Last: Held Author-Name: Darren E.R. Warburton Author-X-Name-First: Darren E.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Warburton Title: Examination of internal training load parameters during the selection, preparation and competition phases of a mesocycle in elite field hockey players Abstract: This investigation examined the magnitude of correlation between a global marker of exercise stress derived through ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE)- and a heart rate (HR)-derived training load during specific phases of a competitive mesocycle in elite field hockey players. Sixteen (n = 16) female field hockey players training as part of a national team were monitored over a six-week training block consisting of a player selection phase, a preparation phase and a competition phase. HR- and sRPE-derived training loads were recorded for each participant after on-field training sessions and international competition throughout the mesocycle. A significant correlation between sRPE- and HR-derived training loads was observed over the complete mesocycle [r = 0.83, 90% CL (0.77:0.88)]. The selection phase revealed a large correlation [r = 0.54, 90% CL (0.33:0.70], while a very large correlation was observed during the preparatory phase [r = 0.74, 90% CL (0.58:0.85)]. The competition phase revealed a moderate correlation over four international test matches [r = 0.48, 90% CL (0.05:0.70)]. This investigation sheds new light on the varying magnitude of correlation between sRPE- and an HR-derived training load during specific phases of a mesocycle in elite field hockey players training within a national team. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 813-821 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1402284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1402284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:5:p:813-821 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868828 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868828 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nuno Mateus Author-X-Name-First: Nuno Author-X-Name-Last: Mateus Author-Name: Bruno Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Author-Name: Eduardo Abade Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Abade Author-Name: Hongyou Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hongyou Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Lorena Torres-Ronda Author-X-Name-First: Lorena Author-X-Name-Last: Torres-Ronda Author-Name: Nuno Leite Author-X-Name-First: Nuno Author-X-Name-Last: Leite Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: Game-to-game variability of technical and physical performance in NBA players Abstract: This study aimed to compare the differences in game-to-game variability of technical and physical parameters of basketball players, according to game location and game outcome. Game data (n=712) were collated from the official box-score and player-tracking of the 2013-14 NBA regular season. The players were separated according to their court specific position. A two-step cluster analysis was performed to group players according to time played into 3 groups: short, medium, and long-time played. The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated from game-to-game parameters. The results showed that short-time players demonstrated great CV for technical and physical statistics, long-time players displayed larger CV in losing and away games, technical indicators such free-throws revealed substantial variability in losing games and guards and centers presented high CV for some performance statistics. CV values were inversely proportional to time played, probably because playing less time decreases the probability of maintaining stable performance across games. Long-time players displayed larger CV in away and losing games, possibly due the constraints imposed by opponent teams. Free-throws seems to be the variables that best discriminate between winning and losing teams. Forward players are a very homogeneous group and mainly composed by all-round players with multiple roles. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 764-776 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868829 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:764-776 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jordan Stares Author-X-Name-First: Jordan Author-X-Name-Last: Stares Author-Name: Brian Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: Jarryd Heasman Author-X-Name-First: Jarryd Author-X-Name-Last: Heasman Author-Name: Brent Rogalski Author-X-Name-First: Brent Author-X-Name-Last: Rogalski Title: Relationship between pre-season strength and power measures and performance in elite Australian football Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between various measures of muscular strength and power and individual player performance in elite Australian football (AF). Strength and power data was collected from 30 players from one Australian Football League club at various time points over the 2014 pre-season period. Upper and lower body strength and power were assessed using a one repetition maximum bench press, isometric mid-thigh pull and loaded countermovement jumps respectively. These variables were related to individual performance indicators (Champion Data ranking and descriptive match statistics) averaged over 22 games of the 2014 regular season. A secondary analysis also correlated strength and power measures with high speed running data derived from GPS units worn during games. For all players combined, no significant relationships for strength measures were found with Champion data ranking, but some power measures recorded moderate-large inverse relationships (r = -0.38 to -0.61) with certain match statistics. When separated by position, strong positive associations (r = 0.51 to 0.73) between upper body strength and performance (Champion Data© ranking and match statistics) were recorded for nomadic (midfield) players, but not for non-nomadic (taller, set position) players. Lower body power was also moderately-strongly associated (r = 0.42-0.69) with (GPS) maximum game acceleration and speed for the nomadic and combined player groups. These findings suggest that strength and power are significantly related to some common AF performance indicators and that particular consideration should be given to the positional requirements of players in planning strength and power programmes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 777-793 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868830 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868830 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:777-793 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Samuel Callaghan Author-X-Name-First: J. Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Callaghan Author-Name: D. Matthew Jeffriess Author-X-Name-First: D. Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Jeffriess Author-Name: L. Shannon Mackie Author-X-Name-First: L. Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Mackie Author-Name: Farzad Jalilvand Author-X-Name-First: Farzad Author-X-Name-Last: Jalilvand Author-Name: G. Robert Lockie Author-X-Name-First: G. Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Lockie Title: The impact of a rolling start on the sprint velocity and acceleration kinematics of a quick single in regional first grade cricketers Abstract: Cricket batsmen will typically use a rolling start where they walk and drag the bat past the crease before attempting a quick single. Although part of coaching practice, the impact of the rolling start has not been clearly documented. This study investigated the impact of using a static or rolling start prior to a quick single in cricketers. Fourteen Australian regional first grade cricketers completed three quick single sprints with a static start, and three with a rolling start. 0-5, 0-10, and 0-17.68 metre velocities were measured. First and second step kinematics were recorded by a motion analysis system. Paired t-tests (p < 0.05) compared the start conditions; effect sizes were also calculated. The rolling start resulted in faster velocities (p < 0.01 with large effects) over each interval. The velocity difference between the start conditions was approximately half a metre per second over all the intervals. The rolling start resulted in longer first and second steps, higher second step frequency, narrower second step width, and lower second step contact time. A rolling start will lead to a faster quick single, and step kinematics reflective of this. Cricketers should be cognizant of the velocity decreases associated with a static start. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 794-808 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868831 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:794-808 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Brandon Shaw Author-X-Name-First: S. Brandon Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Mayur Dullabh Author-X-Name-First: Mayur Author-X-Name-Last: Dullabh Author-Name: Gillian Forbes Author-X-Name-First: Gillian Author-X-Name-Last: Forbes Author-Name: Jamie-Lee Brandkamp Author-X-Name-First: Jamie-Lee Author-X-Name-Last: Brandkamp Author-Name: Ina Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Ina Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: Analysis of physiological determinants during a single bout of Crossfit Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse the physical and physiological demands of a single bout of Crossfit training. Heart rate, blood pressure, pulse pressure, rate pressure product, mean arterial pressure, spirometry, blood lactate, blood glucose and total cholesterol were measured in 12 sedentary, college-aged males before and following a single bout of Crossfit. A single bout of Crossfit significantly (p < .05) increased HR (79.17±21.96 to 108.00±23.71 bpm; p = .002), RPP (8995.00±3434.33 to 11808.60±6191.09; p = .028) and blood lactate (2.20±1.35 to 5.95±3.24 mmol.l-1; p = .003), while decreasing forced expiratory volume in one-second (FEV1) (3.71±0.37 to 3.53±0.42 l; p = .034). Crossfit had no effect on systolic blood pressure (p = 0.450), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.844), pulse pressure (p = 0.168), mean arterial pressure (p = 0.638), forced vital capacity (FVC) (p = 0.054), FEV1/FVC (%) (p = 0.308), total cholesterol (p = 0.195) and blood glucose (p = 0.609). In conclusion, Crossfit can be considered moderate-to high-intensity and is of sufficient intensity and safety to serve as a genuine time-efficient alternative to high-intensity interval training and conventional cardiorespiratory training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 809-815 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868832 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:809-815 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norman Stutzig Author-X-Name-First: Norman Author-X-Name-Last: Stutzig Author-Name: Bernd Zimmermann Author-X-Name-First: Bernd Author-X-Name-Last: Zimmermann Author-Name: Dirk Büsch Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: Büsch Author-Name: Tobias Siebert Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Siebert Title: Analysis of game variables to predict scoring and performance levels in elite men’s volleyball Abstract: Sport games are characterized by their play structure. To date, the play structure of volleyball remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify play structure variables that are appropriate for differentiating between top-level teams and second-level teams in elite international men’s volleyball.236 sets played by 14 teams during top international events were video recorded and analysed for variables related to action sequences (attack, counter-attack), attack tempo (fast, medium, slow), attack positions (1-6) and attack combinations (e.g., high passes on position 4 or 5). A discriminant analysis was conducted for the following dependent variables: (1) results (win vs. lose) and (2) team level (top-level teams vs. second-level teams).The best predictors for results and team levels are variables (effectivity of counter-attack, effectivity of medium and slow attack-tempo) related to complex 2 (action sequences of defending, setting and counter-attacking). In contrast, the impact of complex 1 variables (action sequences of reception, setting and attacking) are marginal.It is concluded that second-level teams must adjust their training schemes, i.e., spending more time for counter-attacks with medium and slow attack tempos to increase team performance in elite men’s volleyball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 816-829 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868833 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868833 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:816-829 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Lago Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Lago Author-X-Name-Last: Peñas Author-Name: Alexandre Dellal Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre Author-X-Name-Last: Dellal Author-Name: Adam Lee Owen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Lee Author-X-Name-Last: Owen Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Gómez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Ruano Title: The influence of the extra-time period on physical performance in elite soccer Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of extra-time periods on physical performance profiles in elite soccer. Match performance data were collected from players (n=99) during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Finals (FWC). Performance was analysed per minute for total distance covered and distance run in 3 categories: ≤11.0 km. h-1 (low), 11.1-14.0 km. h-1 (medium) and ≥14.1 km. h-1 (high-speed). Additional variables such as the time spent in low, medium and high activities, maximal running speed and the number of sprints per minute were also assessed. Analysis of players who completed the demands of the full 120 min of playing time revealed that total distance, high-intensity running, top speed and high intensity activities declines by 12%, 18%, 3% and 15% respectively, from the first to the second half of the match (P<0.01). In contrast, low intensity activities increase in the second half and especially in the extra-time period in comparison with the first half (P<0.05). The reduction in overall performance is much more acute in extra-time. All of the physical markers studied showed a decline of 15-20% during the extra-time period in comparison to the first half of playing time (P<0.01). As a result, it is vital that technical and physical coaching staff are aware of the decline in this game phase and consequently, influence the team from a tactical and physical focus within a training perspective. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 830-839 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868834 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868834 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:830-839 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ezequiel Rey Author-X-Name-First: Ezequiel Author-X-Name-Last: Rey Author-Name: Joaquín Lago-Ballesteros Author-X-Name-First: Joaquín Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Ballesteros Author-Name: Alexis Padrón-Cabo Author-X-Name-First: Alexis Author-X-Name-Last: Padrón-Cabo Title: Timing and tactical analysis of player substitutions in the UEFA Champions League Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of situational variables on timing and tactics of substitutions in elite soccer. The sample was constituted by 677 substitutions made over the 124 matches played in the 2013-14 UEFA Champions League. To determine factors that affect substitution times, one-way ANOVA and Student’s t-test were used. In a second instance, a chi-square analysis was carried out to establish if there was an association between each situational variable and the tactics of substitution. Data mining technique (J48 decision tree) was used to find optimal splits in substitution times, which lead to enhanced probability of success. Coaches tend to hold onto substitutions later when the team is ahead, but make substitutions earlier when either tied or behind (P<0.001). The probability that the substitution would be offensive in tactical terms increases when a team is behind in a match (P<0.001). Coaches avoiding defensive substitutions when they face a worse-ranked team and showing an increased preference for them when they face a similar-ranked opponent (P<0.05). Finally, it can be suggested that coaches should be aware that reverting losing scenarios apparently requires to change tactics early in the match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 840-850 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:840-850 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joaquín Gonzalez-Rodenas Author-X-Name-First: Joaquín Author-X-Name-Last: Gonzalez-Rodenas Author-Name: Ignacio Lopez-Bondia Author-X-Name-First: Ignacio Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez-Bondia Author-Name: Ferran Calabuig Author-X-Name-First: Ferran Author-X-Name-Last: Calabuig Author-Name: Jose Antonio Pérez-Turpin Author-X-Name-First: Jose Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez-Turpin Author-Name: Rafael Aranda Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Aranda Title: The effects of playing tactics on creating scoring opportunities in random matches from US Major League Soccer Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of playing tactics on the creation of scoring opportunities in random matches from US Major League Soccer 2014, taking into account both contextual and defensive variables. The sample included 3253 team possessions corresponding to 30 randomly selected matches. Multidimensional qualitative data from 10 categorical variables was analysed by means of descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. Contextual variables such as match location (p=0.049), match half (p=0.043) and match status (P=0.032) were associated with creating scoring opportunities. With regards playing tactics, set plays created a higher proportion of scoring opportunities (28.1±13.7%) than recoveries (11.2±5.2%) and restarts (8.1±5.2%)(p<0.001). For recoveries, counterattacks were found to be more effective than combinative attack (p<0.001) and direct attack (p<0.001) in creating scoring opportunities only when the opponent was defensively imbalanced, while long possessions were found to be more effective than short possessions both against balanced and imbalanced defence. For restarts, long possessions were found to be more effective than short possessions in creating scoring opportunities (OR=7.430; 95% CI: 3.902 to 14.151; p<0.001). Contextual variables and defensive variables are regarded as crucial to understanding the effects of offensive playing tactics on creating scoring opportunities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 851-872 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:851-872 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: César Gallo-Salazar Author-X-Name-First: César Author-X-Name-Last: Gallo-Salazar Author-Name: Juan José Salinero Author-X-Name-First: Juan José Author-X-Name-Last: Salinero Author-Name: David Sanz Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Sanz Author-Name: Francisco Areces Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Areces Author-Name: Juan del Coso Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: del Coso Title: Professional tennis is getting older: Age for the top 100 ranked tennis players Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to determine age-related factors of the top 100 ranked men and women tennis players over the last few decades. The birth date and the ranking position of 1,040 top-100 tennis players (647 men and 393 women) were obtained from official public websites. The mean age of top 100 male tennis players increased significantly from 1984 to 2013 (24.6 ± 3.9 to 27.6 ± 3.2 yr; P < 0.01) and it was also observed in female tennis players from 1998 to 2013 (23.5 ± 3.5 to 24.8 ± 4.2 yr; P < 0.01). On average, a top 100 ranking was reached earlier in women than in men (21.6 ± 3.4 vs 22.8 ± 3.1 yr; P < 0.05). Peak performance was also attained significantly earlier in women than in men (23.6 ± 3.5 vs 24.8 ± 2.9 yr; P < 0.01). Nevertheless, men remained in the top 100 ranking for a slightly longer period than women (4.1 ± 3.1 and 4.6 ± 3.8 yr; P < 0.01). These data indicate a movement towards older ages in top 100 women and men tennis players. This information might be useful for developing process/plans towards longer-term careers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 873-883 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:873-883 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben Moss Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Moss Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Momentum in US Open men’s singles tennis Abstract: Most of the research in racket sports has focussed on point outcomes rather than point sequences and other events that may trigger positive or negative momentum. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to determine if point outcome in US Open men’s singles tennis matches is associated with (a) the outcomes of the previous one, two or three points and (b) events within previous points such as aces, double faults, winners and errors. A further purpose was to investigate whether the outcomes of service games were significantly associated with the outcomes of the receiving and next serving games that followed. Ninety player performances from 45 US Open men’s singles matches were analysed as a sample and individually. The outcomes of the previous 1 to 3 points within service games had no significant influence on the outcome of the current point (p ≥ 0.291). Where breaks of serve had been achieved despite the server having game points, the player breaking serve was significantly more likely to hold serve in the next game (100% v 74%, p < 0.001). The investigation suggests that momentum effects different players in different ways which has implications for coaching and psychological support for tennis players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 884-896 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:884-896 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S.J. Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: S.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Author-Name: J.A. Santos Author-X-Name-First: J.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Author-Name: J. García Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: García Title: Multifactorial analysis of free throw shooting in eliminatory basketball games Abstract: The aim of this research was to analyse free throw shooting in eliminatory games, considering the variables that influence their effectiveness. The sample consisted of 1576 free throws shooting (38.4 ± 12.9), corresponding to 41 eliminatory games in ACB, Euroleague, Olympic Games and NCAA championships. A reliability analysis of the observation of free throws shooting was carried out. The dependent variable was the effectiveness in free throws shooting and the independent variables were: level, player positioning, gender, period, quarter, minute of the game, effectiveness percentage, situation in the scoreboard and points of difference in the scoreboard. There was found a statistically significant relationship between the effectiveness variable with level, gender and player positioning. In the sample analysed, the players in the NCAA, women and guards have a higher success. Also, it has been detected relationships among independent variables. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 897-912 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868839 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:897-912 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yee Lin Tan Author-X-Name-First: Yee Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Tan Author-Name: Oleksandr Krasilshchikov Author-X-Name-First: Oleksandr Author-X-Name-Last: Krasilshchikov Title: Diversity of attacking actions in Malaysian junior and senior taekwondo players Abstract: Extensive research has been attempted in sports recently by implementing video/notational analysis, given that its benefits in improving performance have been shown to exist. The present study was conducted to determine whether the taekwondo junior and senior athletes differ in: (1) their attacking techniques of choice and (2) opting for various value groups of scoring kicks during taekwondo match. A total of 38 matches of 11 seniors and 10 juniors during a national level taekwondo competition were recorded for the research on the frequency and variety of the techniques attempted in a match through notational analysis. The results revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between the groups on the preferred attacking techniques used during their matches but no significant differences were found between them on the technique groups used (i.e. 1, 2-, and 3-point scoring techniques). Seniors were superior in performing 1- and 2-point techniques whereas juniors were superior in performing 3-point techniques. Seniors had significantly higher overall techniques efficiency (p<0.05) than juniors. In order to achieve technical efficiency similar to that of seniors, juniors need to improve on their 1- and 2-points techniques while continuing to progress in deploying the 3-point techniques. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 913-923 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868840 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868840 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:913-923 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aitor Arbulu Author-X-Name-First: Aitor Author-X-Name-Last: Arbulu Author-Name: Oidui Usabiaga Author-X-Name-First: Oidui Author-X-Name-Last: Usabiaga Author-Name: Julen Castellano Author-X-Name-First: Julen Author-X-Name-Last: Castellano Title: A time motion analysis of lead climbing in the 2012 men’s and women’s world championship finals Abstract: The dearth of research in lead rock climbing means that much remains to be learnt about the external and internal demands of this sport and about the suitability of current training protocols and techniques. The aim of this study was to perform a time motion analysis of movements made by elite lead climbers and to compare results between men and women. Video recordings of the men’s and women’s lead finals in the 2012 Sport Climbing World Championships were analyzed. Sixteen ascents (8 by men and 8 by women) were coded using the purpose-designed Sport Climbing Observational Tool (SCOT), with recording of climbing speed and frequency and duration of use of handholds, successful and failed quickdraw clipping actions, chalk use, and rest gestures. The mean ± SD time needed to complete the climbing route was 220 ± 81.7 s for men and 355.9 ± 92.8 s for women. Significant differences were also found for the frequency and duration of holds, chalk use, and rest gestures, which were all greater in women. The findings of this study demonstrate how results from time motion analysis of competitive rock climbing, combined with evaluation of responses during intermittent isometric exercise, could be used to design targeted training exercises and tests for lead climbers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 924-934 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868841 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868841 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:924-934 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Puente Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Puente Author-Name: Juan Del Coso Author-X-Name-First: Juan Del Author-X-Name-Last: Coso Author-Name: Juan J Salinero Author-X-Name-First: Juan J Author-X-Name-Last: Salinero Author-Name: Javier Abián-Vicén. Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Abián-Vicén. Title: Basketball performance indicators during the ACB regular season from 2003 to 2013 Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify basketball game performance indicators that best explain the number of wins achieved during a regular basketball season. Accumulated statistics were analyzed for 18 teams from the Spanish Basketball League (34 games per regular season per team) over 10 years (from 2003-to-2013) including a total of 3,060 basketball games. Teams were grouped by their final ranking in the regular season. Accuracy in 2-point field goals (r=0.66) and the total number of assists (r=0.59) were the variables that best correlated with the number of wins during the regular season. The highest variance explained for the number of wins during the regular season (r2=0.76) included shooting accuracy indicators and the number of rebounds (26% and 23% of variance explained respectively). Qualifying for the playoffs or being demoted to a lower category depended on accuracy in 2-and 3-point field goals, the number of assists and points received (P<0.05). In conclusion, basketball success during a regular season is complex because it depends on the accomplishment of numerous game actions. However, shooting accuracy is the best game performance indicator in elite basketball because it positively correlated with the number of wins during a season and differentiated successful and unsuccessful basketball teams. Thus, basketball coaches should design specific training programs to increase shooting accuracy in order to improve their game performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 935-948 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868842 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868842 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:935-948 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roland Leser Author-X-Name-First: Roland Author-X-Name-Last: Leser Author-Name: Bernhard Moser Author-X-Name-First: Bernhard Author-X-Name-Last: Moser Author-Name: Thomas Hoch Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Hoch Author-Name: Johannes Stögerer Author-X-Name-First: Johannes Author-X-Name-Last: Stögerer Author-Name: Gernot Kellermayr Author-X-Name-First: Gernot Author-X-Name-Last: Kellermayr Author-Name: Stephan Reinsch Author-X-Name-First: Stephan Author-X-Name-Last: Reinsch Author-Name: Arnold Baca Author-X-Name-First: Arnold Author-X-Name-Last: Baca Title: Expert-oriented modelling of a 1vs1-situation in football Abstract: The aim of this study was to create a suitable model for analysing tactical behaviour in one versus one (1vs1) situations in association football. First, expert interviews were used to extract expert knowledge, in order to define an adequate kinematic testing model. Second, youth football players were examined via this model, and the data collected was used to check the suitability of the testing scheme. The performance of the players participating in 75 1vs1 trials was recorded via the LPM® (Local Positioning Measurement) system. In this context, another aim was to develop a concept to automate 1vs1 performance analysis.The test setting chosen consists of a frontal form of 1vs1 confrontations, where one striker is in control of the ball and trying to overcome a defender, in order to create a goal scoring opportunity. One trial is divided into four key moments and three phases, at which different kinematic parameters (i.e., positions, velocity and acceleration) of the competing players are collected. The evaluation of the available data indicates that the attacker’s as well as the defender’s accelerations at the moment when the striker tries to pass the defender are key features to perform successfully in 1vs1 situations. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 949-966 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868843 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:949-966 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luís Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Luís Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Author-Name: Iancu Vasilica Author-X-Name-First: Iancu Author-X-Name-Last: Vasilica Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Author-Name: S. Luis Arrones Author-X-Name-First: S. Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Arrones Title: Comparison of scoring profile and game related statistics of the two finalist during the different stages of the 2011 Rugby World Cup Abstract: The purpose of this study was compare the scoring profile and game related statistics of the two finalist during the different stages of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The design of the study was descriptive and observational. The video recordings of all games that involved New Zealand and France during RWC 2011 (n=12 matches) were used and analyzed. The data were collected from the official web page of RWC (www.rugbyworldcup2011.com) and from the Rugbystats webpage (http://www.rugbystats.com.au). Results from game related statistics between New Zealand and France in RWC 2011, revealed different measures of performance for both teams. The main findings of the study show that New Zealand points mostly came from tries and France scored their points from penalty kick indicating the difference in approach by the two teams. The study revealed significant differences in performance indicators when comparing New Zealand and France rugby teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 967-982 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868844 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:967-982 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaime Prieto Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Prieto Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: Players’ exclusions effects on elite handball teams’ scoring performance during close games Abstract: The aim of the present study was to (i) describe the game situations in which player exclusions occurred and, (ii) to analyze their effects on teams’ scoring performance, for teams that suffer the exclusion (numerical inferiority) and for the opponents (numerical superiority). A total 280 exclusions from 60 elite handball close games were analyzed (ASOBAL League, season 2011-2012). Match status, game location, quality of opposition, and game period situational variables were incorporated into the analysis. Descriptive data were computed to describe the game situations. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the temporal effects on teams’ scoring performance (dynamic time-dependent perspective). Results showed that when exclusions are sanctioned, the opponent teams take advantage of the numerical superiority and improve their scoring performance. This trend was not affected by match status, game location, quality of opposition, or game period situational variables. Conversely, the scoring increments were smaller than might be expected from a 2-minute numerical playing superiority. Psychological theories such as choking under pressure situations where good performance is expected could contribute to explain this finding. Specific player’s psychological training must be oriented to deal with these situations. It is suggested that representative tasks designs include the simulation of these different exclusions scenarios. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 983-996 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:983-996 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wolf Gawin Author-X-Name-First: Wolf Author-X-Name-Last: Gawin Author-Name: Chris Beyer Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Beyer Author-Name: Marko Seidler Author-X-Name-First: Marko Author-X-Name-Last: Seidler Title: A competition analysis of the single and double disciplines in world-class badminton. Abstract: Competition analyses in badminton commonly focus on the singles disciplines while relatively few studies deal with the demands of the doubles disciplines. Knowledge about the characteristics of the doubles disciplines, however, is essential for coaches in elite badminton in order to set up specific endurance training. For this purpose, the time structure of 50 matches of the world’s top ten players in the singles and doubles was investigated. The lowest work to rest ratios were observed in the doubles disciplines (approximately 20 %) except for the ladies’ doubles with 30.1 %. Furthermore, the ladies’ doubles consisted of the longest rallies on average (10.1 s) whilst the rest times did not differ significantly between the disciplines. The men’s and mixed doubles were characterized by the shortest mean rally times of 5.6-6.7 seconds and the highest number of shots per second. These empirical data confirmed the assumed differences between the ladies’ doubles and the other doubles disciplines. When setting up specific training drills the higher frequencies in the doubles disciplines should be taken into consideration. The most common work intervals of 6-10 seconds should be applied and drills with the longest possible work intervals should be incorporated into the specific endurance training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 997-1006 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868846 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:997-1006 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. Dries Goossens Author-X-Name-First: R. Dries Author-X-Name-Last: Goossens Author-Name: Jurgen Kempeneers Author-X-Name-First: Jurgen Author-X-Name-Last: Kempeneers Author-Name: H. Ruud Koning Author-X-Name-First: H. Ruud Author-X-Name-Last: Koning Author-Name: Frits C.R. Spieksma Author-X-Name-First: Frits C.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Spieksma Title: Winning in straight sets helps in Grand Slam tennis Abstract: In this contribution, we study whether fatigue resulting from the previous match affects a player’s chances of winning his (or her) next match in Grand Slam tennis. We measure relative fatigue levels of two opponents by looking at the difference in number of sets played in their previous match. We develop two approaches to answer this question: the so-called carry-over method and the more common logit model. Both methods differ in the assumptions they make and the type of results they offer. Our results are based on data collected from the 4 Grand Slam tournaments (men and women) from 1992 till 2011, covering 20,320 matches. We find that there is indeed an impact of the relative effort invested in winning a match on the probability of winning the next match in a Grand Slam tournament. For women, having played one set more in the previous match than the opponent in her previous match, leads to a decreased winning probability. For men, this is the case only for a set difference of two. Our results show that this effect is present in each of the grand slam tournaments and does not vary with the surface type. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1007-1021 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1007-1021 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Riaan Schoeman Author-X-Name-First: Riaan Author-X-Name-Last: Schoeman Author-Name: Derik Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Derik Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Author-Name: Robert Schall Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Schall Title: Positional tackle and collision rates in Super Rugby Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate differences between playing positions regarding tackle and collision rates in a rugby game, and to determine the collision rates of individual playing positions in professional rugby union. Data from 30 matches (both teams involved) during the 2013 Super Rugby Season were captured and supplied by the Cheetahs Super Rugby Franchise, using the Verusco TryMaker Pro. Significant differences were found between positional groups regarding tackle rates. However, the front row players and second row players did not differ significantly (positions 1, 2, or 3 vs positions 4, or 5; p=0.0715 to p=0.6324). Within a positional group, only the difference between the inside centre and the other inside backs was significant (9 vs 12, p=0.0029; 10 vs 12, p=0.0045; 12 vs 13, p=0.0100). No significant differences were observed between second row players and the eighthman (4 vs 8, p=0.4183 and 5 vs 8, p=0.6863), although significant differences were found between second row players and the rest of the loose forwards (6 and 7). A significant difference (p≤0.05) occurred between all forwards and backs when collision rates were compared. The findings revealed significant inter-positional differences in tackling and collision rates within the same positional group. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1022-1036 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868848 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1022-1036 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hayden Croft Author-X-Name-First: Hayden Author-X-Name-Last: Croft Author-Name: Peter Lamb Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Author-Name: Simon Middlemas Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Middlemas Title: The application of self-organising maps to performance analysis data in rugby union Abstract: With the advent of professionalism in rugby union greater volumes of information are collected about player and team performance. A typical OptaTM, Sports CodeTM timeline, for a single rugby match, can have more than 2000 instances and labels of information. Unless there is a prior understanding of an opponent much time can be spent identifying irrelevant trends and information which may not fairly represent the performance of the match.Kohonen Self-organising Maps (SOMs) are a form of artificial neural network developed for clustering and visualising high-dimensional data by reducing the output to a low-dimensional output map. These visualisations may help the analyst quickly identify important relationships among the key performance indicators describing a match.In this paper we report on the application of SOMs to discrete data summarising matches in New Zealand’s ITM Cup rugby competition. The input variables were frequencies of common performance indicators. The SOM approach was used to narrow down the input variables to those that discriminate between successful and unsuccessful outcomes as well as map regions associated with various levels of success. Since map regions indicate game patterns or styles, further analysis showed that multiple game styles tended to lead to wins and multiple different styles tended to lead to losses. SOMs represent an important method for characterising game play in rugby union, we suggest continued use of SOMs will help make coaches and analysts more familiar with their interpretation and anticipate further streamlining of key performance indicator selection. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1037-1046 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868849 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868849 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1037-1046 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan DeFreitas Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: DeFreitas Title: Do Deceptive and Disguised Movement Behaviours Exist in Actual Soccer Match Play and Does Their Use Indicate Elite Performance? Abstract: The aim of the current study was to establish if deceptive and disguised movement behaviours exist in actual soccer match play and whether the level of display of these behaviours are associated with the performance level of soccer players and team success in soccer. Data were collected from 10 ‘elite’ soccer matches and 10 ‘sub-elite’ soccer matches using match analysis. Two-way (3x2) repeated measures ANOVA statistical analysis revealed that ‘elite’ soccer players perform, on average, a greater number of deceptive and disguised movement behaviours than ‘sub-elite’ soccer players (p < 0.001). Independent t-tests revealed that the display of deceptive and disguised movement behaviours were no different, on average, between match winners and losers nor teams with most or least ball possession (p > 0.05). The results of the current study allow intentional display of deceptive and disguised movement behaviours to be considered a part of actual soccer match play and may present implications for soccer coaching and player acquisition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1047-1064 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868850 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1047-1064 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Quinn Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn Author-Name: Jonathan Sinclair Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Sinclair Author-Name: Stephen Atkins Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Atkins Title: Differences in the high speed match-play characteristics of rugby league players before, during and after a period of tramseridian transition Abstract: There is a paucity of information comparing competitive rugby league match play dynamics between northern and southern hemispheres. Notably, differences in the match demands of games played in an intensive period have not previously been reported. This study is the first to assess such demands, quantified using GPS/accelerometer technology, during a competitive three game period that comprised two games in England, interspersed with one game in Australia. The three games were completed over a period of 23 days. In-game data from fifteen elite level rugby league players were collected. The focus was to assess differences in activity profiles undertaken in each game. There were significant increases in the total number of high speed sprints, distance covered at high speed and acceleration/deceleration efforts undertaken in Australia when compared to England. No significant differences in other key performance indicators were observed. The current findings demonstrate minimal differences in the activity profiles of game play in elite professional rugby league, with the exception of high-speed activity and acceleration/deceleration efforts. The European team were defeated in their game in Australia, with clearly higher levels of total high speed sprints, acceleration and deceleration efforts being observed in that game when compared with games undertaken in England. Such findings emphasise the continuing use of GPS/accelerometer technologies in determining in-game performance characteristics associated with likely success, though the milieu of factors contributing to success must be considered in entirety. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1065-1076 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868851 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1065-1076 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milos Mudric Author-X-Name-First: Milos Author-X-Name-Last: Mudric Author-Name: Ivan Cuk Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Cuk Author-Name: Aleksandar Nedeljkovic Author-X-Name-First: Aleksandar Author-X-Name-Last: Nedeljkovic Author-Name: Srecko Jovanovic Author-X-Name-First: Srecko Author-X-Name-Last: Jovanovic Author-Name: Slobodan Jaric Author-X-Name-First: Slobodan Author-X-Name-Last: Jaric Title: Evaluation of Video-based method for the measurement of reaction time in specific sport situation Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate a novel Video-based method for testing the reaction time (RT) in specific sport situations. The participants were elite karate kumite competitors and beginners. Two realistic responses (upper and lower blocks) under the conditions of known in advance (Simple RT condition) or unknown (Choice RT condition) realistic stimuli (video recordings of either a karate kick or punch presented in front of the subject) were recorded by a 3D motion analysis system. The tested RT proved to be highly reliable in both groups, for both responses, and under both conditions, although the indices of reliability could be higher in elite competitors. Moreover, the RT was consistently and markedly shorter in elite competitors than in beginners, as well as under the Simple RT than under the Choice RT conditions, independently of the stimulus. Together with the apparent face validity and relative simplicity, these findings strongly suggest that the evaluated method could both be used in future research and in routine testing of stimulus-response. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1077-1089 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1077-1089 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cloe Cummins Author-X-Name-First: Cloe Author-X-Name-Last: Cummins Author-Name: Rhonda Orr Author-X-Name-First: Rhonda Author-X-Name-Last: Orr Title: Collision characteristics of shoulder charge tackles in elite rugby league Abstract: The study objective was to investigate the tackle and collision characteristics of shoulder charge tackles within elite rugby league match-play. Tackle characteristics and injury outcomes from video footage of 201 matches (30 National Rugby League rounds and finals series) were examined. Players were categorised into positional groups: hit-up forwards, adjustables and outside backs. Where possible, data from Global Positioning System (GPS) units worn by players were linked to video footage for analysis. Tackles were classified as shoulder charge or conventional tackle. Outcome measures included shoulder charge incidence, tackle characteristics and impacts (G-force) sustained during shoulder charge tackles. In 201 video files, 59 shoulder charges were identified from 123,211 tackles. Shoulder charge incidence was 0.05% of total tackles, with an average rate of 0.29 shoulder charges per game. However, shoulder charge incidence increased from 0.22 in rounds 1-26 to 1.88 in the final series. In the majority of shoulder charge tackles (P<0.001) players executed the tackle through transferring body mass over the front foot and driving the right shoulder in an upright and oblique approach to the ball carrier. Impact forces from GPS ranged from 6.5-13.4G and 7.9-12.3G for attackers and defenders, respectively. The physical demands of the tackle were within the highest classification of sustained impacts during match-play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1090-1101 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868853 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1090-1101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bernat Buscà Author-X-Name-First: Bernat Author-X-Name-Last: Buscà Author-Name: David Alique Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Alique Author-Name: Cristófol Salas Author-X-Name-First: Cristófol Author-X-Name-Last: Salas Author-Name: Raúl Hileno Author-X-Name-First: Raúl Author-X-Name-Last: Hileno Author-Name: Javier Peña Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Peña Author-Name: Jose Morales Author-X-Name-First: Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Morales Author-Name: Jaume Bantulà Author-X-Name-First: Jaume Author-X-Name-Last: Bantulà Title: Relationship between agility and jump ability in amateur beach volleyball male players Abstract: Agility and quickness is required by the beach volleyball players, such as sudden falls, short sprints and jumps. The surface where the beach volleyball is played constitutes a different paradigm to study these actions. This paper analyses the relationship between the agility test and the ability to jump on the sand among beach volleyball players. The study also shows the relationship between the ability to jump on rigid and sand surface. Significant correlations were found between specific agility test and both jumps test on the sand and on the rigid surface (r=-0.62 and r=-0.75, respectively). Significant differences were also found in sand tests between the national-and regional-level players. In conclusion, there was a solid relationship between jumping ability and agility of beach volleyball players. Moreover, the results of the present study reflect a surface adaptation in jumping and agility actions of more experienced players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1102-1113 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868854 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868854 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1102-1113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Enrique García Ordóñez Author-X-Name-First: Enrique García Author-X-Name-Last: Ordóñez Author-Name: Carlos Touriño Gonzalez Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Touriño Author-X-Name-Last: Gonzalez Author-Name: María del Carmen Iglesias Pérez Author-X-Name-First: María del Carmen Iglesias Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez Title: Offensive Performance Indicators in a Regular Season of Water-Polo Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to identify offensive performance indicators that may discriminate by match score (favourable, balanced or unfavourable). The sample comprised 88 regular season games (2011-2014) from the Spanish Professional Water-Polo League. Univariate (ANOVA test; Kruskal-Wallis test and Generalized Linear Model test (GLM)) and multivariate (Discriminant) analysis to compare favourable, balanced or unfavourable and confidence intervals and effect sizes of the differences were calculated. The results showed that favourable games had averages that were significantly higher for counterattack attacks (p<0.001) and shots (p<0.001), goals (p<0.001), and shots from zones close to goal (zone 5 (p<0.01) and 6 (p<0.01)). Whereas unfavourable games had significantly higher averages in even attacks (p<0.001) and shots (p<0.001), no goals shots (p<0.001), and shots originated from zones far from goal (zone 2 (p<0.05) and 4 (p<0.01)). The variables that most discriminated were the goals, counterattack attacks and shots; shots originated from areas close to goal. These results could help coaches when planning training and competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1114-1123 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868855 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868855 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1114-1123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Klaus Mattes Author-X-Name-First: Klaus Author-X-Name-Last: Mattes Author-Name: Nina Schaffert Author-X-Name-First: Nina Author-X-Name-Last: Schaffert Author-Name: Stefanie Manzer Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: Manzer Author-Name: Wolfgang Böhmert Author-X-Name-First: Wolfgang Author-X-Name-Last: Böhmert Title: Non-oarside-arm pull to increase the propulsion in sweep-oar rowing Abstract: Sweep-rowing requires an asymmetric, two-handed-pull on the oar. The non-oarside-hand holds the end of the handle the oarside-hand is nearer the oar. Correspondingly, body-segments were described as non-oarside (not-the-same-side-as-the-oar) or oarside (same-side-as-the-oar). The study investigated the effect of oarside and non-oarside-arm-draw on pull-direction, handle-force (longitudinal and normal) and one-dimensional stretcher-force in the propulsive-plane from the oarside-and non-oarside-leg amongst 24 junior oarsmen in coxless-fours. Movement-variations of two-handed-rowing versus rowing with the non-oarside-or oarside-hand and two-handed-rowing with a dominant non-oarside-or oarside-arm-pull were compared in two field-tests with variance-analysis. Both tests reflected the dominance of the non-oarside-arm-draw in higher tangential (14%) and smaller longitudinal (11%) forces and advantageous draw-angle (2.7%) on the handle with lower stretcher-force in the propulsive-plane (25%). The dominance was expected as the non-oarside-hand has a longer lever and at the start of the drive draws tangentially more strongly than the oarside-hand. In on-water training at the start of the drive, tangential-force can be maximised, and longitudinal-force minimised, by a dominant non-oarside-arm-draw. The rotation in sweep-rowing increases the torsional and lateral-bending-load, and thus the injury-risk of the lowerspine. Overall, non-oarside-arm-draw enforces the trunk-asymmetry. But, oarside-leg stretcher-force in pull-direction is reduced and decreases lower extremities-asymmetry. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1124-1134 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868856 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1124-1134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gema Torres-Luque Author-X-Name-First: Gema Author-X-Name-Last: Torres-Luque Author-Name: Antonio Ramirez Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Ramirez Author-Name: David Cabello-Manrique Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Cabello-Manrique Author-Name: T. Pantelis Nikolaidis Author-X-Name-First: T. Pantelis Author-X-Name-Last: Nikolaidis Author-Name: Jose Ramón Alvero-Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Jose Ramón Author-X-Name-Last: Alvero-Cruz Title: Match analysis of elite players during paddle tennis competition Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine notational anaylisis structure in paddle tennis in relation to gender. Sixteen semi-final or final paddle tennis matches (8 men and 8 women) of the circuit Paddle Pro Tour were selected. All matches were recorded with a wide-angle camera (Panasonic HC-700; Japan) and were analysed with Kinovea 8.15 software according to Anguera’s method. Match analysis (total time, real time, rest time, work-to-rest-time, points, strokes for points, rally time, and rest rally time) and shots (service, return, ground strokes, net strokes, and indirect strokes) were studied. The results showed statistically significant differences in real time, rest time and number of strokes with higher values in female than in male paddle tennis players (p<.05). A statistical difference was shown in percentage of type of strokes (backhand volley, indirect forehand lob, backhand lob) by gender (p<.05). In conclusion, knowledge of activity patterns within competition helps with specific training for the sport. These findings might help coaches to know better this speciality. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1135-1144 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868857 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868857 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1135-1144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Hampson Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Hampson Author-Name: Hayley Randle Author-X-Name-First: Hayley Author-X-Name-Last: Randle Title: The influence of an 8-week rider core fitness program on the equine back at sitting trot Abstract: In horseback riding, the physical influence of the rider is increasingly being recognized as an important contributor to equine back pain. Asymmetrical loading, in particular, can be detrimental to performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the left-to-right differences in mean pressure distribution, and other parameters, on the equine back at Week 0 and Week 8 of an unmounted equestrian core fitness program. Ten healthy dressage horse and rider pairs (horse age 12.30 ± 4.64 years, rider age 41.5 ± 14.83 years) performed two ridden tests at sitting trot, before and after participating in an 8-week program. The regime was a sport-specific, 20-minute core fitness program, performed three times weekly. Horses and riders each wore four reflective markers. A Pliance™ electronic saddle mat (60Hz sampling rate) and Casio™ high speed camera (240 frames per second) with Quintic™ biomechanical software were used to record all trials. All subjects (n=10) showed a significant decrease in left-right mean pressure differential of 0.368 ± 0.361kPa. Maximum overall force (F = ma) had a non-significant increase of 2.36 ± 3.36N/kg (p=0.05), normalized to rider body mass. Mean stride length (m) increased by 8.4%. This study demonstrates that participating in a rider core fitness program can have a significant effect on rider symmetry and consequently provide an important method for reducing asymmetrical loading and improving both human and equine performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1145-1159 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868858 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1145-1159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Simon Eaves Author-X-Name-First: J. Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Eaves Title: A history of sports notational analysis: a journey into the nineteenth century Abstract: This paper presents a history of sports notational analysis, which seeks to develop further our current understanding of the subject. The paper provides evidence that indicates sports notations developed in the mid-nineteenth century, contrary to the current view of it as a twentieth century invention. The paper further illustrates that statistics from these notations appeared regularly in newspapers, periodicals and specialist books of that period, and that the early development of notation, in many sports, was strongly associated with the work of the sports journalist. This paper reviews the work presented in earlier publications, and provides further insight into the history of sport notation in introducing many previously unknown notation systems. This work includes Hugh Fullerton’s earliest known baseball notation; several analytical systems for lawn tennis; examples of nineteenth century boxing notations, and association football notations, which pre-date Charles Reep’s work, hitherto consider the first soccer analysis, by half a century. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1160-1176 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868859 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868859 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1160-1176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Sánchez-Pay Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Pay Author-Name: M. Jose Palao Author-X-Name-First: M. Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: Gema Torres-Luque Author-X-Name-First: Gema Author-X-Name-Last: Torres-Luque Author-Name: David Sanz-Rivas Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Sanz-Rivas Title: Differences in set statistics between wheelchair and conventional tennis on different types of surfaces and by gender Abstract: The aim of the present study was to analyse the differences in match statistics between conventional tennis (CT) and wheelchair tennis (WT) on different surfaces by gender. Data from 220 sets (127 sets of CT and 93 of WT) from three of the 2014 Grand Slams (Australian Open (AO), Roland Garros (RG), and US Open (UO)) were analysed. The variables related to match, serve, and return were studied in relation to the modality of the match (CT or WT) and type of surface (AO, RG, or UO). Data were collected from the official website of each tournament. A univariate (Mann Whitney U) analysis of data was done to analyse the differences between modalities and types of surface. The results showed that CT players had better serve performances than WT players. However, WT players had better performances in the return than CT players. The values between CT and WT for female players were more similar than male players. Regarding court surface, players of CT had more differences in game statistics than WT for both genders. These values could be used as a reference for peak performance players’ practices and competitions as well as to aid in the understanding of the differences between modalities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1177-1188 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868860 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868860 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1177-1188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Victor Silveira Coswig Author-X-Name-First: Victor Silveira Author-X-Name-Last: Coswig Author-Name: Fabrício B.D. Vecchio Author-X-Name-First: Fabrício B.D. Author-X-Name-Last: Vecchio Author-Name: Ciro José Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ciro José Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Author-Name: John Amtmann Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Amtmann Title: Comparisons of Time-motion Analysis of Mixed Martial Arts Rounds by Weight Divisions Abstract: This study aimed to compare time-motion analysis between weight divisions in male fighters and rounds of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). The sample consisted of 2097 bouts separated by weight divisions (Flyweight n=114, Bantamweight n=224, Featherweight n=286, Lightweight n=450, Welterweight n=390, Middleweight n=316, Light heavyweight n=167, Heavyweight n=150) of 2012-2014 UFC™ events. The time-motion variables were categorized into low or high-intensity, stand-up or groundwork situations by round. Effects of weight divisions were observed and the main results showed that, in the 1st round, the heavyweights (212.4±101.5s) presented with a shorter effort time than all other weight divisions (257.6±79.9s); in the 2nd round, the bantamweight competitors (132.8±90.9s) presented with the shortest total effort time (171.7±81.5s); in the 3rd round, the shortest total effort time was in the heavyweight division (246.3±89.1s) again, with the other weight divisions showing variable effort times, including: welterweight (289.6±42.3s), lightweight (280.3±57.3s), featherweight (281.4±58s), bantamweight (285.6±47.2s), flyweight (287.7±43.8s) and middleweight (268.3±72.2s). The present data suggest a focus on the intermittent demands presented in the various combat phases in MMA. Additionally, strength and conditioning coaches should pay particular attention to the high and low effort ratios for both standing and ground combat to most effectively condition their athletes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1189-1201 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868861 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1189-1201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dale Stean Author-X-Name-First: Dale Author-X-Name-Last: Stean Author-Name: Andrew Barnes Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Barnes Author-Name: Sarah. M Churchill Author-X-Name-First: Sarah. M Author-X-Name-Last: Churchill Title: Effect of the ‘Crouch, Bind, Set’ engagement routine on scrum performance in English Premiership Rugby Abstract: The effect of the new scrum engagement sequence introduced at the start of the 2013/2014 season on scrum performance has not been evaluated. This study compared scrum performance indicators pre- (2012/2013 season) and post-law change (2013/2014). Several performance indicators at the scrum were identified in 20 games from each season of the English domestic Premiership. These included the number of penalties, free kicks and resets awarded. A Mann Whitney U test showed a significant increase in the number of scrums per game, from 17.50 to 23.85 (p = 0.003, ES = 0.47). This was contributed to by a 112% increase in the number of reset scrums (p < 0.0005). Of the resets, there was a significant increase in the number of scrums reset due to collapsing, which is of concern for player welfare. However, resets for collapsing accounted for a similar proportion of the total resets pre and post law change at 52% and 53%, respectively, and may be due to the relative novelty of the technique and stringent law enforcement increasing resets. In contrast, there was a decrease in the number of early engagements from 1.65 to 0.40 per match following the law change which is likely beneficial for player welfare. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1202-1212 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868862 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868862 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1202-1212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristijan Breznik Author-X-Name-First: Kristijan Author-X-Name-Last: Breznik Title: Revealing the best doubles teams and players in tennis history Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the best male doubles teams and the best male doubles individual players in the Open Era of tennis. The obtained data were recorded from the official ATP website and include 58,365 male doubles teams (10,717 individual male doubles players) who played 128,195 matches, in the period from 1968 to the end of 2014. The problem of ranking doubles teams and individual doubles players who were active in different time periods was solved using social network analysis. Firstly, we represented male doubles teams and the matches played between them as a network of directed contacts. Secondly, network analytic methods, the PageRank algorithm in particular, were applied to the complex network system of male doubles tennis matches. The results revealed the Bryan brothers as clearly the best doubles team, and Todd Woodbridge was recognised as the best individual doubles player, in the observed period. The findings of the study establish the PageRanking procedure as an alternative tennis ranking technique to the accepted ATP ranking system. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1213-1226 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868863 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868863 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1213-1226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David G D Thomas Author-X-Name-First: David G D Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Title: A Comparison of Positional Measurement Methods in Tennis Abstract: Serve bounces in the 2013 US Open Men’s Tennis final were recorded by marking on both a scale map of the court, and on still images from broadcast footage, calibrated using a Two Dimensional Direct Linear Transform (2D-DLT). Inter-operator agreement was compared for the two methods. Agreement improved for 2D-DLT when compared to the scale map approach. Both methods showed greater disagreement in the direction of image perspective than across the width of the image. Examination of the mean measured positions for the two methods revealed a systematic bias towards court markings (in the direction of perspective) when using a scale map approach, suggesting that the limits of human ability to adjust for perspective should be added to accepted sources of perceptual error in Performance Analysis when using this method. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1227-1234 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2015 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868864 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868864 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:15:y:2015:i:3:p:1227-1234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stelios G Psycharakis Author-X-Name-First: Stelios G Author-X-Name-Last: Psycharakis Author-Name: Giorgos P Paradisis Author-X-Name-First: Giorgos P Author-X-Name-Last: Paradisis Author-Name: Elias Zacharogiannis Author-X-Name-First: Elias Author-X-Name-Last: Zacharogiannis Title: Assessment of accuracy, reliability and force measurement errors for a tethered swimming apparatus Abstract: Researchers frequently use purpose-built devices to calculate propulsive forces during tethered swimming. Although such devices are subject to force measurement errors, no specific methods have been suggested in the swimming literature for the estimation of these errors. The purpose of this study was to access the accuracy and reliability of a portable device that is used to measure propulsive forces in tethered swimming, and to estimate the errors caused by hysteresis, sensitivity and linearity. The force values recorded during a maximum front crawl test of an international level swimmer were used to provide an example of the extent to which measurement errors could affect the values collected during a tethered swimming study. The calculations revealed small and acceptable errors. When summing the errors from all sources, the total errors affecting the minimum, average and peak forces recorded during the case study were 1.15%, 0.94% and 0.86% respectively. It is recommended that investigators always calculate and report such errors for tethered swimming studies. The methods used in the present study are reasonably simple and not time-consuming, and could be used when assessing errors for similar tethered swimming devices. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 410-416 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:410-416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gongbing Shan Author-X-Name-First: Gongbing Author-X-Name-Last: Shan Author-Name: Xiang Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Xiang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Xi Li Author-X-Name-First: Xi Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Weiya Hao Author-X-Name-First: Weiya Author-X-Name-Last: Hao Author-Name: Kerstin Witte Author-X-Name-First: Kerstin Author-X-Name-Last: Witte Title: Quantification of Golfer-club Interaction and Club-type’s Affect on Dynamic Balance during a Golf Swing Abstract: The current study aimed to provide a holistic picture of efficient golf swing and to determine the club contribution to weight shift patterns. Synchronized data from 3D motion capture (12 cameras, 250 Hz, VICON v8i) and ground reaction force (KISTLER platforms) were collected from 13 advanced golfers. The results showed that a) the club’s dynamic influence was closely related to wrist and elbow control, which determined the degree of separation between centre-of-ground-reaction-force and centre-of-gravity of a golfer; b) a Driver has more influence on a golfer’s weight transfer than an Iron; c) Club head speed is related to the coordination between shoulder and hip joint; and d) the ball release velocity is influenced by wrists “uncock” (a combination of hand extension and ulnar abduction for accelerating the club to its maximum velocity) at ball contact. Via the novel protocol that customizes to subjects’ individual anthropometrical data and separates the body-club system, the current study presents both individual contributing components and more insight view on subjects’ golf swing using different clubs. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 417-426 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:417-426 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Larkin Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Larkin Author-Name: Jason Berry Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Berry Author-Name: Brian Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: Brendan Lay Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Lay Title: Perceptual and decision-making skills of Australian football umpires Abstract: This study evaluated a video-based testing protocol to assess perceptual and decision-making skill in Australian football. Whether umpires from two disparate levels of skill expertise could be discriminated on a sportspecific perceptual and decision making task was trialled. In addition, any task-specific differences between Australian football umpires’ and current players’ perception of the same game-play information were investigated. National league umpires, state league umpires, and national league players viewed video projected game-play sequences across three perceptual and decision-making tasks: 1) pattern recall, 2) play prediction and, 3) infringement identification (umpires only). Players performed better than both the umpire groups (p<0.05) in the pattern recall task. No significant differences were found across any groups on the play prediction task. The national league umpires made significantly (p<0.05) more correct decisions compared to the state league umpires on the infringement identification task. These results indicate that a video-based perceptual and decision-making task can discriminate between disparate umpire skill levels, and also between the task-specific perceptual skill sets of umpires and players in Australian football. There is potential for video-based assessment protocols to be utilised for the development of skill benchmarks and talent identification in Australian football and other ‘invasion-game’ sports. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 427-437 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868562 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:427-437 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Wright Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Steve Atkins Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Atkins Author-Name: Remco Polman Author-X-Name-First: Remco Author-X-Name-Last: Polman Author-Name: Bryan Jones Author-X-Name-First: Bryan Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Lee Sargeson . Author-X-Name-First: Lee Sargeson Author-X-Name-Last: . Title: Factors Associated with Goals and Goal Scoring Opportunities in Professional Soccer Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors associated with goals and goal scoring opportunities in soccer taking into consideration a broader range of performance indicators. The study was part exploratory but, based on the current literature, we also developed some a priori predictions. In particular, it was predicted that (a) most goals would be scored within the penalty area (> 70%); (b) approximately 30% of goals would be scored from set plays and (c) the majority (> 70%) of goals would be scored from a relatively short (< 4) passing interchange. Data was collected from 1788 attempts and 169 goals for an English FA Premier League season. The Web-soft snapper performance analysis tool was used to time code when attempts on goal were made and the associated behaviours relating to the attempt on goal. All a priori predictions were supported. The binary logistic regression identified 3 covariates which had a significant (P < 0.05) impact on goals scored. This included position of attempt; goal keepers’ positions and type of shoot. Transitions in play accounted for 63% of all goals scored and well over half of all attempts on goal. Although similarities were evident between this and previous literature, this investigation also highlighted the importance of other key variables associated with goals and goal scoring opportunities. The high contribution of factors associated with transitions in play helped to uncover the importance of tracking goals and goal scoring opportunities back to their point of origin. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 438-449 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868563 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868563 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:438-449 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nick Draper Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Draper Author-Name: Tabitha Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Tabitha Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Author-Name: Simon Fryer Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Fryer Author-Name: Gavin Blackwell Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Blackwell Title: Performance differences for intermediate rock climbers who successfully and unsuccessfully attempted an indoor sport climbing route Abstract: As a popular recreational and competitive adventure sport the research base for rock climbing has developed in parallel with the growth of the sport. To date researchers have not attempted to explain the performance differences between those who successfully complete an ascent of a route and those who fall en-route. The aim of our study was to identify factors contributing to a successful or unsuccessful ascent of an indoor sport climbing route. Eighteen intermediate level climbers attempted an onsight ascent of a grade 19 Ewbank scale (5.10b YDS, 6a Sport) climb as either a lead climb or top rope. Results indicated that general climbing experience and number of years lead climbing significantly affected success on the route and appeared to provide successful climbers with a greater feeling of self confidence prior to ascent (p < 0.05). This resulted in significantly lower time taken at key points on the route and a lower heart rate throughout for the successful climbers (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that prior experience plays a significant role in the successful climbing performance for intermediate level climbers in an on-sight context, regardless of whether lead climbing or top roping. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 450-463 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868564 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868564 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:450-463 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eugene Lim Author-X-Name-First: Eugene Author-X-Name-Last: Lim Author-Name: Brendan Lay Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Lay Author-Name: Brian Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: Karen Wallman Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Wallman Author-Name: Scott Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Predicting try scoring in super 14 rugby union – the development of a superior attacking team scoring system Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine if consecutive periods of attacking superiority, as determined by a developed Team Attacking Superiority (TAS) scoring system, could predict try scoring in Super 14 rugby. Game data from 9 games where the Crusaders, Force and Lions played each other in the 2006, 2007 and 2008 competition seasons were analysed. A Player Impact Ranking matrix, developed in an earlier study (Lim et al., 2009), was modified to create a Team Impact Ranking (TIR) matrix. The TIR was then used to calculate the TAS scores to assess consecutive periods of attacking dominance by a team. Results showed that 67% of tries scored resulted from teams maintaining 3 consecutive TAS periods or less. Although the majority of tries scored were from ≤ 3 consecutive TAS periods, odd ratios revealed that teams were 11.76 times more likely to convert TAS periods into tries scored if they were able to attain 4 or more TAS periods. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 464-475 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868565 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:464-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Mallo Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Mallo Title: Effect of block periodization on performance in competition in a soccer team during four consecutive seasons: A case study Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of applying block periodization on performance in competition in a Spanish professional soccer team during four consecutive seasons. A longitudinal training protocol was designed, structuring each season into three training stages which were further subdivided into three training blocks or mesocycles (Accumulation, Transmutation and Realization), where the physical conditioning was focused on a minimal number of physical capacities. To examine training workloads, time spent developing each physical capacity was compared within blocks. To assess team performance in competition, the percentage of points obtained by the team in each match (points obtained/points in play; 3 points per victory, 1 point per draw; 0 points per defeat) was examined in relation to the training block. Time employed developing high-intensity aerobic (P<0.001) and gym-based strength (P<0.05) was higher in Accumulation, speed endurance (P<0.05) in Transmutation, and speed (P<0.05) in Realization. The highest success percentage in competition was achieved during Realization blocks (χ2(2)=6.23; P<0.05), where the team obtained 59% of the points in play. The results of this study show that block periodization can be an alternative training design for professional soccer teams. Competitive team performance was greater during Realization blocks. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 476-485 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:476-485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mª Helena Vila Author-X-Name-First: Mª Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Vila Author-Name: J. Arturo Abraldes Author-X-Name-First: J. Arturo Author-X-Name-Last: Abraldes Author-Name: E. Pedro Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: E. Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Alcaraz Author-Name: Nuria Rodríguez Author-X-Name-First: Nuria Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez Author-Name: Carmen Ferragut Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Ferragut Title: Tactical and shooting variables that determine win or loss in top-Level in water polo Abstract: The aims of this study were: 1) determine if there is a difference in the efficacy and velocity of shots between winning and losing teams 2) analyse the relationship between efficacy values according to the particular microsituations (even, power play, transition and penalty) and between winners and losers in disputed games. Seventy-two male games that formed part of the 2008 European Championship and the 2009 World Championship have been analysed. Efficacy coefficients were used to assess all of the microsituations of the game that ended with a shot to obtain efficacy values. The results presented significant differences between winning and losing teams in terms of the coefficients of definition and resolution of shots, and in the coefficient of resolution and detention of shots to goal in both championships. It could be said that the efficacy values that determine the difference between winning and losing teams are those that make reference to the accuracy of the shot. The penalty microsituation of reference is not a determining factor in the winner or loser status of a team. No differences exist in the speed of shot between winning and losing teams within the same championship but they do exist between championships. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 486-498 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868567 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:486-498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Hawkins Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Hawkins Title: Identifying mechanic measures that best predict air-pistol shooting performance Abstract: Key shooting mechanic measures were selected to identify how the measures were related to performance. Ten national-standard air-pistol shooters performed 60 simulated competition shots using their normal shooting procedures. An optoelectronic shooting system (NOPTEL ST 2000) was used to collect shooting mechanic measures and score. Multiple regression analysis results found the factors hold and aim to be important criterion. Hold and aim represented 48% of the total variance of the shooting score. The mechanic measure, Hitr (a measure of hold and smoothness of triggering which assesses the percent of time aiming in an area the size of the nine-ring when centred over the actual shot) was the most important individual criterion, representing 33% of the variance of the shooting score. Principal component analysis identified important measures and how they grouped among like measures. The results identified three factors which provide information on air-pistol shooting. First, hold described the ability to maintain the aiming point on the target. Second, time of hold described the amount of time the aiming point was on target. Third, aiming described accuracy of pointing the pistol onto the target. These measures reflect important information that should be used by the athlete during training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 499-509 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:499-509 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Girish Ramchandani Author-X-Name-First: Girish Author-X-Name-Last: Ramchandani Author-Name: Darryl Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Darryl Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: Do differences in gender and sport affect home advantage? A case study of the Commonwealth Games Abstract: This paper investigates differences in home advantage experienced in different types of events and sports contested in the Commonwealth Games. Alternative definitions of performance are employed to examine host nations’ performances at home relative to proximate away editions immediately before and after hosting the competition. Depending on which performance indicator is used, it could be argued that host nations perform better at home more consistently in ‘men only’ events or in ‘men only’ and ‘women only’ events. By contrast, the analysis illustrates that home advantage is least likely to occur in ‘mixed/open’ events across all indicators examined. The sport specific analysis supports the view that home advantage is more prevalent in certain types of sports, particularly those which are held at the discretion of the host nation; in single competition sports; and, in sports involving more subjective input by officials. Assuming that achieving better performance is one, even if only minor, objective for nations hosting the competition, relevant national sports authorities should be conscious of which types of events and sports are likely to yield greater home advantage, so that they can determine the appropriate composition of their home sports programmes to complement their traditional strengths. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 510-521 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868569 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868569 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:510-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emile Diedrick Author-X-Name-First: Emile Author-X-Name-Last: Diedrick Author-Name: Michele van Rooyen Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooyen Title: Line Break Situations in International Rugby Abstract: The team who scored the most tries won 81% of all Rugby World Cup matches in 2007. However, there is little research published into events that lead to tries being scored from open play and especially the line break situation. There were a total of 47 line breaks recorded during 11 matches, 51% of which resulted in a try being scored, 30% of which no try was scored but possession was retained and 19% resulted in possession being lost. Most of the line breaks occurred within the attacking half of the field (55%) with 45% occurring from within the defending half. 89% of line break situations occurred towards the centre and left side of the field in the midfield zones B and C. 68% of the line breaks were created by the winning teams and these originated predominantly from the middle and left channels of the attacking half of the pitch. Losing teams relied on interception line breaks for their tries. The players most frequently observed making the line breaks were the left wing (17%), the fullback (13%.) Line breaks were an effective source of tries with an average of 2 tries being scored from a line break every match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 522-534 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868570 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868570 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:522-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bergeles Nikos Author-X-Name-First: Bergeles Author-X-Name-Last: Nikos Author-Name: Nikolaidou Maria Elissavet Author-X-Name-First: Nikolaidou Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Elissavet Title: Setter’s performance and attack tempo as determinants of attack efficacy in Olympic-level male volleyball teams Abstract: Volleyball’s sequential nature makes performance in a succeeding action dependent on preceding action’s performance. Even though nearly all of second ball contacts originate from the setter, the effect of setter’s performance and attack tempo on attack efficacy has received limited attention. This study’s purpose was to analyze the probabilistic relationships that might predict attack efficacy relating to setter’s performance as a function of attack tempo in Complex I on Olympic-level male teams. Thirty matches (N=30) of sequential set-to-attack actions were evaluated to assess setter’s performance and attack efficacy based on a 5-point numerical rating scale (Eom, 1989). Statistics included cross-tabulation procedure to define “pre-match” percentages, repeated measures ANOVA to examine possible differences among attack tempo in attack efficacy and multinomial logistic regression analysis to examine if variations in setter’s performance and attack tempo increased or decreased the probabilities of achieving low (defined either as error or attack continuation) as compared to high attack efficacy (defined as gaining a direct point) (P<0.05). Results on odds ratios showed that when setter’s preceding performance was excellent so that attackers made 1st or 2nd tempo attacks, the probabilities of gaining a direct point were strongly increased. It is recommended that setters train to provide attackers with quick tempo attacks and attackers train to effectively attack against a double block. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 535-544 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868571 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:535-544 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Albin Tenga Author-X-Name-First: Albin Author-X-Name-Last: Tenga Author-Name: Einar Sigmundstad Author-X-Name-First: Einar Author-X-Name-Last: Sigmundstad Title: Characteristics of goal-scoring possessions in open play: Comparing the top, in-between and bottom teams from professional soccer league Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare how goals were scored from open play possessions between teams from the top three, in-between and bottom three positions of the final league-table in professional soccer. A sample of 997 goals scored from open play in the Norwegian top professional league during 2008, 2009 and 2010 seasons was analysed. Match performance analysis was performed on 10 variables based on four possession characteristics: type, number of passes, duration and starting zone. Results show that goals scored from counter attacks (P=0.001), possessions with 0-4 passes (P=0.005), possessions varied for 12 seconds or more (P=0.001 and P=0.012) and from possessions started in the midfield (P=0.002 and P=0.004) distinguished the bottom three teams. Only goals from possessions started in the midfield (P=0.013) managed to distinguish between the top three and in-between teams. The bottom three teams should consider more counter attacks with 0-4 passes and possessions of 12 seconds or more especially starting from the midfield zone in order to improve their goal scoring ability from open play possessions. And, in-between teams should consider more possessions starting from the midfield zone to raise their goal-scoring efficiency to the level of the top three teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 545-552 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:545-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandros Laios Author-X-Name-First: Alexandros Author-X-Name-Last: Laios Author-Name: Panagiotis Kountouris Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis Author-X-Name-Last: Kountouris Title: Receiving and serving team efficiency in Volleyball in relation to team rotation Abstract: The aim of the present study is to examine whether receiving and serving team efficiency in Volleyball was dependent on the teams’ line-up that emerges from the clockwise rotation of the players. The sample comprised all the games of the A1 division of the men’s Greek Championship of Volleyball for the 2005–2006 period. Specifically all the points (N=21469) of the two rounds of the regular season from 484 sets in 132 games were taken into account. Receiving team efficiency for the twelve teams ranged from 72.1% to 56.5%. Results showed that the teams’ rankings are strongly dependent both on their serving and receiving efficiency (Spearman’s rank correlation rho=0.930 and 0.923 respectively). Rotations differ with regards to the teams’ serving efficiency (chi-square, p<0.05) but not with regards to their receiving efficiency (chi-square, p=0.08). Most of the teams have one favoured starting line-up position for the set with the setter at zone 1 when serving first and at zone 2 when receiving first. All teams utilized a maximum of two preferred starting line-ups. The decision of the coaches for the starting line-up positions is mostly driven by considerations based on the serving but not the receiving efficiency. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 553-561 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:553-561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Ridgewell Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Ridgewell Title: Passing patterns before and after scoring in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Abstract: The current investigation studied ball possession, passes attempted and their success rate in the 5 minutes before a goal was scored and the 5 minutes after the goal was scored when compared to a 5 minute average for the half of the match in which the goal was scored. The study analysed 121 goals from the 64 games in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In the 5 minutes before a goal was scored, the scoring team had significantly more possession in the middle (p<0.017) and attacking thirds (p<0.001) compared to the half average. The conceding team had significantly more possession in their own defensive third before conceding than during the 5 minutes after a goal was scored (p<0.017). After a goal was scored, the scoring team had significantly lower possession in both the attacking (p<0.001) and middle thirds (p<0.017) compared to the average for the half. The conceding team significantly increased its possession in both the middle (p<0.001) and attacking thirds (p<0.017) after the goal, whilst significantly reducing possession in its own defensive third (p<0.001). In the 5 minutes before scoring, the team appears to build up pressure by increasing possession in the attacking and middle thirds. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 562-574 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:562-574 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Waldron Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Waldron Author-Name: Paul Worsfold Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Worsfold Author-Name: Craig Twist Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Twist Author-Name: Kevin Lamb Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Title: Predicting 30 m timing gate speed from a 5 Hz Global Positioning System (GPS) device Abstract: The measurement of over-ground human locomotion using global positioning systems (GPS) has many potential research applications, one of which is the assessment of linear sprint performance. Although recent studies have reported 5 Hz systems to underestimate speed determined by infra-red timing gates, which are commonly used to assess linear speed over brief 10 to 30 m intervals, the magnitude and direction of error are yet to be clarified. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to (i) evaluate the concurrent validity between a 5 Hz GPS and timing gates for measuring mean speed over 30 m and (ii) examine whether regression analysis could yield an accurate model to predict over-ground speed from GPS values. Sixty elite team sport participants (age: 14.2 ± 0.67 years; stature: 171.6 ± 9.8 cm; body mass: 66.1 ± 12.9 kg) performed one maximal sprint over a 30 m distance and were concurrently measured using a 5 Hz GPS device and infra-red timing gates. Analysis of the mean speeds calculated revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.85, P<0.05) between the measures, but a systematic underestimation of 1.96 km·h-1 (P<0.05) by the GPS (20.89 km·h-1) of the values from the timing gates (22.85 km·h-1). Multiple linear regression analysis, incorporating mean and peak GPS speeds as independent variables, yielded an adjusted R2 of 0.84 (SEE = 0.49 km·h-1) and the equation; timing gate speed = 2.869 + [(0.246 × mean GPS speed) + (0.497 × peak GPS speed)]. On this basis, it is suggested that amongst sportsmen such as these, the current GPS prediction model can provide a valid alternative to timing gates in the assessment of sprint performance over 30 m. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 575-582 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868575 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:575-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ikram Hussain Author-X-Name-First: Ikram Author-X-Name-Last: Hussain Author-Name: Arif Mohammad Author-X-Name-First: Arif Author-X-Name-Last: Mohammad Author-Name: Asim Khan Author-X-Name-First: Asim Author-X-Name-Last: Khan Title: A relationship between anthropometrical and kinematical variables of spike jump of intercollegiate level male volleyball players Abstract: This study was structured to observe whether any relationship exist between anthropometrical and kinematical variables of spike jump of intercollegiate level male volleyball players. For the purpose of the study eight intercollegiate level male volleyball players were selected. The age of the subjects were ranged from 17 to 20 years. Age, height, body weight, arm length and leg length were taken as anthropometric variables. The kinematical variables selected were jump height, range of motion, angular velocity, shoulder joint hyperextension angle and arm swing duration. To obtain data of kinematical variables the selected subject’s performances were video recorded. For recording a camcorder operating at a nominal frame of 60Hz and with a shutter speed of 1/2000 second was used. The camcorder was placed on a rigid tripod at the height of 1.5 meters on the right angle i.e. perpendicular to the side-line. It was placed at a distance of 13 meters away from side-line. A setter was used to set the ball for the subjects to spike. Only 3 successful spike jump performance were recorded. The digitization of the obtained data was done with the help of Silicon Coach Pro-7 motion analysis software. The correlation-coefficient was used as tool to establish a relationship between anthropometrical and kinematical variables of spike jump performance. The statistical analysis revealed no significant relationship between variables of spike jump performance of intercollegiate level male volleyball players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 583-588 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2011.11868576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868576 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:11:y:2011:i:3:p:583-588 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Castellar Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Castellar Author-Name: Francisco Pradas Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Pradas Author-Name: Luis Carrasco Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Carrasco Author-Name: Ana De La Torre Author-X-Name-First: Ana De Author-X-Name-Last: La Torre Author-Name: José Antonio González-Jurado Author-X-Name-First: José Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: González-Jurado Title: Analysis of reaction time and lateral displacements in national level table tennis players: are they predictive of sport performance? Abstract: Table tennis is a sport in which players perform technical actions at high speed. In this regard, response time (TTR), reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) are key factors that can contribute to successful performance of table tennis players. The purposes of this study were to determine the magnitude of intra-subject and inter-subject variability in TTR based on player’s lateral dominance, to establish possible differences between sex, age group and ranking position for TTR, RT and MT, and to relate these results with table tennis performance by analysing the achieved position in the national ranking. A total of 116 Spanish national level players (71 males and 45 females) carried out the Take-Off Reaction Test in a table tennis court simulating real sport conditions. There were no intra-sex differences for the total sample when lateral dominance was checked. On the other hand, male players showed lower MT than females whereas female players showed significantly lower RT values than males. Moreover, and taken into account the correlation analysis, we can conclude that both lower RT and MT can be considered as key variables of performance in table tennis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 467-477 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1621673 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1621673 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:467-477 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Declan Gamble Author-X-Name-First: Declan Author-X-Name-Last: Gamble Author-Name: Jonathan Bradley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Author-Name: Andrew McCarren Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: McCarren Author-Name: Niall M. Moyna Author-X-Name-First: Niall M. Author-X-Name-Last: Moyna Title: Team performance indicators which differentiate between winning and losing in elite Gaelic football Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify performance indicators which differentiated between winning and losing elite Gaelic football teams. Eighty three technical and tactical performance variables were measured in 13 teams during 26 league and championship games throughout 2014–2015. Univariate analysis of full-games revealed that winners achieved a significantly higher total score, number of scores, shots, points, points from play and goals, resulting in superior shot efficiency, average attack per score, and scores per 10 possessions. Winners gained significantly more turnovers and completed significantly less unsuccessful hand passes. Winners also performed significantly less kick outs, resulting in fewer successful kick outs and successful dead ball kick passes overall. A principal component analysis, conducted on 18 variables produced 4 components, which explained 81.9% of the variance. Both logistic regression (8.00, χ2(1) = 16.00, p < 0.001) and discriminant analysis (Ʌ = 0.53, χ2(1) = 13.77, p < 0.001) revealed that one component, defensive counterattacking, significantly contributed to outcome and differentiated winners from losers with a cross-validation accuracy of 87.5%. Coaches can use this information to organise their defensive system to generate opposition turnovers and also incorporate sufficient flexibility to facilitate effective transitions to exploit their own offensive counterattacking opportunities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 478-490 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1621674 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1621674 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:478-490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ricardo Lima Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Lima Author-Name: José M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: Miguel Moreira Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Moreira Author-Name: Filipe Manuel Clemente Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Clemente Title: Variations of technical actions and efficacy of national teams’ volleyball attackers according to their sex and playing positions Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse the variations of technical actions and efficacy of national teams’ volleyball players according to their sex and playing positions. The study included 8,541 rallies played in 74 volleyball matches (37 matches for each sex, 2018 European Volleyball Golden League). The variables studied were: sex (male or female), player role (outside-hitter, middle-blocker, and opposite), points scored by the attackers, errors done by the attackers, points obtained by the attackers in the side-out phase (or break-point phase), serves executed, serve efficacy (error, continuity, and aces), receptions, reception efficacy (errors, positive, and perfect), attack executed, attack efficacy (errors and points), and block executed. The results revealed difference between male and female players in the execution of the serve and the attack. Male players assume higher risk at serve, and they had higher attack efficacy than female players. Male opposite players have a higher contribution and efficacy on attack than female opposite players. Female middle blockers and outside-hitters had a higher participation in attack. The results revealed difference between male and female players in the execution of the serve and the attack. Male players assume higher risk at serve, and they had higher attack efficacy than female players. Male opposite players have a higher contribution and efficacy on attack than female opposite players. Female middle blockers and outside-hitters had a higher participation in attack. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 491-502 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1625658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1625658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:491-502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wellington G. Feitosa Author-X-Name-First: Wellington G. Author-X-Name-Last: Feitosa Author-Name: Tiago M. Barbosa Author-X-Name-First: Tiago M. Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa Author-Name: Ricardo De A. Correia Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo De A. Author-X-Name-Last: Correia Author-Name: Flávio A. De S Castro Author-X-Name-First: Flávio A. De S Author-X-Name-Last: Castro Title: Maximal oxygen uptake, total metabolic energy expenditure, and energy cost in swimmers with physical disabilities Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), the total metabolic energy expenditure ($$\dot Etot$$E˙tot), and the energy cost (C) measured as the speed of V̇O2max in swimmers with physical impairments. Eleven swimmers performed an Nx200-m front crawl test from a low to all-out speed and data were obtained at maximum aerobic power. The oxygen uptake was measured breath-by-breath by a telemetric gas exchange system. The $$\dot Etot$$E˙tot was calculated from the aerobic and anaerobic pathways at maximal intensity. The C was obtained by the ratio of the $$\dot Etot$$E˙tot and the mean swimming speed. The V̇O2max was 38.2 ± 8.3 mL.kg.min−1, the $$\dot Etot$$E˙tot was 191.9 ± 51.7 kJ, and the C was 0.8 ± 0.2 kJ.m−1. The energy contribution of the aerobic pathway was higher (p < 0.001) than that of both the anaerobic pathways, which were similar (p > 0.05). There was no gender effect on the results of the energy contributions (p > 0.05). The anaerobic lactic pathway contribution was higher in male than in female swimmers (p < 0.05). The V̇O2max and C were higher in swimmers who were less affected by physical impairment. The energy contribution of the aerobic pathways was similar for males and females. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 503-516 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1631053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1631053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:503-516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Anastasiou Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Anastasiou Author-Name: Thomas Jones Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Paul Mullan Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Mullan Author-Name: Emma Ross Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Ross Author-Name: Glyn Howatson Author-X-Name-First: Glyn Author-X-Name-Last: Howatson Title: Descriptive analysis of Olympic class windsurfing competition during the 2017-2018 regatta season Abstract: The aim of the present study was to describe race characteristics of the top three finishers for different wind speed categories within Olympic windsurfing competition. Global position system data was analysed from 94 races (47 Men’s races & 47 Women’s races) across five regattas during the 2017–2018 windsurfing season. Medium wind speeds (8.1 to 15.9 knots) represented the greatest proportion of races for Men (43%) and Women (34%). Large variations in race time (825–2105 s), distance (2167–11,786 m) and board speeds (3.32–16.78 kts) were experienced across the wind categories. Although race time for Women was non-significant (P = 0.101) between wind categories. Low first windward mark position was reported in both Men (first = 2.2 ± 2.1, second = 3.7 ± 2.6, third = 5.0 ± 3.3) and Women (first = 2.2 ± 1.9, second = 3.5 ± 2.2, third = 4.0 ± 2.8) who finished on the podium. The findings may provide useful information to coaches and sports scientists in the planning and implementation of specific training interventions. Furthermore, the detail of first upwind characteristics (time, distance, board speed and manoeuvres) could be used to enhance the ecological validity of laboratory-based testing. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 517-529 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1631054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1631054 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:517-529 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Georgios Ermidis Author-X-Name-First: Georgios Author-X-Name-Last: Ermidis Author-Name: Morten B. Randers Author-X-Name-First: Morten B. Author-X-Name-Last: Randers Author-Name: Peter Krustrup Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Krustrup Author-Name: Magni Mohr Author-X-Name-First: Magni Author-X-Name-Last: Mohr Title: Technical demands across playing positions of the Asian Cup in male football Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare technical variables by playing positions in football during the 2015 Asian Cup. Top-level male football players (n = 202) that completed the full 90-min game were considered. Match-analysis data were collected using OPTA Sportsdata (www.optasports.com). Kruskal–Wallis H non-parametric test revealed that external midfielders (EM) scored more goals than fullbacks (FB) (p = 0.042), and that FB had less attempts (to score a goal) than central midfielders (CM), EM and forwards (FW), whereas central defenders (CD) had less attempts than FW (p < 0.05). CM performed more passes than CD, EM and FW, while FW performed less passes than CD, FB and CM. CD and CM performed more successful passes than FB and FW (p < 0.05), and CM also had more passes than EM (p < 0.05). Moreover, FW had more aerial duels (50–50 contests) than CM, FB and EM (p < 0.05). Similar numbers of aerial duels occurred for CD and FW. Ground duels occurred less (p < 0.05) frequently for CD compared to FB, CM, EM and FW. In conclusion, differences in technical events were observed between the various playing positions during competitive elite football matches, making it valuable considering the technical demands of players during group training as well as individualised training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 530-542 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1632571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1632571 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:530-542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Brito Souza Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Souza Author-Name: Roberto López-Del Campo Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: López-Del Campo Author-Name: Hugo Blanco-Pita Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco-Pita Author-Name: Ricardo Resta Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Resta Author-Name: Juan Del Coso Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Del Coso Title: A new paradigm to understand success in professional football: analysis of match statistics in LaLiga for 8 complete seasons Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify match statistics that best explain the number of points obtained in a professional football league at the end of the season. To fulfill this aim, accumulated attacking and defensive match statistics along with the points earned at the end of each season were obtained from LaLiga (2010–2011 to 2017–2018). The analysis included a total of 3040 football matches. Bivariate correlation analysis shows that the number of shots (r = 0.42) and the number of corners (r = 0.42) were the attacking variables with the highest association to the number of points earned during the season. The defensive effectiveness against shooting conceded (r = −0.36) and the number of recoveries (r = 0.27) were the defensive variables with the highest association to the points earned during the season. A multiple regression analysis was able to explain 84.1% of the total variance in the number of points with attacking statistics and 73.5% with defensive statistics. In conclusion, shooting accuracy while attacking along with avoiding clear positions of shots from the opposing team during defensive plays are the indicators best associated with the points obtained at the end of the LaLiga championship. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 543-555 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1632580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1632580 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:543-555 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bo-Jane Ladru Author-X-Name-First: Bo-Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Ladru Author-Name: Rob Langhout Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Langhout Author-Name: Dirk-Jan Veeger Author-X-Name-First: Dirk-Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Veeger Author-Name: Maarten Gijssel Author-X-Name-First: Maarten Author-X-Name-Last: Gijssel Author-Name: Igor Tak Author-X-Name-First: Igor Author-X-Name-Last: Tak Title: Lead knee extension contributes to drag-flick performance in field hockey Abstract: Understanding the biomechanics of the drag-flick is important for refining the performance of this task in field hockey. The aim of this study was to determine whether the maximal knee angle and maximal angular velocity of the lead knee extension are associated with ball speed in elite drag-flick players. The kinematics of the drag flick was studied in 19 elite field-hockey players who performed 15 drag-flick shots each towards a target located 1.30 m high at optimal speed. A motion capture suit was used to capture full body drag-flick behaviour sampling at 240 Hz. Multiple regression analyses were used to study the association between both the maximal knee flexion angle and maximal angular velocity of the leading knee extension and ball speed. Significant positive associations were found between knee extension velocity and ball speed (R2 = .127, p < .001). A higher knee extension velocity resulted in higher ball speeds within the individual, without negatively affecting the accuracy. It is advised to train, within an elite drag-flick group, for higher knee extension speed to improve the drag-flick performance. Whether training to improve this parameter results in higher ball speeds should be subject of future studies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 556-566 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1632581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1632581 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:556-566 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shantonu Islam Shanto Author-X-Name-First: Shantonu Islam Author-X-Name-Last: Shanto Author-Name: Nabil Awan Author-X-Name-First: Nabil Author-X-Name-Last: Awan Title: A sequential principal component-based algorithm for optimal lineup and batting order selection in one day international cricket for Bangladesh Abstract: Determining the optimal lineup and batting order have ever been a challenge in ODI cricket for the Bangladesh team management. Over the years, we have seen them trying different batsmen in various positions and the process is still going on. While a stable batting order is crucial for long-term success in the game, this is understandably a difficult problem to decide because there are so many determinants that a team needs to consider. These determinants are usually correlated and optimally mapping them into a single dimension can help us make the problem easier and comment about what’s best on statistical grounds. In this article, we propose a sequential principal component-based algorithm to evaluate the players’ performances in batting and bowling, and to order the batting positions of the recent Bangladesh national cricket team players to find the best squad. In particular, the first principal component explains a substantial portion of the variation in a linear combination of some commonly used measures of cricket prowess. The algorithm focuses on obtaining the best batting line-up using successive principal components for each position. We also layout different strategies of team formation based on the bowling performances for different conditions and pitches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 567-583 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1638608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1638608 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:567-583 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose M. Saavedra Author-X-Name-First: Jose M. Author-X-Name-Last: Saavedra Author-Name: Miguel Pic Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Pic Author-Name: Francisco Jimenez Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Jimenez Author-Name: Demetrio Lozano Author-X-Name-First: Demetrio Author-X-Name-Last: Lozano Author-Name: Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir Author-X-Name-First: Hafrún Author-X-Name-Last: Kristjánsdóttir Title: Relationship between game-related statistics in elite men’s beach handball and the final result: a classification tree approach Abstract: This study’s objectives were to (i) to compare beach handball game-related statistics by match outcome (winning and losing teams) and (ii) to develop a multivariate model explaining the performance in elite men’s beach handball. Seventy-two matches of the VIII Men’s Beach Handball World Championship held in Kazan (Russia) in 2018 were analysed. The dependent variable was match outcome (winning and losing teams), and the independent variables were the game-related statistics. A paired sample t-test was used to examine differences between teams. The effect sizes of the differences were calculated. The data were subjected to a multivariate analysis in the form of a regression and classification tree. The game statistics with the greatest effect size (ES≥0.88) and which differentiated the winning and losing teams were the team’s overall valuation and total points. The classification and regression tree model correctly classified 94.5% of the records on the basis of eight variables distributed over 20 nodes: overall valuation, goalkeeper blocked spin-shots, goalkeeper received spin-shots, goalkeeper received one-pointer, spin-shot goals, specialist goals, blocks, technical fouls. Coaches could apply these results to seek better performance in the goalkeeper position and in two-pointer goals. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 584-594 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1642040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1642040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:584-594 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dimitrios Hatzimanouil Author-X-Name-First: Dimitrios Author-X-Name-Last: Hatzimanouil Title: Goalkeepers’ rating, evaluation and classification, according to the number of games, participation time and effectiveness at the Women’s European Handball Championship in 2018 Abstract: Nowadays there is a rapid growth in female handball but little research data. This study aimed to rate, evaluate and classify the goalkeepers according to the number of games, participation time and effectiveness of 33 female goalkeepers during Women’s European Championship (2018). The variables were the throws received by the goalkeepers and the saves they made. Based on criteria goalkeepers were categorised into three categories of performance: Class A, Class B and Class C. The method applied was descriptive and inferential statistics. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the differences among the three performance classes. The Mann–Whitney U test was applied to compare the differences among the three performance classes for the aforementioned variables. The final ranking of the 33 goalkeepers, differed from the official ranking. Kruskal–Wallis analysis revealed significant differences among the classes A, B and C (p < 05). Mann–Whitney U test revealed that Class A differed significantly from B and C classes (p < 05). Class B differed significantly from Class C (p < 05). In conclusion, in order to rate goalkeeper’s performance, not only the effectiveness should be measured, but also the number of games and the exact playing time. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 595-607 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1642676 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1642676 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:595-607 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Davi Correia da Silva Author-X-Name-First: Davi Author-X-Name-Last: Correia da Silva Author-Name: Varley Teoldo da Costa Author-X-Name-First: Varley Author-X-Name-Last: Teoldo da Costa Author-Name: Filipe Casanova Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Author-X-Name-Last: Casanova Author-Name: Filipe Manuel Clemente Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Author-X-Name-Last: Manuel Clemente Author-Name: Israel Teoldo Author-X-Name-First: Israel Author-X-Name-Last: Teoldo Title: Comparison between teams of different ranks in small-sided and conditioned games tournaments Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the quantity, the quality and the outcome of the tactical actions of the champions’ teams compared to runner-up and third-placed teams in small-sided and conditioned games tournaments in the under-15 category. We analyzed 18 teams composed of three players, they were 13.92 ± 1.17 years old and with 5.65 ± 2.65 years of time practice. These players performed 4,716 tactical actions evaluated by System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and percentage difference), Shapiro–Wilk test, independent t-test, Mann–Whitney test, paired t-test, and Cohen’s kappa test were used. The results indicated that the champions’ teams accomplished more offensive tactical actions (quantitatively) and were more efficient (qualitatively) in these actions than the other teams. In addition, the champions’ teams were more effectiveness (action outcomes) in offensive and defensive movements. Otherwise, the runner-up and third-placed performed more (quantitatively) defensive tactical actions and were more efficient (qualitatively) in these actions. It is concluded that the champions’ teams had more initiative in the matches due to the greater quantity and quality of their offensive tactical actions and more effectiveness in the offensive and defensive actions, while their opponents were reactive. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 608-623 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1643598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1643598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:608-623 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christos Marmarinos Author-X-Name-First: Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Marmarinos Author-Name: Theodoros Bolatoglou Author-X-Name-First: Theodoros Author-X-Name-Last: Bolatoglou Author-Name: Konstantinos Karteroliotis Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos Author-X-Name-Last: Karteroliotis Author-Name: Nikolaos Apostolidis Author-X-Name-First: Nikolaos Author-X-Name-Last: Apostolidis Title: Structural validity and reliability of new index for evaluation of high-level basketball players Abstract: There have been numerous efforts from basketball stakeholders to produce an index that will evaluate the performance of a basketball player. Data derived from the box score are highly available in many leagues across the world and are the primary source for such indexes. The aim of this study was to produce an all-inclusive performance metric that is valid and reliable. For this purpose, data of 442 players across the seasons 2016–17 and 2017–18, both directly and box score derived, were incorporated into the new Total Performance Index (TPI). The index consisted of the offensive and defensive part. The latter included the Points Offered and the Points Received parts. TPI was compared with the predominantly used Performance Index Rating index (PIR). Results from the linear regression analysis indicated that a statistically significant part of the variation of the winning percentage was explained by TPI. In addition, the future performance of a player can be predicted using TPI, independently if the players have played for the same or different team. Both the validity and the reliability of TPI are better than the ones of the officially used PIR. As a conclusion, basketball stakeholders could use TPI as a valid and reliable players’ evaluation tool. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 624-631 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1644803 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1644803 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:624-631 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yang Gai Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Gai Author-Name: Anna Volossovitch Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Volossovitch Author-Name: Carlos Lago Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Title: Technical and tactical performance differences according to player’s nationality and playing position in the Chinese Football Super League Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the key performance indicators related to technical and tactical aspects according to playing position (defender, midfielder and forward) and nationality in the Chinese Football Super League (CSL). Data were collected from 240 matches (n = 200 players) played by 16 teams during the 2016 season. Match performance data were gathered by OPTA Sports Company from 2,364 observations that included domestic (n = 1081) and foreign players (n = 1,283). All comparisons were analysed using the nonclinical magnitude-based inferences (MBI). The analyses of 49 variables related to passing and attack organization, defense and goal scoring showed significant differences between domestic and foreign players when analyzing each playing position. Therefore, the current study provides match performance profiles that can be used by coaches in order to improve the recruitment process and team composition regarding players’ nationality Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 632-645 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1644804 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1644804 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:632-645 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lago-Peñas Carlos Author-X-Name-First: Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-Last: Carlos Author-Name: Rey Ezequiel Author-X-Name-First: Rey Author-X-Name-Last: Ezequiel Author-Name: Kalén Anton Author-X-Name-First: Kalén Author-X-Name-Last: Anton Title: How does Video Assistant Referee (VAR) modify the game in elite soccer? Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine how the introduction of the VAR system influenced the play in elite soccer. The sample consists of 1024 matches played in the Italian Serie A and the German Bundesliga league during the seasons before and after the implementation of the VAR system. The following variables were recorded for each match: Fouls, Goals, Offsides, Penalties, Playing time in the first half, Playing time in the second half, Total Playing time, Red cards and Yellow cards. Match statistics were retrieved from the website of “Whoscored” (www.whoscored.com). A generalized linear model and a pairwise z-tests were used to compare seasons before and after the implementation of the VAR. There was a decrease in the number of offsides, fouls and yellow cards after the implementation of the VAR. Meanwhile, there was an increase in the number of minutes added to the playing time in the first half and the full game, but not in the second half. These findings may help coaches, players and managers to better understand the effects of the VAR system on professional soccer and to identify strategies to improve refereeing during matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 646-653 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1646521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1646521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:4:p:646-653 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne-Fleur Gaston Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Fleur Author-X-Name-Last: Gaston Author-Name: Adrià Marti Peiro Author-X-Name-First: Adrià Author-X-Name-Last: Marti Peiro Author-Name: Ilona Hapkova Author-X-Name-First: Ilona Author-X-Name-Last: Hapkova Author-Name: Fabienne Durand Author-X-Name-First: Fabienne Author-X-Name-Last: Durand Title: Exploring physiological parameters in ski mountaineering during world cup races Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the physiological changes induced by a vertical race and see how they are progressing the next day during individual race. A total of 10 elite skiers (19.4 ± 2.4 years) were evaluated before and after a vertical race and an individual race during a week end of World Cup. The parameters measured were as follows: heart rate, lactate, lung function by spirometry and body composition by bioelectrical impedance. During vertical race, mean heart rate (HR) values were around 93.1 ± 3.1% of theoretical HRmax. Before individual race, lactate concentration was significantly higher (+1.0 ± 1.6 mmol.l−1), whereas mid maximal expiratory flow rate and muscle mass (fall was around 700 g or 2.2% of muscle mass) were significantly lower compared to before vertical race. Metabolic activity indicator tended to be lower before individual race than before vertical race (6.8 ± 0.7 vs. 7.3 ± 1.3, p = 0.07). The high physiological demand of vertical race induces metabolic fatigue, loss of muscle mass and pulmonary impairment. Theses disturbances observed the next day before individual race indicate an incomplete recovery between the two races. That is why we recommend using method of recovery, especially nutritional strategy after vertical race. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 275-288 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1597399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1597399 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:275-288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tianbiao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Tianbiao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Antonio García-De-Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: García-De-Alcaraz Author-Name: Liang Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Liang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Yao Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Yao Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Exploring home advantage and quality of opposition interactions in the Chinese Football Super League Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of quality of opposition and match location on game-related statistics in the Chinese Football Super League (CSL). Seven hundred and twenty matches from season 2014 to 2016 of CSL were analysed and all teams were classified into two groups according to their final rankings at the end of each season. The game-related statistics were divided into goal scored, offensive, defensive, and physical variables. Mann–Whitney U-test with effect size at 95% of confidence interval, and Discriminant analyses were used. Results showed a home advantage (HA) near 60%. In addition, home teams showed significantly higher average values in performance indicators regardless of the team’s quality, especially in goal (score: 1.55 vs. 1.22; ES = 0.27 ± 0.10, and shots: 13.29 vs. 11.01; ES = 0.47 ± 0.10) and offence variables (possession: 0.51 vs. 0.49; ES = 0.33 ± 0.10). According to quality of opposition, superior teams played better at home in attacking categories like goal scored (1.83 vs. 1.39; ES = 0.34 ± 0.15) and offensive (possession: 0.53 vs. 0.51; ES = 0.33 ± 0.14). In conclusion, superior and inferior teams experience HA differently. These findings can help coaches to manage their team’s performance according to the contextual variables that influence on performance, especially about match location and quality of opposition.Abbreviations: Home advantage (HA); Chinese Football Super League (CSL) Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 289-301 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1600907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1600907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:289-301 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jongwon Kim Author-X-Name-First: Jongwon Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Nimai Parmar Author-X-Name-First: Nimai Author-X-Name-Last: Parmar Author-Name: Besim Ali Author-X-Name-First: Besim Author-X-Name-Last: Ali Author-Name: Goran Vučković Author-X-Name-First: Goran Author-X-Name-Last: Vučković Title: Determining unstable game states to aid the identification of perturbations in football Abstract: Alternative approaches to the reductionist method for analysing football are needed to better understand factors typically not considered, for example off the ball runs by teammates. The dynamical systems approach, where the complex relationships between players is emphasised, predicts that goal scoring opportunities are preceded by instability in the balance between the two teams’ behaviours. The aim was to create operational definitions for determining unstable game states to facilitate the identification of perturbations, that is the causes of instability. Validity tests involving four English Premier League (EPL) football coaches and two performance analysts and subsequent reliability tests established five unstable game states; penalty box possession, counter attack, ratio of attacking to defending players, successful cross and successful shot. Eighteen EPL matches were analysed to present exemplar statistics for three teams of different standard (based on final league position) suggesting that teams create unstable situations differently, likely due to individual player characteristics, with home advantage and opposition strength effects, suggesting this may be a component of what constitutes a performance indicator for a team. Future studies need to consider individual player actions that create instability as well as provide objective measures that substantiate findings. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 302-312 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1602439 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1602439 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:302-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sangwoo Lee Author-X-Name-First: Sangwoo Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Kyle D. DeRosia Author-X-Name-First: Kyle D. Author-X-Name-Last: DeRosia Author-Name: Landon M. Lamie Author-X-Name-First: Landon M. Author-X-Name-Last: Lamie Title: Determining the best combination of ground reaction force parameters for maximising power during the power snatch Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the best combination of ground reaction force (GRF) parameters for maximising power during the power snatch. Ten skilled weightlifters (five males and five females) completed a total of five power snatch trials with 60% of one repetition maximum. Vertical GRF (VGRF), horizontal GRF (HGRF), rate of vertical force development (VFD), rate of horizontal force development (HFD) and horizontal centre-of-pressure (HCOP) were extracted through a three-dimensional motion analyses and used as the GRF parameters. Multiple-regression (stepwise) analyses were conducted to evaluate the prediction of power with the GRF parameters being independent variables and determine the above-mentioned best combination. VGRF, VFD and HCOP were identified as significant predictors of power during the power snatch with up to 72% of the variance in power explained (VGRF and VFD: p < 0.01; HCOP: p < 0.05). Specifically, increased VGRF and decreased VFD and HCOP would increase power during the power snatch. In conclusion, a horizontal movement is inevitable as a counter movement before second pull during the power snatch. However, it needs to be minimised as increased VFD and HCOP would have negative impacts on power. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 313-322 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1602440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1602440 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:313-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Minsoo Jeon Author-X-Name-First: Minsoo Author-X-Name-Last: Jeon Title: Analysis of point deduction patterns in Taekwondo using association rule learning Abstract: Three hundred and forty five matches from the men’s division of the 2017 Muju International Taekwondo Competition were studied to record the instances and nature of point deductions. Deductions were noted in respect to match conditions, match times, positions in court, and the type of deductions. These data were used to record frequencies as well as correlation between events using association rule learning. Firstly, we found the highest frequency of point deductions occurred when an athlete already has lower scores during a match (i.e. when they are losing in the match). Deductions were most numerous during the second round, and when play was in centre-of-court. Point deductions of number 3 were the most common (grabbing or pushing the opponent). Secondly, correlation between point-deductions and certain events were found in the following order: 2 points (out-of-bounds) against a winning contestant in the third round fighting at the outskirts of the court; 4 points (miscellaneous) in the first round to drawn contestants fighting at the centre-of-court; 1 point (falling) against a losing contestant in the third round fighting at the centre-of-court. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 323-330 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1602441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1602441 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:323-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher M. Young Author-X-Name-First: Christopher M. Author-X-Name-Last: Young Author-Name: Wei Luo Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Luo Author-Name: Paul Gastin Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Gastin Author-Name: Jerry Lai Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Lai Author-Name: Daniel B. Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Daniel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Title: Understanding effective tactics in Australian football using network analysis Abstract: Social network analysis (SNA) has been applied in soccer and basketball to assess how a team shares possession of the ball, which could be considered as an aspect of teamwork. The analysis of teamwork could provide the opportunity to identify tactical characteristics of team performance that are associated with winning. Ball possession data from each match in the 2009–2016 Australian Football League (AFL) seasons were analysed using SNA. Seven network measures (edge count, edge density, transitivity, average path length, degree centrality, betweenness centrality and eigenvector centrality) were derived. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were identified in the characteristics of teamwork (i.e. network measures) for each AFL team in the 2016 season. Further, the median value of all network measures was different between each AFL season (2009–2016). There were differences between teams that won and lost matches for all network measures and moderate relationships with score margin. Finally, there were weak correlations between all network measures and final ladder position. These results suggest that effective passing within a team is important and that a team should maximise the number of trios in their passing network. This work provides novel insights regarding optimal teamwork strategies in AF. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 331-341 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1605562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1605562 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:331-341 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laimonas Rimkus Author-X-Name-First: Laimonas Author-X-Name-Last: Rimkus Author-Name: Danguole Satkunskiene Author-X-Name-First: Danguole Author-X-Name-Last: Satkunskiene Author-Name: Sigitas Kamandulis Author-X-Name-First: Sigitas Author-X-Name-Last: Kamandulis Author-Name: Vidas Bruzas Author-X-Name-First: Vidas Author-X-Name-Last: Bruzas Title: Lower-body power in boxers is related to activity during competitive matches Abstract: The aim of this study was to create an activity profile of high-level boxing performance and to identify associations between boxers’ lower-body power capabilities and their activity profile. Eight high-level boxing athletes participated in the study. Lower-body power capabilities were calculated from counter-movement jumps (CMJs) and squat jumps (SJs) using a force plate. The boxing performance analysis consisted of 30 different variables gathered from 18 bouts from various international matches. The results demonstrated that boxing athletes delivered 22.3 ± 5.3 punches per min. The effectiveness of head punches was 14.3 ± 3.9%. CMJ height was correlated with the total number of punches thrown to the body and SJ height with rear-hand hooks (r = 0.735 and r = 0.793, respectively). The rate of SJ force development was correlated with the straight rear-hand punches (r = 0.751) and head punches effectiveness (r = 0.750). SJ peak power was inversely correlated with total stop frequency (r = – 0.786). In conclusion, the athletes who displayed higher power values in the CMJ and SJ tests were also more active during competitive bouts and accumulated less stoppage time during the competitive boxing bouts. More explosive boxers had higher effectiveness of head punches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 342-352 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1609807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1609807 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:342-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Williams Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Andrew Callaway Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Callaway Author-Name: Mike Gara Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Gara Author-Name: Paris Tattersall Author-X-Name-First: Paris Author-X-Name-Last: Tattersall Title: Technique utilisation and efficiency in competitive Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu matches at white and blue belts Abstract: Despite its increasing popularity, little is known about Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and what makes a successful fighter. This work aims to start answering questions about the most used and successful techniques to allow development of coaching methods towards enhancing performance at lower belt levels. One-hundred and forty tournament fights were analysed. The most common takedown was guardpull with 94% success. Significantly more single leg takedowns were attempted for blue belts (BBs), compared to white belts (WBs) (p = 0.013). However, there was no significant difference in success (p = 0.150). WBs used three main guardpasses with 93% covering knee slice, knee pin and bullfighter. A greater variety of passes were witnessed at BB with 71% coming from these three passes. The four most commonly attempted guard sweeps were scissor sweep, back take, Xguard sweep and SitUp sweep all experiencing varying levels of success: 55% for the scissor sweep, 60% back take, 63% Xguard sweep and 38% for the sit up sweep. Of all the submissions attempted 34% were for arm bar, 21% triangle, 12% cross collar choke but there were almost an inverse relationship between use and success with the least used having higher success rates, demonstrating that variety in submissions could lead to greater chances of success. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 353-369 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1611290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1611290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:353-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Giatsis Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Giatsis Author-Name: Norbert Schrapf Author-X-Name-First: Norbert Author-X-Name-Last: Schrapf Author-Name: Tobias Koraimann Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Koraimann Author-Name: Marcus Tilp Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Tilp Title: Analysis of the arm swing technique during the spike attack in elite beach volleyball Abstract: The spike is the most frequent type of attack in elite beach volleyball. The aim of this study was to investigate the arm swing techniques during the spike of world elite beach volleyball players. Ninety-six male players were analysed using video recordings from the 2017 Beach Volleyball World Championship. The arm swing movement techniques (bow-and-arrow high and low, snap, and circular) of each player were classified by two experts. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were analysed using Cohen’s Kappa statistic. Absolute and relative frequencies of the techniques were recorded and their relation to performance parameters was calculated with χ2 test or multinomial distribution. Intra-rater reliability of both experts (κ = .965, p < .001 and κ = .947, p < .001, respectively) and inter-rater reliability (κ = .930, p < .001) were very high. Analyses revealed that the two predominant techniques were bow-and-arrow low (51.6%) and bow-and-arrow high (37.4%). However, 11% of the players utilise other techniques (circular: 6.6%; snap: 4.4%). There were no differences (p > .05) in performance between players predominately utilising the various arm swing techniques. Although the observed techniques seem to not affect performance, future studies should investigate their effect on injuries in beach volleyball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 370-380 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1611291 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1611291 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:370-380 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takahiro Kawasaki Author-X-Name-First: Takahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Kawasaki Author-Name: Kenichi Sakaue Author-X-Name-First: Kenichi Author-X-Name-Last: Sakaue Author-Name: Ryota Matsubara Author-X-Name-First: Ryota Author-X-Name-Last: Matsubara Author-Name: Satoshi Ishizaki Author-X-Name-First: Satoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Ishizaki Title: Football pass network based on the measurement of player position by using network theory and clustering Abstract: The present study proposed the new method to create a pass network based on the measurement of the pass positions. The pass positions were determined from the player positions measured by the automatic tracking system for soccer players. The pass positions were classified into clusters by clustering method. The pass network was created by the number of passes between different clusters. The present study analysed nine official games of Fagiano Okayama of Japan Professional Football League Division 2 in 2016 and 2017 years. The results showed that the pass network could abstractly represent the successful passes. Then, the network metrics such as the total links, degree centrality, scaled connectivity and cluster coefficient were evaluated. The total links and degree centrality were proportional to the number of passes. The scaled connectivity decreased with increasing the number of passes because the degree of the particular nodes increased. Moreover, the cluster coefficient of the node in the top 25% degree increased with increasing the number of passes. These results could provide useful information with respect to the team performance on the field. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 381-392 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1611292 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1611292 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:381-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacinta M. Saldaris Author-X-Name-First: Jacinta M. Author-X-Name-Last: Saldaris Author-Name: Grant J. Landers Author-X-Name-First: Grant J. Author-X-Name-Last: Landers Author-Name: Brendan S. Lay Author-X-Name-First: Brendan S. Author-X-Name-Last: Lay Title: The effect of crushed ice ingestion on endurance performance and decision-making in hot and humid conditions Abstract: This study examined endurance performance and choice reaction time (CRT) in the heat following precooling via crushed ice ingestion. Prior to an 800 kJ cycle time trial (CTT) in hot and humid conditions (34.2 ± 0.9°C, 52.9 ± 8.1% Relative Humidity), nine male endurance athletes consumed either 7 g⋅kg−1 of water (CON) or crushed ice (ICE) in 30 min. A 4-CRT task was completed before, during and post the CTT. Core temperature (Tcore) was significantly lower after precooling with ICE (−0.6 ± 0.4°C, p = 0.002) but not CON (−0.2 ± 0.2°C; p = 0.083). Mean power output improved by 7.8% following ICE compared to CON (p = 0.011). Throughout the CTT, CRT significantly improved in both conditions (p = 0.036), and although no significant differences occurred between conditions (p = 0.421), a moderate effect at 800 kJ suggests that ICE was becoming faster (d = 0.56, 0.25–1.32 90% CI). Thermal sensation was lower with ICE (p ≤ 0.05); however, heart rate and perceived exertion were similar between conditions (p > 0.05). Ice ingestion significantly reduced Tcore coinciding with improved CTT performance. However, it remains equivocal whether ice ingestion is beneficial for decision-making during exercise in the heat.Abbreviations: Tbrain: Brain temperature; CRT: Choice reaction time; CI: Confidence interval; Tcore: Core temperature; CTT: Cycle time trial; MPO: Mean power output; RPE: Rating of perceived exertion; RPTS: Rating of perceived thermal sensation; RH: Relative humidity; USG: Urine specific gravity Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 393-401 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1613588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1613588 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:393-401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Emma Simmonds Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Simmonds Title: Probability of winning and match length in Tiebreak Ten tennis Abstract: New formats of tennis have been developed to make matches more exciting and unpredictable than the traditional format of the game. The purpose of the current investigation was to compare the probability of winning between Tiebreak Ten matches and two other formats of the game; Fast4 tennis and traditional tennis. A probabilistic model of winning Tiebreak Ten tennis matches was created and compared with existing models of Fast4 and traditional tennis matches. This analysis was done for a full range of probabilities of players winning points when they are serving. This involved 100,000 simulations for each pair of probabilities for two players serving for multiple set matches in Fast4 tennis and traditional tennis. The probability of players beating higher ranked opponents was found to be higher in Tiebreak Ten matches than in Fast4 and traditional tennis matches. This confirms the claim that Tiebreak Ten matches are less predictable and hence more exciting than Fast4 and traditional tennis matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 402-416 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1615296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1615296 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:402-416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ani Agopyan Author-X-Name-First: Ani Author-X-Name-Last: Agopyan Author-Name: Berfin Serdil Örs Author-X-Name-First: Berfin Serdil Author-X-Name-Last: Örs Title: An analysis of variations in body movement difficulty of 2016 Olympic Games rhythmic gymnast candidates Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the use and the variety of body movement difficulty in the routines of individual rhythmic gymnasts aiming to compete in the 2016-Olympic Games, both those who qualified and those who did not. The research data was collected from the routines of 24 rhythmic gymnasts, from a total of 96 videos that were recorded during an Olympic qualification competition for the 34th Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships of 2015 in Stuttgart/Germany. The gymnasts were divided into G11-15, the top 15 gymnasts, and G216-24, the remaining 9 gymnasts. The number of body movements (jumps/leaps, balances and rotations) and their comparative execution “difficulty” values were examined by quality and quantity. Penché rotation on a flat foot (79.2%), a jeté with a turn jump (66.67%) and balancing with a high back scale leg (57.29%) were the most frequently used body movements. The preferences of G1 gymnasts over G2 gymnasts for different types of static and dynamic difficulties across different movements even where there was not a wide variety. Rhythmic gymnasts at different performance levels generally tend to use the same body movement difficulties for all of their routines and this clearly indicates a lack of body difficulty variation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 417-434 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1617017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1617017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:417-434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Molly Coughlan Author-X-Name-First: Molly Author-X-Name-Last: Coughlan Author-Name: Charles Mountifield Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Mountifield Author-Name: Stirling Sharpe Author-X-Name-First: Stirling Author-X-Name-Last: Sharpe Author-Name: Jocelyn K. Mara Author-X-Name-First: Jocelyn K. Author-X-Name-Last: Mara Title: How they scored the tries: applying cluster analysis to identify playing patterns that lead to tries in super rugby Abstract: Rugby union is a complex sport, involving the interaction of a number of behaviours which combine to form overall playing patterns. Previous research that has analysed key characteristics of scoring tries in rugby union has tended to report single variables in isolation from other related behaviours. The aim of this study was to identify patterns of play that lead to scoring tries in rugby union, with the purpose of demonstrating a holistic and process-oriented approach to analysing multiple performance variables simultaneously. Data related to the match context and events leading to tries were collected. K-modes cluster analysis was used to conduct a multidimensional data analysis and identify common playing patterns that preceded a try. It was found that plays following line-outs, scrums and kick receipts were highlighted as common approaches to scoring tries. In particular, the line-out–maul combination commencing from the attacking 22-m zone was found to be the most prominent pattern identified from the cluster analysis. Coaches and analysts can use the information presented by the cluster analysis as a framework to plan and implement effective set-play and open-play strategies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 435-451 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1617018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1617018 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:435-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michalis Mitrotasios Author-X-Name-First: Michalis Author-X-Name-Last: Mitrotasios Author-Name: Joaquin Gonzalez-Rodenas Author-X-Name-First: Joaquin Author-X-Name-Last: Gonzalez-Rodenas Author-Name: Vasilis Armatas Author-X-Name-First: Vasilis Author-X-Name-Last: Armatas Author-Name: Rafael Aranda Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Aranda Title: The creation of goal scoring opportunities in professional soccer. Tactical differences between Spanish La Liga, English Premier League, German Bundesliga and Italian Serie A Abstract: The aim of the present study was to compare how goal scoring opportunities emerge in the top four European soccer leagues. The sample included 914 team possessions that led to the creation of goal scoring opportunities in open play situations from 80 random matches (20 = Spanish La Liga (SLL); 20 = English Premier League (EPL); 20 = German Bundelisga (GB); 20 = Italian Serie A (ISA)) during 2017–2018 season. A total of 8 tactical dimensions related to the start, development and the end of the team possessions were evaluted by means of multidimensional observation. Kruskal Wallis analyses revealed significant tactical differences between the 4 competitions. SLL showed a greater proportion of long and combinative attacks. EPL had a higher tendency of progressing by means of fast and directs attacks. GB had the greatest number of counter-attacks, and ISA had the shortest offensive sequences and more proportion of counter-attacks and direct attacks than combinative and fast attacks. These results provide important insights to coaches and sporting directors to understand the different tactical requirements of each competition and manage the club’s strategies regarding tactical model, player recruitment and youth development. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 452-465 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1618568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1618568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:3:p:452-465 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Óscar Gutiérrez-Aguilar Author-X-Name-First: Óscar Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez-Aguilar Author-Name: Manuel Montoya-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Montoya-Fernández Author-Name: J. Juan Fernández-Romero Author-X-Name-First: J. Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Romero Author-Name: A. Miguel Saavedra-García Author-X-Name-First: A. Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Saavedra-García Title: Analysis of time-out use in handball and its influence on the game performance Abstract: Coaches can use time-out (TTo) to influence performance and use this moment to give tactical instructions and make visible structural modifications (modifications of the game system and players’ substitutions). The aim of the present work is the analysis of the time-out usage and its influence on the game performance. 578 TTo were analyzed in three international handball competitions with two different regulations on the number of time-outs available. The variables were: competition, outcome, final difference, difference in the scoreboard during the time-out, difference five minutes before the time-out, defensive change, players’ substitution and finalization of the five attacks previous and later to TTo. The use of TTo is mostly done by teams losing or which have had a bad streak on the scoreboard, being the latest factor the most decisive one for its application. Although the percentage of positive actions generally increases after the application of TTo, if analyzed in relation to the visible structural changes, players’ substitutions are more effective than defensive system changes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-11 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868866 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868866 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:1-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Shilo Dormehl Author-X-Name-First: J. Shilo Author-X-Name-Last: Dormehl Author-Name: A. Craig Williams Author-X-Name-First: A. Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Stability of within-sport specialisation in competitive adolescent sub-elite swimmers Abstract: The study aimed to assess the stability of stroke selection during adolescence and the determination of within-sport specialisation. All swimmers (448 males, 14.1±1.6 y and 518 females, 13.9±1.6 y) who competed in an annual international schools championship from 2006 to 2013 were analysed. Kruskal-Wallis tests identified the significant differences between paired stroke combinations and the relative frequency of each pair was determined from Cohen’s Kappa tests. The percentage of swimmers selecting the same event in two of three paired age categories (13-14, 15-16, 17-18 y) was calculated for each sex separately (n=78). Stability of stroke selections were determined using Cohen’s Kappa tests. The most preferred combination of events selected was 50 and 100 m freestyle for males (33.9±5.8%) and females (36.9±6.5%). The least preferred combination was 100 m breaststroke with 100 m butterfly for males (2.7±1.7%), and 200 m freestyle with 100 m breaststroke for females (1.9±1.4%). Males were less stable than females in electing to swim the same events from when first competing until their final competition. Breaststroke was the only stroke where early specialisation was observed. Young swimmers appear to be drawn towards particular stroke combinations over distance specialisation and males choices stabilise later compared with females. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 12-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868867 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868867 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:12-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: H. David Fukuda Author-X-Name-First: H. David Author-X-Name-Last: Fukuda Author-Name: Fabrício B. Del Vecchio Author-X-Name-First: Fabrício B. Author-X-Name-Last: Del Vecchio Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Discriminant analysis of technical-tactical actions in high-level judo athletes Abstract: A method to identify successful technical-tactical (T-T) systems could produce important benefits for coaches and researchers. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to conduct a discriminant analysis among T-T systems used by winning and losing athletes during high-level judo competition. The sample consisted of 174 combats (145 winners and 39 losers) contested between 2011 and 2012 by 21 men from the half-middleweight class (-81 kg) who qualified for the 2012 London Olympic Games. The T-T variables were analyzed according to frequency of occurrence and included the following indicators: Approach (No Form, Right and Left Antero-posterior Positions and Attempted Gripping); Gripping (Left and/or Right Collar, Sleeve and/or Back Gripping combinations); and Attack (Ashi-waza, Koshi-waza, Te-waza, Sutemi-waza, Osae-waza, Shime-waza and Kansetsu-waza). Cluster analysis was used to group outcomes and T-T variables, according to homogeneous groups. Findings showed divergent T-T systems, where winning athletes showed lower values of Approach (Left Antero-posterior), and higher values of Gripping (Left Back/Right Sleeve and Right Sleeve) than losing athletes. Consequently, the prescription of T-T training should consider the specific tactical demands of the weight category. The results of the current investigation indicate that in male half-middleweight judo athletes, Approach and Gripping strategies are the main discriminant indicators of performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 30-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868868 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:30-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaime Prieto Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Prieto Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: Game-scoring coordination in handball according to situational variables using time series analysis methods Abstract: This study analysed the game-scoring coordination in men’s Spanish Handball League when controlling for quality of opposition, game location, game period and their potential interactive effects. The sample was composed of 142 close games (final goal difference ≤ 5). The scoring processes of the teams throughout the game formed the time series that constituted the basis for subsequent analysis. Different methods of time series analysis were used (i.e. autocorrelation, cross-correlation, moving averages, Hilbert transform). The scoring processes of the teams presented a high consistency across all the games as well as strong inphase modes of coordination in all the game contexts. The only differences were found in relation to the game period. The results showed an increasing game-scoring coordination behaviour as the game unfolded. In particular, the game-scoring coordination was significantly lower for the 1st and 2nd game periods (i.e. 0–10 min and 10–20 min) compared to all the other. This suggests that the first 20 min are those that break the game-scoring. The concept of co-adaptation and the gradual familiarisation between players and teams as the game progresses might contribute to explain these findings. Training aspects should focus particularly on preparing the initial 20 min of the games, creating specific practice tasks. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 40-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868869 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:40-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Igor Štirn Author-X-Name-First: Igor Author-X-Name-Last: Štirn Author-Name: Rok Dolinar Author-X-Name-First: Rok Author-X-Name-Last: Dolinar Author-Name: Frane Erčulj Author-X-Name-First: Frane Author-X-Name-Last: Erčulj Title: Influence of different heights and widths of basic athletic stance on the response time in basketball Abstract: The aim of this study was to find the optimal basketball athletic stance which will enable the fastest subsequent action. We compared the reaction (RT), movement (MT), and total response (RST) times of a single leg lateral step, performed from starting positions and differentiating in three different heights and two different stance widths. RMANOVA results showed that the RSTs obtained during wide stance positions were clearly shorter when compared to the times obtained during narrow stances (p = 0.000). Interaction of the height (knee angle) and width of stance was also found significant (p = 0.048), while the effect of the height of the stance alone was not (p = 0.098). Similar results were found for MT, while no differences were found for RT. Width of the stance therefore clearly brings about different RSTs; a wide feet position enabled shorter MT when compared to a narrow position and consequently shorter RST, probably due to a more advantageous starting position for lateral movements and due to laws of joint and muscle mechanics. The basic athletic stance with feet double shoulder distance apart and a medium (120°) and small (150°) knee flexion was found optimal in enabling the quickest lateral movement response. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 53-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868870 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868870 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:53-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sofia Canossa Author-X-Name-First: Sofia Author-X-Name-Last: Canossa Author-Name: J. Arturo Abraldes Author-X-Name-First: J. Arturo Author-X-Name-Last: Abraldes Author-Name: M. Susana Soares Author-X-Name-First: M. Susana Author-X-Name-Last: Soares Author-Name: J. Ricardo Fernandes Author-X-Name-First: J. Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes Author-Name: Júlio M. Garganta Author-X-Name-First: Júlio M. Author-X-Name-Last: Garganta Title: Vertical jump and shot speed, efficacy and accuracy in water polo Abstract: We have evaluated water polo vertical jump and shooting success determinants, their interplay, identified its main variables and proposed a predictive model. Twenty-two sub-elite players (23.23±7.22yrs and 13.0±5.4yrs of experience) were tested for absolute vertical jump (146.41±6.96cm), relative jump (considering trunk and upper limb length) and handgrip strength (54.97±5.26kgf). Shooting speed (radar), efficacy and accuracy (%) were also assessed. Players with higher trunk and upper limb length were those who had less elevation out of the water (R=0.60, p=0.004) and relative jump and body mass were the explanatory main variables of absolute vertical jump (r2=0.41, p=0.003). Shot speed to goal was 18.66±1.37 and 18.37±1.27m.s-1 (with and without previous displacement), with players attaining 50.0±33.7 and 59.09±34.02% of shot efficacy. Towards canvas target, shot speed was 17.47±1.61 and 17.26±1.69m.s-1, and players were 24.6±18.5 and 27.3±20.0% accurate. Handgrip strength was highlighted as the main variable for shot speed situations and predictive models were found, which did not occur regarding efficacy and accuracy ‘without displacement’. However, a model has been found for shot accuracy toward canvas ‘with previous displacement’ (r2=0.34; p=0.003) in which handgrip strength is focused. Results found are important to monitoring and better plan the training process for the enhancement of team performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 64-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868871 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:64-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Wicket loss and risk taking during the 2011 and 2015 Cricket World Cups Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to determine whether there is an optimal strategy in one-day international cricket and whether there is an even distribution of wickets during a 50 over innings. The investigation included 92 matches from the 2011 and 2015 Cricket World Cups. An initial study used required run rate at the start of overs within second innings as an indication of strategy required to reach the target number of runs. This suggested that teams played optimally when 8 to 10 runs were required per over. The second study revealed that batting teams within the both innings lost fewer wickets and scored fewer runs during the first half of innings than during the second half. Despite winning teams within matches losing wickets significantly later than losing teams, this pattern of an increasing run rate and an increasing rate of wicket loss was observed for both winning and losing teams. Teams are not awarded any additional runs for having wickets remaining at the end of the 50 overs. International teams may be more successful if they are prepared to risk losing more wickets in the first half of innings in an attempt to score runs. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 80-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868872 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:80-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dejan Gavrlilovic Author-X-Name-First: Dejan Author-X-Name-Last: Gavrlilovic Author-Name: Adam Petrovic Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Petrovic Author-Name: Mlivoj Dopsaj Author-X-Name-First: Mlivoj Author-X-Name-Last: Dopsaj Author-Name: Goran Kasum Author-X-Name-First: Goran Author-X-Name-Last: Kasum Author-Name: Zoran Pajic Author-X-Name-First: Zoran Author-X-Name-Last: Pajic Author-Name: Vladimir Koprivica Author-X-Name-First: Vladimir Author-X-Name-Last: Koprivica Title: Work and rest peak heart rate variability response during the different technical and tactical situations of elite kickboxers Abstract: The aim of this study is to define a quantitative model of physiological responses of the cardiovascular system to different technical and tactical (TE-TA) situations and two different standard tasks used in kickboxer training and real competitive activities so that the coach is able to accomplish impact and efficiency control of competitor preparedness. The sample consisted of nine healthy, highly trained subjects who are active competitors in kickboxing (age 19.9 ± 3.5 years, body height 177.9 ± 5.2 cm, weight 69.1 ± 8.3 kg, training years 3.4 ± 0.7 years, overall number of matches 10.2 ± 3.7). The results showed that there are statistically significant differences between the different TE-TA situations: 1) in the heart rate decrease between the 1st and 2nd rounds of F = 4.99, p = 0.015; 2) in the heart rate decrease between the 2nd and 3rd rounds of F = 5.01, p = 0.015. The obtained results show that during a match competitors achieve statistically significant higher values of peak heart rate (HRpeak) when compared to bag punching and kicking and sparring (meanHRpeakM is 190.11 vs 185.56 and 185.78 for meanHRpeakB and meanHRpeakS, respectively). The mean decrease of HRpeak for bag punching and kicking, sparring, and match is 23%, 18%, and 14%, respectively. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 96-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868873 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:96-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shane Malone Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Malone Author-Name: Barry Solan Author-X-Name-First: Barry Author-X-Name-Last: Solan Author-Name: Kieran Collins Author-X-Name-First: Kieran Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: The Influence of pitch size on running performance during Gaelic football small sided games Abstract: The current study examined the impact of small sided game (SSG) pitch dimensions on running performance during 4 min SSG. Twenty four elite Gaelic football players were monitored with GPS (4-Hz, VX Sport, New Zealand) over an in-season training period. Total distance (m) high speed running distance (m) (≥17 km·h-1), very high speed running distance (≥22 km·h-1) (m), total accelerations (n), acceleration distance (m) peak and mean velocity (km·h-1) were calculated. The current results show that the manipulation of SSG pitch size has an impact on the running performance responses. The data showed that SSG played on large pitches (SSG80x20m) had greater running demands than medium (SSG60x20m) or small (SSG40x20m) pitches, with significantly more distance covered in all movement categories. During SSGs the total distance covered were 515 ± 89 [426 – 594] m, 719 ± 145 [564 - 854] m and 1029 ± 189 [810 - 1128] m corresponding to a relative distance of 128 ± 22 [57 - 101] m·min-1, 179 ± 36 [91 - 163] m·min-1 and 257 ± 46 [139 - 231] m·min-1 for small, medium and large pitch dimensions respectively The current data may help applied practitioners to understand further how modifying different aspects of SSG can alter the running performance responses of players. Moreover, applied practitioners now have consistent information to design and optimise their training time in mixing the physical, technical and tactical elements within specific SSG pitch dimensions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 111-121 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868874 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:111-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martinique Sparks Author-X-Name-First: Martinique Author-X-Name-Last: Sparks Author-Name: Ben Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Author-Name: J. Tim Gabbett Author-X-Name-First: J. Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Gabbett Title: Variations in high-intensity running and fatigue during semi-professional soccer matches Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the fatigue rates and pacing strategies of players during matches by quantifying high-intensity running (HIR) in rolling 5-min periods. Ten semi-professional players were monitored with 10Hz global positioning system (GPS) units during 12 official A-league matches. Match data was categorised into total distance covered and HIR (>3.7 m/min) for rolling 5-min intervals. Distance covered in the first half were used to classify players into low- (LAG), moderate- (MAG) and high-activity groups (HAG). The MAG showed a moderate difference in HIR at 5-min after the peak period. The HAG showed moderate to large declines in distance covered between the first 15 min of the second half (103.9 m/min). They also showed small to moderate declines in HIR during the first 10 min of the second half (25.7 m/min). The LAG showed a small to moderate increase in distance covered during the last 10 min of the second half (95.7 m/min) compared to the first half (84.4 m/min). First-half activity profiles had a significant impact on recovery after the most intense 5-min periods. Also, our study showed an end-spurt occurring towards the end of a match supporting the possibility of pacing strategies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 122-132 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868875 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:122-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Fabrício B. Del Vecchio Author-X-Name-First: Fabrício B. Author-X-Name-Last: Del Vecchio Author-Name: Ricardo Julianetti Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Julianetti Author-Name: Rubiana Cury Author-X-Name-First: Rubiana Author-X-Name-Last: Cury Author-Name: Suzi Camey Author-X-Name-First: Suzi Author-X-Name-Last: Camey Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Time-motion and tactical analysis of Olympic judo fighters Abstract: The present research aimed to compare a time-motion and tactical analysis between international competition and Olympic combats during judo matches. The study considered 2,316 male combats in 2011 and 2012 by 22 men from each class as the world’s best and qualified for the 2012 Olympics Games. From this amount, a randomized selection of 112 combat performances (56 from international competitions (winning combats=56, losing combats=56) and 56 from Olympic combats (winning combats=56, losing combats=56)). The combat phases observed were: i) approach, ii) gripping, iii) attack (separated in four orientations), iv) defense, v) groundwork combat, and vi) pause. Analysis of variances with repeated measures was conducted, p≤0.05. Regarding the Groundwork combat, Losing Olympic combats, with 33.9(2.9)s and 7(3;11) frequencies per combat, demonstrated longer periods and higher frequency than Winning International Championship combats, with 18.3(2.9)s and 3(1; 6) frequency, respectively. Losing Olympic combats, with 1.3(1.7)s, demonstrated shorter periods of Attack to Right than Winning International Championship combats, with 2.8(3.8). The present time-motion and tactical analysis differences can be used to conduct judo activities with tactical developments and physical elements with analogous specific demands. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 133-142 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868876 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868876 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:133-142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José J. Espina-Agulló Author-X-Name-First: José J. Author-X-Name-Last: Espina-Agulló Author-Name: José A. Pérez-Turpin Author-X-Name-First: José A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez-Turpin Author-Name: José M. Jiménez-Olmedo Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Jiménez-Olmedo Author-Name: Alfonso Penichet-Tomás Author-X-Name-First: Alfonso Author-X-Name-Last: Penichet-Tomás Author-Name: Basilio Pueo Author-X-Name-First: Basilio Author-X-Name-Last: Pueo Title: Effectiveness of Male Handball Goalkeepers: A historical overview 1982-2012 Abstract: In this article, an analysis of the historical evolution of the effectiveness of goalkeepers in high level world competitions is carried out. To this end, 32 men’s handball finals have been analyzed to record and classify effectiveness rates and goalkeeping actions in relation to opponent players’ throw areas and positions from 1982 to 2012. Analysis included throws from areas of 6, 7, 9 m and counterattack, performed from center or side positions. Results show no clear trend in effectiveness values registered throughout the time sample, both generally and specifically in terms of throwing position. The Kruskal-Wallis H test did not establish statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in goalkeeping effectiveness between any of the different analyzed periods, with a confidence interval of 95%. The findings of this study suggest that the ability of goalkeepers to prevent the goal from different throwing areas and positions has changed little over the past 30 years, although the game has incorporated more offensive actions and therefore more attacks. This lack of progress can be attributed to that handball has not updated their game rules to make it faster and more spectacular. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 143-156 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868877 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868877 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:143-156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Aaron Scanlan Author-X-Name-First: T. Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Scanlan Author-Name: Masaru Teramoto Author-X-Name-First: Masaru Author-X-Name-Last: Teramoto Author-Name: Matthew Delforce Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Delforce Author-Name: J. Vincent Dalbo Author-X-Name-First: J. Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Dalbo Title: Do better things come in smaller packages? Reducing game duration slows game pace and alters statistics associated with winning in basketball Abstract: Basketball games are currently played across 48 and 40 minutes; however, little is known about the influence of game duration on team statistics. Therefore, we examined (i) differences in game-related statistics between 48- and 40-min games; (ii) statistical measures discriminating winning and losing teams relative to game duration; and (iii) the ability of statistical models to predict team success relative to game duration. Overall, 1,084 Australian professional men’s basketball games were analysed. Ball possessions (·min-1) had the largest difference (rpb = -0.30; P < 0.001), between 48- (1.92 ± 0.12) and 40-min games (1.79 ± 0.26), while offensive efficiency and defensive statistics were significantly (P < 0.001) greater during 40-min games. Most statistical measures significantly discriminated winning from losing teams, with larger disparities evident during 48-min games. Offensive rating (32.3-43.0% vs. 22.4-29.8%, P < 0.001) and Four Factors (32.3-43.0% vs. 22.4-29.8%, P < 0.001) each explained a greater proportion of variance in game outcome during longer games. A reduced duration slowed game pace and increased offensive efficiency, possibly due to greater maintenance of defensive pressure slowing opposition transitions and promoting controlled offensive structures. The ability of game-related statistics to discriminate winning teams and predict game outcome diminished with reduced game duration. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 157-170 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868878 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868878 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:157-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Enrique Arriaza Author-X-Name-First: J. Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Arriaza Author-Name: D. Marcos Zuniga Author-X-Name-First: D. Marcos Author-X-Name-Last: Zuniga Title: Soccer as a Study Case for Analytic Trends in Collective Sports Training: A Survey Abstract: Automated tools for assisting the behaviour analysis of collective sports are becoming a relevant factor to make the difference on improving the individual and collective performance.This work presents a survey on the methodologies and tools for collective sports analysis and training, with special focus in soccer. The objective of this survey is to provide to analysts and researchers with an updated overview of collective sports analysis and to provide practitioners with a mean which could assist them on determining the most adequate methodology and/or tool for their requirements and context.A comprehensive review is presented, from both the scientific methodologies and the commercial solutions, focused in the most prominent tools of the last decade. The study establishes the general structure of match analysis methodologies, categorised in terms of the type of technology, and establishing the advantages and limitations of the different groups.The study concludes about the future trends on automatic behaviour analysis in collective sports, from both the training methodologies and the expected focus which tools assisting in this context should emphasise. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 171-190 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:171-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Larkin Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Larkin Author-Name: Donna O’Connor Author-X-Name-First: Donna Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor Author-Name: A. Mark Williams Author-X-Name-First: A. Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Establishing validity and reliability of a movement awareness and technical skill (MATS) analysis instrument in soccer Abstract: Soccer performance analysis instruments generally provide a description of skill outcomes; however, there is limited understanding of the individual movements and skills that lead to an outcome such as a pass. We used a four step process to develop a valid and reliable instrument designed to assess movement awareness and technical skills (MATS) performed by soccer players when in possession of the ball. The first step was the establishment of performance indicators and operational definitions, followed by extensive pilot testing and observer training. The third step established face validity aligning Football Federation Australia’s national curriculum and the technical performance outcomes; and content validity was ensured by verification and critical feedback from an expert panel. Finally, reliability was established with high inter-coder (Kappa value >0.40; and Cronbach’s α = 0.98) and intra-coder reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.83). From a practical perspective, the new soccer performance analysis instrument provides detailed information relating to player movement patterns, technical skill proficiency and skill breakdown. The data obtained coupled with reflective coaching practices may inform player feedback and future coaching strategies to develop player movement and technical skills. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 191-202 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:191-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Thomson Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Thomson Author-Name: Kevin Lamb Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Title: The technical demands of amateur boxing: Effect of contest outcome, weight and ability Abstract: As research to-date has typically considered the technical features of amateur boxing performance with respect to contest outcome only, this study examined the offensive and defensive technical demands with respect to the independent and interactive effects of contest outcome, weight class and ability. Appraising eight offensive and four defensive actions and their corresponding outcomes (successful/unsuccessful), the technical demands of competitive boxing from 92 English amateurs (age: 22.3 ± 3.9 y; body mass: 67.2 ± 13.0 kg) across 11 weight categories (48 – 91+ kg) and two standards of competition (regional and national) were notated using computerized software. Data analysis reinforced that amateur boxing produces high technical loads (e.g. ∼ 25 punches and ∼ 10 defences per minute) and that performance is influenced significantly by the study’s independent variables. In particular, boxing standard (ability) was positively associated with external load (frequency of offensive and defensive actions), and winning was associated with high offensive and low defensive frequencies, whereas weight class had an inconsistent impact on technical performance. It is recommended that appraisals of performance and approaches to training and competition should take heed of our observations and that future research considers the role of other independent variables, including opposition quality and ‘style’, likely to affect boxing performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 203-215 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868881 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868881 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:203-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wes Sleat Author-X-Name-First: Wes Author-X-Name-Last: Sleat Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: N. Ian Bezodis Author-X-Name-First: N. Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Bezodis Title: The influence of natural grass surface hardness on path changes, locomotive movements and game events in soccer: a case study Abstract: Sporting performance and outcomes are affected by surface type and hardness. Natural grass surface characteristics can vary considerably at amateur level sport which can influence technical skills and locomotive movements. Surface hardness and human responses need to be objectively measured in order to fully understand movement responses and subsequent performance. In the present study, one academy u-19 soccer player played in eleven competitive matches. Surface hardness was measured using a Clegg Impact Hammer and pitches were categorised into either harder or softer groups (67.7 to 93.0 Gmax and 41.4 to 58.3 Gmax respectively). The frequency of high intensity shuffling was significantly greater on softer grass (11.2±2.1) when compared to harder grass (6.1±3.8) (p < 0.05). A large effect size was revealed with running, dribbling, low and high intensity activities as greater frequencies were evident on softer grass when compared to harder grass. There were no significant differences for any of the game events, but there was a large effect size for aerial challenges and headed clearances which were performed more often on softer surfaces than on harder surfaces. There was a greater frequency of moderate intensity, sharp path changes to the right and v-cut path change performed on softer surfaces than on harder surfaces and the effect sizes were large. To conclude, movement activity and game events performed were influenced by natural grass surface hardness. Future research should endeavour to explore differences in the physical work-rate in terms of the biomechanical and physiological demands. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 216-233 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868882 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868882 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:216-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernando Claver Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Claver Author-Name: Ruth Jiménez Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Jiménez Author-Name: Luis García-González Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: García-González Author-Name: Carmen Fernández-Echeverría Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Echeverría Author-Name: M. Perla Moreno Author-X-Name-First: M. Perla Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Title: Cognitive and emotional factors as predictors of performance indicators in young volleyball players Abstract: In recent years, there has been much discussion about the need for using the key performance indicators, in order to guide training and consequently, competition. Some studies used the game action efficacy, the match result or the classification as a reference, while others used player’s or coach’s perception of performance. Thus, a predictive study with the aim to analyze several performance indicators in volleyball formative stages, was realized. The sample consisted of 164 players from all 16 teams (male and female) of an Under-16 volleyball league. Dependent variables: game action efficacy, classification and player’s perceived performance. Independent variables: procedural knowledge, decision-making, motivation and basic psychological needs. The results of the regression analysis showed that game action efficacy and classification were predicted only by cognitive variables (knowledge and decision-making), while players’ perceived performance was predicted by the basic need of relatedness. The different performance indicators appear to measure different realities, being predicted by different variables. Mixed methods could provide a better understanding of performance than a single analytic approach alone, combining descriptions from the inside and from the outside. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 234-249 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868883 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:234-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Angel Gomez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Angel Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez Author-Name: Lorenzo Gasperi Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Gasperi Author-Name: Corrado Lupo Author-X-Name-First: Corrado Author-X-Name-Last: Lupo Title: Performance analysis of game dynamics during the 4 game quarter of NBA close games Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to identify which situational variables and technical-tactical variables allow to discriminate home and away teams during the fourth quarters of close NBA basketball games according to the scoring trends. The sample comprised 48 men’s NBA close games (below 10 points of difference) during the 2013-14 regular season. The situational variables (starting quarter score, game location, and quality of opposition) and technical-tactical variables (game situation, defense type, outcome, shot type, technical execution, defense on the shooter, play events and mean played clock-time) were studied. The main results showed that the variables that best differentiated home and away teams were: i) starting quarter score, free-throws scored, 3-point field-goals from central positions, and defensive fouls during balanced scoring trends between teams; ii) game location, quality of opposition, ball possession success, 2-point field-goals inside and outside the central positions, 3-point field-goals from central and right court positions, and defensive rebounds during home teams’ positive scoring trends; and iii) starting quarter score, game location, quality of opposition, ball possession success, alley-hop, the stop-shot, the 1 defense on the shooter, the 2 or >2 defense on the shooter and block 1 in defense during away teams’ positive scoring trends. The identified trends allow improving the game understanding during last stages of close games and help the coaches to plan practice sessions and deciding better in competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 249-263 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:249-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Carboch Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Carboch Author-Name: Katerina Vejvodova Author-X-Name-First: Katerina Author-X-Name-Last: Vejvodova Author-Name: Vladimir Suss Author-X-Name-First: Vladimir Author-X-Name-Last: Suss Title: Analysis of errors made by line umpires on ATP tournaments Abstract: This is the first study in this field investigating the number and extent of line umpires’ errors during two international, Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) “Masters 1000” tournaments. Hawk-Eye technology was used on these courts, allowing players to challenge line umpires’ calls. The goal of the study was to determine line umpire error rates for calls reviewed by the Hawk-Eye system. We subsequently determined the mean size of errors and analyzed these errors on specific court lines. Data were obtained from official records of the Hawk-Eye system in selected matches and were provided by ATP. Results showed that line umpires made errors in 27% of cases where Hawk-Eye review technology was utilized. This means that an umpire error occurred once per 17.4 games. The mean size of line umpires’ errors reached 33.2 mm. Most errors occurred at the baseline. A difference in the number and size of errors between cross (transverse) and long lines was found, which suggests that the results for long and cross lines should be treated separately in the evaluation of line umpires’ performance. The line umpires made fewer and smaller mistakes towards the end of a tournament in comparison to its beginning. It is misleading to evaluate line umpires’ performance in %. We suggest that the coefficient 1 error per N games should be used instead. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 264-275 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868885 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:264-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Jose Saavedra Author-X-Name-First: M. Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Saavedra Author-Name: Yolanda Escalante Author-X-Name-First: Yolanda Author-X-Name-Last: Escalante Author-Name: Mirella Mansilla Author-X-Name-First: Mirella Author-X-Name-Last: Mansilla Author-Name: Victor Tella Author-X-Name-First: Victor Author-X-Name-Last: Tella Author-Name: Joaquin Madera Author-X-Name-First: Joaquin Author-X-Name-Last: Madera Author-Name: Antonio García-Hermoso Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: García-Hermoso Title: Water polo game-related statistics in women’s international championships as a function of final score differences Abstract: The aims of this study were: (i) to compare water polo game-related statistics by context (winning and losing teams) and final score differences (using three categories – “close” games, “unbalanced” games, and “very unbalanced” games); and (ii) to identify characteristics that mark the differences in performances for each of these three categories of final score differences. The game-related statistics of the 213 women’s matches played in seven international championships were analysed. Differences between contexts (winning or losing teams) and final score differences (close, unbalanced, and very unbalanced games) were determined using the chi-squared statistic, also calculating the effect sizes of the differences. A discriminant analysis was then performed applying the sample-splitting method according to context in each final score. It was found that the game-related statistics differentiate the winning from the losing teams in each final score group, with one variable (penalty goals) differentiating winners from losers in close games, 12 in unbalanced games, and 13 (both offensive and defensive variables) in very unbalanced games. In all three types of game, the game-related statistics were shown to discriminate performance (82% or more), with three variables being discriminatory by context (winning or losing teams): goals, offensive fouls, and goalkeeper-blocked shots. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 276-289 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:276-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Michele van Rooyen Author-X-Name-First: K. Michele Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooyen Title: Seasonal Variations in the Winning Scores of Matches in the Sevens World Series Abstract: Sevens rugby has evolved considerably over recent years. There is plenty of information showing how the sport has grown across the globe. However, data pertaining to how the game itself has developed is scarce. This study aimed to document how points scored and conceded by winning teams varied over time in the Sevens World Series. Winning teams scored fewer points from 2006/2007 onwards for pool (pre, 31±1.6 vs. 26±2.1 post) and knockout (pre, 25±1.4 vs. 23±1.1 post) matches. Points conceded increased from 2008/2009 for knockout matches (pre 10±1.4 vs. 12±0.7 post). Categorizing teams according to pool position revealed that the drop in points scored by Cup teams was greater than that of Bowl teams (8pts vs. 5pts respectively) during pool matches. The increase in points conceded occurred during knockout matches involving Bowl teams. Subgroups for points scored were ascribed to specific changes in tournament structures and declines in performance of successful teams, whereas the increase in points conceded coincided with teams adopting a more professional approach to the sport. These factors with additional financial investment have seen the Sevens World Series successfully transition to a professional sport that has an immense following worldwide. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 290-304 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868887 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:290-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhiqing Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Zhiqing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Ben Halkon Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Halkon Author-Name: Siaw Meng Chou Author-X-Name-First: Siaw Meng Author-X-Name-Last: Chou Author-Name: Xingda Qu Author-X-Name-First: Xingda Author-X-Name-Last: Qu Title: A novel phase-aligned analysis on motion patterns of table tennis strokes Abstract: A wide range of human motion represent repetitive patterns particularly in racket sports. Quantitative analysis of the continuous variables during the different phases of the motion cycle helps to investigate more deeply the specific movement of the racket or player. Table tennis biomechanics research to date lacks the necessary detail of phase decomposition and phase-based quantitative analysis. Therefore, this study proposes a novel velocity-based piecewise alignment method to identify the different phases of a table tennis forehand stroke. A controlled experiment was conducted on a number of players of two differing ability levels (experts vs. novices) to implement this novel methodology. Detailed results are shown for the quantitative analysis on multiple strokes of the two groups of participants. Significant differences were found in both the displacement and velocity of the racket movement in the backswing, forward swing and follow-through phases. For example, it is clear that experts’ strokes show higher racket resultant velocity than novices during both the forward swing and follow-through phases by up to a factor of two. Furthermore, the phase-based approach to analysing racket motions leads to interrogation over a greater duration than the traditional time-based method which is generally only concerned with impact ±0.25s. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 305-316 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868888 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868888 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:305-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joaquín Sánchez-Moreno Author-X-Name-First: Joaquín Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Moreno Author-Name: José Afonso Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: Aurelio Ureña Author-X-Name-First: Aurelio Author-X-Name-Last: Ureña Title: Dynamics between playing activities and rest time in high-level men’s volleyball Abstract: The purpose of this study was to verify whether work-to-rest ratios in high-level sport exhibit evidence for self-regulation. Specifically, we analysed the relationship between rally length and rest times between rallies in high-level men’s volleyball. Ninety-five matches from five of the premier worldwide competitions were analysed (16,436 rallies). The average of rallies per set was 45.23±6.15 (rally length: 4.99±4.35 seconds; rest time: 29.02±19.44 seconds; work-to-rest ratio 1:5.81±.17 seconds). The distribution of rally length clusters was: short 74%, medium 14.38% and long 11.62%; and rest time clusters: short 81.71%, medium 10.83% and long 7.46%. Rest time between rallies seemed to increase when the rally was longer (τ =.214; p <.001), the set progressed (set period) (τ =.093; p <.001), the game progressed (set number) (τ =.209; p <.001), and when the intensity of the set was higher (set competitive load) (τ =.118; p <.001). Results provided original, detailed and recent evidence supporting self-regulated phenomena with respect to work-to-rest ratio in high-level sport, while also providing time-related volleyball-specific relevant information. The stochastic profile of game was established by self-regulated work-to-rest time ratios, in spite of the deterministic and cyclical characteristics of the game. Clusters of distributions of work-to-rest ratio allow for random series to be designed in order to inform specific training sessions according to the type of match, set number and set period. Moreover, it is suggested that the temporal peculiarities of volleyball promote pacing strategies when the ball is not in play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 317-331 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:317-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexis Padrón-Cabo Author-X-Name-First: Alexis Author-X-Name-Last: Padrón-Cabo Author-Name: Ezequiel Rey Author-X-Name-First: Ezequiel Author-X-Name-Last: Rey Author-Name: José Luis García-Soidán Author-X-Name-First: José Luis Author-X-Name-Last: García-Soidán Author-Name: Erik Penedo-Jamardo Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Penedo-Jamardo Title: Large Scale Analysis of Relative Age Effect on Professional Soccer Players in FIFA Designated Zones Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence and the magnitude of the Relative Age Effects (RAEs) in professional soccer players, and whether this effect is different depending on their position, the leagues where they play, the level of the competition, the level of the team in which they play and their nationality. The sample was composed by 12,144 professional players who participated in the professional leagues during the 2014-2015 season. The date of birth of each player was classified into four birth quartile (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4). Most professional soccer players are in the nearest quartiles at the beginning of the selection year, resulting in a decrease in birth as far as furthest quartiles are concerned. The RAE was found in the first (Effect Size= small) and second division (ES=medium) of competitions and in all the leagues analysed, except in the Premier League (England) and the K-League Classic (South Korea). Moreover, all playing positions (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder and forward) in soccer was affected by RAEs. In order to reduce RAE several solutions have been proposed by scientific literature that may be adopted by coaches and soccer clubs (i.e. greater number of categories, rotate court dates, or establish technical-coordinative reference values per quartile of birth). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 332-346 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868890 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:332-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Maria Pratas Author-X-Name-First: José Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Pratas Author-Name: Anna Volossovitch Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Volossovitch Author-Name: Ana Isabel Carita Author-X-Name-First: Ana Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Carita Title: The effect of performance indicators on the time the first goal is scored in football matches Abstract: Scoring the first goal in football could be crucial for winning a match. The aim of this study was to identify the performance indicators that influence the time the first goal is scored in high-level football matches. A total of 240 matches of the Portuguese Premier League played in 2009/10 season were analysed. The difference between the total number of goals scored and conceded during the competition up until the match considered, total ball possession time, shots on goal, set plays, disciplinary sanctions and substitutions were selected as predictor variables for the time the first goal is scored and loaded on a Cox regression model with time-dependent covariates. A greater goal difference (p < 0.05) and a larger number of shots on goal (p < 0.01) had a positive significant influence on the time the first goal was scored in the match by home teams; at the same time disciplinary sanctions (p < 0.01) and substitutions (p < 0.01) had a negative significant effect on the time of the first goal. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 347-354 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868891 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:347-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Hewitt Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Hewitt Author-Name: Grace Greenham Author-X-Name-First: Grace Author-X-Name-Last: Greenham Author-Name: Kevin Norton Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Norton Title: Game style in soccer: what is it and can we quantify it? Abstract: Game style is a term commonly used by coaches, sports scientists, performance analysts and media to refer to patterns of play in team sports. Despite these pervasive references there is not a definition for game style and consequently there has never been any attempt to measure game style. Recently there has been momentum to investigate team sports as dynamical systems and to understand how players interact in various contextual environments and circumstances. These interactions, particularly successful, dominant or recurrent patterns, are likely to be important in forming a game style or at least play a part in our perceptions of a game style. This article proposes an initial framework of variables that can be measured and used to describe game style. The framework is based on metrics within five key moments of play: (1) Established Attack, (2) Transition from Attack to Defense, (3) Established Defense, (4) Transition from Defense to Attack, and (5) Set Pieces. These metrics have practical applications for coaches and practitioners when evaluating efforts to create or compare game styles. More importantly, however, they may allow performance analysts to categorise and monitor game styles over time, across leagues and age groups, and provide a deeper understanding of dynamic interactions in invasion-based field sports. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 355-372 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:355-372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hemanta Saikia Author-X-Name-First: Hemanta Author-X-Name-Last: Saikia Author-Name: Dibyojyoti Bhattacharjee Author-X-Name-First: Dibyojyoti Author-X-Name-Last: Bhattacharjee Author-Name: Unni Krishnan Radhakrishnan Author-X-Name-First: Unni Krishnan Author-X-Name-Last: Radhakrishnan Title: A New Model for Player Selection in Cricket Abstract: A balanced squad in cricket contains players with different expertise like batting, bowling, all-rounder and wicket keeping. Maintaining these cricketing requirements, selecting an optimal squad is a difficult decision making problem. The selectors have chosen cricketers using their own experience and based on the recent performances of available players from all the different expertise. The paper introduces a measure that can quantify the performance of the cricketers into a single numerical value, which is a measure of the player’s cricketing efficiency. The distributional pattern of the performance measure is identified and then used to recognize the performers under different expertise. The entire exercise simplifies the job of the selectors as they now have a smaller subset to choose from. To explain the model empirically, data of the Indian Premier League (IPL), 2012 is used to identify the performers of the game under different expertise. The actual Indian team selected just after the said season of IPL is then compared with the performers of IPL, 2012 as identified by the model. It was found that several non-performers were selected in the actual squad and some performers were left out. This model can be extended for the team selection in other versions of cricket and even in other team sports. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 373-388 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868893 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868893 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:373-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Pulling Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Pulling Author-Name: David Eldridge Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Eldridge Author-Name: Jane Lomax Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Lomax Title: Centre Passes in the UK Netball Super League Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the direction of turn when players received a centre pass in netball and the subsequent possession sequence. A total of 500 centre passes were analysed from seven UK Netball Super League matches. Variables that were explored included: turning direction when receiving a centre pass; court areas in which centre passes were received; pass successfulness following a centre pass and the amount of passes following a centre pass that led to a shooting opportunity. There was no significant difference between the type of turn when receiving a centre pass and the success of the following pass (χ²2 = 1.469, p = 0.480). However, there were a number of significant differences between the types of turn used in different areas of the court when receiving the ball from a centre pass. This suggests that players are more likely to use a particular turn in certain areas of the court when receiving a centre pass. Future research should explore defensive tactics and the movement of the attacking players from centre passes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 389-400 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868894 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868894 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:389-400 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Natalia Valladares Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Valladares Author-Name: J. Vicente García-Tormo Author-X-Name-First: J. Vicente Author-X-Name-Last: García-Tormo Author-Name: Paulo Vicente João Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Vicente Author-X-Name-Last: João Title: Analysis of variables affecting performance in senior female volleyball World Championship 2014 Abstract: The aim of the present study was to identify the main variables that affect performance depending on their situation, defeat or victory, in the elite women’s volleyball. One hundred and two games (n=102) who carried out the 24 participating teams were analyzed through the Volleyball Information System (VIS) from the Volleyball World Championships 2014 celebrated in Italy. The discriminating function was used to identify the discriminating variables, using a canonical structuring coefficient of |SC| ≥.30. The results related to the victories were serve hits SC=|0.83|, excellent reception SC=|0.66|, Serve reception SC=|0.74| and Opponent Serve errors SC=|-0.34| and Serve faults SC=|-0.30| were associated with defeats. The results demonstrated the importance of including a priority job of serve-receive in coaching elite volleyball teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 401-410 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868895 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868895 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:1:p:401-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-iii Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868647 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:i-iii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nikola Foreti Author-X-Name-First: Nikola Author-X-Name-Last: Foreti Author-Name: Nenad Rogulj Author-X-Name-First: Nenad Author-X-Name-Last: Rogulj Author-Name: Vladan Papi Author-X-Name-First: Vladan Author-X-Name-Last: Papi Title: Empirical model for evaluating situational efficiency in top level handball Abstract: The main research goal of the study was to determine the quantitative contribution of situational activities of playing positions and game phases depending on the match result in top level handball. The model for evaluating situational efficiency is defined and software application is constructed based on the notational parameters and subjective assessments of experts. For this purpose, 101 matches, played at the World Championships held in Croatia in 2009, were analyzed and 19 experts were interviewed. Events notation was done by using Match Analysis System software. Set of prediction variables represents 48 variables, 9 out of which are in relation to position defence, 11 to the goalkeeper position, 16 to the position offence, 5 to the transition defence and 7 to the transition offence. Calculated coefficients for individual playing positions were the basis for setting the evaluation model of situational efficiency. According to this model, the overall efficiency of players is expressed as the relative value of the sum of defence and offence scores of players weighed with the coefficient of importance of each phase of the game. Applicability of the study was confirmed by evaluating the models that have shown a high correlation with ratings of an independent handball expert (r=0,79). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 275-293 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868648 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:275-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ibrahim Ouergui Author-X-Name-First: Ibrahim Author-X-Name-Last: Ouergui Author-Name: Nizar Hssin Author-X-Name-First: Nizar Author-X-Name-Last: Hssin Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Author-Name: Nabil Gmada Author-X-Name-First: Nabil Author-X-Name-Last: Gmada Author-Name: Ezzedine Bouhlel Author-X-Name-First: Ezzedine Author-X-Name-Last: Bouhlel Title: Technical and tactical analysis of high level kickboxing matches Abstract: The purpose of the study was to analyze the technical and tactical aspects of high level Kickboxing matches. A total of 45 matches (135 rounds) from the World Championship 2009 and 2011 of male kickboxers were analyzed using notational analysis system to determine the technical and tactical aspects (i.e., offensive, defensive techniques and combined actions) considering combat rounds, weight divisions and match outcome. Kickboxers were engaged in offensive actions more than defensive ones (P<0.001). The most used techniques were straight punches, roundhouse kick, block/parry and foot defense (P<0.001), while punch combinations were the most used combination type. Winners used more offensive (i.e., hook punches), defensive techniques (i.e., foot defense and clinch) and punch combinations than losers. Significant interation effect of weight category, match outcome and rounds were found on offensive and defensive techniques. The activity in international kickboxing competitions was modulated by weight categories with a significant effect of combat stage. Winners applied more offensives and defensives techniques than defeated athletes. Our findings suggest that to win a match, athletes should be motivated by developing the most used offensives techniques and coaches should structure specific training to maintain a high rate of techniques ‘delivery during the combat. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 294-309 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868649 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:294-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Abian-Vicen Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Abian-Vicen Author-Name: Adrian Castanedo Author-X-Name-First: Adrian Author-X-Name-Last: Castanedo Author-Name: Pablo Abian Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Abian Author-Name: Javier Sampedro Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Sampedro Title: Temporal and notational comparison of badminton matches between men’s singles and women’s singles Abstract: The purpose of the study was to compare the temporal and notational structures in games and matches between men’s singles (MS) and women’s singles (WS) in the current top level of world badminton players. Ten matches of each event (n=20), from the official videos of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, were analyzed. Match duration (MS: 2378.0±387.9 s, WS: 1696.1±170.4 s.; P<0.05), real time played (MS: 613.7±80.1 s and WS: 493.6±70.2 s; P<0.05), rally time, rest time and shots per rally were significantly higher in men’s singles than in women’s singles, whereas work density and percentage of time played (MS: 26.0±2.1%, WS: 29.0±2.0%; P<0.05) were higher in women’s single. There were no differences in variables between the first and the second game in any event. For the final shot of each rally it was observed that the unforced error, the smash, the net and the drive were the most decisive shots in matches. It was also found differences (P<0.05) between the two events; the smash and the drive were commonly used by men and the drop was commonly used by women. In conclusion the temporal and notational structure of the badminton match was different when comparing men’s singles from women’s singles. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 310-320 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:310-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Lapresa Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lapresa Author-Name: M. Teresa Anguera Author-X-Name-First: M. Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Anguera Author-Name: Roberto Alsasua Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Alsasua Author-Name: Javier Arana Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Arana Author-Name: Belén Garzón Author-X-Name-First: Belén Author-X-Name-Last: Garzón Title: Comparative analysis of T-patterns using real time data and simulated data by assignment of conventional durations: the construction of efficacy in children’s basketball Abstract: The use of analytical techniques based on algorithms for identifying behaviour patterns using existing regularities has had a considerable methodological impact on the study of behaviour and human interaction also in the field sport-. This work focuses on the algorithm developed by Magnusson (1996, 2000) which, implemented in the THEME programme, enables the detection of T-patterns: a particular hierarchical structure between pairs of events in a time series. This work fulfils the objective of examining in depth the ability of THEME to detect temporal and sequential behavioural structures, through the comparison of the Tpatterns detected in records consisting of: real time data-expressed in frames-and simulated data-the same data with conventionally assigned duration (1, 10 and 100)-. And it does this at the core of an observational design that studies the construction of offensive sequences that end in a shot in basketball in the 13 and 14 years category. Regular structures in the game that show the detected T-patterns, equally in sequences that result in a basket as in those that lead to a miss, have allowed us to obtain particularly relevant information concerning the development of effective and ineffective sequences. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 321-339 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:321-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hongyou Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hongyou Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Gang Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Gang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: A. Miguel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: A. Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: S. Javier Molinuevo Author-X-Name-First: S. Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Molinuevo Author-Name: Jesús V. Giménez Author-X-Name-First: Jesús V. Author-X-Name-Last: Giménez Author-Name: Hui Kang Author-X-Name-First: Hui Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Title: Time-motion analysis on Chinese male field hockey players Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the match work-rate of Chinese field hockey players by analyzing the distance covered at different intensities pooled by specific positions during different periods of matches. Thirty-eight players from twenty-four male field hockey matches at the 11th Chinese National Games were filmed and analyzed. Results showed that players covered an average distance of 7334±877m; 91.7% of this distance was covered at low and medium intensity; total distance covered in the first half (3693±441 m) was more (p<0.001) than the second (3640±437 m); distance covered at all speed zones (except walking) significantly decreased at the second half; total distance covered by forwards (7709±720 m) and midfielders(7733±729m) was greater than defenders (6671±745 m); positional difference were detected among all the speed zones as well; comparison of interaction of the match period and playing position showed higher values in sprinting during the first half compared to the second for forwards (p<0.01), and in moderate-speed running for defenders (p=0.0001). These results could be used to provide guidance on evaluating players’ performance and formulating training prescriptions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 340-352 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:340-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thiago Oliveira Borges Author-X-Name-First: Thiago Oliveira Author-X-Name-Last: Borges Author-Name: Nicola Bullock Author-X-Name-First: Nicola Author-X-Name-Last: Bullock Author-Name: J. Aaron Coutts Author-X-Name-First: J. Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Coutts Title: Pacing characteristics of international Sprint Kayak athletes Abstract: This study aimed to profile pacing strategies and pacing profile of world-class kayakers during world championships. Data were from publically available websites of eight international competitive seasons (2004 - 2011). Data represent percentage average race pace. Mixed ANOVA was used to compare pacing (250 m splits) and race level (A and B-finals) and crew boats. Effect size was calculated converting F-values into r-values (P < 0.05). There were significant interactions between splits and season (F7.99, 255.7=13.08, P <0.001, r=0.05), splits and boat crew (F5.33, 255.7=4.82, P <0.001, r=0.02), race level, the split speed and the competitive season (F8.49, 271.5=2.07, P =0.035, r=0.01) and the race level, the split speed and the boat crews (F5.66, 271.5=2.28, P =0.04, r=0.01) for the 1000 m. There was a significant interaction between race level, split speed and boat crew (F1, 80=4.35, P =0.004, r=0.05) in the 500 m. Performances of A and B-finals were significantly different. In conclusion, pacing of sprint kayakers can vary according to race level (A or B-finals, elite or sub-elite respectively), crew (K1, K2 and K4), split distances (250 m splits) and competitive seasons. Additionally, our data suggests there may exist specific crew boat dynamics and, therefore, specific race demands. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 353-364 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868653 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:353-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Matthew Wylde Author-X-Name-First: J. Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Wylde Author-Name: Frankie H.Y. Tan Author-X-Name-First: Frankie H.Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Tan Author-Name: G. Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: G. Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: A time-motion analysis of elite women’s foil fencing Abstract: This study sought to carry out a comprehensive time-motion analysis of elite women’s foil fencing to understand the demands being placed on fencers in competition. A key part of this study was to identify the differences between 15-touch, 5-touch and team bouts. 100 international women’s foil fencing bouts were analysed and five movement classifications were used during the data collection, which were consolidated into three categories of varying intensities for analysis. This study found that high-intensity movements accounted for 6.2 ± 2.5% of total bout time in elite women’s foil fencing. These high-intensity movements had a mean duration of 0.7 ± 0.1 s with a mean recovery period of 10.4 ± 3.3 s. The only “large” difference between the bouts was found for the mean duration of the low-intensity movements in the 15-touch bouts. All other differences were “moderate”, “small” or “trivial”. These results suggest that similar training plans could be used to physically prepare fencers for 15-touch, 5-touch and team bouts and should consist of primarily anaerobic alactic and aerobic activities. This study has provided a basis from which further research could be carried out, while the movement classifications have a range of applications within the study of fencing. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 365-376 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868654 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:365-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge Malarranha Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Malarranha Author-Name: Bruno Figueira Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Figueira Author-Name: Nuno Leite Author-X-Name-First: Nuno Author-X-Name-Last: Leite Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: Dynamic Modeling of Performance in Basketball Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the intra-game variation from four performance indicators that determine the outcome of basketball games, controlling for quality of opposition. All seventy-four games of the Basketball World Championship (Turkey 2010) were analyzed to calculate the performance indicators in eight 5-minute periods. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to identify differences in time and game outcome for each performance indicator. The quality of opposition was included in the models as covariable. The effective field goal percentage (F=14.0 p <.001, η2=.09) influenced the game outcome throughout the game, while the offensive rebounds percentage (F=7.6 p <.05, η2=.05) had greater influence in the second half. The offensive (F=6.3, p <.05, η2=.04) and defensive (F=12.0, p <.001, η2=.08) ratings also influenced the outcome of the games. These results may allow coaches to have more accurate information aimed to prepare their teams for the competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 377-387 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:377-387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michaela R Bruton Author-X-Name-First: Michaela R Author-X-Name-Last: Bruton Author-Name: Nicholas J O’Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J Author-X-Name-Last: O’Dwyer Author-Name: Roger D Adams Author-X-Name-First: Roger D Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Title: Neuromuscular characteristics of recreational and competitive male and female surfers Abstract: Surfing is one of the most popular sports among Australian athletes, yet data about the characteristics of its performers are sparse, most likely due to the difficulty of examining the skill during performance and the distance of the observer from the performer. To gain information about skilled surfers of both sexes, and how they differ from less skilled surfers, we assessed female and male competitive and recreational surfers, and non-surfers, on a series of laboratory tasks designed to be relevant to surfing. The findings revealed both surfing skill-related and sex-related differences. In both females and males, lower limb stiffness decreased systematically with increasing surfing expertise, consistent with the general finding on decreases in joint stiffness with increased motor skill. Leg power measured relative to body weight was substantially greater in males than females, but was not related to surfing expertise. A combined sex and skill-related kinematic difference was observed whereby recreational females used a shallower surfing crouch posture, with less knee flexion than their competitive counterparts, whereas there were no differences between recreational and competitive males. The findings call for further studies of kinematic and neuromuscular characteristics of female and male surfers at different levels of expertise. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 388-402 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868656 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:388-402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Sachanidi Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Sachanidi Author-Name: Nikolaos Apostolidis Author-X-Name-First: Nikolaos Author-X-Name-Last: Apostolidis Author-Name: Dimitrios Chatzicharistos Author-X-Name-First: Dimitrios Author-X-Name-Last: Chatzicharistos Author-Name: Theodoros Bolatoglou Author-X-Name-First: Theodoros Author-X-Name-Last: Bolatoglou Title: Passing efficacy of young basketball players: test or observation? Abstract: Basketball is a combined game demanding elevated physical and technical skills, mental characteristics and tactical behaviour. These characteristics cannot be evaluated only by skill tests, which are considered inadequate to record the mental ability of the athletes. For the complete evaluation of the athletes’ performance observation methods have been proposed, which record all of their efforts during the game. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the athletes’ efficacy in passing skill, with two different methods: (a) the skill test and (b) game observation and correlate the results with the total game performance. For this purpose three basketball teams composed by 33 athletes, aged 14-15 years old, participated in the study. Initially, the athletes performed the passing test and afterwards in order to evaluate their passing efficacy and their overall performance, three games between the teams were recorded. Results indicated that performance in passing skill test was not correlated with passing efficacy or with total performance in the games. On the contrary, passing efficacy in the games was significantly correlated and could clearly predict the overall performance of the athlete. The athletes’ performance in passing skill should not be evaluated only by application of test, but additionally by observation of the games. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 403-412 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:403-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Scott Smith Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: J. Andrew Callaway Author-X-Name-First: J. Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Callaway Author-Name: A. Shelley Broomfield Author-X-Name-First: A. Shelley Author-X-Name-Last: Broomfield Title: Youth to Senior Football: A season long case study of goal scoring methods between under 16, under 18 and first team Abstract: Goal-scoring is the pinnacle of any football match, analysis of the methods used provide insight into the way teams attack. Despite heavy research at senior level there is a dearth of literature surrounding the youth game. The purpose of this study was to compare goal scoring methods at youth and senior level. Goal-related data was derived from competitive matches involving the first team, u18s and u16s. Results showed differences between groups for number of actions (F2,242=3.401, p=.035) and percentage of forward actions (F2,225=3.201, p=.043). Build-up duration was not different between groups (F2,242=1.567, p=.211). There was a difference between the assist areas used between all teams (H2= 7.737, p = .021). Post-hoc analysis showed no differences between the assist actions used between any teams (H2 = 2.112, p = .348), but there were differences with the assist area. Each team favoured different assist actions (1st team = cross, u18s = pass, u16s = dribble). The differences between teams are attributed to factors such as experience, tactical/technical skills, perceptual abilities and level of pressure. Training implications for youth teams include developing a more elaborate style of attack and utilisation of the whole pitch when attacking. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 413-427 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:413-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Goumas Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Goumas Title: Modelling home advantage in sport: A new approach Abstract: Home advantage (HA) is well documented in a wide range of team sports, and the numerous factors that may contribute to it necessitate robust multivariate modelling techniques in order to establish their independent effects. As performance measures such as goals scored by each team in a single sporting match are not independent, bivariate distributions are increasingly being used to model HA. An alternative method is proposed whereby repeated measures regression analysis using Generalised Estimating Equations is used to account for within-match correlation. Using European Europa League football as an example, repeated measures analysis is used to estimate HA and its variance in terms of the home/away ratio for goals scored, and a simple formula provided for expressing this in terms of the percentage of goals scored by home teams, with standard errors. Methods of estimating covariate adjusted HA at different levels of a predictor variable, such as crowd size, are also described. All STATA (2009) commands used to run the analyses are provided. Although the proposed modelling strategy is most appropriate for sports where match outcomes are determined by discreet events of equal value (e.g. goals scored in football), generalisations of this approach to continuous and binary measures of team performance are also described. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 428-439 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:428-439 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Sinclair Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Sinclair Author-Name: Lindsay Bottoms Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay Author-X-Name-Last: Bottoms Title: Gender differences in the kinetics and lower extremity kinematics of the fencing lunge Abstract: Whilst studies have used participants of both genders in fencing research, there is a paucity of research investigating differences in the kinematics of male and female fencers. The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in the kinetics and kinematics measured during the epee fencing lunge. Lower extremity kinematic data were obtained from eight male and eight female club level epee fencers using a 3D motion capture system as they completed simulated lunges. Independent t-tests were performed on the data to determine whether differences existed. The results observed no differences in kinetics during the lunge between genders. In addition there were no differences in the kinematics of the back leg between genders. However, females produced greater knee abduction at the end of the lunge as well as greater hip adduction. The results indicate that females could be at a greater risk of knee injuries due to the greater knee abduction and hip adduction produced during the fencing lunge. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 440-451 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868660 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:440-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Silva Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Daniel Lacerda Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lacerda Author-Name: Paulo Vicente João Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Vicente Author-X-Name-Last: João Title: Match analysis of discrimination skills according to the setter attack zone position in high level volleyball Abstract: The aim of this study focuses on analyzing and understanding what happens when the setter is in the attack zone (zones 4, 3 and 2), identifying the skills that best discriminate for victory or defeat. Twenty four matches (n=24) played during the Men’s Senior Volleyball World Championship – Italy 2010 were taken and analyzed with Data Volley Software. For the data analysis the discriminating function was used in order to identify the discriminating variables through the canonical structuring coefficient |SC| ≥ .30. This study revealed that the serve point, service error, excellent set, set error, attack error, excellent dig and side-out error were discriminating variables that identify the final outcome of the match (win/lose) when the setter was in the attack zone (zones 4, 3 and 2). At the same time it showed us why teams can lose. Teams without attack, side-out, service and distribution skills can hardly win games because these skills are essential for offense building and winning. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 452-460 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868661 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:452-460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steven Bremner Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Bremner Author-Name: Gemma Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Morgan D Williams Author-X-Name-First: Morgan D Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: A Retrospective Evaluation Of Team Performance Indicators In Rugby Union Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate a method to validate a set of Performance Indicators (PIs). Data from one team (65 matches) was analyzed using 19 PIs categorized into six groups. Frequencies of each PI were recorded at 10- minute time intervals along with match outcomes (win/loss). Odds ratios (OR) derived from logistic regression (>2.0 or <0.5) were used to identify those PIs that contributed to match outcome. Eight PIs were subsequently identified: Ruck Quick had the largest positive effect on match outcome, within the first 20 minutes of the game and also within the 60-70 minute time interval; Territory (Intro 22) had a positive effect on match outcome, its impact was greatest in the first 20 minutes of the match. Two PIs from the Offence group (Gainline + and Gainline +P) had smaller positive effects on match outcome. Ruck Slow had the largest negative effect on winning a match for all time intervals. Other PIs that had negative effects on match outcome included turnover handling, ruck lost and turnover contact. Retrospective match data was used to investigate the efficacy of PIs. This post-hoc confirmation provides a framework for the assessment of PIs in performance analysis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 461-473 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:461-473 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Author-Name: Monica Yuri Takito Author-X-Name-First: Monica Yuri Author-X-Name-Last: Takito Author-Name: Michel Calmet Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Calmet Title: European Judo Championships: impact of the new rule changes on points and penalties Abstract: In 2013 the International Judo Federation started to test new rules to judo competitions with the objective of make judo more attractive for the general public and to promote which has been denominated “positive judo”, i.e., a more combative style. The aim of the present investigation was to compare two consecutive European Judo Championships (2012 and 2013, i.e., before and after the rule changes, respectively) in terms of scores and penalties. Statistics involved chi-square, analysis for linear trends in proportions and odds-ratio (OR), using 5% as significance level. The rules changes resulted in the increase of penalties and in the decrease of waza-ari (males, χ2=8.76, P=0.003, OR=0.55; females, χ2=3.79, P=0.050, OR=0.61) and yuko (males, χ2=38.93, P<0.001, OR=0.31; females, χ2=6.84, P=0.009, OR=0.56) scores for both males and females, while increasing ippon only for males (χ2=5.03, P=0.025). The total number of shido also increased for both groups (males, χ2=14.21, P<0.001, OR=1.53; females, χ2=6.63, P=0.010, OR=1.43), while the prevalence of hansoku-make increased only for males (χ2=5.78, P=0.016, OR=8.43). Thus, the rules change did not achieve the goal established of increasing scores and decreasing penalties. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 474-479 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868663 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868663 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:474-479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miodrag Spasic Author-X-Name-First: Miodrag Author-X-Name-Last: Spasic Author-Name: Ognjen Uljevic Author-X-Name-First: Ognjen Author-X-Name-Last: Uljevic Author-Name: Milan Coh Author-X-Name-First: Milan Author-X-Name-Last: Coh Author-Name: Mile Dzelalija Author-X-Name-First: Mile Author-X-Name-Last: Dzelalija Author-Name: Damir Sekulic Author-X-Name-First: Damir Author-X-Name-Last: Sekulic Title: Predictors of agility performance among early pubescent girls Abstract: Although frequently studied in adults, predictors of agility are rarely reported for children. This study investigated the influence of the balance, power, reactive strength, straight line sprinting and morphological variables on different agility performances in early pubescent girls (N = 75; 12–13 years of age, randomly divided into a validation sample and a cross-validation sample). Variables included body height, body weight, body fat %; lean body mass %; countermovement jump, broad jump, overall stability index, straight line sprint 5, 10 and 15 m, test of reactive strength (bilateral side jumps – BSJ), and five agility variables. All of the tests applied except for the 5m-sprint were found to be reliable. Different agility performances should be observed as relatively independent qualities for this age group. Multiple regressions explained 30% to 64% of the criteria’s variance. Models were then cross-validated and found valid for four agility variables. Body composition and anthropometrics are weak to medium predictors, while reactive strength was found to be the most significant predictor of agility performances. Future studies should focus on training-induced changes in different motor qualities and their influence on agility. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 480-499 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868664 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868664 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:480-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirsten Spencer Author-X-Name-First: Kirsten Author-X-Name-Last: Spencer Author-Name: Murray Griffin Author-X-Name-First: Murray Author-X-Name-Last: Griffin Title: Do I Pass to My Friend or The Best Player? The Influence of Psychological Variables on Passing and Performance in Field Hockey Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship of player-passing in field hockey with friendship affiliation, cohesiveness and performance. Indicators measured were; Performance (end of season results), Team A (N = 15) (61%wins) and Team B (N = 12) (27% wins); Cohesiveness was measured using the GEQ (Carron et al, 1985); Playerpassing through notational analysis of match play and friendship affiliation using a socialisation questionnaire. Results suggested that the higher ranked team had greater cohesion and friendship affiliation. The ‘degree to which the team likes the individual’ was shown to have a strong correlation with objective measures of performance. There was a strong relationship between passing and friendship affiliation. Lower ranked team passed most to their ‘perceived best’ player, whereas high ranking team passed to a wider range of players, implying they chose to pass to their ‘best placed’ rather than ‘perceived best’ players. The implications for team sport coaches is to encourage opportunities in training for players to develop positive friendship affiliation to take advantage of its positive influence on player-passing decision-making during match play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 500-509 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868665 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868665 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:500-509 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bradley Morland Author-X-Name-First: Bradley Author-X-Name-Last: Morland Author-Name: Lindsay Bottoms Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay Author-X-Name-Last: Bottoms Author-Name: Jonathan Sinclair Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Sinclair Author-Name: Nicholas Bourne Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Bourne Title: Can Change of Direction Speed and Reactive Agility Differentiate Female Hockey Players? Abstract: This study investigated whether pre-planned change of direction speed (CODS) and reactive agility (RA) of teenage female field hockey players could distinguish playing standard and whether they could be used to predict standard of play. Ten female school/club (SCHOOL) standard players (age 16.9 ± 0.7 yrs) and ten female regional performance centre (REGIONAL) standard players (age 17.0 ± 0.7 yrs) underwent a series of sprints involving change of direction through an electronically timed course under three conditions, 1. pre-planned change of direction (PRE); 2. change of direction initiated by reaction to a light source (LIGHT); 3. change of direction initiated by reaction to a hockey specific stimulus (HOCK). Each participant completed four trials in each condition with the best time used for analysis. REGIONAL players completed the HOCK test more quickly than the SCHOOL players (P=0.05), whereas there were no differences between the groups in the other tests. Logistical regression analysis found that none of the tests could be used as a predictor for standard of play. Although a sports specific agility test was performed quicker by REGIONAL players it was not able to predict standard of play and therefore further development is needed for an efficient sports specific test. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 510-521 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868666 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868666 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:510-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Christopher Gaviglio Author-X-Name-First: M. Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Gaviglio Author-Name: Nicolas James Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: T. Blair Crewther Author-X-Name-First: T. Blair Author-X-Name-Last: Crewther Author-Name: P. Liam Kilduff Author-X-Name-First: P. Liam Author-X-Name-Last: Kilduff Author-Name: J. Christian Cook Author-X-Name-First: J. Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Cook Title: Relationship between match statistics, game outcome and pre-match hormonal state in professional rugby union Abstract: The first aim of this investigation was to determine if performance indicator (PI) scores generated from rugby union game statistics discriminated between outcomes. Thirty one elite professional rugby games were analysed. For each game three cumulative PI scores were generated based upon skill actions (SkillPI), aggressive actions (AggPI) and an additive combination of AggPI and SkillPI (SkAggPI). Only the aggressive based PI score (AggPI) showed significant difference between outcome (p<0.01). The second aim of the study was to determine the PI’s relationship with game-day salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations across a sub-set of 6 games. The testosterone to cortisol (T/C) ratio and the change from pre to post (peri) hormone concentrations were also calculated and used during analysis. AggPI showed a strong correlation with pre testosterone (r=0.86, p<0.05), pre T/C (r=0.86, p<0.05) and peri testosterone (r=-0.87, p<0.05). The finding of this study speculates that in this team pre-match testosterone concentrations may be one factor contributing to a favourable aggressive-based PI score and thus outcome. Therefore, understanding how and when different PI’s contribute to match outcome and its relationship with pre-match hormonal state potentially opens up new strategies for coaching and player management leading up to match play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 522-534 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868667 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868667 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:522-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Rare events in tennis Abstract: In recent years, rare events have happened in professional tennis matches. In 2010, John Isner and Nicolas Mahut played a final set of 138 games, in 2012 Yaroslava Shvedova played a perfect set against Sara Errani winning all 24 points and in 2013, Benjamin Balleret and Guillaume Couillard played a 70 point tie-breaker. The 70 point tie-breaker may not count as an official record because there was no chair umpire. However, 38 point tie-breakers have occurred on 2 occasions in Grand Slam singles tennis at the time of writing. The purpose of the current research was to produce probabilistic models of such events and apply these to the proportion of points won at the different Grand Slam tournaments in 2012 to determine the likelihood of such events in Grand Slam tennis. This analysis suggests that a perfect set can be expected in women’s singles once every 82 years and once every 214 years in men’s singles. A tie-breaker of 40 points or more can be expected in women’s singles once every 361 years and once every 38 years in men’s singles. A final set reaching 68-68 can be expected once every 2,831 years in women’s singles and once every 240 years in men’s singles. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 535-552 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868668 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868668 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:535-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua Coleclough Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Coleclough Title: Soccer coaches’ and referees’ perceptions of tackle incidents with respect to the laws of the game Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the perceptions of coaches and referees about decisions made by the match referees about player to player contact situations during the UEFA Euro 2012 soccer tournament. A video was produced of 106 incidents and analysed with respect to the laws of the game. The match referees made the correct decision for 91 of the 106 incidents and applied the correct sanction for 88 of the incidents. Seven coaches and six referees viewed the video indicating whether or not they agreed with the match referees’ decisions and sanctions, providing supporting comments where they disagreed. The correctness of the coaches and referees decisions was similar to that of the match referees. The supporting comments revealed that the four elements of Mascarenhas et al.’s (2005) ‘Cornerstones Model’ developed for rugby union refereeing were all transferrable to soccer refereeing. The study found that refereeing decisions involve interpretation of the laws of the game. The participants perceived that decisions were influenced by contextual factors, referees needed to balance game management and control with correct application of the laws of the game and that referee movement and positioning was important to good decision making. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 553-566 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868669 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868669 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:553-566 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Villarejo Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Villarejo Author-Name: José Manuel Palao Author-X-Name-First: José Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: Enrique Ortega Toro Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Ortega Author-X-Name-Last: Toro Title: Match profiles for establishing position specific rehabilitation for rugby union players Abstract: The aim of this study was to quantify and describe the frequency and type of actions in terms of playing positions. We collected data from 48 matches at the 2007 Rugby World Cup. We found statistically significant differences between forwards and backs in many of the studied variables. The back row playing position obtained higher average total runs in the following variables: attempted tackles, made tackles, ruck and maul, and run tight. The results can be used as reference values for designing rehabilitation protocols in the stages of recovery for each position, in terms of type of exercise, volume and intensity. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 567-571 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868670 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868670 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:2:p:567-571 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Lupo Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lupo Author-Name: L. Capranica Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Capranica Author-Name: A. Ammendolia Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ammendolia Author-Name: F. Rizzuto Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Rizzuto Author-Name: A. Tessitore Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tessitore Title: Performance analysis in youth waterbasket – a physiological, time motion, and notational analysis of a new aquatic team sport Abstract: This study aimed to show the intensity of efforts, swimming patterns, and technical and tactical aspects of waterbasket. In particular, during a friendly waterbasket match, ten male water polo players (age: 17±1 yrs; height: 179±9 cm; body mass: 74±15 kg) were analyzed in terms of heart rate, blood lactate, grip strength, swimming patterns (horizontal and vertical swimming with and without ball possession), and technical and tactical aspects (actions, passes, players involved, lost possessions, fouls, and occurrence, successful, and origin area of shots). Results showed differences for heart rate intensities (p<0.05), highlighting the 81-90% of maximal heart rate as the most frequent category. After the 2nd (4.2±1.6 mM) and 4th (4.6±2.2 mM) period, the lactate concentrations was higher than before the match (p<0.05). No differences has been reported for grip strength. Vertical swimming was the most frequent activity (74%) and the others did not show patterns longer than 10 s. Waterbasket match has been mainly characterized by Even actions (68%) and shots performed outside the 1.5m area, even though the reverse picture emerged for Primary Counterattack. In conclusion, this study provides a good reference for waterbasket and adjacent sports, even showing a useful model to gather information in linked competitive situations.! Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868578 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868578 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohsen Shafizadeh Author-X-Name-First: Mohsen Author-X-Name-Last: Shafizadeh Author-Name: Shirley Gray Author-X-Name-First: Shirley Author-X-Name-Last: Gray Author-Name: John Sproule Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Sproule Author-Name: Terry McMorris Author-X-Name-First: Terry Author-X-Name-Last: McMorris Title: An exploratory analysis of losing possession in professional soccer Abstract: The aim of the present study was to develop a measure that determines the reasons for losing possession in professional soccer. Fifty five national soccer teams that took part in 2006 and 2010 World Cup games were selected for this study. The Losing Possession Observational Checklist for Soccer was developed and applied to games in these tournaments. The results of interrater and intra-rater reliabilities showed that the new checklist had good stability (K= .75) and objectivity (K= .75). In addition, the results of exploratory factor analyses showed that losing possession in soccer included skill execution and parameterization, skill under stress, and speed and timing problems that accounted for 77% of common variance. In conclusion, current findings demonstrated that losing possession in soccer is multidimensional in nature and consists of motor and cognitive factors on the basis of specialist and statistical confirmation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 14-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868579 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:14-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. Samuel Mandengue Author-X-Name-First: H. Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Mandengue Author-Name: Abdou Temfemo Author-X-Name-First: Abdou Author-X-Name-Last: Temfemo Author-Name: Imed Miladi Author-X-Name-First: Imed Author-X-Name-Last: Miladi Author-Name: J. David Bishop Author-X-Name-First: J. David Author-X-Name-Last: Bishop Author-Name: Wassim Moalla Author-X-Name-First: Wassim Author-X-Name-Last: Moalla Author-Name: Said Ahmaidi . Author-X-Name-First: Said Ahmaidi Author-X-Name-Last: . Title: Analysis of the effects of self-selected warm-up on isometric contraction performance and on surface electromyogram of vastus lateralis Abstract: Background/objective: Self-selected warm-up also called reference warmup (RWU) was reported improving the performance endurance dynamic exercise. This study aimed to assess the effects of RWU on isometric endurance contraction.Methods: Ten university level athletes performed two endurance isometric exercises on a dynamometer, with no warm-up (I-NWU) and with a self-selected warm-up (I-RWU). Skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), blood lactate [La-], root mean square (RMS), mean frequency (MF) and time limit (Tlim) were measured to assess the effects of RWU.Results: Tsk, HR, (VO2) and [La-] were significantly raised (p < 0.01) after RWU compare to resting values, and remained significantly higher (p < 0.01) at the onset of I-RWU compare to I-NWU. Tlim significantly decreased after RWU (01:19 ± 00:25 for I-RWU vs. 01:49 ± 00:27 mm:ss for I-NWU) (p < 0.0005). RMS and MF showed no significant differences between I-NWU and I-RWU (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Self-selected warm-up impairs the performance of consecutive isometric exercise. Athletes appear less able to self-perceive an optimal warm-up for endurance isometric. Metabolic and electromyogram parameters changes did not thoroughly explained the decline of performance; this gives room for a possible anticipation of central fatigue regulation, which need further investigation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 24-36 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868580 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:24-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Lawrence Judge Author-X-Name-First: W. Lawrence Author-X-Name-Last: Judge Author-Name: David Bellar Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bellar Title: Variables Associated with the of Personal Best Performance in the Glide and Spin Shot Put for U.S. Collegiate Throwers Abstract: The preseason one repetition maximums (1RM) for the bench press, back squat and power clean were collected from the coach of each 53 collegiate or elite athletes together with the subsequent personal best effort in the glide or spin shot put during the competitive season. The data was analyzed first via partial correlations (controlled for gender) and secondly through ratio of 1RM strength to distance thrown between the glide and rotational style athletes. Partial correlations controlled for gender revealed that preseason bench press (r=0.767, p<0.001), back squat (r=0.771, p<0.001) and power clean (r=0.868, p<0.001) were all significantly related to best mark achieved with the competition shot put during the competitive season. Independent t-test revealed for the male participants the ratio of bench press strength to personal best in the shot put was significantly (t=2.132, p = 0.044) higher in the glide throwers (11.03kg per metre ± 1.2) versus the rotational shot putters (9.98kg per metre ± 1.2). A similar significant difference (t=3.166, p=0.004) was between the glide (6.62kg per metre ±0.63) and rotational (5.69kg per metre±0.87) among the female participants. Based upon these results higher levels of bench press strength may be required for athletes using the glide technique. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 37-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868581 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:37-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Jason Williams Author-X-Name-First: J. Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Operational definitions in performance Analysis and the need for consensus. Abstract: This study investigated problems associated with operational definitions within the performance analysis of sport. The literature indicated that in addition to being recognised as important in the reliability of data, operational definitions need to be clear and replicable. This was not the case in many papers as it was found that there was a lack of consistency, ambiguity and repetition in the definitions researched. An analysis of the International Journal of the Performance Analysis of Sport highlighted these problems with a lack of definition, with actions in performance analysis being the most inconsistently defined. Problems with definitions in sport were identified in other areas of sport with specific reference to sporting injuries. The study identified how consensus was achieved in defining injuries in sport and it is suggested that the discipline of performance analysis follows the same methodology to create a consensus of operational definitions for sports. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 52-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868582 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:52-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Mallo Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Mallo Title: Effect of block periodization on physical fitness during a competitive soccer season Abstract: This study examined the effect of block periodization on physical fitness in a professional soccer team. Twenty two male players (21.9 ± 2.3 years) were followed in the course of the 2007-2008 season. The season was divided into five training stages which were further subdivided into three consecutive blocks (Accumulation, Transmutation and Realization) where physical workloads focused on a minimal number of capacities. To examine the training volume, time spent developing physical capacities relevant for soccer’s match performance was compared within each block. To study training intensity, heart rate was recorded during all training sessions and compared within blocks. Measures of physical characteristics and physical fitness were assessed in every training stage. Time spent performing high-intensity aerobic training was predominant (P<0.001) in Accumulation in relation to Transmutation and Realization blocks. In addition, time devoted to speed endurance training was higher (P<0.01) in Transmutation than in Accumulation and Realization, whereas time spent developing speed was superior (P<0.05) in Realization in comparison to Accumulation and Transmutation. Vertical jumping height and 10-m sprinting time improved (P<0.01) in the last training stage in relation to the initial values. The players covered a 26-30% greater distance (P<0.001) in the yo-yo intermittent recovery level-1 test at the end than at the beginning of the competitive period. These results suggest that block periodization can be an alternative design for soccer training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 64-74 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868583 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868583 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:64-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hemanta Saikia Author-X-Name-First: Hemanta Author-X-Name-Last: Saikia Author-Name: Dibyojyoti Bhattacharjee Author-X-Name-First: Dibyojyoti Author-X-Name-Last: Bhattacharjee Author-Name: H. Hermanus Lemmer Author-X-Name-First: H. Hermanus Author-X-Name-Last: Lemmer Title: Predicting the Performance of Bowlers in IPL: An Application of Artificial Neural Network Abstract: Application of data mining tools is often used in professional sports for evaluating players/teams’ performance. Cricket is one of those sports where a large amount of numerical information is generated in every game. The game of cricket got a new dimension in April 2008, when Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) initiated the Indian Premier League(IPL). It is a franchise based Twenty20 cricket tournament where teams are formed by competitive bidding from a collection of Indian and International players. Since, valuations of the players are determined through auction, so performance of individual player is always under scanner. The objective of this study is to analyze and predict the performance of bowlers in IPL, using artificial neural network. Based on the performance of bowlers in the first three seasons of IPL, the paper tries to predict the performances of those bowlers who entered in the league in its fourth season as their maiden IPL venture. The performances of these bowlers in IPL-IV are predicted, and the external validity of the model is tested using their actual performance in IPL-IV. This prediction can help the franchises to decide which bowler they should target for their team. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 75-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868584 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:75-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G. Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: G. Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: The effect of rule changes in World Series Netball: a simulation study Abstract: World Series Netball is played under different rules than standard netball. The current investigation used a simulation package to analyse the effect of two of these rule changes in isolation and when applied together. Four versions of the simulator were applied to determine match outcomes under the following conditions:• 60 minute match and alternating centre passes• 24 minute match and alternating centre passes• 60 minute match and centre passes taken by the conceding team• 24 minute match and centre passes taken by the conceding team.The superior team within a match was the team expected to convert more of its possessions into goals. The simulators showed that the superior team won 83.8% of standard netball matches. Reducing the match time to 24 minutes had a greater impact than giving the centre pass to the team that conceded the previous goal (75.5% v 83.3% of matches won by the superior team). When both rule changes were applied, the superior team won 74.6% of matches with a noticeable increase in the number of draws to 6.4% compared to 2.2% in standard netball. This study shows that simulation has a role in the development of rules in sport. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 90-100 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868585 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868585 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:90-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Malte Siegle Author-X-Name-First: Malte Author-X-Name-Last: Siegle Author-Name: Martin Lames Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Lames Title: Influences on frequency and duration of game stoppages during soccer Abstract: The aim of the present study was to analyse game stoppages in male and female league and knock-out matches in order to gain information about possible influences on the frequency and duration of stoppages during football matches. The sample consisted of 48 matches, resulting in 5860 analysed stoppages. For each stoppage, duration, type (e.g. free kick, goal kick, etc.), mode (Knock Out vs. Round Robin), sex, and location were registered. Per match 108.06 ± 13.02, 122.50 ± 13.86, 132.38 ± 10.76, and 139.00 ± 9.94 stoppages were registered on average for male league, male World Cup, female World Cup, and female league matches, respectively. ANOVAs were calculated to analyse possible influences of the different variables. Results showed that the duration of a stoppage is significantly influenced by all four variables (p<.01). Moreover, results showed significant interactions between mode and sex (p<.01) and mode and score (p<.01). Altogether, the present study showed that game stoppages are a main part of football matches. Moreover, coaches as well as referees can use the information gained from this study. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 101-111 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868586 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868586 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:101-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Th. Pilianidis Author-X-Name-First: Th. Author-X-Name-Last: Pilianidis Author-Name: N. Mantzouranis Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Mantzouranis Author-Name: A. Kasabalis Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kasabalis Title: Start reaction time and performance at the sprint events in World Athletic Championships Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the start reaction time and the performance in men sprinters who participated at the World Indoor Athletics Championships. This study’s sample was 161 athletes (n=161) who participated in the final races of 100m (n=52), 200m (n=55) and 110m hurdles (n=54) in Athens 1997, Seville 1999, Edmonton 2001, Paris 2003, Helsinki 2005, Osaka 2007 and Berlin 2009 IAAF World Athletics Championships. The evaluation of start reaction time as well as the sprinters’ performance was based on the official published reports of International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The MANOVA showed that significant differences between athletes’ start reaction time were identified only in 110m hurdles sprint event [F(6.43)=4.70], p<0.001. The post hoc comparisons reported that the start reaction time (125ms) in the 110m hurdles final in Athens 1997 was the best recorded in all sprint final races during the evaluated Championships from 1997 and on. Because the start reaction times in all final sprint races were recorded better in Athens 1997 than after the Paris 2003 Championships leads to the conclusion that the new IAAF false start rule has a negative effect in top-level athletes’ start reaction time. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 112-118 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868587 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:112-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koh Koon Teck Author-X-Name-First: Koh Author-X-Name-Last: Koon Teck Author-Name: C.K.J Wang Author-X-Name-First: C.K.J Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: C.J. Mallett Author-X-Name-First: C.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mallett Title: Discriminating Factors between Successful and Unsuccessful Elite Youth Olympic Female Basketball Teams Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to examine the differences in game-related statistics in discriminating successful from the unsuccessful female basketball teams that took part in the 1st Youth Olympic Games (YOG) FIBA33 games held in Singapore from 15 to 23 August 2010. A total of 70 games played by the 20 participating countries were used for data analysis. The game-related statistics analysed were: free-throws awarded, successful 2- and 3-points field goals, fouls (team and personal), assists, turnovers, steals, blocks and player’s physical height. Results of the present study with reference to the structure coefficients (SC) showed that having taller players (SC=.38) with higher successful field goal percentage (2 points, SC=.45), less turnovers (SC=.51), more team assists (SC=.32), aggressive offensive style that could draw more fouls on opponents (SC=.58) and be awarded more free throws (SC=.40), were the significant key variables that discriminated successful from the unsuccessful teams. Ninety-five percent of the cases were correctly classified using discriminant analysis and in the cross-validation (leave-one-out method) the correct re-classification was 70%. The results can be used to inform coaches in player’s recruitment and development process for FIBA 33 modified basketball game. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 119-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868588 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:119-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S.N. Omkar Author-X-Name-First: S.N. Author-X-Name-Last: Omkar Author-Name: Anil M Vanjare Author-X-Name-First: Anil M Author-X-Name-Last: Vanjare Author-Name: H. Suhith Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Suhith Author-Name: G H Srinivas Kumar Author-X-Name-First: G H Srinivas Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar Title: Motion Analysis for Short and Long Jump Abstract: Motion analysis is very essential in sport activities to enhance the performance of an athlete and to ensure the correctness of regimes. Expensive methods of motion analysis involving the use of sophisticated technology has led to limited application of motion analysis in sports. Towards this, in this paper we have integrated a lowcost method for motion analysis using three axis accelerometer, three axis magnetometer and microcontroller which are very accurate and easy to use. Seventeen male subjects performed two experiments, standing short jumps and long jumps over a wide range of take-off angles. During take-off and landing the acceleration and angles at different joints of the body are recorded using accelerometers and magnetometers, and the data is captured using Lab VIEW software. Optimum take-off angle in these jumps are calculated using the recorded data, to identify the optimum projection angle that maximizes the distance achieved in a jump. The results obtained for optimum take off angle in short jump and long jump is in agreement with those obtained using other methodologies and theoretical calculations assuming jump to be a projectile motion. The impact force (acceleration) is also analysed and is found to progressively decrease from foot to neck. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 132-143 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868589 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868589 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:132-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Katerina Papadimitriou Author-X-Name-First: Katerina Author-X-Name-Last: Papadimitriou Author-Name: Vasilios Gourgoulis Author-X-Name-First: Vasilios Author-X-Name-Last: Gourgoulis Author-Name: Ksenofon Haralambis Author-X-Name-First: Ksenofon Author-X-Name-Last: Haralambis Title: Statistical methods in performance analysis: an example from international soccer Abstract: There are previous studies in performance analysis that have concluded significant effects by using a large number of events from a small number of matches. The statistical tests applied in such studies are inappropriate for non-independent data and significant results might not be achieved if performance indicators from whole performances were used. This paper illustrates the extent of the problem using an example where significant results are achieved using individual events from a sample of 9 matches. When the unit of analysis was a match rather than an event, no significant effects were found. Therefore, generalisations cannot be made from small numbers of matches where significance has been concluded based on inappropriate use of statistical procedures. It is recommended that performance analysis investigations use whole performances as units of analysis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 144-155 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868590 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868590 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:144-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Break points in Grand Slam men’s singles tennis Abstract: The current investigation was composed of two related studies. The aim of the first study was to compare the proportion of break points and non-break points won by players receiving serve in matches of the 2011 US Open men’s singles tournament. Match statistics were recorded from the official tournament website for the 92 matches where both players had at least 5 break points. Wilcoxon signed ranks tests revealed that winning players won a significantly greater proportion of break points than non-break points (p = 0.004) while losing players won a similar proportion of break points to non-break points (p = 0.994).The aim of the second study was to compare the proportion of break points and non-break points won by the World’s top 4 tennis players. There were 27 to 39 singles matches for each of these players within Grand Slam tournaments between 2008 and 2011 where the players and their opponents had at least 5 break points each. A series of 95% confidence intervals of the mean revealed different scoreline effects for these players. The findings of these two studies challenge the assumption of stationarity used in models of winning games of tennis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 156-165 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868591 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:156-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Manuel J. A. Eugster Author-X-Name-First: Manuel J. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Eugster Title: Performance Profiles based on Archetypal Athletes Abstract: Performance indicators and, on their basis, performance profiles are one of the foundations of performance analysis in sports. Obviously, the crux is to develop performance profiles which allow to evaluate the subjects of interest accurately. The present paper contributes a further approach to the existing toolbox of profiling methods. Performance profiles based on archetypal athletes are not based on typical, i.e., mean, performances but on extreme performances—usually the most interesting aspect in sports. Archetypal athletes (outstanding—positive and/or negative—performers) are computed and performers are related to these archetypal athletes. As the archetypal athletes are interpretable, an easy interpretation of the performers’ profiles follows. The method is demonstrated on basketball statistics and soccer skill ratings. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 166-187 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:166-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Moore Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: J. David Turner Author-X-Name-First: J. David Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: A. James Johnstone Author-X-Name-First: A. James Author-X-Name-Last: Johnstone Title: A preliminary analysis of team performance in English first-class Twenty-Twenty (T20) cricket Abstract: T20 cricket is becoming the most popular and financially valuable form of the game, yet information related to the performances of winning teams is limited. This preliminary study investigated batting and bowling performance indicators, and additionally employed pitch level analysis to identify micro level variables related to successful outcomes in matches. Several large to moderate effect sizes were noted, including taking wickets (ES=1.64), wickets in last 6 overs (ES=1.44), percentage of runs from boundaries (ES=1.26), lower percentage of runs from boundaries in first 6 overs (ES=0.96,) and run rate (ES=0.90). Pitch map analysis identified bowlers from winning teams seem to take more wickets through LBW decisions, which could be related to a different grouping of deliveries in comparison to non-winning teams. Success in T20 cricket is linked to some obvious performance indicators; taking wickets, especially in the last 6 overs, and scoring runs quickly, principally through boundaries with specific attention to hitting 4's. There appear to be different batting and bowling tactics or skill levels within performers from winning teams, which may increase the likelihood of capturing wickets or scoring boundaries. Mapping of performance indicators across different T20 playing conditions may assist with team preparation and tactical decisions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 188-207 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:188-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. David Evans Author-X-Name-First: J. David Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Author-Name: Peter Whipp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Whipp Author-Name: S. Brendan Lay Author-X-Name-First: S. Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Lay Title: 'Knowledge Representation and Pattern Recognition Skills of Elite Adult and Youth Soccer Players' Abstract: This study investigated knowledge representation and pattern of play recognition skills of elite adult and youth soccer players, while participating in conditioned phases of play. Players (n = 16) participated in their own expertise group and verbal reports were transcribed and coded into concepts (Goals, Conditions, Actions) based on a modified model of protocol structure used for tennis by (McPherson & Kernodle 2007). A Mann Whitney test was used to analyse the mean scores of the participants for knowledge representation and a Chi Square test was performed using percentage scores to identify differences in the players’ ability to recognise patterns of play. The study showed that adult experts (n = 8) were able to generate more content and details, when verbalising their cognitive thought processes in game situations than youth (n = 8) elite players. The findings support previous research in that more experienced adult players are able to consistently call upon more developed long term memory whilst processing information with the existence of action plans and current event profiles. Differences were recorded in the percentage scores for players’ ability to recognise patterns of play, which provide evidence that elite youth players’ game-reading skills (pattern recognition) are as well developed as elite adults. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 208-221 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868594 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:208-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arnaud Dupuy Author-X-Name-First: Arnaud Author-X-Name-Last: Dupuy Title: An Economic Model of the Evolution of the Gender Performance Ratio in Individual Sports Abstract: This paper shows that the Gender World Record Ratio (GWRR) in four disciplines, i.e. marathon, triple jump, pole vault and 800 meters, follows a S-shape over time. It is argued that this pattern is the result of the late authorization of women to participate in these disciplines at major events. A simple economic model is built to understand this mechanism. The model is shown to predict a S-shaped GWRR in disciplines with late autorization for women to participate. Comparing the evolution of the GWRR in triple jump to that in long jump enables us to downplay the relative importance of technological developments in the narrowing of the gender gap in performance. Since participation at major events is no longer gender-biased, we may conclude that the GWRR is likely to remain stable in the future. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 222-245 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:1:p:222-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rui Marcelino Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Marcelino Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: José Afonso Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso Title: The weight of terminal actions in Volleyball. Contributions of the spike, serve and block for the teams’ rankings in the World League 2005 Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to study performance levels in scoring skills in the Volleyball World League 2005, and to relate the results to the teams’ final ranking in the tournament. The sample consisted in 33745 actions, distributed by serve (n=12434), block (n=7200), and spike (n=14111), having been recorded during 72 World League 2005 matches. Both absolute (number of successful and unsuccessful executions) and relative (coefficient of performance, percentage of successful executions and percentage of unsuccessful executions) variables have been considered for the three dimensions (spike, serve, and block). Team ranking has been calculated for each variable. Also, each team’s final ranking in the tournament has been considered. The results permit us to conclude that the spike is the best indicator of success in high level volleyball, but only when considering relative measures. Simultaneously, the number of block points per game proved to be a good indicator of success in volleyball. Finally, the number of serve errors and the percentage of serve points are associated with the team’s tournament ranking. That is, the best teams fail a higher number of serves, but also win more points with this action. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-7 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomislav Đurković Author-X-Name-First: Tomislav Author-X-Name-Last: Đurković Author-Name: Nenad Marelić Author-X-Name-First: Nenad Author-X-Name-Last: Marelić Author-Name: Tomica Rešetar Author-X-Name-First: Tomica Author-X-Name-Last: Rešetar Title: Influence of the position of players in rotation on differences between winning and loosing teams in volleyball Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore possible statistically significant differences between winning and loosing teams, on the basis of 6 situational parameters (serve, serve reception, block, defense, attack and counterattack) in two summary rotations (rotation “4-3-2” – when setter is in front line, and rotation “1-6-5”, when setter is in back line). We used a sample of 19 games played in the European youth volleyball championship in Zagreb 2003. Discriminative analysis (standard method) was employed to confirm or deny possible significance. Analysis showed significant differences between two groups (p<0.01) in both “summary rotations”. Winning teams performed all game phases better. Two variables with highest projection on discriminative functions in both summary rotations are ATTACK and SERVE. Possible influence of the quality of the performance of precedent game phase on the next game phase on the projection on discriminant functions can be occurred. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 8-15 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868431 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868431 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:8-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Gabriel Fábrica Author-X-Name-First: C. Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Fábrica Author-Name: R. Alonso Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Alonso Author-Name: A. Rey Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rey Author-Name: P. Polero Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Polero Author-Name: G. Berreta Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Berreta Title: Explosive force in football association: effects of competition and field location Abstract: Explosive force was assessed through squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), and elastic index (IE) in 21 South American football players at the beginning and the end of a six-month competitive period. Jumps were accomplished on a force platform and the data obtained were grouped according to: time, beginning and end of competitive period, and field location of the players (defenders, midfielders and attackers). T-test and Kruskal-Wallis analysis for the differences between positions were used to analyse its influence, as well as that of the competition, on the variables considered. The association between the CMJ and SJ was analysed by Pearson product- moment. The values found for SJ, CMJ and IE were below international standards. The IE showed that explosive force is significantly affected by the competitive period for those field positions implying high intensity activities during the match. The correlations suggest that differences exist on the factors that determine the significant changes for midfielders and forwards. It is concluded that the application of exercises that imply an action of the type stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) during the highly intensive competitive period could contribute to optimize the performance of the players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 16-25 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:16-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Manuel Palao Andrés Author-X-Name-First: José Manuel Palao Author-X-Name-Last: Andrés Title: Options for analysis of the volleyball score sheet Abstract: The score sheet is the document that reflects what occurs during the sports match and is filled out by the scorekeeper during the match. The analysis of the information included in the score sheet can tell you how many points you have won and lost in the different rotations of the games and matches. The purpose of the present article is to review the studies and papers related to score sheet analysis and to try to present all options for its analysis. This paper presents the necessary steps to extract the information from the score sheet (FIVB and NCAA) and the calculations for analysis of the data obtained from the score sheet. The information obtained by score sheet analysis will let coaches establish the criteria and goals of his/her team in practice and in competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 26-43 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:26-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Simon Eaves Author-X-Name-First: J. Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Eaves Author-Name: L. Kevin Lamb Author-X-Name-First: L. Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Author-Name: D. Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: D. Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: The impact of rule and playing season changes on time variables in professional in rugby league in the United Kingdom Abstract: In Rugby League football several rule changes have been implemented over the past two decades, yet the impact of these rule changes on the playing patterns of the game have yet to be objectively assessed. The aim of this study was to establish whether these rule changes significantly influenced selected time variables in professional rugby league football in the United Kingdom (UK). A specifically designed hand notation system was used to assess the time variables in 48 full game performances over four time Periods (1988-92; 1993-95; 1997-98; 2000-02). Data were analysed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey HSD as the post-hoc test. Significant Period main effects were identified for mean ruck time (F3, 22 = 19.62, P < 0.0005) total ruck time (F3, 22 = 7.60, P < 0.002) and continuous possession time (F3, 22 = 7.39, P < 0.002). It was concluded that the introduction of the 10-m offside rule (1993) appears to have resulted in a significant change at the ruck; increasing the speed of the ‘play the ball and the rule changes associated with the introduction of the summer playing season (1996) resulted in a further increase in ruck speed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 44-54 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868434 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:44-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Łkasz Szczepański Author-X-Name-First: Łkasz Author-X-Name-Last: Szczepański Title: Measuring the effectiveness of strategies and quantifying players’ performance in football Abstract: Earlier work in the area of measuring the effectiveness of playing strategies at football is extended in this paper. A procedure to estimate the probability of scoring and conceding a goal as a result of an open play or a set play action taken in a given area of the field by a player who is or is not under pressure from the opposition is proposed. The method is applied to a set of real data gathered using a specially devised hand notation system. Example application to choosing rational and optimal decisions in a given situation is provided, as well as to identification of strengths and weaknesses of a particular team. Net impact of each action on the probability of scoring a goal for each team is used to quantify players’ impact on the result of the game. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 55-66 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868435 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:55-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Delalija Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Delalija Author-Name: Vesna Babić Author-X-Name-First: Vesna Author-X-Name-Last: Babić Title: Reaction time and sprint results in athletics Abstract: The aim of each sprint race is to cover the competition sprint distance in the shortest possible time. Each sprint race commences at the moment of start signal announcement, which means, with the speed of a push off from the start blocks. The focus of this research was on reaction time, which is the first factor in time sequence of the sprint race. The sample of subjects included 250 female athletes and 360 male athletes who performed in athletic sprint events at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. The purpose of the research was to determine the existence of reaction time influence on the sprint result. The results showed that by the increase of sprint event distance, the average reaction time value became significantly increased too. Statistically significant correlation between the reaction time and the sprint result for female athletes was found for the sprint event 100 m hurdles. For male athletes, statistically significant correlation between the reaction time and the sprint result was established for sprint events 100 m flat and 110 m hurdles. Up until nowadays, the research studies were not able to establish any statistically significant correlation between reaction time and the sprint result in the sprint events. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 67-75 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868436 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:67-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Rachel Wright Author-X-Name-First: L. Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: M. Derek Peters Author-X-Name-First: M. Derek Author-X-Name-Last: Peters Title: A heart rate analysis of the cardiovascular demands of elite level competitive polo Abstract: Polo has an established tradition and is played in over 80 countries. No previous research has attempted to determine the physiological demands placed upon the players however. There is therefore limited evidence from which to develop strength & conditioning programmes. The aim of this study was to quantify the cardiovascular demand placed upon players during elite polo competition. Heart rate was recorded in seven professional male polo players (age 28.71±4.31 years; mass 72.13±5.46 kg; handicap 6.14±0.38 goals) during two high-goal polo matches, and was classified into heart rate zones based on ASCM guidelines. The mean heart rate for the match was 150 ± 20 beat.min−1, with the 3rd chukka producing the highest mean heart rate of the 5 played (154 ± 23 beat.min−1). The largest proportion of playing time was spent in the hard heart rate zone. The results suggest that polo evokes a high cardiovascular load and training should therefore include aerobic fitness training in addition to technical skill development. Further research is needed to advance knowledge of the physiological and biomechanical demands of this sport and employment of suitable methods of notational analysis is required to extend appreciation of the technical and tactical nature of the sport. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 76-81 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868437 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868437 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:76-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Harris Sujae Author-X-Name-First: Ian Harris Author-X-Name-Last: Sujae Author-Name: Kim Chung Gon Author-X-Name-First: Kim Chung Author-X-Name-Last: Gon Author-Name: Michael Koh Teik Hin Author-X-Name-First: Michael Koh Teik Author-X-Name-Last: Hin Title: Technology enhanced teaching and coaching of complex sport skills – An example of the acro-volley (sepaktakraw) power smash (kuda) and normal relay (sila) serve techniques Abstract: This paper aims to demonstrate the use of a technology enhanced coaching framework to facilitate correct evaluation and interventions of two complex serve skills – the power smash (kuda) and normal relay (sila) serve in the game of acro-volley (sepaktakraw). The movement of each serve was captured using high-speed optical camera systems. Via technology, complex movements of sport skills are easily profiled and quantified in phases. Differences between techniques infer that the teaching and coaching of complex serve skills are technique specific. Key elements obtained via highspeed optical camera system provide a systematic understanding of movement proper. This serves to facilitate and enhances skill acquisition of each serve. The use of technology eliminates any trial-and-error and/or guesswork which are based on personal preferences and/or past playing experiences of athletes–turned–coach. The coaching framework via technology synergizes coaches and sports biomechanists role for enhanced coaching methodologies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 82-93 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:82-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Pérez A. Turpin Author-X-Name-First: José Pérez A. Author-X-Name-Last: Turpin Author-Name: J. M. Cortell Author-X-Name-First: J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Cortell Author-Name: J. J. Chinchilla Author-X-Name-First: J. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Chinchilla Author-Name: R. Cejuela Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Cejuela Author-Name: C. Suarez Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Suarez Title: Analysis of jump patterns in competition for elite male Beach Volleyball players Abstract: The study was designed to develop a method for analysing jump patterns to quantify jump types and their relationship to real competition, during the European Beach Volleyball Championships (Valencia 2005). Method: A quantitative analysis was carried out of 10 players taking part in the European Beach Volleyball Championship held in Valencia (Spain) 2005. Video recordings were made of the 876 jump in four matches played. The finished recordings were analysed using SPSS 13.0. Results: The first significant result of the comparison showed that the mean number of jumps (Mean±SD) was 219.0±7.4 per match, 100.5±19.6 per set and 5.8±0.2 per point. A second group of results showed the percentage spread of the players in different playing actions, with 44% for smash jumps (SSJ), 17% for service jumps (SJ), and 39% for block jumps (BJ). Later analysis related real playing time with the quantification of the number of jumps per match, set and point. In conclusion, an understanding of the number of jumps is necessary for us to establish specific time-related training patterns for beach volleyball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 94-101 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868439 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868439 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:94-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sian Barris Author-X-Name-First: Sian Author-X-Name-Last: Barris Title: Automatic Tracking and the Analysis of Human Movement Abstract: Tracking player performance in team sports is difficult as games involve quick, agile movements, with many unpredictable changes in direction and frequent collisions between players. Previous approaches have partially solved the motion analysis problem by manually tracking player movements, using observational sheets or computerised digitising pads and rods. However, manual tracking can be a subjective and laborious process which has arguably discouraged researchers from conducting more detailed analyses of multiple player interactions within games. The aim of this investigation is to establish whether an automated, colour- recognition, motion detection system (A-Eye) is suitable as a tool for the analysis of multiple players in a sporting environment. Reliability tests show strong intra-operator reliability scores (2% TEM) and correlations. Validity tests comparing manual and automatic tracking methods at court boundaries during short game sequences demonstrate moderate to strong correlations between the methods in most areas of the court. A comparison of time spent in each zone of the court also largely shows similarities between analysis methods (0.09%-2.53%). This automated player tracking system provides a detailed multi-disciplinary analysis and has practical benefits for coaches, practitioners and researchers by enhancing understandings of sports performance and team work. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 102-113 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868440 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:102-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Michele van Rooyen Author-X-Name-First: K. Michele Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooyen Author-Name: Carl Lombard Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Lombard Author-Name: D. Timothy Noakes Author-X-Name-First: D. Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Noakes Title: Playing Demands of Sevens Rugby during the 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens Tournament Abstract: Sevens rugby is an expanding sport with over 30 nations participating in the IRB Sevens Series and the 2005 Sevens World Cup. This study aims i) to provide an outline of the playing demands of Sevens rugby and ii) to determine whether there are any tactical differences in the teams that reached the semi-finals vs. the quarterfinalists. Recordings of the matches (n = 47) played during the 2005 World Cup were analysed. Mean playing play time was 7min 18s ± 27s. Mean time accumulated during point scoring movements per match was 97.8 ± 26.1s group, 75.8 ± 10.9s quarterfinalists and 119.8 ± 13.0s semi-finalists; this difference was significant (P=0.05). In summary the ball was in play for 52% of match time and each team had possession for 28% of match time. There was a significant increase in the amount of time required for point scoring movements (20.8 ± 2.3s) compared to turnover movements (12.8 ± 2.3s). For a team to reach the semi-finals or finals of the 2005 Sevens Rugby World Cup Tournament, they had to be able to maintain possession for periods of between 30 and 60 seconds and convert over 30% of those possessions into point scoring movements. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 114-123 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868441 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:2:p:114-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patsiaouras Asterios Author-X-Name-First: Patsiaouras Author-X-Name-Last: Asterios Author-Name: Charitonidis Kostantinos Author-X-Name-First: Charitonidis Author-X-Name-Last: Kostantinos Author-Name: Moustakidis Athanasios Author-X-Name-First: Moustakidis Author-X-Name-Last: Athanasios Author-Name: Kokaridas Dimitrios Author-X-Name-First: Kokaridas Author-X-Name-Last: Dimitrios Title: Comparison of technical skills effectiveness of men’s National Volleyball teams Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the technical elements that could lead to a prediction to winning or losing a match by taking into account the differences of the technical elements recorded among the teams that participated in the Japan word volleyball championship (Pool B). The sample consisted of 6 national men’s teams who competed in the frames of world championship during the 2006 period. The recording was made by using the official statistical logistic package of the European Confederation (CEV). Additional statistical analysis of the results took place by using the SPSS 11 statistical package. Discriminant analysis was conducted to select which subset of the measured variables significantly contributed to the prediction of winning or losing a match. Results showed that “attack error”, “jump services point”, “quick ball error“, and “jump serves”, led to the prediction of the match outcome (winning or losing a match) whereas “attack after reception” and “quick ball attack” emerged as the decisive factors for team qualification. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-7 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Tenga Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tenga Author-Name: D. Kanstad Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Kanstad Author-Name: L. T. Ronglan Author-X-Name-First: L. T. Author-X-Name-Last: Ronglan Author-Name: R. Bahr Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Bahr Title: Developing a New Method for Team Match Performance Analysis in Professional Soccer and Testing its Reliability Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a new method for analysis of team match performance in soccer and test its reliability from videotapes. Team match performance analysis, which includes qualitative evaluation of different dimensions of match performance involved in the opponent interaction, was developed by using 22 multidimensional categorical variables. This is thought to provide a more valid assessment of team match performance, since it is considered to be a product of the confrontation between two teams. To test inter- and intra-observer reliability, a random sample of 200 team possessions from videos of 163 out of 182 (90%) matches played in the Norwegian professional league in 2004 was analysed. Kappa coefficients (κ) values of 0.81-1.0 were considered very good, 0.61-0.80 good, 0.41-0.60 moderate, 0.21-0.40 fair, and <0.21 poor. Kappa values were considerably better for the intra-observer test (16 (73%) very good, (23%) good and 1 (4%) moderate) than the inter-observer test (7 (32%) very good, 5 (23%) good, 7 (32%) moderate, 2 (9%) fair and 1 (4%) poor of 22 variables). A new method, representing a potentially valuable tool for more valid assessment of team match performance, has been developed as a reliable method for most variables used. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 8-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868461 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868461 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:8-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Interacting Performances Theory Abstract: Performance profiles can be produced for teams and individual athletes in sport. However, a team or individual sportsperson never plays against themselves. Indeed, the way they play is often influenced by the quality and type of opposition. This paper describes the initial research on Interacting Performances Theory. A series of 6 studies provide evidence supporting the four key parts of the theory: (1) The performance is influenced by the particular opponent, (2) The outcome of a performance is influenced by the quality and the type of opponent, (3) The process of a performance is influenced by the quality and the type of opponent and (4) Different players are influenced by the same opponent types in different ways. Although the theory sees the interaction of two competing performers as essential to understanding the nature of their performances, it also recognises the importance of performance profiles. Indeed, it is proposed that performance profiles are enhanced to include details of how teams and individuals perform against different types of opposition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 26-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868462 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:26-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sykes Dave Author-X-Name-First: Sykes Author-X-Name-Last: Dave Author-Name: Twist Craig Author-X-Name-First: Twist Author-X-Name-Last: Craig Author-Name: Hall Shayne Author-X-Name-First: Hall Author-X-Name-Last: Shayne Author-Name: Nicholas Ceri Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Ceri Author-Name: Lamb Kevin Author-X-Name-First: Lamb Author-X-Name-Last: Kevin Title: Semi-automated time-motion analysis of senior elite rugby league Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the movement demands of senior elite rugby league with consideration of the impact of player position and match phase. A semi-automated match analysis image recognition system (ProZone 3, ProZone®, Leeds, England) was used to track 78 players during three senior elite matches. Players were categorised as outside backs (n = 30), pivots (n = 18), props (n = 12) or back row (n = 18). Total Distance (TD) covered, work-to-rest ratio (WRR) and % total time (%TT) spent in each of seven selected locomotive categories were determined for defending, attacking, ball in play and ball out of play phases. Analysis revealed that during the 86.8 min of match time, the mean TD covered was 8,503 ± 631 m, with pivots (8,800 ± 581 m) and outside backs (8,142 ± 630 m) covering the most and least distances, respectively. For pivots, props and back row players, defending resulted in a significantly lower WRR than when attacking (P < 0.05). Outside backs had significantly higher WRRs for ball in play and defending than all other positional groups (P < 0.05). The time-motion data presented in this study provides position-specific benchmarks for assessing match performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 47-59 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:47-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabor Csataljay Author-X-Name-First: Gabor Author-X-Name-Last: Csataljay Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Henriette Dancs Author-X-Name-First: Henriette Author-X-Name-Last: Dancs Title: Performance indicators that distinguish winning and losing teams in basketball Abstract: To prepare a team for basketball games, to build up the best tactics, to make good decisions during a game, coaches need to know which elements of matches are the most crucial ones. Especially at close games where there is small difference between the performances of two teams. The main purpose of this study was to identify those critical performance indicators that most distinguish between winning and losing performances within matches. The statistical analysis of basketball games can lead to the identification of many significant performance indicators, not all of which can be analysed in real time. Therefore, a smaller subset of critical performance indicators can be identified by analysing close matches only. Data from 54 matches were gathered from the official score sheets of the European Basketball Championship 2007. Cluster analysis was used to classify the matches into three types such as tight games, balanced games and unbalanced games. There were 28 of these matches that were close matches where the differences between the two teams were 9 points or less. Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were used to compare 18 performance indicators between the winning and losing teams within each type of match. There were 13 significant performance indicators for the full set of matches. This was reduced to 6 critical performance indicators when only the close matches were considered. The analysis of tight matches explored that the winning teams had significantly less 3 point attempts (p<0.05) with higher shooting percentage (p<0.01). The number of successful free throws (p<0.01), the free throw percentage (p<0.001) and the number of defensive rebounds (p<0.01) also contributed to achieve a higher number of scored points and consequently determined success. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 60-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:60-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nick Draper Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Draper Author-Name: Simon Brent Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Brent Author-Name: Chris Hodgson Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Hodgson Author-Name: Gavin Blackwell Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Blackwell Title: Flexibility assessment and the role of flexibility as a determinant of performance in rock climbing Abstract: Many climbers believe flexibility to be a key performance component, but this remains unsubstantiated under experimental conditions. The need for sport-specific measures of flexibility has been highlighted. The purpose of our research was to assess the validity and reliability of four novel tests of climbing flexibility. The four tests, completed on a purposebuilt climbaflex board, were the adapted Grant foot raise, climbing-specific foot raise, lateral foot reach and the foot-loading flexibility test. In addition, for comparative purposes, the participants completed two existing measures, the sit-and-reach test and Grant foot raise. With the exception of the climbing-specific foot raise all measures had good reliability (ICC = 0.90 – 0.97). The existing flexibility measures had a poor correlation with climbing ability. The lateral foot reach and the adapted Grant foot raise were correlated with climbing ability (r = 0.30; r = 0.34) and used together represent good field measures of flexibility. The foot-loading flexibility test was had the strongest correlation with climbing ability (r = 0.65) and could differentiate between climbing abilities (F3,42 = 8.38, p < 0.001) in a laboratory setting. Our findings indicate that flexibility is a key performance component for the sport when a climbing-specific test is used. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 67-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868465 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868465 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:67-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yannis Laios Author-X-Name-First: Yannis Author-X-Name-Last: Laios Author-Name: Panayiotis Kountouris Author-X-Name-First: Panayiotis Author-X-Name-Last: Kountouris Title: The Effectiveness of External Cues on Learning Setting in Volleyball Abstract: The present study investigated the hypotheses that beginners in volleyball can attain and retain higher levels of precision in setting if their training includes external cues, especially variable verbal cues. To this purpose 72 subjects were divided into the control, visual, auditory, and variable auditory groups, based on the results of the initial measurement and were trained accordingly for 12 one-hour sessions. The subjects were tested at the end of training and five days after that for the evaluation of the retention of learning. Each measurement included two batteries of eight settings at random targets, issued with visual and auditory cues. The parameter analyzed was the success ratio. The results indicated that performance improvement and retention of learning of the setting skill for beginners in volleyball is significantly enhanced if their training includes external cues. Practicing with variable auditory cues demonstrated the best results, thus providing validation for the variability-of-practice hypothesis. Practicing with visual cues seems to give better results in the case of setting at the target with which the subject has no visual contact. Apart from providing positive evidence for a number of crucial hypotheses in motor learning, the present results may also prove useful to volleyball coaches and players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 90-99 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868466 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:90-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Knechtle Beat Author-X-Name-First: Knechtle Author-X-Name-Last: Beat Author-Name: Wirth Andrea Author-X-Name-First: Wirth Author-X-Name-Last: Andrea Author-Name: Knechtle Patrizia Author-X-Name-First: Knechtle Author-X-Name-Last: Patrizia Author-Name: Kohler Götz Author-X-Name-First: Kohler Author-X-Name-Last: Götz Title: Effect of a 600 km ultra-cycling race on anthropometry in an elite female endurance cyclist Abstract: Prolonged physical endurance performances can show different effects on the organism in different genders. Systematic differences between men and women are still largely unknown. In this case study we describe the effects of a 600 km ultra-cycling race on the body composition in a female World class ultra-endurance cyclist. The athlete showed a decrease in fat mass and an increase in total body water and plasma volume. The increase in plasma volume presumably led to a haemodilution, which consequently resulted in an oedema and in an increase in total body water. Possible reasons are hypoproteinaemic oedema or an endocrine-induced renal retention of water in order to maintain metabolism processes for energy supply and blood flow during ultra-endurance performance. In the urinary proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, however, we found no increase in ketone bodies. These findings in a single female cyclist should be further investigated in larger samples of male and female cyclists. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 100-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868467 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:100-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Emily Brown Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Sequences of service points and the misperception of momentum in elite tennis Abstract: Previous performance analysis research has concluded that momentum exists in squash performance. However, these studies did not use the statistical procedures used in research into “streakiness” in sports performance. The purpose of the current investigation was to analyse sequences of service points in 13 elite men’s singles tennis. Neither the chi square tests nor the Wald Wolfowitz run tests found any more sequences of points of the same outcome than would be expected by chance (p > 0.05). This suggests that there is no momentum in point sequences in elite men’s singles tennis and that the widely held view of players, coaches, commentators and spectators that there is momentum in tennis performance is a misperception. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 113-127 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:113-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim McGarry Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: McGarry Title: Applied and theoretical perspectives of performance analysis in sport: Scientific issues and challenges Abstract: The scientific analysis of sport performance aims at advancing understanding of game behaviour with a view to improving future outcomes. In this article we outline some scientific issues for performance analysis and point towards some possible directions for increased attention in future research. Thus, six inter-linking issues for game analysis are presented for consideration and summarized as follows: First, increased attention should be paid to further developing an understanding of the associations between sports behaviours and sports outcomes; Second, the sports actions observed may not be of equal merit and, instead, some behaviours may be more significant than other behaviours; Third, the interactions between opposing players and/or teams is key for interpreting game behaviour; Fourth, the context in which the sports behaviours are produced offer important information for game analysis; Fifth, the behaviours of players both with and without possession of the sports article must be considered for a complete assessment of game performance, and; Sixth, the player-player dyads constitute a basic unit of analysis for investigating the space-time dynamics of game behaviour. The invitation made here is for a systematic undertaking of each of these inter-linking challenges in future research investigations of sport performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 128-140 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868469 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:128-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bergeles Nikos Author-X-Name-First: Bergeles Author-X-Name-Last: Nikos Author-Name: Barzouka Karolina Author-X-Name-First: Barzouka Author-X-Name-Last: Karolina Author-Name: Nikolaidou Maria Elissavet Author-X-Name-First: Nikolaidou Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Elissavet Title: Performance of male and female setters and attackers on Olympic-level volleyball teams Abstract: The purpose of this study was the examination and comparison of performance in attack in relationship with performance in set between Olympic-level volleyball male (M) and female (F) players. A 3-member group of expert coaches assessed the players’ actions in set and attack in 16 volleyball games (M=8, F=8) of teams competing in the final phase of the 2004 Olympic Games. Assessment was based on a 5-point rating scale (Eom and Schutz, 1992) and included actions that composed a set of 2 contacts in Complex I (M=1007, F=1248). A cross tabulation statistical procedure with level 4 x 5 calculated performance percentages and frequencies; X2 criterion was used to examine possible differences in the distribution of performance assessment in attack for every performance assessment in set and Z criterion was used to compare percentages of performance assessment between genders. Results showed that the higher the performance of setters, the higher the performance of attackers in both genders. Significantly (P<0.05) lower percentages of male compared to female attackers’ average and very good performance were found after receiving good and excellent quality sets, whereas significantly (P<0.05) higher percentages of good performance were shown in favor of male attackers after receiving excellent quality sets. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 141-148 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868470 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:1:p:141-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Ian Franks Author-X-Name-First: M. Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Franks Author-Name: Nicola Hodges Author-X-Name-First: Nicola Author-X-Name-Last: Hodges Author-Name: Kenneth More Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: More Title: Analysis of coaching behaviour Abstract: Effective instruction is crucial to the pursuit of optimal sporting performance. The more effective the instruction, the more fully the instructor’s role will benefit athlete performance. Such instruction requires the application of skills that range from the planning, organization and presentation of learning experiences, to the provision of appropriate feedback information. Previous research (More and Franks, 1996, Journal of Sport Science, 14, 523–543) attempted to analyze the verbal coaching behaviours of coaches during a coaching practice. However, analyzing coaching behaviour with the intent of improving their instructional effectiveness assumes the existence of a “best practice” template for coaches. This paper will review recent empirical literature pertaining to this template of effective instruction and question existing concepts of “best practice” behaviours for coaches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 27-36 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2001.11868246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2001.11868246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:1:y:2001:i:1:p:27-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.F. Gréhaigne Author-X-Name-First: J.F. Author-X-Name-Last: Gréhaigne Author-Name: B. Mahut Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahut Author-Name: A. Fernandez Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez Title: Qualitative observation tools to analyse soccer Abstract: Over the last 10 years, there has been a growing interest in matchanalysis of soccer. Usually, notational analysis uses numerical data to study and assess the quality of a match. But as far as the analysis of the tactical aspects of the game is concerned, there is a dearth of published research with regards to their theoretical bases. The purpose of this presentation is to contribute to the construction of a knowledge base about soccer using some qualitative observational tools. In a soccer match, structures and configurations of play should be considered as a whole rather than examined a piece at a time. Systems with many dynamically interacting elements can produce of rich and varied patterns of behaviours which are clearly different from the behaviour of each component considered separately. To that effect, effective space game, action zone, and configurations of play will be examined to show that this type of analysis is complementary more than opposed to the numerical data analysis systems.We shall also pay special attention to the study data bases about the evolution between two or more configurations of play. To deal with such data, we used a methodology that makes possible the qualitative study of configurations of play.Observation tools for the analysis of team sports, such as the one discussed in this presentation seem to offer a viable and pertinent basis for explaining the evolution of the rapport of strength during a match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 52-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2001.11868248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2001.11868248 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:1:y:2001:i:1:p:52-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arnold Baca Author-X-Name-First: Arnold Author-X-Name-Last: Baca Title: Computer science and biomechanics in sports - interdisciplinary aspects in research and education. Abstract: First applications of computers in sport science were reported in the middle of the sixties. In particular, computative numerical evaluations of biomechanical investigations and statistical analyses were performed with the mainframe computers available at that time. The facilities provided by computer and video technique have long been utilized when setting up measuring systems for collecting data to analyse sports movements biomechanically. The development of opto-electronic systems for obtaining kinematic data may serve as an example. Biomechanics has, however, not only made use of (technical) tools provided by informatics. Concepts and methods have also widely been applied and even further developed. Modelling, which is one of the central topics of computer science in sports, has a long tradition in biomechanics. Currently an increasing use of alternative modelling techniques like neural networks, fuzzy logic or genetic algorithms for modelling complex physical and biological processes can be observed.Manifold examples can be given, which demonstrate that not only does computer science give valuable support to biomechanics but also computer science benefits from biomechanics. (1) One of the critical issues of computer animation is the generation of human motions that appear natural and realistic. Biomechanical simulations based on human body models may be used to create motion data fulfilling this condition. (2) The dynamics of multibody mechanical systems (such as the segmented human body) can be described by a differential-algebraic equation, which is difficult to solve. If elastic components are involved, the task becomes even more difficult. Problems of that kind give (and have given) impetus to numerical computing to develop efficient integration algorithms used in the simulation. (3) The use of multimedia in aspects related to sport is currently a widely discussed topic in sports science. Computer interactive learning and teaching programs used for education in sports biomechanics provide excelent means for demonstrating the potential of multimedia.Multimedia is just one field applicable for teaching biomechanics and computer science in sports interdisciplinary. Data acquisition, data bases, modelling and simulation are others.Selective examples from the author´s own work in this interdisciplinary area will be presented. Some thoughts on the future perspectives of this fruitful cooperation will conclude the lecture. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 62-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2001.11868249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2001.11868249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:1:y:2001:i:1:p:62-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pekka Luhtanen Author-X-Name-First: Pekka Author-X-Name-Last: Luhtanen Author-Name: Antti Belinskij Author-X-Name-First: Antti Author-X-Name-Last: Belinskij Author-Name: Mikko Häyrinen Author-X-Name-First: Mikko Author-X-Name-Last: Häyrinen Author-Name: Tomi Vänttinen Author-X-Name-First: Tomi Author-X-Name-Last: Vänttinen Title: A comparative tournament analysis between the EURO 1996 and 2000 in soccer Abstract: In international tournaments, teams are judged on their ability to win matches. Behind the wins, the teams must have effective ways to win the ball, create successful attacks first to reach the attacking third of the field, create effectively scoring chances and to complete them by scoring goals with a high efficiency.The purpose of this study was to study selected offensive and defensive variables of field players and goalkeepers in the EURO 2000 and to relate the results to the final team ranking in the tournament.All matches (n=31) of the EURO 2000 were recorded using video and analysed with computerised match analysis hardware and video playback system for game performance analysis using SAGE Game Manager for Soccer software. The quantitative (number of executions) and qualitative (percentage of successful executions) game performance variables were as follows: passes, receivings, runs with ball, scoring trials, interceptions, tackles, goals and goalkeeper’s savings. The total and effective playing times were recorded and the game performance results were standardised for 90 minutes playing time. Team ranking in each variable was used as a new variable. The final ranking order in the WC '98 tournament was explained by calculating the rank correlation coefficients between team ranking in the tournament and ranking in the following variables: ranking of ball possession in distance, passes, receivings, runs with the ball, shots, interceptions, tackles and duels. Selected quantitative and qualitative sum variables were calculated using ranking order of all obtained variables, only defensive variables and only offensive variables. The means and standard deviations of the game performance variables were calculated. Ranking order in each variable was constructed. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated between all ranking game performance variables.The average to have the ball in possession in distance was 5,7 km. Holland was superior in ball possession in distance (8.9 km). During the 90 minutes the average amount of passes per team was 369 and the percentage of the successful passes was 78%. Team’s average number of receivings was 267 and the success per cent was 93%. In this tournament the amount of the runs with the ball in a match was on average 38 per team and the percentage of the successful runs was 65%. Shots and headers that lead to a goal scoring opportunity were on average 13 per team in a match. About 9% of them lead to goal. This means 1.2 goals per team in a match. In this tournament, teams tried to intercept on average 113 times per match per team and the percentage of the successful interceptions was 95 %. The average number of tackles was 134 per team in a match. The percentage of successful tackles was 47%. The goalkeepers and defenders made on average 3 savings each. In goal scoring opportunities, the goalkeepers saved with the percentage of 69%. Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the tournament ranking and the measured variables were as follows: percentage of the successful passes (r=1.00, p<.001), the percentage of successful goal scoring trials (r=.665, p<.01). The correlation coefficients of sum variable of all relative offensive success variables and all defensive and offensive variables were .633 (p<.01) and (.572, p<.05).The presented results showed that there was a variable of successful passes at team level that explained the success in the EURO 2000. France was the best team in the performance activity of passes, receivings, runs with ball and tackles. In percentage of the successful passes, France was the top team. The goalkeeper’s saving percentage of was seventh best. The strengths of Italy were in defence. The Italians were best in interceptions and third best in tackles. In the passing activity their position was 15th, but in the percentage of successful passes 2nd. In the over all ranking taking into account all analysed variables, Italy was 13th. This analysis would give Holland a better place than third. Holland was 1st in ball possession (8.9 km) and 2nd in the amount of passes and shots and also close to the top place in the corresponding successful executions. Because Holland controlled the ball a lot, it didn’t have many chances to interceptions or duels. This can be seen in the amount of interceptions and duels. Germany was traditionally strong in having the ball in possession (2nd), in passing play (2nd) and in the number of goal scoring trials (4th). However, the weaknesses were found in defence activity of interceptions (16th) and tackles and duels (15th). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 74-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2001.11868250 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2001.11868250 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:1:y:2001:i:1:p:74-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Lames Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Lames Author-Name: Gunnar Hansen Author-X-Name-First: Gunnar Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen Title: Designing observational systems to support top-level teams in game sports Abstract: Any observational system can be considered as the result of a model building process. In order to validate this process one has to ask whether the model contains the essential attributes of the original (here: the game sport observed). Or does the model contain abundant features which do not correspond to properties of the original? Mathematically spoken, one has to examine the validity of the bi-directional relation between model and original.Only recently, game sports research has become aware, that another aspect of the model building process had perhaps not been paid enough attention to: the purpose of the model. In short this means that there is not the model of tennis or soccer, but for different purposes different models serve best. There is a wide variety of purposes for observational systems in game sports: Measuring individual performance, physical loads, tactical solutions for special situations, studies of the interactions between and within the teams, discover talents, decision making of coaches or theoretical interest in the structure of games.In order to support top-level teams two purposes are dominant: preparation against an opponent and gaining information to support onès own training process. An analysis of these tasks reveals that in order to become practically relevant a multi-step process has to be passed, which relies to a great extent on the quality of inferences drawn. This basically interpretative processing of observational data in order to achieve the goals in top-sports has led to the development of “Qualitative Game Analysis”, which applies the principles of qualitative research methodology to game observation.Deriving conclusions from behaviour in games documented on videos is seen much in the same way as deriving the central statements of an author from a large number of pages in several books. Today’s technology allows for the first time the processing of pictures almost in the same way as text sources.A hard- and software solution for “Qualitative Game Analysis” was developed. The preparation of top-level German beach-volleyball teams was accompanied for three years. A large amount of experience was gained in the way how to gain information for onès own training process and in preparation for matches to come. The bronze medal surprisingly won by a German male team at Sydney has seen an intensive support with “Qualitative Game Analysis” before and especially during the Olympics which of course does not allow any inferences on the scientific quality of the method! Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 83-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2001.11868251 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2001.11868251 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:1:y:2001:i:1:p:83-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Waldemar Winkler Author-X-Name-First: Waldemar Author-X-Name-Last: Winkler Title: Motor skills and cognitive training for junior soccer players Abstract: When a national soccer team performs poorly in World Championship or European Championship play (as the German team did in 1998 and 2000), it often leads to a critical analysis of the youth programme in that country.Experts emphasize how important it is to teach technical and tactical skills at a young age, but they also note that there are too few qualified coaches working especially with 8–12 year olds. Experience shows that neglecting motor skills and cognitive training at a young age cannot be compensated for later.It is therefore my intention to present a model for teaching technical and tactical skills to the 10–12 year age group that can serve as a basis for coaches in planning and implementing their practices. If followed carefully, it can lead to a notable improvement in performance among young players. Each coach can prove this by comparing his players with other youth teams that don’t have such advanced training.Examples of coordination and technique exercises, as well as examples of cognitive training, will be presented with the aid of video material and graphics. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 91-105 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2001.11868252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2001.11868252 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:1:y:2001:i:1:p:91-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jürgen Perl Author-X-Name-First: Jürgen Author-X-Name-Last: Perl Title: Artificial Neural Networks in Sports: New Concepts and Approaches Abstract: Artificial neural networks are tools, which - similar to natural neural networks - can learn to recognize and classify patterns, and so can help to optimise context depending acting. These abilities, which are very useful in a lot of technical approaches, seem to be as well useful in particular in analysing and planning tactical patterns in sport games or patterns of learning behaviour in training processes.In a first attempt, in co-operation with LAMES from the University of Rostock, tactical structures in volleyball could successfully be analysed using neural networks.However, the problem is that the special type of network that has to be used for such analyses (i.e. the so called Kohonen Feature Map or KFM) needs a huge amount of data and lacks the necessary dynamic in continuous learning.So in order to describe, analyse, and evaluate continuous learning processes in sports a dynamically controlled network (“DYCON”) has been developed, which consists of a conventional KFM combined with a time-independent neurone-driven control: Each neurone is imbedded in a dynamic performance potential control system, which had been developed for analysis and control of physiological adaptation processes in sport.Two main advantages of DYCON are: Its learning efficiency is very high. In practice, it needs only some hundred data to coin a pattern, where a conventional KFM normally needs about 10.000 to 20.000. Moreover, it can learn continuously and so can recognise and analyse time depending pattern changes.So, DYCON can support the study of processes in sport games in an easier and more efficient way. Moreover, it can help to analyse tactical changes of a team during a season or even during a tournament, as has been done with squash in co-operation with MCGARRY, University of Fredericton. Finally, in a co-operation with RAAB, University of Heidelberg, we try to find out if and how DYCON can be used for analysis and optimisation of training processes in sport. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 106-121 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2001.11868253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2001.11868253 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:1:y:2001:i:1:p:106-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Bartlett Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Bartlett Title: Performance analysis: can bringing together biomechanics and notational analysis benefit coaches? Abstract: This presentation will consider what performance analysis is, what biomechanical and notational analysis have in common and how they differ. The main focus will be how they have helped, and can better help, coaches and athletes to analyse and improve sports performance.Biomechanics and notational analysis both involve the analysis and improvement of sport performance. They make extensive use of video analysis and technology. They require careful information management for good feedback to coaches and performers and systematic techniques of observation. They have theoretical models- based on performance indicators - amenable to AI developments and strong theoretical links with other sport science and IT disciplines. They differ in that biomechanists analyse, iinnffine-detail, individual sports techniques and their science is grounded in mechanics and anatomy. Notational analysis studies gross movements or movement patterns in team sports, is primarily concerned with strategy and tactics and has a history in dance and music notation.The practical value of performance analysis is that well-chosen performance indicators highlight good and bad techniques or team performances. They help coaches to identify good and bad performances of an individual or a team member and facilitate comparative analysis of individuals, teams and players. In addition, biomechanics helps to identify injurious techniques while notational analysis helps to assess physiological and psychological demands of sports.Drawing on a range of sports examples, I will argue that performance analysts require a unified approach, looking at interactions between players and their individual skill elements. Of fundamental importance is the need for us to pay far greater attention to the principles of providing feedback- technique points that a coach can observe from video and simple counts of events are unlikely to enhance individual or team performance. We should also address the role of variability in sports skills and its implications for coaching. We must pay more attention to normalisation of performance indicators to aid coaches. Finally, further development of IT- and AI-based coaching tools by performance analysts is a high priority. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 122-126 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2001.11868254 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2001.11868254 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:1:y:2001:i:1:p:122-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-2 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868297 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: General Editorial Comments Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 3-3 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:3-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Bartlett Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Bartlett Title: Artificial Intelligence in Technique Analysis - Past, Present and Future Abstract: This paper reviews developments in the use of Artificial Intelligence in technique analysis over about the last ten years. I outline the potential uses of Expert Systems as diagnostic tools for evaluating technique ‘errors’ and present some example knowledge rules for such an expert system. I then compare technique analysis, in which Expert Systems appear to have found no place to date, with gait analysis, in which they are routinely used. Consideration is then given to technique analysis using Artificial Neural Networks, focusing on Kohonen self-organizing maps, which have been most widely used in technique analysis, and multi-layer networks, which have been far more widely used in biomechanics in general. Examples of the use of Kohonen maps in technique analysis are presented in javelin and discus throwing and in football kicking. Shot putting is the sole technique analysis presented using multi-layer networks. An example is given of the use of Evolutionary Computation in technique optimization, rather than technique analysis, in the soccer throw in, which predicted an optimal technique close to that in the coaching literature. I conclude with some speculations about the future uses of Artificial Intelligence in technique analysis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 4-19 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868299 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:4-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Bloomfield Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Bloomfield Author-Name: Remco Polman Author-X-Name-First: Remco Author-X-Name-Last: Polman Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: The ‘Bloomfield Movement Classification’: Motion Analysis of Individual Players in Dynamic Movement Sports Abstract: It is critical to employ sound scientific principles of physical conditioning and coaching in order to enhance sports performance. One of the most critical of these principles is the rule of specificity. To this end the specific requirements of the performance must be investigated to elicit a high degree of transfer from competition into a training regime which optimises performance in competition. One useful method of investigating physical requirements of sport is time-motion analysis where various modes of motion are subjectively or objectively chosen and timed throughout the performance. To date, fewer than 8 modes of motion have often been chosen in time-motion investigations, however it is arguable that this does not provide a high enough degree of specificity to detail the physical demands of a sport. In this paper, we outline a new approach to timemotion analysis through a method involving 14 modes of timed-motion, 3 ‘other’ non-timed movements, 14 directions, 4 intensities, 5 turning categories and 7 ‘On the Ball’ activity classifications known as the ‘Bloomfield Movement Classification’ (BMC). The BMC is performed through computerised video-analysis and is highly specific, accurate and reliable. The details of the method are explained within this paper. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 20-31 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868300 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:20-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michele Boddington Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: Boddington Author-Name: Mike Lambert Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Title: Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Scoring Opportunities by South Africa in World Cup Rugby 2003. Abstract: The scoring opportunities of the South African team (SA) during the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup were evaluated from videotape recordings (n = 5 matches) to determine the location of the field (i) where the points were scored from, (ii) where the movement that lead to the scoring opportunity started from, and (iii) the net direction across the field that the ball was moved. These data were analysed using Chi-Square tests to determine if scoring opportunities occurred from different areas of the field. The duration of SA possession of the ball before the points were scored was also determined (this included play leading up to and following a penalty, if appropriate). The data were also categorised into 1st or 2nd half scoring opportunities and analysed with a t-test. There were significant differences between the areas of the field where the points were scored from (P<0.01). The scoring opportunities resulting in points were most frequently scored inside the opposition’s 25 m area (86%) with the two wings accounting for 34% (right) and 31% (left). Scoring opportunities began more frequently from the attacking midfield area (between half-way line and opposition’s 25 m) 50%, attack 26%, defensive midfield 18% and the defence 5%. The scoring movements were more frequently initiated on the right attacking midfield area of the field (24%) compared with the left (13%) or central area (13%). The net direction of play was most frequently from the right to left direction (34%). Left to right play only accounted for 17% of the scoring opportunities however, net play in the right channel was more frequent (23%), with the rest of the play occurring in the central (9%) or left (17%) channels. SA’s mean duration of possession of the ball before scoring was longer in the 1st half (25.52 ± 6.5 s) compared to 2nd half (18.34 ± 8.8 s). In conclusion, in the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup South Africa most frequently started their scoring opportunities on the right side of the field between the halfway line and the opposition’s 25 m line, tended to move the ball in a right to left direction and required more time in possession to secure points in the 1st half compared to the 2nd half. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 32-35 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:32-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Scoulding Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Scoulding Author-Name: N. James Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: J. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Passing in the Soccer World Cup 2002. Abstract: The differences in playing patterns of soccer teams has been, and remains to be, one of the largest areas of post-match performance analysis within association football. Many studies try to encapsulate the multiple facets of play and consequently only provide limited detail in any one area (Low et al., 2002; Hughes Robertson and Nicholson, 1988). This study aimed to provide a more detailed insight into passing during the 2002 World Cup whereby post event analysis of six group matches was undertaken (3 each for a successful and an unsuccessful team, based on qualification through the group stages, Stanhope, 2001). The resulting passes (>4000) were analysed for start and finish positions (for length of pass), whether they were played to a player or space, played first time or after a dribble and some outcome was recorded e.g.possession lost or retained. The coding process was designed and recorded using a computerised notational analysis software package, the Noldus Observer Video-Pro (Noldus Information Technology, 2001). The data was then transferred to SPSS v11.01 (SPSS Inc.) for statistical analysis (Chi Square).Reliability measures were conducted at the level of the subsequent analysis, as suggested by Hughes, Cooper and Nevill (2002). In this respect all defined performance measures provided good reliability estimates (<5% error) with a further assessment of the time coding process (built into the Observer) measuring the time from when the player received the ball to when the pass was made. This resulted in a low average error of 0.08 seconds but a relatively large spread (± 1.08 s). The passing strategy for the successful and unsuccessful teams did not differ (types of pass employed) suggesting that this performance indicator does not easily discriminate teams at this level. The only apparent difference existed in the pre-defensive area of the field (near the halfway line, James, Mellalieu & Holley, 2002) where the unsuccessful team tended to play significantly more passes. This observed difference was thought suggestive of a difference in total possession in this area rather than indicative of a strategy difference. The findings thus suggested that there was no difference in passing ability between the two teams within this study even though they differed markedly in terms of success in the tournament. Consequently it is suggested that either the criteria used were not sensitive enough to detect differences in passing or the teams were of a similar standard and other factors determined match outcomes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 36-41 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:36-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Sources of variability in time-motion data; measurement error and within player variability in work-rate Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the intra- and interobserver reliability of work-rate in soccer as well as looking at match to match as well as within match variability in work-rate in soccer. A 60 subject intra-observer reliability study revealed 95% ratio limits of agreement of 1.025×/÷1.155 while a 60 subject inter-observer reliability study revealed 95% ratio limits of agreement of 1.050×/÷1.337 for workrate. The main study used PlayerCam data from 113 FA Premier league matches that were covered by the interactive Sky Sports Extra channel. The PlayerCam facility normally covers 6 different players per match, 3 from each team, for 15 minutes each. This provided a total of 678 fifteen minute observations from 277 individual players. Some players were covered on more than one occasion with one player being covered on 11 occasions. The 61 players who were observed twice, had a mean absolute difference between their first and second observed performances of 2.76±1.94% which was greater than the difference between positional group means. The one player who was observed on 11 occasions had a greater variability in work rate (12.48±2.71%) than the variability between the 115 different midfielders analysed during the current investigation (11.01±2.63%). On one occasion, the PlayerCam facility covered a single subject for the entire duration of the match, showing considerable variation between successive 15 minute periods of the match (12.27%, 9.49%, 8.35%, 9.11%, 7.43%, 6.55%). The current investigation has revealed that the reliability of timemotion analysis is limited. Furthermore, individual match data for subjects may be unrepresentative as the level of within subject variability is comparable with the level of between subject variability. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 42-49 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:42-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: J.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: J.A. Santos Author-X-Name-First: J.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Author-Name: A. Ureña Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ureña Title: Effect of team level on skill performance in volleyball Abstract: The present paper studies the effect of a team’s level on the performance of skills (serve, reception, spike, block and dig) in high level volleyball. Thirtythree male matches and 23 female matches of the Olympic Games of Sydney 2000 were recorded and analyzed. The performance of skills was evaluated in relation to the success and options that these skills give to one’s team and to the opposite team. The team’s level was established in relation to the final classification of the team in the competition (level 1: 1st - 4th ; level 2: 5th - 8th ; & level 3: 9th - 12th). Ten observers participated in the study. Inter- and intra-observer reliability coefficients of the studied variables were calculated (r > 0.92) after training and during the analysis. In males, the results show a significant difference between teams’ levels for the skills of spiking and blocking. The block is the skill that differentiates the teams of level 1 with the teams of level 2. A reduction of error in relation to the level of the team is observed. In females, we found a significant difference in the performance of the spike in the teams of level 1. An increase in success of reception, spike, block and dig in relation to the level of the team is observed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 50-60 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:50-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jürgen Perl Author-X-Name-First: Jürgen Author-X-Name-Last: Perl Title: PerPot – a meta-model and software tool for analysis and optimisation of load-performance-interaction Abstract: The Performance Potential meta-model PerPot simulates the interaction between load and performance in adaptive physiological processes like training in sport by means of antagonistic dynamics.The term “antagonistic dynamics” means that the same load input has two contradictory effects, namely the performance increasing response flow and the performance decreasing strain flow. Depending on the delays with which these flows become effective the training can cause positive or negative temporary results.Exemplarily, this dynamics can be understood from the interaction of organs or components of an organism, which produce and transfer substances with certain delays and so cause time-dependent changes of the organism’s state.Antagonistic dynamics necessarily use internal buffers, corresponding to organic components, which work like memories and therefore also can delay effects. For one example, overload can cause a fast increase of performance - but in turn can cause a delayed collapse when, after a while, the overloaded strain buffer begins to reduce the performance dramatically.The developed PerPot meta-model allows for a better understanding of the described load-performance-interactions - theoretically as well as by simulating the respective processes by means of a software tool: Simulation shows how changes of load profiles influence the short- and long-term behaviour of performance and so, besides others, enables to optimise training schedules. In particular, in most cases the necessary amount of load can be reduced and so might help to avoid contra-productive overtraining.The contribution gives an introduction to the basic ideas of PerPot and demonstrates how the different components work and what they are helpful for. A number of examples will demonstrate how PerPot can be applied to original problems. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 61-73 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868305 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:61-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R.A. Stretch Author-X-Name-First: R.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stretch Author-Name: G.N. Nurick Author-X-Name-First: G.N. Author-X-Name-Last: Nurick Author-Name: V. Balden Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Balden Author-Name: D.K. McKellar Author-X-Name-First: D.K. Author-X-Name-Last: McKellar Title: The position of impact of a ball striking a cricket bat: assisting coaches with performance analysis of cricket technique and skill levels. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to use the data collected in three previous studies (Stretch et al 1998/99, Stretch et al 2000 and Stretch et al 2002) to determine variations, if any, between the position of impact on the cricket bat for cricketers of different batting skill levels, as well as for various strokes played off the front foot. The cricket bat was divided into a Cartesian grid (width - 0 to 110 mm; height - 0 to 555mm) and instrumented to identify the ball impact point, while the software stored biographical and stroke data (McKellar et al. 1998). All three studies used a similar data collection method with a bowling machine project the ball at a velocity of 100 to 105 km h-1 on a line about 0.1 m outside the batsman’s off stump and on a length that enabled the batsman to play all the strokes off the front foot. Typically each player took part in three testing sessions of 60 deliveries (10 overs), with their normal training programmes supplemented with some additional form of intervention. Players were divided into two groups (Batsmen and Bowlers), as well as classified at the highest level at which they had played at the time of data collection (Provincial and Club). The results of the 60 cricketers and 9052 recorded impacts showed non-significant variations in the impact location for the Provincial and Club cricketers. Significant differences (p < 0.05) occurred between the impact points for the batsmen and bowlers, as well as between all the strokes with the exception of the off-drive. As the strokes were played wider of the pitch, the off- and cover drives on the off-side and the on-drive and leg glance on the on-side, the impact point was further from the midline of the bat thus increasing the risk of being dismissed. The instrumented bat was devised to assess the accuracy and consistency of stroke reproduction and the effects of various intervention modalities. It has shown that it has implications for performance analysis of cricket technique and skill levels. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 74-81 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:74-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vicki Gasston Author-X-Name-First: Vicki Author-X-Name-Last: Gasston Author-Name: Charlie Simpson Author-X-Name-First: Charlie Author-X-Name-Last: Simpson Title: A netball specific fitness test. Abstract: Performance analysis has been used for many applications including providing feedback to coaches and players, media applications, scoring of sports performance and scientific research into sports performance. The current study has used performance analysis to generate knowledge relating to the demands of netball competition which has been used in the development of a Netball Specific Fitness Test (NSFT). A modified version of the Bloomfield movement classification was used to provide a detailed analysis of player movement during netball competition. This was considered during a needs analysis when proposing the structure of the NSFT. A series of pilot versions were tested during an evolutionary prototyping process that resulted in the final version of the NSFT, which was found to be representative of movement in netball competition and it distinguished between recreational club players and players of university first team level or above. The test is incremental and involves forward, backward and sideways movement, jumping, lunging, turning and choice reaction. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 82-96 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868307 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:82-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Notational analysis – a mathematical perspective. Abstract: The role of feedback is central in the performance improvement process, and by inference, so is the need for accuracy and precision of such feedback. The provision of this accurate and precise feedback can only be facilitated if performance and practice is subjected to a vigorous process of analysis.Recent research has reformed our ideas on reliability, performance indicators and performance profiling in notational analysis – also statistical processes have come under close scrutiny, and have generally been found wanting. These are areas that will continue to develop to the good of the discipline and the confidence of the sports scientist, coach and athlete. If we consider the role of a performance analyst in its general sense in relation the to the data that the analyst is collecting, processing and analysing, then there a number of mathematical skills that will be required to facilitate the steps in the processes:- i) defining performance indicators, ii) establishing the reliability of the data collected, iii) ensuring that enough data have been collected to define stable performance profiles, iv) determining which are important, v) comparing sets of data, vi) modelling performances and vii) prediction.The mathematical and statistical techniques commonly used and required for these processes will be discussed and evaluated in this paper. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 97-139 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868308 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868308 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:2:p:97-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Hughes Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868309 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868309 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: General Editorial Comments Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 3-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868310 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter G. O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter G. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Michael G. Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Michael G. Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: S. Rudkin Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Rudkin Author-Name: J. Bloomfield Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bloomfield Author-Name: G. Cairns Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Cairns Author-Name: S. Powell Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Powell Title: Work-rate analysis using the POWER (Periods of Work Efforts and Recoveries) System Abstract: The POWER system is a work-rate analysis system that allows observers to enter periods of work and rest performed by players during matches. The data are processed to provide three sets of performance indicators relating to work-rate. Firstly, the frequency, mean duration and percentage match time spent performing work and rest are presented. Secondly, the number of bursts of 7 different duration classes and number of recoveries of 8 different duration classes are presented. The third type of output is a summary analysis of repeated work bouts. A repeated work bout is any period of 2 or more work bursts separated by recoveries of less than 20s. Analysis of repeated work bouts gives a fuller indication of the intermittent nature work performed in individual and team games. The use of the kappa statistic to evaluate reliability of work-rate is recommended when using the POWER system. Kappa was shown to have a greater degree of construct validity for reliability assessment than percentage error, chi square and Pearson’s r. The POWER system has been demonstrated to be capable of being used objectively and reliably for the analysis of work-rate in soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 5-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868311 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868311 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:5-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Kotzamanidou Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Kotzamanidou Author-Name: C. Tsiadimas Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Tsiadimas Author-Name: I. Michailidis Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Michailidis Author-Name: E. Bassa Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Bassa Author-Name: D. Chatzopoulos Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Chatzopoulos Author-Name: C. Gerodimos Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Gerodimos Author-Name: C. Kotzamanidis Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kotzamanidis Title: The effect of a five week training intervention program of sprint and jumping exercises on running velocity and vertical jump performance, in prepubertal boys. Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of sprint and jumping exercises focused on running velocity (RV) and vertical jump (VJ) in prepubescent boys. Forty-five pre-pubertal boys participated in a five-week intervention program. Participants were divided in three equal groups consisted of 15 boys. The first group followed a specific running sprint program (SPR). The second group followed a program with jumping exercises (JUM). The third group attended only at physical education lessons and this was used as control group (CONT). The running distances of (0-30m), (0-10m), (10-20m), (20-30m) and squat jump (SJ) were selected as testing variables to evaluate the RV and VJ respectively. The sprint-training program consisted of short sprints from 5 to 30m with a resting period of 3min between repetitions and 5 min between sets. The total amount of running distance per session was initially 150m and gradually increased up to 200m. The JUM performed initially 60 jumps per training session and gradually, they were increased up to 80. After the five weeks intervention, in both experimental groups, the SJ increased significantly in both group, while no effect was observed for RV. The present results indicated that, a short term training period of five weeks including jumping and running exercise can induce an improvement in jumping performance but not in running sprint. Probably training at a higher volume or extended duration is required for sprint enhancement. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 22-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:22-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tülin Atan Author-X-Name-First: Tülin Author-X-Name-Last: Atan Author-Name: O. İmamoğlu Author-X-Name-First: O. Author-X-Name-Last: İmamoğlu Title: Competition analysis Of World Greco-Roman and World free-style wrestling championships. Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the competitions of the 46th World Greco-Roman and in the 35th World Free-Style Championships, and to examine the technique values of the National Turkish Team as a case study. The Greco-Roman Championship was in the city of Patras in Greece at 6-9 December 2001. The Free-Style Championship was in Sofia at 21-25 December 2001. 334 Greco-Roman and 311 free-style fights were recorded and the analysis was done on these recordings. The pattern of winning, the finishing times, the technique numbers, the points and the passivity numbers of the whole and the classifying matches; the techniques that the Turkish Team used and applied were determined. For statistical analysis, ratio for one competition (ROC) for each parameter was calculated.In these championships, most of the Greco-Roman and the free-style matches finished in official time and by points in all weight categories. Same status is validity for the Turkish team and the classifying matches. In the Greco-Roman wrestling, total 1317 techniques (R: 3.94) were applied and 2231 points (ROC: 6.67) were taken; 593 passivity (ROC: 1.77) and 114 tying salto (ROC: 0.34) were performed. In the free-style 1590 techniques (ROC: 5.11) were applied and 2376 points (ROC: 7.64) were taken; 296 passivity (ROC: 0.95) and 32 tying salto (ROC: 0.10) were performed. The Turkish Greco-Roman Wrestling Team applied 51 techniques (ROC: 2.42) took 84 points (ROC: 4.2) and exposed to 37 techniques (ROC: 1.76) gave 62 points (ROC: 3.1). The Turkish Free-Style Wrestling Team applied 70 techniques (ROC: 2.91) took 114 points (ROC: 4.75) and exposed to 53 techniques (ROC: 2.91) gave 73 points (ROC: 3.04). In the Greco-Roman and free-style classifying matches, respectively 54 (ROC: 3.37) and 66 (ROC: 4.12) techniques were applied; 88 points (ROC: 5.50) were taken in both style.The most executed techniques were: gut wrench (29.62 %), tying salto (14.81 %) and counter to gut wrench (9.25 %) in the classifying Greco-Roman; leg tackle (36.36 %), gut wrench (16.66 %) and head drug (12.12 %) in the classifying free-style wrestling. The Turkish Greco-Roman Wrestling Team executed mostly gut wrench (33.33 %) and warning point (11.76 %); mostly exposed to gut wrench (21.62 %) and throw back (16.21 %). The Turkish Free-Style Wrestling Team executed mostly leg tackle (24.3 %) and gut wrench (20 %); exposed to mostly leg tackle (28.30 %), gut wrench (13.20 %) and double leg tackle (13.20 %).Wrestlers chose to take points without risk, and to be successful it was necessary to take 8 points in Greco-Roman and 7 points in free-style for one competition. To win a competition it’s important to apply and not expose to a technique. The National Turkish Greco-Roman Team was unsuccessful to apply a technique. National Turkish Free-Style Team didn’t wrestle as offensively as their successful rivals. The case study enabled an analysis of the performanceof the team and recommendations to be made for improvements in future competitions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 31-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:31-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Michalopoulou Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Michalopoulou Author-Name: K. Papadimitriou Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Papadimitriou Author-Name: N. Lignos Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Lignos Author-Name: K. Taxildaris Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Taxildaris Author-Name: P. Antoniou Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Antoniou Title: Computer analysis of the technical and tactical effectiveness in Greek Beach Volleyball Abstract: The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of the technical and the tactical elements in Greek Beach Volleyball by evaluating differences between the winning and the defeated teams. The sample in this study included 3416 game phases that compose all the games (34 games) played by the 10 higher-ranking teams in the Men’s Greek Beach Volleyball League for the year 2000. Data collection was performed with the use of Assess. The following performance parameters were being recorded: 1) final game outcome, 2) serve effectiveness, 3) reception effectiveness, 4) set effectives, 5) attack effectiveness, 6) block effectiveness 7) fake-block effectiveness, 8) defense effectiveness, 9) free-ball effectiveness, 10) effectiveness of defense without block, 11) effectiveness of set for counter attack and 12) counter attack effectiveness. A 4-point scale was used for the serve effectiveness and the attack effectiveness performance parameters and a 3-point scale was used for the rest. The statistical analysis of the data included one-way ANOVA, Frequency analysis and Chi – square (NPAR TEST). According to the results of this study effectiveness in serve and attack were the two technical – tactical elements that were significantly higher for the winning when compared to the defeated teams. Significant differences in effectiveness between the winning and the defeated team were revealed for the variables of lost serves resulting directly in lost points and successful attacks resulting directly in gaining points. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 41-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:41-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T.C. Whitaker Author-X-Name-First: T.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Whitaker Author-Name: J. Hill Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Title: Problems associates with the analysis of the pattern of total cross-country eventing penalty scores at advanced level of competition in the United Kingdom. Abstract: Eventing is a three phased equestrian sport. It involves the competition of a dressage test, round of show jumps and completion of a cross-country course. The cross-country phase is described by the sports governing body as the most important and influential element of the competition. Within the sport various levels of competition are run and equality of competition should be maintained at within these levels. The paper compares the relative effect of the cross-country phase of competition between 10 advanced events (sub populations) run in during 2003. Non-normality was apparent within the whole population (Kolmogorv Smirnov K statistic = 5.178 (p<0.001); Shapiro Wilks W = 0.711 (P<0.001). The use of Log (x+1) transformation was applied, positive skew (+2.853) was reduced after transformation to −0.543 (Kolmogorov K statistic = 0.754; p>0.05). The influence of extreme kurtosis was removed after transformation (+10.581 reduced to +1.288). The paper suggests that there is considerable variation observed between some sub populations. Measures of central tendency are discussed as comparative measures between events. It is apparent that arithmetic means may be misleading and the uses of other measures of central tendency are discussed including maximum likelihood estimators. Analysis of data distribution using box and whisker plots indicated outliers and extreme outliers were exerting a considerable effect on the population. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 51-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:51-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: X. Konstadinidou Author-X-Name-First: X. Author-X-Name-Last: Konstadinidou Author-Name: N. Tsigilis Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Tsigilis Title: Offensive playing profiles of football teams from the 1999 Women’s World Cup Finals. Abstract: The present study was designed to examine the offensive tactic of elite women’s football teams. The sample of the study constituted of 20 games of the four top(quarter finalists) teams of the 3rd Women’s World Cup (USA, China, Brazil, Norway). Totally, 749 offensive phases were analyzed. Teams’ offensive patterns during games were coded using the following categories: (1) team, (2) zone of scoring attempt, (3) source of scoring attempt, (4) ball possession and (5) type of passes. Correspondence analysis showed that the four teams had different offensive profile. USA’s scoring attempts were mainly executed from the central zones using combinations of small and medium passes with low possession and set plays. China’s scoring attempts were mainly performed from the central and left zone after a combination of two or three small and intermediate passes. The source of Brazil’s scoring attempts was frequently executed from the box area and the right offensive zone, using combination with small passes and individual actions. The source of Norway’s final scoring attempts was mainly crosses and opponents mistake, executed from the box area. In addition, Norway frequently used small possession with long balls beginning from the defend area directed to the opponents’ box area. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 61-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:61-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Mexas Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Mexas Author-Name: G. Tsitskaris Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Tsitskaris Author-Name: D. Kyriakou Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Kyriakou Author-Name: A. Garefis Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Garefis Title: Comparison of effectiveness of organized offences between two different championships in high level basketball Abstract: The aim of the present study is to compare the offensive effectiveness of teams participating in high level basketball. The evaluation was established in relation to the type of defence, the position of the athlete initiating the offensive effort, the area by which the offence was released and the conditions under which the shot was attempted. The sample constituted of 25 games of the A1 Greek National Championship and 25 games of the European Championship. The results showed that offensive attacks from the region of the 3′′ present the higher rate of use and success. Man-to-man defence represents the most usual form of defence in modern European basketball, while the perimeter players are responsible for the majority of offensive efforts compared to the post players. The difference in effectiveness between national teams and basketball clubs were not statistically significant. The results demonstrate that the offensive effectiveness of Greek basketball clubs is equivalent to this played by the leading European national teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 72-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:72-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Lemoine Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Lemoine Author-Name: H. Jullien Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Jullien Author-Name: S. Ahmaidi Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmaidi Title: Technical and tactical analysis of one-touch playing in soccer - Study of the production of information. Abstract: Soccer relies heavily upon defensive strategies and as a consequence, scoring a goal is more and more difficult for attackers. Therefore using one-touch playing allows attackers to play faster and in the end they can circumvent defenders before shooting at the goal. The aim of this study was twofold. First we attempted to recreate the real game conditions using small-sided games to carry out a research in a good scientific setting. We described the different steps to build our measurement tool. Second we studied the one-touch playing (OTP) strategy measuring the quantity of information produced for players. We identified 3 kinds of information: spatial, event and temporal. We studied 40 attacks and we concluded that one-touch passing is efficient, reliable and safe. Therefore, players have to anticipate and have to take possession of free spaces before the defenders. They have to pass the ball systematically in an opposite direction while remaining close to each other, so that the distance between them remains the same. In the end, attackers circumvent the defensive system with a simplified game using very clear and simple information. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 83-103 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:83-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Normative Profiles of Sports Performance Abstract: Performance indicators in sport are not stable properties of individual competitors or teams and a single athlete’s (or team’s) performance will vary from match to match. For this reason, Hughes, Evans and Wells (2001) developed a technique for determining “normative profiles in performance analysis”. This paper proposes an alternative technique that represents not only the typical performance of a team or individual but also the spread of performances. The technique also relates the set of performance indicators for a team or individual to normative data for a relevant population of teams or individuals. This provides a useful means of interpreting sports performance data. Grand Slam singles tennis is used as an example of the application of the proposed technique for determining a normative profile of a team’s or individual’s performance. It is recognised that the mean value for each performance indicator within the typical performance is critically important information that should be supported by rather than replaced by percentile bandings. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 104-119 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:1:p:104-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bryna C. R. Chrismas Author-X-Name-First: Bryna C. R. Author-X-Name-Last: Chrismas Author-Name: Lee Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Lee Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Heidi R. Thornton Author-X-Name-First: Heidi R. Author-X-Name-Last: Thornton Author-Name: Andrew Murray Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Murray Author-Name: Graham Stark Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Stark Title: External training loads and smartphone-derived heart rate variability indicate readiness to train in elite soccer Abstract: Player readiness can affect the ability to perform and tolerate prescribed training load (TL); therefore, in a time-efficient and practice compatible manner, practitioners need objective evidence to inform readiness to train. Six male professional footballers (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; 26 ± 2 years, 79.0 ± 4.9 kg, 1.82 ± 0.05 m) participated. Heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded using a smartphone application prior to the daily training sessions (247 training sessions [41.17 ± 7.41 per player]). External TL was monitored during training using global positioning system devices. Linear mixed models were used to examine variations in HRV and TL across the study period and to determine relationships between HRV and TL. Differences in TL and HRV were expressed as standardised effect sizes (ES) ± 90% confidence limits. Changes in HRV (outcome) were expressed as the expected change for a 2-SD change in TL (predictor). Across the study period, all external TL measures varied substantially, demonstrating weekly fluctuations in load (ES range = 0.00–7.40). The relationship between morning HRV and external TL ranged from −0.10 for distance and 1.89 for equivalent distance index (EDI). Overall, EDI demonstrated the strongest relationship with morning HRV; therefore, EDI and smartphone-derived HRV may provide an indicator of readiness to train within elite soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 143-152 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1578097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1578097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:143-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Victor Silveira Coswig Author-X-Name-First: Victor Silveira Author-X-Name-Last: Coswig Author-Name: John Amtmann Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Amtmann Title: Long MMA fights technical-tactical analysis of mixed martial arts: implications for assessment and training Abstract: This study aimed to compare time-motion and technical-tactical behaviours of professional mixed martial arts (MMA) bouts with a focus on longer bouts that were finished during 3rd round vs. 10 4th round vs. 5th round, comparing rounds. We analysed 779 rounds (264 bouts – 3rd round n = 120; 4th round n = 92; ©and; 5th round n = 52) which were compared by rounds. Our main results showed that bouts with 5th showed higher percentage/round of lowintensity time than the 3rd round (79% vs. 75%) and the 4th rounds demonstrated higher percentage/round of low-intensity time effort 20 than other rounds (84% vs. 76%). Regarding striking actions, 1st round (39.5 ± 17.6) and 4th round (19.8 ± 12.5) showed lower frequency of strikes attempted than 2nd round (46.1 ± 21.9) and 3rd round (46.1 ± 27.0). This study demonstrated new parameters for long MMA bouts with 3, 4 and 5 ending-rounds and other rounds. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 153-166 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1579030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1579030 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:153-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Igor Štirn Author-X-Name-First: Igor Author-X-Name-Last: Štirn Author-Name: Podmenik Nadja Author-X-Name-First: Podmenik Author-X-Name-Last: Nadja Author-Name: Matej Supej Author-X-Name-First: Matej Author-X-Name-Last: Supej Author-Name: Frane Erčulj Author-X-Name-First: Frane Author-X-Name-Last: Erčulj Title: Rotation of shoulder and hip axes during a basketball jump shot Abstract: The aim of our research was to determine the changes in rotation of the shoulder and hip axes in the transverse plane during the execution of a jump shot due to changing shooting distance. Fourteen youth national team basketball players, all shooting guards (age 15.43 ± 0.51 years) were tested. The analysis included 370 field goals, performed from three different distances (3.75 m, 5.25 m and 6.75 m). We used the inertial suit for data acquisition. Results showed that differences in shoulder and hip rotation axes angles occurred at the very beginning of the shooting action and that these differences were preserved until landing. Differences in shoulder and hip rotation measured during the shots from different distances were obtained showing the greatest rotation in all phases of the shot when shooting from the longest distance. While the rotation in the shoulder axis finished in the moment of release, in the hip axis it was still increasing due to inertia until the moment of landing. This shows how the shooter locks the shoulder position to align the upper body for the most accurate shot. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 167-178 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1581966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1581966 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:167-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: César Méndez Author-X-Name-First: César Author-X-Name-Last: Méndez Author-Name: M.A. Gómez Author-X-Name-First: M.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Luis M. Rúiz Author-X-Name-First: Luis M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rúiz Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Title: Goalkeeper as an outfield player: shooting chances at critical moments in elite futsal Abstract: The aim of the present study was to identify the importance of the goalkeeper’s chance to shoot at goal as an outfield player in elite futsal according to critical and situational variables. The sample consisted of 11,446 actions corresponding to 1325 matches from the Spanish Futsal League in the seasons from 2010 to 2015. Binary logistic regression and classification tree multivariate models were used to identify the best predictor variables related to the chance of shooting as a criterion of success. Results from the binomial logistic regression emphasised the success relationships when the teams played at home, against an equally ranked opponent, during balanced matches, and had up to two fouls. When the teams were drawing or losing, the actions of goalkeeper as an outfield player were unsuccessful. The classification tree results identified a greater chance of shooting in balanced matches during the playoffs, and with no more than two fouls. Negative effects were observed during the regular phase and when used by the teams in the final moments of a match. The identified trends will allow futsal coaches to recognise the most suitable situations for achieving success when using an attack with the goalkeeper as an outfield player. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 179-191 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1581967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1581967 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:179-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Motokazu Hojo Author-X-Name-First: Motokazu Author-X-Name-Last: Hojo Author-Name: Keisuke Fujii Author-X-Name-First: Keisuke Author-X-Name-Last: Fujii Author-Name: Yoshinobu Kawahara Author-X-Name-First: Yoshinobu Author-X-Name-Last: Kawahara Title: Analysis of factors predicting who obtains a ball in basketball rebounding situations Abstract: Prediction of play outcomes is fundamental for sports science, engineering and practice in ballgames. Predicting who obtains a ball after a shot failure called rebound in basketball, is one of the important research subjects. To obtain the rebound, players often compete and move towards the ball drop position. Researchers have analysed important factors of a rebound using basic game statistics and video analysis. However, the most critical factors in the players’ movement to obtain a rebound are unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine the important factors to obtain a rebound and to develop a method to predict who obtains it with player’s positional data. The factors were quantified and divided into three categories; individual position, individual movement and interpersonal relationship, and at least one factor from each category was significantly related with obtaining rebounds by logistic regression. Furthermore, our method predicted who obtained rebounds using logistic regression (70.3%) and support vector machine (71.1%). We also spatially visualised the value of factors related to the shooter’s position through heat maps. Our method has a potential to provide a ground for the evaluation of the effectiveness of practical techniques (e.g. box out) in rebound practice and game execution. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 192-205 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1582892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1582892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:192-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Silvana Nagai Author-X-Name-First: Silvana Author-X-Name-Last: Nagai Author-Name: Monica Yuri Takito Author-X-Name-First: Monica Yuri Author-X-Name-Last: Takito Author-Name: Michel Calmet Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Calmet Author-Name: Emanuela Pierantozzi Author-X-Name-First: Emanuela Author-X-Name-Last: Pierantozzi Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Successful transition to groundwork combat during Junior and Senior Judo World Championships Abstract: The main goal of the present study was to describe the successful transition phases from standing combat to groundwork combat in a high-level judo competition (2017 World Championship) to determine the type of transition (turtle, supine, prone, half-guard, besides, guard, standing and seated) and their rhythms (i.e. time spent by the scoring athletes) mostly used by these athletes. Our sample was based on the junior and senior, male and females, 2017 Judo World Championships. Transition phases (n = 373) that resulted in a score during the junior (n = 179) and senior (n = 194) were analysed. The main findings of this study indicated an immediate link between standing and groundwork actions observed in almost half of the occurrences. Most of the scoring actions (~75%) were achieved through an osae-komi-waza (immobilisation techniques), and these actions were performed mainly when the match was tied (~71%). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between sex and age groups concerning the type of techniques and body position. The different types of transitions were used similarly along the competition phases, indicating that athletes need to be able to cope with different situations in the transition phase to be successful. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 206-215 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1585739 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1585739 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:206-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tang-Yun Lo Author-X-Name-First: Tang-Yun Author-X-Name-Last: Lo Author-Name: Chen Yo Author-X-Name-First: Chen Author-X-Name-Last: Yo Author-Name: Chang Wu-Ye Author-X-Name-First: Chang Author-X-Name-Last: Wu-Ye Author-Name: Chien Huang Author-X-Name-First: Chien Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Jia-Hao Chang Author-X-Name-First: Jia-Hao Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Title: Kinematics analysis of cutting with dribbling during different approach speeds and cutting directions in soccer Abstract: We evaluated whether knees and hips are the key regions to anticipate an opponent’s cutting directions by using the kinematics method during different cutting tasks. Eighteen male university division 1 soccer players were the subjects of this study. Each participant was asked to cut with dribbling in four situations (2 speeds × 2 directions). The motion system and force platform were used synchronously to collect movements and ground reaction force during cutting with dribbling. The two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis (α = .05). The knee external rotation angle of the non-pivot leg was greater when cutting to the non-dominant side at the event of the non-pivot leg toe-off and pivot leg landing. The hip extension/flexion angle of the non-pivot leg was different between directions and speeds at both events. The height difference between the anterior-superior iliac spines was greater at the pivot leg landing when cutting to the non-dominant side. This study might provide the evidence to support the visual search strategies for observing the regions of hip and knee to predict cutting direction. Therefore, defenders could focus on the motion of the pelvis, hip, and knee to anticipate the cutting motion in the match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 216-226 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1586504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1586504 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:216-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eonho Kim Author-X-Name-First: Eonho Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Minsoo Jeon Author-X-Name-First: Minsoo Author-X-Name-Last: Jeon Title: Proposal for implementation of a ranking model for Olympic Taekwondo competitions using PageRank Abstract: In this study, a PageRank model is proposed to overcome the existing problems in estimating the Olympic Taekwondo rankings. For this purpose, PageRank value was calculated by using the results of 144 matches in the Men’s −58 kg class at the World Gran Prix Taekwondo competition. As a result, we identified the possibility of applying the PageRank model to calculate the Olympic Taekwondo ranking. In addition, there was a difference between the rankings calculated by the PageRank method and the Accumulative Point Index System method which is currently used, and the PageRank method was found to be more validity. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 227-235 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1586506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1586506 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:227-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaime Serra-Olivares Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Serra-Olivares Author-Name: Luis M. García López Author-X-Name-First: Luis M. Author-X-Name-Last: García López Author-Name: Bruno Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Title: Effects of the players’ level and age group category on positional tactical behaviour during 7- and 8-a-side football youth games Abstract: This study was designed to explore the effects of players’ level and age group on positional tactical behaviour during 7- and 8-a-side football games. A total of 280 youth players from 11 Spanish under 12 football teams participated in 22 games. The players’ positional data were gathered and several pitch position-derived variables were computed for the team in possession. The level of the players (i.e. regional vs. local), age group (under 11 vs. under 12) and game format were used as factors. The results showed that most skilled and older players were more efficient in covering the available space in both game scenarios while in the offensive phase, what may suggest higher tactical awareness. These findings show that players may face different tactical problems during 7- and 8-a-side formats promoting adaptations in their dynamical positioning. Overall, specific features of these factors need to be considered to better design football learning programmes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 236-247 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1593095 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1593095 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:236-247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Danilo L. Alves Author-X-Name-First: Danilo L. Author-X-Name-Last: Alves Author-Name: Raul Osiecki Author-X-Name-First: Raul Author-X-Name-Last: Osiecki Author-Name: Diogo P. Palumbo Author-X-Name-First: Diogo P. Author-X-Name-Last: Palumbo Author-Name: José V.M. Moiano-Junior Author-X-Name-First: José V.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Moiano-Junior Author-Name: Gustavo Oneda Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo Author-X-Name-Last: Oneda Author-Name: Ramon Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Ramon Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz Title: What variables can differentiate winning and losing teams in the group and final stages of the 2018 FIFA World Cup? Abstract: To compare the tactical, physical and technical indicators between winners and losers of the group and final stages of the 2018 FIFA World Cup (WC). Eighteen variables were analysed, divided into tactical (ball possession), physical (distance covered, sprints and intensity zones 1 [low] to 5 [high]) and technical indicators (passing, shots and corners). The losing teams had lower ball possession in the group stage when compared to the winners (p = .04). There was a tendency (p = .06) for winners to spend more time in high intensity (group stage). Winners also had a tendency towards greater passing success (p = .06), shots (p = .05) and shots on target (p < .01). In summary, the winning teams have greater ball possession and pass success during the group stage of the 2018 FIFA WC, in addition to spending more time at high intensities and achieving more shots and shots on target independent of whether the match was performed in the group or final knockout stage. Our findings do not suggest any additional physical, tactical or technical variable in the determination of success in high-level soccer competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 248-257 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1593096 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1593096 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:248-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carel Bester Author-X-Name-First: Carel Author-X-Name-Last: Bester Author-Name: Derik Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Derik Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Author-Name: Robert Schall Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Schall Author-Name: Matthew Blair Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Blair Title: Physical demands on elite lead rugby union referees Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the physical demands on elite rugby referees by measuring match duration and some key global positioning system (GPS) metrics such as distance covered, heart rate, speed and metabolic power and to assess whether physical demands changed during the course of the match (first half vs. second half). Physical profile data and GPS metrics were collected from 17 elite referees during 205 matches. Mean match duration was 98 min and distance covered was 6 826 m. Referees produced 5% more metabolic power during the first half of a match (mean: 6.2 W/kg) compared to the second half. Referees spent 27% of the time in the “work zone” (speed 4.1 m/s and above). During a match, referees spent 46.8% of the time below 80% HRmax. Mean numbers of high-speed accelerations, decelerations and sprints/surges were approximately 20% lower during the second half. Comparison of between-individual and within-individual variation of referee physical performance suggests that referees generally performed consistently. Factors such as referee experience and increased rates of substitution might contribute to the reduced power measures during the second half. The results from this investigation can contribute to the development of lead rugby referee-specific physical conditioning programmes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 258-273 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1593097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1593097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:19:y:2019:i:2:p:258-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Carboch Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Carboch Author-Name: James J. Tufano Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Tufano Author-Name: Vladimir Süss Author-X-Name-First: Vladimir Author-X-Name-Last: Süss Title: Ball toss kinematics of different service types in professional tennis players Abstract: If ball toss kinematics differ during different tennis service types, receivers may be able to identify service types or locations, possibly increasing their chances of reaching and returning incoming serves. The aim of this study was to assess the two-dimensional kinematics of the ball toss during different serve types. Professional male tennis players (n = 15) with ATP rankings of 648 ± 433 (highest 180; lowest 1431) served first (flat, slice, kick) and second serves to different locations (wide and T) from the deuce and advantage court. Using a high-speed camera (400 Hz) from the receiver’s point of view, the points of ball release (BR), vertical toss peak (TP), and racket-ball contact (RC) were analysed. The TP and RC of the kick serve occurred further to the right (18–21 and 30–35 cm, respectively) compared to other serve types from both serving sides. Compared to second serves wide, second serve to the T had a TP and RC 11 and 18 cm further to the right, respectively, but only from the deuce court. As the ball toss kinematics are unique for these serves, future research should identify whether players can use this information to successfully anticipate service type and location. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 881-891 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1519750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1519750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:881-891 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liam Kneafsey Author-X-Name-First: Liam Author-X-Name-Last: Kneafsey Author-Name: Stefan Müller Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Title: Assessing the influence of neutral grounds on match outcomes Abstract: The home advantage in various sports has been well documented. So far, we lack knowledge whether playing in neutral venues indeed removes many, if not all, theoretically assumed advantages of playing at home. Analysing over 3,500 senior men’s Gaelic football and hurling matches – field games with the highest participation rates in Ireland – between 2009 and 2018, we test the potential moderating influence of neutral venues. In hurling and Gaelic football, a considerable share of matches is played at neutral venues. We test the influence of neutral venues based on descriptive statistics, and multilevel logistic and multinomial regressions controlling for team strength, the importance of the match, the year, and the sport. With predicted probabilities ranging between 0.8 and 0.9, the favourite team is very likely to win home matches. The predicted probability drops below 0.6 for away matches. At neutral venues, the favourite team has a predicted probability of winning of 0.7. A Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) approach also reveals very substantive and significant effects for the “treatment” of neutral venues. Overall, neutral venues appear to be an under-utilised option for creating fairer and less predictable competition, especially in single-game knock-out matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 892-905 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1525678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1525678 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:892-905 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vagner Gonçalves da Silva Author-X-Name-First: Vagner Gonçalves da Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Michele Rafaela Cândida Ciríaco Rocha Author-X-Name-First: Michele Rafaela Cândida Ciríaco Author-X-Name-Last: Rocha Author-Name: Allan Cristian Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Allan Cristian Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Author-Name: Rodrigo Figueiredo Morandi Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Figueiredo Author-X-Name-Last: Morandi Author-Name: Emerson Cruz de Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Cruz de Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveira Author-Name: Eduardo Mendonça Pimenta Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Mendonça Author-X-Name-Last: Pimenta Title: Repeated-sprint ability determined in game in elite male Brazilian football players Abstract: Purpose: To analyse if the ability of elite Brazilian football athletes to perform repeated sprints, evaluated in real game situations, correlates with their previously determined VO2max. Methods: We analysed data from 10 male elite Brazilian football athletes, who had their movements monitored in the field through GPS devices, during 17 matches of official championships. For analysis of athletes’ movements in the field, we considered a block of repeated sprints (BRS), activities characterised by at least 3 sprints with velocity ≥20 km/h separated by a maximum of 21 s between each sprint. Results: There was no correlation between the ability to perform BRS in real game situations and the previously determined VO2max of athletes (r = 0.5828; p = 0.0770). On the other side, there was a positive correlation between the performance of blocks of repeated sprints and the number of actions within the blocks (r = 0.6712; p = 0.0336), and a negative correlation between the performance of blocks of repeated sprints and the recovery time between one block and another (r = –0.9191; p = 0.0002). Conclusions: Repeated-sprint ability determined in the game in elite male Brazilian football players is not correlated with VO2max. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 906-916 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1528522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1528522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:906-916 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lee Rooney Author-X-Name-First: Lee Author-X-Name-Last: Rooney Author-Name: Rodney Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Rodney Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Title: Home advantage in Gaelic football: the effect of divisional status, season and team ability Abstract: Evidence suggests that home advantage (HA) is present when home teams win over 50% of home games played. This study investigated the effect of divisional status, season and team ability on HA within Gealic football. The sample included 1973 matches from 32 teams over a 9-season period. HA was calculated based on the number of points gained at home conveyed as a percentage of total points gained (Pollard and Pollard, 2005). A linear regression analysis was utilised to control for ability by adjusting HA (Pollard and Gómez, 2007). In this study, HA (57.4%) is present and significantly greater (P < 0.001) than the null value of 50%. HA within Gaelic football is comparable to other team-based sports. Despite a decline with the last decade, HA has stabilised and remains above the proposed 50%. Team ability would appear to have a significant influence (P < 0.05) on HA, while season and divisional status does not. Future research should investigate further causes of HA (i.e. crowd, travel and familiarity) including their impact (if any) on HA within Gaelic games. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 917-925 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1528523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1528523 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:917-925 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qing Yi Author-X-Name-First: Qing Author-X-Name-Last: Yi Author-Name: Hong Jia Author-X-Name-First: Hong Author-X-Name-Last: Jia Author-Name: Hongyou Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hongyou Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Title: Technical demands of different playing positions in the UEFA Champions League Abstract: This study aimed to identity the technical demands of different playing positions controlling the effects of situational variables in the UEFA Champions League from a long-term perspective. Data of 18 technical performance-related match actions and events achieved by 1,990 out-field players (classified into five positional roles) in 1,000 matches played in the UEFA Champions League from season 2009/2010 to 2016/2017 were collected. Generalised mixed linear modelling was employed taking the value of each of the 18 technical performance-related variables as the dependent variable, and taking the classified 5 positions as the predictor variable. Uncertainty in the true effects of the predictors was evaluated using non-clinical magnitude-based inference. Results showed that the differences between central defenders and forwards were biggest while central defenders and full backs presented the smallest difference. The performances of midfielders in variables related to passing and organising were worse than expected and wide midfielders showed relative better performances than central midfielders in passing and organising. Meanwhile, defenders, especially central defenders, achieved good performance in variables related to passing and organising. Forwards played an important role in the aspects of goal scoring and organising, they also participated in the initial defending process. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 926-937 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1528524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1528524 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:926-937 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nimai Parmar Author-X-Name-First: Nimai Author-X-Name-Last: Parmar Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Gary Hearne Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Hearne Author-Name: Ben Jones Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Using principal component analysis to develop performance indicators in professional rugby league Abstract: Previous research on performance indicators in rugby league has suggested that dimension reduction techniques should be utilised when analysing sporting data sets with a large number of variables. Forty-five rugby league team performance indicators, from all 27 rounds of the 2012, 2013 and 2014 European Super League seasons, collected by Opta, were reduced to 10 orthogonal principal components with standardised team scores produced for each component. Forced-entry logistic (match outcome) and linear (point’s difference) regression models were used alongside exhaustive chi-square automatic interaction detection decision trees to determine how well each principle component predicted success. The 10 principal components explained 81.8% of the variance in point’s difference and classified match outcome correctly ~90% of the time. Results suggested that if a team increased “amount of possession” and “making quick ground” component scores, they were more likely to win (β = 15.6, OR = 10.1 and β = 7.8, OR = 13.3) respectively. Decision trees revealed that “making quick ground” was an important predictor of match outcome followed by “quick play” and “amount of possession”. The use of PCA provided a useful guide on how teams can increase their chances of success by improving performances on a collection of variables, instead of analysing variables in isolation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 938-949 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1528525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1528525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:938-949 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sotirios Drikos Author-X-Name-First: Sotirios Author-X-Name-Last: Drikos Author-Name: Yannis Angelonidis Author-X-Name-First: Yannis Author-X-Name-Last: Angelonidis Author-Name: Georgios Sobonis Author-X-Name-First: Georgios Author-X-Name-Last: Sobonis Title: The role of skills in winning in different types of set in women’s volleyball Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify volleyball performance indicators that best discriminate between winning and losing teams in a set according to the level of competitiveness. The data have been collected from teams’ performances (N = 438) in all sets played between top four teams in the final ranking of women’s Greek volleyball league for five periods. Clusters analysis established three different groups of sets according to set final score difference: two to three points (balanced), four to seven points (semi-balanced) and more than seven points (unbalanced). A 3 × 2 MANOVA was then performed on twelve performance indicators reflecting expressions of five basic skills of the game (serve, pass, attack 1 and 2, block). The analysis revealed significant multivariate differences in the type of result and in its interaction with the type of set. A follow-up discriminant analysis showed that the effectiveness of attacks 1 and 2 are the most important performance indicators for all the set types. The discriminant function classified correctly more cases as the score difference got higher. Especially for balanced sets, 62% were correctly classified, allowing space for further improving the critical performance indicators. These results suggest that training of a women’s volleyball team should emphasise more on improving offensive abilities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 950-960 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1528714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1528714 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:950-960 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pingwei Li Author-X-Name-First: Pingwei Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Author-Name: Juanita R. Weissensteiner Author-X-Name-First: Juanita R. Author-X-Name-Last: Weissensteiner Title: The journey to elite success: a thirty-year longitudinal study of the career trajectories of top professional tennis players Abstract: Learning from the career trajectories of the most successful elite players is central to informing effective strategies and long-term career planning to maximise player development and performance. This article examined the junior competition results and the performing age at major career milestones of top-level professional tennis players, utilising this information to forecast a player’s career peak ranking. Thirty years of longitudinal data which included 82 top 10 professional players between 2007 and 2017, were analysed. Gender and generational differences were compared. The results revealed that good performances at the highest junior level of competition was shown to be a critical precursor to eventual top-level professional success. It was revealed, however, that top 10 professional tennis players spent nearly 10 years from starting age to reaching an international junior level and another 10 years on average to achieve career peak ranking. Additionally, age at major career milestones was shown to be moderately correlated with a player’s career peak ranking, with 61% of the top one players correctly “predicted” to be top one players. The practical implications arising from these findings, specific to informing the career planning, prediction of professional success, monitoring and assessment of emerging tennis players, is discussed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 961-972 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1534197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1534197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:961-972 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacky Soo Author-X-Name-First: Jacky Author-X-Name-Last: Soo Author-Name: Carl T. Woods Author-X-Name-First: Carl T. Author-X-Name-Last: Woods Author-Name: Saravana Pillai Arjunan Author-X-Name-First: Saravana Pillai Author-X-Name-Last: Arjunan Author-Name: Abdul Rashid Aziz Author-X-Name-First: Abdul Rashid Author-X-Name-Last: Aziz Author-Name: Mohammed Ihsan Author-X-Name-First: Mohammed Author-X-Name-Last: Ihsan Title: Identifying the performance characteristics explanatory of fight outcome in elite Pencak Silat matches Abstract: This study determined the performance characteristics associated with successful exponents in Pencak Silat combat, as well as examined the relationship between performance indicators and match outcome (2015 South-East Asian Games and the 2016 Pencak Silat World Championship) using both linear (binary logistic regression) and non-linear (conditional interference (CI) classification tree) statistical techniques. A magnitude-based approach was used to compare for differences in movement characteristics between semi-finalist (SF) and non-semi-finalist (NSF). Results showed that SF preferentially utilised the single front kick (effect sizes; ES = 0.29; likely) in offence. Also, SF performed more defensive side (ES = 0.27; possibly) and front kick (ES = 0.41; very likely) during defensive manoeuvres. During counter-attacks, SF executed more roundhouse kick (ES = 0.31; likely), scissor takedown (ES = 0.33; likely) and throws (ES = 0.40; very likely). The binary logistic regression and CI classification tree analyses identified “total takedown success”, “defending takedown success” and “catch success” as the most influential in explaining match outcome, with both models achieving 75% classification accuracy. The present findings highlight key fighting characteristics and performance indicators associated with match success. The incorporation of the non-linear CI classification tree may provide coaches with a guided and practical tool to aid with decision-makings and devising match strategies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 973-985 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1539381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1539381 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:973-985 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Michalis Mitrotasios Author-X-Name-First: Michalis Author-X-Name-Last: Mitrotasios Author-Name: Vasilis Armatas Author-X-Name-First: Vasilis Author-X-Name-Last: Armatas Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Title: Analysis of playing styles according to team quality and match location in Greek professional soccer Abstract: The aim of the current study was to identify the styles of play of Greek Superleague soccer teams according to match location and team’s ranking using performance indicators related to attack, defence, transition and set-pieces. Data were obtained from the 2013–2014 season (n = 301 matches). The factor analysis identified eight factors (explained 64.29% of the total variance): F1 (ball possession); F2 (ending actions); F3 (individual challenges); F4 (counter-attack); F5 (set-piece); F6 (transitional-play); F7 (fouling actions); and F8 (free-kick). The results of the ANCOVA showed that home and away performances were significant different for F1, F2, F5, F6, and F7 with better values for home teams. In addition, the results of the covariate effect (team’s ranking) showed that the F1, F2 and F3 were significant reflecting an effect of ranking on these Factors when differentiating home and away teams (teams ranked 1st to 6th positions obtained greater values for F1 and F2, and less values for F3 than teams ranked 7th to 12th and 13th to 18th. The measures of tactics and strategies showed specific trends by ranking and match location that should be taken into account by coaches and performance analysts when identifying specific styles of play in soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 986-997 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1539382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1539382 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:986-997 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stuart Gollan Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Gollan Author-Name: Katia Ferrar Author-X-Name-First: Katia Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrar Author-Name: Kevin Norton Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Norton Title: Characterising game styles in the English Premier League using the “moments of play” framework Abstract: The aim of the current study was to identify different playing styles within 2015–16 English Premier League season. Game-related variables were allocated to the “moments of play” framework, and multidimensional game styles were investigated using cluster analysis and related to finishing position. Totally, 96 game-related variables were allocated into one of five discrete “moments of play”; set pieces (SP), established offence (EO), transition to offence (TO), transition to defence (TD) and established defence (ED). Moments of play variables were z-score transformed. The game-specific mean z-score for the five moments was used as K-means cluster analysis inputs. Relationships between game style clusters and finishing position were investigated using chi-square analysis. Three game style clusters were identified: (1) moderately favouring ED and prevalent among lower-ranked teams (n = 270 games); (2) dominant in TO and TD (n = 241) and represented by the top team, (3) strong in EO and SP and characterised by higher ranked teams (games n = 249). Success for the top-ranked team was associated with the dominance in transition moments. Higher ranked teams demonstrate control of EO and SP, whereas lower ranked teams clustered for poor performance in all moments except ED. Game style varies across teams, however, it also aggregates relative to finishing position. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 998-1009 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1539383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1539383 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:998-1009 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Filipe Manuel Clemente Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Clemente Title: Performance outcomes and their associations with network measures during FIFA World Cup 2018 Abstract: This study aimed to test the relationships between performance outcomes and network measures of the teams that participated in FIFA World Cup 2018 matches. It was also an aim to compare the performance outcomes and network measures of winners and losers and to compare them for both close and unbalanced scores. A total of 64 matches and 32 teams were observed and coded during this study. Matches were observed and coded, based on the following performance outcomes: scored goals, goals against and shots. Passing distribution was also collected. The network measures were calculated based on passing distribution matrices. Clear large correlations were found between shots and total arcs (0.53, [0.16;0.77]) and density (0.54, [0.18;0.77]) in drawn matches. Clear moderate correlations were found between shots and total arcs (0.42, [0.22;0.59]) and density (0.43, [0.23;0.60]) in won matches. Comparisons between winners and losers during unbalanced scores revealed very likely moderate increases in scored goals (88.7%, [13.8;213.0]; ES: 1.15, [0.23;2.07]) and dyad reciprocity (36.5%, [9.5;70.1]; ES: 0.69, [0.20;1.18]) in winners during unbalanced matches. This study concludes that general network measures studied are not too sensitive to variations in final score. However, some of them can be associated with performance outcomes, such as shots. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1010-1023 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1545180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1545180 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:1010-1023 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rafael Lima Kons Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Lima Author-X-Name-Last: Kons Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Author-Name: Daniele Detanico Author-X-Name-First: Daniele Author-X-Name-Last: Detanico Title: Relationship between physical fitness, attacks and effectiveness in short- and long-duration judo matches Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical performance and attack attempts and effectiveness in official judo matches with different durations. Thirty-eight judo athletes participated in this study and performed the countermovement jump (CMJ), handgrip strength test (HGS), Judogi Grip Strength Test (JGST) and Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). Official matches were filmed for technical-tactical analysis. The key results showed that male athletes exhibited higher performance in the CMJ and HGS than the female group (p < 0.05). The number of attacks was correlated with the HGS (r = 0.41) and effectiveness was correlated with JGST (r = 0.34, r = 0.43) in matches lasting shorter than 2 min (male group). In longer matches, valid combat time was positively correlated with the throws in the SJFT in the male group (r = 0.46) and negatively correlated in the female group (r = −0.62). We concluded that the number of attacks, valid combat time and effectiveness showed particularities between male and female groups in short- and long-duration judo matches. HGS for males and an anaerobic capacity indicator for females were important in shorter matches, whereas in longer matches, anaerobic capacity was relevant only for males. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1024-1036 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1545198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1545198 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:1024-1036 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wade Hobbs Author-X-Name-First: Wade Author-X-Name-Last: Hobbs Author-Name: Adam D. Gorman Author-X-Name-First: Adam D. Author-X-Name-Last: Gorman Author-Name: Stuart Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Author-Name: Mitchell Mooney Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell Author-X-Name-Last: Mooney Author-Name: Jonathan Freeston Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Freeston Title: Measuring spatial scoring effectiveness in women’s basketball at the 2016 Olympic Games Abstract: Basketball strategy is often focused on how to use space on the court. However, very little research has investigated performance from a spatial perspective beyond the now ubiquitous shooting heat maps. The aim of this study was to quantify how effectively teams move the ball across the basketball court and identify the most commonly occurring sequences of ball movement in international women’s basketball. The results of the spatial analysis characterised trends in team play from the women’s 2016 Olympic basketball competition and demonstrated that overall, the right-hand side under the basket and the top-right 3-point area were the most-effective areas on the court. In general terms, the right-hand side of the court was more effective than the left, and the middle of the court was more effective than the wings. Of the teams included in the study, the United States of America demonstrated the greatest overall effectiveness. Finally, the most commonly occurring ball movement sequences were identified with five of the seven teams demonstrating the same pattern. The quantification of spatial effectiveness in the current study provides insight into the specific tendencies of different teams and the areas that lead to the most effective outcomes. Coaches can apply this information to devise game plans aimed at counteracting the specific tendencies of opposing teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1037-1049 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1550892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1550892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:1037-1049 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chen Wen Author-X-Name-First: Chen Author-X-Name-Last: Wen Author-Name: Xueying Cao Author-X-Name-First: Xueying Author-X-Name-Last: Cao Author-Name: Yunya Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Yunya Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Scott E. Crouter Author-X-Name-First: Scott E. Author-X-Name-Last: Crouter Author-Name: Angela J. Wozencroft Author-X-Name-First: Angela J. Author-X-Name-Last: Wozencroft Author-Name: Songning Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Songning Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Knee biomechanics of selected knee-unfriendly movement elements in 42-form Tai Chi Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine ground reaction force (GRF) and knee biomechanical characteristics of certain knee-unfriendly Tai Chi movement elements, comparing them with slow walking, and examining the effects of pose height (low and high) of Tai Chi movement elements on the knee biomechanics. Seventeen participants performed three trials under eight conditions: slow walking, toe-touch pseudo-steps, and high- and low-pose lunges, pushdowns and kicks. Kinematic and GRF data were recorded simultaneously. Data were analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Greater peak knee extension moments were found in all Tai Chi movement elements of both poses, except for high-pose kick, compared to slow walking. The peak knee extension moment was greater in the low-pose lunge, pushdown and kick than those of high-pose elements. The high-pose lunge also showed smaller peak knee abduction moment and knee adduction range of motion compared to the low-pose lunge. When designing Tai Chi exercises for knee osteoarthritis patients, it is recommended to modify lunge and avoid the Tai Chi movements that include pushdown and pseudo-step due to their high knee extension moments. A high-pose position would be more suitable for Tai Chi participants than a low-pose position. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1050-1066 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1553093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1553093 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:1050-1066 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Laporta Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Laporta Author-Name: J. Afonso Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso Author-Name: I. Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Title: The need for weighting indirect connections between game variables: Social Network Analysis and eigenvector centrality applied to high-level men’s volleyball Abstract: Performance analysis in volleyball has seldom analysed the interrelationships of game actions under the systemic view of distinct game complexes, and how different patterns of game flow emerge. In this study, we used Social Network Analysis with eigenvector centrality to weight direct and indirect relationships between game actions and to assess the similarities and differences between six game complexes in high-level men’s volleyball. The study sample comprised 10 matches of the final phase of the 2015 World League (1600 game actions). Results indicated that dividing the game into six complexes and analysing game actions as nodes offers a more detailed understanding of the game and highlights the distinct constraints that typify each game complex. Specifically, the use of eigenvector centrality afforded a more accurate weighting of the variables for each complex. Because off-system situations were predominant in several game complexes, i.e.: Setting Condition C in Complex I (0.36), Complex II (0.55), Complex III (0.80) and Complex V (0.58); Attack Zone 4 and 2 in Complex I (0.30 and 0.28), Complex II (0.48 and 0.51), Complex IV (0.55 and 0.48) and Complex V (0.37 and 0.36); and Attack Tempo 3 in Complex I (0.33), Complex II (0.55) and Complex III (0.66). Our results suggest that coaches should prioritise these situations in training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1067-1077 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1553094 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1553094 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:6:p:1067-1077 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Riaan Schoeman Author-X-Name-First: Riaan Author-X-Name-Last: Schoeman Author-Name: Derik Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Derik Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Author-Name: Robert Schall Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Schall Title: Analysis of Super Rugby from 2011 to 2015 Abstract: Rugby shows proof of evolution within the professional era due to large contributions from technology and improved training. Evidence of evolution can be traced through statistics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare match activities over five seasons (2011–2015) of Super Rugby matches played, and to investigate performance indicators that allow discrimination between winning and losing teams. Data from 30 matches per season (4 matches from each of the 15 participating teams) were captured and supplied by the Cheetahs Super Rugby Franchise (Bloemfontein, South Africa), using the Verusco TryMaker Pro. Differences in mean rates were found between seasons and between winning and losing teams. Losing teams showed an increase in rucks and mauls, lost more scrums and missed more tackles. Playing time, scrums lost and penalties decreased from 2011 to 2015, while scrums (1.76%), rucks (0.80%), mauls (4.42%) and tackles (1.07%) showed a slight increase. Significant differences were found for line-outs (mean of 3.5% per year; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7–6.5%; p = 0.0156) and tackles missed (5.7%; 95% CI 3.0–8.4%; p = <0.001). The findings agree with previous research, that most changes can be contributed to the physiological improvement of players and the increased emphasis on perfecting set phases. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 190-201 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1314122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1314122 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:190-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdullah Erdal Tümer Author-X-Name-First: Abdullah Erdal Author-X-Name-Last: Tümer Author-Name: Sabri Koçer Author-X-Name-First: Sabri Author-X-Name-Last: Koçer Title: Prediction of team league’s rankings in volleyball by artificial neural network method Abstract: In this study, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model that can predict future team rankings in male volleyball professional league was developed. Data used to develop the ANN model were obtained from 2013 to 2015 league tables. Wins, defeats, home wins, and away wins were used as input parameters and team rankings as an output parameter. There are only a few studies about predicting the match results using the ANN method. Related studies are mostly based on football, basketball and bowl games. There are no studies researching the prediction of team league’s rankings in volleyball. This is the first study about team ranking prediction in volleyball by the means of the ANN. The results showed that the most optimal ANN method was a single hidden layer 4-neurone model which had “logsig” transfer function, “trainlm” training function, and “learngmd” adaptive learning function. The accuracy rate of the most optimal model was 98%, meaning that team standing in a league table can be forecasted accurately using this ANN model. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 202-211 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1331570 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1331570 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:202-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pedro Santos Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Author-Name: Oscar García-García Author-X-Name-First: Oscar Author-X-Name-Last: García-García Title: The influence of situational variables on defensive positioning in professional soccer Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of match conditions on the defensive positioning in professional soccer. One hundred and ten ball recovery situations from an elite soccer team were analysed using a tracking system (Amisco Pro). Three team performance variables (ball recovery location (BRL), position of the defensive line (PDL) and position of the offensive line (POL), and three situational variables (match location, quality of opposition and match status) were considered. The results suggest that teams alter their style of play as a consequence of the match conditions. BRL was advanced by 4.87 and 1.80 m (p < 0.05) when the teams were losing and winning, respectively, and POL by 3.67 m (p < 0.05) when losing, than when the scores were even. Playing away decreased the BRL, the PDL and the POL by 4.62, 3.41 and 3.48 m compared with playing at home (p < 0.01). Playing against strong opposition decreased the BRL and the PDL by 5.32 and 3.51 m (p < 0.01) respectively, compared with playing against similar opponents. A combination of these variables can be used to develop a model to predict future performances. The findings emphasise the need for match analysts and coaches to consider the impact of match conditions during assessments of technical and tactical components of football performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 212-219 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1331571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1331571 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:212-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matteo Ponzano Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Ponzano Author-Name: Massimiliano Gollin Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano Author-X-Name-Last: Gollin Title: Movement analysis and metabolic profile of tennis match play: comparison between hard courts and clay courts Abstract: This study aimed to define the movement analysis and metabolic model in tennis on hard courts and clay courts. Twenty-four tennis players were equipped with a 15 Hz GPS and a Polar. H7 and played a match on each playing surface. The average duration of matches was 76 Å} 24 (C) and 69 Å} 17 min (H). The maximum heart rate (HRmax) was 185 Å} 14 (C) and 178 Å} 10 bpm (H), the average heart rate (HRav) was 144 Å} 14 (C) and 139 Å} 12 bpm (H). The average metabolic power (MPav) was 3.93 Å} .34 (C) and 3.70 Å} .34 W Å~ kg−1 (H) (ES = .72, C > H, +6%). The ANOVA and the post hoc showed significant differences regarding the considered parameters on both the surfaces. The t-test highlighted significant surface-related differences (ES = .88, C > H, +26%) concerning accelerations performed between 50 and 60% of the maximum value, decelerations between 40 and 50% of the maximum (ES = 1.28, H > C, +37%), metabolic power between 0 and 10 W Å~ kg−1 (ES = .71, H > C, +1%), and 10 and 20 W Å~ kg−1 (ES = .78, C > H, +15%). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 220-231 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1331572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1331572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:220-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio García-Hermoso Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: García-Hermoso Author-Name: Jose M. Saavedra Author-X-Name-First: Jose M. Author-X-Name-Last: Saavedra Author-Name: Raúl Arellano Author-X-Name-First: Raúl Author-X-Name-Last: Arellano Author-Name: Fernando Navarro Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Navarro Title: Relationship between swim start wall contact time and final performance in backstroke events in international swimming championships Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between race-start wall contact time and final performance for each sex as a function of classification and anti-slip start-device use (with or without) in backstroke events of international competitions. Twenty-one international competitions covering a 10-year period (2006–2015) were analysed, retrospectively. The data corresponded to the competition histories of 1723 swimmers. For the contact-time data of each event (50-m, 100-m and 200-m), two-way ANOVAs (sex × classification and sex × start device use) were performed. The Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to compare means, and Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient to determine possible correlations between wall contact times and final performance. The results showed the men to have shorter wall contact times than the women in the 50-m and 100-m events, and that, for the women medallists, their wall contact times were positively correlated with final performance in all events except the 200-m swim without the start device. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 232-243 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1331573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1331573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:232-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos H. Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Carlos H. Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Author-Name: Anna Volossovitch Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Volossovitch Title: Home advantage in Portuguese football: effects of level of competition and mid-term trends Abstract: This study aimed to examine the influence of level of competition (amateur, semi-professional and professional) on the magnitude of home advantage (HA) in Portuguese football, and to verify whether the HA has changed over time. Archival data from 32,400 matches contested in the three levels of competition over 11 seasons (from 2005/2006 to 2015/2016) were analysed. HA was quantified each season for each league as the number of points won at home expressed as a percentage of all points won at home and away. The mean values of HA were significantly greater than 50% in all levels of Portuguese football (p < .001). One-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of competitive level on HA (p < .05). In the professional league, the HA was significantly lower (58.31%) than in amateur and semi-professional competitive levels (60.36 and 60.46%, respectively). Altogether, a declining HA effect was found in Portuguese football in recent years. However, negative linear relationships between HA and time were only significant at amateur and semi-professional levels (p < .05), while the decline in the major professional league has already started to level off. These findings demonstrate that the advantage of playing at home is losing importance in Portugal. The declining effect of HA, previously evidenced in major professional leagues, has been mirrored by a similar decline at amateur and semi-professional levels within the country. Future research should confirm whether the trends identified in Portugal are also verified in football leagues of other countries. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 244-255 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1331574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1331574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:244-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesús Viciana Author-X-Name-First: Jesús Author-X-Name-Last: Viciana Author-Name: Daniel Mayorga-Vega Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Mayorga-Vega Author-Name: Santiago Guijarro-Romero Author-X-Name-First: Santiago Author-X-Name-Last: Guijarro-Romero Author-Name: Alejandro Martínez-Baena Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Baena Title: Effect of two alternated teaching units of invasion team sports on the tactical learning in primary schoolchildren Abstract: The “alternated teaching units” (ATU) is an innovative proposal that consists of delivering two related contents alternatively during the Physical Education (PE) classes, making students aware that both contents are based on the same learning’s principles, increasing the students’ global learning time and making the students perceive one unique learning. This study aimed to compare the use of ATU with traditional teaching units (TTU) on the achieved tactical learning for invasion team sports in primary school students. The sample consisted of 104 students (49 girls and 55 boys; average age = 10.62 ± 0.62 years). Ten PE lessons of soccer and basketball were consecutively (TTU) and alternatively (ATU) delivered. Results showed that the ATU participants had a statistically significant increase in the scores of adjust, guard/mark and general performance indices in basketball, soccer and overall invasion sports compared with the TTU participants (r = 0.24 to 0.64; p < 0.05). Additionally, the ATU participants had a statistically significant higher change of scores in decision-making index in overall invasion sports than the TTU participants (r = 0.25; p < 0.05). ATU applied to related sports should be considered instead of delivering consecutively and unconnectedly blocks of teaching in PE. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 256-270 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1331575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1331575 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:256-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Penedo-Jamardo Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Penedo-Jamardo Author-Name: Ezequiel Rey Author-X-Name-First: Ezequiel Author-X-Name-Last: Rey Author-Name: Alexis Padrón-Cabo Author-X-Name-First: Alexis Author-X-Name-Last: Padrón-Cabo Author-Name: Anton Kalén Author-X-Name-First: Anton Author-X-Name-Last: Kalén Title: The impact of different recovery times between matches on physical and technical performance according to playing positions Abstract: This research explores the influence of playing with different recovery times between matches on physical activity and technical performance. The sample was composed by 4496 professional players who participated in German professional league (Deutsche Fußball Liga – DFL) during the season 2011–2012. Data were collected using a semi-automatic optical tracking system (VISTRACK, by Impire Corp., Germany). Differences on work rate profiles of soccer players were analysed for the following variables: total distance covered, number of fast runs, number of sprints and percentage of successful passes. The main finding of this study suggests that the total distance covered, the number of fast runs and the number of sprints decreased in professional soccer players in microcycles with length of <4 days during the mid-season. Central defenders, external defenders and external midfielders covered less total distance in microcycles of <4 days, and this effect was more evident during the mid-season. During three-day microcycles in comparison to four-day cycles, central defenders and external defenders reduced the total distance covered. No differences were observed between teams according to the team quality and match location. Coaches should pay extra attention to adapt recovery strategy according to playing position and period of season. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 271-282 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1331576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1331576 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:271-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Pulling Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Pulling Author-Name: Jay Newton Author-X-Name-First: Jay Author-X-Name-Last: Newton Title: Defending corner kicks in the English Premier League: near-post guard systems Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the use of near-post guard systems when defending corner kicks in the English Premier League during the 2015/2016 season. A total of 750 corner kicks from 79 English Premier League matches were analysed. There were a total of eight different near-post guard systems observed. Only six corner kicks (0.8%) were observed where there was no guard positioned in the near-post area when defending corner kicks. The one-one system only conceded one goal from 148 corner kicks (0.7%) observed, whereas the one-zero system conceded 8 goals from 159 corner kicks (5.0%) observed. However, when all attempts at goal were included, there was no significant association between the different near-post guard systems and the number of attempts at goal (p > 0.05). An important finding was that there were 236 defensive clearances performed by the guards from the 750 corner kicks that were analysed (31.5%), this suggests that these defensive players play an important role in preventing the attacking team from having an attempt at goal from a corner kick. Further research on corner kicks is still required and suggestions have been made for future investigations. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 283-292 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1331577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1331577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:283-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amr Hassan Author-X-Name-First: Amr Author-X-Name-Last: Hassan Author-Name: Norbert Schrapf Author-X-Name-First: Norbert Author-X-Name-Last: Schrapf Author-Name: Markus Tilp Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Tilp Title: The prediction of action positions in team handball by non-linear hybrid neural networks Abstract: One key to success in sport games is to anticipate individual and team tactical behaviour. The earlier and the more accurate players can identify the opponents’ strategy, the higher is the probability of success. To date it is not known if artificial intelligence is able to perform such anticipations in sports games. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to predict the shooting in team handball by means of artificial neural networks (ANN) in two approaches. In approach 1 only the shooting position was predicted and in approach 2 the last pass preceding the shot and the shot position itself was predicted from position data from preceding actions. Position data from 723 actions sequences of the EHF U18 Men European handball championship were annotated. A hybrid prediction system radial basis function network was used for prediction. Seventy per cent of the data-set were used for the network training, 15% for cross-validation and 15% for testing. The ANN predicted the real positions with an accuracy of 1.20 ± 0.46 and 1.42 ± 0.77 m for approach 1 and 2, respectively. Results demonstrate that ANNs are capable to predict position data in the sports game team handball with meaningful accuracy. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 293-302 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1336688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1336688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:293-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Author-Name: Frederik Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Frederik Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Author-Name: Ranel Venter Author-X-Name-First: Ranel Author-X-Name-Last: Venter Title: Analysis of the general match profile of international rugby union between 2007 and 2013 Abstract: Law amendments are fundamental to the development of rugby and are introduced for a variety of reasons. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the general match profile of international rugby between 2007 and 2013 in order to determine the effect of law changes. The researchers made use of mixed method methodology approach for this study. For the quantitative approach, a total of 248 matches were recorded and analyzed using the Fairplay video analysis software package. For the qualitative approach, the researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with expert coaches, specialist coaches, players and referees and referee coaches. The results revealed a practical significant decrease in the number of scrums (d = 1.03) line-outs (d = .86), rucks (d = .86), mauls (d = .62) and kicks (d = .46). An increase in the number of passes (d = .43), ball carries (d = 1.22) tackles attempted (d = .65) and penalty kicks (d = .98) between 2007 and 2013 was observed. The interviews revealed that under the current laws, there is an imbalance between attack and defence. The general match profile of international rugby has moved to a game with a decrease in the number of set pieces and kicks to an increase in the number of ball carries and tackles. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 303-318 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1336689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1336689 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:303-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colm Clear Author-X-Name-First: Colm Author-X-Name-Last: Clear Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Denise Martin Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: Attacking profiles in elite hurling Abstract: This study investigated the effectiveness of different attacking profiles for elite hurling to establish if certain patterns can be used to improve performance. Every possession in play (n = 4260) in the 2015 Senior Inter-County Hurling competition (n = 28 games) was characterised using 6 variables; how possession was gained, start location, pass count, pass pattern, end location and outcome using NacSport Scout Plus. A binomial logistic regression comparing total shot count (χ12$ \chi_{1}^{2} $ = 21.961, p < .001), total shot efficiency (χ12$ \chi_{1}^{2} $ = 4.244, p = .050), shot count from play (χ12$ \chi_{1}^{2} $ = 17.647, p < .001) and shot efficiency from play (χ12$ \chi_{1}^{2} $ = 8.389, p = .009) between winning and losing teams, revealed these variables are significantly associated with winning. The additional key finding for coaches is: (1) the need to design one and two pass possession games to meet the current demands of the game, (2) teams that take the most shots win, therefore encourage players to shoot, (3) implying a high defensive press was shown to be an effective attacking strategy and (4) tier 2 teams can significantly improve their chances of winning by having an efficient free taker. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 319-333 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1338074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1338074 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:319-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pablo García-Marín Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: García-Marín Author-Name: Francisco Manuel Argudo Iturriaga Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Argudo Iturriaga Title: Water polo: technical and tactical shot indicators between winners and losers according to the final score of the game Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the technical and tactical shot indicators in water polo between the winners and losers in balanced (≤3 goals difference) and unbalanced (>3 goals) matches in each situational framework (even action, counter-attack, power play and penalty). A total of 2378 shots from the 44 women’s matches in the XV World Championship were analysed. A descriptive analysis and a variance analysis were performed for comparison of means (p ≤ .05). No significant differences were found in the balanced matches. In unbalanced matches, differences arose in even action (zone of origin of prior pass, reception, position, free shot, result and goal zone), counter-attack (position and goalie position in width) and power play (technical gesture, result, goal zone, defender orientation, contact and proximity between defender and attacker). No differences were found in the indicators analysed for penalty. The notational analysis allows for the discrimination of performance factors according to the winner–loser condition and suggests practical applications for training in shooting. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 334-349 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1339258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1339258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:334-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Scott Irvine Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Irvine Author-Name: Rodney Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Rodney Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Title: Analysis of performance indicators that most significantly affect International Twenty20 cricket Abstract: Twenty20 (T20) cricket has rapidly become the most lucrative and desirable format of the game, with performance analysis pivotal in shaping successful tactics and strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance indicators that most significantly affect the outcome of a game of international T20 cricket, in different parts of the world. Cricket-specific analysis software was used to analyse 40 international matches from 2012 to 2016, across 7 different countries. Magnitude-based inferences determined that the total number of dot balls bowled (ES = 1.49), the total number of wickets taken (ES = 1.46) and the innings run rate (ES = 1.21) were the most significant indicators of success across the four environments. This indicates the need to select wicket-taking bowlers, for captains to gamble with attacking fields throughout the innings and for aggressive batters with a high strike rate and boundary % to be selected where possible. Furthermore, the main indicators of success remained constant across environments, with run-scoring and batting determinants greatest when in sub-continent conditions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 350-359 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1343989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1343989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:350-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Gustavo Ferreira Pedrosa Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo Ferreira Author-X-Name-Last: Pedrosa Author-Name: Nilva Pessoa de Souza Author-X-Name-First: Nilva Pessoa de Author-X-Name-Last: Souza Author-Name: Flórence Rosana Faganello Gemente Author-X-Name-First: Flórence Rosana Faganello Author-X-Name-Last: Gemente Author-Name: Auro Barreiros Freire Author-X-Name-First: Auro Barreiros Author-X-Name-Last: Freire Author-Name: Henrique de Oliveira Castro Author-X-Name-First: Henrique de Oliveira Author-X-Name-Last: Castro Title: Type of game practiced in handball according to the positions of the attackers: analysis of the Women’s World Handball Championship 2015 Abstract: The present study aimed to analyse the relationship between the location, direction and effect of the finalisation with the position of the attacker in handball and to predict the offensive behaviour of attackers in relation to these variables. The sample consisted of the observation of 1450 attack actions from the finals of the Women’s World Handball Championship of 2015. It was observed an association between the location of the finalisation and the attacker’s position (x2 = 1721.93, p < .001, Φ = 1.00), the effect of finalisation and the attacker’s position (x2 = 50.18, p < .001, Φ = .19) and the direction of the finalisation and the position of the attacker (x2 = 119.12, p < .001, Φ = .29). In addition, multinomial logistic regression showed the position of the attacker presented as predictive factors the direction and effect of the finalisation (x2 = 140.20, p < .0001). In this context, the situational constraints have demanded the backcourts finalisations from long distance towards to extremities of the goal, making them more predictable and reducing the effectiveness of the finalisation. However, the wings and the pivots varied the types and direction of the finalisation without presenting predictive factors of the type of game practiced. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 360-373 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1345197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1345197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:3:p:360-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868671 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868671 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Butterworth Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Butterworth Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Brendan Cropley Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Cropley Title: Performance profiling in sports coaching: a review Abstract: Performance profiles have been developed to provide a collection of information about sports performances. The developments in the area include presentation methods for profiles and ways of interpreting performance indicator values within profiles. However, performance profiles need to be considered in the context of sports coaching. This paper presents a review of performance profiling techniques within the coaching process. The information needs of coaches attempting to manage this inherently complex process need to be served by performance analysis and performance profiles fulfil part of this role. The types of information used within coaching are reviewed before performance profiling techniques are critically examined with respect to coaching information needs. The review leads to the listing of a set of criteria for performance profiling techniques within sports coaching. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 572-593 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868672 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868672 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:572-593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabor Csataljay Author-X-Name-First: Gabor Author-X-Name-Last: Csataljay Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Henriette Dancs Author-X-Name-First: Henriette Author-X-Name-Last: Dancs Title: Effects of defensive pressure on basketball shooting performance Abstract: Reasons behind successful team performance were explained through analysing the effects of defensive pressure on basketball shooting performance. Team success, shooting efficiency and defensive opposition were analysed from 3344 shooting attempts with Wilcoxon signed ranks tests, Friedman tests and odds ratio calculations. Results of the analysis identified significant differences between winners and losers for close 2 point and 3 point shooting percentages. The increased level of defensive pressure had influential effect on the shooting performance and the game outcome. It was concluded that winning teams achieved more effective shooting percentages as the consequence of better team cooperation, because players could work out more opened scoring opportunities without any active defensive presence. The other occasion of the higher shooting percentages was the level of defensive performance because winners more times forced their opponent to try under maximal defensive pressure. After all, perhaps the most important difference between winning and losing teams was that winners could exploit their scoring opportunities more effectively, not only without defensive opposition but also from the hardest situations under high level of defensive pressure also. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 594-601 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868673 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868673 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:594-601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lloyd Evans Author-X-Name-First: Lloyd Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: The effectiveness of the chop tackle in elite and semi-professional rugby union Abstract: The aim of this study was to analysis tackles within 2 levels of rugby union. Ten Rugby World Cup matches and 10 Principality Welsh Premiership matches were analysed. The 125.8±40.6 tackles performed in World Cup matches was significantly greater than the 88.1±14.0 performed in Welsh Premier matches (p < 0.001). Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the two different levels of play while Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were used to compare performance of chop and other types of tackle. Furthermore, the 31.3±14.2% of tackles in World Cup matches that were chop tackles was significantly greater than the 22.6±8.5% in Welsh Premier matches (p = 0.038). The percentage of chop tackles that led to a turnover was significantly greater than the percentage of other types of turnover in both World Cup matches (p = 0.003) and Welsh Premier matches (p = 0.003). However the percentage of chop tackles that were unsuccessful was also significantly greater than the percentage of other types of turnover in both World Cup matches (p = 0.023) and Welsh Premier matches (p < 0.001). Therefore, the chop tackle is an example of a technique with high risk but also high opportunity of success. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 602-611 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868674 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868674 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:602-611 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohsen Shafizadeh Author-X-Name-First: Mohsen Author-X-Name-Last: Shafizadeh Author-Name: John Sproule Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Sproule Author-Name: Shirley Gray Author-X-Name-First: Shirley Author-X-Name-Last: Gray Title: The emergence of coordinative structures during offensive movement for goal-scoring in soccer Abstract: This study examined how offensive movements leading to goal-scoring opportunities emerge through coordinative actions between players in professional soccer. Twenty soccer clubs in the English Premier League were observed and analysed for 12 successive competitive Premier League matches each during the 2011-12 season. A coordinative structure was defined as the partnership between the player who delivered the assist pass and the goal scoring player. According to conditions of two players in the last action before a goal being scored four coordinative states were defined: Passer Standing-Receiver Standing; Passer Standing-Receiver Moving; Passer Moving-Receiver Standing; Passer Moving-Receiver Moving. The result of repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (F3, 57=1.94, p>0.05) showed that there was no significant difference between the occurrence of different coordinative states. The Markov chain model was used to examine the predictability of coordinative structure states in successive matches. We found a low transition probability and small transitional rate in each coordinative state. The results showed that the emergence of coordinative structure during offensive movements varies between EPL soccer clubs and it follows a stochastic process in successive matches. One implication of these findings for coaches is the need for varied tactics in attack through using different states of coordinative actions between players in order to increase goal-scoring opportunities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 612-623 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868675 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868675 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:612-623 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Author-Name: Guilherme Giannini Artioli Author-X-Name-First: Guilherme Giannini Author-X-Name-Last: Artioli Author-Name: Ciro José Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ciro José Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Title: Judo combat: time-motion analysis and physiology Abstract: The understanding of time-motion and physiological responses to judo combat is important to training organization. This review was based on search results using the following terms: “judo and competition”, “judo and physiology”, “judo and randori”, and “judo and time-motion analysis”, “judo and combat”, “judo and match” and “judo and biochemestry”. The effort-pause ratio during judo combats is between 2:1 and 3:1, with 20s and 30s effort periods and 10s of pauses. Thus, judo combats rely on all three metabolisms, with the anaerobic alactic sytem being reponsible by the short duration powerful actions during technique applications, the anaerobic lactic system being responsible for the maintainance of high-intensity actions during longer periods (e.g., grip dispute), while the aerobic system is responsible for the recovery processes between high-intensity actions and matches. Training prescription must consider these demands and a muscle-specific action analysis may help to direct the proper approach to improve judo athletes’ performance. In general, lower-body is involved in short-term high-intensity actions during technique executions, while upper-body muscle groups are involved in both strength-endurance and power actions. As many muscle groups perform different actions during the match, a high cardiovascular demand is also observed in judo. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 624-641 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868676 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868676 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:624-641 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Williams Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: K. Barnett Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Title: A preliminary review of horse-rider reaction times in the equestrian population Abstract: Reaction time is defined as the time between the onset of a sensory stimulus and the subsequent behavioral response. This study aimed to investigate reaction times of members of the horse riding population, testing for variables in subject lifestyles which affect reaction time. Fifty-three subjects completed questionnaires including personal details and information on their normal lifestyle and equestrian involvement. Subjects’ reaction times were measured using a computerised game. No significant difference was found between the reaction times for the right or left hands. An increase in reaction time was associated with an increase in age (r=0.744, P<0.05), whilst sleep and caffeine ingestion prior to testing did not influence reaction time P>0.05). The study identified that as subject age (years) increased, reaction time increased and, surprisingly, that the population did not appear to exhibit hand dominance proposed to be due to striving for a balanced rein contact. To fully assess the effect of sleep, stimulants and experience/competition level on reaction time, further investigation is required. However, identification of factors that impact on rider reaction times will allow these to be considered during equestrian human athlete development to enhance equine performance and reduce injuries to horse and rider. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 642-652 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868677 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868677 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:642-652 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Adams Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Author-Name: Ryland Morgans Author-X-Name-First: Ryland Author-X-Name-Last: Morgans Author-Name: Joao Sacramento Author-X-Name-First: Joao Author-X-Name-Last: Sacramento Author-Name: Stuart Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Author-Name: Morgan D Williams Author-X-Name-First: Morgan D Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Successful short passing frequency of defenders differentiates between top and bottom four English Premier League teams Abstract: Dominating ball possession during football matches may be a feature of successful English Premier League (EPL) teams. Yet, supporting evidence remains unclear. This study aimed to identify which performance indicators falling under the umbrella of possession separate teams that finish at the top versus teams that finish at the bottom of the EPL. Aggregated technical data for defending, midfield and attacking units obtained from all EPL matches played in one season were analysed. Decision tree induction was applied to a training dataset (N = 149). The final model involved five splits (Rsquare = 0.662). The variable with the largest contribution to the final decision tree model was total successful short passes made by defenders (G2 = 115). The second largest contribution was successful passes made in the opposition half by midfielders (G2 = 13), the third variable that contributed was unsuccessful passes opposition half made by defenders (G2 = 8). All other selected variables made negligible contributions (G2 < 2). This study provides novel findings suggesting that successful EPL teams utilise defenders to build-up play. Maintaining possession via short passes permits the attacking team to move the opponents around the pitch and wait for attacking opportunities to emerge. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 653-668 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868678 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:653-668 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Afonso Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Title: Skill-Based Differences In Visual Search Behaviours And Verbal Reports In A Representative Film-Based Task In Volleyball Abstract: A desire to increase understanding of the mechanisms underpinning expert performance has motivated a large body of research. We examined the processes supporting skilled performance in a complex film-based volleyball task using a representative simulated environment. Participants were presented a complex, game-like volleyball task. We combined eye movement recording with immediate retrospective verbal reports of thinking in fifteen elite female volleyball players, ranked into skilled and less skilled groups. Skilled players employed longer fixations than their less skilled counterparts, and spent a greater amount of time fixating the receiver and functional spaces between two or more players. Skilled participants generated significantly more condition concepts, and presented a superior level of sophistication in their verbal reports. Data suggests that it is relevant to use tasks that simulate real-life environments. The definition of functional spaces, aiming for locations that stimulate retrieving information from more than one cue at a time, affords researchers to use eye-tracking devices to analyze peripheral vision. Based on collection of verbal reports researchers could assess if those functional spaces were relevant for the subjects. Researchers need to be thoughtful when designing representative tasks in order to accurately simulate competitive contexts. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 669-677 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868679 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:669-677 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Filipe Clemente Author-X-Name-First: M. Filipe Author-X-Name-Last: Clemente Author-Name: S. Micael Couceiro Author-X-Name-First: S. Micael Author-X-Name-Last: Couceiro Author-Name: Fernando M. L. Martins Author-X-Name-First: Fernando M. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Author-Name: Rui Mendes Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Mendes Author-Name: António J. Figueiredo Author-X-Name-First: António J. Author-X-Name-Last: Figueiredo Title: Measuring Collective Behaviour in Football Teams: Inspecting the impact of each half of the match on ball possession Abstract: The aim of this study was to inspect the influence of each half of match and the ball possession status on the players’ spatio-temporal relationships. Three official matches of a professional football team were analysed. From the players’ locations were collected the team’s wcentroid, wstretch index, surface area and effective area of play at 9218 play instants. The results suggested that the values of teams’ dispersion and average position on the field decreases during the 2nd half of the match. In sum, this study showed that the half of match and the ball possession status influenced players’ spatio-temporal relationships, in a way that significantly contributes to the collective understanding of football teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 678-689 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868680 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:678-689 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Aaron Fox Author-X-Name-First: S. Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Fox Author-Name: Michael Spittle Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Spittle Author-Name: Leonie Otago Author-X-Name-First: Leonie Author-X-Name-Last: Otago Author-Name: Natalie Saunders Author-X-Name-First: Natalie Author-X-Name-Last: Saunders Title: Descriptive analysis of landings during international netball competition: Enhancing ecological validity of laboratory testing environments Abstract: Non-contact landings have been identified as a common activity associated with injury in netball. Investigating injury risk factors during landing via laboratory-based analysis warrants the performance of sport-specific landing tasks with the inclusion of “game-like” factors to enhance ecological validity of testing protocols. Understanding how players perform landing tasks in a competitive environment is, therefore, essential. The purpose of this study was to perform a descriptive analysis of in-game landings performed by netball players, with regard to the landing techniques used and game events surrounding these landings; with the intent of providing information to enhance the ecological validity of laboratory-based testing environments. Landings were categorised according to landing technique and game events surrounding the landing. A total of 1328 landings were observed across the three matches analysed. Differences in the distribution of landing techniques performed were seen across the various court positions. Specific game events were frequently present regardless of the landing technique performed. However, certain game events were found to occur more frequently with specific landing techniques. The findings from this study provide researchers with data to inform evidence-based decisions and enhance the ecological validity of laboratory testing environments when investigating landings in a netball sporting context. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 690-702 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868681 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868681 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:690-702 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Carroll Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Carroll Title: Team Performance Indicators in Gaelic Football and Opposition Effects Abstract: A computerised notational analysis system was used to analyse selected performance parameters in Elite Gaelic Football. These parameters were examined to see if there were any significant differences when comparing teams of different standards. Footage from 57 matches were analysed from the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship during the 2011 ‘2012 seasons. Of the 12 performance indicators examined 8 were found to be significant when comparing performances in games containing one Top team and one Bottom team. Three (Attack Efficiency %, Total Shots and % Opposition Kickouts Won) of the performance indicators were found to be significant when comparing Top team’s performances against Top teams and Bottom teams. Only 2 (Fouls Committed and Total Goals) were found to be significant when comparing Bottom team performances against Top teams and Bottom teams. The strength of opposition affected Top and Bottom teams differently. Bottom teams performed better in every performance indicator when playing Bottom teams than playing Top teams, however only 1 performance indicators was found to be significant. Top teams performed better in 9 of the performance indicators measured when playing Bottom teams than playing Top teams. Surprisingly they performed worse in 2 areas. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 703-715 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868682 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868682 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:703-715 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Malte Siegle Author-X-Name-First: Malte Author-X-Name-Last: Siegle Author-Name: René Prüßner Author-X-Name-First: René Author-X-Name-Last: Prüßner Title: Additional time in soccer Abstract: This study analysed additional time in soccer referees added on at the end of a match, during the 2012 European Championship. An observational system was used to analyse duration and number of occurrences of relevant game interruptions, indicated additional time and actual additional time. All 31 matches of the tournament were analysed, resulting in a total number of 196 relevant interruptions with a mean duration of 261.3 ± 86.5 s per match; average additional time per match was 218.1 ± 50.0 s. Maximum difference between relevant interruptions and additional time was 211 s. For 51% of all matches, additional time was too short. Results of ANOVA revealed that score has no significant influence on this phenomenon.This study showed that additional time in soccer is too low. Therefore, referees would benefit from improving their methods to calculate the appropriate amount of additional time at the end of a soccer match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 716-723 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868683 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:716-723 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Author-Name: A. Miguel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: A. Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Jorge Viaño Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Viaño Author-Name: Iván González-García Author-X-Name-First: Iván Author-X-Name-Last: González-García Author-Name: María de Los ángeles Fernández-Villarino Author-X-Name-First: María de Los ángeles Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Villarino Title: Home advantage in elite handball: the impact of the quality of opposition on team performance Abstract: The aims of this study were: (1) to examine the influence of game location and team quality on performance indicators in elite handball and (2) to analyze the home advantage effect in different game contexts according to the ability of both teams (strong, intermediate and/or weak). The sample included all 240 matches from the Spanish Professional Handball League (ASOBAL League) during the 2012/13 season. The home advantage was 63.10%, but this effect depends on the particular context of the game. Results identified those critical game-related statistics that are affected by playing at home or away (6m Goal Effectiveness, 9m Goal Effectiveness, Fast Break Goals, Field Total Shots, Steals, 6m Goalkeeper Effectiveness, 9m Goalkeeper Effectiveness and Total Goalkeeper Effectiveness, p<0.01 and Turnovers, p<0.05) and how the value of these variables depends on the particular context of the game. These findings can contribute to a better understanding of the situational variables determinants of elite handball performances, helping the coaches to prepare the players accordingly. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 724-733 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868684 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:724-733 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehmet Zeki Özkol Author-X-Name-First: Mehmet Zeki Author-X-Name-Last: Özkol Author-Name: Sinan Turunç Author-X-Name-First: Sinan Author-X-Name-Last: Turunç Author-Name: Milivoj Dopsaj Author-X-Name-First: Milivoj Author-X-Name-Last: Dopsaj Title: Water polo shots notational analysis according to player positions Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the offense positions a shot is taken in the field and the ending points of the shots taken from a spot of equal number of defense and offense players (6-6). Matches were recorded (14 match) by a camera and recordings were analyzed by marking and collecting data with notation match analysis method. Repeated measures of ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis. Significant differences were found in 4 of the 6 positions (p3, p4, p5, p6) in shot efficiency (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in shot efficiencies of the five areas (p>0.05). The highest shot efficiency was in P6 (65.35%) and at the overhead (52.52%) in goal. Significant differences were found in 4 of the 6 positions (p1, p3, p5, p6) in goal efficiency (p<0.05). P6 had the highest (27.64%) goal efficiency. P3 was the position with the highest number of shots (140) constituting 30.4% of the total shots (461). 42 (28.2%) of the 149 goal-bound shots depending on the positions were taken from P6. In conclusion, the results of this study show the importance of center players (P6); the number of shot scores from P3 is higher than the other positions. Most players preferred down corners. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 734-749 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:734-749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Otto Kolbinger Author-X-Name-First: Otto Author-X-Name-Last: Kolbinger Author-Name: Martin Lames Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Lames Title: Ball trajectories in tennis - Lateral and vertical placement of right handed men’s singles serves Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the distribution of tennis serves in a more accurate and more tennis-specific way than previous studies. In order to do that, the y-z-coordinates when the ball is level with the receiver were calculated based on a model with data obtained by Hawk-Eye technology for 10418 serves of 53 right handed male players on hard court. Two way repeated measures ANOVAs showed significant differences for lateral and vertical distributions between serves from the ad court and from the deuce court, as well as for first and second serves. First serves lateral distribution was M-shaped, but apparently independent of tactical intentions towards the opponent, whereas second serves are placed more frequently on the backhand-side of the receiver. Furthermore, the second serves pass show a higher trajectory. Thus the results of the study also confirmed the necessity of including the z-coordinate in investigations on service placement in tennis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 750-758 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868686 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:750-758 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucy Parrington Author-X-Name-First: Lucy Author-X-Name-Last: Parrington Author-Name: Kevin Ball Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Ball Author-Name: Clare Macmahon Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Macmahon Title: Game-based analysis of handballing in Australian Football Abstract: Handballing is the most efficient passing skill in Australian football with an 80% success rate. Other than the number and outcome of handballs, there is no game-based information available on handball quality. The aims of this study were to profile handball performance and to assess within-game factors associated with effective handballing. Handballs (N = 1140) from 14 Australian Football League games were coded for outcome, technical, decision-making and game-environment factors. Technically it was found that that most handballs during games were characterized by a stationary and square stance, and executed forward over a short distance. Decision-making components included passing under low pressure, within one and three s and with one to two passing options available. Under game-environment, handballs were predominantly made in the midfield and after the ball was caught in the air, with an ‘easy-receive’ lead-up. Efficiency was higher when the player was square, passed forward, and had a ‘knees-bent’ or running stance. Handballing efficiency was lower under increased pressure, when there were fewer passing options, in the attacking region of the ground, and after awkwardly receiving the ball before passing. These findings can help guide handball technical analyses and coaching programs. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 759-772 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868687 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:759-772 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hugo Sarmento Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmento Author-Name: Antonino Pereira Author-X-Name-First: Antonino Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira Author-Name: Nuno Matos Author-X-Name-First: Nuno Author-X-Name-Last: Matos Author-Name: Jorge Campaniço Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Campaniço Author-Name: T. Maria Anguera Author-X-Name-First: T. Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Anguera Author-Name: José Leitão Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Leitão Title: English Premier League, Spaińs La Liga and Italýs Seriés A – What’s Different? Abstract: Our study aimed to understand which aspects are most important by coaches in the characterization of the three best European Football Leagues (English Premier League, Spaińs La Liga and Italýs Seriés A). The sample included 8 expert high-performance Portuguese First League football coaches. Semi-structured interviews were carried out and data were analysed through Content Analysis.The interviewed coaches believe that what distinguished the style of play in the different leagues is due essentially to: cultural factors; strategictactical factors; and, specific players’ skills. They considered that: the English league is characterized by a direct style of play; the Italian league continues to be characterized by the defensive tactical rigor; and, the Spanish league favors the aesthetic side of the game and having greater control over throughout the game.Our coaches felt that what mostly differentiates these teams is culturally-influenced whereby distinct ways of playing have been created through history. In addition, they also referred to strategic and tactical aspects, players’ characteristics and the coach’s philosophy.Appreciating the cultural aspects that contribute to the creation of distinct playing styles may be useful for coaches who work in new clubs/cultures and want their players to adapt to his methods and improve performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 773-789 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:773-789 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Wright Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: M. Ryan Rodenberg Author-X-Name-First: M. Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Rodenberg Author-Name: Jeff Sackmann Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: Sackmann Title: Incentives in Best of N Contests: Quasi-Simpson’s Paradox in Tennis Abstract: Simpson’s Paradox is a statistical quirk where an apparent correlation of variables is reversed when the variables are combined. We investigate tennis’ unique “best of N” scoring system for evidence of Simpson’s Paradox among certain players who win more points than their opponent but lose the overall match. Using data from more than 61,000 professional tennis matches over the course of 21 years, we find about 4.5% of matches exhibit such characteristics, providing insight into incentive effects derived from tennis’ scoring system, (sub-)conscious strategic decisions by players, and player-level traits that may be relevant to match outcomes. Practical implications in connection with sport integrity and narrow aspects of the sports gambling market are also discussed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 790-802 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868689 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:790-802 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hongyou Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hongyou Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Will Hopkins Author-X-Name-First: Will Author-X-Name-Last: Hopkins Author-Name: A. Miguel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: A. Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: S. Javier Molinuevo Author-X-Name-First: S. Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Molinuevo Title: Inter-operator reliability of live football match statistics from OPTA Sportsdata Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the inter-operator reliability of OPTA Client System which is used to collect live football match statistics by OPTA Sportsdata Company. Two groups of experienced operators were required to analyze a Spanish league match independently. Results showed that team events coded by independent operators reached a very good agreement (kappa values were 0.92 and 0.94) and average difference of event time was 0.06±0.04 s. The reliability of goalkeeper actions was also at high level, kappa values were 0.92 and 0.86. The high intra-class correlation coefficients (ranged from 0.88 to 1.00) and low standardized typical errors (varied from 0.00 to 0.37) of different match actions and indicators of individual outfield players showed a high level of inter-operator reliability as well. These results suggest that the OPTA Client System is reliable to be used to collect live football match statistics by well trained operators. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 803-821 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:803-821 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julen Castellano Author-X-Name-First: Julen Author-X-Name-Last: Castellano Author-Name: David álvarez Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: álvarez Author-Name: Bruno Figueira Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Figueira Author-Name: Diogo Coutinho Author-X-Name-First: Diogo Author-X-Name-Last: Coutinho Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: Identifying the effects from the quality of opposition in a Football team positioning strategy Abstract: The present study aimed to identify the collective tactical decisions from a high-level football team, by analysing team length, width and surface area in offensive and defensive phase. The sample was composed by six competitive matches, played against stronger and weaker level opponents. Multidimensional qualitative data was obtained using a computerized match analysis system (AMISCO®). The data was analysed using non-linear signal processing tools, such as relative phase to access coordination modes between teams and approximate entropy (ApEn) to measure randomness in each time-series. The results allowed identifying higher offensive length, width and surface area frequencies when playing against weaker teams. On the other hand, higher defensive length, width and surface area frequencies were found against stronger teams. In addition, the ApEn results of surface area shown that tactical behaviour tends to be repeated during the match, both in offensive and defensive phase. The present results contributed to better understand the use of pitch space and the team strategic framework, helping coaches to improve the accuracy of strategic planning. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 822-832 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:822-832 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Carreras Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Carreras Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Author-Name: Antoni Planas Author-X-Name-First: Antoni Author-X-Name-Last: Planas Author-Name: Ignacio Martín Author-X-Name-First: Ignacio Author-X-Name-Last: Martín Author-Name: Luis Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Title: Analysis of International Rugby Sevens matches during tournaments Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse the time structures of match and stoppage activities of matches during the Sevens World Series. Sixty matches (n=60) of the first three tournaments of the Sevens World Series 2011 to 2012 were recorded and analysed. The performance indicators used for the purpose of this study was: total match time, ball in play time, stoppage time, number of stoppages and match activities, length of stoppages and different match activities. The duration of a match is 1002.15 ± 136.23s, with a mean of 43.64 ± 29.19s/match activities; 71% of play are activities with efforts less than 51s; 61% of the stoppages activities have a duration less than 51s; quarterfinals (50,90 ± 28.18s/stoppage activity) and finals (50.79 ± 29.95s/stoppage sequence)the length of the stoppage are statically significant (p < 0.01). The common trends were that play activities are longer in the pool matches when compared to play-off stages. The research and analysis of the time structures of matches and the tournaments is an important performance indicator to construct training programs to prepare teams for rugby sevens matches and tournaments. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 833-847 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868692 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:833-847 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Lythe Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Lythe Author-Name: Andrew E Kilding Author-X-Name-First: Andrew E Author-X-Name-Last: Kilding Title: The effect of substitution frequency on the physical and technical outputs of strikers during field hockey match play Abstract: We aimed to determine the effects of substitution frequency on physical and technical outputs of strikers during competitive field-hockey. Five matches were played involving the same two teams, during which three different substitution frequency conditions were assessed: three strikers with no substitutions (Sub3), four strikers with a moderate amount of substitutions (Sub4); and five strikers with a high amount of substitutions (Sub5). Physical outputs were measured using GPS and HR monitors and technical outputs (positioning and possession ratings) were determined using video-analysis. There were no significant differences between conditions for total distance covered per position70 (Sub5=8414±125, Sub4=8422±34, Sub3=8282±0m) and high-intensity (>19km. h-1) running (Sub5=701±46, Sub4=685±28, Sub3=723±0m). There was a tendency for greater substitutions to result in less decrement in total distance and high-intensity running when 1st and 2nd halves were compared. Greater substitutions increased total technical outputs compared to less substitutions (Sub5=241±35, Sub4=207±38, Sub3=173±0). In conclusion, while a greater substitution frequency does not increase the physical outputs of strikers, a higher substitution frequency appears to offsets decrements in physical outputs due to fatigue, as well as increase the technical contributions of strikers during competitive play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 848-859 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868693 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:848-859 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wolf Gawin Author-X-Name-First: Wolf Author-X-Name-Last: Gawin Author-Name: Chris Beyer Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Beyer Author-Name: Holger Hasse Author-X-Name-First: Holger Author-X-Name-Last: Hasse Author-Name: Dirk Büsch Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: Büsch Title: How to attack the service: an empirical contribution to rally opening in world-class badminton doubles Abstract: The start of a rally is of particular importance in the doubles disciplines, as the receiving double may take the initiative in the rally with an aggressive return. To do so, the shuttlecock must be reached quickly and hit close to and high up at the net. Within these parameters it is likely that internationally successful top players are superior to less successful players. To provide evidence of this, the return by 10 female and 12 male doubles players was examined during an international tournament and the two parameters of time difference between service and return and the horizontal distance of the shuttlecock from the net at the point of contact were determined. It is argued that successful top players reach the shuttlecock faster and closer to the net than less successful players. With qualitative analyses the aim is to identify more effective movement techniques for the return. Differences between successful and less successful players in terms of these parameters can be detected in men but not in women. Players who are excellent at taking serve launch explosively with both legs, and accelerate the racket forwards by stretching the striking arm in a straight line to the shuttlecock. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 860-871 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868694 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:860-871 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio Buglione Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Buglione Author-Name: Bruno Ruscello Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Ruscello Author-Name: Raffaele Milia Author-X-Name-First: Raffaele Author-X-Name-Last: Milia Author-Name: Gian Mario Migliaccio Author-X-Name-First: Gian Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Migliaccio Author-Name: Giampietro Granatelli Author-X-Name-First: Giampietro Author-X-Name-Last: Granatelli Author-Name: Stefano D’Ottavio Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: D’Ottavio Title: Physical and Physiological demands of elite and sub-elite Field Hockey players Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological and the physical characteristics of elite and sub-elite Italian male field hockey players.Twenty-two players: twelve elite (age: 25.1±3.8 years, height: 1.74±5.2m, body mass: 70.3±2.6kg) and ten sub-elite (age: 22.2±4.0 years, height: 1.72±1.8m, body mass: 66.7±5.6kg) participated to the study. Six matches, three performed at international and three at national level were analyzed by the means of a GPS device and heart rate monitoring.The mean total distance covered by each player was 7062±1363m (elite) and 6186±1615m (sub-elite); the estimated mean total distance covered in 70 min was 8553±705m and 8067±1081m respectively. The acceleration (n=256±35 elite and n=231±51 sub-elite) and deceleration events (n=256±35 elite and n=233±51 sub-elite) were also computed. Mean heart rate was 84.5±3.7% and 85.77±2.8% of the maximal heart rate, in elite and sub-elite respectively. Blood lactate concentrations sampled at the end of the first half and at the end of the matches were collected and processed.No significant differences between elite and sub-elite Italian hockey players were found both in distance covered measured, even at different speed intensities, and in heart rates. Significant differences with Effect Sizes ranging from small to very large, were found in accelerations. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 872-884 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:872-884 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Artsiom Revin Author-X-Name-First: Artsiom Author-X-Name-Last: Revin Author-Name: R. Justin Chimka Author-X-Name-First: R. Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Chimka Title: NBA Game Results Versus Sports Gaming Information Abstract: The aim of this study was to predict final score difference between home and away NBA teams for a regular season. Separate linear regression models depending on total over/under were fit to data before the all-star break, and checked for adequacy. Consistently important effects include the closing line, rest days, non-college players, and age. Finally models were checked with data after the all-star break. We assigned a monetary value to each out-of-sample bet on a game and calculated the expected profit for each model. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 885-896 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868696 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868696 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:3:p:885-896 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868442 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868442 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Davidson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Davidson Author-Name: Grant Trewartha Author-X-Name-First: Grant Author-X-Name-Last: Trewartha Title: Understanding the Physiological Demands of Netball: a time-motion investigation Abstract: The purpose of the present time-motion analysis study was to gain greater understanding of physiological demands placed on netball players during competition. Six players for 3 positional groups were analysed; Centre (C), Goal Shooter (GS) and Goal Keeper (GK). Players were individually filmed throughout three 60 minute English Superleague matches. Game footage was replayed and coded into six different movement activities using a computerised analysis system (Sportscode, Australia). The frequency, duration and percentage match time spent performing each activity, as well as work to rest (W:R) ratios were calculated. Electronic timing gates (Newtest Powertimer, Finland) were used to calculate players speed in each activity and subsequently the distances travelled were estimated. C (7984 ± 767m) travelled significantly further than GS and GK (4210 ± 477m and 4283 ± 261m, respectively; p<0.01 and p<0.01). C also had significantly higher W:R ratios (1:1.9) than GS and GK (1: 4.5 and 1: 2.9, respectively; p<0.01, and p=0.01, respectively). The intermittent nature of netball was highlighted with players changing activity every 4.1s. Collectively the results have implications for designing position specific training programmes with regard to aerobic and anaerobic conditioning, agility and speed development. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-17 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868443 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868443 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:1-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luc Collard Author-X-Name-First: Luc Author-X-Name-Last: Collard Author-Name: Emmanuel Auvray Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel Author-X-Name-Last: Auvray Author-Name: Ivan Bellaunay Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Bellaunay Title: Why have swimmers neglected the “fish kick” technique? Abstract: Given that horizontal-plane undulation (“fish kicking”) just under the water surface is more effective (from a hydrodynamic point of view) than vertical-plane undulation (“dolphin kicking”) (Lighthill, 1975), why then do expert swimmers experts not use this technique after the turn and before resuming their arm stroking action? Fourteen national-level swimmers (6 males and 8 females) were timed over 15m and 25m trials while dolphin kicking and then fish kicking. A comparative analysis revealed the strong potential of fish kicking (which equates to dolphin kicking on the side). Over 25m, the fish kicking times were only slightly slower than the dolphin kicking times, and this was in the absence of prior training. Over 15m and at no more than 1 metre below the surface, the swimmers went significantly faster in the side position (p<0.05). A multifactorial analysis (MFA) revealed that the determinants of high performance while kicking underwater are relatively independent of the swimmer’s absolute speed (e.g. personal best for 50m front crawl), gender, age and weight. In contrast, in the population of swimmers studied here, being a backstroke or butterfly specialist and being short were factors that appeared to favour speed in the undulation trials. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 18-26 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868444 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:18-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Knechtle Beat Author-X-Name-First: Knechtle Author-X-Name-Last: Beat Author-Name: Knechtle Patrizia Author-X-Name-First: Knechtle Author-X-Name-Last: Patrizia Author-Name: Kaul René Author-X-Name-First: Kaul Author-X-Name-Last: René Author-Name: Kohler Götz Author-X-Name-First: Kohler Author-X-Name-Last: Götz Title: Body composition changes in females during 12 hours of endurance swimming Abstract: We evaluated 5 female non-professional Caucasian ultra-swimmers during a 12-hour swim to see whether a change in body mass, percent body fat, skeletal muscle mass, percent total body water and specific gravity of urine occurred. Urinary proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) of pre and post race urine samples was performed in order to detect alanine, lactate and 3-hydroxybutyrate metabolic leftovers. The 5 swimmers achieved an average distance of 23.8 (SD = 5.0) km. From the parameters of body composition, body mass decreased by 1.26 kg (− 1.8 %), fat mass decreased by 0.66 kg (− 2.8 %), skeletal muscle mass decreased by 0.57 kg (− 2 %) and total body water decreased by 2.7 l (− 6.8 %). Urinary specific gravity remained stable at 1.007. In the post race 1H-NMR-urinalysis we found no increase in ketone bodies. We presume that these female ultra-swimmers covered their energy demand with a consumption of energy rich substrates stored in their skeletal muscles and in their body fat. However, we could not detect an increase in ketone bodies in their post race urinary samples as a sign of increased lipolysis of adipose subcutaneous tissue. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 27-39 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868445 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:27-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohsen Shafizadeh Author-X-Name-First: Mohsen Author-X-Name-Last: Shafizadeh Title: Qualitative Analysis of Aggressive Behaviors in the Adolescent, Youth and Adult Soccer World Cups Abstract: The purposes of the present investigation were the analysis of aggressive behaviors and their relationship with performance according to the person-context interaction model. All squads that participated in the soccer World Cups for U-17, U-21 and adults were selected. Predictor variables were squad characteristics including players’ body mass index, age, number of tournaments participated in, squads’ place, and play round, and criterion variables were aggressive behavior as reflected by cards, fouls, and performance. The results of path analysis and MANOVA mixed factorial design revealed that the aggressive behaviors are associated with number of tournaments participated in and play round. In addition, the preliminary performance is related to aggression, but these results didn’t show for knock-out performance. In conclusion, the aggressive behavior in the elite level of soccer is related to the interaction of squad characteristics and stress and aggression causes deterioration in the performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 40-48 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868446 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:40-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ioannidis Theodoros Author-X-Name-First: Ioannidis Author-X-Name-Last: Theodoros Author-Name: Theoharopoulos Antonios Author-X-Name-First: Theoharopoulos Author-X-Name-Last: Antonios Author-Name: Mary Kariotou Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Kariotou Title: The precision of service, forehand and backhand strikes from the baseline, and their comparison between male and female tennis athletes Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to register and compare the performance of male and female tennis athletes in relation to their successful strikes at service, forehand and backhand. The sample of the study included active male and female athletes, members of Thessalonica’s teams that participate at the National championships of their ages. The sum of the study was 60 athletes (30 male and 30 female). Comparisons were made in order to evaluate if statistical significant differences exist based on their sex on the scores of their strikes. Statistical analysis of one-way ANOVA was used, with a significance level of 0.05. The results of the study showed that concerning sex, no significant statistical differences were noticed between the scores that male and female athletes achieve at the three strikes (service from the right side, sig=0.206, service from the left side sig=0.162, service totally sig= 0.929, forehand sig=0.766, backhand sig=0.683). The results showed that sex is an insignificant factor that could affect and form the scores of the athletes at the tests that describe their technical ability. Future studies are necessary, for the construction of a more widespread database. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 49-62 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868447 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868447 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:49-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Petersen Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Petersen Author-Name: D.B. Pyne Author-X-Name-First: D.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Pyne Author-Name: M.J. Portus Author-X-Name-First: M.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Portus Author-Name: B. Dawson Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Title: Analysis of Twenty/20 Cricket performance during the 2008 Indian Premier League Abstract: Team strategy and tactics in cricket can be influenced by knowledge of the relative importance of team performance indicators. We analysed team, batting and bowling performances at the 2008 Indian Premier League Twenty/20 Tournament (IPL) by comparing the magnitudes of differences in key batting and bowling indicators between winning and losing teams. Magnitude of difference between teams was established with a standardised (Cohen’s) effect size (ES:0.2) with 90% confidence limits. There were several moderate or large differences in performance indicators between winning and losing teams in the IPL. The three best indicators of success in the IPL were taking more wickets in the game (ES=1.93±0.04 90%CL), taking more wickets in the last 6 overs (ES=1.01±0.03) and having a higher run rate (ES=0.96±0.02). Winning teams captured more wickets particularly in the first and last six overs, and were more effective in containing the opposition teams’ run scoring in the middle eight overs. When batting, winning teams tended to face less dot balls and score more runs from 25+ run partnerships. Team tactics should focus on wicket-taking bowling and field placements in the first and last six overs, and run restrictive field placing and bowling in the middle eight overs. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 63-69 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868448 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:63-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G. Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: G. Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Emily Brown Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: The Importance of Service in Grand Slam Singles Tennis Abstract: It is established that the serving player wins more points in elite tennis than the receiving player. However, it is not certain whether the advantage of serve relates to the number of aces and serve winners that are played, or if the server’s advantage persists as rallies go to 3 or more shots. Data from 214 serving performances of at least 36 points were used from Grand Slam singles tennis matches played in 2007. In men’s singles, the advantage of serve still existed in points of 3 to 4 shots on first serve but not on second serve. On second serve, men lost the advantage of serve once the rally reached a third shot. By contrast in women’s singles, the advantage of serve was lost after the first 2 shots of the rally when the first serve was in and there was no significant serve advantage when a second serve was required. The first serve in men’s singles tennis at Grand Slam tournaments gives the server such an advantage that the 62.4% of points of 3 to 4 shots that are won is significantly greater than the 49.7% of points won if the rally lasts for 5 or more shots. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 70-78 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868449 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:70-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eleni Zetou Author-X-Name-First: Eleni Author-X-Name-Last: Zetou Author-Name: Vassilios Papacharisis Author-X-Name-First: Vassilios Author-X-Name-Last: Papacharisis Author-Name: Fereniki Mountaki Author-X-Name-First: Fereniki Author-X-Name-Last: Mountaki Title: The effects of goal-setting interventions on three volleyball skills: a single-subject design Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a goal setting intervention program, on basic components of volleyball performance over a competitive season. A multiple-baseline, single-subject design was used with video observations on three performance components (serving, serve-receiving and attacking), collected for three woman volleyball players, in amateur level-six years experience. Every skill evaluated using three symbols: 0 = the lost (a point lost by player), + = the perfect (a point won by player) and − = the neutral (continued the phase). This method evaluates the effectiveness of individual components of performance. At the midseason break, participants selected one skill of their play that they felt would benefit from improvement. A goal-setting program was designed based on the goal attainment scaling procedure recommended by Smith (1988). According to the program participants generated numerical targets for their chosen skills. Performance skills were assessed for the next seven matches as they had been in the pre-intervention phase. Participants showed no significant improvements in their targeted area of performance. The findings suggest that amateur athletes cannot enhance their performance by using the goal attainment scaling as an intervention strategy during the games of the competitive season. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 79-95 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:79-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroo Takahashi Author-X-Name-First: Hiroo Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi Author-Name: Tomohito Wada Author-X-Name-First: Tomohito Author-X-Name-Last: Wada Author-Name: Akira Maeda Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Maeda Author-Name: Mitsuo Kodama Author-X-Name-First: Mitsuo Author-X-Name-Last: Kodama Author-Name: Hidetsugu Nishizono Author-X-Name-First: Hidetsugu Author-X-Name-Last: Nishizono Title: An analysis of the time duration of ground strokes in Grand Slam men’s singles using the computerised scorebook for tennis Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse the time duration of ground strokes in various court surfaces in men’s singles tennis. We used the computerised scorebook for tennis to collect the data from the three Grand Slam men’s singles tennis tournaments (French Open, Wimbledon, U.S. Open) held in 2003 and 2004. The total number of study matches was 41. The time duration of ground strokes was analysed from the data. The factor of the player’s situation showed a significant difference (p<0.01). The time duration of ground strokes on the server was 1.33±0.01 s and on receiver was 1.38±0.01 s. This result was influenced by the difference of tactics in service games and return games. The server has the advantage due to starting the rally by means of the serve. It leads the server to play more aggressively than the receiver. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 96-103 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868451 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:96-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Simon Eaves Author-X-Name-First: J. Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Eaves Author-Name: D. Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: D. Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: L. Kevin Lamb Author-X-Name-First: L. Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Title: Assessing the impact of the season and rule changes on specific match and tactical variables in professional rugby league football in the United Kingdom. Abstract: Rule changes in sport are an inherent part of the changing environment for players, coaches and spectators. However, the impact of these rule changes is often not assessed objectively. The aim of this study was to establish whether rule changes implemented between 1992 and 2000 significantly influenced the playing pattern of professional rugby league teams. A specifically designed hand notation system was used to assess 17 key variables in 48 full game performances over four time Periods (1988-92; 1993-95; 1997-98; 2000-02). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant (P<0.01) increase in the frequency per unit time of dummy half passes in the Period immediately after the introduction of the 10-m rule; a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in the percentage of tackle errors and an increase in the frequency per unit time of dummy half passes (P < 0.01) in the Period immediately following the change of playing season (1996) and a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in the percentage of kicks out of play in the Period immediately following the introduction of the 40-20 rule. It was concluded that rule changes implemented between 1992 and 2000 had little impact on the playing patterns of professional rugby league teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 104-118 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868452 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:104-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D.E. Loveday Author-X-Name-First: D.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Loveday Author-Name: K.A. Drayer Author-X-Name-First: K.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Author-Name: D.J. Pierotti Author-X-Name-First: D.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Pierotti Author-Name: J.R. Coast Author-X-Name-First: J.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Coast Title: Variations in muscle activation timing with changes in pedal technique Abstract: The current study was designed to determine the effect of altering pedaling technique on muscle activation timing and duration. Eight subjects performed three trials (same day) utilizing a natural, dorsiflexed and plantarflexed pedaling technique while the timing of the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), tibialis anterior (TA), biceps femoris (BF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle activation / deactivation were measured with electromyography (EMG). These data were compared to crank arm orientation. BF muscle deactivation under the plantarflexed pedaling condition was significantly delayed (P <0.05) by an average of 23° when compared to the dorsiflexed condition. Although there were changes under the altered pedaling conditions for the other muscles measured, which included increased VL and BF range during plantarflexion, delayed activation and decreased range for the GL during plantarflexion and early TA activation under both dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, none were significant. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 119-129 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868453 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:119-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laios Yiannis Author-X-Name-First: Laios Author-X-Name-Last: Yiannis Title: Comparison of the basic characteristics of men’s and women’s beach volley from the Athens 2004 Olympics Abstract: While Beach Volley fares practically the same popularity as Volleyball, its tactical and technical elements have not as yet been submitted to the same systematic analysis. The aim of the present study was to compare the most important technical elements of Beach Volley between men and women, as this was expressed in its highest level at the final games of the Athens 2004 Olympics, using standard methodological approach, previously applied in the classic game of Volleyball. The analysis of the results revealed that the game of Beach Volley is played quite differently by men and by women.Although the relative proportion of points won by the serving and receiving team are practically the same in both genders, this comes as a result of actions, which vary distinctly in power in all skills, starting from the jump power serve, to the smashing spike at the net, forcing one of the players of the opposing team to make a block defense. Consequently the evident difference in muscular power between the two genders is the major factor discriminating the game tactics of Beach Volley. This differentiating factor manifests itself in several sports, such as volleyball, handball and tennis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 130-137 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868454 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:130-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hurnik Elzbieta Author-X-Name-First: Hurnik Author-X-Name-Last: Elzbieta Author-Name: Unierzyski Piotr Author-X-Name-First: Unierzyski Author-X-Name-Last: Piotr Author-Name: O’Donohue Peter Author-X-Name-First: O’Donohue Author-X-Name-Last: Peter Title: Reliability of a computerised system for recording location on a tennis court Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to evaluate the reliability of the SIMI Scout software (SIMI Reality Motion Systems GmbH, Munich, Germany) as it is configured to be used in elite tennis research. The system allows the location of events to be entered on a video overlay where a fixed camera view is used or entered onto a birds-eye view of the playing area. Three experiments were conducted using the video overlay only, the birds-eye view only and a combination of the two. There was a 100% agreement between the observers for the player hitting a stroke, the type of stroke, the outcome of the stroke and the end of the rally in all three experiments (k = 1.00). The use of the video overlay only proved the most reliable for shot entry (mean location error of 53.8cm) followed by the use of the birds-eye view only (mean location error of 67.6cm) and the use of both methods (mean location error of 96.1cm). Therefore, researchers wishing to use the system with television footage where camera angles change will need to be well trained and demonstrate an acceptable level of reliability based on the analytical goals of the given study. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 138-144 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868455 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:138-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Principal Components Analysis in the selection of Key Performance Indicators in Sport Abstract: Principal components analysis is a data reduction technique that can be used within the process of identifying key performance indicators for sports analysis systems, especially real-time systems. The smaller set of critical performance indicators is associated with action variables that it is possible to enter into a match analysis system in real-time. A further possible application of principal components analysis is to identify higher order performance indicators based on combinations of related performance indicators. These higher order performance indicators allow the feedback provided to players to be more concise avoiding the presentation of redundant information. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 145-155 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868456 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868456 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:145-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jarryd Heasman Author-X-Name-First: Jarryd Author-X-Name-Last: Heasman Author-Name: Brian Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: Jason Berry Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Berry Author-Name: Glenn Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Glenn Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: Development and validation of a player impact ranking system in Australian football Abstract: This study aimed to develop and validate player performance impact rankings for Australian football, considering players’ time on ground and game situation. Player performance data was collected from an Australian Football League (AFL) club and their opponents in each game during the 2006 season. Individual player and team impact scores were generated by multiplying the frequency of selected game actions by allocated positive or negative numerical values. The study was divided into three phases. In phase 1 higher team impact scores were shown to have a significant correlation with winning (r=−0.69, p<0.01). A greater final points margin between the teams was also correlated with an increased impact score margin (r=0.85, p<0.001). In phase 2 one-way ANOVAs revealed individual player impact scores were significantly higher in the midfield than in the forward and defensive positional zones (p<0.001), suggesting that impact score comparisons should only be made within positional zones. In phase 3 a chi-square analysis revealed significant differences between individual players within each of the positional zones. It was concluded that the impact ranking scores provided a valid method of assessing game performance for players (within positional zones) and teams, allowing performance profiles to be created for coaching purposes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 156-171 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868457 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:156-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Athalie Redwood-Brown Author-X-Name-First: Athalie Author-X-Name-Last: Redwood-Brown Title: Passing patterns before and after goal scoring in FA Premier League Soccer Abstract: Previous investigations of scoreline effects in soccer have looked at all periods of matches where a team is winning, losing or drawing. The current investigation focussed instead on the 5 minutes leading up a goal being scored and the 5 minutes that followed the goal. The frequency of passing and the percentage of successful passes were compared between these periods and the average for 5 minutes within the half of the match in which the goal was scored. There were 285 goals from 120 English FA Premier League matches that were analysed. In the 5 minutes that preceded a goal, the scoring team played a significantly greater percentage passes accurately than the average for the half (p < 0.017), while the conceding team played significantly fewer passes (p < 0.017). After the goal was scored, the scoring team played significantly fewer passes (p < 0.017) and a lower percentage of passes were played accurately (p < 0.017) than the average for the half of the match where the goal was scored. Accurate passing not only retains possession but may also lead to scoring opportunities while also restricting opposition possessions and scoring opportunities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 172-182 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868458 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:3:p:172-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeremy Mertz Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy Author-X-Name-Last: Mertz Author-Name: L. Donald Hoover Author-X-Name-First: L. Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Hoover Author-Name: Jean Marie Burke Author-X-Name-First: Jean Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Burke Author-Name: David Bellar Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bellar Author-Name: M. Lani Jones Author-X-Name-First: M. Lani Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Briana Leitzelar Author-X-Name-First: Briana Author-X-Name-Last: Leitzelar Author-Name: W. Lawrence Judge Author-X-Name-First: W. Lawrence Author-X-Name-Last: Judge Title: Ranking the Greatest Nba Players: A Sport Metrics Analysis Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to present a statistical model to rank the top National Basketball Association (NBA) players of all-time. Creating a statistical model to rank players may help sport scientists determine important variables for player analysis, as well as aid coaches in the development of basketball-specific, data-driven performance indicators. Nonetheless, computing this type of model is difficult due to the plethora of individual player statistics and achievements that require consideration, as well as the impact of changes to the game over time on individual player performance analysis. This study used linear regression to create a reliable model for the top 150 player rankings in NBA history. The independent variables within the regression equation included points per game (PPG), rebounds per game (RPG), assists per game (APG), win shares per 48 minutes (WSPER48), and number of NBA championships won (CHMPS). The results revealed that PPG, RPG, APG, and CHMPS were all necessary for an accurate regression model, but WSPER48 was not a statistically significant predictor. The four significant independent variables explained 53% of the variance in player ranking, and further attempts to simplify the regression model were ineffective. The results of the present study also indicated that the commonly-espoused variable WSPER48 did not add statistical merit to the ranking of the all-time greats. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 737-759 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868925 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:737-759 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge E Morais Author-X-Name-First: Jorge E Author-X-Name-Last: Morais Author-Name: António J Silva Author-X-Name-First: António J Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Daniel A Marinho Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A Author-X-Name-Last: Marinho Author-Name: Mário C Marques Author-X-Name-First: Mário C Author-X-Name-Last: Marques Author-Name: Tiago M Barbosa Author-X-Name-First: Tiago M Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa Title: Effect of a specific concurrent water and dry-land training over a season in young swimmers’ performance Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess over a full season: (i) the effect of a combined dry-land strength and conditioning and in-water program on the swimming performance of young swimmers; (ii) the effect of such program on the performance determinants; (iii) the effect of the training periodization designed. A longitudinal research design assessing an agegroup of young swimmers over a season was carried out. Methods: Twentyseven young swimmers (12 boys: 13.55±0.72-y; 15 girls: 13.16±0.93-y; both sexes in Tanner stages 2-3) were evaluated in three moments over 40 weeks. The 100-m freestyle performance, body mass, height, arm span (anthropometrics), stroke frequency, stroke length, swimming velocity, intracyclic swimming velocity (kinematics), stroke index, propelling efficiency (efficiency), squat jump, countermovement jump, and throw velocity (strength and conditioning) were assessed. A cluster analysis was computed to classify the swimmers. For the “talented” swimmers, the performance and all determinants, but the squat and countermovement jumps improved between the first and last evaluation moments. Both inwater and dry-land strength and conditioning features were responsible for the cluster discrimination in each one of the evaluation moments. All three clusters were also characterized by a mix of technical and strength & conditioning features. This highlights swimming performance as a holistic phenomenon (i.e. multiple determinants) where shifting occur in the interplay among the performance determinant according to the training periodization. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 760-775 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868926 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:760-775 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cesar C C Abad Author-X-Name-First: Cesar C C Author-X-Name-Last: Abad Author-Name: Lucas A Pereira Author-X-Name-First: Lucas A Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira Author-Name: Ronaldo Kobal Author-X-Name-First: Ronaldo Author-X-Name-Last: Kobal Author-Name: Katia Kitamura Author-X-Name-First: Katia Author-X-Name-Last: Kitamura Author-Name: Igor F Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Igor F Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz Author-Name: Irineu Loturco Author-X-Name-First: Irineu Author-X-Name-Last: Loturco Author-Name: Fabio Y Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Fabio Y Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Title: Heart rate and heart rate variability of Yo-Yo IR1 and simulated match in young female basketball athletes: A comparative study Abstract: To verify the cardiac autonomic response following the Yo-Yo IR1 and simulated basketball matches (SM) 20 young female Brazilian basketball players (16.92±1.07 years; 179.60±9.27 m; 73.33±15.71 kg; BMI = 22.59±3.56) performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo) and the SM. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were monitored continually 10-min before, during, and 10-min after both experimental sessions. Global HRV indexes, measured maximal heart rate (HRmax), and several estimated HRmax were assessed. The time duration of Yo-Yo IR1 was lower than SB (6.12 ± 1.81 and 24.21 ± 4.04 min, respectively; ES=5.78). Higher values of measured-HRmax were registered in SM (195.27±8.40 beats.min-1) than during Yo-Yo IR1 (187.47±9.54 beats.min-1; ES=-0.93). No differences were found between the mean HR of the efforts (177±9 and 173±10 beats.min-1 for Yo-Yo and SM, respectively; ES =0.20). The six estimated HRmax ranged from 92.31±4.59 to 102.59±4.41% of the measured HRmax. Higher cardiac autonomic depression was found after SM. The technical-tactical requirement during the SM seemed to be able to reach HRmax but with lower cardiac autonomic response than Yo-Yo. This information may help coaches and physical conditioners to evaluate, prescribe and monitor training sessions regarding HR and HRV responses during common team sports practices. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 776-791 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868927 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:776-791 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Ruano Author-Name: Adam Lee Owen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Lee Author-X-Name-Last: Owen Author-Name: Jaime Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Title: The effects of a player dismissal on competitive technical match performance Abstract: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the soccer teams’ technical competitive match performance following the effect of a player dismissal. Seventy-five matches from the highest ranked five professional soccer leagues in Europe were analyzed using a tracking-system (OPTA Sportdata Company). The results showed a decreased performance post-player dismissal for the punished teams with respect to total passes, number of touches and short passes made. Additionally, the advantaged teams exhibited an increased performance post-player dismissal. Situations during competitive match play creating a numerical advantage of playing 11 vs. 10 increased performance by approximately 14, 20, 14, 9, 30 and 6 percent (p<0.01) with respect to the time spent in possession, short passes, number of total passes, total touches, total shots and successful passes, respectively vs. 11 vs. 11. However, there were less performance in defense for the advantaged teams (p<0.01). Coaches can use this information to establish goals for players and teams in practices and matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 792-800 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868928 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:792-800 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magdalena Fronczek–Wojciechowska Author-X-Name-First: Magdalena Author-X-Name-Last: Fronczek–Wojciechowska Author-Name: Gianluca Padula Author-X-Name-First: Gianluca Author-X-Name-Last: Padula Author-Name: Joanna Kowalska Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Kowalska Author-Name: Manuela Galli Author-X-Name-First: Manuela Author-X-Name-Last: Galli Author-Name: Salvatore Livatino Author-X-Name-First: Salvatore Author-X-Name-Last: Livatino Author-Name: Karolina Kopacz Author-X-Name-First: Karolina Author-X-Name-Last: Kopacz Title: Static balance and dynamic balance related to rotational movement in ballet dance students Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess static and dynamic balance related to rotational movements en pointe and en demi pointe in ballet dance students. The study group consisted of 13 people – students of one of the ballet schools in Poland: 9 dancers from the junior class (14 years old) and 4 dancers form the senior class (18 years old). For the purpose of statistical analysis, the group was divided into 4 subgroups. Each person took part in a static balance test which included a 30s trial with eyes opened and 30s trial with eyes closed. The examination of dynamic balance related to rotational movements was also performed to compare movements en pointe vs. movements en demi pointe. Analyses were performed using the Kistler 9286BA platforms, which are the module of BTS Smart DX 7000. Data processing was performed with the use of BTS Sway and Statistica 10. Accepted level of significance was α = 0.05.Increase in the following center of pressure parameters was observed in the examination with eyes closed: maximal radius, longitudinal range, equivalent area and velocity. Participants from the senior class did not show these differences. There were no differences found between movements en demi pointe in comparison with movements en pointe. Static balance deteriorated with eyes closed in the entire examined group. Participants from the senior class showed more stable parameters of static balance. There were no differences in dynamic balance when the base of support was decreased. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 801-816 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868929 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:801-816 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcin Andrzejewski Author-X-Name-First: Marcin Author-X-Name-Last: Andrzejewski Author-Name: Marek Konefał Author-X-Name-First: Marek Author-X-Name-Last: Konefał Author-Name: Paweł Chmura Author-X-Name-First: Paweł Author-X-Name-Last: Chmura Author-Name: Edward Kowalczuk Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Kowalczuk Author-Name: Jan Chmura Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Chmura Title: Match outcome and distances covered at various speeds in match play by elite German soccer players Abstract: The aim of the present study is to examine how various playing positions and end result (i.e. won, drawn or lost match) affect the total covered distance and distances covered at low and high-intensity by German Bundesliga soccer players. Match performance data were collected from 350 soccer players competing in the German Bundesliga during the 2014/2015 domestic season. A total of 4393 individual match observations were undertaken on outfield players. The analysis was carried out using the Impire AG motion analysis system recording all movements of players in all 306 matches. The examined variables included total distance covered and distance covered in low-intensity and high-intensity running. The analysis of distance covered at high intensity shows that central defenders and full-backs covered shorter distances in won matches than in lost matches (p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, forwards covered significantly longer distances in won matches than in drawn and lost matches (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate the importance of considering match outcome and playing positions in the assessment of physical aspects of soccer players’ performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 817-828 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868930 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:817-828 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: İlkay Doğan Author-X-Name-First: İlkay Author-X-Name-Last: Doğan Author-Name: Özkan Işik Author-X-Name-First: Özkan Author-X-Name-Last: Işik Author-Name: Yasin Ersöz Author-X-Name-First: Yasin Author-X-Name-Last: Ersöz Title: Examining the Turkish Men’s Professional Basketball Team’s Success According to Game-related Statistics with Discriminant Analysis Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the game-related statistics that discriminate between teams according to their league position in the Turkish Basketball League. Data were collected from the official box scores for 16 participated teams during the 2014-2015 regular season of the Turkish Basketball League. Teams were divided into two groups according to their league position; top 8 teams were called the top half teams and other 8 teams were called the bottom half teams. Players who played for less than one-quarter of the season or less than half a game period were omitted from the sample. The final data set obtained from 198 basketball players. The recorded game-related statistics were standardized according to a player’s time on court. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare descriptive results from the game-related statistics. Also, discriminant analysis was applied to discover the statistical team variables that better discriminated between the two types of team. The mean differences between teams that were found to be statistically significant were assists, steals, defensive rebounds, turnovers and offensive rebounds. In the 2014-2015 regular season of Turkish Basketball League assists, steals, defensive rebounds, turnovers and offensive rebounds were the variables that had a major contribution to a team success. As a result, it was found that offensive rebounds, defensive rebounds, assists, steals and turnovers were more important game-related statistics than others. These results suggest that defense is more effective for team success than offense. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 829-836 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868931 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:829-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Carl Woods Author-X-Name-First: T. Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Woods Title: The use of team performance indicator characteristics to explain ladder position at the conclusion of the Australian Football League home and away season Abstract: Not dissimilar to other elite team sports, the Australian Football League (AFL) implements a ‘ladder’ system to rank the performance of teams relative to their opposition. Position on this ladder is primarily operationalised by the number of wins a team accrues. This study investigated the extent to which an AFL team’s ladder position was associated with their performance indicator characteristics. Thirteen team performance indicators were collated for each AFL team (n = 18), with teams being categorised according to their ladder position (ranked one to 18) at the conclusion of the 2015, 23-round, home and away season (394 observations). A higher ranked position (closer to one) was reflective of a higher performing team. Cumulative link mixed models were fitted to the data, modelling the extent to which ladder position was associated with the team performance indicators. Ladder position was significantly negatively associated with ‘hit-outs’, ‘clearances’, and ‘inside 50’s’, respectively. Comparatively, the remaining team performance indicators were unable to significantly explain ladder position. These results show that teams ranked higher on the AFL ladder (closer to one) possess distinctive performance indicator characteristics. This data may be of use to AFL coaches and performance analysts when developing game-plans and training drill designs. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 837-847 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:837-847 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Pinelopi Stavrinou Author-X-Name-First: S. Pinelopi Author-X-Name-Last: Stavrinou Author-Name: Marios Argyrou Author-X-Name-First: Marios Author-X-Name-Last: Argyrou Author-Name: Marios Hadjicharalambous Author-X-Name-First: Marios Author-X-Name-Last: Hadjicharalambous Title: Physiological and Metabolic Responses During a Simulated Judo Competition Among Cadet Athletes Abstract: This study examined the effects of a simulated judo competition among cadet judo athletes in physiological and metabolic responses. Nine cadet judo athletes participated in the study. The simulated competition consisted of four 4-minute judo matches, separated by fifteen minutes of recovery. During each match, the athletes’ attacks were recorded, and during the recovery time, concentrations of lactate (La), triglycerides (TG), and glucose (GLU) were measured. The heart rate (HR) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also obtained. The results of this study indicate the high impact multiple judo matches have in cardiovascular stress and perceived exertion and highlight the main metabolic involvement of anaerobic pathway. We conclude that the increase in blood lactate concentration is not a limiting factor in judo performance in multiple one-day judo matches. In addition, in the cadets’ category, the 14-minutes interval between the matches is long enough to positively influence blood lactate clearance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 848-859 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:848-859 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Galé-Ansodi Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Galé-Ansodi Author-Name: Julen Castellano Author-X-Name-First: Julen Author-X-Name-Last: Castellano Author-Name: Oidui Usabiaga. Author-X-Name-First: Oidui Author-X-Name-Last: Usabiaga. Title: Effects of different surfaces in time-motion characteristics in youth elite tennis players Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the physical profile between clay and hard court in match-play for high-level young tennis players using GPS technology. 4 female and 10 male high-level young Spanish tennis players (under 12 years n=28 and under 14 years n=28 records) took part in the study (age 12.9 ±1.3 years). Eleven portable GPS devices (MinimaxXv.4.0, Catapult Innovations) operating at a sampling frequency of 10 Hz were used to collect data. Physical demands were assessed over 42 tennis matches, with individual players being tracked in 2 matches on hard and 2 matches on clay court (4 matches by player) totalling 56 individual recordings on two surfaces: CLAY court (n=28) and HARD court (n=28). The results showed significant differences between surfaces (HARD>CLAY) in acceleration distance covered (DCAm) HARD= 42.4±5.7 vs. CLAY= 31.6±8.9 in m·min-1; F(3, 56)= 20.6; p= < 0.001; η2 p= 0.30; ES=0.59), average speed (HARD= 3.2±0.4 vs. CLAY= 2.8±0.6 in m·s-1; F(3, 56)= 3.7; p= 0.061; η2 p =0.07; ES=0.48) and maximum speed (HARD= 4.6±0.6 vs. CLAY= 4.0±0.7 in m·s-1; F(3, 56)= 5.9; p= 0.019; η2 p= 0.11; ES=0.60). The main conclusion of this study was the hard court games were characterized by high intensity efforts. Tennis players who played matches on hard court covered a greater distance accelerating, with more pacing and higher speeds. The data suggests that coaches should adapt the training strategy to the type of surface on which the players will play their next tournament, in order to improve performance and/or propose protocols to prevent injuries. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 860-870 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:860-870 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. H Koo Author-X-Name-First: D. H Author-X-Name-Last: Koo Author-Name: S. B Panday Author-X-Name-First: S. B Author-X-Name-Last: Panday Author-Name: D. Y Xu Author-X-Name-First: D. Y Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: C. Y Lee Author-X-Name-First: C. Y Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: H. Y Kim Author-X-Name-First: H. Y Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Logistic Regression of Wins and Losses in Asia League Ice Hockey in the 2014-2015 Season Abstract: Scientific data analysis in sports is a valid and widely used method to predict the match outcome and identify the team’s strengths and weakness in order to improve the match strategy. This study analyzed the data sheet of the 2014-2015 season of Asia League Ice Hockey, which includes 432 match results resulting from 9 teams competing from the following 4 nations: South Korea, China, Japan, and Russia. The independent T-test was performed on the winning and losing teams’ match determinants. The logistic regression analysis was conducted to observe the relationship between the determinants and the wins. The results showed significant differences in the number of shots, game situation, number of assisted goals, match location, and so on. In addition, the number of shots in the 1st and 3rd periods, restraining fouls, assisted goals, and match location had a significant impact on winning. In conclusion, to increase the odds of winning in an ice hockey match, a higher number of shots should be attempted during the whole match, especially the 3rd period. However, aggressive match intervention was observed to have a positive effect on the increase in the number of shots and winning the match only during the 3rd period. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 871-880 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:871-880 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Christo Bisschoff Author-X-Name-First: A. Christo Author-X-Name-Last: Bisschoff Author-Name: Ben Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Author-Name: R. Michael Esco Author-X-Name-First: R. Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Esco Title: Relationship between heart rate, heart rate variability, heart rate recovery and global positioning system determined match characteristics of male, elite, African badminton players Abstract: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate recovery (HRR) and global positioning system (GPS) determined match characteristics of male, elite, African, singles badminton players. Twenty-two players were fitted with a Fix Polar Heart Rate Transmitter Belt and a GPS unit to record HR and court movements every second during each match. Results revealed a strong, non-significant canonical correlation of Rc = 0.99 (p = 0.257) between HR, HRV, HRR and GPS determined match characteristics. The total redundancy values showed that 38.47% of the variance in the nine GPS-related variables could be accounted for by the ten HR-related variables. Likewise 38.88% of the variance in the HRrelated variables could be accounted for by the nine GPS-related variables. Furthermore, distance covered at a low exercise intensity, the amount of low intensity accelerations and player load were highlighted as the highest external match load-related contributors whereas Ln-HFnu power, peak HF (Hz) and Ln-LFnu/Ln-HFnu were identified as the highest internal match load-related contributors. In conclusion, when evaluating badminton internal match loads practitioners should consider and correct for GPS determined external match loads of players to prevent clouded and inaccurate conclusions of autonomic nervous system behaviour from occurring. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 881-897 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:881-897 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Gemma Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: The effect of dismissals on work-rate in English FA Premier League soccer Abstract: The current paper studies the effect of dismissals on work-rate in English FA Premier League soccer. The study included 28 matches where a team had a player dismissed while they were winning by a single goal or the score was level. Two types of match were compared; matches where the team reduced to 10 players maintained the drawing or winning score-line until the end of the match and matches where they failed to do so. Similar reductions in work-rate variables were observed for teams reduced to 10 players and for their opponents after the dismissal irrespective of the outcome of the match. A significant interaction effect of team (the team reduced to 10 players v the team that played with 11 players throughout the match), match period (before v after the dismissal) and type of match was found on the percentage of time spent in the defending and attacking thirds (p < 0.05). The teams reduced to 10 players tended to spend more time in the defending third and less time in the attacking third after the dismissal. This pattern was observed to a greater extent in matches where the 10 players successfully maintained or improved the score between the dismissal and the end of the match. This suggests that outnumbered teams played strategically to defend the match status, rationing their efforts after the dismissal. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 898-909 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:898-909 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’donoghue Author-Name: Gemma Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: Score-line effect on work-rate in English FA Premier League soccer Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of score-line on work-rate in English FA Premier League soccer. Player movement data from 110 matches where a goal was scored between 15 minutes and the end of the first half were captured by the ProzoneTM player tracking system. The number of V-cut path changes performed per minute declined more after the first goal in matches that were won by one of the sides than in drawn matches (p < 0.017). V-cut path changes involve players changing direction more than 135° to the left or the right. There was also a significant interaction of match type (won, drawn or lost by the team scoring first), period of the match (before and after the first goal), venue and the relative quality of the teams on the total number of path changes performed (p < 0.05). Players from the scoring and conceding teams spent significantly less time in the middle third of the pitch after the first goal then before (p < 0.017). This suggests that variability in work-rate is influenced by a combination of factors. The results suggest that the first goal has an influence on teams’ tactics and work-rate. However, the study did not find any differences in work-rate between teams achieving different outcomes having scored first. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 910-923 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868938 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:910-923 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Linke Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Linke Author-Name: Martin Lames Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Lames Title: Substitutions in elite male field hockey – a case study Abstract: The purpose of this study was to (i) describe and analyse the substitution tactics of an international field hockey team during competitive match play and (ii) to identify the impact of bench periods on the physical output of players when re-entering active game play.Data were collected from thirteen professional male field hockey players during three international tournament matches. The physical performance of the players was recorded by a high-frequency local position measurement system. The number and length of substitutions were obtained by observation.An average of 58.0 ± 4.6 substitutions were registered during the course of a tournament match, where the average player performed 4.7 ± 0.8 individual substitutions with an average pause duration of 5.4 ± 1.2 min and an average on-field playing duration of 7.18 ± 2.14 min. Within the first minute of substitution, re-entering players covered a significantly larger total distance (159.7 ± 33.0 m ˙ min–1) compared with the team average (139.4 ± 33.3 m ˙ min–1). A significant decrease in physical performance was observed within the fifth minute after substitution.Our findings suggest a ‘first-minute-rush-effect’, wherein substitutes covered a significantly larger total distance compared with the team average. Further, re-entering field hockey players experienced distinguishable signs of fatigue approximately four minutes after substitution. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 924-934 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868939 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:924-934 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lijuan Mao Author-X-Name-First: Lijuan Author-X-Name-Last: Mao Author-Name: Zhaofang Peng Author-X-Name-First: Zhaofang Author-X-Name-Last: Peng Author-Name: Hongyou Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hongyou Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Miguel-Angel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Angel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Title: Identifying keys to win in the Chinese professional soccer league Abstract: Quantifying correlations between soccer match statistics and match results is an effective way to identify key performance indicators of soccer competitions. In the current study, generalized linear modelling was employed to identify relationships between 21 performance-related variables and the match outcome (win, draw, loss). Data of all the 480 matches of the 2014 and 2015 season in the Chinese Football Association Super League were collected and analyzed. The cumulative logistic regression was run in the modelling taking the value of each performance-related variable as an independent variable to predict the logarithm of the odds of winning. Relationships were evaluated with magnitude-based inferences and were expressed as effects of a two-standard-deviation increase in the value of each variable on the change in the probability of a team winning a match. Modelling was performed in four match contexts of team and opposition end-of-season rank (classified as upper and lower ranked teams). Shot on Target (positive), Shot Accuracy (positive), Cross Accuracy (trivial), Tackle (trivial) and Yellow Card (trivial) were the five variables that showed consistent effects in all four match contexts, other effects varied depending on the strength of team and opposition. Quantified relationships can provide useful information to coaches and performance analysts in practice of different match scenarios. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 935-947 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868940 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:935-947 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio Author-X-Name-First: Fabrício Boscolo Del Author-X-Name-Last: Vecchio Author-Name: Ciro José Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ciro José Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Author-Name: Montassar Tabben Author-X-Name-First: Montassar Author-X-Name-Last: Tabben Author-Name: John Amtmann Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Amtmann Author-Name: Karim Chamari Author-X-Name-First: Karim Author-X-Name-Last: Chamari Title: Effects of home advantage in Mixed Martial Arts performance with paired bouts of the same fighting opponents Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare time-motion and technical analysis in mixed martial arts (MMA) home advantage situation with paired bouts of the same athletes in home and away matches. For this purpose, we analyzed, 202 bouts and 606 rounds from UFC™ events (2012-2014), paired by both athletes competing at home (n=101) or away (n=101). The time-motion variables were categorized into low or high intensity, standup or groundwork situations. Techniques were analyzed by observing total strikes to the head and body, takedowns, submission, choking and joint locking actions. Repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni was used to compare the situations, p≤0.05. A significant effect was observed when comparing home vs. away bouts in total strikes landed (21.4±16.2 vs. 27.7±21.4 attempts), total strikes attempts (37.3±23.9 vs. 46.4±26.3 attempts), head strikes attempts (21.5±15.1 vs. 26.5±16.2 attempts) and in body strikes attempts (4.3±3.6 vs. 3.4±3.8 attempts). Time-motion and technical-tactical differences did not impact the combats’ outcomes suggesting tactical adjustments by professional athletes from MMA, according to the condition of fighting. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 948-960 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868941 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:948-960 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iván Prieto Lage Author-X-Name-First: Iván Prieto Author-X-Name-Last: Lage Author-Name: Alfonso Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-X-Name-First: Alfonso Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-Name: P. Thomas Curran Author-X-Name-First: P. Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Curran Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Prieto Lage Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Ángel Prieto Author-X-Name-Last: Lage Title: Injury assessment of common nage-waza judo techniques for amateur judokas Abstract: There are few detailed publications that allow performing associations between the technical aspects and the occurrence of injuries. The purpose of this study was to apply a methodology based in recording material to assess the injury risk factors. Common nage-waza judo techniques during regular training of amateur judokas were used as a case study. Novice students (n=193; 100 men and 93 women) from the University of Vigo during five academic years (2003 to 2008) were filmed during the ordinary training period of the technical execution of ten nage-waza techniques. The obtained data were evaluated using descriptive statistics and tpatterns analysis. Thus, it was possible to identify the presence of typical inaccuracies during execution of the technique uncovering the main temporal sequence of errors allowing us to link our findings with the injury occurrence. In order to narrow the unexpected causes of accidents regarding poor technique performance in regular training, this research provides the hidden temporal sequence of errors of common throw techniques, helping professionals to correct the key technical errors in order to prevent diverse type injuries. The methodology developed here could be easily extended to other martial sports. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 961-982 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868942 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868942 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:961-982 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel-Angel Gomez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Angel Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez Author-Name: Enrique Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Author-Name: Gareth Jones Author-X-Name-First: Gareth Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Investigation of the impact of ‘fouling out’ on teams’ performance in elite basketball Abstract: This study examined the impact of ‘fouling out’ on basketball team’s performance. A sample of 237 instances of ‘fouling-out’ were examined from 362 elite basketball games (group and knockout games from the 2010 to 2012 men’s and women’s Olympic Games, European and World Championships). Variables scrutinized were: score-line, quality of opposition, time-out situation, competition stage, minutes remaining, freethrows conceded, and player status. Two linear regression models were used to analyze the temporal effects of fouling out on both the team with the offending player and the opposition. The results indicated that both teams (the ‘fouling’ team and the opposition) demonstrated similar positive scoring performances post ‘foul-out’ during in the short-term (short term effect). However, post foul-out did impact negatively on the fouling team’s scoring process in the mid-term (mid-term effect). The quality of opposition variable was significant in all the analyses with negative effects for the fouling team and positive effects for the opposition. The final outcome highlighted a positive effect for the score-line (when the foul out was committed), the quality of the opposition, the competition stage, and for the time-out called by the fouling team. The results outlined implications for the coaching process such as methods for improving coaching strategies and game management of on-court players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 983-994 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868943 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:983-994 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: María Del Carmen Iglesias Pérez Author-X-Name-First: María Del Carmen Iglesias Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez Author-Name: Enrique García Ordóñez Author-X-Name-First: Enrique García Author-X-Name-Last: Ordóñez Author-Name: Carlos Touriño González Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Touriño Author-X-Name-Last: González Title: Keys to Success in High Level Water Polo Teams Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify specific offensive performance indicators that distinguish the top clubs from the others in the Male Honour Division of the Spanish Water Polo League. A total of 88 matches from the 2011-2014 seasons have been analysed. The offensive performance variables were divided into four groups, namely, playing situations, attacks outcome, origin of shots, and technical execution of shots. Univariate analyses (ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and generalised linear model (GLM) tests) were conducted to identify differences in the offensive variables between “strong”, “medium” or “weak” teams’ performances. A multinomial logistic regression was carried out to determine the variables that best distinguish the team level. The offensive variables that best classified the team level (61.9% of correct classification rate) were counterattack shots (p<0.010), goals (p<0.011), no goal shots (p<0.013), drive shots (p<0.020), penalties (p<0.000), and shots originated from zones close to goal (zone 5 (p<0.010) and 6 (p<0.000)). As a conclusion, this paper presents values of reference for the offensive variables that best distinguish between the strong, medium and weak teams’ performances. This information can help coaches to evaluate their teams and to design training sessions aimed at improving their weakest skills. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 995-1006 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868944 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868944 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:995-1006 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Wright Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Chris Carling Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Carling Author-Name: Craig Lawlor Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Lawlor Author-Name: David Collins Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: Elite football player engagement with performance analysis Abstract: Despite the wide spread employment of Performance Analysis (PA) within the football coaching process to enhance augmented feedback, until recently little consideration has been given to the context in which PA delivery takes place at elite levels and subsequently impacts on players receiving such information. The aim of this investigation was to explore players’ preferred engagement with the PA approach. Comparisons were also drawn between Senior and Academy players. A two phase methodology was employed. 48 male footballers from three English Championship football clubs completed an online questionnaire. Following this 22 players were selected using an opportunistic sample to complete a semi-structured interview. In total, the hierarchical content analysis identified 26 higher order themes and 103 lower order themes. Three key themes emerged and were explored within the discussion: (1) the level of debate and player interaction differed greatly during video feedback sessions, (2) the use of video analysis was central to player self-reflection but the level of engagement with self-reflection varied across players, (3) the majority of players preferred some delay (between 24 and 48 hours) before receiving video feedback. Chi-square statistical analysis identified no meaningful differences in the responses between Senior and Academy players and as a result only descriptive findings were reported. These factors have provided further insight into the practical contexts in which PA is used and perceived by elite players. The most eminent findings have potential implications for coach and analyst education. Further contemplation should be given to the level of interaction during PA feedback as a result of the willingness and ability of a coach to engage a player in discussion regarding their performance and PA use within the player self-reflection process. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1007-1032 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868945 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:1007-1032 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wen-Bin Lin* Author-X-Name-First: Wen-Bin Author-X-Name-Last: Lin* Author-Name: Cheng-Yu Hsu Author-X-Name-First: Cheng-Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Hsu Author-Name: Chang-Hsu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Chang-Hsu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Mei-Yen Chen * Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Yen Author-X-Name-Last: Chen * Title: Offensive or defensive? – Application of DEA bootstrapping methodology on Chinese Professional Baseball League Abstract: Offensive or defensive? Which approach has the greater impact on winning professional baseball league games? Because the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) has only four teams, it offered a limited sample size for relevant studies. In this study, a window analysis was coupled with the sports team performance management model of the network data envelopment analysis (DEA) method to solve the problems of offense efficiency, defense efficiency and integrated efficiency of each of the CPBL teams from 2007 to 2014. Truncated regression was coupled with a bootstrapping method to perform a 2000 times repeated sampling, reduce the sampling error and determine the effect of environmental variables on the value of the efficiencies of the CPBL teams. The results show that the Lamigo Monkeys led in both offense performance and defense performance, whereas the United 7-ELEVEn led in integrated performance. The “total number of players” had a significantly positive impact on the efficiency of the teams. The 7-ELEVEn Lions and the Lamigo Monkeys showed superior performance with regard to the investment in the players and the long-term management of the depth of bench players, which verifies the importance of the depth of bench players in the CPBL. The “total bases gained” also had a significantly positive impact on the efficiency of the teams, which indicates the importance of the offensive capability for winning in the CPBL. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1033-1052 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868946 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868946 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:1033-1052 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia Augste Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Augste Author-Name: Ole Cordes Author-X-Name-First: Ole Author-X-Name-Last: Cordes Title: Game stoppages as a tactical means in soccer – a comparison of the FIFA World Cups™ 2006 and 2014 Abstract: The intention of the present study was to examine, if interruptions are used as a tactical means in international competitions and if law changes influence the duration. Therefore, the 32 matches of the knockout stage of the FIFA World Cups 2006 and 2014 were analysed and compared. Free kicks in 2014, when vanishing spray was used, took significantly longer than in 2006 (P < .01). Players were substituted faster by teams behind than at even score (P < .01), but not slower by leading teams (P > .05). The number of injuries with medical intervention was significantly higher for teams ahead than for teams behind (P < .05). When injured players had to be carried off the field by law in 2006, play was continued faster than in 2014 (P < .05). Overall, in 2014 leading teams used game stoppages more intensively to kill time than in 2006. To hinder this undesired development officials could think about introducing the concept of net playing time. At least referees should be sensitised for this behaviour even more than nowadays. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1053-1064 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868947 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868947 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:1053-1064 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martinique Sparks Author-X-Name-First: Martinique Author-X-Name-Last: Sparks Author-Name: Ben Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Author-Name: J. Tim Gabbett Author-X-Name-First: J. Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Gabbett Title: Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test thresholds to determine positional internal match loads of semiprofessional soccer players Abstract: The aim of this study was to use heart rates and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1)-derived thresholds to determine the positional internal match loads of semi-professional soccer players. Players completed a Yo-Yo IR1 while wearing a portable gas analyser. Heart rates (HR) that corresponded to the first and second ventilatory thresholds were used to classify internal loads into low- (LI HR zone), moderate- (MI HR zone) and high-intensity zones (HI HR zone). During 12 soccer matches it was found that attackers (n = 17) spent more time in the LI HR zone (3386 s; 62%; P < 0.05) than defenders (2155 s; 40%; n = 36) and midfielders (2425 s; 42%; n = 41). The attackers spent less time in the HI HR zone (260 s; 4%; P < 0.05) than the defenders (964 s; 15%). Midfielders (2444 s; 44%) and defenders (2364 s; 41%) spent more time in the MI HR zone than attackers (1854 s; 44%). This study is the first to show that the Yo-Yo IR1 test can be used to determine individual, physiologically defined intensity zones to determine positional differences in the internal match loads of soccer players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1065-1075 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868948 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:1065-1075 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Silva Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Tine Sattler Author-X-Name-First: Tine Author-X-Name-Last: Sattler Author-Name: Daniel Lacerda Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lacerda Author-Name: Paulo Vicente João Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Vicente Author-X-Name-Last: João Title: Match analysis according to the performance of team rotations in Volleyball Abstract: The present article aims to analyse the performance of the six volleyball regulatory rotations and identify which rotation contributes the most for the final result of the game (victory or defeat). Forty-nine matches played during the 2010 Volleyball World Championship, 2010 European League, 2011 World Cup, 2011 European Championships, 2011 World League, 2011 European League, 2012 Olympic Games, 2012 European League, and 2012 World League were selected and analysed with Data Volley Software. For the data analysis the discriminating function was used in order to identify the discriminating variables through the canonical structuring coefficient |SC| ≥.30. The results revealed that all rotations may contribute for a global balanced performance of the team. Regarding the average point rotation difference, rotations P1, P6 and P4 were the ones which presented statistically relevant values; therefore, we may affirm they have influence on the victory. This study can also help coaches understand if the players’ positions are the best according to their individual qualities, helping them decide if it is beneficial to change some players’ line-up or perhaps the team just requires additional drilling in some rotations to be more effective. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1076-1086 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868949 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:1076-1086 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikuláš Hank Author-X-Name-First: Mikuláš Author-X-Name-Last: Hank Author-Name: Tomáš Malý Author-X-Name-First: Tomáš Author-X-Name-Last: Malý Author-Name: František Zahálka Author-X-Name-First: František Author-X-Name-Last: Zahálka Author-Name: Michal Dragijský Author-X-Name-First: Michal Author-X-Name-Last: Dragijský Author-Name: David Bujnovský Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bujnovský Title: Evaluation of the horizontal movement distance of elite female beach volleyball players during an official match Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate distances and durations of horizontal movement of elite female beach volleyball players during matches. Four teams (n: 8; age: 28.6±5.8 years; height: 178.1±5.7 cm; body mass: 66.5±5.3 kg; mean±SD, respectively) were analysed by 3D kinematic analysis. 106 rallies (368 distances) were analysed. The average duration of a rally was 7.27±3.4 s. 83.7% of rallies lasted less than 10 s (63% lasted between 4 and 8 s and 27 % lasted longer than 8 s). The average distance of horizontal movement in all rallies was 9.39±5.67 m (in one set it was 287.5±19.7 m). 45.7% of measured distances ranged between 5 and 10 m. In total, 85.3% of distances measured less than 15 m, 14.7% measured more than 15 m. The field position of players (blockers and diggers) did not affect the covered distance during the game (t366 = 0.73, p = 0.47). Evaluation of player movement during performance is beneficial for assessing the crucial part of external workload and provides feedback in terms of tactical and conditional preparation. Results yielded information about external load and movements during the match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1087-1101 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868950 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:1087-1101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose M Palao Author-X-Name-First: Jose M Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: David Valades Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Valades Title: Validity of the standing and jump spike tests for monitoring female volleyball players of different levels of competition Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to study whether the standing spike test and the jump spike test are valid ways to measure the spike speed for players of different ages. The sample included 27 players from the under-18 Spanish national team and the senior Spanish national team. The variables that were studied include the ball speeds of the standing spike and jump spike tests and the level or age group of the players. The results show that players from the senior national team had significantly higher average and peak speeds for the standing spike and jump spike than players from the under-18 national team (p<0.001). For national team under-18 and senior players, significant correlations were found between average and peak ball speeds for both the standing spike test and the jump spike test (p<0.001). The results show that the standing spike test and the jump spike test are valid tests for monitoring the performance of female volleyball players in development. This article provides values which can be used as references to guide the training process in young players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1102-1108 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868951 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:3:p:1102-1108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Giorgi Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Giorgi Author-Name: Dajo Sanders Author-X-Name-First: Dajo Author-X-Name-Last: Sanders Author-Name: Maurizio Vicini Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio Author-X-Name-Last: Vicini Author-Name: Henry Lukaski Author-X-Name-First: Henry Author-X-Name-Last: Lukaski Author-Name: Hannes Gatterer Author-X-Name-First: Hannes Author-X-Name-Last: Gatterer Title: Body fluid status, plasma volume change and its relationship to physical effort during a multistage professional road cycling race Abstract: Multistage cycling races are very demanding and may profoundly affect the body’s fluid homeostasis. This study aimed at monitoring body fluid volume and plasma volume (PV) changes during multi-stage cycling and to investigate whether changes are associated to work output and perceived exertion during the competition. During the Tour of the Alps cycling stage race 2017 daily hematocrit and hemoglobin evaluations, body weight, bioimpedance, RPE and power output measurements were performed on eight professional road cyclists. Results show modest to large changes in bioimpedance and blood hematocrit values during the race. Work accomplished during stage one was related to changes in vector length and body weight (n = 6, r = 0.821, p = 0.045 and r = ‒0.852, p = 0.031, respectively). Additionally, PV changes were associated with vector length changes (r = ‒0.759, p = 0.029). During the last stage, PV changes were related to reactance (Xc/H) changes (r = ‒0.716, p = 0.046). The physical work performed during the first stage seems to strongly influence fluid volumes, which on the other hand showed some associations to PV changes. These associations were not evident during the following stages but instead a relationship between Xc/h and PV changes occurred, possible indicating fluid shifts. Bioimpedance thus could be a useful tool to identify fluids shift during such competitions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 679-685 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1514564 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1514564 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:679-685 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Johnny Padulo Author-X-Name-First: Johnny Author-X-Name-Last: Padulo Author-Name: Enzo Iuliano Author-X-Name-First: Enzo Author-X-Name-Last: Iuliano Author-Name: Antonio Dello Iacono Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Dello Iacono Author-Name: Mirjana Milić Author-X-Name-First: Mirjana Author-X-Name-Last: Milić Author-Name: Manuela Rizzi Author-X-Name-First: Manuela Author-X-Name-Last: Rizzi Author-Name: Luca Paolo Ardigò Author-X-Name-First: Luca Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Ardigò Title: Nordic walking versus natural walking: an easy approach to comparing metabolic demands Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the metabolic demands of Nordic walking (NW) versus natural walking (WK) using a highly reproducible protocol in a natural environment. A total of 14 physically active subjects (3 males and 11 females, 36.6 ± 8.3 years, 63.1 ± 11.4 kg, 1.67 ± 0.06 m) walked at a freely chosen speed along a 2.5-km course in a game reserve, using NW and WK in a random order. They were monitored for speed with a mobile phone global positioning system (GPS) receiver, and for lap average and maximum heart rate (HR) with a belt HR monitor. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significantly higher lap average HR (p = 0.004) and maximum HR (p = 0.004) in NW compared with WK. Due to its increased metabolic load, NW revealed to be an effective means for improving cardiovascular fitness in populations with a low tolerance for exertion. Using this simple and ecological approach promises to be effective for further evaluation of other variables and/or use in other contexts (e.g. high altitude and climbing). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 686-692 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1514565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1514565 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:686-692 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hugo Sarmento Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmento Author-Name: Filipe Manuel Clemente Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Clemente Author-Name: Liam David Harper Author-X-Name-First: Liam David Author-X-Name-Last: Harper Author-Name: Israel Teoldo da Costa Author-X-Name-First: Israel Teoldo da Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Adam Owen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Owen Author-Name: António J. Figueiredo Author-X-Name-First: António J. Author-X-Name-Last: Figueiredo Title: Small sided games in soccer – a systematic review Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to systematically review and organise the literature on soccer SSGs, in order to ascertain the most frequently researched topics, characterise the methodologies employed, and systematise the evolution of the related research areas.A systematic review of Web of Science, Pubmed and SPORTDiscus databases was performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. The following keywords were used: football and soccer, with each one associated with the terms: “small sided games”, SSG, “drill-based training”, “small sided”, “conditioned games” and “position games”. The search returned 394 records. After screening against set criteria, a total of 77 manuscripts were fully reviewed. The most common topics of analysis were (1) pitch area; (2) player number: (a) with/without a goalkeeper; (b) with floater(s) in/outside the pitch; (3) goal: (a) goal vs. scoring zone; (b) number of goals; (c) size of goals; (4) rules modification/task constraints (a) no. of ball touches; (b) offside rule; (c) others; (4) training regimen; (5) coach encouragement. This review provides valuable information on the complex relationship between technical, tactical and physiological interactions in SSGs and how the manipulation of these types of variables can improve the soccer training process. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 693-749 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1517288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1517288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:693-749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yonghui Yu Author-X-Name-First: Yonghui Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Antonio García-De-Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: García-De-Alcaraz Author-Name: Luyu Wang Author-X-Name-First: Luyu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Tianbiao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Tianbiao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Analysis of winning determinant performance indicators according to teams level in Chinese women’s volleyball Abstract: The goal of the study was to identify the performance indicators in relation to set outcome regarding quality of opposition in elite women volleyball. The sample comprised 377 sets played in 100 matches by 12 teams participating in the Chinese Women’s Volleyball Association League (2016–2017). Teams were divided as high, middle and low level according to their ranking at the end of the season. Twelve performance indicators (points and errors in scoring and continuity actions) were chosen and analysed in terms of set outcome (win or lose) and type of confrontation. The results demonstrate that the quality of opposition has a clear influence on team performance. The spike and block, both in points and errors, were the mainly performance indicators related to set outcome. Serve points, serve-reception errors and excellent defences were also significant indicators. This study provides new insights into training and research, and it may be useful to coaches, physical trainers and match analysts for assessing performance and training their teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 750-763 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1517289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1517289 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:750-763 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Scott B. Nicholls Author-X-Name-First: Scott B. Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholls Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Elizabeth Bryant Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Bryant Author-Name: Julia Wells Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Wells Title: Elite coaches’ use and engagement with performance analysis within Olympic and Paralympic sport Abstract: The use and implementation of performance analysis and feedback by 18 elite Olympic/Paralympic coaches (coaching experience 16.1 ± 7.4; experience using performance analysis 8.3 ± 4.8 years) was explored via an online questionnaire (mean time to complete = 29 min). Likert scales were used to facilitate cross-sport comparison. Comment boxes were included to enable providing additional information if deemed necessary. Training goals, athlete discussion and coaching philosophy were the most prominent features influencing analysis direction. Time available had the greatest impact upon feedback provision. The main analysis techniques used were video, performance reports and trend analysis. Coaches with greater experience delivered significantly more feedback sessions within 1 h of performance. Feedback sessions were < 20 min in duration and delivered in a balanced (experienced) or mostly positive (inexperienced) approach. Feedback was delivered consistently according to a preferred schedule, face-to-face and within an individual format. Sessions were usually coach led; however, considerable value in a combined or analyst-led approach was demonstrated. The findings have begun to illustrate practice within elite sport from the perspective of a key user of performance analysis, that is, the coach, and have clear implications for practitioners by identifying the key areas coaches’ value from performance analysis. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 764-779 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1517290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1517290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:764-779 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin McGuigan Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: McGuigan Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Denise Martin Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: Performance indicators in club level Gaelic football Abstract: Over 2000 Gaelic Football clubs compete annually for the honour of playing in the All-Ireland club finals in Croke Park in front of up to 30,000 people. There are no published performance data for club level Gaelic football, despite evidence of considerable performance analysis activity. This study aims to establish benchmark profiles for Senior, Intermediate and Junior grade club Gaelic football and investigate which variables are most closely associated with winning.Data from all tiers of the Ulster club football championship of 2015 and 2016 (n = 48) were analysed using a range of validated operational definitions measuring 17 variables. Differences between winning and losing performance were tested using a Mann-Whitney U test.Across all grades, six variables proved significant (p < 0.05), three were directly related to scoring (points, number of scores and total score), the others related to the effective use of possession (possession: scores ratio; turnover rate and productivity (scores per possession)). Several others are specific to certain grades, and are directly linked to successful performance at that level.Our findings can be used by club coaches and analysts as comparable profiles for measuring team performance and targeting improvements associated with successful performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 780-795 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1517291 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1517291 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:780-795 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas A. Coker Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Coker Author-Name: Alyssa N. Varanoske Author-X-Name-First: Alyssa N. Author-X-Name-Last: Varanoske Author-Name: Kayla M. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Kayla M. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: Debbie L. Hahs-Vaughn Author-X-Name-First: Debbie L. Author-X-Name-Last: Hahs-Vaughn Author-Name: Adam J. Wells Author-X-Name-First: Adam J. Author-X-Name-Last: Wells Title: Predictors of competitive success of national-level powerlifters: a multilevel analysis Abstract: Powerlifting is a sport consisting of the squat, bench press, and deadlift. The overall winner is determined using the Wilks formula to make comparisons across weight classes. To date, literature evaluating competitive performance in powerlifting is scarce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of body mass and the number of successful attempts for each lift in determining competitive success. Individual and group level data were taken from the online USA Powerlifting Nationals database for the years 2015–2017. The analysis consisted of 2,532 individual cases taken from 2,021 individual male and female athletes nested within 17 weight classes. The number of successful attempts for squat (SQ), bench press (BP) and deadlift (DL), as well as body mass, were entered as individual level predictors. Multi-level analysis revealed that increased body mass within a weight class resulted in significantly increased Wilks points. Additionally, the number of successful squats and bench presses were significant, positive predictors of Wilks points. However, the number of successful deadlifts was not associated with greater competitive success. The results of this study suggest that competitive success in powerlifting may be aided by better competitive strategies regarding body mass manipulation and attempt selection. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 796-805 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1519751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1519751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:796-805 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sukhairi Sudin Author-X-Name-First: Sukhairi Author-X-Name-Last: Sudin Author-Name: Ali Yeon Md Shakaff Author-X-Name-First: Ali Yeon Author-X-Name-Last: Md Shakaff Author-Name: Ammar Zakaria Author-X-Name-First: Ammar Author-X-Name-Last: Zakaria Author-Name: Ahmad Faizal Salleh Author-X-Name-First: Ahmad Faizal Author-X-Name-Last: Salleh Author-Name: Latifah Munirah Kamarudin Author-X-Name-First: Latifah Munirah Author-X-Name-Last: Kamarudin Author-Name: Noraini Azmi Author-X-Name-First: Noraini Author-X-Name-Last: Azmi Author-Name: Fathinul Syahir Ahmad Saad Author-X-Name-First: Fathinul Syahir Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmad Saad Title: Real-time track cycling performance prediction using ANFIS system Abstract: The next stage performance evaluation of an athlete can be predicted by implementing Artificial Intelligence technique. In track cycling event, coach and sports physician are concerned with the performance of the cyclist. The performance prediction may help to fine-tune the cyclist training intensities and strategies planning. This study was conducted to fulfil the prediction requirement by adopting a Fuzzy Inference System to classify the cyclist current cycling performance state. The six levels of output classification by a Fuzzy Inference System are to indicate the athlete’s current state performance using the body temperature, heart rate variability and speed as input parameters. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System was applied to predict the cycling speed that can be achieved in the next lap. Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System method, the average speed for the next laps can be predicted and compared with the actual speed. The regression value with r = 0.9029 indicates the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System is an adequate prediction algorithm to evaluate the cyclist performance. The predicted time to complete compared favourably with the actual finishing time with a ± 13.6% average error. Hence, the developed system is reliable and suitable for sports events that deal with speed and time. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 806-822 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1523520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1523520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:806-822 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paolo Terziotti Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Terziotti Author-Name: Marc Sim Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Sim Author-Name: Ted Polglaze Author-X-Name-First: Ted Author-X-Name-Last: Polglaze Title: A comparison of displacement and energetic variables between three team sport GPS devices Abstract: This study compared the outputs of three different commercially-available GPS player-tracking devices for a range of commonly used displacement and energetic variables in activities replicating team sport movements. Professional male soccer players (n = 7), simultaneously wore three GPS devices (Catapult OptimEye S5, GPExe Pro 1, StatSport ViperPod) whilst completing four separate drills, comprising progressively more complex changes in speed and direction. Displacement (distance, speed) and energetic (energy cost, metabolic power, energy expenditure) variables were compared for each device. All three devices tended to under-estimate distance compared to the known value for each drill, with only minor and inconsistent differences between devices. There were no differences between devices for average speed. For energetic variables, substantial differences were found between each device, and these differences magnified as movement tasks became more erratic. Given that energetic variables are derived from measures of instantaneous speed, and also incorporate the magnitude and direction of change between successive data points, these differences may be attributable to disparities in raw data quality, filtering techniques and calculation methods. In order to provide comparable estimates of energetic variables in team sports, player-tracking devices must be capable of accurately recording instantaneous velocity in activities comprising frequent changes in speed and direction. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 823-834 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1525650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1525650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:823-834 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Stanley Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Stanley Author-Name: Edward Thomson Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Thomson Author-Name: Grace Smith Author-X-Name-First: Grace Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Kevin L. Lamb Author-X-Name-First: Kevin L. Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Title: An analysis of the three-dimensional kinetics and kinematics of maximal effort punches among amateur boxers Abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify the 3D kinetics and kinematics of six punch types among amateur boxers. Fifteen males (age: 24.9 ± 4.2 years; stature: 1.78 ± 0.1 m; body mass: 75.3 ± 13.4 kg; boxing experience: 6.3 ± 2.8 years) performed maximal effort punches against a suspended punch bag during which upper body kinematics were assessed via a 3D motion capture system, and ground reaction forces (GRF) of the lead and rear legs via two force plates. For all variables except elbow-joint angular velocity, analysis revealed significant (P < 0.05) differences between straight, hook and uppercut punches. The lead hook exhibited the greatest peak fist velocity (11.95 ± 1.84 m/s), the jab the shortest delivery time (405 ± 0.15 ms), the rear uppercut the greatest shoulder-joint angular velocity (1069.8 ± 104.5°/s), and the lead uppercut the greatest elbow angular velocity (651.0 ± 357.5°/s). Peak resultant GRF differed significantly (P < 0.05) between rear and lead legs for the jab punch only. Whilst these findings provide novel descriptive data for coaches and boxers, future research should examine if physical and physiological capabilities relate to the key biomechanical qualities associated with maximal punching performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 835-854 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1525651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1525651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:835-854 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Galé-Ansodi Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Galé-Ansodi Author-Name: Julen Castellano Author-X-Name-First: Julen Author-X-Name-Last: Castellano Author-Name: Oidui Usabiaga Author-X-Name-First: Oidui Author-X-Name-Last: Usabiaga Title: Differences between running activity in tennis training and match-play Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the running activity between training and match-play for young high-level tennis players. Ten female and ten male young high-level tennis players took part in the study (13.80 age ±2.08 years). Twelve Portable GPS devices operating at10 Hz were used to collect velocity data. Match-play analysis was carried out by Aragon Tennis Master on hard court and training analysis was carried out by High Level Performance Centre of the Aragon Tennis Federation. The distance covered per minute (DCmin) by players in match-play was higher than in training (Match-play = 50.4 ± 6.0 m· min−1 vs. Training = 34.5 ± 6.2 m· min−1; F(1, 76) = 163.9; p < 0.001; ὴ2p = 0.64, moderate effect). The acceleration distance covered per minute (DCAmin), was higher in match-play than in training (Match-play = 45.0 ± 3.0 m· min−1 vs. Training = 28.6 ± 6.2 m· min−1; F(1, 76) = 267.6; p < 0.001; ὴ2p = 0.7, moderate effect). The results showed that match-play was characterised by demanding to players a great number of accelerating efforts, whereas in training, players do not replicate these actions, predominating movements at high average speed than in match-play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 855-867 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1525679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1525679 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:855-867 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason D. Vescovi Author-X-Name-First: Jason D. Author-X-Name-Last: Vescovi Author-Name: Alexander Klas Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Klas Title: Accounting for the warm-up: describing the proportion of total session demands in women’s field hockey – Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM) study Abstract: This study quantified the proportion and absolute amount of total session demands accounted for by the warm-up during female field hockey matches. A U21 national women’s field hockey team was monitored during eight matches with GPS/heart rate monitors. A RM-ANOVA compared the relative and absolute demands of the warm-up and total session across matches. Differences between matches for warm-up and total session demands occurred. The average warm-up accounted for 27 ± 2% of total distance (~2,500 m of ~9,400 m) and 30 ± 2% of total session duration (~39 min of ~130 min). Distances covered during the warm-up accounted for 30 ± 2 (low), 26 ± 4 (moderate), 9 ± 2 (high), and 6 ± 2% (maximal) of the total session distances. Cumulatively, the warm-up contributed ~10, 9, 0.4, and 0.06 km in the respective velocity bands. The warm-up duration in heart rate zones was 37 ± 3 (50–80% HRpeak), 22 ± 9 (80–90%), and 3 ± 4% (>90%) of the respective total session duration, corresponding to cumulative totals of ~250, 50 and 10 min in each heart rate intensity band. The warm-up represents a substantial proportion of the total session demands; showing a decreasing contribution with increasing intensity. These outcomes are important in the context of monitoring accumulated demands during congested field hockey tournament schedules. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 868-880 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1525980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1525980 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:5:p:868-880 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ani Agopyan Author-X-Name-First: Ani Author-X-Name-Last: Agopyan Author-Name: Fatma Seda Bozdogan Author-X-Name-First: Fatma Seda Author-X-Name-Last: Bozdogan Author-Name: Demet Tekin Author-X-Name-First: Demet Author-X-Name-Last: Tekin Author-Name: Meral Kucuk Yetgin Author-X-Name-First: Meral Kucuk Author-X-Name-Last: Yetgin Author-Name: Cigil Gun Guler Author-X-Name-First: Cigil Gun Author-X-Name-Last: Guler Title: Acute effects of static stretching exercises on short-distance flutter kicking time in child swimmers Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of static stretching exercises and gender on the kickboard flutter kicking swimming times of 11- to 12-year-old swimmers. Twenty-nine (15 boys and 14 girls) competitive swimmers performed short-distance (25 m and 50 m) flutter kicking swims with a kickboard under both unstretched and stretched conditions on separate days. The conditions were randomly assigned to the participants. In total, 4 static stretching exercises (3 active and 1 passive) were applied to the lower extremities (2 x 30 s; 10 s rest). The results indicated that 25 m (girls: 22.72 ± 2.60 s, 22.54 ± 2.26 s; respectively; boys: 23.35 ± 3.85 s, 22.69 ± 3.77 s; respectively) and 50-m (girls: 51.40 ± 6.04 s, 50.23 ± 5.93 s; respectively; boys: 50.38 ± 6.80 s, 49.30 ± 6.56 s; respectively) distances flutter kicking swim times were not significantly different between no stretch and the stretch conditions or between boys and girls (P > 0.05) According to these findings, and contrary to the results of certain studies of land performance, the static stretching exercises did not have any effect on the kickboard flutter kicking swimming time and did not result in any difference in performance level between genders. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 484-497 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:484-497 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon J Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Simon J Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Author-Name: Stuart J Fairclough Author-X-Name-First: Stuart J Author-X-Name-Last: Fairclough Author-Name: Gus Ryrie Author-X-Name-First: Gus Author-X-Name-Last: Ryrie Author-Name: Lewis Sharpe Author-X-Name-First: Lewis Author-X-Name-Last: Sharpe Title: A computer-based observational analysis of physical education teachers and youth sport coaches pedagogic behaviour Abstract: This study adopted a positivist research design and quantitatively assessed the pedagogic delivery of teachers of physical education and youth sport coaches. The frequency and duration of behaviours from twenty-two teachers of physical education and twenty-two youth sport coaches were independently observed using a validated observation instrument ASUOI (Arizona State University Observation Instrument). The ASUOI was configured to a computerised software system BEST (Behavioural Evaluation Strategies and Taxonomies) and data were collected from practical teaching and coaching environments. Independent sample t-tests revealed significant differences in both frequency and time duration in the behaviour categories pre-instruction, negative modelling and scold. The level of significance was set at p < .05. Both the teachers and the sports coaches were engaged in prolonged periods of management and silence. However, no other statistical significances were found. The findings from this study suggest that the pedagogic delivery of teachers of physical education and youth sport coaches may actually contain more similarities than differences. The notion that a difference exits between the pedagogic behaviour of teachers of physical education and sports coaches, in this study at least, cannot be totally supported. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 498-506 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:498-506 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivo Cappai Author-X-Name-First: Ivo Author-X-Name-Last: Cappai Author-Name: Emanuela Pierantozzi Author-X-Name-First: Emanuela Author-X-Name-Last: Pierantozzi Author-Name: Enrico Tam Author-X-Name-First: Enrico Author-X-Name-Last: Tam Author-Name: Filippo Tocco Author-X-Name-First: Filippo Author-X-Name-Last: Tocco Author-Name: Luca Angius Author-X-Name-First: Luca Author-X-Name-Last: Angius Author-Name: Raffaele Milia Author-X-Name-First: Raffaele Author-X-Name-Last: Milia Author-Name: Salvatore Squatrito Author-X-Name-First: Salvatore Author-X-Name-Last: Squatrito Author-Name: Alberto Concu Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Concu Author-Name: Antonio Crisafulli Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Crisafulli Title: Physiological responses and match analysis of Muay Thai fighting Abstract: This study was devised to measure certain physiological variables related to the energy requirement together with a match analysis during real Muay Thai matches. Twenty skilled male fighters were recruited and performed a laboratory incremental preliminary test to assess their maximum oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold. They were then involved in real Muay Thai competitions. During matches heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (BLa) values were collected. Moreover, matches were filmed and analysed for subsequent determination of the techniques used. Differences between winners and losers were assessed. During matches HR was on average 178.9±0.3 bpm (i.e. close to the maximum level reached during the preliminary test), while BLa was 9.72±0.6 mmol•L-1. There was no difference in HR and BLa responses between winners and losers. Winners and losers used a similar number of techniques. However, the effectiveness of attacks was higher in winners. This investigation provides evidence that during Muay Thai the lactic anaerobic system is widely recruited and that the cardiovascular apparatus is highly stressed with no difference between winners and losers. Moreover, successful athletes use the same number of techniques as losers, although with greater effectiveness, thus indicating that the training strategy should aim at developing high technical skills. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 507-516 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:507-516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Michele van Rooyen Author-X-Name-First: K. Michele Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooyen Title: A Statistical Analysis of Tackling Performance during International Rugby Union Matches from 2011 Abstract: The aims of this study were to i) investigate if playing position had any influence on tackle statistics and match outcome. ii) determine whether differences in tackle performance between the 6 Nations (n = 15), Tri Nations (n = 6) and Rugby World Cup (RWC) (n = 48) existed. Tackling and match related statistics were recorded (n = 69 matches) online from Verusco’s Statistics Portal. Forwards (n = 8) made more tackles (66%) than Backs (n = 7) (34%), this was significant even when group size was accounted for. ‘Missed’ tackles were not different between the Forwards and Backs when group size was factored in. Winning team Forwards made a greater percentage of ‘missed’ tackles than losing teams Forwards. More tackles were observed during the 6 Nations (165 ± 28%) than either the Tri Nations (141 ± 24%) or RWC (156 ± 47%). Tackle completion rate was better for the 6 Nations (93 ± 3% vs. 87 ± 4.5% Tri Nations and 86 ± 5% RWC). The different effects that playing positions and styles had on tackling was highlighted. The most appropriate way to translate these findings back into rugby is through the development of more game related training exercises. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 517-530 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868616 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:517-530 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Hiscock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hiscock Author-Name: Brian Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: Jarryd Heasman Author-X-Name-First: Jarryd Author-X-Name-Last: Heasman Author-Name: Peter Peeling Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Peeling Title: Game movements and player performance in the Australian Football League Abstract: This study examined the relationship between game movements and team and individual performance in Australian football. Movement data (GPS) was collected from 30 elite players from one club in 17 matches during the 2011 season. Selected movement variables were related to individual (possession number, Champion Data© player rankings and pressure points) and team [quarter points (scored) margin] performance indicators. Playing position (nomadic vs. key position), years of experience, game location (home/away), environmental conditions (wet/dry), time of day (day/night), break between games (6-12 days), quarter number (1-4) and quarter score (+/-) margin were also analysed. Overall, some small-moderate (but inconsistent) positive relationships between individual movement data and performance indicators were observed. Nomadic players had higher movement profiles and performance indicators than key position, whilst players with 7+ years’ experience recorded lower movement profiles than 1-3 and 4-6 years, but were only lower in performance in pressure points. min-1. Dry vs. wet (one exception), home vs. away and day vs. night, saw no differences in movements or performance. A 12 day turnaround saw higher movement profiles and performance indicators than for 6-8 days. For team performance, few moderate, inverse relationships were found between quarter points (scored) margin and movement profiles. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 531-545 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868617 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:531-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Pedro Mendes Author-X-Name-First: C. Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Mendes Author-Name: Gonçalo Dias Author-X-Name-First: Gonçalo Author-X-Name-Last: Dias Author-Name: Rui Mendes Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Mendes Author-Name: Fernando M. L. Martins Author-X-Name-First: Fernando M. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Author-Name: S. Micael Couceiro Author-X-Name-First: S. Micael Author-X-Name-Last: Couceiro Author-Name: Duarte Araújo Author-X-Name-First: Duarte Author-X-Name-Last: Araújo Title: The effect of artificial side wind on the serve of competitive tennis players Abstract: In tennis, the serve is the shot of greatest importance. The serve depends mainly on the player’s technique, however, environmental factors can influence the accuracy of the serve. This study highlights the effect of side wind on the serve of 12 experienced tennis players. The players were asked to hit the intersection point between the central and the service line at maximum speed while a wind effect was artificially generated by a ventilator setup with various speed of Induced Aerodynamic Flow (IAF). Each player’s serve was then analyzed using error ellipses as a statistical measure. This method allowed us to evaluate the effect of “random wind” in comparison to “constant wind” on the accuracy of the serves. The truncated Fourier series analysis showed that there was an adaptive pattern in the accuracy of the serve depending on the random wind. However in four players, the more unpredictable the impact of the wind the more accurate they became with the serve. The fact that there was not a linear trend in the accuracy of serves when IAF increased shows that each player adapts differently to the wind influence. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 546-562 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:546-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Israel Teoldo Da Costa Author-X-Name-First: Israel Teoldo Da Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: R. Maicon Albuquerque Author-X-Name-First: R. Maicon Author-X-Name-Last: Albuquerque Author-Name: Júlio Garganta Author-X-Name-First: Júlio Author-X-Name-Last: Garganta Title: Relative age effect in Brazilian soccer players: a historical analysis Abstract: Relative Age Effect (RAE) refers to the differences in age between individuals grouped together for some performance activity. This study aimed to track the existence of RAEs in Brazilian football players throughout history. The sample consisted of 202951 players registered in the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF). The individuals in the sample were born from 1921 to 1996 and played football professionally. The players were grouped into blocks of years, according to the years of their birth. The results revealed that the RAE presented in Brazilian soccer players and was showed a progressive growth over the years. Thus, the present study confirmed the hypothesis that RAE is present in Brazilian soccer players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 563-570 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:563-570 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Walid Briki Author-X-Name-First: Walid Author-X-Name-Last: Briki Author-Name: Ruud J. R. Den Hartigh Author-X-Name-First: Ruud J. R. Author-X-Name-Last: Den Hartigh Author-Name: C. Frank Bakker Author-X-Name-First: C. Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Bakker Author-Name: Christophe Gernigon Author-X-Name-First: Christophe Author-X-Name-Last: Gernigon Title: The Dynamics of Psychological Momentum: A Quantitative Study in Natural Sport Situations Abstract: The present study examined the dynamics of competitive anxiety and self-confidence, as well as the relationships between these variables, during athletes’ experiences of psychological momentum (PM). Male national level table tennis players (Study 1) and swimmers (Study 2) watched one of their recent competitions, which included a PM experience. At the same time they indicated their moment-to-moment levels of competitive anxiety and self-confidence by using a computer mouse. Curve estimation showed that competitive anxiety and self-confidence decreased and increased over time, respectively. Moreover, the dynamical patterns were more nonlinear for swimmers than for table tennis players, indicating that the PM experience is dependent on the sport context. Consistent with the opposite dynamics of competitive anxiety and self-confidence, correlation analyses revealed a strong negative relationship between these variables, suggesting that PM constraints the relationship between competitive anxiety and self-confidence. Findings of this study offer new insights into the dynamics of PM and its ecological embedment. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 573-592 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868620 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:573-592 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luís Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Luís Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Author-Name: David Carreras Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Carreras Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Title: Analysis of the effect of alternating home and away field advantage during the Six Nations Rugby Championship Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of alternating home and away field advantage on selected performance indicators during the Six Nations Rugby Championship (2005-2009). The sample consisted of (n=75) games played over five seasons of the championship were analysed. The following factors were taken into account: the final match result, number of points scored, number of tries scored, number of drop goals, number of conversions, number of passes and number of possessions kicked. The results of the study indicated that: (i) in general, there is a tendency that teams that are playing at home achieve better results, except for the 2005 season (ii) performance indicators of the game showed statistically significant differences; (iii) the results further indicated that 50% or more of the total points scored are when they play at home. In conclusion, the study indicated that there is a tendency in the Six Nation Rugby Championship (2005-2009) teams will obtain favourable results when they play at home. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 593-607 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868621 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:593-607 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jackie Vavrek Author-X-Name-First: Jackie Author-X-Name-Last: Vavrek Author-Name: R. Daniel Machin Author-X-Name-First: R. Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Machin Author-Name: Hirofumi Tanaka Author-X-Name-First: Hirofumi Author-X-Name-Last: Tanaka Title: Progression of Athletic Performance in Age-Group Swimmers in the Past 50 Years Abstract: The progression or evolution of athletic performance in age-group swimmers was studied by analyzing top youth swimmers’ times recorded in the past 50 years. In both boys and girls, the largest improvements were observed from 1960s to 1970s. Thereafter, swimming performance continued to improve although the magnitude of improvements became progressively smaller. Relative improvements in youth swimming performance time were not different from those in the Olympic trial times achieved by elite adult swimmers. Overall, the relative improvements of swimming performance over the years were not different between boys and girls. These results suggest that athletic performance achieved by youth swimmers has undergone similar degree of improvements to elite adult swimmers in the past 50 years. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 608-613 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868622 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:608-613 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sujeet Kumar Sharma Author-X-Name-First: Sujeet Kumar Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma Author-Name: R. Gholam Amin Author-X-Name-First: R. Gholam Author-X-Name-Last: Amin Author-Name: Said Gattoufi Author-X-Name-First: Said Author-X-Name-Last: Gattoufi Title: Choosing the best Twenty20 cricket batsmen using ordered weighted averaging Abstract: This paper provides a way to evaluate and choose the best Twenty20 (T20) cricket batsmen using ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator. The paper suggests an OWA evaluation method for a cricket batsman using multiple attributes related to the player’s performance. A dataset consisting of ten important attributes for 24 T20 Indian Premier League 4 (IPL 4) cricket batsmen is used to choose the best players. Also, a comparison result shows the advantage of using the proposed OWA method. The proposed method in this paper can also be used for evaluation of T20 bowlers in turn in the selection of a T20 cricket team. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 614-628 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868623 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:614-628 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guillaume Laffaye Author-X-Name-First: Guillaume Author-X-Name-Last: Laffaye Author-Name: Thierry Debanne Author-X-Name-First: Thierry Author-X-Name-Last: Debanne Author-Name: A. Mohamed Choukou Author-X-Name-First: A. Mohamed Author-X-Name-Last: Choukou Title: Is the ball velocity dependent on expertise? A multidimensional study in handball Abstract: The goals of this study are to 1) compare the differences in anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics between elite and skilled players, 2) investigate these parameters and ball velocity in three conditions (standing position, with a three-step run and the difference between them) and 3) predict ball-throwing velocity. We measured general anthropometric parameters and upper-limb dynamic strength using medicine ball throwing tests. Lower-limb power, strength and reactivity were assessed using a hopping-in-place jumping test and a squat-jump test. Elite players are taller (+7.75%) and heavier (+24%) than skilled players, and have greater upper-limb strength (+23%), all p< .05. The ANOVA revealed a significant effect of expertise (p < .001) and of the type of overarm throw (p < .0001) on ball velocity, but with no interaction effect. The improvement obtained through a three-step run is 2.19 ± 0.72 m.s-1. Additionally, the best multiple regression models explained 73% of total variability including at least an isotonic test and an anthropometric variable. Finally, we validate the equations found on a 24-player independent sample (T(46)<1, n.s.) and they all are very stable whatever the sample. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 629-642 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868624 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:629-642 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport IX 25–28 July 2012, University of Worcester, UK Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 643-839 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868625 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:3:p:643-839 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: General Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868332 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason Williams Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: The effect of rule changes on match and ball in play time in rugby union. Abstract: In 1999, the International Rugby Board introduced a number of rules to rugby union in order to address perceived problems that were happening in the game (Davies, 1999; Kervin, 1999). These involved the amendment of current rules and the introduction of new facets to the game. The changes were introduced in order to improve safety, increase competition and continuity, which would address criticism from the players, spectators and the media. It is hypothesised that the changes will have a significant effect on the game in terms of match and ball in play time. The paper will investigate the changes that occurred within the game of rugby union over a five year period (1999-2003) and will examine games played in the Six Nations, Tri Nations, European Cup and Super 12 competitions (n=496).Match time was defined as the time taken to complete the match. The time starts from when the team starting the match kicks off to the time the referee ends the match. Ball in play time was defined as the amount of time the ball is in the possession of any of the players or is in a position where either team can contest the ball. Time when play has been stopped by the referee is considered out of play and does not contribute to ball in play time.The data were collected using a real-time data capture system, which had been written for the notational analysis of rugby union (Williams, 1998). This software captured a number of game actions as the game progressed in the real time of the game. For the purpose of this study, all games were notated from video, but in a real-time environment. The system was tested for reliability using percentage differences for inter- and intra- operator reliability (Hughes et al., 2002). This scored error percentages of less than 5%, which was considered acceptable given the analytical goals of the study. The data were examined for significant differences using Kruskal-Wallis and was then interrogated further using a post-hoc application of a Mann-Whitney test.The study found that both match and ball in play time increased significantly. It is suggested that this was largely due to the changes in the rules that were introduced over the period of the research. Differences were found between groups of games, especially between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere teams with regards to the ball in play time. This would indicate that the rule changes have had a more positive effect in the Northern Hemisphere. In addition to differences between groups, it was found that the increase in ball in play time and continuity may have contributed to an increase in the match time. More continuity may mean more action and more injuries, which in turn increased the match time. This may need further investigation in order to correlate the number of injuries and game time. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-11 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:1-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Reed Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Reed Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Development and application of computer-based prediction methods Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to develop an information database which accounted for as many of those variables thought to cause variance in soccer and rugby union performance as possible. These data were used to populate seven different predictive models of performance which were compared retrospectively to actual results. A total of 7 independent variables were applied to a match database 3 seasons in length for 3 English Premiership Football teams and 2 Premiership Rugby Union teams. Prediction methods included Multiple Linear Regression, Artificial Neural Networks and expert human predictions.Contrary to previous literature, soccer (57.9%) was on average predicted more successfully than Rugby Union (46.1%). Nevertheless results suggested that the ability of Artificial Intelligence and Computerised methods to predict the outcome of matches has, for the first time, surpassed that of humans. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 12-28 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:12-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Barry Pfitzner Author-X-Name-First: C. Barry Author-X-Name-Last: Pfitzner Author-Name: D. Tracy Rishel Author-X-Name-First: D. Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Rishel Title: Performance and Compensation on the LPGA Tour: A Statistical Analysis Abstract: This paper investigates the determinants of player performance as measured by scoring average and earnings on the United States LPGA (Ladies Professional Golf Association) tour for the 2004 season. Among other findings, this research shows that the percentage of greens reached in regulation and putts per round are by far the most important determinants of both scoring average and earnings on the LPGA tour. Driving distance and driving accuracy are found to be equally important factors in success on the LPGA tour. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 29-39 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:29-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Groom Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Groom Author-Name: Chris Cushion Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Cushion Title: Using of Video Based Coaching With Players: A Case Study Abstract: Although, a large body of literature exists in football alone, which highlights patterns of play in successful and unsuccessful teams (Bate, 1988; Hughes, Robertson & Nicholson, 1989; Harris & Reilly, 1988; Lewis & Hughes, 1988), systematic research into the effective use of this information in the form of video analysis feedback remains unexamined. Specifically, the psychological impact upon players receiving this video feedback in terms of its perceived usefulness, cognitive affects and psychosocial affects. Therefore, the present paper examines the perceptions of professional youth footballers (N=10), which had received video feedback sessions to reflect on their own performances and the performances of the team. In particular focusing upon the psychological impact of the video feedback sessions. The results suggested that video analysis sessions can be a very powerful tool to use with players to increase their knowledge and understanding of the game, however the impacts of such sessions are beyond the simple provision of information. Therefore, coaches should be aware on the balance of the feedback (positive/negative), whist being mindful of individual differences in the players. For example, some players may find negative examples harder to cope with than others and their confidence may be negatively affected. Therefore, gaining individual players feedback from the sessions is important to address any negative feelings of the players to prevent any long-term problems. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 40-46 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:40-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koya Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Koya Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Title: Cross-validation of the Soccer Defending Skill Scale (SDSS) Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to confirm the cross validity of the Soccer Defending Skill Scale (SDSS) using multiple-group analysis by a structural equation modeling. Methods: The samples were 469 defending performances in the final of FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan 2002™, which were measured with 6-point interval scales by distances, angles between attackers and defenders, and the number of players. Results: Results indicated the model, which held factor loading, factor variance/covariance, factor correlation, and uniqueness invariant across two random groups, represented an acceptable fit to the data (e. g., TLI = .993, CFI = .995, RMSEA = .017). Also, each defending skill of different aspects had moderate to high effects on observed variables. Conclusion: It was concluded that these findings provided strong support for the cross validity of the SDSS. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 47-61 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:47-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Yiannakos Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Yiannakos Author-Name: P. Sileloglou Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Sileloglou Author-Name: V. Gerodimos Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Gerodimos Author-Name: P. Triantafillou Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Triantafillou Author-Name: V. Armatas Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Armatas Author-Name: S. Kellis Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Kellis Title: Analysis and comparison of fast break in top level handball matches Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe an alternative approach in order to estimate the level of specific endurance (stamina) via video-analysis in handball athletes, which is required during the whole game. One thousand five hundred three (1503) attacks from 15 matches of 8 teams participating in the first division of the 2003 National Men’s Handball Championship were studied. For the analysis, all attacks were recorded and categorized based on the type of fast break. Furthermore, for each type of attack the outcome of the shot (goal, riposte, missed goal) and the offensive errors were recorded. All the fast break attempts (successful ones or not) were taken into consideration. The data analysis was conducted using Crosstabulation and chi-square tests. The results revealed that, during the first half, the 1st and 2nd wave were used in a percentage of 45,9% and 54,1%, respectively (p<0.05), although during the second half the percentage of each type was 63,3% and 36,7%, respectively (p<0.05). The third wave of fast break was not recorded. The number of successful attempts of fast break in the first half (77,1%) was greater than in the 2nd half (66,9%) (p<0.05). During the first half the frequency of the 1st wave (45,9%) was lower than that in the 2nd wave (54,1%) (p<0.05). However, during the second half the 1st wave’s frequency (63,3%) was greater compared to the 2nd wave’s (36,7%) (p<0.05). The form of analysis which was used to record, research and compare the frequency of appearance of fast break showed a reduction of fast break in the second half compared to the first half. There was also a significant difference between the two half times regarding the successful and unsuccessful fast breaks. The results may indicate some influence of training specificity and provide suggestions to coaches regarding the organisation of handball training drills that will possibly lead to an increase in explosive power. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 62-72 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:62-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Brown Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Running strategy of female middle distance runners attempting the 800m and 1500m “Double” at a major championship: a performance analysis and qualitative investigation Abstract: Historically, athletes attempting the 800m and 1500m double have been world class athletes with a genuine medal chance in one or both events. However, an athlete would not be expected to attempt the double if this jeopardised their chance of winning a medal in a single event. Therefore, the approach to attempting the double must allow the athlete to race 6 times during a games and recover sufficiently between races. The purpose of the current investigation was to compare the strategies of female athletes attempting the 800m and 1500m double with those entering a single event. A manual race analysis system was devised to analyse the performances of these two types of athlete, finding that the double event athletes preferred to run at the back of the leading group during the early stages. A supporting qualitative analysis revealed that the reason for not leading in the early stages was to preserve energy. The decision to attempt the double had to consider the risks involved and strategy was influenced by the opponents, the order of the events, the athlete’s best event and confidence in the athletes ability to take up the challenge of competing in two events. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 73-88 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868339 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:73-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keith Lyons Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Lyons Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 89-91 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868340 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868340 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:89-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. G. L. Sayers Author-X-Name-First: M. G. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Sayers Author-Name: J. Washington-King Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Washington-King Title: Characteristics of effective ball carries in Super 12 rugby Abstract: This study examined the determinants of effective ball carries in rugby union. Forty-eight games from the 2003 Super 12 season were analysed involving 6 teams including 90 players. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were undertaken on both individual skills and the combination of skills involved in each ball carry. Results indicated that players received the ball most often at cruising speed (41.7%) and ran the ball with moderate intensity (75.8%). The most common Running Pattern was Oblique (63.8%), while the most used Evasion Pattern was a forward step (24.7%). Pearson Chi Square (χ2) analyses showed that players who received the ball at higher speeds, ran with greater intensity, and used either Oblique Running Patterns or a forward step Evasion Pattern, were likely to be successful in the tackle and record positive phase outcomes (p <.001). Mann-Whitney U analyses showed that high ranked teams had higher reception speeds (U = 2584197.5, p =.001) and greater running intensities than low ranked teams (U = 2567508, p <.001). It was concluded that the maintenance of forward momentum, while avoiding contact through effective Running and Evasion Patterns was crucial in determining the effectiveness of ball carries. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 92-106 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868341 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:92-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric J Drinkwater Author-X-Name-First: Eric J Author-X-Name-Last: Drinkwater Author-Name: Will G Hopkins Author-X-Name-First: Will G Author-X-Name-Last: Hopkins Author-Name: Michael J McKenna Author-X-Name-First: Michael J Author-X-Name-Last: McKenna Author-Name: Patrick H Hunt Author-X-Name-First: Patrick H Author-X-Name-Last: Hunt Author-Name: David B Pyne Author-X-Name-First: David B Author-X-Name-Last: Pyne Title: Characterizing changes in fitness of basketball players within and between seasons Abstract: We assessed the magnitude of changes in fitness and anthropometric test scores of well-trained basketball players between phases of a year and over several years. Players were 1011 females and 1087 males in Basketball Australia’s State and National junior programs (1862 and 236 players respectively). Players undertook a set of three fitness and three anthropometric tests on 2.6 ± 2.0 (mean ±SD) occasions over 0.8 ± 1.0 y. Mixed modeling was used to estimate mean changes within and between seasons, and to estimate individual variability as the standard deviation of change scores between assessments. Changes were expressed as standardized (Cohen) effect sizes for interpretation of magnitudes (trivial <0.2; small 0.2-0.6, moderate 0.6-1.2). In the first 2 y National and State males showed small longitudinal improvements in body mass, skinfolds, and shuttle-run performance (effect size 0.28 – 0.42). After 2 y National females made small improvements in most tests (0.27 – 0.42), but National males showed a small decline in shuttle-run performance (0.55). Other changes in mean test scores within and between seasons were trivial. Individuals showed small to moderate variability about the mean change between phases (0.23 – 0.87) and between years (0.26 – 1.03), with State-level players having greater variation in all tests (State/National ratio 1.1 – 2.4). Coaches or sport scientists monitoring or modifying fitness of basketball players should recognize there is generally little overall change in mean fitness within and between seasons. They should also take into account the small to moderate changes in individuals. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 107-125 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868342 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:107-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Smith Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: J. Hammond Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hammond Author-Name: W. Gilleard Author-X-Name-First: W. Author-X-Name-Last: Gilleard Title: The use of performance analysis technology to monitor the coaching environment in soccer. Abstract: Performance analysis systems are well known for their use in enhancing the feedback process in coaching. These systems have also been developed to analyse the coaching environment and coach-athlete behaviour. This study used a computerised performance analysis system to monitor the coaching environment of two independent soccer coaching groups. The aims were to report on the use of performance analysis technology to monitor the coaching environment in soccer and investigate the reliability of the performance analysis system used. The two coaching groups were part of a larger study investigating the development of a new soccer coaching programme based on a preceding biomechanical analysis. Sessions were videoed and analysed using GameBreaker™ performance analysis software which was set up to log five events relevant to the focus of the study. A trained independent operator demonstrated the two events whole group on task (2.30% error) and whole group off task (3.12% error) were reliable events to analyse further. The other three events; small group off task, individual off task and other, were deemed to be unreliable. Possible reasons for this include limitations of equipment and training of the observer. Chi-square analysis revealed a non-significant difference between groups for whole group on task (p=0.91) and whole group off task (p=0.87), indicating both groups experienced similar amounts of practice time over six coaching sessions. This study suggests performance analysis technology can be used as an effective tool to monitor the coaching environment. However, care must be taken when setting up the operational definitions and training an independent operator to use the system in order to obtain objective, reliable data. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 126-138 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868343 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:126-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Rechichi Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Rechichi Author-Name: A. Lyttle Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Lyttle Author-Name: M. Doyle Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Author-Name: T. Polglaze Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Polglaze Title: Swimming velocity patterns in elite women’s water polo: a case study Abstract: There is a paucity of information on the swimming velocity profiles of elite women water polo players during competitive game situations. This study sought to establish a method to reliably asses the patterns of swimming velocities evident for an elite women water polo player. One full game was filmed and the image space calibrated to allow the swimming velocities of one of the players to be calculated. A reliability analysis performed on the data demonstrated that the reliability of the velocity data was high. The results of the motion analysis revealed a relatively low overall swimming time and total distance swum for the player analysed. It was also determined that, when comparing the results to the player’s maximum swimming velocity, a large proportion of the swims were performed at a relatively low intensity. This tends to indicate that a large proportion of the total energy cost in a water polo game can potentially come from non-swimming activities. The information provided by this sort of analysis can supply objective information that can be used to better tailor swimming conditioning programs to reflect the demands of a game situation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 139-148 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:139-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Andrew Gardner Author-X-Name-First: S. Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Gardner Author-Name: T. David Martin Author-X-Name-First: T. David Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Martin Barras Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Barras Author-Name: G. David Jenkins Author-X-Name-First: G. David Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins Author-Name: G. Allan Hahn Author-X-Name-First: G. Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Hahn Title: Power output demands of elite track sprint cycling. Abstract: Competition analysis can be used to describe the complex physical demands of elite sport. This information can be used to design sport specific training sessions that replicate critical aspects of competition. Additionally, in some cases, competition analysis can be used to identify an athlete’s strengths and weaknesses. The ultimate goal of this research was to improve Australian Coaches’ understanding of both elite Domestic and International competition of elite track sprint cycling so that specific training practices could be productively refined.Three elite male sprint cyclists (19-33 yrs; 82-101 kg; 39-47 mm sum 7 skinfolds; 1729–2282 W lab peak power) were monitored during 18 Domestic (DOM) and 18 International (INT) semi-final and final match sprint races using calibrated SRM power meters (Julich, Germany, professional version). The 36 race profiles used for analysis were matched so that each group of 18 had the same number of cyclists contributing races from the same number of semi-final and final race efforts.Although not statistically significant it appears that international match sprint racing tends to be associated with a slightly lower peak (∼70W, 3.6%) and higher average (∼54W, 10%) power output. Further research is required to understand whether these differences are meaningful and whether specific training programs could be tailored to these unique demands.We have documented peak and sustained power output during sprint cycling that establish new extremes in human physiology. A greater understanding of those physiological traits that are required for success at the highest level of match sprinting may be obtained by comparing data collected from winners vs losers in the final rounds of competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 149-154 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868345 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868345 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:149-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keith Lyons Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Lyons Title: Performance Analysis in Applied Contexts Abstract: This paper discusses an approach to performance analysis that is grounded in applied contexts in Australia. This approach is built upon a long term commitment in Australia to understanding and transforming performance in elite sport contexts. What is distinctive about the Australian experience is that it has emerged outside the higher education system. Performance analysts in the institutes and academies of sport have worked closely with their sport programs to deliver ecologically valid support for elite performance. Applied science is ‘normal’ science in Australian sport. In order to exemplify the applied context of performance analysis in Australia, four examples of projects are presented. The first three come from winter sports. Work underway to gather data in winter sports is also reflected in attempts to analyse performance in canoe slalom. The quest for ecologically valid data is now prioritising field based study notwithstanding the difficulties presented in outdoor water sports. This project is focused on applied contexts. The group working together embodies the possibilities created when staff from a range of disciplined backgrounds come together with a view to servicing and transforming elite performance. Performance analysis is flourishing in Australia and papers in this volume demonstrate the range of work in progress. What is important to stress is that in the arrangements for the servicing of Australian sports in institutes and academies of sport it is possible to build teams of sport scientist who can work together to offer integrating insights into learning and performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 155-162 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868346 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:155-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Megan Rendell Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Rendell Author-Name: W. Stuart Morgan Author-X-Name-First: W. Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Title: Skill and role-specific differences in eye movement behaviour between goal keepers and field players in field hockey‥ Abstract: A large number of studies have reported that experts employ more economical visual search strategies than novices, fixating on fewer and more meaningful regions of the display. Contradictory evidence has been presented contending that differences in the way expert and novice groups process visual information is not necessarily evident in their overt visual search behaviour. The aim of this research is to explore the subtle gradations of elite visual behaviour that may be evident as an athlete progresses from elite level junior competition to elite level open age competitionTwenty six hockey players participated in the study from 3 national competition levels Under18s (n=9, x− =18.1±0.7 years), Under 21s (n=9, x− =19.0±1.3 years) and Australian Hockey League (AHL) players (n=8, x− =21.3±2.6 years). 120 action sequences consisting of 40 drag flicks, 40 slaps and 40 pushes, were recorded in stereoscopic video format using two PAL DV progressive scan cameras (720x576; 25 f.p.s.).No differences in response accuracy (RA) between skill groups (AHL, U21, U18) by occlusion time (OT) were found (F(2,25) = 0.65; p > 0.05), indicating that RA was not a function of playing experience. Further, no differences in RA by player position groups (GK, FP) were found (F(1,25) = 0.02; p > 0.05), indicating the hypothesis that goal keepers had a task specific advantage in the anticipation of drag flicks compared to slaps or pushes should be rejected. Overall, the data supports the hypothesis that the rate of saccadic eye movements is related to the playing experience, and specific expertise of the hockey players in our cohort. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 163-167 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868347 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868347 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:163-167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: ISPAS workshop poster Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 168-171 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:3:p:168-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:3:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ricardo Monteiro Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Monteiro Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: Rui Marcelino Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Marcelino Title: Relationship between the set outcome and the dig and attack efficacy in elite male Volleyball game Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the set outcome and the dig and attack efficacy in side-out transition in high competitive-level male volleyball. A total of 4351 sequences of game actions of the final phase of the Volleyball World Cup 2007 were analyzed. In order to test the association between those variables a chi-square test was carried out. The reliability showed percentages of agreement above the minimum indicated on the literature. The results showed a significant association between the attack efficacy and the set outcome since the teams that win the sets make fewer errors and have a higher efficacy in the counter-attack. The results also demonstrate that the dig efficacy is not significantly associated with the set outcome. The attack efficacy showed to be highly dependent of the dig efficacy since the frequency of attack points was higher when preceded by a perfect dig while the dig without all attack options is associated with the performance of attacks that allow continuity in the rally. Further research should analyze the efficacy of the remaining side-out transition phase game actions (the block and the set) and their relation with the set outcome. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 294-305 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:3:p:294-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rui Araújo Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Araújo Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: Rui Marcelino Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Marcelino Title: Relationship between Block Constraints and set outcome in Elite Male Volleyball Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze some block constraints in Elite Male Volleyball. So, were established the relationship between: (i) blocking system and block effectiveness; (ii) blocking system and block opposition; (iii) block effectiveness and set outcome. There were analyzed 4351 sequences, corresponding to 97 sets, of twelve men’s national teams participating in Final Phase of World Cup 2007. The chi-square with adjusted residual to test the association between the variables was applied. For reliability, results showed percentages of agreement above 80%. The results showed a significant relationship between block effectiveness and blocking system. The man-to-man blocking system increase the occurrence of block-out and block continuity 2 and reduce the occurrence of block continuity 3 and block point; the zone-blocking system increases the occurrence of block point and reduces the occurrences of block-out. Moreover a significant relationship between blocking system and the numbers of blockers were established; the man-to-man blocking-system increase the occurrence of single block and reduce the occurrence of double and triple block; zone-blocking system increase the occurrence of double and triple block and reduce the occurrence of open double and single block. Block effectiveness and set final outcome, showed an independent relationship. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 306-313 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:3:p:306-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroo Takahashi Author-X-Name-First: Hiroo Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi Author-Name: Tomohito Wada Author-X-Name-First: Tomohito Author-X-Name-Last: Wada Author-Name: Akira Maeda Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Maeda Author-Name: Mitsuo Kodama Author-X-Name-First: Mitsuo Author-X-Name-Last: Kodama Author-Name: Hidetsugu Nishizono Author-X-Name-First: Hidetsugu Author-X-Name-Last: Nishizono Title: An analysis of time factors in elite male tennis players using the computerised scorebook for tennis Abstract: The authors developed the computerized scorebook for tennis to analyze the time duration of shots. The purpose of this study was to analyze the time factors in Grand Slam singles matches using the computerized scorebook for tennis. Eighty-two players’ performances from forty-one matches in Grand Slam tournaments held in 2003 and 2004 were analyzed. The French Open, Wimbledon and the U.S. Open were selected to compare the effect of court surface on timing factors. The time duration of both 1st and 2nd service was longest at the French Open. Players need different service strategy between the French Open and the other tournaments because of the difference of strategy. Time duration of ground strokes showed no significant differences between the three tournaments. Ground strokes and rally play followed similar rhythms at all three tournaments. These results were obtained using the computerized scorebook for tennis. The usefulness of the scorebook for tennis coaching was demonstrated. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 314-319 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:3:p:314-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Marshall Jones Author-X-Name-First: B. Marshall Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Scoring First and Home Advantage in the NHL Abstract: Home advantage in the NBA has recently been reported to be “frontloaded,” that is, it is largest in the 1st quarter, smallest in the 4th quarter, and in-between in the 2nd and 3rd quarters. Home advantage in the 1st quarter was 60% of home advantage at the end of the game. The present study was intended to determine if NHL hockey, a very different sport, is also frontloaded. The results were that home advantage in the first goal was 53.01% (home wins) and 52.37% in goals scored after the first. Home advantage in complete games was 56.05%. Hence, the advantage accumulated in the 1st quarter equaled 49.75% of the advantage in complete games. Theories of “psychological momentum” have been advanced according to which scoring first gives a team an advantage in subsequent play. In the NHL, however, no such advantage obtains. In fact, the team scored against does slightly better in goals scored after the first than the team which scores first. Momentum theory also claims that scoring first markedly increases the likelihood of winning. It does, but the effect is due mainly to the fact that the first goal is included in the final score. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 320-331 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:3:p:320-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Koch Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Koch Author-Name: Thomas Mauthner Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Mauthner Author-Name: Markus Tilp Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Tilp Author-Name: Norbert Schrapf Author-X-Name-First: Norbert Author-X-Name-Last: Schrapf Title: Evaluation of visual position estimation in beach volleyball. Abstract: Position determination of game analysts is often performed by subjective visual estimation. The aim of this study was to evaluate human position estimations for setting actions in beach volleyball. Subjects were asked to assign the athlete’s position to one of five cells representing the court. Position estimations from seven beach volleyball experts and seven non-experts were compared with results of video metrology also presented in this paper. A mean error-quote of 41% indicates that the perception of humans assessing athlete’s position is very inaccurate. While beach volleyball experience did not influence the ability for position estimation, the accuracy was dependent on the distance from the camera. The obtained results should be taken into account by coaches and scientist, who deduct their strategy on such analyses. If it is not possible to get exact position information with technical systems, we recommend close-up views and adequate cell size to improve validity of results. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 332-343 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:3:p:332-343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Worsfold Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Worsfold Author-Name: Kirstin Macbeth Author-X-Name-First: Kirstin Author-X-Name-Last: Macbeth Title: The Reliability of Television Broadcasting Statistics in Soccer Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine if match statistics provided by television companies are a reliable measure of performance. Statistics for six performance indicators were collated from thirty teams over fifteen soccer matches presented by four independent broadcasting companies. Independent post-match analysis was also conducted analyzing the same six performance indicators used by the broadcasting companies. Mean percentage error was calculated for each pair (10 pairs) of observations for each of the six performance indicators. Mean percentage errors above 10% and up to 59.51% were identified between television company statistics and the independent post-match analysis within five out of the six performance indicators assessed. It is possible that different analysis techniques, analyst errors, unclear referee signals and differing operational definitions contributed to the unexpected statistical variations. The study highlights the need for universally accepted performance definitions within soccer. Due to the variability in statistics between companies and the post-match data analysis, viewers and researchers should view television company statistical data with caution and only use the data as a guide to individual, team and match performance and not as an exact measure. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 344-353 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:3:p:344-353 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eugene Lim Author-X-Name-First: Eugene Author-X-Name-Last: Lim Author-Name: Brendan Lay Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Lay Author-Name: Brian Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: Karen Wallman Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Wallman Author-Name: Scott Aanderson Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Aanderson Title: Development of a player impact ranking matrix in Super 14 rugby union Abstract: The aim of this study was to design and implement a Player Impact Ranking (PIR) matrix to objectively quantify the impact of players on team performance and game outcomes in rugby union. Game data from the Crusaders, Force and Lions in the 2006, 2007 and 2008 Super 14 competition seasons were used. A framework of game actions (GA) was developed for individual players and allocated positive and negative weightings to reflect each GA’s relative importance to a team’s winning performance. The weightings were applied to the frequencies of each game action to derive a total net game performance (NGP) score, which was then used to assess the teams’ performances, utilising game results (i.e. win/loss), competition points and score margins (i.e. the difference in scores between two teams). NGP scores showed significant relationships with wins/losses, team scores and competition points (p<0.05). Moderate, positive correlations were recorded with NGP scores and score margins (r=0.66-0.76; p<0.01). Results suggested that the derived PIR matrix accurately reflected game results and team performances, making it a useful tool for post match analysis of performance. Further research into applying the PIR matrix developed here to in-match situations for real time analysis is recommended. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 354-367 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:3:p:354-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Boris Bazanov Author-X-Name-First: Boris Author-X-Name-Last: Bazanov Author-Name: Priit Võhandu Author-X-Name-First: Priit Author-X-Name-Last: Võhandu Title: Annex I. Abstracts for performance analysis poster presented at the 8 World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport (3-6 September 2008, Magdeburg, Germany) Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 368-411 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:3:p:368-411 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Barreira Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Barreira Author-Name: L. Martins Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Author-Name: P. Valdemar Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Valdemar Author-Name: I. Costa Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: J. Brito Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Author-Name: J. Garganta Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Garganta Author-Name: J. Pinto Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Pinto Author-Name: C. Souza Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Souza Title: Annex II. Abstracts from the 3 International Workshop of the International Society of Performance Analysis of Sport Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 412-455 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868494 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868494 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:3:p:412-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868596 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gaia Liviotti Author-X-Name-First: Gaia Author-X-Name-Last: Liviotti Author-Name: Anita Hökelmann Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Hökelmann Title: Quantitative choreography analysis of the group competition medallists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship 2011 Abstract: The aim was to verify whether the gold winner presented better values than the other two teams in the final group competition with five balls at the Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship 2011 (Montpellier, France). In other words, it has been researched if quantitative parameters played a fundamental role by determining the three final positions. Results showed that the most successful choreography does not include the highest number of quantitative parameters. Actually the performance in Rhythmic Gymnastics is influenced by quantity as well as by quality. In spite of several attempts to objectify the evaluation of performances in this discipline it is impossible to evaluate it in all its aspects up to the present. Thus, a future goal will be the objectification of the qualitative performance parameters, in order to provide more exhaustive choreography analyses. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 246-257 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868597 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:246-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Athalie Redwood-Brown Author-X-Name-First: Athalie Author-X-Name-Last: Redwood-Brown Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Gemma Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Paul Neilson Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Neilson Title: The effect of score-line on work-rate in English FA Premier League soccer Abstract: Investigations finding that soccer players perform more work when the score is level than when leading or trailing have not considered hat the significant effects were due to fatigue rather than score-line. For example, two teams may be level for the early part of a game and the score diverges later on. The current study established a typical fatigue pattern using data from 79 player performances during five 0-0 drawn English FA Premier League matches. This typical fatigue pattern was used to adjust the work-rate of 90 player performances in five English FA Premier League matches where both teams were level, ahead and behind for at least 15 minutes each. There was a significant interaction between player position and score-line (p = .010) with forwards spending a greater percentage of time moving at 4 m.s-1 or faster when their team was leading than when level while defenders spent a greater percentage of time moving at 4 m.s-1 or faster when their team was trailing than when level. An explanation for this interaction effect is that forwards feel encouraged to work harder when their team has earned a lead with the work-rate of opposing defenders also increasing as a result. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 258-271 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:258-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laios Alexandros Author-X-Name-First: Laios Author-X-Name-Last: Alexandros Author-Name: Kountouris Panagiotis Author-X-Name-First: Kountouris Author-X-Name-Last: Panagiotis Author-Name: Kyprianou Miltiades Author-X-Name-First: Kyprianou Author-X-Name-Last: Miltiades Title: The Existence of Home Advantage in Volleyball Abstract: The Home Advantage term describes the significantly greater percentage of positive results over the negative ones when competing at home. Specifically in volleyball Federations organize national championships taking under consideration the existence of home advantage. The aim of this study was to investigate the existence, strength and consistency of the home advantage effect in volleyball since the implementation of the new regulations. Data were collected from all championships of the last decade in first division Italy and Greece for both men and women (6.681 games, 25.324 sets, 1.122.064 points). Statistical comparisons were performed with the chi-square test. Results revealed the existence of a very significant home advantage effect in Volleyball, which, moreover, exhibits a remarkable consistency throughout gender, country, regular season and play-offs and competition year. Home wins in games (58.1%), in sets (55.6%) and in points (50.86%) were significantly greater than the theoretically expected 50%. The only case when the home advantage was ineffectual was the fifth set of the 5-set games. Additionally a Markov-chain simulation was performed and confirmed that the observed distribution of the points won by the home and away teams would generate the observed distribution of the sets won by the home and away teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 272-281 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868599 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:272-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peguy Assomo B. Ndemba Author-X-Name-First: Peguy Assomo B. Author-X-Name-Last: Ndemba Author-Name: H. Samuel Mandengue Author-X-Name-First: H. Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Mandengue Author-Name: Jean Faye Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Faye Author-Name: Mountaga Diop Author-X-Name-First: Mountaga Author-X-Name-Last: Diop Author-Name: R. Wiliam Guessogo Author-X-Name-First: R. Wiliam Author-X-Name-Last: Guessogo Author-Name: Abdoulaye Bâ Author-X-Name-First: Abdoulaye Author-X-Name-Last: Bâ Author-Name: Fallou Cisse Author-X-Name-First: Fallou Author-X-Name-Last: Cisse Author-Name: L. Serge Etoundi-Ngoa Author-X-Name-First: L. Serge Author-X-Name-Last: Etoundi-Ngoa Title: Analysis of psychological effects of the presence of peers and space perception during the performance of the twelve minutes run test (12-MRT) in estimating maximal oxygen consumption Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the presence of peers, and a reduced space, in estimating maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during the twelve minutes run test (12-MRT). Thirty one athletes participated in three tests: Achieving alone the 12-MRT of Cooper on a 400 m track (Alone); Achieving in groups of three the 12-MRT on a 400 m track (In-Group); completing in groups of three the 12-MRT on a 200 m track (Short-Track). At the end of each test, the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), Heart rate (HR) and blood lactate [La] were determined. VO2max was higher during In-Group compared to Short-Track (p< 0.05). VO2max was underestimated by 4% in Alone and by 9.3% in Short-Track. Negative correlation was found between VO2max and RPE (r = -0.61, p < 0.0001). No significant differences were found in HR and [La] between tests. RPE was lower (p = 0.4110) during In-Group compared to Alone, and compared to Short-Track (p = 0.0955). Running in a group elicits positive effect which improves VO2max, whereas a reduced space (200 m) impairs significantly VO2max. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 282-290 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868600 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:282-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Andrew Callaway Author-X-Name-First: J. Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Callaway Author-Name: A. Shelley Broomfield Author-X-Name-First: A. Shelley Author-X-Name-Last: Broomfield Title: Inter-Rater Reliability and Criterion Validity of Scatter Diagrams as an Input Method for Marksmanship Analysis: Computerised Notational Analysis for Archery Abstract: Basic notational systems exist in many sports but may not always be formally named as such. This paper outlines the validity and reliability of using a computerised scatter diagram as an input method for the analysis of marksmanship in target sports with Archery used as an example sport. Software was created to represent a standard FITA 122cm target face. An Archer shot 72 arrows, these were measured to create coordinates of each arrow. Twelve images (6 arrows per image) were shown to 10 operators. Operators input each arrow position into the software to produce a coordinate for each arrow. The coordinates where additionally processed using marksmanship statistics, Accuracy Constant Error (ACE), Accuracy Variable Error (AVE) and Precision (Mean Radius-MR). ICC was used to test validity and PPMC to test inter-rater reliability of the raw data and error analysis on the processed data. Raw results showed strong positive correlations for validity against the measured coordinates (>.977) and high levels of inter-rater reliability(>.969). Processed results show less than 2% error to that of measured results. Systems such as this allow coach/athlete/researcher to track varying equipment setups, changes to biomechanics, physiology and psychology, allowing for continued development of athlete, sport and equipment. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 291-310 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868601 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:291-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José E. Lopes Author-X-Name-First: José E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lopes Author-Name: Duarte Araújo Author-X-Name-First: Duarte Author-X-Name-Last: Araújo Author-Name: Ricardo Duarte Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Duarte Author-Name: Keith Davids Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Davids Author-Name: Orlando Fernandes Author-X-Name-First: Orlando Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes Title: Instructional constraints on movement and performance of players in the penalty kick Abstract: The influence of different instructional constraints on movement organisation and performance outcomes of the penalty kick (PK) was investigated according to participant age. Sixty penalty takers and twelve goalkeepers from two age groups (under 15 and under 17) performed 300 PKs under five different task conditions, including: no explicit instructional constraints provided (Control); instructional constraints on immobility (IMMOBILE) and mobility (MOBILE) of goalkeepers; and, use of keeper-dependent (DEP) and independent (INDEP) strategies by penalty takers. Every trial was video recorded and digitised using motion analysis techniques. Dependent variables (DVs) were: movement speed of penalty takers and the angles between the goalkeeper’s position and the goal line (i.e., diving angle), and between the penalty taker and a line crossing the penalty spot and the centre of the goal (i.e., run up angle). Instructions significantly influenced the way that goalkeepers (higher values in MOBILE relative to Control) and penalty takers (higher values in Control than in DEP) used movement speed during performance, as well as the goalkeepers’ movements and diving angle (less pronounced dives in the MOBILE condition compared with INDEP). Results showed how different instructions constrained participant movements during performance, although players’ performance efficacy remained constant, reflecting their adaptive variability. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 331-345 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868602 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:331-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Girish Ramchandani Author-X-Name-First: Girish Author-X-Name-Last: Ramchandani Title: Competitiveness of the English Premier League (1992-2010) and ten European football leagues (2010) Abstract: This paper examines the state of competitiveness in top division football leagues in ten European countries. Potential factors that might affect, or be influenced by, competitive balance are also explored. Using alternative indicators of competitive balance, the research found that with the passage of time the English Premier League has become less competitive, which coincides with the growing incidence of overseas investment in English clubs. The French Ligue 1 emerged as the most competitive league (out of ten) in Europe on most indicators in 2010, whereas the Dutch Eredivise was the least balanced. Further investigation revealed a strong statistically significant relationship between league competitiveness and league size (number of clubs) and a moderately strong, albeit insignificant, effect of a league’s competitive balance on its popularity (attendance). However, the link between competitiveness and the perceived quality of countries’ football leagues (as per UEFA association rankings) was relatively modest and insignificant. The findings provide a useful baseline for examining the effect of UEFA’s financial fair play regulations on the competitiveness of football leagues across key European markets in the years to come. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 346-360 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:346-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jordan Fleming Author-X-Name-First: Jordan Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming Author-Name: Scott Fleming Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming Title: Relative age effect amongst footballers in the English Premier League and English Football League, 2010-2011 Abstract: Many studies have shown that a relative age effect exists in different sports – that is to say, birth dates of participants in particular sports are skewed towards the start of the competitive season. This study examines the relative age effect for the 2828 professional footballers in the English Premier League, the Championship, League One and League Two during the 2009-2010 season. Using dates of birth for all players from the Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2010-2011, the Chi squared goodness of fit test was used to determine relative age effect within the four leagues. A comparison was also made with birth dates for the general population from the Census and population projection data. The relative age effect was then examined for each of the leagues, and then for differences between the leagues. The results showed that: (i) there was a difference between professional footballers and the general population (p < 0.001); (ii) there was a relative age effect in the Premier League (p = 0.03), and a stronger age effect in the other three leagues (p < 0.001); and (iii) there was a difference between the Premier League and League Two (p = 0.002). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 361-372 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868604 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868604 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:361-372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Arturo Abraldes Author-X-Name-First: J. Arturo Author-X-Name-Last: Abraldes Author-Name: Carmen Ferragut Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Ferragut Author-Name: Nuria Rodríguez Author-X-Name-First: Nuria Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez Author-Name: Mª Helena Vila Author-X-Name-First: Mª Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Vila Title: Tactical and shooting variables that determine the difference between win or loss in top-level female water polo: analysis by phases of the game Abstract: The basic aim of this research study is to analyze the efficacy values and speed of shot of two championships female water polo, comparing winning and losing indicators classified according to different playing situations (even, power play, transition and penalty). Fifty female games that formed part of the 2008 European Championship and the 2009 World Championship have been analyzed. The results showed significant differences between winning and losing teams in the coefficients of accuracy of shots in the European Championship, and in the coefficient of definition, resolution of shots and the resolution, detention and error of shots at goal in the World Championship. The maximal speed achieved was 17.31 m.s-1 in the European Championship. It could be said that the efficacy values that determine the difference between winning and losing teams are those that make reference to the accuracy of the shot. The even microsituation is the most important determining factor in the winner or loser status of a team. No differences were found in the speed of shot between winning and losing teams within the same championship but they do exist between championships. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 373-384 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868605 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868605 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:373-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miran Kondrič Author-X-Name-First: Miran Author-X-Name-Last: Kondrič Author-Name: Joško Sindik Author-X-Name-First: Joško Author-X-Name-Last: Sindik Title: Differences Between Indexes and Variables in Situation Efficiency of Recreational Table Tennis Players in the Leagues of Different Levels Abstract: The research comprised an analysis of an intentional sample of 914 table tennis players competing in various recreational table tennis leagues in SOKAZ (the Association of Recreational Table Tennis Players of Zagreb) during 2006. The competitors played in leagues ranked from 1 to 20 with a minimum of 36 to a maximum of 59 players in each league. Variables and indexes as indicators of the efficacy of an individual in table tennis competitions are defined. We did not find statistically significant differences in indexes of efficiency, derived by summarising several particular indexes, according to the particular league level in the table tennis championship. Yet we did find statistically significant differences in individual variables of a table tennis competitor’s efficiency according to the specific league level in the table tennis championship: their relative number is higher in the ‘tougher’ leagues, and is highest at the 1st to 5th league levels in SOKAZ. We also find statistically significant differences in the ‘pure statistical’ variables in table tennis competition according to the league level in the table tennis championship: their relative number is higher in ‘tougher’ leagues, and is highest at the 1st to 5th league levels in SOKAZ. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 385-397 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868606 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:385-397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Bartlett Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Bartlett Author-Name: Chris Button Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Button Author-Name: Matthew Robins Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Robins Author-Name: Aviroop Dutt-Mazumder Author-X-Name-First: Aviroop Author-X-Name-Last: Dutt-Mazumder Author-Name: Gavin Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Title: Analysing Team Coordination Patterns from Player Movement Trajectories in Soccer: Methodological Considerations Abstract: We analysed player trajectories from five eleven-a-side soccer games in the group stage of the European Champions League to reveal the coordination dynamics between opposing teams in open play attacks, through the use of team centroids and various measures of team dispersion. We found that the team centroids moved synchronously both along and across the pitch, the former showing a stronger coupling (e.g. r = 0.994 vs 0.756 for goals) of the teams’ coordination dynamics, as expected. No crossing of the centroids of the two teams along the pitch occurred for any of the 14 goals scored from open play, and only six for all 305 open play attacks. We found little support for any general rule that team centroids converge along the pitch during critical moments in play, such as goals, shots on goal and tackles. Our results revealed few differences in coordination dynamics for attacks ending in a defensive tackle or a turn-over in possession from those ending in a goal, shot or header shot; nor did attacks ending in a goal, or a shot or header shot have more volatile, less predictable coordination dynamics than unsuccessful attacks. We recommend the use of smaller groupings of players within a team and self-organising maps to gain a greater insight into team coordination dynamics in eleven-a-side soccer in future research. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 398-424 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:398-424 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Whitaker Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Whitaker Author-Name: Alison Hargreaves Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Hargreaves Author-Name: A. Inga Wolframm Author-X-Name-First: A. Inga Author-X-Name-Last: Wolframm Title: Differences in elite showjumping performance between male and female riders Abstract: Equestrianism is one of very few sports where men and women compete on equal terms, offering the opportunity to perform comparable studies of male and female sporting performance within the same competition. The aim of the current study was to investigate the proportion and relative performance success of males and females competing at international elite level (FEI Rolex World Cup™) Show Jumping Competition in 2008/2009. Results from 15 leagues and 810 individual competitors (male=566; female=233; unknown=18) were analysed. Non-parametric statistics were used to investigate differences between numbers of males and females competing, final ranks and number of points achieved within the total population and individual leagues. Most important findings showed that significantly more men competed in all leagues (p<0.01); with the exception of three North American leagues where no significant differences was observed. However, no statistically significant differences between male and female riders across the whole population were found for final ranking (Male M=31.0, Female M=31.5, U=62670.500, z=-0.443, p=0.658) or points (Male M=17, Female M=28, U=133.50, z=-2.468, p=0.014). In conclusion, the sport of showjumping the differences in physiology, morphology and psychology between male and female riders are unlikely to affect final performance results. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 425-435 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868608 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:425-435 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Wright Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Steve Atkins Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Atkins Author-Name: Bryan Jones Author-X-Name-First: Bryan Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: An analysis of elite coaches’ engagement with performance analysis services (match, notational analysis and technique analysis) Abstract: Performance analysis has become increasingly more accessible to coaches across many levels of sport (Blaze et al 2004). The primary aim of this study was to investigate how performance analysis tools are used by elite sports coaches. A stratified sample of forty-six elite professional and semi-professional coaches were selected to complete an online-survey relating to their engagement with match, notational and technique analysis. Most coaches (68%) would be provided with a DVD or edited clips after every game, whilst 16% would receive this service following most games. Over 50% of coaches will use performance analysis tools to provide video clips for other coaches and their support staff (64%); provide a video of the opposition (68%); collate quantitative game data (64%); and use as a motivational DVD (55%). Just under half of the coaches (43%) would use some form of live coding and analysis during games, whilst 39% would also receive a written match report including game statistics. Performance analysis information informed the coaches’ short term planning (93%), medium term planning (80%) and long term planning (70%). 91% of coaches identified that their coaching philosophy would impact on their selection of KPI’s, whilst 43% also identified that their ‘gut instinct’ would often impact on their selection. The key findings from this study have provided specific insight relating to how and why elite coaches engage with performance analysts. In particular, these findings inform specifically on how performance analysis impacts on their coaching practices within a number of different contexts. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 436-451 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868609 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:436-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Andrew Butterworth Author-X-Name-First: D. Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Butterworth Author-Name: J. David Turner Author-X-Name-First: J. David Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: A. James Johnstone Author-X-Name-First: A. James Author-X-Name-Last: Johnstone Title: Coaches’ perceptions of the potential use of performance analysis in badminton Abstract: Despite performance analysis’ proliferation as part of the coaching process, there remains a dearth of literature examining coaches’ perceptions of its use. Equally, a distinct gap in literature exists examining the use of performance analysis in the context of badminton. This study aimed to address these issues through an exploration of badminton coaches’ perceptions of the potential use of performance analysis in their coaching process. After analysing three badminton players’ performance using objective video data, in depth individualised performance profiles were created. These were presented to seven badminton coaches, who were interviewed as to their perceptions of the utility of this analysis. Interview transcripts were analysed via content analysis, revealing that all bar one of the coaches directly praised the analysis undertaken and it’s potential to aid coaching performance. Specifically, the majority of coaches praised the usefulness of the performance profiles as part of the wider coaching process, citing the ability to compare objective data to the performers own perceptions as particularly valuable. In this study the possible use of performance analysis in badminton was mostly well received by coaches, and this implicates it as a potentially key component in improving coach and athlete performance in an evolving coaching process. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 452-467 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:452-467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Theodoros Bampouras Author-X-Name-First: M. Theodoros Author-X-Name-Last: Bampouras Author-Name: Colum Cronin Author-X-Name-First: Colum Author-X-Name-Last: Cronin Author-Name: K. Paul Miller Author-X-Name-First: K. Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: Performance analytic processes in elite sport practice: An exploratory investigation of the perspectives of a sport scientist, coach and athlete Abstract: In recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies exploring the benefits of performance analysis both for sports and the sport sciences. Comparatively little empirical research exists, however, pertaining directly to the application and use of performance analysis. The aim of this paper is to explore the in-practice application of performance analysis. A sport scientist, an international coach and a former professional athlete, all having used performance analysis and unrelated to each other, were interviewed on their extensive experience in the use of performance analysis. The results indicated that, although the object and receiver of performance analysis process, the athlete is not included in the process itself, with the coach acting as the gatekeeper. An extrapolative argument is made with regards to the potential impacts of this practice, not least those on the motivation of the athlete. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 468-483 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:12:y:2012:i:2:p:468-483 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew C Miller Author-X-Name-First: Matthew C Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: Philip W Fink Author-X-Name-First: Philip W Author-X-Name-Last: Fink Author-Name: Paul W Macdermid Author-X-Name-First: Paul W Author-X-Name-Last: Macdermid Author-Name: Daniel Allen Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Allen Author-Name: Stephen R Stannard Author-X-Name-First: Stephen R Author-X-Name-Last: Stannard Title: Braking and performance characteristics of experienced and inexperienced mountain bikers navigating an isolated off-road turn using a brake power meter Abstract: Using a brake power meter, experienced and inexperienced mountain bikers were tested on an isolated, controlled off-road cycling descent with a turn to determine how riding experience affects the pattern of braking behaviour. Overall braking measurements such as absolute and relative brake work and brake power, as well as brake time, were significantly related to performance time on the track used in this study. Inexperienced mountain bikers displayed greater absolute and relative brake work and brake time, but had lower absolute and relative brake power when compared with experienced mountain bikers, which resulted in a significant performance decrement for inexperienced riders. Experienced mountain bikers concentrated braking efforts to later in the track, which meant that they spent less time at lower speeds. Inexperienced riders displayed a greater reliance on the rear brake, which likely contributed to their overall increased braking variables. The results of this study highlight that differences in braking magnitude and behaviour are attributable to reduced performance on an isolated off-road track with a corner. Inexperienced mountain bike riders may be able to improve their performance by learning braking patterns similar to those of experienced mountain bikers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 495-506 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1496383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1496383 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:495-506 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Grainger Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Grainger Author-Name: John James McMahon Author-X-Name-First: John James Author-X-Name-Last: McMahon Author-Name: Paul Comfort Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Comfort Title: Assessing the frequency and magnitude of match impacts accrued during an elite rugby union playing season Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify position-related differences in absolute and relative match impacts in rugby union. Thirty-eight subjects were tracked, using GPS units containing inertial sensors, across one full playing season (n = 462 data sets). No difference in the number of impacts >9.01 G were observed between forwards (229 ± 160) and backs (226 ± 151). Forwards, however, experienced a greater absolute (p = 0.03) and relative (p = 0.003) number of impacts >13 G compared to backs. Full backs experienced the highest frequency of absolute impacts >9.01 G, which was significantly greater compared to locks (p = 0.001, d = 1.84), back row (p = 0.003, d = 0.68), out half (p = 0.036, d = 1.24) and wingers (p = 0.036, d = 0.76). Hookers experienced the highest relative frequency of impacts >9.01 G, which was significantly greater than locks (p < 0.001, d = 2.06), back row (p = 0.001, d = 1.10), outside halves (p = 0.001, d = 1.44) and wingers (p < 0.001, d = 1.19). Coaches should consider these findings when planning training sessions, as the frequency and magnitude of impacts experienced by positional groups vary during match play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 507-522 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1496392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1496392 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:507-522 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Latella Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Latella Author-Name: Daniel Van den Hoek Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Van den Hoek Author-Name: Wei-Peng Teo Author-X-Name-First: Wei-Peng Author-X-Name-Last: Teo Title: Factors affecting powerlifting performance: an analysis of age- and weight-based determinants of relative strength Abstract: Powerlifting (PL) is characterised by the ability to generate maximal force. However, an understanding of the factors affecting strength in PL athletes is poorly understood. Therefore, competition data were analysed from 1368 individuals during 2017. Relative strength was compared for the squat (SQ), bench press (BP) and deadlift (DL) between age groups (Sub-junior [SJ], Junior [JU], Open [OP], and Masters’ I-IV [M1-M4]), weight classes (females; 47 kg, 52 kg, 57 kg, 63 kg, 72 kg, 84 kg and + 84 kg and males; 59 kg, 66 kg, 74 kg, 83 kg, 93 kg, 105 kg, 120 kg, + 120 kg) and between sexes. The results showed that relative strength was greater for males across all lifts (P < 0.001). Relative strength tended to decrease with increasing body mass for males (SQ, BP and DL: P < 0.001, R2 = 0.9306–0.9763) and females (SQ, BP and DL: P < 0.001, R2 = 0.9485–0.9802), and with increasing age for males (SQ, BP and DL: P < 0.001, R2 = 0.4742–0.6729), and females (SQ: P < 0.001, BP: P = 0.002 and DL: P = 0.001, R2 = 0.0844–0.3705), respectively. The findings offer important information regarding factors that affect strength performance in athletes. Coaches should consider the factors influencing strength when developing resistance training programmes or in longer term athletic development for powerlifters and other strength based sports. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 532-544 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1496393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1496393 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:532-544 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Glenn Björklund Author-X-Name-First: Glenn Author-X-Name-Last: Björklund Title: Shooting efficiency for winners of World Cup and World Championship races in men’s and women’s biathlon: where is the cut-off? Abstract: The shooting profile of the biathlete is presented as the mean shooting percentage, which lacks valuable information for performance profiling. Hence, the aim of the study was to present a way of profiling biathlete shooting efficiency and profiling the men’s and women’s winners in the IBU World Cup and World Championships to clarify the fewest hits necessary to win races. Data from 106 competitions from two seasons were analysed and dichotomised. The proportions (p) (miss/hit) and 90% confidence interval were estimated, and binominal distributions for overall, standing and prone shooting. The women’s winners showed higher overall shooting efficiency than the men’s winners (−5.4 to −0.4 90%CI) season 2015/2016, due to lower prone shooting efficiency for the men. The men increased their overall shooting efficiency for the 2016/2017 season, compared to 2015/2016, due to increased prone shooting accuracy (−6.9 to −0.2 90%CI). The likelihood of winners missing three targets went from 14.7% to 3.7% and 3.5% to 4.3% for the 2015/2016 to 2016/2017 season for men and women, respectively. Overall, the men varied more than women between seasons due to reduced prone shooting efficiency, while the third miss appeared most critical for performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 545-553 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1497920 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1497920 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:545-553 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Reyneke Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Reyneke Author-Name: Keir Hansen Author-X-Name-First: Keir Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen Author-Name: John B. Cronin Author-X-Name-First: John B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cronin Author-Name: Paul Macadam Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Macadam Title: An investigation into the influence of score differential on the physical demands of international women’s rugby sevens match play Abstract: This study explores whether the score differential in winning games influenced the physical demands of match play in women’s rugby seven players. Fifteen members from a highly ranked international team (mean ± SD, 24.3 ± 3.87 years, 168 ± 7.15 cm, 67.5 ± 6.31 kg) participated in this study. Winning score differentials were classified as either small (<21 points) or large (>21 points) and global positional system running data along with match play activities were analysed to identify whether differences exist. Total distances covered were moderately greater in high score differential games (mean difference, ±99% confidence limits, 3.8, ±5.2 m·min−1). Small differences (high – low) were also observed for distance covered at the following speeds: 2–3.5 m·s−1 (1.3, ±3.4 m·min−1), 5–6 m·s−1 (0.8, ±1.5 m·min−1) and ≥6 m·s−1 (1.4, ±1.6 m·min−1). There were a moderately greater numbers of missed tackles (mean count 0.2) and lineouts (mean count 0.5) in low score differential versus high score differential games. Greater winning margins were associated with greater running demands and fewer match activity demands. It is suggested that specific recovery protocols should be considered for matches that have either higher running or match activity demands. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 523-531 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1499070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1499070 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:523-531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christos Koutsouridis Author-X-Name-First: Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Koutsouridis Author-Name: Georgios Karamousalidis Author-X-Name-First: Georgios Author-X-Name-Last: Karamousalidis Author-Name: Christos Galazoulas Author-X-Name-First: Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Galazoulas Title: The efficacy of “High Pick and Roll” in relation to the defence’s reaction and its effect on the result of the game Abstract: This research was conducted to find out how effective the High Pick and Roll is, according to the defence’s reaction. This survey also investigates the total impact of this offensive strategy on the game’s final result. The sample consisted of 20 randomly selected basketball games of the Olympic Games in Rio (2016). The results show that the outcome of the High Pick and Roll can affect the result of the game (p = 0.001). Furthermore, there is an important statistical difference between the effectiveness of High Pick and Roll against various defensive plays. When the defending team played Trail and Sag, the majority of the attacks were successful whereas when the team played Switch, Deny or Trap most of attacks were missed (p = 0.01). Finally, most of attacks ending with a ball handler’s Drive were successful while when the ball handler was shooting, a great percentage of Shots were missed (p = 0.01). Apart from that, the effectiveness of each defensive play and the effectiveness of the offensive outcomes were also depicted. From the data presented above, it is clear that the High Pick and Roll is a crucial factor in basketball and the information and statistics included in this paper could be useful for basketball coaches, both from theoretical and practical perspective. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 554-567 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1501983 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1501983 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:554-567 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marek Konefał Author-X-Name-First: Marek Author-X-Name-Last: Konefał Author-Name: Paweł Chmura Author-X-Name-First: Paweł Author-X-Name-Last: Chmura Author-Name: Michał Zacharko Author-X-Name-First: Michał Author-X-Name-Last: Zacharko Author-Name: Jan Chmura Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Chmura Author-Name: Andrzej Rokita Author-X-Name-First: Andrzej Author-X-Name-Last: Rokita Author-Name: Marcin Andrzejewski Author-X-Name-First: Marcin Author-X-Name-Last: Andrzejewski Title: Match outcome vs match status and frequency of selected technical activities of soccer players during UEFA Euro 2016 Abstract: The study aimed to examine the performance frequency of selected technical activities by soccer teams playing in the UEFA EURO 2016 in relation to match outcome and match status. Thirty-six matches of the group stage were analysed. The data were retrieved using an OPTA Sportsdata Company system. The notated technical activities: shots, passes, were expressed as frequency of performance (playing time/number of activities); while ball possession was expressed in percentage terms. There was a large effect size in frequency of shots on target (η2 = 0.201), of shots from inside the penalty area (η2 = 0.163) in relation to match outcome. A medium effect size was then found in frequency of passes (η2 = 0.102), short passes (η2 = 0.060) and ball possession (η2 = 0.113) in relation to match status. A team’s playing effectiveness requires a concurrent scrutiny of players’ technical activities in relation to match outcome and match status. Key technical activities affecting a successful match outcome are frequencies of different types of shots. However, when the team is playing to change an unfavourable score (losing and drawing in match status), the most important are frequencies of different types of passes and higher percent of ball possession. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 568-581 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1501991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1501991 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:568-581 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Allister Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Allister Author-Name: P. J. Byrne Author-X-Name-First: P. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Byrne Author-Name: C. D. Nulty Author-X-Name-First: C. D. Author-X-Name-Last: Nulty Author-Name: S. Jordan Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan Title: Game-related statistics which discriminate elite senior Gaelic football teams according to game outcome and final score difference Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the game-related statistics that discriminate winning and losing teams, and examine the influence of technical performance markers on final score margin in men’s senior Gaelic football. The sample comprised 28 games from 3 years (2015–2017) of the All Ireland Senior Football Championships. This sample was subdivided into close (n = 14) and unbalanced (n = 14) games and analysed using structure coefficients (SC). Across all games, fouls committed (SC = 0.56), goals (SC = 0.39) and total attacks (SC = 0.31) presented the highest discriminatory power. In close games (final score difference <6 points), total attacks (SC = 0.47), shot efficiency (SC = 0.56), goals (SC = 0.50), fouls committed (SC = 0.37) and black cards (SC = 0.43) contributed to winning. Unbalanced games yielded 8 statistics which discriminated winners from losers. In close games, attack efficiency (SC = 0.34), percentage of opposition kick-outs won (SC = 0.37) and yellow cards (SC = 0.32) were associated with winning and red cards (SC = −0.46) with losing. Total attacks and goals discriminated teams across all game contexts. The findings provide performance norms which can be utilised to evaluate and predict performance and inform in-game tactical decisions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 622-632 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1501992 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1501992 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:622-632 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Author-Name: Fabio Santos Lira Author-X-Name-First: Fabio Santos Author-X-Name-Last: Lira Author-Name: Ursula Ferreira Julio Author-X-Name-First: Ursula Ferreira Author-X-Name-Last: Julio Author-Name: Barbara Moura Antunes Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Moura Author-X-Name-Last: Antunes Author-Name: Marcus Fabio Agostinho Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Fabio Author-X-Name-Last: Agostinho Author-Name: Seihati Ari Shiroma Author-X-Name-First: Seihati Ari Author-X-Name-Last: Shiroma Author-Name: Valéria Leme Gonçalves Panissa Author-X-Name-First: Valéria Leme Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Panissa Title: Cytokine, physiological, technical–tactical and time structure responses in simulated judo competition Abstract: This study investigated physiological modulation on metabolic and inflammatory parameters, the technical–tactical and time structure variables, across a simulated judo competition. Ten judokas were submitted to a simulated competition (four matches), with blood collection in time zero, after each match, and 30 and 60 min post the fourth match. Before each match the rating of perceived recovery (RPR) and after each match the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) were collected; lactate concentration before and after each match was collected. There was no difference across matches for RPR, RPE, HR, technical–tactical, time structure, interleukin (IL)-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone–cortisol ratio. Higher lactate was found post-match compared to prematch. Moreover, lactate was higher pre-third than the pre-first match, and post-second than post-third and fourth matches. Glucose was higher post-second match compared to prematches and 30-min post-fourth match; IL-6 was higher post-third, post-fourth and post-30 and 60-min fourth match than prematches and also higher post-first match compared to post-third and 60-min post-fourth match. Thus, alterations observed in glucose, lactate and IL-6 judo competition seem to be related to metabolism regulation to maintain the technical–tactical actions across the matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 595-608 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1501993 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1501993 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:595-608 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Danielle C. MacDonald Wells Author-X-Name-First: Danielle C. Author-X-Name-Last: MacDonald Wells Author-Name: John B. Cronin Author-X-Name-First: John B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cronin Author-Name: Paul Macadam Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Macadam Title: Key match activities of different fielding positions and categories in one-day international cricket Abstract: Fielding has gained considerable importance in the game of cricket; however, there is a paucity of research in this area compared to batting and bowling. The purpose of this study therefore was to quantify the movement demands of one-day international (ODI) fielding. Television footage of eight games (16 innings) from the 2011 ODI World Cup was analysed using the video analysis package SportsCode. The variables of interest included 16 fielding-related activities and two efficiency calculations. These variables were calculated for fielding positions (excluding wicketkeepers) and categories of fielding. There were on average 177 ± 52 fielding contacts and 12 ± 6 fielding mistakes per innings. The activity in the field was split between the fielding categories: 20% close fielding, 51% inner circle fielding and 29% outer circle fielding. The positions with the most fielding activity per innings were bowler (26), cover (24), backward point (14), mid-off (14) and midwicket (14). Understanding the movement demands of cricket fielding provides value to coaches when designing assessments, and individualising training programmes to match positional and categorical (close, inner and outer) fielding demands. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 609-621 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1501994 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1501994 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:609-621 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Abián-Vicén Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Abián-Vicén Author-Name: Lorena Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Lorena Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez Author-Name: Pablo Abián Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Abián Title: Performance structure analysis of the men’s and women’s badminton doubles matches in the Olympic Games from 2008 to 2016 during playoffs stage Abstract: The purpose was to compare the timing factors of top world-level badminton in men’s and women’s doubles matches in the Olympic Games in Beijing, London and Rio to observe the evolution of this sport between 2008 and 2016. All the matches from the quarterfinals to the final of the men’s and women’s doubles events from the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games were analysed (48 matches). The matches were retrieved from the Olympic Multimedia Library. Higher values in match duration, real time played, total points played, shots per match and rest time between points were found in Rio than Beijing and London (P < 0.05). The real time played, percentage of time played, shots per rally, rally time and work density were higher and shot frequency was lower in the women’s doubles event than the men’s doubles event (P < 0.05) in all the Olympics analysed. In conclusion, Badminton in the men’s and women’s doubles events evolved from 2008 to 2016 towards longer matches with greater rest intervals. The evolution has been similar in the men’s and women’s doubles; the women’s doubles showed longer points with greater real time in the matches, while the men’s doubles showed greater intensity.Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval, ES: effect size, diff: difference Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 633-644 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1502975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1502975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:633-644 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ursula Ferreira Julio Author-X-Name-First: Ursula Ferreira Author-X-Name-Last: Julio Author-Name: Valéria Leme Gonçalves Panissa Author-X-Name-First: Valéria Leme Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Panissa Author-Name: Marcus Fabio Agostinho Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Fabio Author-X-Name-Last: Agostinho Author-Name: Rubiana Lopes Cury Author-X-Name-First: Rubiana Lopes Author-X-Name-Last: Cury Author-Name: João Victor Esteves Author-X-Name-First: João Victor Author-X-Name-Last: Esteves Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Time-course of time-motion, physiological, perceived exertion and neuromuscular responses during simulated judo matches Abstract: The objective of the present study was to describe the physiological, perceived exertion, time-motion and neuromuscular responses in judo matches with different durations. Twelve male brown and black belt judo athletes (74.3 ± 10.5 kg, 175.1 ± 5.3 cm) performed five matches with different durations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min) randomly determined, against the same opponent, in different days and blinded to the time duration. Data from matches were analyzed concerning: rating of perceived recovery, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate, delta of blood lactate concentrations [La] (the highest minus the rest values), rate of the increment in RPE and [La] per minute of match, maximal isometric strength in dominant and non-dominant hands, leg power and dynamic strength-endurance. After the match, decreases in dynamic strength-endurance and non-dominant isometric strength were observed, dominant hand isometric strength was maintained, while leg power increased. The rate of the physiological and perceptual responses per minute of match changes decreased throughout the course of the match, with the highest changes occurring at the beginning of match and none time-motion variable has been modified throughout the course of the match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 582-594 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1507479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1507479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:582-594 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Changjing Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Changjing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Shaoliang Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Shaoliang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Alberto Lorenzo Calvo Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Lorenzo Calvo Author-Name: Yixiong Cui Author-X-Name-First: Yixiong Author-X-Name-Last: Cui Title: Chinese soccer association super league, 2012–2017: key performance indicators in balance games Abstract: The aim of the present study was to identify the game-related statistics which discriminate between winning, drawing and losing teams in Chinese Soccer Association Super League. The sample included 1056 balance games from the 2012–2017 Chinese Soccer Association Super League. Physical and technical game-related statistics were gathered. A one-way analysis of variance and discriminant analysis of data was done. The results showed that winning teams were significantly higher for the following game statistics: shots, shots on target, 50–50 challenge won, offsides, sprinting distance, sprinting effort, sprinting distance in ball possession and high-speed-running distance in ball possession. Losing teams had significantly higher averages in the variable crosses, passes, forward passes, sprinting distance out of ball possession and high-speed-running distance out of ball possession. Discriminant analysis concluded the following: the variables that discriminate between winning, drawing and losing teams were the shots on target, sprinting distance in ball possession, quality of opposition, passes and forward passes. Coaches and players should be aware of these different profiles in order to design and evaluate practices and competitions for their teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 645-656 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1509254 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1509254 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:645-656 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Pulling Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Pulling Author-Name: David Eldridge Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Eldridge Author-Name: Emma Ringshall Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Ringshall Author-Name: Matthew T. Robins Author-X-Name-First: Matthew T. Author-X-Name-Last: Robins Title: Analysis of crossing at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse open play crosses in the FIFA 2014 soccer World Cup. A total of 1332 open play crosses were observed from all 64 games of the FIFA 2014 soccer World Cup. The dominant themes of analysis included delivery side, delivery type, defensive pressure, time of cross and delivery outcome. Chi-squared tests of association were utilised to examine the association between each variable (e.g. delivery type) and each outcome category (e.g. goal-scoring attempts). A total of 42 goals (3.2%) were scored from the 1332 open play crosses analysed. The zone of the outcome of the cross was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with all outcome categories. Delivery type and zone of the crosser were significantly associated with defensive outcomes and attacking outcomes (p < 0.05). Defensive pressure was significantly associated with goal-scoring attempts and attacking outcomes (p < 0.05). Pitch side of the delivery and time of the cross were not significantly associated (p > 0.05) with any of the outcome categories. Coaches should reflect on the variables presented and the impact they have on crossing outcomes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 657-677 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1509255 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2018.1509255 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:18:y:2018:i:4:p:657-677 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868626 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Markus Klusemann Author-X-Name-First: J. Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Klusemann Author-Name: Jonathon Headrick Author-X-Name-First: Jonathon Author-X-Name-Last: Headrick Author-Name: K. Christos Argus Author-X-Name-First: K. Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Argus Author-Name: B. David Pyne Author-X-Name-First: B. David Author-X-Name-Last: Pyne Author-Name: D. Adam Gorman Author-X-Name-First: D. Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Gorman Author-Name: J. Eric Drinkwater Author-X-Name-First: J. Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Drinkwater Title: Video-based training combined with flotation tank recovery does not improve three-point shooting in basketball Abstract: Video-based training combined with flotation tank recovery may provide an additional stimulus for improving shooting in basketball. A pre-post controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a 3 wk intervention combining video-based training and flotation tank recovery on three-point shooting performance in elite female basketball players. Players were assigned to an experimental (n=10) and control group (n=9). A 3 wk intervention consisted of 2 x 30 min float sessions a week which included 10 min of video-based training footage, followed by a 3 wk retention phase. A total of 100 three-point shots were taken from 5 designated positions on the court at each week to assess three-point shooting performance. There was no clear difference in the mean change in the number of successful three-point shots between the groups (-3%; ±18%, mean; ±90% confidence limits). Video-based training combined with flotation recovery had little effect on three-point shooting performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-10 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868627 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:1-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lindsay Bottoms Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay Author-X-Name-Last: Bottoms Author-Name: Jonathan Sinclair Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Sinclair Author-Name: Peter Rome Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Rome Author-Name: Kim Gregory Author-X-Name-First: Kim Author-X-Name-Last: Gregory Author-Name: Michael Price Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Price Title: Development of a lab based epee fencing protocol Abstract: The aims were to undertake a movement analysis of a simulated epee fencing competition and to develop and validate a laboratory based protocol (LAB). Seven male club epee fencers undertook a simulated competition (SIM) comprising of the ‘Poule’ and ‘direct elimination’ (DE) structure of competition. Video analysis was completed to identify fencing specific movements and work to rest ratios from which a LAB was developed. Six different fencers undertook the second part of the experiment involving the LAB. Heart rate and RPE were monitored throughout both trials. Statistical analysis was undertaken to compare HR and RPE responses within and between SIM and LAB. A work to rest ratio of 9:8s was calculated for the Poule and 10:12s for the DE. Poule (first round) fights lasted 139 ±12 s whereas a DE fights lasted 491 ±20 s. Although HR was lower during the DE phase of LAB, a similar intensity to those reported for previous fencing competitions was elicited. Lower HR during the second phase of the LAB is likely due to lower circulating adrenaline in a non competitive situation. However, based on mean HR and RPE responses and specific movement patterns involved the protocol may be useful for examining interventions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 11-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868628 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:11-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dorica Sajber Author-X-Name-First: Dorica Author-X-Name-Last: Sajber Author-Name: Mia Peric Author-X-Name-First: Mia Author-X-Name-Last: Peric Author-Name: Miodrag Spasic Author-X-Name-First: Miodrag Author-X-Name-Last: Spasic Author-Name: Natasa Zenic Author-X-Name-First: Natasa Author-X-Name-Last: Zenic Author-Name: Damir Sekulic Author-X-Name-First: Damir Author-X-Name-Last: Sekulic Title: Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance Abstract: Predictors of sport-performance in synchronised swimming (Synchro) are rarely investigated. In this study we studied the applicability of sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of Synchro performance for young athletes (all females, 15–17 years of age, 6–8 years of experience in Synchro). Initially, four sport-specific tests (determining characteristic anaerobic and aerobic endurance) are examined with regard to its reliability. The results show the appropriate reliability of the four sport-specific tests (according to ICC, and the Bland Altman plot), while significant learning effects are found for one of the applied tests. Anthropometric indices (body height, body weight, body fat and lean body mass) are not significantly correlated to Synchro performance in solo-figures (criterion). Multiple regression shows the significant prediction of the Synchro solo-figure performance by means of sport-specific tests (R = 0.72; Rsq = 52%). The cross-validation sub-sample elicited a high correlation between predicted and achieved performance score (r = 0.80) Further studies are necessary to determine the longitudinal changes of the tested parameters and their influence on competitive achievement in this sport for different age categories. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 23-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:23-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Lisa McDonnell Author-X-Name-First: K. Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: McDonnell Author-Name: A. Patria Hume Author-X-Name-First: A. Patria Author-X-Name-Last: Hume Author-Name: Volker Nolte Author-X-Name-First: Volker Author-X-Name-Last: Nolte Title: Place time consistency and stroke rates required for success in K1 200-m sprint kayaking elite competition Abstract: The aim was to evaluate place time consistency, and identify stroke rate trends required for success in K1 200-m kayaking. Race times and videos for each place in the A-finals of twelve World Cup and five World Championship regattas held from 2006 to 2011 were collected from electronic databases. Quality broadcasted videos (24 Hz) of four men’s and two women’s World Championship K1 200-m races were retained for stroke rate analysis. Place time consistency was determined using a coefficient of variation (CV%). World Championship place time consistency was better (Men = 0.7 to 1.5%, Women = 0.7 to 1.7%) than World Cup place time consistency (Men = 2.7 to 6.9%, Women = 4.3 to 5.4%). World Championship medallists’ place time consistency did not exceed 1% for males and females. After the initial acceleration phase, all World Championship medallists showed a decline in stroke rate throughout the race (slope = -0.2 to -1.3 spm/s). World Championship medallists’ stroke rates averaged 158 ± 8.2 spm for males and 139 ± 5.8 spm for females. In conclusion, World Championship medal target times were consistent, and stroke rate and displacement ranges required to achieve these targets have been provided in a matrix. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 38-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868630 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:38-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Saavedra García Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Saavedra Author-X-Name-Last: García Author-Name: Óscar Gutiérrez Aguilar Author-X-Name-First: Óscar Gutiérrez Author-X-Name-Last: Aguilar Author-Name: C. Juan Vázquez Lazo Author-X-Name-First: C. Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Vázquez Lazo Author-Name: Paulo Sá Marques Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Sá Author-X-Name-Last: Marques Author-Name: J. Juan Fernández Romero Author-X-Name-First: J. Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández Romero Title: Home advantage in Home Nations, Five Nations and Six Nations rugby tournaments (1883-2011) Abstract: This study evaluates the home advantage (percentage of points obtained playing at home) in Home Nations (HN), Five Nations (FN) and Six Nations (SN) tournaments between 1883 and 2011 obtaining a global significant value (p<0.001) of 60.99±1.57. The home advantage (HA) was calculated during different periods of the competitions taking into account the tournaments and teams (between 4 and 6 participants, depending on the competition). The HA is significant in all the periods, except in the HN 1932-1999. The evolution of the values of the HA is irregular until the professionalism of rugby (1995) a moment from which the values stabilize. The comparison in the HA between the different types of competitions didn’t find any significant values. When the HA was compared between the teams significant differences were found (p<0.001) at a global level, in FN and SN tournaments. The classification of a team (-0.720) and the number of points won (0.729) has a significant association with the HA. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 51-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868631 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:51-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martí Casals Author-X-Name-First: Martí Author-X-Name-Last: Casals Author-Name: A. Jose Martinez Author-X-Name-First: A. Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Martinez Title: Modelling player performance in basketball through mixed models Abstract: The aims of this study were to identify variables which may potentially influence player performance, and to implement a statistical model to study their relative contribution in order to explain two outcomes: points and win score. We used all the possible variables affecting player performance creating a comprehensive database from two sources of statistical information about the NBA 2007 regular season: www.basketball-reference.com and www.nbastuffer.com. The data employed for the analysis were composed of 2187 cases (27 players * 81 games), having followed a filtering process. We dealt with a balanced study design with repeated measurements given that each player was observed the same number of games, and therefore the player was considered as a random effect. We carried out mixed models to quantify the variability in points and win score among players. Minutes played, the usage percentage and the difference of quality between teams were the main factors for variations in points made and win score. The interaction between player position and age was important in win score. We encourage managers and coaches of sports teams to choose appropriate methods according to their aims. Future research should take into consideration the use of models with random effects on players’ characteristics. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 64-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868632 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:64-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Author-Name: Keith Davids Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Davids Author-Name: Duarte Araújo Author-X-Name-First: Duarte Author-X-Name-Last: Araújo Author-Name: T. Pedro Esteves Author-X-Name-First: T. Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Esteves Title: Performance analysis in team sports: Advances from an Ecological Dynamics approach Abstract: Capacity to produce data for performance analysis in sports has been enhanced in the last decade with substantial technological advances. However, current performance analysis methods have been criticised for the lack of a viable theoretical framework to assist on the development of fundamental principles that regulate performance achievement. Our aim in this paper is to discuss ecological dynamics as an explanatory framework for improving analysis and understanding of competitive performance behaviours. We argue that integration of ideas from ecological dynamics into previous approaches to performance analysis advances current understanding of how sport performance emerges from continuous interactions between individual players and teams. Exemplar data from previous studies in association football are presented to illustrate this novel perspective on performance analysis. Limitations of current ecological dynamics research and challenges for future research are discussed in order to improve the meaningfulness of information presented to coaches and managers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 83-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868633 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:83-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Richard Fariña Author-X-Name-First: A. Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Fariña Author-Name: Gabriel Fábrica Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Fábrica Author-Name: P. Sebastián Tambusso Author-X-Name-First: P. Sebastián Author-X-Name-Last: Tambusso Author-Name: Rafael Alonso Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Alonso Title: Taking the goalkeeper’s side in association football penalty kicks Abstract: Approximately 70% of penalty kicks in men’s professional football are scored, hence being decisive in increasing the chances of winning, since matches have only 2.5 goals on average. This study assesses the improving chances for the goalkeeper to save penalty kicks, using actual shot speeds in computer simulation and considering actual and experimental data. Simulated kicks were directed at the goal divided in nine areas. The goalkeeper’s movement was chosen to start at five different times before, at and after the instant of the kicker’s impact on the ball. Chances of saving were analysed through logistic regression taking into account area of the goal, ball speed and moment of goalkeeper’s reaction. Saves were found to depend essentially on the beginning of the goalkeeper’s motion according to the area. In the central areas of the goal, saves were statiscally independent of ball speed and time of reaction. The goal region further away from the centre, where real shots are frequently saved, presented highest dispersion. This suggests that saves depend mainly on the goalkeeper’s reaction time but also on the ball speed. Finally, chances are low (but not inexistent) near the posts. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 96-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868634 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:96-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Megan Lorains Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Lorains Author-Name: Kevin Ball Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Ball Author-Name: Clare MacMahon Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: MacMahon Title: Performance analysis for decision making in team sports Abstract: Decision making is a key aspect of expert performance and is important in many sports. However it has been largely ignored in notational analysis. The aim of this study was to design and test a reliable method of analysing decision-making performance and to use it to evaluate decision making and transfer of training into competition matches. Thirteen elite Australian football (AF) players were analysed over four matches (early season and late season), using a custom-designed decision-making notational analysis system. The performance indicator, decision accuracy, was based on a three-point scale allocated by three elite AF coaches. Other factors measured included number of options available, level of defensive pressure, match context and execution elements. Inter-rater reliability of the notational analysis system was high for all performance indicators (kappa range = .79 - .98). Decision accuracy increased from early to late season while defensive pressure and number of options available for each decision did not differ between games. This research creates an reliable new platform for future research to build upon in order to further develop our ability to measure cognitive skills such as decision making in live match situations, and to also effectively measure transfer of performance gains through off field training interventions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 110-119 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868635 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:110-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bettina Grossmann Author-X-Name-First: Bettina Author-X-Name-Last: Grossmann Author-Name: Martin Lames Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Lames Title: Relative Age Effect (RAE) in Football Talents – the Role of Youth Academies in Transition to Professional Status in Germany Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the relative age effect in German football focusing on the role of the RAE in the transition from youth academy to Bundesliga. We examined the RAE of all male and female German youth national teams in 2012, all U17 and U19 Bundesliga teams in 2010/11 and all Bundesliga teams in 2011/12. A RAE was found in every youth national team, in 25 of 42 U19 teams and 41 of 42 U17 teams. In U17 teams, the final rank of the teams correlates with the median: the older the team is, the better is the rank with Spearman’s ρ = .311 and P = .021. Almost half of the players in Germany’s top league originate from a German youth academy due to a rule that demands the number of those players being eight or more per team, but also because of the quality of those players. When assessing the transition of youth Bundesliga players, almost twice as many young players make it to professional adult teams than early in the year born athletes. Thus, the selection of players based on their prospects for adult football might be preferential for the German football youth academies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 120-134 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:120-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Pulling Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Pulling Author-Name: Matthew Robins Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Robins Author-Name: Thomas Rixon Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Rixon Title: Defending Corner Kicks: Analysis from the English Premier League Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore tactical behaviour when defending corner kicks within the English Premier League. Specifically, the types of marking and defensive players positioned at the goalposts were investigated. A total of 436 corner kicks from 50 English Premier League games were analysed. The most commonly used marking system was one-to-one marking (90.1% of total corners), with zonal marking being used less often (9.9% of total corners). There was no significant association between the marking set-up and the number of attempts at goal conceded when defending corner kicks (p>0.05). However, teams who applied zonal marking conceded fewer goals and fewer attempts at goal than teams who used one-to-one marking. The most common set-up for defenders positioned at the goalposts was having a defender positioned only on the far post (47.3% of total corners). There was no significant association between the positioning of defensive players at goalposts and the number of attempts at goal conceded when defending corner kicks. A further detailed analysis of defending corner kicks is still required and suggestions have been made for future studies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 135-148 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868637 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:135-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke Bishop Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Bishop Author-Name: Andrew Barnes Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Barnes Title: Performance indicators that discriminate winning and losing in the knockout stages of the 2011 Rugby World Cup Abstract: The identification of performance indicators critical for success will allow the development of effective tactical approaches suited to the modern game. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance indicators that discriminate winning and losing teams in the knockout stages of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Winning and losing teams from the eight knockout matches of the 2011 Rugby World Cup were compared based on several performance indicators previously associated with match success. A Wilcoxon test revealed statistical differences between only two performance indicators with winning teams conceding a higher percentage of their penalties between 50m and the opposition 22m than losing teams (P = 0.036) and winning teams kicking the ball out of hand more than losing teams (P = 0.040). Trends were noted in other indicators which supported the notion that winning teams adopted a more territory based strategy rather than a possession based approach to the game. Discipline in reducing the penalty count when defending in your own half was also found to be key in minimising potential scoring opportunities for the attacking team. At the 2011 Rugby World cup, a territory based approach appeared to be the most effective strategy for game success. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 149-159 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:149-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Stöckl Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Stöckl Author-Name: Stuart Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Title: Visualization and Analysis of Spatial Characteristics of Attacks in Field Hockey Abstract: In field hockey players are only allowed to move the ball with the flattened side of a right-handed stick, and consequently it is easier for players to move the ball or retain ball possession on the right side of a player’s body. This study investigated the characteristics of ball possession, passing, and attacking behaviour of world-class teams using association rule mining techniques and a visualization technique based on the ISOPAR method. We analysed the women’s preliminary round matches of Pool A of the 2008 Olympic Games. The results reveal a) that teams tend to carry the ball on the right side of the pitch, and b) that ball possession that resulted in goal shots were more likely to be neutral or left side, although left sided plays were less frequent overall. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 160-178 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868639 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:160-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sofia Fonseca Author-X-Name-First: Sofia Author-X-Name-Last: Fonseca Author-Name: João Milho Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Milho Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Author-Name: Duarte Araújo Author-X-Name-First: Duarte Author-X-Name-Last: Araújo Author-Name: António Lopes Author-X-Name-First: António Author-X-Name-Last: Lopes Title: Measuring spatial interaction behavior in team sports using superimposed Voronoi diagrams Abstract: In team sports, the spatial distribution of players on the field is determined by the interaction behavior established at both player and team levels. The distribution patterns observed during a game emerge from specific technical and tactical methods adopted by the teams, and from individual, environmental and task constraints that influence players’ behaviour. By understanding how specific patterns of spatial interaction are formed, one can characterize the behavior of the respective teams and players. Thus, in the present work we suggest a novel spatial method for describing teams’ spatial interaction behaviour, which results from superimposing the Voronoi diagrams of two competing teams. We considered theoretical patterns of spatial distribution in a well-defined scenario (5 vs 4+ GK played in a field of 20×20m) in order to generate reference values of the variables derived from the superimposed Voronoi diagrams (SVD). These variables were tested in a formal application to empirical data collected from 19 Futsal trials with identical playing settings. Results suggest that it is possible to identify a number of characteristics that can be used to describe players’ spatial behavior at different levels, namely the defensive methods adopted by the players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 179-189 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868640 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:179-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammadtaghi Amiri-Khorasani Author-X-Name-First: Mohammadtaghi Author-X-Name-Last: Amiri-Khorasani Title: Kinematics Analysis: The Acute Effect of Different Stretching Methods on Dynamic Range of Motion of Lower Extremity Joints during Soccer Instep Kicking Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static and dynamic stretching within a pre-exercise warm-up on angular displacement identified as dynamic range of motion (DROM) of hip, knee, and ankle joints during instep kicking in less and more experienced soccer players. The kicking motions of dominant legs were captured from fifteen professional adult male soccer players using 6 infrared cameras at 200 Hz. Lower extremity joints DROM at instep kicking phases after different warm-ups protocols consisting of static, dynamic stretching, and no stretching, captured to analysing. Less experienced players showed significant differences in DROM after the dynamic stretching compared with the static stretching relative to the no stretching method in hip and knee joints. More experienced players showed significant difference in DROM after the dynamic stretching compared with the static stretching relative to the no stretching method in hip, knee, and ankle joints. There was no significant difference in DROM between less and more experienced after the dynamic stretching and also after with the static stretching relative to the no stretching method. We concluded that dynamic stretching during warm-ups, as compared to static stretching, is probably most effective as preparation for the DROM required in soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 190-199 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868641 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:190-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew J Reeves Author-X-Name-First: Matthew J Author-X-Name-Last: Reeves Author-Name: Simon J Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Simon J Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Title: Perceptions of Performance Analysis in Elite Youth Football Abstract: This study examined perceptions of performance analysis (PA) within elite youth football. More specifically, this study set out to investigate and examine perceptions of PA, and how it is perceived to impact upon players performances individually and collectively. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews, which were conducted with academy players, full time academy coaches, and performance analysts, associated with an English Premier League Academy team. The findings from this study suggest that within elite youth football, three areas are key considerations when thinking about video-based performance analysis: a) impact of video-based PA upon team and individual performance, b) video-based PA as a tool for reflection, and c) psychological implications associated with video-based PA. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 200-211 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868642 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868642 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:200-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeehoon Sohn Author-X-Name-First: Jeehoon Author-X-Name-Last: Sohn Author-Name: Hyongjun Choi Author-X-Name-First: Hyongjun Author-X-Name-Last: Choi Title: Are golf-shots distinguished by power control? Or it is just individual differences? Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare individual shots by different players in terms of control of power as a biomechanical aspect. This study expected that there might be similarity in power of golf shots irrespective of individual players. For the study, 5 different powers of golf shots (70%, 80%, 90%, Max and round style) were measured by 10 Vicon cameras, 2 AMTI force plates and the Flightscope analysis system (Kudu). Biomechanical indicators for the measurement were 10 indicators that were measured in 5 events during golf-swing such as address, top of backswing, middle of downswing, left foot GRF peak and impact. The Self-Organising Map, which is an artificial intelligence technique, was used to compare how each individual is able to be distinguished from others. The Self-Organising Map was designed and applied to the data analysis with a batch learning algorithm in order to update weight vectors between nodes in the Self-Organising Map. As a result, golf shots were distinguished by each individual player, but not by power of shots in terms of biomechanical factors. Consequently, this study was found variability of individual performance (with lower handicap golf players). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 212-224 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868643 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868643 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:212-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luís Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Luís Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Author-Name: Eduardo Abade Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Abade Author-Name: M. Helder Fernandes Author-X-Name-First: M. Helder Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes Author-Name: M. Victor Reis Author-X-Name-First: M. Victor Author-X-Name-Last: Reis Title: Cross-training in rugby: A review of research and practical suggestions Abstract: Cross-training is a relatively recent training method which suggests that perfomance enhancement or maintenance may be obtained through the practice of non-sport specific activities. However, and despite the recent importance given to cross-training among rugby union clubs, related scientific investigation is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a rationale for the implementation of cross-training activities in rugby union. Initially, a review of the literature on rugby players’ physical characteristics and game demands is presented, taking into account different playing positions. Secondly, several skills and sports are suggested based on the following criteria: i) skill-crossover to rugby union game; ii) cross-training activities that elite rugby union teams (e.g. Six Nations and Super Rugby 15) are currently using; and iii) tasks and techniques that are expected to provide the most substantial results to improve rugby players’ skills and performance. Coaches are encouraged to include these activities on their rugby training programs, according to the different season periods and characteristics of the players. Moreover, researchers are encouraged to investigate the cross-training effects of these skills and sports on rugby athletes’ and team performance, as well as identifying the most effective activities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 225-237 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868644 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868644 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:225-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Wright Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Steve Atkins Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Atkins Author-Name: Bryan Jones Author-X-Name-First: Bryan Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Jason Todd Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Todd Title: The role of performance analysts within the coaching process: Performance Analysts Survey ‘The role of performance analysts in elite football club settings.’ Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the role which performance analysts play within elite football clubs and identify how these roles differ within professional and academy settings. This study addressed the dearth of research regarding the role of match analysts, in relation to the provision of feedback via match and notational analysis techniques and systems. An exploratory study was conducted using an online questionnaire, formed using knowledge from current match analysts working in elite football, academic practitioners within the areas of performance analysis and from current literature. The questionnaire was completed by 48 match analyst practitioners working within elite football clubs. 32 of the analysts were predominantly working in a professional team setting, while 16 were predominantly working in an academy setting. When comparisons were made between the two groups of analysts a number of significant differences (P<0.05) were identified in relation to the provision of pre match feedback, post-match feedback and the value the analysts gave to certain performance analysis approaches. 4 of these factors related to pre match feedback, 1 factor related to post match feedback and the remaining 9 factors related to value associated with performance analysis approaches. Further insight has been provided into the importance of the role analysts play in enhancing the observation, analysis and feedback strategies which elite level football teams utilise. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 240-261 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:240-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard J Johnston Author-X-Name-First: Richard J Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston Author-Name: Mark L Watsford Author-X-Name-First: Mark L Author-X-Name-Last: Watsford Author-Name: Matthew J Pine Author-X-Name-First: Matthew J Author-X-Name-Last: Pine Author-Name: Robert W Spurrs Author-X-Name-First: Robert W Author-X-Name-Last: Spurrs Author-Name: Daniel Sporri Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Sporri Title: Assessment of 5 Hz and 10 Hz GPS units for measuring athlete movement demands Abstract: This study aimed to assess the validity and inter-unit reliability of 5 Hz and 10 Hz global positioning system (GPS) units and determine the differences between these units as measures of team sport athlete movement demands. A team sport simulation circuit was completed by eight trained male participants to examine the following movement demands: total distance covered (TD), peak speed and the distance covered, time spent and number of efforts performed at different speed zones. Additionally, repeated high intensity efforts, player load and exertion index were investigated. The analysis using paired samples t-test and percentage typical error of measurement (%TEM) revealed that 10 Hz GPS units provided a valid and reliable measure of TD (p>0.05, %TEM=1.3). The 5 Hz units also displayed reliable measures of TD (%TEM=1.2). It was apparent that as the speed of movement increased, the level of GPS error increased for both 5 Hz and 10 Hz units (%TEM: 0-14%). The updates in GPS firmware and increased sampling rates have further improved the validity and inter-unit reliability of GPS. Consequently, practitioners can more confidently rely on the data obtained from current GPS units during training and matches, however, caution is required when measuring high speed movements. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 262-274 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2013.11868646 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868646 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:13:y:2013:i:1:p:262-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868896 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868896 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Author-Name: Miguel Gómez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Ruano Author-Name: Diego Megías-Navarro Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Megías-Navarro Author-Name: Richard Pollard Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Title: Home advantage in football: Examining the effect of scoring first on match outcome in the five major European leagues Abstract: The aim of the current study was to examine the importance of scoring the first goal on the match outcome in football and to determine if this influence depends on the minute in which the first goal is scored. The sample consisted in all the matches played in the season 2014/2015 in the English FA Premier League (n=380), French Ligue 1 (n=380), Spanish La Liga (n=380), Italian Serie A (n=380) and German Bundesliga (n=306). Data were examined using classification tree analysis and a linear regression analysis. The results showed that home teams scored first in 57.8 % of matches and went on the obtain 84.85% of points won in these games. In contrast when the away team scored first, they obtained only 76.25% of subsequent points. These differences were further influenced by the quality of the teams and by the match period in which the first goal was scored. Three independent variables were significant factors on the final outcome: the quality of the opposition (p<0.001), the minute in which the first goal is scored (p<0.01) and the team scoring first (p<0.001). The teams that scored first ended games scoring an average 1.88 goals more than their opponents. Coaches can use this information to establish objectives for players and teams during practices and matches and can be prepared for these different competitive scenarios. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 411-421 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:411-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shane Malone Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Malone Author-Name: Kieran Collins Author-X-Name-First: Kieran Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: The physical and physiological demands of small-sided games: How important is winning or losing? Abstract: The present study examined the effect that success (win) or failure (loss) during competitive small-sided games (SSG) has on physical and physiological demands. Twenty six outfield hurling players were monitored with GPS (4-Hz, VX Sport, New Zealand) and heart rate monitors (Polar Electro, Oy, Kempele, Finland). Total distance (m), high-speed distance (≥ 17 km·h-1; m), sprint distance (≥ 22 km·h-1; m) and peak velocities (km·h-1) during SSG were analysed. Time spent in different HR zones, maximum heart rate (HRmax), average HR and percentage of HRmax were also considered. Results showed significant effects for team success (win) on all collected variables, with successful teams showing significantly higher total distances (p = 0.013; d = 3.50 ± 0.30; very large) when compared to losing teams. Team success during SSG impacted high-speed performance with winning teams covering more distance (p = 0.002; d = 4.53 ± 0.46; very large). Similar trends were documented for physiological variables with significant effects reported for winning teams spending more time at higher percentages (≥95%) of HRmax when compared to losing teams (p = 0.013; d = 2.64 ± 0.34, very large). The current study has shown that success (win) or failure (loss) within SSG plays an important role for SSG design. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 422-433 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:422-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrzej Soroka Author-X-Name-First: Andrzej Author-X-Name-Last: Soroka Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Title: The effect of a succession of matches on the physical performance of elite football players during the World Cup Brazil 2014 Abstract: The aim of the current study was to examine the influence of playing multiple games with a short recovery time between matches on physical activity in elite football. The variation of physical performance (overall distance, walking and light-intensity running, moderate-intensity running, high-intensity running and Sprint) of players during the group stage in the World Cup Brazil 2014 was examined. Footballers played three consecutive matches separated by 4 days. Altogether, 301 physical performance profiles were examined (Central Defenders (CD) = 57, External Defenders (ED) = 59, Central Midfielders (CM) = 61, External Midfielders (EM) = 56, and Forwards (F) = 68). Data were collected using a computerized multiple-camera tracking system (Prozone). No differences were found across the three matches in the distance covered in Sprint, HIR, MIR and Light-IR. External and Central Midfielders reported significant differences in the overall distance covered or that covered in MIR and HIR (p<0.05), however there is not a clear tendency of how playing multiple games modified their physical performance. In conclusion, fixture congestion had no, or very limited, influence on physical performance in elite football players. This indicates that, to a certain extent, top players can cope with a busy match schedule without underperforming. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 434-441 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868899 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:434-441 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: H. David Fukuda Author-X-Name-First: H. David Author-X-Name-Last: Fukuda Author-Name: Hans-Dieter Heinisch Author-X-Name-First: Hans-Dieter Author-X-Name-Last: Heinisch Author-Name: Rafael Battazza Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Battazza Author-Name: Fabrício B. Del Vecchio Author-X-Name-First: Fabrício B. Author-X-Name-Last: Del Vecchio Author-Name: Suzi Camey Author-X-Name-First: Suzi Author-X-Name-Last: Camey Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Time-motion analysis and Decision Making in Female Judo Athletes during Victory or Defeat at Olympic and Non-Olympic Events: Are Combat Actions Really Unpredictable? Abstract: The purpose of the present investigation was to compare decision making and time-motion analysis in female Olympic and non-Olympic judo matches by competitive result (winning versus losing). The sample consisted of 638 judo matches, 518 from non-Olympic events (NO), separated by winning=318 (NOW) and losing=196 (NOL) and 124 from the Olympic Games (OG) separated by winning=60 (OGW) and losing=64 (OGL), contested between 2011 and 2012 by 98 athletes who qualified for the 2012 Olympics Games. The decision making was analyzed using Markov models and combat actions were sequentially analyzed according to frequency of occurrence and time. NOL had lower Gripping frequencies, with a mean of 17.8±0.3, than all other groups (18.7±0.6). Frequency of attack to the front and rear orientations were lower for losing athletes in NO events (2.0±0.1 and 2.2±0.1, respectively) compared to all other groups (2.3±3.1 and 2.4±3.0, respectively). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 442-463 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868900 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:442-463 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Dryburgh Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Dryburgh Author-Name: G. Stelios Psycharakis Author-X-Name-First: G. Stelios Author-X-Name-Last: Psycharakis Title: Muscle Activation under Different Loading Conditions during the Power Clean Abstract: The power clean is a component of the clean and jerk Olympic lift and is also commonly utilised in training programs for several sports. Few studies have explored electromyographical (EMG) activation of the major muscles used during this exercise. The aim of the present study was to examine muscle activation during the power clean for the following muscles: gastrocnemius (GS), vastus lateralis (VL), transversus abdominis (TA), multifidus (MU), erector spinae (ES) and trapezius (TR). Eight experienced lifters performed five maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) exercises followed by three sets of three power clean repetitions at 70%, 80% and 90% 1RM. There was a significant increase with load for peak EMG of ES and GS and mean EMG of GS and VL. This suggests that athletes targeting the ES, GS and VL in their strength training could potentially benefit by increasing intensity from 70 to 90%. There was no evidence to suggest that this intensity increase benefits the TA and MU muscles. The power clean produced significantly higher peak values than the MVC exercises for the MU and ES muscles, suggesting that it could be used as both a strength training exercise for these muscles and an MVC exercise in future studies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 464-474 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868901 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:464-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Vaquera Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Vaquera Author-Name: J.V. García-Tormo Author-X-Name-First: J.V. Author-X-Name-Last: García-Tormo Author-Name: M.A. Gómez Ruano Author-X-Name-First: M.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Ruano Author-Name: J.C Morante Author-X-Name-First: J.C Author-X-Name-Last: Morante Title: An exploration of ball screen effectiveness on elite basketball teams Abstract: Performance analysis in basketball is trying to find which factors influence during games and which ones are the key determinants on the game outcome. In this way, ball screens are one of the most important finishing actions during team-tactical plays. The aim of this work was to analyse the ball screen effectiveness according to the contextual factors of elite basketball teams. The sample was composed of 668 ball screens registered from 17 games of the Spanish professional basketball league. The dependent variable of the study was ball screens effectiveness while the independent variables were “offensive system”, score-line, court zones, possession duration, and game quarter. The results from the binomial logistic regression reflected the main importance of possession duration and offensive systems as contextual variables that allow modifying the ball screens effectiveness in elite basketball games. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 475-485 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:475-485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicola Sewry Author-X-Name-First: Nicola Author-X-Name-Last: Sewry Author-Name: Mike Lambert Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Author-Name: Brad Roode Author-X-Name-First: Brad Author-X-Name-Last: Roode Author-Name: Bevan Matthews Author-X-Name-First: Bevan Author-X-Name-Last: Matthews Author-Name: Sharief Hendricks Author-X-Name-First: Sharief Author-X-Name-Last: Hendricks Title: The Velocity of Ball-Carriers and Tacklers during Shoulder Tackles Abstract: The most frequently executed type of tackle in rugby is the shoulder tackle. A shoulder tackle occurs when the tackler uses either shoulder as the first point of contact with the ball carrier. The aim of this study was to compare the velocity of the ball-carrier and tackler engaged in shoulder tackles, and determine whether factors such as the number of passes from the previous phase, match period, quality of attack, match location and position of tackler had an effect on the mean and approaching velocities of the ball-carrier and tackler. The velocity of the ball-carrier and tackler during shoulder tackles (n=12) were determined using a 2D analysis tool. The tackles were also coded according to pass number, match period, quality of defence and attack, match status, defensive shape and movement, position of tackler and ball-carrier. The ball-carrier’s velocity (4.10±1.85m.s-1) when entering contact was significantly higher than the tackler’s velocity (5.19±3.22 m.s–1)(p<0.05). The ball-carrier’s velocity was significantly higher when entering contact further from the set piece (p<0.001), when playing away from home (p<0.001) and when ranked in the top three (p<0.001). The findings of this study provide insight into the complexities of the tackle in rugby. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 486-497 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:486-497 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fuminori Takayama Author-X-Name-First: Fuminori Author-X-Name-Last: Takayama Author-Name: Atsushi Aoyagi Author-X-Name-First: Atsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Aoyagi Author-Name: Yoshiharu Nabekura Author-X-Name-First: Yoshiharu Author-X-Name-Last: Nabekura Title: Pacing strategy in a 24-hour ultramarathon race Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine pacing among the runners in a 24-hour ultramarathon. The performances of 48 male runners who ran more than 161 km in a 24-hour ultramarathon race were analyzed. The runners were divided into five groups according to their finish in the race (Group A: 1st-10th, Group B: 11th-20th, Group C: 21th-30th, Group D: 31th-40th, and Group E: 40th-48th). Total distance run, absolute and normalized running speed for each one-hour interval, and a coefficient of variation (CV) for hourly speeds were calculated. The average 24 -hour distance within the various groups ranged from 236.38 km (SD = 11.41 km) for Group A to 164.14 km (SD = 2.49 km) for Group E. Average group CV ranged from 14.3% (SD = 4.3%) for group A to 45.0% (SD = 16.6%) for Group E. Group A runners ran at a relatively constant speed (> 8km/hour) during the second half of the race, whereas the corresponding pace was slower (< 6 km/hour) for groups C through E. CV moderately correlated with total distance run (r = -0.682, p < 0.001). In conclusion, in a 24-hour ultramarathon race, successful performance by the faster runners is achieved with less variation in speed. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 498-507 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868904 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:498-507 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos H. Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Carlos H. Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Author-Name: Anna Volossovitch Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Volossovitch Author-Name: Ricardo Duarte Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Duarte Title: Penalty kick outcomes in UEFA club competitions (2010-2015): The roles of situational, individual and performance factors Abstract: This study aimed to investigate main and interaction effects of situational (competition phase, match location, match status and match period), individual (penalty taker’s footedness, playing position, and age difference to the goalkeeper), and performance factors (shot direction and goalkeeper’s action) on penalty kick outcome in UEFA Champions and Europa leagues. Data were collected from soccer Internet sites and TV broadcasts during five consecutive seasons (from 2010-2011 to 2014-2015). A total of 536 penalties were recorded and analysed considering the aforementioned three groups of variables and the respective penalty outcome (goal, saved or missed). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effects of factors on penalty outcome. The logistic regression model revealed the probabilities of penalty kicks being saved significantly increased (1) in the middle of matches (30:01–60:00) and (2) when the shots were directed to lower zones of the goal, in particular to the lower centre-left zone of the goal (penalty taker’s perspective). Besides, the odds of missing the penalty substantially increased when the shot aimed the high zones of the goal. Based on the current findings, penalty takers should be encouraged to direct the shot to the upper corners of the goal and goalkeepers should wait longer in order to dive to the correct side of the ball. Although performance factors were the most decisive for determining the penalty outcome, situational factors such as match period may also influence the success of penalty kicks. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 508-522 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868905 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:508-522 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MaIsabel Sapena Peiró Author-X-Name-First: MaIsabel Sapena Author-X-Name-Last: Peiró Author-Name: Manuel Parra Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Parra Author-Name: Julia León Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: León Author-Name: Luis Fradua Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Fradua Author-Name: José M. Benítez Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Benítez Author-Name: Aurelio Ureña Author-X-Name-First: Aurelio Author-X-Name-Last: Ureña Title: Relationship between middle hitter and setter’s position and its influence on the attack zone in elite men’s volleyball Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the distance between the setter, the middle hitter and the second tempo attacker can predict the attack zone in Complex I in elite male volleyball. A total amount of 3,936 rallies corresponding to 23 matches of the Men’s World Championship 2010 were analysed following a category system, recurring to an observational methodology. Measured variables were Availability of the middle hitter, Attack type, Latitude of the middle hitter, setter, and second tempo attacker, Second tempo attack lane and Distance between players. Results suggest that a relationship with high level of significance (p<0.01) exists between the middle hitter’s position and setter’s position, regardless of the occurrence of a first tempo attack. Using a classification tree, it was observed that the middle hitter’s position was modified according to setter’s position, normally with a distance of one or two metres on his left. Furthermore, the variable Distance from setter to middle hitter emerged as a key factor to dismiss a second tempo attack in the central lane. This study provides a dynamical perspective about the spatial relationships between players, and how these constitute a key factor to dismiss or not a specific final attack zone. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 523-538 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868906 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868906 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:523-538 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Victor Coswig Author-X-Name-First: Victor Author-X-Name-Last: Coswig Author-Name: J. Ciro Brito Author-X-Name-First: J. Ciro Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Author-Name: Maamer Slimani Author-X-Name-First: Maamer Author-X-Name-Last: Slimani Author-Name: John Amtmann Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Amtmann Author-Name: Fabrício B. Del Vecchio Author-X-Name-First: Fabrício B. Author-X-Name-Last: Del Vecchio Title: Comparison of combat outcomes: technical and tactical analysis of female MMA Abstract: The aim of the present study was to compare the technical-tactical aspects of female professional mixed martial arts (MMA) matches by combat outcomes and rounds from the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC™). We analyzed 174 rounds separated by Combat Outcomes (Split Decision n=54; Unanimous Decision n=72; KO/TKO n=28; Submission n=20) of 2012-2014 events. The time-motion variables were categorized into total combat time separated by the amount of time spent performing low or high intensity activity per round, on stand-up or groundwork situations. The principal findings showed significant differences between Split and Unanimous Decision outcomes vs. KO/TKO and Submission groups in stand-up combat with low intensity by round (160.4±83.6s and 158.4±87.6s vs. 44.8±38.8s and 42.1±44.1s, respectively, p<0.001) and in total combat time by round (300.7±0.3s and 300.0±0.4s vs. 154.4±95.2s and 204.2±96.6s, respectively, p<0.001). Significant differences were found when compared the Total, Head and Leg Strikes Attempts, where winners by KO/TKO and Submission demonstrated lower frequencies than Split and Unanimous Decision(p<0.001; for all comparisons). In conclusion, technical-tactical skills can be associated with contextualized practices, where female athletes who finalized the matches by KO/TKO and Submission had higher values of striking and grappling actions during the groundwork combat, while those who had Split or Unanimous Decision outcomes showed higher values of striking actions during stand-up combat. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 539-552 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:539-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel-Angel Gomez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Angel Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Author-Name: L. Adam Owen Author-X-Name-First: L. Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Owen Title: The influence of substitutions on elite soccer teams’ performance Abstract: The aim of the present study was to identify the effects of substitutions on soccer team’s performance with regard to match conditions, positional roles and the differences amongst team outputs of three variables: ball possession, shots and ball regains. The sample composed of 292 substitutions obtained from 50 elite soccer games. Variables studied were: minute of substitution, substitution number, yellow card, player in and player out playing positions, ball possession percentage, shots on target, balls regained, and situational variables (match-status, quality of opposition, match location and match outcome). The results showed that: (i) most of the first and second substitutions occurred during the 61 to 90 minute period, while the third substitution occurred predominantly during the 76 to 90 minutes period. When the teams were losing they made the substitutions before than when drawing or winning and home teams made the substitutions before than the away teams. The majority of the substitutions involved midfield (57.1%) and forwards (27.1%) players; (ii) substitution strategies depend on contextual-related variables: the better the quality of opposing team the later the substitutions will take place; and (iii) the coaches’ substitution time strategies can alter the playing tactics and final outcome in the match. The present study provides to the coaches new information on substitutions patterns that can be easily integrated into their overall coaching strategy. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 553-568 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868908 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:553-568 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Ross Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Ross Author-Name: Nicholas Gill Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Gill Author-Name: John Cronin Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Cronin Author-Name: Rita Malcata Author-X-Name-First: Rita Author-X-Name-Last: Malcata Title: Defensive And Attacking Performance Indicators In Rugby Sevens Abstract: Rugby Sevens is a high intensity, intermittent team sport set to debut at the 2016 Olympic games. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between individual and team match actions and points scored and conceded. Individual and team match actions were analysed from 16 teams from 37 matches during an International Rugby Board Sevens World Series tournament as well as 50 matches from a single team across a season. Attacking and defensive performance indicators were modelled for their relationship with points scored and conceded, respectively, through general linear mixed-effects models. All attacking and defensive indicators had clear within and between-team effects on points scored and conceded. Line breaks had the strongest relationship with points scored with a two between-team standard deviation increase resulting in 12.2 (90% confidence limits ± 1.2) points scored while a two-between team standard deviation increase in tackle score resulted in 12.3 (90% confidence limits ± 1.8) fewer points conceded. Rugby sevens teams should seek to increase the number of line breaks per match while also increasing dominance in the tackles affected. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 569-580 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868909 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:569-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: André R. Medeiros Author-X-Name-First: André R. Author-X-Name-Last: Medeiros Author-Name: Lais Tonello Author-X-Name-First: Lais Author-X-Name-Last: Tonello Author-Name: Nathália Gasparini Author-X-Name-First: Nathália Author-X-Name-Last: Gasparini Author-Name: Carl Foster Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Foster Author-Name: A. Daniel Boullosa Author-X-Name-First: A. Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Boullosa Title: Lowered heart rate response during competition in figure skaters with greater aerobic fitness Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiovascular stress responses to a simulated and a real competition in female artistic roller skaters; and to evaluate the potential influence of aerobic fitness on these responses. Eleven competitive female figure skaters recorded their heart rate during the same figure skating program under real and simulated competitive situations. Mean heart rate and the area under the heart rate curve method analyses were compared between conditions and correlated with maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). There were significant differences between training and competition for mean heart rate (p=0.044) and area under the heart rate curve (p=0.002). A significant negative correlation between the estimated VO2max and the Δ of the area under the heart rate curve (r = - 0.867, p = 0.001) was also revealed. These findings suggest that competition induces a greater heart rate response during a figure skating program when compared to a simulated competition. A greater aerobic fitness might attenuate this greater heart rate response. The area under the heart rate curve method is a simple and effective method for detecting differences in cardiac stress between exercises with different psycho-physiological demands. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 581-589 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:581-589 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Roe Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Roe Author-Name: Matthew Halkier Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Halkier Author-Name: Clive Beggs Author-X-Name-First: Clive Author-X-Name-Last: Beggs Author-Name: Kevin Till Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Till Author-Name: Ben Jones Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: The Use of Accelerometers to Quantify Collisions and Running Demands of Rugby Union Match-Play Abstract: This study examined the relationship between accelerometer metrics and both collisions and running demands during rugby union match-play. Twelve under-18 forwards and 14 under-18 backs were recruited from a professional rugby union club. Six competitive matches were filmed during which players wore micro-technological units (Optimeye S5, Catapult Innovations, Melbourne, Australia). Video footage was analysed for total collisions, while GPS data was analysed for total distance. Accelerometer metrics analysed were Player load™ (PL), Player Load™ 2D (PL2D), and Player Load™ slow (PLslow). A total of 81 player observations were included in the final analysis. Data were analysed using ordinary least squares regression. A 10-fold cross validation analysis was used to validate the findings. All PL variables demonstrated very large relationships with collisions in the forwards, while PLslow demonstrated the largest relationship (large) with collisions in the backs. Therefore, based on the strong relationship in both forwards and backs, PLslow may provide the most useful metric for measuring collision-based activity in both positional groups during match-play. Additionally, nearly perfect and very large relationships were observed between PL and total distance for forwards and backs respectively, suggesting that PL can be successfully used to quantify running demands when other methods are unavailable, for example during indoor training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 590-601 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:590-601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Daniel Cushman Author-X-Name-First: M. Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Cushman Author-Name: Ashwin Babu Author-X-Name-First: Ashwin Author-X-Name-Last: Babu Author-Name: Benjamin Marshall Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Marshall Author-Name: Monica Rho Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Rho Title: The Motivational Influence of Milestone Times on 10-km Running Performance Abstract: To date, little research has been conducted to evaluate the potentially motivating effect of completing a race at a specific “milestone” finishing time. As this is difficult to perform in a laboratory setting, we examined 10-km runners from a large cohort to see if they were more likely to complete a race before rather than after a set milestone time (40:00, 45:00, and 50:00). Frequency distributions for finishers of each sex were created in 30-second time groups, with ideal normal distributions modeled based on this data. The actual time group frequencies were compared to the “expected” values from the modeled normal distributions. We included time groups that contained at least 1,000 finishers, thus were constrained to 36:00 – 52:00 for men and 43:30 to 52:00 for women. A total of 180,731 men and 53,047 women were included in the analysis. Men showed significant positive deviations (more finishers than expected) in the 39:30-40:00, 44:30-45:00, and 48:30-50:00 time groups (3 groups); they showed significant negative deviations only at 40:00-40:30 and 50:00-50:30. Women only showed significant positive time group deviations from 48:30-50:00 (1 group) with no significant negative deviations. In conclusion, despite the relatively arbitrary nature of milestones, they appear to exert a motivational influence on 10-km runners. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 602-611 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:602-611 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent Gesbert Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Gesbert Author-Name: Julien Carrel Author-X-Name-First: Julien Author-X-Name-Last: Carrel Author-Name: Roberta Antonini Philippe Author-X-Name-First: Roberta Antonini Author-X-Name-Last: Philippe Author-Name: Denis Hauw Author-X-Name-First: Denis Author-X-Name-Last: Hauw Title: Elite volleyball coaches’ experience using a statistical information system Abstract: This study investigated how elite volleyball coaches enhance team management by using statistical tools that describe players’ behaviours. The focus was particularly on tool usability via a user-experience approach. Five elite male coaches volunteered to participate. Verbalisation data were collected during semi-structured interviews and examined by inductive content analysis (Biddle et al., 2001). The results showed that usability was linked to 15 raw themes (e.g. taking into account the value of the opponent) grouped into six first-order themes (e.g. to balance the statistical data) and then two high-order categories of experience (i.e. knowledge of the situated properties of the statistical tool and know-how for using the statistical tool). These results revealed that the coaches used the statistical tools in a situated, selective and parsimonious way and that their humanistic side was unaffected by the tool. Our findings emphasise that statistical tool use is not an addition to coaching activity but instead indicates a reorganisation in the activity. The key perspectives of this study are twofold: (a) the information focused on user experience should be included at the beginning of the design process to make statistical tools more relevant; (b) the list of knowledge and knowhow linked to the use of statistical tool may be included in guidelines for training program for coaching education. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 612-632 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:612-632 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. James Barkell Author-X-Name-First: F. James Author-X-Name-Last: Barkell Author-Name: Donna O’connor Author-X-Name-First: Donna Author-X-Name-Last: O’connor Author-Name: G. Wayne Cotton Author-X-Name-First: G. Wayne Author-X-Name-Last: Cotton Title: Characteristics of winning men’s and women’s sevens rugby teams throughout the knockout Cup stages of international tournaments Abstract: Identification of game variables associated with success in men’s and women’s sevens rugby tournaments is required to assist in tactical preparation for future competition. The aim of this study was to analyse the game variables associated with winning teams in knockout Cup games and identify if winning characteristics are gender specific. All quarter final and semi-final games from the men’s (n=54) and women’s (n=30) 2014 World Sevens Series tournaments were analysed using a set of game variables associated with sevens performance. Comparisons between teams were examined through a series of Mann Whitney U Tests and Independent t-tests (p<0.05). Results revealed differences between winning and losing teams in restarts, passing effectiveness, line breaks, missed tackles and tries scored. Winning women’s teams gained more possession from handling turnovers, utilised more quick lineouts, had less ineffective set lineouts, threw more passes and made more ball-jolting-tackles than losing women’s teams. Winning men’s teams utilised non-contested restarts more frequently, won a higher percentage of contested restarts, had more scrum feeds and made more effective tackles than losing men’s teams. It was identified that there are variables associated with success for both men’s and women’s teams and variables that are gender specific. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 633-651 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:633-651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Haydée Agras Author-X-Name-First: Haydée Author-X-Name-Last: Agras Author-Name: Carmen Ferragut Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Ferragut Author-Name: J. Arturo Abraldes Author-X-Name-First: J. Arturo Author-X-Name-Last: Abraldes Title: Match analysis in futsal: a systematic review Abstract: The purpose of this study was 1) to look at and organise the literature on the analysis of futsal matches and 2) to identify research themes. We analysed the main national and international bibliographic databases using key words relating to futsal in different languages, which were linked to terms pertaining to match analysis. Out of a total of 722 documents, the study focused on 79 papers specifically dealing with our intended objectives. The literature was classified into three groups: studies related to notational analysis (65), studies related to the analysis of movement and interpersonal coordination (13), and review studies (1). As primary conclusions, we found that there is a lack of consensus on the vocabulary used and on common meanings for defining the different variables of the game in all countries. The language most widely used is Portuguese, which hampers the international dissemination of information. Additionally, publication in international scientific journals is scarce (13%), in spite of the volume of high-quality studies that are published in journals of an informative nature that are closer to coaches. We detected that the areas or aspects in which there are greater gaps in research are those related to players’ development, sport management and the analysis of the game as a whole, rather than individual variables of the game. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 652-686 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868915 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:652-686 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Júlia Barreira Author-X-Name-First: Júlia Author-X-Name-Last: Barreira Author-Name: João Guilherme Cren Chiminazzo Author-X-Name-First: João Guilherme Cren Author-X-Name-Last: Chiminazzo Author-Name: Paula Teixeira Fernandes Author-X-Name-First: Paula Teixeira Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes Title: Analysis of point difference established by winners and losers in games of badminton Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the point difference established at different phases of the game by the winners and losers in men’s singles badminton matches. We analyzed 136 games from matches of the 2015 World Championship. From each game were collected the final result and the maximum point difference established by the players in each phase of the game. We considered from 0 to 7 points the first phase, from 8 to 14 the second phase and 15 to 21 the third phase of the game. We found that in all phases the winners had a superior point difference than the losers and this difference increased significantly over the course of the match. For all the players who were not ahead on the scoreboard in the first phase, 78% have lost the game. We found that one point ahead in the second and third phases was not enough for athletes to win the game. The winners had at least five points of difference to the opponent from the middle to the end of the game. The results presented are important to monitor the athlete’s performance during the game and to readjust strategies based on point difference. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 687-694 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868916 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:687-694 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marta Hurst Author-X-Name-First: Marta Author-X-Name-Last: Hurst Author-Name: Manuel Loureiro Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Loureiro Author-Name: Beatriz Valongo Author-X-Name-First: Beatriz Author-X-Name-Last: Valongo Author-Name: Lorenzo Laporta Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Laporta Author-Name: T. Pantelis Nikolaidis Author-X-Name-First: T. Pantelis Author-X-Name-Last: Nikolaidis Author-Name: José Afonso Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso Title: Systemic Mapping of High-Level Women’s Volleyball using Social Network Analysis: The Case of Serve (K0), Side-out (KI), Side-out Transition (KII) and Transition (KIII) Abstract: Competitive sports are growing in popularity at an exponential rate, with training becoming an almost overwhelming process, demanding an understanding and awareness of the effects of a great number of variables on sport performance. Thus, systemic approaches have emerged as essential for understanding the complex dynamics of performance. In this vein, Social Network Analysis (SNA) acquires particular relevance in comprehending the relationships established between different nodes. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to analyze performance in high-level women’s volleyball using SNA. A systematic mapping of four game complexes of the volleyball game was carried out using Gephi©. The analyzed complexes were: serve (K0), side-out (KI), side-out transition (KII) and transition (KIII). A total of 8 matches from the first Group Stage of the Women’s World Grand Prix 2015 were viewed (1,264 rallies), and eigenvector centrality values were calculated. Results showed that most variables presented categories with relatively close eigenvector values, pointing to a diversified distribution of events. However, some categories did exhibit substantially distinct eigenvector centralities. Based on the findings of the present study, it was concluded that it was crucial to develop ways to enhance teams’ abilities to play off-system, as it was the most common situation in female high-level volleyball. It was also shown that this enhancement should be carried out by providing diversity to the teams’ options, as this diversity would create more uncertainty in the opponent and therefore, a higher chance of success. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 695-710 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868917 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868917 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:695-710 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Courel-Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Courel-Ibáñez Author-Name: Allistair Paul McRobert Author-X-Name-First: Allistair Paul Author-X-Name-Last: McRobert Author-Name: Enrique Ortega Toro Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Ortega Author-X-Name-Last: Toro Author-Name: David Cárdenas Vélez Author-X-Name-First: David Cárdenas Author-X-Name-Last: Vélez Title: Inside pass predicts ball possession effectiveness in NBA basketball. Abstract: The aims of this study were to analyse the effects of using inside pass on ball possession effectiveness and to identify game performance indicators to predict inside pass success in the National Basketball Association (NBA), considering situational variables. A total of 4207 closed ball possessions (± 10 points difference) where recorded from 25 matches of the 2010 NBA Playoffs series. Ball possessions were classified whether including inside pass (n=808) or not (n=3399). Predictive analysis of use and effectiveness was made through a series of binomial logistic regressions and Classification tree analysis (CHAID). Results indicate that ball possessions including inside pass were more effective and longer in duration, finding a greater use in top-4 NBA teams regardless the game period. Additionally, inside pass effectiveness was influenced by: the receiver attitude, reception distance, and defensive help. Particularly, the analysis of combined performance indicators disclosed relevant information on attack effectiveness, suggesting players to adopt a dynamic attitude in the weak side before getting the ball, while their teammates are developing individual and collective actions to create free space and enhance inside game options and effectiveness. Current findings shed some light on specific knowledge concerning tactical behaviours in NBA basketball, contributing in the design of specific programmes to increase inside game options and players’ decisionmaking according to specific game constraints. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 711-725 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868918 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868918 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:711-725 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eliza Keaney Author-X-Name-First: Eliza Author-X-Name-Last: Keaney Author-Name: Sylvie Withers Author-X-Name-First: Sylvie Author-X-Name-Last: Withers Author-Name: Susie Parker-Simmons Author-X-Name-First: Susie Author-X-Name-Last: Parker-Simmons Author-Name: Paul Gastin Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Gastin Author-Name: Kevin Netto* Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Netto* Title: The Training Load of Aerial Skiing Abstract: This study quantified the training load experienced by elite aerial skiers. Nine elite female aerial skiers were monitored during 16 training sessions over a 13 day period. Time-motion, landing impact and heart rate (HR) data were measured from 688 jumps using integrated GPS, accelerometer and HR transmitters while rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was taken using Borg’s scale. Each jump was delineated into five components from the GPS time-motion data to determine the work to rest ratios. Participants completed 16 ± 3 jumps per session with a work to rest ratio of 1.9:1 Heart rates averaged 65 ± 3.1% HRmax and peaked at 85 ± 4.4% HRmax while and an RPE score of 12 ± 1 was evoked. Landing impacts were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001) when participants jumped off ramps with a larger take-off angle or when they completed jumps with a mid-air rotation. The training load experienced by elite aerial skiers may be causative of the high incidence of injuries reported. Significantly differing levels of impact load during the study suggest training load for these athletes can be easily modified and periodised allowing optimised performance and minimised injury. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 726-736 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868919 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:726-736 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joaquín Gonzalez-Rodenas Author-X-Name-First: Joaquín Author-X-Name-Last: Gonzalez-Rodenas Author-Name: Ignacio Lopez-Bondia Author-X-Name-First: Ignacio Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez-Bondia Author-Name: Ferran Calabuig Author-X-Name-First: Ferran Author-X-Name-Last: Calabuig Author-Name: Jose Antonio Pérez-Turpin Author-X-Name-First: Jose Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez-Turpin Author-Name: Rafael Aranda Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Aranda Title: Association between playing tactics and creating scoring opportunities in counterattacks from United States Major League Soccer games Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of playing tactics on creating scoring opportunities in counterattacks from the United States Major League Soccer (MLS) 2014 season. The sample included 452 counterattack possessions, corresponding to 30 randomly selected matches. Multidimensional data from 14 categorical variables were analysed by means of a descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression. Counterattacks that started in the pre-offensive zone and had initial penetration were more effective in creating scoring opportunities than those that started in the defensive zone (OR=3.825; 95% IC: 1.765 to 8.289; p<0.01), and those without initial penetration (OR=8.689; 95% IC: 1.142 to 66.116; p<0.05), only when the defensive team did not exert initial defensive pressure. Besides this, counterattacks with four or more passes were more effective than shorter ones, regardless of the initial defensive pressure. In terms of defence, not carrying out initial defensive pressure after losing the ball possession increased the probability of conceding scoring opportunities by means of counterattack by a factor of three (OR=3.315; 95% IC: 1.684 to 6.525; p<0.01). Effectiveness in the counterattacks analysed in MLS were associated with regaining ball possession in offensive zones, performing initial penetration, making four or more passes and playing against no initial defensive pressure. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 737-752 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868920 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868920 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:737-752 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pedro Silva Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Ricardo Duarte Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Duarte Author-Name: Pedro Esteves Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Esteves Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Author-Name: Luís Vilar Author-X-Name-First: Luís Author-X-Name-Last: Vilar Title: Application of entropy measures to analysis of performance in team sports Abstract: Over the last years, several researchers have been claiming that team ball sports may be viewed as dynamical systems and, thus, they should be thoroughly investigated using congruent concepts and tools. The study of variability in the sport performance domain has shown potential to contribute with valuable information about tactical behaviours related with space and time management within ever changing task constraints featuring team sports contests. Here we detail how different entropy measures have been applied to the study of performance variability to uncover the interactions underlying players and teams’ performances. With that purpose, urging issues related with information entropy, approximate entropy and sample entropy applications are discussed as a mean to enrich the state of the art in team sport performance. In sum, measurements of entropy in team sports have shown great potential to assess the uncertainty of players’ spatial distributions and dominant regions areas and of several collective team behaviours (e.g., team synchrony and team dispersion) throughout the course of a match. Entropy can also be used as a potential tool to identify expert performances and differentiate skilled from novice athletes. Future holds many other applications of this statistic in the context of performance analysis in sports, and the inclusion of new and more sophisticated entropy algorithms. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 753-768 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868921 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868921 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:753-768 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikael Swarén Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Swarén Author-Name: Thomas Stöggl Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Stöggl Author-Name: Matej Supej Author-X-Name-First: Matej Author-X-Name-Last: Supej Author-Name: Anders Eriksson Author-X-Name-First: Anders Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson Title: Usage and validation of a tracking system to monitor position and velocity during cross-country skiing Abstract: For the first time, we investigate here the possibility of using a real-time locating system (RTLS) to track cross-country skiers during a competition. For validation, three RTLS tags were attached to the antenna of a real-time kinematics global navigation satellite system (RTK GNSS) carried by a skier, skiing the course at three different intensities. In addition, RTLS data were collected from 70 racers during a FIS cross-country skiing sprint race. Spline interpolations were fitted to the RTLS data. In comparison to the RTK GNSS, the spline models for the three RTLS tags overestimated the mean skiing velocity by 5% and 2% at low and medium intensities, respectively, with no difference between the two systems during high intensity. The corresponding overestimations of the peak velocity at skiing intensities were 15%, 10% and 8%, respectively. A decimated sampling frequency for the RTLS data from 50 Hz to 0.5 Hz resulted in lower typical mean errors for the x- (0.53 m vs. 1.40 m), y- (0.31 m vs. 1.36 m) and z-axis (0.10 m vs. 0.20 m). The spline models based on 0.5 Hz and 1 Hz RTLS data overestimated the finishing times by on average of 0.5 s and 0.3 s, respectively. If a sufficient number of locators is utilized and the number of tags simultaneously recorded is limited, this RTLS can track cross-country skiers accurately. In conclusion, a low RTLS sampling frequency in combination with a spline model offer considerable potential for analyzing performance during cross-country sprint skiing. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 769-785 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868922 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868922 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:769-785 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Author-Name: Ranel Venter Author-X-Name-First: Ranel Author-X-Name-Last: Venter Author-Name: Frederik Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Frederik Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Title: Scoring and general match profile of Super Rugby between 2008 and 2013 Abstract: Rugby research has focused on a range of performance indicators related to game structures and tactical aspects. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of law changes on the match profile of Super Rugby between the 2008 and 2013 seasons. For the purpose of this study the researchers made use of mixed-method methodology. A total of 646 Super Rugby matches were recorded and analyzed by means of the Fairplay video analysis software package. Further semi-structured interviews were conducted with expert coaches, specialist coaches, players and referees and referee coaches. Results revealed a significant increase in the number of points scored (p<0.01) and a decrease in the number of tries scored (p<0.01). Results of the study show that the profile of Super Rugby has changed to a more continuous game dynamic with the increase in the number of ball carries (d=1.34), passes (d=0.43), tackle breaks (d=1.59) and line breaks (d=2.40), and has led to an increase in the number of tackles (d=0.63). A decrease in the number of rucks (d=1.73), mauls (d=0.63), scrums (d=0.27) and scrum resets (d=1.36) was found. An increase in penalty kicks (d=2.04) and a decrease in free kicks (d=0.4.53) between 2008 and 2013 were observed. The general match profile of Super Rugby has moved to a game with fewer scrums and kicks and more ball carries and tackles. According to the interviewed experts, good playing surfaces in the Southern Hemisphere allow for an open-game approach by the teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 786-805 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:16:y:2016:i:2:p:786-805 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-ii Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868320 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:i-ii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: International Journal of Performance Analysis of Sport-e Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: iii-v Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:iii-v Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laios Yiannis Author-X-Name-First: Laios Author-X-Name-Last: Yiannis Author-Name: Kountouris Panagiotis Author-X-Name-First: Kountouris Author-X-Name-Last: Panagiotis Title: Evolution in men’s volleyball skills and tactics as evidenced in the Athens 2004 Olympic Games Abstract: The study compares the effectiveness of the five principal skills in men’s Volleyball (serve, reception, attack, block and dig) between the Sydney 2000 and the Athens 2004 Olympic Games and examines to what extent the observed changes are connected with the implementation of the new rules in Volleyball. The findings revealed a universal tendency of the elite men’s volleyball teams to enhance their defence by reducing their block and dig faults. On the contrary there was an increase of the reception faults as a result of the improvement of the service effectiveness. The above changes reflect the teams’ shift of tactics to win more points from their own serve. This tactical development became more imperative after the introduction of the rally-point system, which reduced the number of points played per set, and hence the teams’ opportunities of gaining the minimum two-point advantage in order to win the set. Nonetheless, the Athens gold-medalist team of Brazil showed, in addition to the above, remarkable reception effectiveness which led to an outstanding attack capability, thus reestablishing the attack as the most important skill in volleyball Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-8 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:1-8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Boris Bazanov Author-X-Name-First: Boris Author-X-Name-Last: Bazanov Author-Name: Rein Haljand Author-X-Name-First: Rein Author-X-Name-Last: Haljand Author-Name: Priit Võhandu Author-X-Name-First: Priit Author-X-Name-Last: Võhandu Title: Offensive teamwork intensity as a factor influencing the result in basketball. Abstract: The aim of this study was to determin the intensity index of the offensive teamwork. Under observation for this research was the Tallinn University basketball team, that takes part in the championships of the 1. Estonian league. The data was gathered from 600 ball possessions of 8 recorded regular season games. This research has helped to work out the basics of the analytical system of the teamwork aspect. The analysing system of the competition activity of the game, which we have worked out, enables to determine the structure and intensity of the technical and tactical development, and to find interesting models of game activity from the data. On the basis of the received information, the coach can evaluate the activity of the team, find more convenient time laps in the game performance, corrigate the strategy for future games. The analysing system worked out through that, helps to improve the quality of the game.Based on the results of working through the statistical data (T-test, F-test), it was concluded that the average time of successful offence ball possession in the offensive zone (t = 8,75), the number of elements (6,76) and the teamwork intensity index in the offensive zone (0,86) is statistically significantly different from non successful (accordingly t = 10,13; number of elements - 7,52; index - 0,78). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 9-16 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:9-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsamourtzis Evangelos Author-X-Name-First: Tsamourtzis Author-X-Name-Last: Evangelos Author-Name: Karypidis Alexandros Author-X-Name-First: Karypidis Author-X-Name-Last: Alexandros Author-Name: Athanasiou Nikolaos Author-X-Name-First: Athanasiou Author-X-Name-Last: Nikolaos Title: Analysis of fast breaks in basketball Abstract: The purpose of this work is to record and analyze the fast breaks and their effectiveness that take place in Basketball games. The analysis was post-event using video, with the help of a computer (PC), of twenty-six (n=26) games of Men’s Basketball Teams in the framework of the various Championships organized by FIBA during the competitive periods 2002–2004. The games were analyzed via the program Sportscout. The analyses carried out concerned: a) the display frequency of the fast break situations and b) the effectiveness of the fast break situations in wins and defeats. For the statistical comparisons of the data, the analysis of correspondents and classification (cluster), the Crosstabs command and x2 (Chi-square) test were used. The results showed that the three-on-two (3 on 2) offense was the most frequent fast break situation and the winners indicated more fast breaks, with more successful two point shots and more fast break situations 1 on 0. These results confirm that the fast break constitutes an important factor for the attainment of the victory and give information about the planning and organization of effective fast break practices. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 17-22 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:17-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wayne Tucker Author-X-Name-First: Wayne Author-X-Name-Last: Tucker Author-Name: D. Stephen Mellalieu Author-X-Name-First: D. Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Mellalieu Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: B. Joseph Taylor Author-X-Name-First: B. Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Game Location Effects in Professional Soccer: A Case Study Abstract: Game location effects (home versus away) upon technical and tactics-related behaviours were investigated in a professional English soccer team. Matches (n=30) from the 2004-05 domestic season of a top five side from the English Premiership league were notated post-event via a computerized system and compared as a function of game location using non-parametric analysis procedures. An overall home advantage was found for the sample in relation to home-winning and home-goal percentage. For technical performance the team exhibited more successful behaviours, such as tackles, passes and aerial challenges, at home than away. For tactics-related behaviours, more aerial challenges, corner kicks, crosses, passes, dribbles and shots on goal were performed at home in the attacking third of the pitch. In addition, more goal kicks, interceptions, aerial challenges and clearances were performed in the defensive third when playing away. These findings suggest that game location effects may exist at a strategic level within individual teams. Future research should consider the influence of other confounding variables such as weather conditions, game status, team form and opposition quality. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 23-35 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868325 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:23-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Afonso Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso Author-Name: I. Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: J. M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Title: Relationship between the use of commit-block and the numbers of blockers and block effectiveness. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to find out the effect of the use of the commit block on the number of players in the block and block effectiveness in the side-out phase and counter-attack phase, and give reference values on the utilization of the commit and reading block. The sample was made up of four male national teams (Portugal, Japan, Cuba and Yugoslavia). The actions of the teams where analyzed in 549 sequences corresponding to 25 sets of the World League 2001. The variables studied were: game phase, usage of the commit block against first tempo, block effectiveness, and spike opponent’s error. The results show that the use of the commit block difficult the formation of double and triple blocks in the wings and does not increase the block effectiveness or the opponent’s error in spike. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 36-45 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868326 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:36-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Steven Rudkin Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Rudkin Author-Name: Jonny Bloomfield Author-X-Name-First: Jonny Author-X-Name-Last: Bloomfield Author-Name: Stephen Powell Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Powell Author-Name: Graham Cairns Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cairns Author-Name: Anthony Dunkerley Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Dunkerley Author-Name: Paul Davey Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Davey Author-Name: Gary Probert Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Probert Author-Name: James Bowater Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Bowater Title: Repeated work activity in English FA Premier League soccer Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to analyse the intermittent work performed by elite soccer players during English FA Premier League soccer matches. A computerised work-rate analysis system was used to record the work and recovery periods of 226 players during approximately 15 minutes of match-play each (33 defenders, 97 midfielders and 96 forwards). The 10.9±2.4% of match time spent performing work by midfielders was significantly greater than the 9.6±1.9%, p < 0.05, for defenders and the 9.6±2.5% for forwards, p < 0.05. The results suggest that players performed 49 repeated work bouts with a mean of 3.1 periods of work of 2.9s with short recoveries of under 20s (mean 7.3s). In addition, players performed 37 isolated periods of work of 2.9s, although durations ranged from under 2s to over 10s. The recoveries that separated the repeated work bouts and isolated work periods had a mean duration of 47.8s. Those designing the conditioning elements of players training programmes should consider the need to prepare players to perform repeated work bouts during matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 46-57 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868327 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868327 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:46-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Simon Eaves Author-X-Name-First: J. Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Eaves Author-Name: D. Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: D. Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: L. Kevin Lamb Author-X-Name-First: L. Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Title: The Consequences of the Introduction of Professional Playing Status on Game Action Variables in International Northern Hemisphere Rugby Union Football Abstract: The aims of this study were to examine the consequences of the introduction of professional playing status in 1995 on game variables in international rugby union football, and secondly to provide a longitudinal game map for use in future research.Twelve ‘Five Nations’ Championship games between 1988 and 1995 (pre-professional Era), sub-divided into two Periods (1988-92 and 1995-97) and twelve ‘Five’ and ‘Six Nations’ Championship games between 1997 and 2002 (professional Era), sub-divided into two Periods (1997-99 and 2000-02) were analysed using a sequential data gathering hand notation system. Initial intra- observer reliability analysis established that the level of observer agreement exceeded 97% for all game variables. Normalised profiles were also constructed for each variable. These profiles demonstrated that the data for all variables reached stables means within 6 full games. Frequency data and frequency data per unit time were assessed with the Mann-Whitney U statistic to examine Era differences and the Kruskal Wallis H tests to identify Period differences. Where Period differences were indicated, the Mann-Whitney U test was used as the appropriate post-hoc procedure. Analysis identified significant increases (P < 0.005) in the frequency of rucks, dummy/scrum half passes, open play passes and total passes, and significant decreases (P < 0.005) in the frequency of lineouts, kicks out of play, total game kicks, mauls, set possessions and activity possessions from the pre- to the professional era. No significant difference was identified for either scrums or kicks in play frequencies. Analysis of these variables normalised to ball in play time resulted in significant increases (P < 0.005) in the frequency of dummy/scrum half passes, rucks, lineouts, and a significant decrease (P < 0.005) in the frequency of mauls, scrums, total game kicks, kicks out of play, kicks in play, and set possessions across the Eras. Significant (P < 0.005) Period main effects were identified for the frequency of lineouts, kicks out of play, scrums, (trend decreasing across Periods) total game passes, passes from the dummy/scrum half position, rucks, activities/phases, and set possession (P = 0.01) and total game kicks (P = 0.006) (trend increasing across Periods). Analyses of these variables normalised to ball in play time resulted a significant (P < 0.05) Period main effects being identified for total game kicks, kicks out of play, kicks in play, mauls, scrums, set possessions,(trend decreasing across Periods) passes from the dummy/scrum half position (trend increasing across Periods) and offloads (no identifiable trend across Periods). It was concluded that the introduction of professional playing status in rugby union had had a marked effect on game action variables and, as a consequence the playing pattern of the game is significantly different in the professional Era and Periods compared to the pre-professional Era and Periods. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 58-86 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:58-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Joseph Taylor Author-X-Name-First: B. Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: D. Stephen Mellalieu Author-X-Name-First: D. Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Mellalieu Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: A Comparison of Individual and Unit Tactical Behaviour and Team Strategy in Professional Soccer Abstract: Individual player and positional unit tactical behaviours were assessed and compared to team strategy within a professional soccer team. Twenty-two matches were sampled from the 2003–04 domestic season of the British Nationwide League team and notated post-event. Tactical behaviours were measured through a combination of technical and spatial indicators relating to the performance of on the ball behaviours. Chi-square analyses highlighted distinct individual and unit tactical behaviours indicative of role-specific responsibilities. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of overall team strategy indicated an attacking bias through the right side of the pitch and a corresponding defensive weakness on the left. Similarities were also observed between the tactical behaviours of individuals, their respective units and team strategy. The findings of the present study provide detailed information regarding the measurement of tactical behaviour in soccer and supply a methodology for researchers to consider more accurately the contribution of individuals and their respective units to team performance. They also suggest the demands on soccer players are multi-levelled and may lead to conflicting individual and positional roles. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 87-101 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868329 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:87-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Ong Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Ong Author-Name: Michael Koh Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Koh Title: Web-based database solution for sports performance indicators – the Singapore Sports School experience. Abstract: Presently, there are many software solutions developed for sports y specifically to track the performance of athletes. The Singapore Sports School developed an in-house database software that facilitated an end-to-end solution particularly to monitor the progress of the fully-boarded swimmers who are training and studying within the school compound. The challenge was very much in obtaining the data and processing it prior to inputting to the system. This was largely due to the fact that the data must be specific to the needs of the coaches and not the other way round. The swimming academy was chosen as an example. This paper depicts the solution that was ultimately implemented and how various components contributed ‘life’ to it. More importantly, it will give the readers an insight into the ‘situated’ environment where the process was taking place. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 102-109 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:102-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Robert Meyers Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Meyers Title: Movement patterns in elite men’s singles tennis. Abstract: Only the work of Pereira et al (2001) attempts to link footwork patterns to the outcome of the rallies, and the sequencing of these patterns, which enables a much more relevant picture to be obtained of what exactly happens in the game. This, and other research, has shown the developments made within the field of squash regarding the analysis of movement pattern, however such research has yet to be extended to the field of tennis. The aim of this study was to analyse movement patterns of elite men’s singles tennis players.Ten sets from matches in the third round onwards of the 2002 Wimbledon Championships were used, and data were collected using a computerised database designed in Microsoft Access. Two intra-operator and one inter-operator reliability tests were conducted, all of which showed good levels of reliability (< 3% and 5% respectively) when analysed broadly, however as the depth of analysis increased, so the reliability decreased (7.9%). Profile data were also compiled, which showed great variation in the levels of normalisation across all the data variables collected, and further extension of data collection was also recommended for future research.The data showed distinct sequences of movement produced by elite men’s grass court players. The sequences showed trends towards split steps as the initial movements (66.59%), then a combination of side steps (ranging 27.84%–32.6%) and strides (ranging 24.31%–25.95%) used to get to the ball. The movements at the ball then resulted in strides (34.51% and 58.26%) and then subsequent use of side steps (42.01%) in recovery. The combination of serving and cell sequence data also leads to the conclusion that movement behind the baseline predominates on the grass surface, however the net and volleying was also utilised with great success (31.8% winners). The data also showed that the mid court was utilised as a transitional area of the court.Further research was recommended to fully utilise the potential of the system, and that the data collection be extended to include different playing populations and surfaces. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 110-134 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868331 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:5:y:2005:i:2:p:110-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868286 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas Nestke Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Nestke Title: Action Chains, Relations, and Rates: A conceptual framework and mathematical model for the analysis of sport games. Abstract: The article deals with two closely related topics: A general conceptual framework and a corresponding mathematical model for observational systems designed to support the analysis of sport games. Focussing on volleyball the framework is based on the notion of action chain and its description by parameters. The central aspect of the ensuing analysis is the search for relations among the included components of the observation. Rates are introduced to provide a quantitative measure. As an application the main constituents of AZuR are explained, a program for the analysis of setter decisions in volleyball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 4-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868287 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868287 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:4-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Papadimitriou Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Papadimitriou Author-Name: E. Pashali Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Pashali Author-Name: I. Sermaki Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Sermaki Author-Name: S. Mellas Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Mellas Author-Name: M. Papas Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Papas Title: The effect of the opponents’ serve on the offensive actions of Greek setters in volleyball games Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the reception of the opponents’ serve on the offensive actions and strategy of the A1 National Division setters and, by extension, of their team. The subject of the study consisted in Greek volleyball teams of A1 Men’s National Division. Thirty-six videotaped matches from the period 1998-1999 were observed (3 for each team). In order to collect data, a method of indirect observation through Vicas analysis system was used. The following parameters were evaluated: a) team b) service reception, c) type of set, d) tempo of set, e) set’s area, f) setter’s set effectiveness, g) type of attack h) line-up of opponent’s block, and i) attack’s effectiveness. Cross-tabular statistical analysis showed that the quality of the reception of the opponents’ serve formed the offensive strategy of the Greek setters of A1 National Division, though it did not affect the effectiveness of their sets to the attackers and the attacking strategy of the team. However, it should be pointed out that, one could not draw reliable conclusions with respect to the team’s attacking strategy and effectiveness, from simply studying the reception of the opponents’ serve. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 23-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:23-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsamourtzis Evangelos Author-X-Name-First: Tsamourtzis Author-X-Name-Last: Evangelos Author-Name: Athanasiou Nikolaos Author-X-Name-First: Athanasiou Author-X-Name-Last: Nikolaos Title: Registration of rebound possession zones in basketball. Abstract: The aim of this project was to register the rebound possession zones in Basketball and the frequency of their occurrence in a sum of Basketball games, so as to determine the probable direction of the ball after unsuccessful shots. To achieve this one hundred and thirty (n=130) games of Men’s teams organized by FIBA in various Leagues during the periods 1999 – 2002 were recorded. Sixty games (n=60) of National teams and seventy (n=70) of club level were analysed by the computer program Sportscout. The defense area was divided into five zones and the direction of the ball after unsuccessful attempts were recorded. For the statistic analysis of the data the command Crosstabs and x2 (Chi-square) test and the correspondences and classification (cluster) were employed. The results suggested that a) the ball after unsuccessful shots from zones 1 or 5 is headed in the vast majority (69% – 79%) to zones 1 or 5 and in half the cases to the zone across where the shot was taken, b) the ball after successful shots from zones 2 or 4 in 70% of the cases is headed after bouncing to zones 2 and 4, and c) 85% of unsuccessful shots from zone 3 returns to zone 3. These results determine the probable directions of the ball after bouncing and offer important information to Coaches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 34-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868289 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:34-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurent Frossard Author-X-Name-First: Laurent Author-X-Name-Last: Frossard Author-Name: Sumari Stolp Author-X-Name-First: Sumari Author-X-Name-Last: Stolp Author-Name: Mark Andrews Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Andrews Title: Systematic video recording of seated athletes during the shot-put event at the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to share useful and practical information coming out of the first experience of systematic video recording of seated shot-putters during the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games. It is anticipated that this paper will provide valuable information to sport scientists facing the challenge of conducting performance analysis of able-bodied or disabled athletes, such as seated shot-putters, during world-class competitive events. More specifically, this paper provides (1) the practical aspects of the cameras’ setup used during this systematic video recording, (2) the number and usability of attempts recorded, taking into consideration the impact of uncontrollable perturbing factors, and (3) recommendations to improve the video recording procedure in such conditions. Two operators recorded each put using two compact, high-speed digital video cameras placed in different locations such as right, left or front of the shot-putter. In this study, 15% of the attempts were not recorded, 72% were recorded and fully available for analysis, 10% were incomplete and 2% were obstructed (as a percentage of expected attempts). This study suggests that the increase of the number and usability of the attempts recorded relies on the number and position of cameras and the operators as well as on other facilitating actions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 40-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:40-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victor M. Reis Author-X-Name-First: Victor M. Author-X-Name-Last: Reis Author-Name: Luis M. Fazenda Author-X-Name-First: Luis M. Author-X-Name-Last: Fazenda Title: Associations between the placement on the starting blocks and indoor sprint performance. Abstract: The development of an effective placement on the starting blocks is an important issue since this placement influences the sprint performance. The aim of the present study was to check the associations between the performance in a 60 m sprint and the following variables: distance between blocks (DBB), distance from the front block to the starting line (DFB), length of the first stride (LFS) and height of the subjects. Fifteen male sprinters performed an individual 60 m timed sprint on an indoor synthetic track. The DBB and the DFB correlated significantly with both the 20 m time and the 60 m time. The DBB and the DFB contributed, altogether, to explain ∼56% of the variance of the 20 m and ∼57% of the variance the 60 time. The standard error of the predictive models was ∼3.2% for the 20 m time and ∼1.7% for the 60 m time. It was concluded that the placement of the starting blocks affects significantly the performance in short sprint events and that the optimum position may result from a short distance between the front block and the starting line and from an increased distance between the blocks. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 54-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868291 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868291 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:54-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas M.P. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas M.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Stephen D. Mellalieu Author-X-Name-First: Stephen D. Author-X-Name-Last: Mellalieu Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: Team performance indicators as a function of winning and losing in rugby union. Abstract: The construction of a valid and reliable methodology for the analysis of team performance indicators within rugby union is presented. Twenty matches were sampled from the domestic season of a professional male rugby union team and notated using a computerised behavioural analysis system. A comprehensive list of twenty-two team performance indicators were developed via expert coaches and analysts. Examination of each indicator using Mann-Whitney U analysis revealed statistical differences between winning and losing performances for only two of the identified team indicators (lineouts won on oppositions throw and tries scored). Practical differences were visible within other indicators including increases in the percentage of turnovers won (mdn= 71.88, 95% confidence limits= 88.89 and 33.33 when winning, and mdn= 47.25, 95% confidence limits= 72.22 and 30 when losing). The findings highlight a number of team factors which contribute to winning matches. Subsequent combination of these variables may be used to develop a model to predict future performance within rugby union. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 61-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868292 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868292 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:61-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Laird Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Laird Author-Name: Ross Lorimer Author-X-Name-First: Ross Author-X-Name-Last: Lorimer Title: An examination of try scoring in rugby union: a review of international rugby statistics. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to review some of the key statistics collected by the International Rugby Board (IRB) in their review of the game (2003) and to compare these findings in relation to previous statistical analysis studies. Primary objectives of Rugby Union where identified using the IRB statement of intent. Statistics collected by the IRB for these objectives were then compared to parallel research in other sports regarding recommendations for effective play.The IRB statistics for Rugby Union would appear to replicate previously discovered characteristics of football (Reep and Benjamin, 1968), and would seem to favour a ‘long ball’ style of play in order to maximise scoring success. This paper highlights the IRB findings and illustrates the possible benefits of comparison and cross referencing with previous research in other sports. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 72-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868293 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:72-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph B. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Joseph B. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Stephen D. Mellalieu Author-X-Name-First: Stephen D. Author-X-Name-Last: Mellalieu Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: Behavioural comparisons of positional demands in professional soccer. Abstract: The aim of this study was to construct valid positional performance profiles for soccer players from a professional British team. Twenty-two league and cup matches were sampled over a domestic season and observed post-event via a computerised behavioural analysis system. Using a series of performance indicators, validated by coaches and researchers, behavioural and performance profiles were constructed for the playing positions of fullback, centre back, midfield and forward. Analysis showed that although significant differences existed in the frequencies of behaviours performed between each of the playing positions some similarities were apparent when the outcomes of these behaviours were considered. Significant differences were also found within intra-positional behavioural and performance profiles. The findings suggest that while there are differing technical demands to each playing position mere analysis of mean inter-positional profiles hide the subtleties of individual player performance. The use of intra-positional profiles allows individual player strengths and weaknesses to be analysed together with some identification of specific roles. The findings are discussed with regard to team strategy, scouting and player selection. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 81-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868294 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:81-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. D. Jones Author-X-Name-First: P. D. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: N. James Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: S. D. Mellalieu Author-X-Name-First: S. D. Author-X-Name-Last: Mellalieu Title: Possession as a performance indicator in soccer. Abstract: In soccer, the ability to retain possession of the ball for prolonged periods of time has been linked to success (Hook and Hughes, 2001). The accuracy of this assertion was investigated by comparing 24 matches involving successful and unsuccessful English premier league teams within the 2001-2002 season. Specifically the teams’ possessions were analysed depending on evolving match status i.e. whether the team was winning, losing or drawing. All possessions less than 3 seconds in duration were removed from the data as they were not deemed to include significant events pertaining to a teams’ strategy. Successful teams were found to have significantly longer possessions than unsuccessful teams irrespective of match status i.e.winning (p<0.01), losing (p<0.05) and drawing (p<0.01). However both successful and unsuccessful teams had longer durations of possession when they were losing matches compared to when winning. It was concluded that within elite English football possession is related to successful performance but it is likely this is down to differences in individual player’s skill levels rather than specific team strategy. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 98-102 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868295 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:98-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Performance analysis – a 2004 perspective. Abstract: The British Olympic Association’s Biomechanics Steering Group was redefined, over a period of time, to include notational analysis, and later motor control, to become the Performance Analysis Steering Group. Where are we now with Performance Analysis? As this Steering Group reaches the end of its natural span, let us examine how notational analysis has changed over the last 20 years, and how developments over the last 5 years have materially effected this area of Performance Analysis. Current technology has the potential of bringing us all, biomechanists, notational analysts and motor control scientists, together but it is sometimes difficult to explore a new modus operandi, especially away from the safe confines of a laboratory. This could be a unique opportunity to implement all the promise offered by digital technology. The challenge to the new structures in the BOA support mechanisms is then not just to enable, but also to prompt these crucial areas of sports science support to work closely together. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 103-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2004.11868296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868296 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:4:y:2004:i:1:p:103-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yahaya Abdullahi Author-X-Name-First: Yahaya Author-X-Name-Last: Abdullahi Author-Name: Ben Coetzee Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Coetzee Title: Notational singles match analysis of male badminton players who participated in the African Badminton Championships Abstract: Purposes of this study were firstly, to determine the notational singles match analysis results of male badminton players and secondly, to determine relationships between notational singles match analysis determined strokes and foot movements in male badminton players, who participated in the African Badminton Championships. Twenty male singles matches from the team and individual events of the 2014 All Africa Badminton Championships were recorded live via video cameras and analysed using the Dartfish video analysis software package. Average match duration (1470.4 s), real time (432.9 s) and percentage of real time played (29.8%), number of rallies per match (68.4) and shots per rally (6.5) were calculated. Average shots per rally were found to be 6.5 and the work density, .4. Average stroke frequency per match was: drive – 122.1, clear – 118, smash – 56.2, net strokes – 54.3, drop-shot – 24.2 and the round-the-head stroke – 1.2. Foot movements delivered the following average results per match: chasse-step – 174.6, shuffle – 161.7, split-step – 61.6, half-lunge – 52.20, forward-lunge – 46.1 and scissors kick – 38.3. Significant Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficients existed between various foot movements and strokes. The study confirmed the applicability of computerised notational analyses in determining singles badminton match characteristics. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-16 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1303955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1303955 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:1-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James F. Barkell Author-X-Name-First: James F. Author-X-Name-Last: Barkell Author-Name: Donna O’Connor Author-X-Name-First: Donna Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor Author-Name: Wayne G. Cotton Author-X-Name-First: Wayne G. Author-X-Name-Last: Cotton Title: Perturbation effects in men’s and women’s international sevens Abstract: Understanding how to effectively perturb the defence in sevens rugby is essential for tactical preparation. The aim of this study was to (a) identify any commonly occurring forms of perturbations; (b) gain an understanding of how, when and where perturbations are occurring; and (c) whether certain forms of perturbations are more likely to create scoring plays and lead to success. Footage of 117 men’s games and 65 women’s games were analysed. From the selected games a total of (N = 1101) perturbations were recorded in the men’s competition and (N = 601) were recorded in the women’s competition. Comparisons between winning and losing teams were examined through a series of Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests (p < 0.05). Chi Square tests of Independence were also conducted to identify any associations between variables. Results identified differences between winning and losing teams in the number of perturbations and line breaks, tries from perturbations and the percentage of perturbations converted into tries. Evasive footwork in the middle of the field was the most commonly occurring perturbation type. Variations were evident between quarters and tries were associated with perturbations created closer to the attacking try line. It was identified that perturbations are associated with success for both men’s and women’s teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 17-33 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1303964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1303964 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:17-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Bayer Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bayer Author-Name: Michael Ebert Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Ebert Author-Name: Roland Leser Author-X-Name-First: Roland Author-X-Name-Last: Leser Title: A comparison of the playing structure in elite kids tennis on two different scaled courts Abstract: Available research analysing the playing structure in kids tennis on different scaled courts identifies a severe problem at the transition from the U9 (Orange stage) to the U10 (Green stage), which can mainly be reasoned by the enlargement of the court from a small-sided field to the full-sized court. Aware of this problem, an intermediate stage, called Lime Court (stage), between Orange and Green was introduced in Austria. The study at hand aims to compare the playing structure between the Green and the Lime Court in kids’ tennis aged 9-10 years (U10). Twelve videos from matches on Lime in 2013 were analysed and compared to the results found in 2014. The playing structure was defined by 18 performance parameters. The differences in the mean values as well as one-way ANOVA were calculated between the groups. The results found in the study lead to the conclusion that the Lime Court enables children to play more similar to elite players than the Green Court. Thus, Lime closes the existing gap between the Tennis10s stage Orange and Green and should be used for 10-year old tennis players in order to properly develop their playing skills. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 34-43 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1303977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1303977 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:34-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Courel-Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Courel-Ibáñez Author-Name: Allistair P. McRobert Author-X-Name-First: Allistair P. Author-X-Name-Last: McRobert Author-Name: Enrique Ortega Toro Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Ortega Author-X-Name-Last: Toro Author-Name: David Cárdenas Vélez Author-X-Name-First: David Cárdenas Author-X-Name-Last: Vélez Title: Collective behaviour in basketball: a systematic review Abstract: We aimed to review and organise current literature about basketball collective behaviour assessment to categorise the most common research topics, main findings and shortcomings of the analysis made. Literature was sought via an electronic search of three databases: Scopus, Web of Science and SportDiscus. Systematic review principles were used to identify and select potential eligible studies according to defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. In total, 322 studies were identified in the original database search, including 45 after the screening process. Then, articles were classified regarding topic and tactical factors explored (game context, game phase and players’ role, and game condition). Current findings contribute to a better understanding of tactical assessment and game structure in basketball. The set of results extracted and discussed provide accurate information about the state of art in basketball collective behaviour assessment. We detected a lack of studies exploring tactical behaviour from a complex, dynamic, and holistic point of view, as well as an absence of longitudinal designs. Besides, reports about the influences of game context in basketball tactical performance are sparse. Information reported might result of great interest for coaches and staff, contributing to better characterise match performance in basketball and subsequent development of tactical training enhancement programmes. Additionally, the summary and classification provided may serve as a useful guide to future research in basketball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 44-64 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1303982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1303982 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:44-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luan Franken Author-X-Name-First: Luan Author-X-Name-Last: Franken Author-Name: Hanno van Vuuren Author-X-Name-First: Hanno Author-X-Name-Last: van Vuuren Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Author-Name: Luis Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Title: Investigation and comparison of lineouts during the 2013 the rugby championship and six-nations competition Abstract: A successful lineout is a key component of team success in international rugby and yet there is limited published research on this topic. Lineouts are seen as a great attacking modality, which occur to restart play after the ball exits the field of play. The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the lineouts during the 2013 The Rugby Championship and Six-Nations Competition. Twenty-seven matches of the 2013 international season were analysed using EncodePro video analysis software. Outcome measures were presented as the mean ± s. Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated, using the difference in means over the pooled standard deviation, to characterise the differences between the two tournaments. Results indicated the largest difference in formation was the average 5- man lineouts in TRC vs. SNC per match (9.58 ± 3.90 vs. 6.93 ± 3.01) and 7-man (10.42 ± 4.36 vs. 11.60 ± 3.31). The exiting from lineouts yielded some differences in TRC and SNC per match with regard to passing (12.75 ± 4.35 vs. 6.87 ± 2.33) and mauls (5.33 ± 5.53 vs. 6.80 ± 2.81). The study indicated that most lineouts occurred in Zone B with binding formation followed by pass being the most utilised formats. Lineouts should be adapted according to the area of field in which it occurs to ensure greater try-scoring opportunities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 65-76 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1303989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1303989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:65-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kylie Garratt Author-X-Name-First: Kylie Author-X-Name-Last: Garratt Author-Name: Aron Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Aron Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Author-Name: Rob Bower Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Bower Title: Passing and goal scoring characteristics in Australian A-League football Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse passing sequences, shots and goals in elite Australian football (soccer). Using a computerised video analysis system (Sportsdata Pty Ltd©), notated data relating to the number of passes per possession were collected from 84 A-League matches. A total of 36,297 possessions were analysed, resulting in 220 goals. The results indicate that a higher proportion of goals were scored from longer passing sequences (five or more passes), producing an average of 13 goals per 1000 possessions compared to 6 goals per 1000 possessions from shorter passing sequences (four or less passes). Notably, 46% of team possessions were zero length passing possessions compared to approximately 25% reported in existing literature. In order to improve team possession and goal scoring efficiency, it is recommended that A-League coaches implement programmes designed to enhance individual skills and develop effective team strategies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 77-85 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1303991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1303991 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:77-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gomez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez Author-Name: Richard Pollard Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Title: Home advantage in elite soccer matches. A transient effect? Abstract: The aim of the current study was to identify how the performances of home and away teams evolve during the first half of matches and to investigate whether or not the home advantage effect disappears or weakens as the game goes on. The sample consisted of 90 matches during the season 2015/2016 from the English FA Premier League (n = 19), French Ligue 1 (n = 21), Spanish La Liga (n = 18), Italian Serie A (n = 19) and German Bundesliga (n = 13) in which the first half ended with a score of 0–0. Data were examined using the autocorrelation function and linear regression analysis. Ball possession (p < .01), successful passes (p < .05), short passes (p < .01) and touches (p < .01) achieved their greatest values in the 0–5 min period compared with other match periods. However, as the first half went on, the home teams exhibited lower performances compared with those shown at the beginning of the match. This was particularly evident from the 16–20 min period until the end of the first half. This transient effect was enhanced or attenuated, depending on the quality of the opponent (p < .01). The better the opponent the lower the home teams’ performances at the beginning of the match. These variables can be used to develop a model to simulate team performance of home and away teams during the first half of a match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 86-95 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1304024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1304024 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:86-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandre I. A. Medeiros Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre I. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Medeiros Author-Name: Rui Marcelino Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Marcelino Author-Name: Isabel M. Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: José M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Title: Performance differences between winning and losing under-19, under-21 and senior teams in men’s beach volleyball Abstract: This study aimed to compare beach volleyball performance indicators between winning and losing teams in different age groups. Game actions from the 2010 to 2011 Men’s World Championships were observed using video match analysis (6095 from under-19, 5138 from under-21 and 8705 from senior matches). Variables assessed were: number of points won in each complex of the game, number of points and errors by game action (serve, attack in side-out, attack in counterattack, block and other errors); and performance coefficient of game actions (serve, reception, set in side-out, set in counterattack, attack in side-out, attack in counterattack, block and dig). Practical significance of data was analysed using magnitude-based inferences. Results have showed similar patterns in the three age groups. There were differences in the game profile according to the game result and age group. Winning teams scored more points in counterattack: points from the opponent’s attack errors, counterattack points, block points and points from other errors. The article provides new insights to beach volleyball coaches and performance analysts, emphasising the need to consider the interaction between different performance indicators, both in training process and match analysis in beach volleyball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 96-108 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1304029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1304029 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:96-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin B. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin B. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Nicholas J. O’Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Dwyer Author-Name: Roger D. Adams Author-X-Name-First: Roger D. Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Author-Name: Stephen Cobley Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Cobley Title: “Snap-kicking” in elite Australian football: how foot preference and task difficulty highlight potential benefits from bilateral skill training Abstract: “Snap-kicks” in Australian Football (AF) occur when players can potentially score but are facing away from the goal, necessitating a kick across the body or over the opposite shoulder. In games, situations arise for both right- and left-foot snaps, but players often strive to use their preferred rather than non-preferred foot. We consider whether such a strategy is optimal and in this study examine whether foot preference and task difficulty affect snap-accuracy. Accordingly, 27 elite AF players (19 “right-footers”, 8 “left-footers”) were tasked with executing snap-kicks at easy and more difficult (acute) angles using both feet. As expected, accuracy was greater with the preferred (76%) than the non-preferred foot (57%) and greater for easy (78%) than difficult kick angles (56%), however there were no accuracy differences due to player footedness. Surprisingly, given the relative difficulty, snap-kicks from the more difficult angle with the preferred foot could be made with a similar level of accuracy (67%) to kicks with the non-preferred foot from the easier angle (69%). Results suggest that using the non-preferred foot for snap-kicks at goal in appropriate situations during games could increase scoring affordances, and that training on the non-preferred foot may benefit individual and team performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 109-120 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1304030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1304030 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:109-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Pollard Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Author-Name: Vasilis Armatas Author-X-Name-First: Vasilis Author-X-Name-Last: Armatas Title: Factors affecting home advantage in football World Cup qualification Abstract: An analysis is made of home advantage in the group stages of qualification for the 2006, 2010 and 2014 football World Cup finals, the first such study of national teams worldwide in a competitive setting. Home advantage was greatest in Africa and South America where the home team won just over 69% of all points earned; it was lowest in Europe (56%). Bolivia was the country with the greatest home advantage. Using each of the 2040 games as the observational units, a general linear model produced a significant fit to the data (R2 = 0.326), home points being the dependent variable, with a set of factors believed to influence home advantage as predictor variables. After controlling for team strength and allowing for the effects of other variables in the model, home points were significantly related to altitude of the home stadium, crowd size and number of time zones crossed by the visiting team (all p < 0.05). There was no significant effect for distance travelled by the away team, the existence of a running track or crowd density. Referees, especially in Africa, issued red cards and awarded penalties against the away team significantly more often than against the home team. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 121-135 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1304031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1304031 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:121-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Thomson Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Thomson Author-Name: Kevin Lamb Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Title: Quantification of the physical and physiological load of a boxing-specific simulation protocol Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the physical and physiological responses to simulated amateur boxing of 3 × 3-min rounds. Using an externally valid technical and ambulatory demand, 28 amateur boxers (mean ± SD; age 22.4 ± 3.5 years, body mass 67.7 ± 10.1 kg, stature 171 ± 9 cm) completed the protocol following familiarisation. The physiological load was determined continuously via collection of mean (HRmean) and peak (HRpeak) heart rate, breath-by-breath oxygen uptake (V˙$ \dot{V} $O2), aerobic energy expenditure (EEaer), excess carbon dioxide production (CO2excess), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and post-performance blood lactate. Physical performance was quantified as the acceleration delivered to the target by punches. HRmean and HRpeak were found to exceed 165 and 178 b min−1, absolute V˙$ \dot{V} $O2 > 124.6 ml kg−1, EEaer > 30.7 kcal min−1 and acceleration via 78 punches >2697 g during each round. Mean blood lactate (4.6 mmol l−1) and CO2excess (438.7 ml min−1) were higher than typical resting values reflecting a notable anaerobic contribution. RPEs reinforced the intensity of exercise was strenuous (>6–8). For all measures, there were typical increases (p < 0.05; moderate ES) across rounds. Accordingly, boxers might consider high-intensity (>90% V˙$ \dot{V} $O2max) interval training in anticipation such exercise yields improvements in aerobic conditioning. Moreover, the current simulation protocol – the boxing conditioning and fitness test – could be used as a form of training per se and as a means to monitor intervention-based changes in aspects of boxing-related physiology and performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 136-148 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1304048 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1304048 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:136-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carmen Fernandez-Echeverria Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez-Echeverria Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: Jara González-Silva Author-X-Name-First: Jara Author-X-Name-Last: González-Silva Author-Name: Fernando Claver Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Claver Author-Name: M. Perla Moreno Author-X-Name-First: M. Perla Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Title: Match analysis within the coaching process: a critical tool to improve coach efficacy Abstract: Match analysis is a topic of current interest in sports science. It is widely used across a range of different sports and has, in the process, demonstrated a number of different performance indicators. For sports coaches, match analysis is perhaps one of the most important tools for analysing games and extracting valuable information about their own and opposing teams. However, despite the usability of this tool, little is known about how information obtained from game analyses affects the planning of training, the setting of goals and the choice of strategic approach by coaches. It is therefore necessary to conduct case studies which evaluate the usefulness of match analysis in an applied context such as high-level sport. This review has two main goals: (1) To provide an overview of empirical studies of match analysis in Volleyball; and (2) to attempt to demonstrate the benefits of using match analysis as a support tool for sports training, and the need to develop studies which analyse the use of this tool and its influence on high-level training processes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 149-163 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1304073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1304073 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:149-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Enrique García-Ordóñez Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: García-Ordóñez Author-Name: Carlos Touriño-González Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Touriño-González Author-Name: María del Carmen Iglesias-Pérez Author-X-Name-First: María del Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Iglesias-Pérez Title: Effects of situational variables on offensive performance indicators in elite water polo Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of quality of opposition, starting quarter score and match location on offensive performance indicators in the First Spanish Professional Water Polo League. Eighty-eight matches from the 2011–2014 domestic league seasons were notated post-event using a computerised notational analysis system. The dependent variables were team offensive performance indicators, and the independent variables were situational variables (quality of opposition, starting quarter score and match location). Univariate analyses (ANOVA test; Student’s t-test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney U test and Generalized Linear Model test) indicated that “Even attacks”, “Counterattacks”, “Goals”, “No goal shots”, “Even shots”, “Counterattack shots”, “Shots zone 4, 5, and 6”, “Drive shots” and “Shots after 2 flakes”, were influenced by a least one of the three situational variables. Two-way ANOVA analyses were applied in order to study, not only the main effects of the situational variables on “Counterattacks” and “Goals”, but also the interaction effect. Although the interaction effects were not significant, the adjusted effects of the situational variables were obtained and the findings emphasise the need for match analysts and coaches to consider single and adjusted potential effects of quality of opposition, starting quarter score and match location, during assessments of the offensive performance indicators of water polo performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 164-176 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1308112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1308112 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:164-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Green Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Green Author-Name: Samantha Kerr Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Kerr Author-Name: Chloe Dafkin Author-X-Name-First: Chloe Author-X-Name-Last: Dafkin Author-Name: Benita Olivier Author-X-Name-First: Benita Author-X-Name-Last: Olivier Author-Name: Warrick McKinon Author-X-Name-First: Warrick Author-X-Name-Last: McKinon Title: A lower body height and wider foot stance are positively associated with the generation of individual scrummaging forces in rugby Abstract: A scrum is a contest to win possession of the rugby ball. The current study investigated potential kinematic parameters related to individual scrummaging force production. Twenty-five “tight-five” players (body mass: 103.0 ± 12.1 kg; height: 1.85 ± .09 m) individually scrummaged against an instrumented ergometer, while body kinematics were captured. Pearson’s correlations between force generation and kinematics of individual scrummaging performances were performed. Body mass was correlated to the engagement (r = .641), peak (r = .531) and sustained (r = .438) forces. Stance width was significantly correlated with the individual scrummaging forces at engagement (r = .422) and sustained phases (r = .540) but not at peak phase (r = .369). Higher scrummaging forces were achieved at lower pelvic and back heights. The only significant relationship during the start-sustained phase was the change in pelvic height (r = −.562). Changes in right hip (r = −.477) and right knee (r = .474) angles were correlated to the change in force during engagement-peak phase. During engagement-sustained phases, change in force magnitude was correlated to changes in pelvic height (r = −.585), left hip (r = .549) and right ankle (r = .657). The change in pelvic height (r = −.518) was the only correlate during the peak-sustained phase. The presented data highlight the role of a lower body height and wider stance in the attainment of greater individual scrummaging force. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 177-189 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 17 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1309094 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2017.1309094 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:17:y:2017:i:1-2:p:177-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sotiris Drikos Author-X-Name-First: Sotiris Author-X-Name-Last: Drikos Author-Name: Panagiotis Kountouris Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis Author-X-Name-Last: Kountouris Author-Name: Alexandros Laios Author-X-Name-First: Alexandros Author-X-Name-Last: Laios Author-Name: Yiannis Laios Author-X-Name-First: Yiannis Author-X-Name-Last: Laios Title: Correlates of Team Performance in Volleyball Abstract: The overall performance of a Volleyball team depends on many factors, from which decisive are considered to be the execution of skills that lead immediately to winning or losing the rally. These are lost serves, aces, killattacks, attack errors and kill-blocks. The analysis of these skills in relation to team performance, as expressed by the ratio of sets won to the total number of sets, lead to the formation of two new correlates. These are the serving efficiency ratio (SER), defined as the ratio of lost serves to aces, and the attack efficiency ratio (AER), defined as the number of kill attacks divided by the sum of attack errors and kill-blocks. Analysis of the data collected from all the matches of the male A1 volleyball professional league of 2005-2006 in Greece proved that the two efficiency ratios were better predictors of the teams’ overall performance than the five original variables. The findings lead to clear-cut definitions of norms both for the serving and attack efficiency ratio. The leading teams had a SER of around two and an AER of around three. These criteria are valuable tools especially for Volleyball coaches in deciding for the appropriate tactics of their teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 149-156 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:149-156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mavridis George Author-X-Name-First: Mavridis Author-X-Name-Last: George Author-Name: Tsamourtzis Evangelos Author-X-Name-First: Tsamourtzis Author-X-Name-Last: Evangelos Author-Name: Karipidis Alexandros Author-X-Name-First: Karipidis Author-X-Name-Last: Alexandros Author-Name: Laios Athanasios Author-X-Name-First: Laios Author-X-Name-Last: Athanasios Title: The inside game in World Basketball. Comparison between European and NBA teams Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to register the inside game and its determinants in both European and NBA teams. The sample consisted of 80 video-recorded European and NBA games. Elements analyzed were offensive tactics, the position of the pass maker, the kind of in pass, the frequency of players in post up position, the area of out pass. For the game analysis, the computer program used was the “Sportscout”. The program used for the statistics analysis was the statistic packet SPSS and the non-parametric X² (chi square) distribution. The findings revealed that the dominant pass to centers in Europe was the bounce pass while in NBA, the overhead pass. In Europe, the center of a team had the biggest percentage of receiving a pass in post up position. On the other hand, in NBA, more players of the main team were found in post up position. In Europe, 72.7% of the control offence concerned the outside game while in NBA, only 55.0% of the offence concerned the outside game. The registration of the offensive behavior of high-level basketball teams could offer coaches a valuable aid at defining their aims in offence. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 157-164 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:157-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Petersen Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Petersen Author-Name: D.B. Pyne Author-X-Name-First: D.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Pyne Author-Name: M.R. Portus Author-X-Name-First: M.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Portus Author-Name: B. Dawson Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Title: Quantifying positional movement patterns in Twenty20 cricket Abstract: The time-motion characteristics of five cricket positions (Batsmen, Fast bowlers, Fielders, Spin bowlers, Wicketkeepers) were quantified during four State Twenty20 (T20) cricket matches. A total of 18 different players were monitored over 30 innings. Several time motion characteristics were quantified using portable 5Hz global positioning system (GPS) units. Descriptive statistics (mean ± SD) were used to describe the data while the effect size statistic was used to determine the magnitude of difference in patterns of movement between positions. T20 cricketers covered between 6.4 - 8.5 km, with 0.1 – 0.7 km of this distance spent sprinting during an 80 min fielding innings. Fast Bowlers covered 8.5 ± 1.5 km; sprinted 42 ± 8 times, mean sprint distance was 17 ± 2m and total sprinting distance was 0.7 ± 0.2 km. Wicketkeepers covered 6.4 ± 0.7 km; sprinted 5 ± 2 times, mean sprint distance was 10 ± 3m and total sprinting distance was 62 ± 44m. While batting (30 min) players covered ~2.5 km; sprinted 12 ± 5 times, mean sprint distance was 14 ± 3m and total sprinting distance was 160 ± 80m. Fast bowlers and fielders have substantially greater physical demands than spin bowlers and wicketkeepers in T20 cricket. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 165-170 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:165-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Laird Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Laird Author-Name: Kirsty McLeod Author-X-Name-First: Kirsty Author-X-Name-Last: McLeod Title: Notational analysis of scoring techniques in competitive men’s karate Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine frequencies of scoring techniques executed during a series of karate fights and whether there was a difference between the techniques used by winners and losers. A hand notation system aided by video analysis was designed in order to record the frequencies. The data collected provided information on the most predominant scoring technique(s) executed and highlighted differences in scoring techniques between winners and losers. There were a total number of 67 scores in the 17 fights analysed. The results indicate that there is significantly predominant scoring technique(s) which separates winners from losers. The most frequently scored technique for all the fighters was Gyaku-zuki to the body (GyB), 43.28% of all scores registered were through execution of this technique and was the only technique to have a significant frequency (p-value 0.12). Some techniques were not scored during the analysis and suggests that there are problems with the execution of these techniques either in that they are too slow and easily blocked or that they are difficult to control and result in contact penalties. The results indicate that higher grades perform more difficult techniques with Wado Ryu as the most successful style. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 171-187 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868475 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:171-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: Performance analysis of golf: Reflections on the past and a vision of the future Abstract: Notational analysis of golf involves using either outcome measures, namely scores (hole and round) or process measures which can be independent (e.g.driving distance) or composite (e.g.greens in regulation) elements of the game. Research suggests that there is a relatively large variation in round scores for successive rounds although this paper shows the way in which this finding is interpreted is related to the data sample used. This paper re-analyses previous data to suggest that the most consistent finding is that a bad score on one hole increases the likelihood of a bad score on the subsequent hole irrespective of the standard of the player. Greens in regulation (GIR) along with putting leaders (putts per GIR) have consistently been shown to be the best indicators of overall scoring with driving distance and driving accuracy the others of significance. Here a form chart was used to show how inaccurate these variables (with scrambling added) were as predictors of Tiger Wood’s scoring performance during the years 2000 and 2007. It was hence argued that it is only independent elements of the game that need to be analysed to determine the true worth of the different elements e.g.putting, approach shots and driving measures, to scoring ability. It is further argued here, that performance improvement in each element of the game may be related to the availability of relevant performance measures for that element. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 188-209 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868476 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:188-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: António Rosado Author-X-Name-First: António Author-X-Name-Last: Rosado Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Title: Analysis of the Coach’s Behavior in Relation to Effective and NonEffective Players in Basketball Abstract: The present study’s objective was to analyze the Portuguese Basketball coaches’ behavior in relation to players’ status (effective and noneffective). Twenty two male basketball teams participated. The teams belonged to the National Basketball League of the 1st and 2nd division (16 teams). The sample consisted of junior and senior players (N=199). We used an observational category system called “Observation System of the Coach’s Behavior” (O. S. C. B.). 92 sessions were filmed in audio and video register. The recordings had duration between 90 and 120 minutes. The procedure used for data collection in this study was time duration recording and event recording. The reliability of the observations was assured by the inter-observer and intra-observerś agreement, within a 15-day interval. The results showed that coaches’ behaviors are differentiated in accordance to the athlete’s status. There were four categories where significant differences existed, the average value being superior in the effective players. The coaches observed more, corrected more and interacted more with the effective players. Effective players received, also, more positive evaluations. We concluded that the coaches have not the same behavior with all members of the team, differentiating in accordance to their game capacities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 210-217 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:210-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Author-Name: E. Rey Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Rey Author-Name: J. Lago-Ballesteros Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Ballesteros Author-Name: L. Casais Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Casais Author-Name: E. Domínguez Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Domínguez Title: Analysis of work-rate in soccer according to playing positions Abstract: The paper provides a large-scale study into the motion characteristics of top class soccer players, during match play, according to playing position. A total of 127 top-class outfield soccer players were monitored during 18 Spanish Premier League using a computerized match analysis system (Amisco Pro®, Nice, France). Total distance covered in five selected categories of intensity (0–11 km/h (standing, walking, jogging); 11.1–14 km/h (low speed running); 14.1–19 km/h (moderate-speed running); 19.1–23 km/h (high-speed running); > 23 km/h (sprinting) and the mean percentage of playing time spent in each activity were analyzed according to playing position. Midfield players covered a significantly greater total distance than the groups of defenders and forwards did. Analyzing the different work rates showed significant differences (p < between 0.05 and 0.001) between the different playing positions. There were no significant differences between halves in the total distance covered, or in distances covered at submaximal and maximal intensities. However, significantly more distance was covered in the first half compared to the second in medium intensities (11.1–19 km/h). The current findings provide a detailed description of the demands placed on elite soccer players, according to their positional role at different work intensities, which may be helpful in the development of individualized training programs. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 218-227 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:218-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alison Alcock Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Alcock Author-Name: N. Tim Cable Author-X-Name-First: N. Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Cable Title: A comparison of singles and doubles badminton: heart rate response, player profiles and game characteristics Abstract: Physiological demands of singles and doubles badminton were compared to assist coaches in evidence-based design of training programs. Sixteen male players (eight singles and eight doubles) were tested for physical and physiological characteristics. Heart rates were monitored during competition and games videoed to allow for lapsed-time analysis. Mean and peak heart rates were significantly greater in singles (88.8% and 96.8% of maximal heart rate respectively) than doubles (75.5% and 89.0%). Singles players took more steps per game (593.8 vs 314.5) and at a higher velocity. There were no differences in rally or game length. Singles players had greater predicted VO2max (50.6 vs 45.5 ml·kg-1 ·min-1) and flexibility, and lower body fat levels (15.5% vs 21.9%). There were no differences in power, speed or agility. Game analyses showed tactical differences, with 89.6% of shots in singles played to the extreme fore- and rear-court (clear, drop, lift or net shot) or a smash, and doubles involving a greater diversity of shots. Success in badminton may require focusing on specific discipline strategies. For example, singles training drills could focus on efficient movement about the court and doubles on a faster, more attacking game. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 228-237 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:228-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barry Tarter Author-X-Name-First: Barry Author-X-Name-Last: Tarter Author-Name: Levent Kirisci Author-X-Name-First: Levent Author-X-Name-Last: Kirisci Author-Name: Ralph Tarter Author-X-Name-First: Ralph Author-X-Name-Last: Tarter Author-Name: Veronica Jamnik Author-X-Name-First: Veronica Author-X-Name-Last: Jamnik Author-Name: Norman Gledhill Author-X-Name-First: Norman Author-X-Name-Last: Gledhill Author-Name: E.J. McGuire Author-X-Name-First: E.J. Author-X-Name-Last: McGuire Title: Use of the Sports Performance Index for Hockey (SPI-H) to Predict NHL Player Value Abstract: Elite junior hockey players (N=3,675) ranked by Central Scouting Service of the National Hockey League (NHL) prior to the NHL Entry Draft between 1993-2002 were studied to determine whether it is possible to predict their “value” to the team five years later. Using the Sports Performance Index for Hockey (SPI-H), it was found that time on ice (an indicator of the coach’s desire to play the individual) and number of times the athlete was selected as one of the “Three Stars” of the game could be accurately predicted for forwards and defensemen five years after the Entry Draft. These results indicate that it is feasible to predict, prior to the team’s selection of players, the athlete’s long-term value to the team. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 238-244 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:238-244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lyndell Bruce Author-X-Name-First: Lyndell Author-X-Name-Last: Bruce Author-Name: Damian Farrow Author-X-Name-First: Damian Author-X-Name-Last: Farrow Author-Name: Annette Raynor Author-X-Name-First: Annette Author-X-Name-Last: Raynor Author-Name: Esther May Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: May Title: Notation analysis of skill expertise differences in netball Abstract: Notation analysis was used to assess decision making capability of expert and developmental athletes during 12 netball matches. Analysis of variance with repeated measures demonstrated experts produced a greater percentage of successful pass outcomes than the developmental athletes. High defensive pressure and higher decision making complexity negatively affected performance. These results suggest experts in comparison to their younger counterparts have developed the required skills to manage the defensive pressure and decision making complexity routinely experienced during game play, and as a result are able to more effectively select and execute the most appropriate passing option. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 245-254 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:245-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Florian Loffing Author-X-Name-First: Florian Author-X-Name-Last: Loffing Author-Name: Norbert Hagemann Author-X-Name-First: Norbert Author-X-Name-Last: Hagemann Author-Name: Bernd Strauss Author-X-Name-First: Bernd Author-X-Name-Last: Strauss Title: The Serve in Professional Men’s Tennis: Effects of Players’ Handedness Abstract: The serve is one of the most important strokes in tennis and has often been the subject of sport scientific investigation. Left-handed players are said to have an advantage in tennis, especially when serving against a right-handed player to the advantage court. We investigated the serving strategies of male left- and righthanded professional tennis players whose serves (N= 4744) were recorded by the automated ball tracking Hawk-Eye system at international tournaments. Right- and left-handed serves differed significantly regarding the ball distribution in the opponent’s service box at both first and second serves as well as regarding the angle of lateral ball flight. As a consequence, players have to take into account different probabilities regarding the direction of serve when awaiting right- vs. lefthanded serves. At the same time, they also need to adjust their return stroke due to the different spin imposed on balls served right- vs. left-handed. Furthermore, analyses also revealed that the left-handers’ serve is not simply mirrored to that of right-handers but still significantly different. In light of the reduced familiarity with the left-hander’s style of play, the findings suggest that for the serve in tennis tactical and technical aspects may promote the left-handers’ advantage. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 255-274 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:255-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Morgan Williams Author-X-Name-First: Morgan Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Stuart Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Title: Horizontal positioning error derived from stationary GPS units: A function of time and proximity to building infrastructure Abstract: This investigation quantified Horizontal Positioning Error (HPE) from stationary Global Positioning System (GPS) units. In experiment 1, GPS units were placed within close proximity of each other and data were collected at three times within the same day. In experiment 2, the GPS units were configured in a straight line from the edge of the field (nearby to a stadium), towards the centre. Circular Error Probable of 95% (CEP95) was used to quantify HPE, mean numbers of satellites recorded. CEP95 and the number of satellites were inversely related in both experiments. Changes in satellite availability throughout the day led to significant variability in HPE across trials in experiment 1. In experiment 2, the largest CEP95 was found among units located closest to the stadium. Collectively, these findings identify important considerations for using GPS to map athletes’ positions that have not been adequately addressed in the sports science literature. The number satellites, time between repeated measures testing, and the proximity of nearby buildings, can cause unpredictable changes in measurement error and should be considered in the interpretation of data. Further, we recommend that CEP95 be reported in GPS-based experiments, which may help prevent the misleading interpretation of inaccurate or unstable data. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 275-280 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868483 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:275-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: J.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Author-Name: P. Manzanares Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Manzanares Author-Name: E. Ortega Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Title: Techniques used and efficacy of volleyball skills in relation to gender Abstract: The purposes of this study were to determine reference values for the techniques used and assess the efficacy of these techniques in relation to gender in volleyball. Twenty-two matches from the XVth Mediterranean Games of Almeria 2005 (38 sets for males and 39 sets for females) were analyzed. A descriptive, correlational, and transversal design was done. The variables analyzed were gender, type of technique, and efficacy of technique. The serve most used by males was the power jump serve and by females it was the standing serve. The serve was more effective for females than for males, while serve reception was more effective for males. The overhand set was the most used set for both males and females. When the set was done after a dig, the forearm contact was also used. Males had more effective sets than females. The standard attack technique was the most used attack. Attack efficacy was similar for both genders. The dig technique most often used was the forearm contact. Dig efficacy was similar for both genders. The data found show that use of the techniques and their efficacy are different for males and females; therefore, training methods should also be different. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 281-293 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2009.11868484 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868484 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:9:y:2009:i:2:p:281-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: Editorial Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868416 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Petersen Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Petersen Author-Name: D.B. Pyne Author-X-Name-First: D.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Pyne Author-Name: M.R. Portus Author-X-Name-First: M.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Portus Author-Name: J. Cordy Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Cordy Author-Name: B. Dawson Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Title: Analysis of performance at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Abstract: Knowledge of the relative importance of team performance indicators in cricket helps determine team strategy and tactics. We analysed team, batting and bowling performances at the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup Tournament to determine the magnitudes of differences between winning and losing teams. We compared the magnitudes of differences in key batting and bowling indicators between the qualifying Round Robin and the final Super 8 games. Magnitude of difference between teams was established with a standardised (Cohens) effect size (ES) with 90% confidence limits. The difference in performance indicators between winning and losing teams were smaller in the later (Super 8) stages of the tournament. The two performance indicators most highly correlated with winning in the Super 8 stage were taking wickets (ES=1.79±0.04 90%CL) and run rate (ES=1.39±0.02 90%CL). Hitting sixes had a greater influence during the earlier stage of the tournament; while bowling maiden overs was more important as the tournament progressed. The main contribution of this paper is that winning teams capture more wickets and have more 50-plus partnerships while maintaining a higher run rate primarily through hitting a higher percentage of runs in boundaries. Team selection should exploit these performance factors through selection of players most capable of delivering these objectives. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-8 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868417 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:1-8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicola Bullock Author-X-Name-First: Nicola Author-X-Name-Last: Bullock Author-Name: T. David Martin Author-X-Name-First: T. David Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Ann Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Performance Analysis of World Class Short Track Speed Skating: What Does It Take To Win? Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine race tactics in World Cup and World Championship speed skating finals (2003-2004) over 500m, 1000m and 1500m. The fastest average lap time for men and women in the 500m was 8.60±0.16 and 9.20±0.28s; 1000m 9.14±0.26 and 9.52±0.27s; 1500m 9.25±0.25 and 9.65±0.31s, respectively. For 500m, 1000m and 1500m, the men’s winner led 71%, 57% and 52% of the time respectively with four laps to go. With three laps remaining, the women’s winner led 57%, 40% and 43% of the time. Overtaking passes was evenly distributed on all areas of the track in the 500m. To obtain the lead position in the 1000m, >75% of overtaking passes occurred going into a corner, while the ability to overtake on the inside and outside was evenly divided. For the 1500m, overtaking passes was evenly distributed on all areas of the track for women; but 60% of overtaking passes took place going into the corner for men. Overtaking passes on the outside occurred 60% of the time for men while 66% of the women overtook on the inside. Overtaking passing tactics of winning skaters can be helpful for those coaching short track speed skaters to become champions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 9-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868418 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:9-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: António Rosado Author-X-Name-First: António Author-X-Name-Last: Rosado Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: Ezequiel Breia Author-X-Name-First: Ezequiel Author-X-Name-Last: Breia Author-Name: Nuno Januário Author-X-Name-First: Nuno Author-X-Name-Last: Januário Title: Athlete’s Retention of Coach’s Instruction on Task Presentation and Feedback Abstract: This study analyze the coach’s instruction during practice sessions on the task presentation and feedback, studying the coherency between coach information and the athlete retention in relation to the athletes’ school level. The participants were forty-two gymnastics’ athletes from different academic levels (elementary, middle and high school). The results showed that the coherency between coach information and athlete retention is similar in both instructional events and a substantive part, almost 40%, is not retained by athletes. In the feedback, we didn’t verify differences in the information retained according to academic levels. In task presentation the athletes belonging to elementary schools showed the lowest values of retention, demonstrating a significant difference between middle and high school athletes. These results suggest that athletes retention tends to be more difficult when the information is longer, less contextualized and doesn’t refer specifically to any specific motor task. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 19-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868419 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868419 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:19-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giatsis George Author-X-Name-First: Giatsis Author-X-Name-Last: George Author-Name: Zahariadis Panagiotis Author-X-Name-First: Zahariadis Author-X-Name-Last: Panagiotis Title: Statistical Analysis of Men’s FIVB Beach Volleyball Team Performance Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in playing characteristics between winning (W) and losing (L) teams in FIVB men’s Beach Volleyball (BV) World Tour tournament. A total of 2786 hours and 5044 points of Beach Volleyball were recorded in 59 matches or 118 sets of the 1st 2003 FIVB men’s BV tournament in Rhodes, Greece. The technical skills analyzed were serve, attack, block and dig. Independent t-tests were used to compare the differences in technical skills between a) W2-0 and L2-0, b) W2-1 and L2-1. Discriminant function analysis determined which skill(s) contributed significantly to winning in matches with 2-0 and 2-1 scores. Results showed that in 2-0 matches winners had better performance than losers in almost all technical skills. Specifically, opponents’ attack errors were the most important factor contributing to winners’ win. In matches won by 2-1 sets, winners had better performance than losers only in the total of points won. Contrary to matches won by 2-0 sets, in 2-1 matches it was not possible to establish a model indicating that a technical skill could act as predictor for the wining teams’ win in relation to losing teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 31-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868420 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868420 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:31-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eleni Zetou Author-X-Name-First: Eleni Author-X-Name-Last: Zetou Author-Name: Thomas Kourtesis Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Kourtesis Author-Name: Katerina Giazitzi Author-X-Name-First: Katerina Author-X-Name-Last: Giazitzi Author-Name: Maria Michalopoulou Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Michalopoulou Title: Management and Content Analysis of Timeout during Volleyball Games Abstract: The aim of the study was to record the administration of time out in relation to the score, along with coaches’ analysis of their comments and also the varieties of comments between teams which won and which lost the games. The sample was the 12 coaches of Greek A1 division championships. It was recorded 238 time outs in 12 official games in local period. The procedure was accomplished through video and sound recording during time out and then it was analyzed. The Instrument for Recording Coaches’ Comments during Time-Outs (Hastie, 1999) was used. Analysis of frequencies showed that most of the coaches preferred to take time out after the first technical time out (9-16 points -36%) and especially after the second (17-21 points -39.3%). They also used time out mainly when the score was 2 points in favour to the opponent team 22%. As far as the variety kinds of comments that each coach used, it was found that most of those comments referred to game tactics (50.85%). Psychological comments were fewer (26.70%), while other comments were even less (19.61%). MANOVA (p<.05) didn’t show any significant difference between the coaches comments and their final ranking (1-4, 5-8, 9-12). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 44-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868421 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:44-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Gabriel Fábrica Author-X-Name-First: C. Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Fábrica Author-Name: Marcela Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Marcela Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: A. Richard Fariña Author-X-Name-First: A. Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Fariña Title: Angle and speed in female handball penalty throwing: Effects of fatigue and player position Abstract: The speed and angle of ball throwing in handball penalty were measured and the effects of the muscular fatigue and the differential tasks implied in the different field positions on these variables were studied. The ball thrown by ten players of the female Uruguayan national handball team were 2-D kinematically analysed in the lateral plane. Ball speed and output angle were analysed taking into account the match time and the player’s position, either back or wing, using paired sample t-test (p<0.05). A significantly higher speed (p=0.0006) during the first half of match time, compared to the second, was found. Significant difference in the speed according to the position in the field was also warranted (p=0.00015), with backs throwing faster than wings. The throwing angle showed no differences for match time and position (p=0.43 and p=0.63, respectively). The variation in speed during the match could be due to the effect of the increase in muscular fatigue. The difference found for this variable according to the field position is congruent with the function players carried out during the match. The small variations in the shot angles are interpreted as indicative of technique predominance not affected by muscular fatigue. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 56-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868422 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:56-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Hugh Gilmore Author-X-Name-First: J. Hugh Author-X-Name-Last: Gilmore Title: The craft of the Caman; A notational analysis of the frequency occurrence of skills used in Hurling Abstract: Hurling is a native sport to Ireland with limited scientific research. It is played using a Caman (hurling stick) and Sliotar (ball). Notational analysis is a means of providing reliable feed back on sporting performance. The purpose of the study is to determine the frequency of occurrence of selected skills providing information to refine current skill training. Four high level championship games were analyzed using defined criteria; the method was determined to be reliable. Descriptive statistics used for analysis. The aerial strike is the highest occurring skill. Jab lift is the most prominent method for possession gain. Taking steps most common method of travel. Non occurrence of ground hook was observed. Prevention of jab lift could reduce opponents in possession striking by 44.67% This method of striking accounts for 77.8% of all in play striking meaning a significant impact could be made. 18% of dispossessions did not register due to set criteria. 70% of possession striking skills occurred after traveling 4 or more steps. A higher level of performance can be attained through a focus on preventing opponent from jab lifting and increasing own proficiency with jab lift and aerial strike while moving. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 68-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:68-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Laird Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Laird Author-Name: Laura Waters Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Waters Title: Eyewitness Recollection of Sport Coaches Abstract: The current study is based on the works of Franks and Miller (1986) Eyewitness Testimony in Sport which measured coaches’ observational accuracy from one half of an international football match. Franks and Miller used novice Physical Education students, with no previous soccer experience, to recall events accurately in six categories of questions reflecting important aspects of an international soccer game. These results showed a relatively low recall ability and observational accuracy recorded by this group of 42%. The aim of the current study was to assess the ability of experienced, qualified, football coaches (with a minimum of 6 months experience after obtaining their qualification) to recollect accurately critical events during 45 minutes of a football match. Subjects were allowed to take notes whilst watching the match before answering the six category questionnaire at the end. The results of the current study show that the probability of qualified, experienced coaches recalling critical events accurately is 59.2% (SD±15.3). Coach observation accuracy and recall ability is 17.2% greater than novice coaches reported by Franks and Miller (1986). It can be concluded that qualified coaches, who have greater familiarity with the sport being observed, have greater recall accuracy. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 76-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868424 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:76-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Damien Lafont Author-X-Name-First: Damien Author-X-Name-Last: Lafont Title: Gaze Control DURING the hitting phase in Tennis: a Preliminary Study Abstract: The present study is an examination of the head position in tennis during the hitting phase as revealed in recent observations of professional tennis players. The comparison of head position during the hitting phase is based on top tennis players’ photos recorded whilst they performed during competition. The photo analysis revealed that the head position during the stroke execution distinguished significantly elite players from other professional players especially after impact. Elites show a characteristic head fixation in the direction of the contact zone at impact and during the follow-through. This finding suggests significant differences in gaze behaviour (coupled eyes and head movement) among professional players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 85-100 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868425 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:85-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Francisco Argudo Iturriaga Author-X-Name-First: M. Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Argudo Iturriaga Author-Name: Encarnación Ruiz Lara Author-X-Name-First: Encarnación Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz Lara Author-Name: José Ignacio Alonso Roque Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Ignacio Alonso Roque Title: Influence of the efficacy values in numerical equality on the condition of winner or loser in the 2003 Water Polo World Championship Abstract: The purpose of this study was to find the efficacy values in the playing micro-situations in numerical equality with or without ball possession and to analyze the relation between these and the condition of winner or loser. We analysed the matches of the X World Championship of Water polo which did not end in a draw. Playing micro-situations in numerical equality were evaluated by means of coefficients, which obtain efficacy values. Some differences were revealed, in male category, in the following coefficients with possession: concretion, definition, resolution, accuracy and blocked shots received (p<.001) and precision (p=.001). Without possession: concretion, definition, resolution, accuracy and blocked shots made (p<.001) and precision (p=.001). In female category with the following coefficients with possession: concretion, definition and precision (p<.001), resolution (p=.001), possibility (p=.005) and accuracy (p=.017). Without possession: concretion, definition and precision (p<.001), resolution (p=.001), possibility (p=.005) and accuracy (p=.017); taking as a reference a value of p<.05. To conclude with, we can say that in twelve out of the fourteen efficacy coefficients proposed for evaluating the playing micro-situations in numerical equality with or without ball possession in male and female water polo there are significant differences between the condition of winner or loser. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 101-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868426 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868426 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:101-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michele van Rooyen Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: van Rooyen Author-Name: Kristy Rock Author-X-Name-First: Kristy Author-X-Name-Last: Rock Author-Name: Sebastian Prim Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Prim Author-Name: Mike Lambert Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Title: The quantification of contacts with impact during professional rugby matches Abstract: To gain a complete understanding of a player’s total physiological stress exposure the measure of contact with impact in match situations must be addressed. The goal of this study was to quantify the contact stress players were exposed to in a rugby match. 7 Matches in a professional provincial rugby competition were analyzed to determine the frequency of the contact situations for each player. There were 386 (range 306 – 535) impact contacts per match. The forwards were involved in 68% impact contacts with 257 per match (range 199 – 389). The backline players were involved in 125 (range 93 - 148) impact contacts per match. The most frequently occurring impact contact for the whole team was contact with the ground, 108 impacts per match (range 70 – 133) followed by the scrum impact, 81 impacts per match (47 – 100). Lineout contact impacts were the least frequently observed with 2 per match (range 1 – 4). 80% of the impact contacts were recorded at a higher frequency when the team lost as opposed to when they won. These findings have the potential to influence how players are prepared for matches and managed over a season. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 113-126 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868427 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:113-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gemma Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Title: A movement classification for the investigation of agility demands and injury risk in sport Abstract: The purpose of the current paper is to propose a movement classification scheme to be used when investigating injury risk from movement and agility demands of sporting activities. The method was tested and found to be operated with acceptable reliability by the authors. However, the method can be used more reliably for the analysis of soccer than it can for sports like tennis and netball where more direction changes and braking movements occur. The validity of the method was explored by applying it to 8 different cases from 7 different sports to ensure it covered the key events associated with agility demands and injury risk from movement within those sports. The method has over the advantage the Bloomfield Movement Classification is that different path change and turn types can be entered directly by the observer rather than having to be inferred through temporal analysis of the data. This also applies to acceleration and deceleration events although there are accelerations from non-stationary situations and decelerations to non-stationary situations not covered by the method. The method allows different sports and, indeed, different conditions within the same sport to be compared in terms of injury risk from movement and agility demands. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 127-144 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2008.11868428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2008.11868428 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:127-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandre G. Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre G. Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Author-Name: Murilo Merlin Author-X-Name-First: Murilo Author-X-Name-Last: Merlin Author-Name: Allan Pinto Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Pinto Author-Name: Ricardo da S. Torres Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo da S. Author-X-Name-Last: Torres Author-Name: Sergio A. Cunha Author-X-Name-First: Sergio A. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunha Title: Performance-level indicators of male elite handball teams Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the most relevant variables to characterise the performance level of the teams through Men’s World Championships (2007–2019). Forty-seven attributes from match-related statistics and characteristics of players were analysed in 168 participant teams. Descriptive discriminant analysis classified correctly 69.6% of the cases and selected the height of players, 9-m efficiency, international matches disputed, wing efficiency, blocked shots, 7-m goalkeeper efficiency and 2-min suspensions which were the most relevant indicators. Top-Elite was significantly different (one-way ANOVA) from Middle- and Low-Elite in all variables selected, except for 7-m goalkeeper efficiency. Linear regression shows that wing efficiency and blocked shots were the only variables with a tendency of changes through seven editions. The best teams have the tallest players and with more international matches disputed, were most efficient in 9-m and wing finalisations and block more shots in defence. These findings may guide scientists and sports trainers to select players, prescribe training procedures, analyse opponents and establish match strategies with special attention to these variables. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-9 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1694305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1694305 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yo Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yo Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yi-Chen Chou Author-X-Name-First: Yi-Chen Author-X-Name-Last: Chou Author-Name: Tang-Yun Lo Author-X-Name-First: Tang-Yun Author-X-Name-Last: Lo Author-Name: Wen-Hsing Chang Author-X-Name-First: Wen-Hsing Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: Jia-Hao Chang Author-X-Name-First: Jia-Hao Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Title: Kinematics differences between personal best and worst throws in actual javelin competition Abstract: This study examined kinematics differences between personal best and worst throws to determine movement corrections for javelin throwers. Eight elite Asian male throwers were filmed as participants in Taipei Athletics Open 2015 (age: 22.1 ± 2.2 years, height: 177.3 ± 3.3 cm, and weight: 82.1 ± 3.5 kg). A high-speed camera with a 300-Hz sampling rate was used to collect motion images in the sagittal plane. Three-dimensional software was used to digitise and analyse the kinematics of throwing images. The Wilcoxon two-sample test was used to compare the throwing posture and javelin kinematics for the longest and shortest throws. The statistical significance was set at α= .05. Javelin travel distance was 70.9 ± 5.9 m and 67.2 ± 6.3 m in longest (best) and shortest (worst) throws. The wrist velocity at release was greater in longest throws (22.7 ± 0.8 m/s), with lower velocity in shortest throws (21.6 ± 0.5 m/s). A greater elbow joint angle was found in the longest throw group. The joint angle was 166.7 ± 10.6° and 158.4 ± 13.5° in longest and shortest throw groups, respectively. Throwers can improve distance by extending the elbow to accelerate the forearm when releasing. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 10-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1697580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1697580 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:10-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victor Moreno-Pérez Author-X-Name-First: Victor Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno-Pérez Author-Name: Shane Malone Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Malone Author-Name: Lluís Sala-Pérez Author-X-Name-First: Lluís Author-X-Name-Last: Sala-Pérez Author-Name: Manuel Lapuente-Sagarra Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Lapuente-Sagarra Author-Name: Miguel Angel Campos-Vazquez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Angel Author-X-Name-Last: Campos-Vazquez Author-Name: Juan Del Coso Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Del Coso Title: Activity monitoring in professional soccer goalkeepers during training and match play Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to quantify the external load of professional soccer goalkeepers. Twenty professional goalkeepers participated in the study. Data were classified according to the number of days before or after the match day (MD) as follows: MD-4, MD-3, MD-2, MD-1 for the sessions before the match, and MD+1 for the session after the match. The total running distance covered (TD), the high metabolic load (HMLD), the number of high metabolic load efforts (HMLE) were progressively reduced from MD-4 to MD-1 but the values of these variables were always inferior to MD (ES: -3.79 to −1.11). There was a tendency for a progressive reduction in the number of high-intensity accelerations (ACC) and decelerations (DEC) from MD-4 to MD-1 although the values of ACC/DEC were superior to MD (ES: 0.19 to 2.05). Overall, MD-2 was the day with the lowest external load. During training sessions, starter goalkeepers performed more TD (ES: 0.36) and more HMLE (ES: 0.29) than non-starters. External load was progressively decreased in the days before match play for goalkeepers which is reflective of appropriate recovery and preparation practices within the cohort analysed. However, habitual goalkeepers training has an excess of accelerations/decelerations and a lack of running actions performed at high metabolic loads. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 19-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1699386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1699386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:19-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose M. Saavedra Author-X-Name-First: Jose M. Author-X-Name-Last: Saavedra Author-Name: Miguel Pic Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Pic Author-Name: Demetrio Lozano Author-X-Name-First: Demetrio Author-X-Name-Last: Lozano Author-Name: Víctor Tella Author-X-Name-First: Víctor Author-X-Name-Last: Tella Author-Name: Joaquín Madera Author-X-Name-First: Joaquín Author-X-Name-Last: Madera Title: The predictive power of game-related statistics for the final result under the rule changes introduced in the men’s world water polo championship: a classification-tree approach Abstract: The objectives of this study were (i) to compare water polo game-related statistics by match outcome (winning and losing teams) after the application of the new rules, and (ii) to develop a classification tree model explaining the performance in elite men’s water polo. Forty-eight matches that were played in the 18th FINA World Championships were analysed. The dependent variable was match outcome and the independent variables were the game-related statistics. To determine the differences between the winning and losing teams, a parametric (paired-sample t-test) or non-parametric (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) test was applied, depending on whether or not the variable satisfied normality. The effect sizes (ES) of the differences were calculated. In order to determine which variables best predict the final outcome, a decision tree was constructed. This was a tree based on the supervised learning method called QUEST (Quick, Unbiased, Efficient, Statistical Tree). Ten variables differentiated between winning and losing teams (ES ≥ 0.80): four were related to the effectiveness of throwing, three to the effectiveness of the goalkeeper, and three to other actions. The decision tree correctly classified 83.9% of the teams with the variables GB shots, actions goals, time-outs, and steals. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 31-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1699767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1699767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:31-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoka Izumoto Author-X-Name-First: Yoka Author-X-Name-Last: Izumoto Author-Name: Toshiyuki Kurihara Author-X-Name-First: Toshiyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Kurihara Author-Name: Takahiko Sato Author-X-Name-First: Takahiko Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Author-Name: Sumiaki Maeo Author-X-Name-First: Sumiaki Author-X-Name-Last: Maeo Author-Name: Takashi Sugiyama Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Sugiyama Author-Name: Hiroaki Kanehisa Author-X-Name-First: Hiroaki Author-X-Name-Last: Kanehisa Author-Name: Tadao Isaka Author-X-Name-First: Tadao Author-X-Name-Last: Isaka Title: Changes in angular momentum during the golf swing and their association with club head speed Abstract: This study measured changes in angular momentum during a golf swing and determined its associations with club head speed (CHS). Three-dimensional coordinates of anatomical landmarks were obtained during driver shots in 17 male collegiate golfers. A 15-segment model was used to calculate total (body-club system) angular momentum about the whole-body centre of mass and the segmental contributions of the trunk, arms, legs, and club to CHS. Angular momentum of the body-club system and the club increased from the top of the backswing towards ball impact. While angular momentum of the arms reached a maximum before the middle downswing, that of the trunk peaked after the middle downswing. The trunk maximum angular momentum was selected as the sole contributor for CHS (R2 = 0.494, p = 0.002). CHS negatively correlated with the relative difference between maximum angular momentum and angular momentum at impact only in the trunk (r = −0.492, p = 0.045). These results suggest that 1) the club head is accelerated by increasing angular momentum of the body-club system without sequential motion from the proximal (trunk) to distal (arm) segments, and 2) gaining large trunk angular momentum in the later part of the downswing is essential for fast CHS. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 42-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1702298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1702298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:42-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tiago Sousa Author-X-Name-First: Tiago Author-X-Name-Last: Sousa Author-Name: Hugo Sarmento Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmento Author-Name: Adilson Marques Author-X-Name-First: Adilson Author-X-Name-Last: Marques Author-Name: Adam Field Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Field Author-Name: Vasco Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Vasco Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Title: The influence of opponents’ offensive play on the performance of professional rink hockey goalkeepers Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse the performance of professional rink hockey goalkeepers and ascertain whether this is influenced by the opposition’s offensive play. A sample of 40 matches, including 1713 shots on goal from the Portuguese First Division (2016/2017) was analysed using Chi-square and logistic regression analysis. The results suggest that goalkeepers are more effective in the first half versus the second half (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.06–1.82; p = 0.017) of matches. Goalkeeping performance was also lower in the direct free-hits (OR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.13–0.38; p < 0.001) and penalties (OR = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.06–0.22; p < 0.001), when compared with indirect free-hits. The technique most used by rink hockey goalkeepers to save shots at goal is the “knee on the floor”. Observations demonstrate that when attacks commence in the oppositions defensive area, teams are 55% more likely to score and shots at the upper zones of the goal have a higher probability of being successful. These findings could assist coaches and researchers in understanding current goalkeeping performance in relation to offensive patterns of play in rink hockey. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 53-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1704499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1704499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:53-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pedro Emílio Drumond Moreira Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Emílio Drumond Author-X-Name-Last: Moreira Author-Name: Gustavo Fernandes Barbosa Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo Fernandes Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa Author-Name: Cristiano Da Conceição Ferreira Murta Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano Da Conceição Ferreira Author-X-Name-Last: Murta Author-Name: Juan Carlos Pérez Morales Author-X-Name-First: Juan Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez Morales Author-Name: Sarah Da Glória Teles Bredt Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Da Glória Teles Author-X-Name-Last: Bredt Author-Name: Gibson Moreira Praça Author-X-Name-First: Gibson Moreira Author-X-Name-Last: Praça Author-Name: Pablo Juan Greco Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Greco Title: Network analysis and tactical behaviour in soccer small-sided and conditioned games: influence of absolute and relative playing areas on different age categories Abstract: This study aimed to compare the effect of manipulating the absolute and relative area of SSCG on players’ behaviour. 36 players were selected from the U-13 and U-14 category. The SSCG were played in three different formats: 3 vs. 3 (36 × 27 m, 162 m2), 3 vs. 3 + 1 (36 × 27 m, 139 m2), and 3 vs. 3 + 1 large (40 × 29 m, 162 m2). Tactical behaviour and network properties were assessed using the FUT-SAT and the Social Network Analysis, respectively. A two-way ANOVA was used to compare the dependent variables between the different SSCG and ages. Results showed that U-14 players performed more actions of offensive coverage (p = 0.01; small-to-medium effect) and presented a lower dispersion of the eigenvector centrality (p = 0.002; small effect). Moreover, increases in the relative playing area induced an increase of offensive coverage actions (p = 0.01; medium effect). The simultaneous reduction of absolute and relative playing area induced a higher frequency of offensive unity (p = 0.02; medium effect), increased the level of interaction between players (p = 0.001; large effect). We conclude that, for young players, U-13 and U-14 category, it is important to reduce the area of SSCG during training sessions to increase tactical performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 64-77 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1705642 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1705642 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:64-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: João Santos Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Author-Name: César Mendez-Domínguez Author-X-Name-First: César Author-X-Name-Last: Mendez-Domínguez Author-Name: Célia Nunes Author-X-Name-First: Célia Author-X-Name-Last: Nunes Author-Name: Miguel A. Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Title: Examining the key performance indicators of all-star players and winning teams in elite futsal Abstract: Purpose: to identify the key performance indicators that discriminate all-star from non-all-star players; and to differentiate winning from drawing/losing teams during the Euro Cup 2018 Futsal (Slovenia). Methods: the sample consisted of all matches (n = 20) played by 12 teams (87 players). Differences between both players and teams were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U and student-t tests and the binary logistic regression (assessing the relationship between all-star players or winning teams and several match- and contextually based variables). Results: minutes per match, goals, assists, ball recoveries, % shots on target, % key pass accuracy, and % challenges won discriminated all-star from non-all-star players. However, only minutes per match (OR: 1.329), goals (OR: 13.547), and ball recoveries (OR: 2.136) per time played were determined to differentiate all-star players. Regarding the team analysis, the following variables discriminated winning from losing/drawing teams: goals, assists, % counterattack success, and % set pieces success. However, only goals (OR: 2.035) and % set piece success (OR: 1.076) predicted the match outcome. Conclusions: the current findings can help coaches to a better understanding of which key performance indicators are important out of all data available, contributing to defining priorities when training and managing competition in elite futsal. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 78-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1705643 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2019.1705643 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:78-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cuenca-Fernández F. Author-X-Name-First: Cuenca-Fernández Author-X-Name-Last: F. Author-Name: Gay A. Author-X-Name-First: Gay Author-X-Name-Last: A. Author-Name: Ruiz-Navarro J.J. Author-X-Name-First: Ruiz-Navarro Author-X-Name-Last: J.J. Author-Name: Arellano R. Author-X-Name-First: Arellano Author-X-Name-Last: R. Title: The effect of different loads on semi-tethered swimming and its relationship with dry-land performance variables Abstract: Semi-tethered loaded swimming (denoted STLS) has been used widely to develop or test swimmers skills, although its transference to increase performance seems overestimated. In addition, its relationship with dry-land tests remains obscured by imprecise reports. Sixteen competitive male swimmers (age: 18.31 ± 1.42) participated in a two-fold purpose study: Firstly, swimming performance was assessed at different STLS intensities on an adapted Smith Machine. A repeated measures 1-way ANOVA was conducted to find differences between the variables collected through a linear encoder at 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% of the maximal load (ML). Secondly, the relationships between the swimming velocities and the different sorts of variables obtained on a dry-land arm-stroke strength test were studied by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). The results showed that less velocity, acceleration and impulse were delivered at high loads (p < 0.001). It increased the velocity fluctuation, affecting the swimming patterns adversely. On the other hand, the correlations between velocity-based dry-land variables and swimming velocities (r = 0.71) seem to be more suitable to predict swimming performance, rather than strength-based variables (r = 0.49). In conclusion, coaches should reconsider using STLS, as little or no benefit may be obtained in performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 90-106 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1714413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1714413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:90-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yonghui Yu Author-X-Name-First: Yonghui Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Antonio García-De-Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: García-De-Alcaraz Author-Name: Kai Cui Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Cui Author-Name: Tianbiao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Tianbiao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Interactive effects of home advantage and quality of opponent in Chinese Women’s Volleyball Association League Abstract: Home advantage in sports is a widely analysed phenomenon. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of home advantage and quality of opposition on different technical-tactical performance indicators in the Chinese Women’s Volleyball Association League. A total of 181 matches was observed during two consecutive seasons (2016 to 2018), and the score/excellent and error performances in actions when teams played at home or away in terms of the quality of opposition (higher or lower level teams) were analysed. Comparisons were made using the T test or Mann Whitney-U test, with the standardised difference in means at 95% of interval confidence, and discriminant analysis. The results showed a home advantage effect in matches between teams with the same level. When facing teams with different levels, the stronger team has a higher probability to win regardless of the match location. The technical performance indicators were affected by both contextual variables, especially the scoring indicators (points in serve, spike or block), in favour of teams with higher level and when playing at home. These findings offer usefulness information in order to prepare a competition and evaluate a team’s performance in terms of contextual variables. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 107-117 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1714414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1714414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:107-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Carlos Zapardiel Author-X-Name-First: Juan Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Zapardiel Author-Name: Iván Asín-Izquierdo Author-X-Name-First: Iván Author-X-Name-Last: Asín-Izquierdo Title: Conditional analysis of elite beach handball according to specific playing position through assessment with GPS Abstract: Beach handball needs to continue to develop. For this reason, observational studies that analyse competitive demands are necessary. Therefore, our objective in this work was to carry out performance assessment of the beach handball players regarding specific playing positions during competition, without modifying the specific structure of the game. The study included 57 elite beach handball players. The results showed that significant differences were found in most of the variables studied when the specific playing positions were compared. Our work has led us to conclude that the assessment of the conditional demands of beach handball players in competition must be done considering the specific playing positions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 118-132 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1718458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1718458 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:118-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jyhhow Huang Author-X-Name-First: Jyhhow Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Hwai-Jung Hsu Author-X-Name-First: Hwai-Jung Author-X-Name-Last: Hsu Title: Approximating strike zone size and shape for baseball umpires under different conditions Abstract: A nonswung pitch is called either a strike or a ball depending on its location over the home plate. According to the baseball regulation, strike zone is rectangular in shape; however, the shape of strike zone is actually decided by umpires. In this paper, based on the locations of 5,297 nonswung pitches collected by Trackman radar in 2018, we verified the shape and size of the strike zone of individual umpires under various conditions such as different ball counts and batter handedness, etc. Two approaches were adopted to approximate the strike zone for the individual umpires. First, local polynomial regression was used to estimate the probability of pitches being called strikes at different locations under various circumstances. The contours of 0.5 and 0.75 probabilities were drawn to illustrate the strike zone. The area of the contour regions was then calculated for comparison. Second, we used decision tree algorithm to analyse strike judgement criteria among the umpires. With the approximated strike zone, the quality of each umpire’s strike judgement can be evaluated. Our results demonstrate that the changing shape of the strike zone is common in baseball games and pitchers, catchers, and batters, etc., may leverage this knowledge to their advantage. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 133-149 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1726156 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1726156 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:133-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannes Lepschy Author-X-Name-First: Hannes Author-X-Name-Last: Lepschy Author-Name: Hagen Wäsche Author-X-Name-First: Hagen Author-X-Name-Last: Wäsche Author-Name: Alexander Woll Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Woll Title: Success factors in football: an analysis of the German Bundesliga Abstract: Knowledge of success factors in professional football is critical. However, the identification of the success factors primarily focused on English and Spanish leagues. In this paper, three seasons of the German Bundesliga (2014/2015 until 2016/2017) with a total of 918 matches were analysed. To facilitate a more precise analysis of success factors, only close matches were included and the home and away team perspective was analysed separately. Therefore, 29 variables were included in a generalised ordered logit approach. The results showed that defensive errors, market value, goal efficiency, shots from counter attacks, shots on target and total shots have the greatest impact. Furthermore, crosses showed a negative relationship with success. Besides, the opponent and home advantage are important contextual effects. Overall, 11 and 12 variables are significant, respectively. Duel success is only significant for away teams and a higher market value seems to have a more positive impact for them. This study provides novel data and contributes to prior results from other European leagues. Future research should further investigate the impact of ball possession and distance covered. Coaches should focus on accuracy rather than on quantity as well as train fitness (physically and mentally) to lower the risk of errors. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 150-164 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1726157 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1726157 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:150-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eyal Elyakim Author-X-Name-First: Eyal Author-X-Name-Last: Elyakim Author-Name: Elia Morgulev Author-X-Name-First: Elia Author-X-Name-Last: Morgulev Author-Name: Ronnie Lidor Author-X-Name-First: Ronnie Author-X-Name-Last: Lidor Author-Name: Yoav Meckel Author-X-Name-First: Yoav Author-X-Name-Last: Meckel Author-Name: Michal Arnon Author-X-Name-First: Michal Author-X-Name-Last: Arnon Author-Name: David Ben-Sira Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Ben-Sira Title: Comparative analysis of game parameters between Italian league and Israeli league football matches Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to determine the differences between top and average football playing. To do so we analysed 1,240 matches from the top Israeli and Italian leagues; each match included information on 455 game parameters. A two-phase analysis was performed. In Phase 1 of the analysis we found that the ball movement (e.g., higher number of passes into the box, higher number of key passes), as well as the attack efficiency (higher absolute and relative number of shots from the box, higher number of attacks that entered the box), are significantly superior in the Italian football league. In Phase 2, we identified which game parameters are most important for winning in both leagues. Our results revealed that the success of the matches in both leagues is determined by similar parameters, such as key passes, shots on target, actions up the pitch, and pass precision. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 165-179 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1726158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1726158 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:165-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena Vila Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Vila Author-Name: Juan C. Zapardiel Author-X-Name-First: Juan C. Author-X-Name-Last: Zapardiel Author-Name: Carmen Ferragut Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Ferragut Title: The relationship between effectiveness and throwing velocity in a handball match Abstract: The relationship between throwing velocity and performance is an important question in handball, but has received little research attention in competitive scenarios. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between throwing velocity and player effectiveness during a match. We analysed the throws of 69 players, recording the ball velocity of 1007 goal-scoring shots. Based on their effectiveness, the players were divided into three groups: Group 1 (G1): 40% to 49.9% effectiveness; Group 2 (G2), 50% to 59.9% effectiveness; and Group 3 (G3) ≥60% effectiveness. No significant differences were observed between G1 and G2, but G3 presented significantly lower velocities (21.14 ± 4.97 vs 23.40 ± 6.19, p < 0.001; and vs 22.41 ± 7.19, p < 0.05) than G1 and G2, respectively. We also found an inverse relationship between effectiveness and throwing velocity (r = −0.48; p < 0.001), whereby faster throws reduced players’ effectiveness in competitive scenarios. All previous studies on throwing in handball have been conducted in non-competitive contexts; however, contrary to the results obtained in training contexts, we found an inverse relationship between effectiveness and high throwing velocity in competitive scenarios. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 180-188 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1726159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1726159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:180-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jani Sarajärvi Author-X-Name-First: Jani Author-X-Name-Last: Sarajärvi Author-Name: Anna Volossovitch Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Volossovitch Author-Name: Carlos H. Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Carlos H. Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Title: Analysis of headers in high-performance football: evidence from the English Premier League Abstract: This study aimed to gather information about game situations where headers in high-performance football were performed and to characterise how headers were executed in different game situations. A multidimensional observational system was designed to characterise the header situation and technical execution. A sample of 920 headers were randomly collected from the English Premier League 2017–2018 season, using InStat Scout® website platform. Frequency analysis of headers showed that (1) most led to ball losses; (2) almost half was performed during set plays, especially in goal kicks and throw-ins; (3) a substantial amount was executed to prevent spatial progress of opponents when employing direct attacks with long passes. Chi-square analyses revealed significant associations (p < 0.05) between the following variables: header purpose and player position (large effect size – ES), movement and jump type (medium ES), game state and player movement, game state and jump type, space of occupation and opponent players as well as header type, header purpose and jump type, header purpose and opponent players, pass and jump type, pass and opponent players, and pass and player position (small ES). Based on the current findings, coaches are strongly encouraged to design representative training environments for headers considering position-specific needs, and to promote practice tasks and game strategies for maintaining/regaining ball possession after a player’s intentional header. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 189-205 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1736409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1736409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:189-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diyar Mohammed Sediq Rashid Author-X-Name-First: Diyar Mohammed Sediq Author-X-Name-Last: Rashid Author-Name: Sarko Mohammed Salih Faraj Author-X-Name-First: Sarko Mohammed Salih Author-X-Name-Last: Faraj Author-Name: Nosratollah Hedayatpour Author-X-Name-First: Nosratollah Author-X-Name-Last: Hedayatpour Title: The effect of triceps brachii fatigue on shot accuracy of male and female basketball players Abstract: Previous studies demonstrated that the presence of neuromuscular fatigue within the triceps brachii muscle was accompanied by decreasing accuracy in throwing motion; however, sex differences in triceps brachii fatigability and throwing accuracy have not yet been investigated. The aim of the current study was to investigate the differences between female and male in measures of triceps brachii fatigability and basketball shooting accuracy after a fatiguing exercise. Twelve male (age, mean ± SD; 16.±1.4 yr) and twelve female (age, mean ± SD; 16 ± 1.2 yr) with no major medical history participated in the laboratory-based study. Basketball shooting accuracy, maximal voluntary contraction force and muscular endurance of the triceps brachii muscle measured before and after a fatiguing exercise. Maximal voluntary contraction force, endurance time of the triceps brachii muscle and basketball shooting accuracy significantly reduced after fatiguing exercise (P < 0.05), with a higher reduction identified for the male as compared to female (P < 0.05). The result suggests a significant effect of sex differences on triceps brachii fatigability and basketball shooting accuracy after fatiguing exercise, most likely due to sex differences in muscle fibre type composition. However, future research is required to confirm sex-specific differences in motor skill accuracy after fatiguing exercise. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 206-218 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1736410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1736410 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:206-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Lima e Silva Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Lima e Silva Author-Name: E. Neves Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Neves Author-Name: J. Silva Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: L. Alonso Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Alonso Author-Name: R. Vale Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Vale Author-Name: R. Nunes Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Nunes Title: The haemodynamic demand and the attributes related to the displacement of the soccer referees in the moments of decision / intervention during the matches Abstract: The present study aimed to analyze the hemodynamic variables and the displacement variables, the former being heart rate (meanHR), maximum heart rate (maxHR) and minimum heart rate (HRmin), and the latter being average speed (Vmed), maximum speed (Vmax), mean cadence and distance traveled during referee interventions in matches of the Brazilian national football league. 1224 observable decisions of 10 professional soccer referees from Rio de Janeiro were analyzed. Three moments were considered: the moment of decision (D0), the 15 seconds that preceded it (D15), and the period from the beginning of each step to the decision (DA). It was observed a high hemodynamic load in the moments analyzed. The meanHR in the 10 matches was 160.5±8.33, the results showed very high maxHR values, the highest value found was 222bpm. Regarding the comparison between the halves of the game: 1st half (1st) and 2nd half (2nd), the initial stage of the matches, requires more intense displacements with lower hemodynamic pressure. The results suggest that cognitive decision making influences hemodynamic variables. Apparently, in the second stage of the matches, due to the accumulation of exercise demanded in the previous stage, the referees adopted a condition of saving of energy. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 219-230 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1736937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1736937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:219-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Lorenzo-Martínez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Lorenzo-Martínez Author-Name: Vicente M. de Dios-Álvarez Author-X-Name-First: Vicente M. Author-X-Name-Last: de Dios-Álvarez Author-Name: Alexis Padrón-Cabo Author-X-Name-First: Alexis Author-X-Name-Last: Padrón-Cabo Author-Name: Pablo B. Costa Author-X-Name-First: Pablo B. Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Ezequiel Rey Author-X-Name-First: Ezequiel Author-X-Name-Last: Rey Title: Effects of score-line on internal and external load in soccer small-sided games Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of the score-line on the internal and external load in soccer small-sided games (SSGs). Thirty male semi-professional soccer players participated in an acute crossover design study. Players performed 4 series of 4 vs 4 with a game duration of 4 min. The data corresponding to players’ external load were collected using a portable Global Positioning System device and players’ internal load using rating of perceived exertion. The results showed that players covered significantly higher total distance (effect size [ES]: 0.63–55), medium-intensity distance (ES: 0.81–82), and high-intensity running distance (ES: 0.86–0.53) when the final result of SSGs was a draw in comparison when losing or winning. Players’ power score was significantly higher when the final result of SSGs was a draw compared to when was a loss (ES: 0.77). On the contrary, players covered significantly shorter walking distance when drawing compared to losing (ES: 0.55) and winning (ES: 0.63). Present results indicate players’ external load during SSGs is related to the final score-line. In order to maximise players’ external load during SSGs, teams should be as balance as possible to increase the probability of a draw score-line. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 231-239 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1736938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1736938 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:231-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joey Gullikson Author-X-Name-First: Joey Author-X-Name-Last: Gullikson Author-Name: John. K. Mayberry Author-X-Name-First: John. K. Author-X-Name-Last: Mayberry Author-Name: Lewis. R. Gale Author-X-Name-First: Lewis. R. Author-X-Name-Last: Gale Author-Name: Lara Killick Author-X-Name-First: Lara Author-X-Name-Last: Killick Title: Not throwing away my shot: an analysis of shot features in men’s collegiate water polo Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to identify the important features of “high-quality” shots in water polo. The lead author collected a sample of over 5000 shots from the men’s 2016–2017 NCAA seasons of play to train a logistic model for predicting goal-scoring probabilities. The results suggest that the odds of scoring decrease by about 29% for each additional metre of distance from centre-cage and by about 2% for each additional degree in angle of displacement from centre-pool, while side is not significant. Left-hand and skip shots are significantly more effective than right-hand and other shot types. Power plays double scoring odds compared with even play while uncontested shots more than double odds compared with fully contested shots. Overall, the five most important variables in the model were distance, skip, power play, contested, and angle. The paper also links to an online application that estimates shot quality for different user-input scenarios. Players and coaches can apply this app to evaluate team and opponent performance in future contests. As an example, the shooting performance of the top four NCAA teams from the sampled seasons is analysed to determine if they won games by taking high-quality shots or through above-average shooting performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 240-253 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1741915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1741915 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:240-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Umberto Cesar Corrêa Author-X-Name-First: Umberto Cesar Author-X-Name-Last: Corrêa Author-Name: Thiago Augusto Costa de Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Thiago Augusto Costa de Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveira Author-Name: Fabian Alberto Romero Clavijo Author-X-Name-First: Fabian Alberto Romero Author-X-Name-Last: Clavijo Author-Name: Sílvia Letícia da Silva Author-X-Name-First: Sílvia Author-X-Name-Last: Letícia da Silva Author-Name: Souvenir Zalla Author-X-Name-First: Souvenir Author-X-Name-Last: Zalla Title: Time of ball possession and visual search in the decision-making on shooting in the sport of futsal Abstract: This study investigated how futsal players deal visually with information in interpersonal coordination scenarios when making decisions on shooting. The sample consisted of thirty-two sequences of play, ranging from 0.36 to 5.28 seconds in length, in which 32 experienced players – men (M = 19.36, SD = 1.32) – performed a shot wearing Tobii Glasses 2 eye-tracking, across 18 futsal games. Relative angles formed by the interaction of a shooter to the defender closest to him/her and the goalkeeper were used to capture interpersonal coordination for shooting. Variability in visual search was calculated on the basis of the number of times “quiet eyes” changed over the course of the sequence of play. The results showed that variabilities in the third (2.80) and fourth (5.37) quartiles of ball possession time were higher than those of the first (1.55) and second (1.70) quartiles. They also revealed that variabilities in visual search did not differ in relation to the magnitude, velocity and variability of the relative angles. It was concluded that the longer the ball possession time, the greater the variability in visual search. It would appear that through visual search, players look for the same – optimal – angular interpersonal relationship. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 254-263 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1741916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1741916 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:254-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Declan Gamble Author-X-Name-First: Declan Author-X-Name-Last: Gamble Author-Name: Andrew McCarren Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: McCarren Author-Name: Jonathan Bradley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Author-Name: Niall Moyna Author-X-Name-First: Niall Author-X-Name-Last: Moyna Title: Novel component variables can be used to distinguish between winning and losing across match periods in elite Gaelic football Abstract: This study examined whether team performance indicators could be used to differentiate winners from losers across specific match periods in 26 Gaelic football games. A principal component analysis, conducted on either 25 (halves) or 27 (quarters) variables, produced 6 components, which explained 83.5% and 81.0% of the variance for halves and quarters, respectively. Generalised estimating equation models were used to identify derived components which differentiated winners from losers across specific periods. In winning halves, 4 components were significant; midfield counterattacking (p = 0.008), possession (p = 0.001), low press efficiency (p = 0.032) and tackle pressure (p = 0.023). Possession (p = 0.007) and tackle pressure (p = 0.014) contributed significantly more to winning in the second compared to the first half. In winning quarters, 4 components were also significant; midfield counterattacking (p = 0.000), possession (p = 0.000), offensive dead ball efficiency (p = 0.029) and high press efficiency (p = 0.034). High press efficiency (p = 0.000) and midfield counterattacking (p = 0.021) contributed significantly more to winning in quarters 1 and 2, respectively, in comparison to quarter 4. These results can be used by coaches to develop tactical strategies and establish performance targets for specific match periods. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 264-279 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1741917 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1741917 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:264-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joaquin Gonzalez-Rodenas Author-X-Name-First: Joaquin Author-X-Name-Last: Gonzalez-Rodenas Author-Name: Michalis Mitrotasios Author-X-Name-First: Michalis Author-X-Name-Last: Mitrotasios Author-Name: Rafael Aranda Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Aranda Author-Name: Vasilis Armatas Author-X-Name-First: Vasilis Author-X-Name-Last: Armatas Title: Combined effects of tactical, technical and contextual factors on shooting effectiveness in European professional soccer Abstract: The aim of this paper was to investigate the combined effects of tactical, technical and contextual dimensions on shooting effectiveness in European professional soccer. The sample included 1608 team possessions that led to a shot from 80 random matches (English Premier League = 20; Spanish La Liga = 20; Italian Serie A = 20; German Bundesliga = 20), which were evaluated by multidimensional observation. Multilevel logistic regression models were constructed to determine the effects of nine technical-tactical dimensions and four contextual variables on the shooting effectiveness. Multivariate analyses showed that shooting from the ultra-offensive zone was more effective than shooting from the offensive and advanced zones (OR = 0.385: CI: 0.263–0.564; P > 0.001 – OR = 0.101; CI: 0.054–0.188; P.0.001). Also, shooting against opponent defensive pressure decreased the probabilities of scoring goal, in comparison with shooting without defensive pressure (OR = 1.542; CI: 1.032–2.304; P.0.05). Additionally, high-ranked teams had higher odds of scoring goal than low-ranked teams (OR = 2.028; CI: 1.281–3.211; P > 0.01) when shooting at goal, regardless of the effect of the defensive pressure. This study concludes that not only offensive but also defensive and contextual dimensions play a relevant impact on determining the shooting effectiveness in European professional soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 280-293 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1743163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1743163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:280-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stanislav E. Podhurskyi Author-X-Name-First: Stanislav E. Author-X-Name-Last: Podhurskyi Title: Performance of striking techniques among qualified Muay Thai athletes of different weight classes Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine statistically significant differences between the indicators of striking techniques, performed by qualified Muay Thai athletes of different weight classes, using specialised tests. Material and research methods: the data from special and scientific literature were analysed, which determined the relevance of the subject matter and the availability of research in similar types of combat sports. A practical experiment was carried out using the Hykso portable strain gauge diagnostic tool in three specialised tests. The method of mathematical statistics was applied. Results: the advantage of lightweights over middleweights lies in the greater manifestation of the velocity component in the form of a starting force in the range between 50 and 100 ms. Conclusions: to develop an efficient training process for the improvement and implementation of speed-power potential with a clearly defined order of priority in striking techniques by weight classes, as well as to elaborate technical and tactical schemes and combinations in competitive activity, with the aim of increasing the efficiency of the latter. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 294-304 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1743164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1743164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:294-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcos Antônio Mattos Dos Reis Author-X-Name-First: Marcos Antônio Mattos Dos Author-X-Name-Last: Reis Author-Name: Marcos Bezerra Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Marcos Bezerra Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Title: The role of somatic maturation in the tactical effectiveness, efficiency and variability of young soccer players Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the tactical behaviours of soccer players who differed in their temporal distances from their respective peak height velocity (PHV). Seventy-eight soccer players (age = 14.1 ± 1.4 years, height = 163.2 ± 11.6 cm, weight = 52.5 ± 11.9 kg) participated in the study. Temporal distances from PHV were found using chronological age and anthropometric variables: height (cm), body mass (kg), sitting height (cm) and leg length (cm). Thus, sample was stratified into three groups: Pre-PHV, PHV and Post-PHV. Individual tactical behaviour was assessed using the System of Tactical Assessment (FUT-SAT). One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used to examine group differences in tactical behaviour and performance (level of significance of 5%). Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to verify the tactical variability. There was no difference in the tactical performance between groups (F2,75 = 1.1; p = .75; ƞp2 = .05); players who belonged to Post-PHV were more effective in their execution of penetrations than players who belonged to Pre-PHV (F2,56 = 5.0; p = .01; ƞp2 = .94); however, Pre-PHV group had more tactical variability. The somatic maturation affected the behaviour and tactical variability but did not affect the tactical performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 305-321 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1743165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1743165 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:2:p:305-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Rojas-Valverde Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Rojas-Valverde Author-Name: Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona Author-X-Name-First: Carlos D. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Carmona Author-Name: Jaime Fernández-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Fernández Author-Name: Juan García-López Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: García-López Author-Name: Vicente García-Tormo Author-X-Name-First: Vicente Author-X-Name-Last: García-Tormo Author-Name: David Cabello-Manrique Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Cabello-Manrique Author-Name: José Pino-Ortega Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Pino-Ortega Title: Identification of games and sex-related activity profile in junior international badminton Abstract: The aims of the present study were (a) to analyse the activity profile in U’18 Badminton players during an international tournament and (b) to compare the games and sex-related differences. Twenty-four players (women = 14; men = 10) were assessed using inertial measurement units with ultra-wideband indoor tracking system. Eleven variables were extracted after principal component analysis (PCA). Differences between games and gender were performed by mixed analysis of variance. In men, PCA of the whole game explained 89.2% and in women 75.7%. The most representative variables in men’s and women’s were relative distance and maximum accelerations (PC1). The players’ activity profile was (men vs women) 44.6 ± 3.8 vs 43.5 ± 5.2 m/min in relative distance, 25.9 ± 1.9 vs 24.7 ± 1.9 n/min in relative acceleration, 3.87 ± 0.3 vs 3.47 ± 0.4 m/s2 in maximum acceleration, 175.5 ± 9.4 vs 173.2 ± 15.6 bpm in average heart rate. Sex-related differences were found in maximum accelerations (p < 0.01) and relative accelerations (p < 0.01) and in relative distance by games. The workload dynamics during games and between sexes should be addressed by team staff in order to develop effective tactical and recovery strategies during badminton tournaments. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 323-338 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1745045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1745045 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:323-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karol Gryko Author-X-Name-First: Karol Author-X-Name-Last: Gryko Author-Name: Kazimierz Mikołajec Author-X-Name-First: Kazimierz Author-X-Name-Last: Mikołajec Author-Name: Jolanta Marszałek Author-X-Name-First: Jolanta Author-X-Name-Last: Marszałek Author-Name: Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk Author-X-Name-First: Jakub Grzegorz Author-X-Name-Last: Adamczyk Author-Name: Bartosz Molik Author-X-Name-First: Bartosz Author-X-Name-Last: Molik Author-Name: Zbigniew Waśkiewicz Author-X-Name-First: Zbigniew Author-X-Name-Last: Waśkiewicz Author-Name: Pantelis Nikolaidis Author-X-Name-First: Pantelis Author-X-Name-Last: Nikolaidis Author-Name: Beat Knechtle Author-X-Name-First: Beat Author-X-Name-Last: Knechtle Title: How did basketball teams win EuroBasket 2015? A non-standard analysis of performance based on passes, dribbling and turnovers Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the full structure of passes during EuroBasket 2015 in the context of the execution technique, creating a passing lane, the movement of the players, the ball passing direction and passing distance. In order to provide extended data, the study also analysed individual dribbling sequences, changes of dribbling direction and turnovers. The analysis encompassed 27,840 passes, 84,080 dribbles and 1467 turnovers in all matches (n = 110) played by the eight best and the eight worst teams. Furthermore, 2030 assists were analysed to develop the model of regression. One-handed passes performed with the right hand (F = 28.74; p = 0.0028) were the most important predictor for the assists executed by the players of the eight best teams. Conversely, the most important predictor for the assists executed by the players from the weakest teams were two-handed overhead passes (F = 21.34; p = 0.0001). Today, coaches must incorporate two elements of passing technique into their training regime: primarily, one-handed passes (in particular, one-handed basic passes); and secondly, two-handed passes (overhead and chest passes). Solutions should be sought with the aim of increasing the number of inside passes, which will develop the inside play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 339-356 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1749013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1749013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:339-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rafael Baena-González Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Baena-González Author-Name: Demetrio Lozano Author-X-Name-First: Demetrio Author-X-Name-Last: Lozano Author-Name: Ana María Gallardo Author-X-Name-First: Ana María Author-X-Name-Last: Gallardo Author-Name: Carlos Chavarría-Ortíz Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Chavarría-Ortíz Author-Name: Marta García-Tascón Author-X-Name-First: Marta Author-X-Name-Last: García-Tascón Title: Influence of the handball goal anti-tip system through the game actions observation method: 2019 Four Nations International Handball Junior Tournament Abstract: The anti-tip system used in the goals for the practice of handball begins to be considered a relevant factor to avoid accidents, as factors such as misuse, lack of maintenance, etc., can cause accidents with serious and even fatal damage. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse the influence in the handball game of an innovative anti-tip system for the goals (ATS) called Tutigool. For the analysis of game actions the free software Lince has been used, which allows data analysis of the multidimensional observation proposal called the Game Action Observation System influenced by the anti-tip system of the goals (SOATS) composed of 11 criteria and 41 categories of all the influential variables in the offensive actions of the sport. Results show that goals were moved in 25.64% of the 117 body contacts, 93.3% of those 30 movements were caused by the goalkeeper, 66.7% of the displacements occurred after the player’s throw, which means 78 times and the goalkeeper’s body impulse on the goal was the main reason of moving with 36.8% meaning 43 times. This innovative system should be considered and included in the handball regulation to improve the safety and avoid accidents of the practitioners. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 357-372 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1749967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1749967 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:357-372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dylan Jones Author-X-Name-First: Dylan Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Steve Rands Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Rands Author-Name: Andrew D. Butterworth Author-X-Name-First: Andrew D. Author-X-Name-Last: Butterworth Title: The use and perceived value of telestration tools in elite football Abstract: The proliferation of technology allowing performance analysis practices to become more efficient and effective has grown rapidly in recent years. One such tool that has become widespread amongst elite football clubs is the use of telestration software which allow annotations to be drawn over video footage to illustrate key tactical, technical, physiological or psychological facets in an interactive manner. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use and application of telestration tools in elite football. A descriptive research approach was employed, using detailed questionnaires to gain the views and perceptions of elite analysts, coaches and players. Findings confirm the widespread use of telestration tools in elite football with 93% of respondents stating that it is “essential-very important” to their practice. In particular, telestration is found to play an integral role in oppositional analysis, especially when introducing key tactical information in pre-match meetings. Numerous barriers associated with the use of telestration were also uncovered in this novel, contemporary research which may help set the foundations for further research into telestration tools in sports not limited to football. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 373-388 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1753965 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1753965 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:373-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Changjing Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Changjing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Alberto Lorenzo Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Lorenzo Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: José M. Palao Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Palao Title: Players’ match demands according to age and playing position in professional male soccer players Abstract: The aim of this paper was to study the change of game patterns of elite soccer players according to their playing position and ages. A total of 28,547 match observations from 923 players were undertaken in the Chinese Soccer Super League (CSL) during six seasons (2012–2017) using tracking data from Amisco (Amisco, Nice, France). Playing positions were categorised as central defenders, fullbacks, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and attackers. The players were divided into four age groups: Group 1 (17–22.9 years), Group 2 (23–28.9 years), Group 3 (29–34.9 years), and Group 4 (35–40.9 years). Fourteen technical performance-related parameters and six physical performance-related parameters were chosen as performance variables in the analysis. Differences between the four age groups were determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The running performance of players decreased with advancing age, especially for high intensity running. However, older wide midfielders and attackers (beyond 30 years of age) who were still playing in the league presented similar physical efforts. Fullbacks and attackers performed more passes and forward passes as they got older. Midfielders in the age group of thirty years or more make more passes and crosses. Midfielders and attackers have a higher shot ability when they are older. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 389-405 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1753979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1753979 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:389-405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikael Jamil Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Jamil Author-Name: Stuart A. McErlain-Naylor Author-X-Name-First: Stuart A. Author-X-Name-Last: McErlain-Naylor Author-Name: Marco Beato Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Beato Title: Investigating the impact of the mid-season winter break on technical performance levels across European football – Does a break in play affect team momentum? Abstract: Using game-level data, this study examines what impact the mid-season winter break in football fixtures has on technical performance across European football leagues. Thirty-eight technical measures pertaining to the actions of passing and shooting are assessed for 3494 team match observations from the German Bundesliga, Spanish La Liga, French Ligue 1 and English Premier League across 5 seasons from 2013/14 to 2017/18. Kruskal–Wallis tests were conducted to investigate the differences between three groups: PREPRE (4–6 fixtures prior to the break); PRE (1–3 fixtures prior to the break); and POST (1–3 fixtures after the break). Shooting performance declined significantly post winter break in the German Bundesliga (13/21 metrics) which had an average break of 32 days. Passing performance deteriorated significantly in the French Ligue 1 (4/17 metrics) which had an average break of 19 days. The Spanish La Liga had a 13-day break on average and remained unaffected as did the English Premier League which had no mid-season break. Evidence suggests that a mid-season winter break of less than 13 days will not affect technical performance levels but breaks that last longer can act as a catalyst that halt momentum and cause performances to deteriorate. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 406-419 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1753980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1753980 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:406-419 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben McGuckin Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: McGuckin Author-Name: Jonathan Bradley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Author-Name: Mike Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Denise Martin Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: Determinants of successful possession in elite Gaelic football Abstract: Game demands of Elite Men’s Gaelic Football (GF) are understudied and far from clear. This first study to investigate the performance outcomes for winners and losers in a complete Senior Inter-county championship (SFC) will analyse which characteristics of possession were more likely to lead to score. Possessions (n = 6,174) from all games in the 2016 SFC (n = 64) were analysed using Dartfish ConnectPlus 7.0. Wilcoxon signed-rank test identified statistical differences (p < 0.05) between 20 performance indicators for winning versus losing teams, while a binary logistic regression was used to model shot outcome in terms of process indicators; method of gaining possession, area possession is gained, number of passes and duration of each possession, on the outcome of the possession. Findings reveal winning teams had significantly more possessions, higher productivity and lower turnover rates than losers. Logistic regression highlighted that opposition kickouts, possession duration and area where possession commenced were associated with possession outcome. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 420-431 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1758433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1758433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:420-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Rojas-Valverde Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Rojas-Valverde Author-Name: Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona Author-X-Name-First: Carlos D. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Carmona Author-Name: Jose M. Oliva-Lozano Author-X-Name-First: Jose M. Author-X-Name-Last: Oliva-Lozano Author-Name: Sergio J. Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Sergio J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Author-Name: Jose Pino-Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Pino-Ortega Title: Quarter’s external workload demands of basketball referees during a European youth congested-fixture tournament Abstract: The study’s purposes were to ascertain referees’ external workload, and to analyse the match periods and match outcome effects during an European youth basketball championship. Through principal component analysis, the variables relative distance at walking, high intensity (>16 km/h; Distance Explosive), sprinting, and maximum sprinting, number of events >24 km/h, maximum and average speed, total and maximum acceleration, accelerations between 1–2 (Acc 1–2), 2–3 and 4–5 m/s 2, and total impacts between 3–5 (Impacts 3–5 g) and 5–8 g  were selected. Twelve elite-level basketball referees were assessed using inertial devices with ultrawide-band indoor tracking technology. Statistical analysis was composed by MANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc. Referees’ activity profile in Q1 was explained in 80.6% by 5 Principal Components (PCs), in Q2 79.71% by 4 PCs, in Q3 74.82% by 4 PCs and in Q4 74.69% by 3 PCs. Regarding match periods, performance decreasing throughout quarters was found in Distance Explosive, Acc 1–2 and Impacts 3–5 g in close and balanced games, but unbalanced games did not present differences. Match periods and match outcome influenced the workload profile of elite-level referees. Thus, simulated training conditions are necessary to face competition in optimal conditions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 432-444 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1759299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1759299 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:432-444 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paweł Krawczyk Author-X-Name-First: Paweł Author-X-Name-Last: Krawczyk Author-Name: Marcin Cackowski Author-X-Name-First: Marcin Author-X-Name-Last: Cackowski Author-Name: Łukasz Dziubek Author-X-Name-First: Łukasz Author-X-Name-Last: Dziubek Title: The participation of the defender and the actions of handball goalkeepers in the situation of throws from backcourt positions Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyse the actions handball goalkeepers in the situation of throws from the backcourt position from the second and first line according to the contact with the defender. The research covered 11 goalkeepers played in PGNiG Men’s Super-League. The research material is 1739 throws. Contact with the defender was categorised into groups: without contact, in contact with the defender, throw over the block. Analysis of goalkeepers’ actions included type of save, time of initiating the save, direction of the save, range of motion of the goalkeeper relative to the ball’s flight path, technique and effect of the save. Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the parameters. There are differences in goalkeepers’ actions between throws over the block and the other types of throws in the second-line. There is a difference between the effectiveness of saves in throw-over-the-block and the other throws. There are differences between goalkeepers’ actions in the first line throws depending on the contact with the defender. There is a difference in the effectiveness of the save depending on the contact with the defender. The presented results suggest that contact with the defender differentiates the actions of goalkeepers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 445-455 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1753966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1753966 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:445-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Camille Tooth Author-X-Name-First: Camille Author-X-Name-Last: Tooth Author-Name: Cédric Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Cédric Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Author-Name: Charlotte Fransolet Author-X-Name-First: Charlotte Author-X-Name-Last: Fransolet Author-Name: François Tubez Author-X-Name-First: François Author-X-Name-Last: Tubez Author-Name: David Colman Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Colman Author-Name: Jean-Louis Croisier Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Croisier Author-Name: Bénédicte Forthomme Author-X-Name-First: Bénédicte Author-X-Name-Last: Forthomme Title: Influence of scapular dyskinesis, kinesiotaping and fatigue on tennis serve performance Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the influence of scapular kinesiotaping and scapular muscle fatigue on tennis performance in dyskinetic players, with regard to racket velocity and the accuracy of the serve. Fifteen tennis players with scapular dyskinesis on the dominant side were assessed when performing 15 serves in three different conditions: standard condition, with kinesiotaping and with scapular fatigue. Racket velocity was estimated using a three-dimensional optoelectronic system. Accuracy was measured using a 1 m2 scoring system. Considering all population, kinesiotaping did not significantly increased racket velocity but in decreased until 45% the accuracy of the serve. As to scapular muscle fatigue, it significantly decreased both racket velocity (4%) and accuracy of the serve (until 55%) in all the sample. So, scapular kinesiotaping would not be recommended to increase performance in dyskinetic tennis players, especially if they are not used to. Scapular muscle fatigue, by disrupting kinetic chain transfer, lead to a decrease in tennis serve performance. In view of the important numbers of serves during a tennis match, improving specific endurance of scapular stabilisers muscles would have an interest in this population to maintain performance during a match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 456-469 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1761672 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1761672 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:456-469 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vinícius Flávio Milanez Author-X-Name-First: Vinícius Flávio Author-X-Name-Last: Milanez Author-Name: Murilo José De Oliveira Bueno Author-X-Name-First: Murilo José De Oliveira Author-X-Name-Last: Bueno Author-Name: Fabio Giuliano Caetano Author-X-Name-First: Fabio Giuliano Author-X-Name-Last: Caetano Author-Name: Priscila Chierotti Author-X-Name-First: Priscila Author-X-Name-Last: Chierotti Author-Name: Solange Marta Franzoi De Moraes Author-X-Name-First: Solange Marta Franzoi Author-X-Name-Last: De Moraes Author-Name: Felipe Arruda Moura Author-X-Name-First: Felipe Arruda Author-X-Name-Last: Moura Title: Relationship between number of substitutions, running performance and passing during under-17 and adult official futsal matches Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between running performance and passes, as well as the effect of substitutions and the competitive level on these variables, during official futsal matches. Male juvenile athletes were filmed during five official games in the Youth Games competition and adult athletes were monitored during National League. The athletes were tracked to obtain their trajectories for subsequent quantification of physical actions, number of substitutions and passes during the games. Impairment in running performance, number of passes and number of substitutions were recorded using video cameras and analysed on a computer-based tracking system. The number of substitutions contributed singly to increasing total distance covered, very high-intensity running (%VHIR), and certain passes, regardless of possible differences between under 17 and adult categories. Players with a decrease in %VHIR presented lower (p = 0.039) pass efficiency (4% below). The adult players demonstrated that drop in running performance and successful passes in a futsal game may be observed from the second quarter, not only in the second half as shown in previous studies in futsal. Substitution of players is an important strategy to be used by coaches to improve running performance and passes in futsal games. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 470-482 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1761673 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1761673 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:470-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Brito Souza Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Souza Author-Name: Roberto López-Del Campo Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: López-Del Campo Author-Name: Hugo Blanco-Pita Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco-Pita Author-Name: Ricardo Resta Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Resta Author-Name: Juan Del Coso Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Del Coso Title: Association of match running performance with and without ball possession to football performance Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between match running patterns with and without ball possession and the number of points earned at the end of the Spanish football league (La Liga). Running distance covered with and without ball possession at speeds ≥21 and <21 km/h were analysed from 4 consecutive seasons (2015–2016 to 2018–2019). The league champion ran a shorter distance per match than the teams that classified for the Champions League (P = 0.05), than the teams ranked in the middle of the ranking (P = 0.02), and the teams that were relegated to the second division (P = 0.04). However, the league champion and the teams that classified for the Champions League ran a greater distance with ball possession than teams in the middle of the ranking (P < 0.01) and relegation teams (P < 0.01). A stepwise multiple regression analysis was able to explain only 37.9% of the total variance in the number of points with match running variables. In conclusion, the best football teams cover a greater distance with the ball than the less successful teams but the contribution of match running performance to overall football success is limited. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 483-494 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1762279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1762279 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:483-494 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. García-Santos Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: García-Santos Author-Name: M. A. Gómez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: M. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Ruano Author-Name: A. Vaquera Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Vaquera Author-Name: S. J. Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: S. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Title: Systematic review of basketball referees’ performances Abstract: The importance of umpire during competition makes it essential to identify in detail the referee’s performance. The present study aimed to carry out a bibliographic review that presents an analysis of the factors that influence a referee’s performance, from the physical/physiological, psychological and decisional points of view. The design was centred on a systematic data review according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The databases used for the review have been WOS and SCOPUS. The inclusion criteria were: (i) Studies in English and Spanish; (ii) Investigations on the physiological, psychological and technical profile of basketball referees; and (iii) Relevant data on the performance of basketball referees during competition. After the review process, 51 articles were selected, classified into three groups of variables: “Decision-Making” (16), “Psychological Demands” (15) and “Physiological/Physical Demands” (21). The results show the importance and influence of the basketball referee during competition and the need to work on their continuous training according to the requirements of the game. Specifically, the referee must work to improve in three principal aspects: decision-making (knowledge of the rules, their application during the competition, the mechanics of movements or the control of the game in situations of conflict or stress); physical/physiological condition (HR, Distance Covered, Speed, PlayerLoad or METs) and stress situations (referee errors, protests, abuses or game adjusted). All of the above should be related with the experience and competence that all referees should acquire to be able to develop their functions as successfully as possible, using the different tools and methods detailed in the studies analysed to help them to improve their vision and their role in the competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 495-533 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1758437 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1758437 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:495-533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rodrigo Aquino Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Aquino Author-Name: Christopher Carling Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Carling Author-Name: José Maia Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Maia Author-Name: Luiz H. Palucci Vieira Author-X-Name-First: Luiz H. Palucci Author-X-Name-Last: Vieira Author-Name: Robbie S. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Robbie S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Nicholas Smith Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Rodrigo Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Author-Name: Luiz Guilherme C. Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Luiz Guilherme C. Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Author-Name: Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Augusto Author-X-Name-Last: Kalva-Filho Author-Name: Júlio Garganta Author-X-Name-First: Júlio Author-X-Name-Last: Garganta Author-Name: Enrico F. Puggina Author-X-Name-First: Enrico F. Author-X-Name-Last: Puggina Title: Relationships between running demands in soccer match-play, anthropometric, and physical fitness characteristics: a systematic review Abstract: The aim of this study was to systematically review the current literature that has investigated the relationships between anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics and match-play running demands in female and male soccer players at youth and senior levels. Using PRISMA guidelines, four databases were searched: PubMed/NCBI, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Twenty-seven articles were selected resulting in a sample of 991 players (687 youth and 304 senior). Three studies related anthropometric measures to running demands during the matches and reported poor relationships (R2 = 4-36%). Incremental treadmill tests performed in laboratory settings showed large-to-very large correlations with total distance covered and/or high-intensity running activity during matches (R2 = 20-50%). Values for the Yo-Yo Intermittent recovery test levels 1 and 2 were associated with total distance covered and high-intensity running activity across all studies. This study collected scientific evidence that can aid sport science and coaching practitioners in understanding the construct validity of anthropometric and laboratory- and field-based assessments. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 534-555 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1746555 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1746555 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:3:p:534-555 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jackson C. Lane Author-X-Name-First: Jackson C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lane Author-Name: Grant van der Ploeg Author-X-Name-First: Grant Author-X-Name-Last: van der Ploeg Author-Name: Grace Greenham Author-X-Name-First: Grace Author-X-Name-Last: Greenham Author-Name: Kevin Norton Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Norton Title: Characterisation of offensive and defensive game play trends in the Australian Football League (1999–2019) Abstract: The aim of this study was to characterise and quantify offensive and defensive game play in the Australian Football League and analyse how it has evolved from 1999–2019. Nine offensive and twelve defensive variables were selected to represent their respective styles of play. Season averages for each variable were collected as well as an overall 21-season average and standard deviation. Offensive and defensive z-scores were calculated for each season and plotted relative to time. Offensive and defensive z-scores for each season showed a trend of an increase and decrease in offensive and defensive game play, respectively, up until about 2005–2007. These play pattern trends then clearly reversed and continue to evolve towards less offensive and more defensive game styles. Despite rule and interpretation changes to temper these trends, the 2019 season was the most defensive and least offensive in the period of review. Overall offensive game play has decreased across the period 1999–2019 while defensive game play has increased. Offensive play, however, was shown to be more closely related to success when compared to defensive play. This study provides a quantitative method of characterising offensive and defensive game play in Australian Rules Football. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 557-568 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1758438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1758438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:557-568 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Gronwald Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Gronwald Author-Name: Olaf Hoos Author-X-Name-First: Olaf Author-X-Name-Last: Hoos Author-Name: Kuno Hottenrott Author-X-Name-First: Kuno Author-X-Name-Last: Hottenrott Title: Influence Of Performance Level Of Male Runners On Non-linear Dynamics Of Heart Rate Variability During a 10Km Race Abstract: The present study examines the influence of a 10 km race of runners with different performance levels on time-domain measures and non-linear dynamics of HRV. Twenty-two male recreational to elite runners performed a self-paced 10 km race on asphalt with flat profile. The participants were divided into two performance groups based on their 10 km total time with a split at 40 min (fTT: fast total times, sTT: slow total times). During the race (Begin, Mid-Point, End), heart rate and RR-intervals were recorded continuously. Besides HRV time-domain measurements, fractal correlation properties using short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) were calculated. Mean total time from fTT was significant faster compared to sTT (35:14 ± 03:15 min:sec vs. 46:34 ± 05:46 min:sec). While RMSSD and SDNN diminished strongly during the race with no differences between groups, we observed significant lower values in DFA-alpha1 at Begin for fTT. In comparison of Begin vs. Mid-Point as well as Begin vs. End a significant decrease could be determined in DFA-alpha1 for sTT. The earlier loss of correlation properties during Begin in fTT implies a fastened alteration of cardiac autonomic regulation in order to match an all-out performance attractor for maximal endurance performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 569-583 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1764746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1764746 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:569-583 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A-M Hyttinen Author-X-Name-First: A-M Author-X-Name-Last: Hyttinen Author-Name: J. P. Ahtiainen Author-X-Name-First: J. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Ahtiainen Author-Name: K. Häkkinen Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Häkkinen Title: Oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate levels in female horseback riders during the obstacle test track Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine endurance performance by recording oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate during the obstacle test track, equivalent to competitive performance in female horseback riders. In total 42 female riders participated in the study (show jumping, SJ n = 16, eventing, E n = 26). Age, height and weight of the total group were 29.0(9.2) yrs, 1.68(0.06) m, and 68.1(10.3) kg, respectively. Participants rode a minimum of 4 times per/week, and the riding level was from national to international. VO2peak/VO2mean and HRpeak/HRmean of the total group during the obstacle test track (OTT) were 34.4(5.0)/26.4(4.0) ml/kg/min and 184.4(9.6)/178.1(10.2) bpm. BLa concentration of the total group increased during the OTT to 7.6(2.2) mmol/L. No significant differences were observed between SJ and E in any endurance performance variables during the OTT. The results indicated that the previous experience in SJ and/or E riding training did not lead to any differences in the present rider´s physical loading during OTT. As the OTT appeared to be very strenuous to the present riders, it might be appropriate to design both SJ and E horseback riding training and additional endurance training to support equestrian sport specific performance in situations of competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 584-595 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1764747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1764747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:584-595 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyung Yoo Author-X-Name-First: Kyung Author-X-Name-Last: Yoo Author-Name: Xie Wu Author-X-Name-First: Xie Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Wei Zhuang Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhuang Author-Name: Zhengliang Xia Author-X-Name-First: Zhengliang Author-X-Name-Last: Xia Author-Name: Yu Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: The effects of audible feedback as a coaching strategy on golf skill learning for novice players Abstract: Effective golf coaching has been a critical issue for trainees and coaches. We found that most conventional golf coaching systems are insufficiently supported by scientific evidence and require continued development of skill learning processes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of a novel tagging teaching approach using an audible feedback for novice golfers to improve their kinematic characteristics and golf swing performance. In a controlled experiment, 24 male novice golfers were randomly assigned to either the tagging (n = 13) or the non-tagging (conventional, n = 11) training group, receiving a 1.5-hour training session 3 times per week for 5 consecutive weeks. Kinematic data of downswing trajectories, from the downswing to the follow-through (DF), were collected to examine the between-group differences in the angular velocity of pelvis rotation and clubhead, and the centre of mass (COM) displacement. The results showed that the kinematic characteristics and swing performances (clubhead and ball speed, clubface angle, flight time, and carry distance) of tagging training group were better than non-tagging training group. The study demonstrated the superiority of an audible cueing approach over the traditional approach in effectively enhancing golf swing performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 596-609 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1765525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1765525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:596-609 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Júlia Barreira Author-X-Name-First: Júlia Author-X-Name-Last: Barreira Author-Name: João Guilherme Cren Chiminazzo Author-X-Name-First: João Guilherme Cren Author-X-Name-Last: Chiminazzo Title: Who, how and when to perform winner points and unforced errors in badminton matches? An analysis of men’s single matches in the 2016 Olympic Games Abstract: The aim of the present study was to (i) establish the probability of winning a badminton game based on the number of unforced errors (UE) and winner points (WP); (ii) analyse the moment of the game that these actions are performed; (iii) analyse the relationship between the number of UE and WP and the athletes ranking. The sample included all men single matches (n = 57) from the 2016 Olympic Games. Winner players performed significantly more WP, while loser players performed significantly more UE. Moderate correlations were found between single ranking of the players and mean number of WP (r = −0.45, p < 0.01) and UE (r = 0.40, p < 0.01) performed per match. A number greater than 10 WP and less than 5 UE present a high probability (>80%) of winning a game. In the last moments of the first and second games, the loser players perform significantly lower numbers of UE. At the last moments of the first and second games, the winner players perform significantly lower numbers of WP. The study suggests that athletes and coaches might pay attention before the match to the ranking position of the opponent and during the game at the moment that the number of UE becomes greater than PV. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 610-619 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1766838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1766838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:610-619 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milos Mudric Author-X-Name-First: Milos Author-X-Name-Last: Mudric Author-Name: Ivan Cuk Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Cuk Author-Name: Danica Janicijevic Author-X-Name-First: Danica Author-X-Name-Last: Janicijevic Author-Name: Aleksandar Nedeljkovic Author-X-Name-First: Aleksandar Author-X-Name-Last: Nedeljkovic Author-Name: Amador García-Ramos Author-X-Name-First: Amador Author-X-Name-Last: García-Ramos Title: Feasibility of a modern video-based technology for assessing the reaction time during specific karate kumite situations Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a video-based technology for assessing the reaction time (RT) during karate kumite situations. The Simple RT (one stimulus and one response), 2-Choice RT (two stimuli and two responses), and 4-Choice RT (four stimuli and two responses) of 10 karate kumite, 10 karate kata, and 10 beginners were recorded during a single session. Four karate kumite offensive actions (“stimulus”) (front arm punch, front leg kick, back arm punch, and back leg kick) were projected in a real size, after which the participants performed a defensive action (“response”) (high and low block for front and back attacks, respectively). The results indicated that (1) the video-based method was sensitive to discriminate between beginners and karate practitioners (p < 0.05) (higher RT for beginners), (2) no differences in RT were observed between kumite and kata (p = 0.504), (3) Simple RT was lower than 2-Choice RT and 4-Choice RT (p < 0.001) but no differences were observed between 2-Choice RT and 4-Choice RT (p = 0.112), and (4) the RT was higher for the back attacks compared to front attacks (p < 0.001). These results support the video-based method for assessing RT during karate kumite situations. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 620-630 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1767355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1767355 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:620-630 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-Name: J.A. Gutiérrez Author-X-Name-First: J.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez Author-Name: I. Prieto-Lage Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Prieto-Lage Title: Temporary judo combat structure of women with visual impairment Abstract: The study of the temporary judo combat structure presents various problems. The judokas (B1-B2-B3) do not compete with equal fighting conditions. The objectives of the study are to determine the temporary structure of judo combat in women with visual impairment, test if the changes in rules have modified the temporality of combat, and establish if there are differences between the visual categories. Of the judokas with visual impairment that competed in the 2018 IBSA Judo World Championship (94 women), all of them participated. By means of observational methodology, we analysed all of the combats (n = 133). In order to obtain the results, we used different analysis techniques: descriptive, one-way ANOVA, t-test to show independents, effect size and detection of t-patterns. The level of significance established for the study was ρ ≤ 0.05. The results determined a temporary structure for each weight category. With these, the judo professionals will be able to develop precise and suitable trainings for these athletes. We conclude that the combat temporality has changed. There are differences among visual categories, the B1 judokas win only a few combats and their combats are shorter. We consider it necessary to equalise the competition conditions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 631-645 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1774729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1774729 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:631-645 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabio Giuliano Caetano Author-X-Name-First: Fabio Giuliano Author-X-Name-Last: Caetano Author-Name: Nicolau Melo de Souza Author-X-Name-First: Nicolau Melo Author-X-Name-Last: de Souza Author-Name: Murilo José de Oliveira Bueno Author-X-Name-First: Murilo José de Oliveira Author-X-Name-Last: Bueno Author-Name: Sergio Augusto Cunha Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Augusto Author-X-Name-Last: Cunha Author-Name: Felipe Arruda Moura Author-X-Name-First: Felipe Arruda Author-X-Name-Last: Moura Title: Interpersonal interaction during official soccer matches considering the coupling of different playing positions Abstract: We analysed the interpersonal interaction between players during official matches considering the coupling of different playing positions. 2D coordinates and technical actions of 204 male professional football players during eight matches were obtained using a video-based tracking system. Dyads were composed of the nearest opponents and the interpersonal distance and frequency were computed. Dyadic distances were used to estimate the pressure index of defensive teams and the relationship with technical performance. Full-backs presented the greatest distances of their opponents. Dyads between defenders and forwards presented the shortest distances and were more frequent. In moments with ball possession the midfielders and forwards have more than one defensive player as the nearest opponent to them. The pressure index of defensive teams was significantly negatively and positively correlated with tackles performed by them, and successful passes of offensive teams, respectively, suggesting that defensive players more distant from the offensive players performed less tackles and provided better conditions for their opponents to perform passes. Interpersonal interaction is influenced by playing positions and maintaining proximity to the opponents can improve defensive technical performance. Information about the interpersonal interactions in real match situations provides the fundamentals for future research and assists coaches in planning tactical training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 646-658 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1775412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1775412 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:646-658 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Şükrü Serdar Balci Author-X-Name-First: Şükrü Serdar Author-X-Name-Last: Balci Author-Name: Bayram Ceylan Author-X-Name-First: Bayram Author-X-Name-Last: Ceylan Title: Penalties in judo: the impact of shido on match durations and results Abstract: The effects of penalties on match outcomes were investigated in this study. Data were obtained from a total of 5039 matches that included men, women, and all weight categories during the latest two world championships and eight different grand prix tournaments. The effects of shido on losing and factors affecting these penalties were determined with a binary logistic regression analysis. Receiving a shido during the match increased the possibility of losing (Odds ratio (OR)= 1.14). The possibility of defeat of the athletes who received the second shido was higher compared to those who did not (OR= 2.13). The possibility of penalisation with both first shido (OR= 1.86) and second shido (OR= 2.76) of defeated athletes was higher than winners. Each 1-minute increase in match duration increased possibility of receiving a shido (OR= 2.10, for first shido; OR= 1.87 for second shido). Despite current rule changes that aimed to decrease direct effects of penalties on match outcomes to create positive judo, receiving a shido was found to still significantly affect competitors’ techniques and tactics during the match and indirectly affect the match outcomes. Therefore, it is suggested that coaches and especially heavyweight athletes should evaluate the effects of shido on match tactics. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 659-667 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1775413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1775413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:659-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Vassilios Author-X-Name-Last: Panoutsakopoulos Author-Name: Apostolos S. Theodorou Author-X-Name-First: Apostolos S. Author-X-Name-Last: Theodorou Author-Name: Mariana C. Kotzamanidou Author-X-Name-First: Mariana C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kotzamanidou Author-Name: Efstratios Fragkoulis Author-X-Name-First: Efstratios Author-X-Name-Last: Fragkoulis Author-Name: Athanasia Smirniotou Author-X-Name-First: Athanasia Author-X-Name-Last: Smirniotou Author-Name: Iraklis A. Kollias Author-X-Name-First: Iraklis A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kollias Title: Gender and event specificity differences in kinematical parameters of a 60 m hurdles race Abstract: The 60 m hurdles (60 mH) is an indoor track and field event that is also a discipline of the men’s heptathlon (HEPTm) and women’s pentathlon (PENTw) indoor combined events (CBE). The aim of the study was to investigate possible gender, event-specific and hurdle unit differences using time analysis data of elite-level competitors. The athletes competed in men’s (HURm, n = 20) and women’s (HURw, n = 22) 60 mH and the 60 mH discipline of the HEPTm (n = 15) and PENTw (n = 14) during the 2017 European Indoor Athletic Championships were recorded with two high speed panning cameras (sampling frequency: 300 fps). Differences for the time analysis parameters were checked with a 2 (gender) x 2 (event) x 6 (hurdle units) repeated measures ANOVA. Results revealed significant (p <.05) gender, event specific and hurdle unit effects for intermediate times, hurdle clearance duration and average hurdle unit speed. The absence of a significant (p >.05) three-way interaction indicated a common race pattern among the examined groups. In conclusion, CBE athletes’ performance was inferior compared to hurdlers, with distinct differences observed in the duration of the approach run to the first hurdle and the hurdle clearance duration of the last hurdle. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 668-682 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1776064 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1776064 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:668-682 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sicong Liu Author-X-Name-First: Sicong Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Frederick R. Edmunds Author-X-Name-First: Frederick R. Author-X-Name-Last: Edmunds Author-Name: Kyle Burris Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Author-X-Name-Last: Burris Author-Name: Lawrence Gregory Appelbaum Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Appelbaum Title: Visual and oculomotor abilities predict professional baseball batting performance Abstract: Scientists and practitioners have long debated about the specific visual skills needed to excel at hitting a pitched baseball. To advance this debate, we evaluated the relationship between pre-season visual and oculomotor evaluations and pitch-by-pitch season performance data from professional baseball batters. Eye tracking, visual-motor, and optometric evaluations collected during spring training 2018 were obtained from 71 professional baseball players. Pitch-level data from Trackman 3D Doppler radar were obtained from these players during the subsequent season and used to generate batting propensity scores for swinging at pitches out of the strike zone (O-Swing), swinging at pitches in the strike zone (Z-Swing), and swinging at, but missing pitches in the strike zone (Z-Miss). Nested regression models to tested which evaluation(s) best predicted standardised plate discipline scores as well as batters’ highest attained league levels during the season. Results indicated that visual evaluations relying on eye tracking (smooth pursuit accuracy and oculomotor processing speed) significantly predicted the highest attained league level andpropensity scores associated with O-Swing and Z-Swing, but not Z-Miss. These exploratory findings indicate that batters with superior visual and oculomotor abilities are more discerning at the plate. These results provide new information about the role of vision in baseball batting. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 683-700 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1777819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1777819 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:683-700 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Diego Ignácio Valenzuela Pérez Author-X-Name-First: Diego Ignácio Author-X-Name-Last: Valenzuela Pérez Author-Name: Esteban Aedo-Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Esteban Author-X-Name-Last: Aedo-Muñoz Author-Name: Lindsei Brabec Mota Barreto Author-X-Name-First: Lindsei Brabec Mota Author-X-Name-Last: Barreto Author-Name: José Raimundo Fernandes Author-X-Name-First: José Raimundo Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes Author-Name: Ciro José Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ciro José Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Title: Practical application of time-motion analysis of judo female cadets’ combats between weight divisions Abstract: The purpose of the study was to compare the female cadet`s judo weight divisions based on time-motion analysis. For this, participants were grouped by weight, according to the following criteria: Lighters (n = 32, ≤ 48 kg), Middlers (n = 24, > 48 kg and  ≤ 63 kg) and Heavies (n = 14, > 63 kg) of four local judo championships. Time-motion analysis were observed, according to each combat phase (i.e. combat, standing combat, approach, gripping, attack, groundwork combat and pause phases). ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used, p ≤.05. The results indicated differences between total combat phase, with heavies (109.6 ± 67.2 s) lighters (41.2 ± 25 s) and heavies (31.4 ± 27.7 s). In conclusion, female cadet training programmes should be adjusted according to their weight divisions with consideration for the temporal structure of the competitive environment. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 701-708 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1780870 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1780870 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:701-708 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheng Li Li Author-X-Name-First: Sheng Li Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Ting Ting Ma Author-X-Name-First: Ting Ting Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Title: Kinematic comparison of support and swing techniques between elite and sub-elite athletes during the 30-m acceleration of sprint running Abstract: The support and swing techniques of accelerative sprint were compared at different acceleration phases between different athlete groups using high-speed photography. Performance distinction between elite and sub-elite athletes (n = 16) was measured at steps 3, 4, 8, and 9 during a 30-m sprint run. The integral kinematic parameters of hip and knee joints were then compared between the groups. The results indicated that, in elite athletes, integral kinematic parameters such as larger step length, lower step frequency, shorter support time, and longer support distance resulted in larger horizontal velocity of the centre of gravity during the acceleration phase. However, as distance increased, this horizontal velocity increased with step length, support distance, and support time. For various kinematic parameters, the superior performance of elite athletes was mainly based on larger hip angle range and smaller knee angle of touch down. Hip angle of touchdown and toe-off of the supporting leg were important for sub-elite athletes, but training knee angle of touchdown was more suitable for improving performance in elite athletes. The present study provided theoretical reference for beginners and coaches of accelerative running technique. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 709-719 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1780871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1780871 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:709-719 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel J Stellpflug Author-X-Name-First: Samuel J Author-X-Name-Last: Stellpflug Author-Name: William H Menton Author-X-Name-First: William H Author-X-Name-Last: Menton Author-Name: Matthew F Dummer Author-X-Name-First: Matthew F Author-X-Name-Last: Dummer Author-Name: Thomas Menton Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Menton Author-Name: Jesse Corry Author-X-Name-First: Jesse Author-X-Name-Last: Corry Author-Name: Robert LeFevere Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: LeFevere Title: Time to unconsciousness from sportive chokes in fully resisting highly trained combatants Abstract: Sportive chokes are neck compression techniques applied with the goal of ending a fight by causing loss of consciousness (LOC) or voluntary submission prior to LOC. Time to LOC has been established in compliant volunteers but not in trained resisting opponents. The objective of this study was to determine the time to LOC following full establishment of chokes in trained resisting opponents. A secondary objective was to describe timing to LOC in separate choke categories. An internally validated panel of 17 sportive choking experts evaluated 89 choke sequences; 81 were included as chokes to LOC. Overall, chokes in our sample had a mean time from the establishment of a choke to LOC of 9.0 s [95% CI = 8.3, 9.9]. The choking categories of neck-only chokes and arm-in chokes were virtually identical to one another: neck-only M = 8.9 s [95% CI = 8.0–10.2]; arm-in M = 9.0 s [8.1–10.3]. These times to LOC correlate with previous studies using compliant volunteers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 720-728 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1780873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1780873 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:720-728 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pablo E. Raya-Castellano Author-X-Name-First: Pablo E. Author-X-Name-Last: Raya-Castellano Author-Name: Matthew J. Reeves Author-X-Name-First: Matthew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Reeves Author-Name: Martin Littlewood Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Littlewood Author-Name: Allistair P. McRobert Author-X-Name-First: Allistair P. Author-X-Name-Last: McRobert Title: An exploratory investigation of junior-elite football coaches´’ behaviours during video-based feedback sessions Abstract: Despite the growing qualitative research examining the complexities underlying the delivery of video-feedback, no study has yet explored coaches’ actual behaviours within this environment. Thus, this study aimed to explore junior coaches´ behaviours and their underlying rationales during team-based video-feedback. Twenty-two in-season sessions delivered by four junior-elite coaches were filmed and analysed. Following previous studies and advised by a panel of experts, the tool employed was adapted from the Coach Analysis and Intervention System and the Arizona State University Observation Instrument, to represent the study context. Subsequently, semi-structured stimulated recall interviews were conducted to elucidate coaches´ thinking, understanding, and rationalising of their behaviours. Data indicated a prescriptive approach to coaching within the video-feedback environment. Feedback was the most employed behaviour of all coaches, followed by silence, player participation, convergent, and divergent questioning. One coach had player participation as their second most utilised behaviour. Findings demonstrated varied levels of understanding for each coach and evidenced three different types of cognitive dissonance or epistemological gap between coaches´ behaviours and understanding. Therefore, future coach development programmes, specific to video-based feedback, would need to consider each individual coach baseline behaviour and cognitions before intervening. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 729-746 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1782717 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1782717 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:4:p:729-746 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Darryl E. Hands Author-X-Name-First: Darryl E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hands Author-Name: Xanne Janse de Jonge Author-X-Name-First: Xanne Author-X-Name-Last: Janse de Jonge Title: Current time-motion analyses of professional football matches in top-level domestic leagues: a systematic review Abstract: This systematic review examined the literature on current time-motion analysis in national top-level association football leagues. Inclusion was limited to top division teams of national leagues, resulting in 20 studies reporting on Australia, England, France, Italy, Norway, Poland and Spain. Included studies used semi-automated camera tracking, global positioning systems and microwave radio frequency systems. Many variations of velocity thresholds and several definitions for high-speed activity (HSA) (>14.0 km·h-1; >14.1 km·h-1; >14.4 km·h-1) and very high-speed activity (VHSA) (>19.1 km·h-1; >19.8 km·h-1; >21.0 km·h-1) were reported. Average total distance (TD) ranged from 10,274 m (Australia) to 11,389 m (Italy). Comparison between positions showed that centre-backs generally covered the least distance (TD = 10,178 m; HSA = 1,886 m-1,940 m; VHSA = 391 m-621 m) and wide-midfielders the greatest distance (TD = 11,654 m; HSA = 3,006 m-3,406 m; VHSA = 753 m-1,216 m). This review of time-motion analysis demonstrated fairly similar outcomes for most domestic top-level leagues but suggests a strong influence of contextual variables. The consistently reported positional differences likely reflect the varied tactical demands of each position. The review proposes reaching a consensus on velocity threshold definitions and integrating contextual information in future research. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 747-765 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1780872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1780872 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:747-765 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dominik Hoelbling Author-X-Name-First: Dominik Author-X-Name-Last: Hoelbling Author-Name: Arnold Baca Author-X-Name-First: Arnold Author-X-Name-Last: Baca Author-Name: Peter Dabnichki Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Dabnichki Title: Sequential action, power generation and balance characteristics of a martial arts kick combination Abstract: This paper presents a kinematic analysis of a kick combination action: Commonly performed, functional motion sequences are identified and, focusing on balance and sequential action characteristics, a classification of different kicking patterns of Pointfighting Martial Arts athletes is suggested. Vicon® motion analysis system was used to record 28 participants’ double side kick execution. Fighters were divided into groups determined by their highest tournament achievements (national and international athletes). A comprehensive biomechanical model was developed expanding on an existing functional phase model solely derived from the kicking leg motion. Supporting leg and thorax motion phases were added. Appropriate variables were defined and obtained to characterise balance and sequential kick action. The statistical analysis established that (a) better techniques are characterised by less directly supported dynamic balance conditions and (b) there is a clear proximal-to-distal sequence (PDMS) for each kick movement, whereby better fighters create more hip-abduction angular change and higher angular velocities at PDMS1 and more angular velocity during the knee extension of the second PDMS. Results indicate that better fighters show a higher variety in dynamic balance conditions, as well as a stronger focus in the first leg abduction and their second leg extension. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 766-781 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1774730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1774730 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:766-781 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiaojiao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Jiaojiao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Qian Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Qian Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Xiaoxiao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoxiao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Understanding handling performance of rugby balls under wet conditions: analysis of finger-ball friction Abstract: This paper presents work with the aim of investigating the effect of moisture on the skin frictional behaviour of human finger-pads in contact with rugby balls. During sports activities, human body experiences high volumes of thermoregulatory sweating as a result of achieving body’s temperature balance. Consequently, sweating alters human skin properties and contact conditions between hand skin and sports equipment, and may adversely affect exercise/sports performance. In this work, a rugby ball passing test under wet conditions was conducted to examine the influence of skin hydration on rugby ball handling performance. Then, a comprehensive study was carried out to assess skin structures, frictional properties and contact areas of the interface between human finger-pads and flat surfaces at different moist conditions. It was found that the handling performance of rugby balls is strongly associated with the skin moisture level. The experimental results of the skin friction study showed that the skin friction coefficient changes with hydration time following a “bell-shape” curve. It also showed that the corresponding thickness of the stratum corneum of the examined fingers increased due to the transmission of water in skin tissues. This leads to an increase in the contact area and friction force with hydration time. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 782-799 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1786299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1786299 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:782-799 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karel Hulka Author-X-Name-First: Karel Author-X-Name-Last: Hulka Author-Name: Matej Strniste Author-X-Name-First: Matej Author-X-Name-Last: Strniste Author-Name: David Prycl Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Prycl Title: Accuracy and reliability of Sage Analytics tracking system based on UWB technology for indoor team sports Abstract: Reliability and accuracy of Sage Analytics system for team games is currently unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess validity and reliability of SAGE Analytics during prescribed movements and specific basketball movements. Eighteen male basketball players completed straight line movements (28 m), zig zag movements (20 m) by walking, jogging and sprinting, and 4 on 4 small-sided game measured by Sage and VideoManualMotionTracker 1.0. Results: System seems to underestimate distance in protocols with changes of directions (2.09–3.49%) and slightly overestimate straight locomotion (1.91–2.38%). At the same time change of direction measurement protocol showed lower error than straight measurement protocol. System showed high reliability (r = 0.985, SEM = 1.42 m). Sage Analytics system was confirmed as a sufficient accurate and reliable tool to determine total distance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 800-807 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1788349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1788349 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:800-807 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ibai Errekagorri Author-X-Name-First: Ibai Author-X-Name-Last: Errekagorri Author-Name: Julen Castellano Author-X-Name-First: Julen Author-X-Name-Last: Castellano Author-Name: Ibon Echeazarra Author-X-Name-First: Ibon Author-X-Name-Last: Echeazarra Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Peñas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Peñas Title: The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer Abstract: The main purpose of the present study was to assess if the intervention of the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) had effects in the playing time and in the technical-tactical and physical performances of the teams in the Spanish LaLiga during 2018-19 season. A total of 375 matches were grouped according the number of VAR interventions: none (VAR0), one (VAR1) and two or three (VAR2). The variables recorded were: total (TPT) and effective (EPT) playing time, passes, dribbles, crosses, shots, goals, corners, fouls, width, length, height, distance from the goalkeeper to their defence, and total (TD) and above 21 km/h distance covered. The results were: I) there was a slight increase in the TPT in VAR2 compared to VAR1 and VAR0 (99.1 vs. 96.0 vs. 95.1, respectively); II) there was a decrease in the EPT between VAR0 and VAR1 (52.5 vs. 51.5); III) there was an increase in the number of goals (1.2 vs. 1.5 vs. 1.7, in VAR0, VAR1 and VAR2); and, IV) there was a slight decrease in the TD (108,916 vs. 107,916 vs. 106,977, in VAR0, VAR1 and VAR2). In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that the VAR hardly changes the game in elite soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 808-817 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1788350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1788350 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:808-817 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jin Hyun Kim Author-X-Name-First: Jin Hyun Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Angela L. Ridgel Author-X-Name-First: Angela L. Author-X-Name-Last: Ridgel Author-Name: Doug Hyun Han Author-X-Name-First: Doug Hyun Author-X-Name-Last: Han Title: Effects of interactive metronome on the changes in arm angle and motor timing in the upper extremity during a golf putt Abstract: The goal of this study was to examine if motor timing training alters the variability of the upper extremity movement during the golf putt. To improve motor timing, we utilised Interactive Metronome (IM), a software program that is designed to improve the rhythm and timing of intrinsic movements. Twenty participants who were registered in the Korea Ladies Professional Golf Association were randomly assigned to either an IM or control group. The IM group completed 12 motor timing sessions and the control group practised the golf putt swing alone over 12 sessions. Outcome measures, which were measured pre- and post-test, included: 1) arm angle during three parts of the swing section: Arm angle during the setup, impact and finish of the swing and motor timing was measured before and after the intervention. 2) motor timing measures of the right, left and both arms together. Variability of the arm angle was reduced during the putt (F (1,18) = 5.956, p = 0.025) setup. Motor timing of the right (F (1,18) = 4.922, p =.040) and left (F (1,18) = 4.904, p =.040) arms improved. This study shows that IM training can improve motor timing in the upper extremity and reduce variability in the arm motion during the golf putt. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 818-829 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1789427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1789427 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:818-829 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Kim Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: C. Youm Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Youm Author-Name: M. Son Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Son Author-Name: M. Lee Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: H. Park Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: B. Noh Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Noh Title: Kinematic sequence and time lag for pitch and lob shots in female pro-golfers Abstract: This study aimed to determine the differences in the kinematic sequence and time lag of body segments for shots (pitch and lob shots) at different distances (20 and 30 m) around the green. Ten skilled female golfers participated voluntarily. A repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance was performed to assess the effect of the peak angular velocity of the shots (20-m pitch, 30-m pitch, 20-m lob, and 30-m lob shots) on the segments and the effect of the peak angular velocity and time lag of the body segments (pelvis, thorax, upper arm, forearm, and hand) on the shots. All shots taken revealed a summation effect of velocity from proximal to distal body segments, regardless of the shot type (pitch or lob shot) or distance (20 or 30 m). The peak angular velocity of the body segments demonstrated that the velocities associated with the 30-m shots were significantly higher than those associated with the 20-m shots, and the velocities associated with lob shots were significantly higher than those associated with pitch shots, irrespective of the shot distance. This study provided additional insight into the mechanism for improving performances in the shots around the green. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 830-845 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1790235 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1790235 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:830-845 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomas Carlsson Author-X-Name-First: Tomas Author-X-Name-Last: Carlsson Author-Name: Jozef Berglez Author-X-Name-First: Jozef Author-X-Name-Last: Berglez Author-Name: Sebastian Koivisto Persson Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Koivisto Persson Author-Name: Magnus Carlsson Author-X-Name-First: Magnus Author-X-Name-Last: Carlsson Title: The impact of video review in karate kumite during a Premier League competition Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate whether a) the option to make video-review appeals influences the match outcome; b) the number of video reviews differs depending on the time period during a match; and the rejected-to-approved-appeal distribution differs depending on the c) time period during the match, d) match status, and e) match category in karate kumite. Video recordings from 555 matches in a Premier League competition were analysed. Point(s) awarded after the video review(s) changed the match outcome for a total of 47 matches, which corresponded to 13.1% of the matches with video review(s). The number of appealed video reviews increased for each 30-s time period in the 3-min matches (P < 0.001). The rejected-to-approved-appeal distribution differed depending on the time period during the match (P = 0.0025) but not depending on match status and match category (both P > 0.05). For karateka who had fewer points than the opponent, the rejected-to-approved-appeal distribution differed between time periods (P = 0.017). The option for coaches to make video-review appeals for techniques that were not awarded point(s) by the judges increased the chance for a fair match outcome in elite karate kumite. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 846-856 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1794258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1794258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:846-856 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabian Wunderlich Author-X-Name-First: Fabian Author-X-Name-Last: Wunderlich Author-Name: Felix Berge Author-X-Name-First: Felix Author-X-Name-Last: Berge Author-Name: Daniel Memmert Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Memmert Author-Name: Robert Rein Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Rein Title: Almost a lottery: the influence of team strength on success in penalty shootouts Abstract: Three aspects of penalty shootouts that have not been examined in the literature so far are 1) the influence of overall team strength on penalty success, 2) the viability of a forecasting model for penalty shootouts, and 3) the existence of a penalty-specific home advantage. To this end, a sample consisting of 1067 penalty shootouts from 14 cup competitions was investigated. Team strength was estimated based on betting odds and results show that stronger teams win significantly more shootouts compared to weaker teams. A forecasting model, based on an out-of-sample approach, suggests that the effect of team strength on success is rather small as the winning probability remains around 40% even for very weak teams against very strong teams. Thus, for weaker teams it seems advantageous to focus on drawing a game against stronger teams as their probability of success is much greater during a penalty shootout compared to normal game play. In contrast to the robust evidence of a home advantage during normal game play the results further indicate an absence for a home (or away) advantage during penalty shootouts. The results presented are therefore highly valuable for coaches in supporting clear tactical recommendations. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 857-869 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1799171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1799171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:857-869 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiří Baláš Author-X-Name-First: Jiří Author-X-Name-Last: Baláš Author-Name: Jan Busta Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Busta Author-Name: Milan Bílý Author-X-Name-First: Milan Author-X-Name-Last: Bílý Author-Name: Andrew Martin Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: Technical skills testing of elite slalom canoeists as a predictor of competition performance Abstract: The objective of the current study was to assess the reliability of paddling tests involving pivot turns and their relationship to performance level in elite slalom canoeists. Eighteen elite (national level, N = 9) and high performing elite (HPE – international level, N = 9) slalom canoeists performed timed paddling tests with a different number of pivot turns over progressively longer distances (3 x 40 m, 80 m, 200 m). The tests provided high test–retest reliability over time (ICC = ~0.9, CV = ~2%). HPE canoeists were faster in all tests than elite canoeists, however the largest differences were found over 200 m with 10 pivots (- 8.7 s, P < 0.001, Hedges’ g = 1.87). The time of pivoting on their preferred side was similar between elite and HPE canoeists (∆ 0.2 s, P = 0.162, g = 0.62); however, pivoting on their non-preferred side was significantly faster (- 0.6 s, P = 0.004, g = 1.44) in HPE canoeists. The results showed that paddling tests with simple technical elements clearly distinguished HPE from elite slalom paddlers. The paddling test over 200 m predicted best the performance level and is suitable for training practice in elite slalom canoeists. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 870-878 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1801200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1801200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:870-878 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Del Coso Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Del Coso Author-Name: Diego Brito de Souza Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Brito de Souza Author-Name: Roberto López-Del Campo Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: López-Del Campo Author-Name: Hugo Blanco-Pita Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco-Pita Author-Name: Ricardo Resta Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Resta Title: The football championship is won when playing away: difference in match statistics between the winner and the second-place team in LaLiga Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify match statistics that best explained the differences between the first- and the second-placed teams in the Spanish National football championship (LaLiga). For this aim, the number of wins, draws, losses, distribution of scored/received goals, and accumulated attack, and defensive match statistics were obtained of the 1st and 2nd place teams for eight seasons (from 2010–2011 to 2017–2018). In comparison to the championship winner, the second-place team obtained a similar number of victories at home but a lower number of away wins (effect size [ES] = moderate). The goal-based variables with the highest effect size between the first- and second-place teams were a higher number of goals scored while playing away and a lower number of goals received while playing away (ES = moderate). A higher shooting accuracy along with less conceded shots and conceded corners (ES = moderate), were the match statistics with the highest effect size between the investigated teams. A higher number of wins when playing away was the best indicator of performance to differentiate between the championship winner and the second-place team. Increased shooting accuracy and conceding less shots from corners might also aid in obtaining victory in LaLiga. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 879-891 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1801201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1801201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:879-891 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikael Jamil Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Jamil Author-Name: Perry Littman Author-X-Name-First: Perry Author-X-Name-Last: Littman Author-Name: Marco Beato Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Beato Title: Investigating inter-league and inter-nation variations of key determinants for penalty success across European football Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the inter-league and inter-nation variations of key performance, situational and individual variables on penalty success across four elite European football leagues. A sample of 1,716 penalty kicks taken in four consecutive seasons (2015/16 – 2018/19) were analysed via a series of bootstrapped regressions. Results revealed that penalty success in each country depends upon; the length of the run up, the direction of the strike, the type of strike, which foot the penalty is struck with, match status, time periods and venue, but to varying extents in each league. Penalty takers in the English Premier League aimed centrally (p = 0.003) whereas penalty kicks were aimed towards the bottom corners in the Spanish La Liga (p = 0.009), German Bundesliga (p = 0.004) and Italian Serie A (p = 0.004). Inter-nation variations were also discovered between classes of variables associated with the length of the run-up, the type of strike, which foot the penalty is struck with, match status, time periods and venue. The authors conclude that penalty takers should pay special attention to the inter-league variations discovered in this study in order to further inform their penalty strategies and enhance their levels of unpredictability, ultimately increasing their penalty proficiency. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 892-907 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1794720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1794720 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:892-907 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alliance Kubayi Author-X-Name-First: Alliance Author-X-Name-Last: Kubayi Author-Name: Paul Larkin Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Larkin Title: Technical performance of soccer teams according to match outcome at the 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the technical performance variables between teams which won and lost matches during the 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup tournament. The sample consisted of 48 games played during the tournament. Data were obtained from the InStat Scout platform. Results showed that winning teams performed significantly (p < 0.05) better than losing teams in terms of technical performance variables such as total passes, passing accuracy, ball possession, shots, shots on target, aerial challenges, ball recovery patterns, and set piece indicators. Losing teams made more tackles, lost the ball more often, and received more yellow cards than winning teams. The findings of the current study may assist soccer coaches in structuring their team tactics and coaching sessions to improve the chances of winning in women’s international soccer competitions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 908-916 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1809320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1809320 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:5:p:908-916 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: María Reina Author-X-Name-First: María Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Author-Name: Javier García-Rubio Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: García-Rubio Author-Name: Pedro T. Esteves Author-X-Name-First: Pedro T. Author-X-Name-Last: Esteves Author-Name: Sergio J. Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Sergio J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Title: How external load of youth basketball players varies according to playing position, game period and playing time Abstract: One of the main challenges in sports coaching is to monitor competitive performance in order to adjust training load. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how playing position, game period and playing time influenced the physical demands of youth basketball players. Six measures of external load (total distance covered, high-speed distance, number of accelerations, decelerations, jumps and player load) were collected from 48 youth basketball players, over the course of a short tournament, through the use of a local positioning tracking system (WIMUPROTM). Player activity profiles were analysed in function of i) player position (guard, forward and centers), ii) game period (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) and iii) playing time (important players vs less important players). Forwards presented a greater level of variability in the external load measures while guards were the most stable players throughout the game. An increase in the level of variability of players’ workloads was observed during the game, especially from periods Q1 to Q3 and Q3 to Q4. The number of jumps per minute emerged as the variable with greater variation in association with playing time. Our results provide further support for the importance of considering performance variability for the design of individual training loads. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 917-930 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1818973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1818973 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:917-930 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Coves Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Coves Author-Name: C. Caballero Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Caballero Author-Name: F.J. Moreno Author-X-Name-First: F.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Title: Relationship between kinematic variability and performance in basketball free-throw Abstract: Basketball Free-throw analysis has been approached from different research areas, trying to explore if an ideal throw pattern exists or if the throwing movement responds to different patterns depending on players’ characteristics. Nevertheless, not only are there differences in the technique between players, but they also show intrinsic variability in a series of throws. The relationship between inter- and intra-individual variability in kinematics and performance and the exploration of the existence of kinematic variables that can characterise successful throw patterns were analysed. Kinematic variables of 20 participants performing free-throws were analysed, finding that each player has an individual release pattern, adapted to his/her characteristics. Therefore, training should be adapted to his/her individualities. Nonetheless, the higher hand velocity at the time of the ball release was the main relevant variable for succeeding. Regarding the variability and performance relationship, not all players achieved success when their throwing technique was close to their average pattern. This study may influence the way in which technique training exercises are designed, stressing the significance of allowing the player to explore among the different options of his/her motor perceptual system, finding those configurations which are more suitable to his/her characteristics. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 931-941 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1820172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1820172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:931-941 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice Harkness-Armstrong Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Harkness-Armstrong Author-Name: Kevin Till Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Till Author-Name: Naomi Datson Author-X-Name-First: Naomi Author-X-Name-Last: Datson Author-Name: Stacey Emmonds Author-X-Name-First: Stacey Author-X-Name-Last: Emmonds Title: Technical characteristics of elite youth female soccer match-play: position and age group comparisons between under 14 and under 16 age groups Abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify the technical characteristics of U14 and U16 elite youth female soccer match-play and compare position-specific differences between and within these age groups. A total of 449 match observations from 45 matches were undertaken on 189 players representing Regional Talent Centres in The Football Association’s Girls’ England Talent Pathway league. Linear mixed modelling determined position-specific differences for 24 technical and 4 possession-based variables. Results showed similar team possession-based characteristics at both age groups. Interceptions (U14 = 4.6 ± 0.3, U16 = 3.9 ± 0.3) and tackles (U14 = 4.2 ± 0.3, U16 = 3.2 ± 0.3) were the most common defensive actions. Passes were the most common offensive action (U14 = 21.8 ± 1.8, U16 = 25.1 ± 1.9). In possession, U14 central players performed more actions than wide players, whilst actions were more evenly distributed amongst positions at U16, suggesting a variation in playing style between age groups. Technical performances of players were position-dependent, and differences in offensive and defensive variables were observed between age groups across all positions. These findings may assist practitioners in informing specific coaching practice, training programme design or talent identification processes within this population. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 942-959 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1820173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1820173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:942-959 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanne Kyra Loo Author-X-Name-First: Joanne Kyra Author-X-Name-Last: Loo Author-Name: John William Francis Author-X-Name-First: John William Author-X-Name-Last: Francis Author-Name: Michael Bateman Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Bateman Title: Athletes’ and coaches’ perspectives of performance analysis in women’s sports in Singapore Abstract: To date, little consideration has been given to the context in which performance analysis (PA) is used by female athletes, in women’s sports and in an Asian context. Through the use of an online questionnaire and follow-up semi-structured interviews, the perspectives towards the use of PA and feedback by athletes and coaches in two female’s sports in Singapore (water polo: one coach and 13 athletes; netball: one coach and eight athletes) were explored. Four key themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (1) learning environment in teams, (2) considerations on the use of PA to aid development and learning, (3) application of game-related learning into practice through PA and (4) organisation of PA sessions: duration and design. The results indicated female athletes from Asian cultures welcomed group discussions, viewed information around areas for development in a positive light and were receptive to longer video reviews. Coaches and analysts should acknowledge the culture of the learner or group in addition to the session format when planning and delivering PA provisions to best meet the learners’ needs. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 960-981 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1820174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1820174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:960-981 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Carvalho Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Carvalho Author-Name: P.T. Esteves Author-X-Name-First: P.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Esteves Author-Name: C. Nunes Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Nunes Author-Name: D. Araújo Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Araújo Author-Name: W.F. Helsen Author-X-Name-First: W.F. Author-X-Name-Last: Helsen Author-Name: B. Travassos Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Title: Observe and make a call: football referee’s assessment is context sensitive Abstract: This study aimed to understand the level of agreement between different methods of observation and assessment of the performance of football referees carried out by Referee Match Observers: (i) live; (ii) live + video and (iii) single video. A total of 34 Referee Match Observers from the 1st category of the Portuguese Football Association (FA) participated in the study. The evaluation followed the official assessment guidelines according to three criteria: (a) general evaluation; (b) game difficulty and general performance; and (c) disciplinary actions and game management. Results revealed different levels of agreement in the judgement and evaluation of the referee’s performance between live, live + video and video only. Results suggest that the combination of live and video analysis allow RMOs to be more perceptually attuned to the events that convey relevant information to better support the assessment of referee’s performance. This work offers evidence for the redesign of official observation procedures and policies of football governing bodies that are in charge in charge of referee’s match evaluations. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 982-993 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1820194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1820194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:982-993 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Markel Rico-González Author-X-Name-First: Markel Author-X-Name-Last: Rico-González Author-Name: Asier Los Arcos Author-X-Name-First: Asier Author-X-Name-Last: Los Arcos Author-Name: Fabio Y. Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Fabio Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Author-Name: Patrus Gantois Author-X-Name-First: Patrus Author-X-Name-Last: Gantois Author-Name: José Pino-Ortega Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Pino-Ortega Title: A comparison between UWB and GPS devices in the measurement of external load and collective tactical behaviour variables during a professional official match Abstract: The aim of the study was to compare the agreement of the data on the kinematic demands and collective tactical variables during a professional soccer match between GPS and UWB sensors. The data were extracted from a professional soccer match played in “the regular season” during 2019-2020. The analysis indicated a high-degree of agreement between UWB and GPS sensors to measure the total distance covered (ICC>0.94). In addition, Bland-Altman plots showed a low average difference for the total distance covered between the devices (mean difference = -0.011 to -0.017 m). Although the collective tactical variable (i.e. surface area) showed a high-degree of agreement between both devices (i.e. ICC>0.84), a significant main effect was found for the average difference between the UWB sensor and GPS sensor (mean difference = -9.25 to 57.41 m2). In addition, Bland-Altman plots showed a slight systematic bias for lower surface area measured by the GPS sensor in comparison to the UWB sensor. Researchers and technical staff should consider that the data provided by the GPS and UWB can be interchangeable in the analysed kinematic variables. However, the data provided by the devices cannot be compared in the analysed collective variables due to the differences found.  Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 994-1002 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1823153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1823153 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:994-1002 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Lignell Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Lignell Author-Name: Vincenzo Rago Author-X-Name-First: Vincenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Rago Author-Name: Magni Mohr Author-X-Name-First: Magni Author-X-Name-Last: Mohr Title: Analysis of goal scoring opportunities in elite male ice hockey in relation to tactical and contextual variables Abstract: We sought to examine whether goal scoring opportunities (GSO) in elite ice hockey was affected by tactical and contextual variables. An ice hockey specific notational match analysis instrument was applied to collect 4886 GSO from 192 competitive games in the top Swedish tier. Data were collected from one elite male team and its opponents during three consecutive competitive seasons. All GSO were categorised in tactical and contextual variables. In total, 13.2% (644) of all GSO (4886) resulted in a goal. Two logistic regressions were conducted to examine the impact of tactical and contextual variables on the outcome of GSO. The multivariate analysis demonstrated higher probability to score when shooting from an area close to the goal (OR [95%CI]=.54 [.42-.69]; p <.01). Additionally, differences in numbers of involved players in specific positions, both forwards and defenders affected the probability to score a goal (p <.05) and that the probability to score from a GSO was higher in second (OR [95%CI]=1.35 [1.02-1.79]; p<.05) and third (OR [95%CI]: 1.38 [1.04-1.83], p <.05) compared to first game-period. Summarised, the study provides an insight of how goal scoring is impacted by several tactical and contextual variables. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1003-1017 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1823161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1823161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1003-1017 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenxia Guo Author-X-Name-First: Wenxia Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Author-Name: Meifu Liang Author-X-Name-First: Meifu Author-X-Name-Last: Liang Author-Name: Dandan Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Dandan Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Author-Name: Weiya Hao Author-X-Name-First: Weiya Author-X-Name-Last: Hao Title: A systematic and comparative study on the line-changing strategies in top-level table tennis players Abstract: Line-changing strategies are key tactics that can contribute to the successful performance of table tennis players. The purposes of this study were to explore the characters and development trend of line-changing tactics in top-level table tennis players and compare the differences of line-changing tactics between Chinese players and players from other countries. A computerised notational analysis was performed by using the specialised technical and tactical video analysis system of “Ping Pong Military Division” with 80 table tennis matches played by 24 right-hand male top-ranked players as samples and chose the usage rate, scoring rate and contribution rate as the evaluation parameters of different line-changing tactics. The results showed that (1) the line-changing strategies were more widely used in the new plastic ball era, and the tactic of changing the line to forehand position and changing the line from crosscourt to crosscourt tactics increased significantly; (2) Chinese players had outstanding scoring skills in line-changing strategies, not only for the consciousness but also for the scoring ability. These findings indicated that stroke placement and stroke line are playing an increasingly important role in table tennis, which may inform coaches and players for taking corresponding countermeasures. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1018-1034 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1823162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1823162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1018-1034 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Author-Name: Mark R. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Mark R. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Daniel T. Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Daniel T. Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Author-Name: Craig A. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Craig A. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Technical testing and match analysis statistics as part of the talent development process in an English football academy Abstract: Technical ability is recognised as a fundamental prerequisite to achieve senior professional status in football. However, research is yet to investigate what technical attributes contribute to greater coach perceived potential within an academy environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine technical ability and skill behaviour as contributing factors to coach potential ratings in an English football academy. Ninety-eight outfield academy players (Foundation Development Phase [FDP] under-9 to under-11 n= 40; Youth Development Phase [YDP] under-12 to under-16 n= 58) participated in the study. Four football-specific technical tests were used to measure technical ability, whilst eight match analysis statistics from competitive match-play across an entire season were observed to measure skill behaviour. A classification of “higher-potentials” (top third) and “lower-potentials” (bottom third) were applied through coach rankings. Within the FDP, higher-potentials performed significantly better (P< 0.05) on the lob pass test, alongside greater reliability in possession, pass completion, and total touches for match analysis statistics. Within the YDP, higher-potentials performed significantly better (P< 0.05) on all four technical tests, alongside greater reliability in possession, dribble completion, and total touches for match analysis statistics. Results suggest football-specific technical tests and “in possession” skill behaviours may provide discriminative tools that align with perceived potential. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1035-1051 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1824865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1824865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1035-1051 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: António Silveira Author-X-Name-First: António Author-X-Name-Last: Silveira Author-Name: Luís Rama Author-X-Name-First: Luís Author-X-Name-Last: Rama Title: The influence of different track surfaces and bicycles on mountain biking performance Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the impact induced by different track surfaces and type of bicycles on the mechanical and physiological variables in mountain biker performance.Sixteen mountain bike male athletes (70,2 ± 5,4 kg of body mass, 172,7 ± 4,0 cm of height, 9,8 ± 3,5% of body fat, 52,3 ± 3,9 mL/kg/min of VO2max) participated in this study. After the laboratory cardiorespiratory, athletes complete in random order 3 field trials of 20 minutes performed at maximum intensity. The type of bike (road and mountain bikes) and surface (ground and asphalt tracks) were changed in each trail.The trials on ground track and asphalt with MTB showed no differences in most of the variables except in the values of mechanical power output. Between the ground and asphalt trials on MTB, we observed associations in mean (r = 0,877) and maximum heart rates (r = 0,879), mean (r = 0,923) and relative (r = 0,913) power outputs. The trials performed on asphalt with different bicycles showed differences in the mean power output (p = 0,007).We conclude that the different track surfaces and bicycles influence the external power output values, without changes in the central component of the effort (heart rate). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1052-1060 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1826692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1826692 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1052-1060 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Florian Doppelhammer Author-X-Name-First: Florian Author-X-Name-Last: Doppelhammer Author-Name: Michael Stöckl Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Stöckl Title: Effects of the 2017/18 rule changes in fight duration, fight decisions, scores, penalties, and attempts in judo, based on systematic competition analysis of the World Championships 2015 and 2018 Abstract: The International Judo Federation (IJF) has changed the book of rules several times recently, with the last changes being implemented in 2018. Based on a systematic performance analysis, before and after the last rule changes, this research investigates how these changes have affected fight duration, fight decisions, scores, penalties, and attempts in judo. Data was collected from 308 judo fights of the World Championships 2015 in Astana and 2018 in Baku using video footage. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS and consisted of descriptive statistics, paired T-tests and Wilcoxon tests, the effect sizes were calculated with Cohen`s d and r, respectively. The results show that the amount of fight decisions Ippon (Astana: 31.20%; Baku: 43.50%; p = .046; d = 0.59) and Wazaari-awasete-Ippon (Astana: 7.10%; Baku: 15.60%; p = .031; d = 0.65) increased, whereas the occurrence of Shido fight decisions decreased (Astana: 21.40%; Baku: 7.10%; p = .009; d = 0.50) at the 2018 World Championships, compared to 2015. No statistical differences were found between these two competitions regarding the number of attacks, attack frequencies, effectiveness and fight duration. Future research should investigate the differences between the weight categories, as well as further adjustments of judoka to the new rules. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1061-1071 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1827565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1827565 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1061-1071 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guilherme Machado Author-X-Name-First: Guilherme Author-X-Name-Last: Machado Author-Name: Sixto González-Víllora Author-X-Name-First: Sixto Author-X-Name-Last: González-Víllora Author-Name: Hugo Sarmento Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmento Author-Name: Israel Teoldo Author-X-Name-First: Israel Author-X-Name-Last: Teoldo Title: Development of Tactical Decision-making Skills in Youth Soccer Players: Macro- and Microstructure of Soccer Developmental Activities as a Discriminant of Different Skill Levels Abstract: Decision-making in soccer is considered an important factor for soccer players achieve high-performance level. Studies in several sports indicated that tactical decision-making skills are necessary for skilful performance. We aimed to analyse whether soccer players with different levels of decision-making skills can be differentiated based on their engagement in various types and amounts of soccer activities during their development. The sample comprised 149 Brazilian youth male soccer players (M = 14.9, SD = 1.6 years). We examined the type and amount of soccer activities that contributed to distinguish players with different levels of offensive and defensive decision-making skills. Players’ tactical decision-making skills were assessed with an objective video-based test (TacticUP® video test for soccer). We used a retrospective questionnaire to collect information about previous participation in different soccer developmental activities. The main activities that differentiated high/low skill groups in the macrostructure activities were: i) team practice; and in the microstructure: ii) collective tactics; and iii) “high decision-making opportunities”. We concluded that previous soccer developmental activities discriminate youth soccer players with different levels of decision-making skills. The main activities that differentiated high/low groups were: 1) team practice; 2) collective tactics in team practice, and; 3) “high decision-making opportunities” in team practice. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1072-1091 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1829368 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1829368 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1072-1091 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Josianne Rodrigues-Krause Author-X-Name-First: Josianne Author-X-Name-Last: Rodrigues-Krause Author-Name: Felipe Pereira da Silveira Author-X-Name-First: Felipe Pereira da Author-X-Name-Last: Silveira Author-Name: Juliano Boufleur Farinha Author-X-Name-First: Juliano Boufleur Author-X-Name-Last: Farinha Author-Name: João Vargas Junior Author-X-Name-First: João Vargas Author-X-Name-Last: Junior Author-Name: Camila Marini Author-X-Name-First: Camila Author-X-Name-Last: Marini Author-Name: Emerson Barata Fragoso Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Barata Author-X-Name-Last: Fragoso Author-Name: Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Alvaro Author-X-Name-Last: Reischak-Oliveira Title: Cardiorespiratory Responses and Energy Contribution in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Exercise Sets Abstract: This study aimed to describe cardiorespiratory responses and energy contribution in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) sets, performed all-out, with different durations. Participants were ten male athletes (purple-black belt), aged 26.9 ± 5.8 yrs. They underwent maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2MAX) and time-to-exhaustion tests. BJJ sets were evaluated under different modes (armbar, takedown, guard pass) and durations (30, 60, 90s). V̇O2 was continuously measured during exercise and recovery. BJJ sets were performed at moderate-high aerobic intensities (62.3–87.7%V̇O2MAX) at 60 and 90s, for all modes (p ≤ 0.05). V̇O2PEAK (mL/kg−1/min−1) during BJJ sets was elevated from 30 to 60s, as follows: armbar 24.6 ± 4.6 vs.35.5 ± 7.0; takedown 32.5 ± 4.4 vs. 43.9 ± 7.7; and guard pass 35.4 ± 8.3 vs. 45.9 ± 8.4. There was no difference between 60 and 90s. Mean values of V̇O2 (V̇O2AER) and V̇O2TOTAL (V̇O2AER+V̇O2EPOC) increased with the duration of the BJJ sets, in accordance with increased total energy expenditure and aerobic contribution (Kcal-AER). No differences were found for V̇O2EPOC, and alactic contribution (Kcal-ALAC) was not affected by either mode or duration. In conclusion, augmenting the duration of BJJ sets increased exercise intensity, V̇O2TOTAL and energy expenditure, which was mainly driven by increases in aerobic contribution. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1092-1106 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1829429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1829429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1092-1106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefan Marković Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Marković Author-Name: Milivoj Dopsaj Author-X-Name-First: Milivoj Author-X-Name-Last: Dopsaj Author-Name: Anton Umek Author-X-Name-First: Anton Author-X-Name-Last: Umek Author-Name: Goran Prebeg Author-X-Name-First: Goran Author-X-Name-Last: Prebeg Author-Name: Anton Kos Author-X-Name-First: Anton Author-X-Name-Last: Kos Title: The relationship of pistol movement measured by a kinematic sensor, shooting performance and handgrip strength Abstract: This paper aims to determine the relationship between the measures of shooting performance handgrip strength and weapon kinematics during different phases of the shot. The research included 35 participants who performed shooting sessions on 6 and 15 m shooting distance. Moderate (r > 0.388, p < 0.05) correlations were found between the handgrip strength and shooting performance. In the interval 1.0–0.1 s before the shot moderate correlations of weapon acceleration, accuracy and precision were determined (r > 0.310, p < 0.05) at the 6 m distance. Moderate correlations of shooting precision and rotational speed were found for the shooting distance 15 m for the same time interval (r > 0.413, p < 0.05). Moderate to high correlations of shooting accuracy, precision and weapon kinematics were found for both shooting distances (r > 0.405, p < 0.05) in the time interval 0.1–0.0 s. Absolute handgrip strength was a superior predictor of shooting performance than relative strength. Precision was more related to handgrip strength than accuracy and this relationship was more pronounced with distance. Correlations of shooting performance and rotational speed indicate high influence of the rotational component of weapon movement on the result. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1107-1119 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1833624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1833624 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1107-1119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikael Jamil Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Jamil Author-Name: Samuel Kerruish Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Kerruish Title: At what age are English Premier League players at their most productive? A case study investigating the peak performance years of elite professional footballers Abstract: Seasonal statistics for 637 professional football players performing in the English Premier League (EPL) across 3 intermittent seasons were analysed via a series of Kruskal–Wallis tests in order to determine the most productive (peak) years of players’ careers. Contrary to previous research, results revealed that age had no bearing on the technical performance levels of goalkeepers, full-backs, central defenders or central midfielders performing in the EPL. Wingers aged between 16–20 and 21–25 have significantly more shots on target (p = 0.022, p = 0.040) and more attempts from open play (p = 0.012, p = 0.028) than wingers over the age of 26. Results also revealed that strikers aged between 21 and 25 are more adept at executing specific attacking actions such as scoring goals from outside the box (p = 0.024) and shooting on target from outside the box (p = 0.021) than older strikers aged between 26 and 30. Evidence is discovered proving that ageing trends are present but not uniform across the sport of football. The authors conclude that further league specific case studies are required in order to identify the unique characteristics and peculiarities of foreign leagues enabling a more objective approach to recruitment decisions and individualised coaching plans. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1120-1133 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1833625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1833625 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1120-1133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leesa A. Pearce Author-X-Name-First: Leesa A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pearce Author-Name: Anthony S. Leicht Author-X-Name-First: Anthony S. Author-X-Name-Last: Leicht Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Ruano Author-Name: Wade H. Sinclair Author-X-Name-First: Wade H. Author-X-Name-Last: Sinclair Author-Name: Carl T. Woods Author-X-Name-First: Carl T. Author-X-Name-Last: Woods Title: The type and variation of evasive manoeuvres during an attacking task differ across a rugby league development pathway Abstract: This study examined the relationship between evasive skill and developmental level in a rugby league (RL) talent pathway. An observational and cross-sectional research design was used with a total sample of 90 male participants (under 18, n = 30; under 20, n = 30; and state league, n = 30) performing an attack play task, requiring three attackers to compete against two defenders to successfully generate a “line-break”. Assessment criteria of the task included start position, type of evasive manoeuvre and task outcome (successful line-break or not), with relationships determined using the Fischer’s exact test (Crosstabs Command) with adjusted residuals (AR) and the multinomial logistic regression. Outcome scores for the task did not significantly differ between development levels, but the relationship between development level and evasive manoeuvres was significant (χ2 = 35.916; df = 26; P = 0.026; ES = 0.27). State league players had a greater frequency of “angled run”, “all square run” and combinations of evasive manoeuvres compared to the other levels. This study demonstrated that variation and type of evasive manoeuvre used by players differed across developmental level. These results could support the design of training activities intended to develop evasive skill in talented junior RL players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1134-1142 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1834490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1834490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1134-1142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: João Vítor de Assis Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Vítor de Assis Author-Name: Sixto González-Víllora Author-X-Name-First: Sixto Author-X-Name-Last: González-Víllora Author-Name: Filipe Manuel Clemente Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Clemente Author-Name: Felippe Cardoso Author-X-Name-First: Felippe Author-X-Name-Last: Cardoso Author-Name: Israel Teoldo Author-X-Name-First: Israel Author-X-Name-Last: Teoldo Title: Do youth soccer players with different tactical behaviour also perform differently in decision-making and visual search strategies? Abstract: The study aimed to compare the decision-making and visual search strategies of young soccer players between two groups based on the results on-field specific tactical test. Ninety youth male soccer players (14.0 ± 1.06 years) affiliated to regional Brazilian clubs participated in this study (U-15 years). The tactical behaviour was assessed using the FUT-SAT assessment tool and players were grouped into two groups of tactical skill level: more skilled and less skilled. Video-based tests were used to assess decision-making, while visual search strategies were performed using the Mobile Eye-XG®. The results indicated that the more skilled showed better decision-making scores compared to the less skilled (p= 0.035. d= 0.57). The more skilled also performed a higher mean number of fixations per trial (p= 0.002; d= 0.99); and had a lower mean duration of fixation (p= 0.020; d= 0.73). No differences were found between groups in terms the percentage viewing time per locations. The results suggest that young soccer players who are more tactically skilled were also those with better decision-making and performed visual search strategies with more visual fixations of shorter duration in comparison to less skilled. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1143-1156 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1838784 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1838784 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:20:y:2020:i:6:p:1143-1156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José M. Gamonales Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gamonales Author-Name: Jesús Muñoz Jiménez Author-X-Name-First: Jesús Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz Jiménez Author-Name: David Mancha-Triguero Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Mancha-Triguero Author-Name: Sergio J. Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Sergio J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Title: The influence of the competition phase and the result of the match on the competitive demands in football 5-a-side for the visually impaired Abstract: The use of inertial devices to assess load during competition makes it possible to objectively analyse football players’ performance. The purpose of the present study was to analyse physical-physiological demands in footballers 5-a-side, as well as to ascertain the differences among the participating teams as a function of the competition phase (preliminary round/final phase) and result of the match (win/loss). The independent variables analysed were competition phase and result of the match, and the dependent variables were objective external kinematic load (distance, acceleration and deceleration), and neuromuscular load (player load), as well as the variables of objective internal load (heart rate). A descriptive analysis (M±SD), Student’s t-test and a general linear model were performed to discover the associations between the external and internal loads and the independent variables. The results show differences among the participating teams depending on competition phase and the result of the match. Moreover, the winning teams recorded a higher load in the preliminary round and the losing teams in the final phase. Thus, football 5-a-side for the visually impaired is a physically demanding sports discipline with a high degree of uncertainty. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-11 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1833640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1833640 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:1-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paulo Moreira Bogossian Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Moreira Author-X-Name-Last: Bogossian Author-Name: Paula Alessandra Di Filippo Author-X-Name-First: Paula Alessandra Author-X-Name-Last: Di Filippo Author-Name: Carlos Rafaell Correia-Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Rafaell Author-X-Name-Last: Correia-Oliveira Title: Effect of racetrack surface on glycolytic activity of trained endurance horses Abstract: No study has analysed the effects of wet and dry racetrack surface on the glycolytic activity of Arabian horses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of wet and dry racetrack surfaces during a riding test in an Arabian endurance horse. Using a counterbalanced design, nine healthy and trained mixed-bred Arabian horses performed a single-step riding test on a wet (compacted sand) or dry (uncompacted sand) racetrack surface. The wet racetrack received a daily wetting and was compacted using a tractor, while the dry racetrack was upturned by a tractor daily. Both racetracks were elliptical with straight lines of 600 m and total length around 900 metres. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein, immediately after the end of the test, and used for the analysis of blood lactate concentration. Mean blood lactate concentration was significantly higher after the riding test on the dry racetrack (2.6 ± 1.6 mmol/L) compared with wet racetrack (0.9 ± 0.3 mmol/L) surface (p = 0.007; d = 1.48, [large]; 95%CI = 0.37–2.44). In conclusion, dry racetrack surface increases lactic anaerobic contribution in trained Arabian horses during a single-step riding test in the field. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 12-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1842625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1842625 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:12-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edda van Meurs Author-X-Name-First: Edda Author-X-Name-Last: van Meurs Author-Name: Tim Buszard Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Buszard Author-Name: Stephanie Kovalchik Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Kovalchik Author-Name: Damian Farrow Author-X-Name-First: Damian Author-X-Name-Last: Farrow Author-Name: Machar Reid Author-X-Name-First: Machar Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Title: Interpersonal coordination in tennis: assessing the positional advantage index with Australian Open Hawkeye data Abstract: Dynamical systems theory provides researchers with statistical tools to explore nonlinear relationships that evolve based on spatio-temporal relationships between performers. In tennis, the Positional Advantage (PA) Index identifies a player who has an advantage to win the point as a consequence of their position on the court relative to their opponent. However, the PA Index was initially developed based on a small sample of professional tennis matches coupled with intuitive reasoning. Additionally, we believed the PA Index could be improved by applying weightings to each player’s lateral and longitudinal displacements, and by taking into account contextual factors (player orientation and identification of the player impacting the ball). Therefore, we assessed and sought to improve the PA Index by using a larger sample of empirical data from the 2017 Australian Open. The best equation was determined by assessing the correspondence between PA Index values and the outcome of a point. Despite our best efforts to improve the PA Index, results confirmed that the original equation was the best measure of positional advantage. Our discussion focuses on the value of the PA Index for understanding tennis performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 22-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1843213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1843213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:22-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Davi Correia da Silva Author-X-Name-First: Davi Author-X-Name-Last: Correia da Silva Author-Name: Mariana Calábria Lopes Author-X-Name-First: Mariana Calábria Author-X-Name-Last: Lopes Author-Name: Sixto González-Víllora Author-X-Name-First: Sixto Author-X-Name-Last: González-Víllora Author-Name: Hugo Sarmento Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmento Author-Name: Israel Teoldo Author-X-Name-First: Israel Author-X-Name-Last: Teoldo Title: Tactical behaviour differences of high and low-performing youth soccer players in small-sided and conditioned games Abstract: This study aimed to compare the quantity and quality of tactical actions of high- and low-performing players in two small-sided and conditioned games: (1) standard 3v3 plus goalkeepers, featuring equality for both teams, and; (2) numerical superiority in the offensive phase with two joker players inside the playing field. Fifty-one Under-15 soccer players who performed 8,267 tactical actions were evaluated with the use of the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT). Descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t-student, Wilcoxon and Cohen’s kappa tests were applied (p < 0.05) using the SPSS, version 20.0. The high-performing players performed more actions inside the centre of play and low-performing players only increased actions outside the centre of play. Playing with jokers also made the high-performing players increase the total amount of offensive and defensive tactical actions whilst the low-performing players only performed more defensive tactical actions. It was concluded that high-performing players adapt better their positions and their movements on situational demands of the game, performing more offensive and defensive actions closer to the ball carrier. On the other hand, low-performing players performed more actions in spaces further from the centre of play, in both the offensive and defensive phase. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 33-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1843214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1843214 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:33-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Rojas-Valverde Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Rojas-Valverde Author-Name: Markel Rico-González Author-X-Name-First: Markel Author-X-Name-Last: Rico-González Author-Name: José María Giménez-Egido Author-X-Name-First: José María Author-X-Name-Last: Giménez-Egido Author-Name: José Pino-Ortega Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Pino-Ortega Title: Physical fitness and conditioning in badminton school matches: a comparison between modalities and sexes Abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine physical fitness and conditioning external workload depending on different badminton modalities (badminton (BAD) and mini badminton (BADMini)) and sex. Twenty-eight scholar-age children (16 boys and 12 girls) participated in a two days congested-fixture tournament (84 matches), and external training load was quantified using six antennae ultra-wideband technology. The results showed that different badminton modalities (BAD and BADMini) induce different external workloads. In addition, sex-related differences were found in both modalities. In conclusion, the differences found between both BAD modalities (BAD and BADMini) make suitable the use of space restriction to adapt BAD to scholar badminton players, allowing a walk among elite players and young players. Moreover, sex-related differences found in both modalities demonstrate that the coaches should make individualised training programmes. The quantification of external training load reported would be helpful to provide badminton academy coaches to prepare specific near competition programmes such as tournaments. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 51-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1845535 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1845535 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:51-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco M. Argudo Author-X-Name-First: Francisco M. Author-X-Name-Last: Argudo Author-Name: Pablo García Marín Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: García Marín Author-Name: Pablo J. Borges Hernández Author-X-Name-First: Pablo J. Author-X-Name-Last: Borges Hernández Author-Name: Encarnación Ruíz-Lara Author-X-Name-First: Encarnación Author-X-Name-Last: Ruíz-Lara Title: Influence of rule changes on shooting performance in balanced matches between two European water polo championship Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the influence of rules changes on shots performance in balanced matches considering two male European Championship with different rules. All shots made in matches with a final score with differences of three goals or less in 27th European Championship in 2006 (Belgrade, Serbia) and 34th European Championship in 2020 (Budapest, Hungary) were analysed in the present study. The total sample was composed of 2,493 shots (1,115 in Belgrade Championship and 1,378 in Budapest). The study was developed with an observational design. The reliability between the observers was verified using the kappa agreement index, ensuring that in all cases this value was greater than .85. There are differences in the number of shots taken between the two championships. There is a lower number of shots after a foul, as well as drive shot with rebound on short post and large post in inequality situation. There are fewer shots in the counterattack and more shots in inequality. In both micro situations, there are more shots from the left side and less shot with feint or center shots. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 61-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1846111 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1846111 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:61-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hayden Croft Author-X-Name-First: Hayden Author-X-Name-Last: Croft Author-Name: Kirsten Spencer Author-X-Name-First: Kirsten Author-X-Name-Last: Spencer Author-Name: Sam Robertson Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson Title: What tactical and technical comments do coaches make during netball matches? A content analysis in netball Abstract: In sport, an “explosion” of information has meant that coaches may not have the time or cognitive resources to integrate it effectively into their decision-making. Research suggests that a disconnect exists between the information provided from the “sport scientist to coach”, and subsequently between “coach to player”. Further investigation is required to determine the detail within the tactical and technical instruction, with the aim of creating better alignment and implementation between the performance data collected and actual coach requirements during a game. Using inductive content analysis, with an independent researcher acting as a “critical friend”, themes and dimensions were extracted from audio recordings of six coaches’ (ANZ Premiership netball) conversations during competition. Analysis of the transcribed recordings found that the coaches discussed the technical and tactical elements of the game 695 times, within five general dimensions; movement (38.4%), actions (23.9%), positioning (17.3%), possession outcomes (10.6%) and strategy (9.8%). Within these 5 dimensions there were 17 higher order themes including; and 56 lower order themes. This study shows five dimensions that a performance analyst can use when designing data collection workflows. These themes are discussed in relation to the latest performance analysis literature and highlight the need for further research into the data sources that can provide information about them. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 74-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1846112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1846112 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:74-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-Name: A. Pérez-Portela Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez-Portela Author-Name: I. Prieto-Lage Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Prieto-Lage Title: Analysis of the internal logic of breaking using temporal and sequential parameters Abstract: Quantifying the effort of a sport confrontation by determining its temporal structure concerns the scientific community. It has not yet been studied in breaking. The objective was to determine the temporal and sequential structure of men and women breakers. All of the men and women dancers participated in Red Bull BC One 2018 and 2019 (32 women and 32 men). Through observational methodology, we analysed all of the battles (n = 60). In order to obtain the results, we utilised different analytical techniques: descriptive, One-Factor ANOVA, independent sample t-test, effect size and T-Patterns analysis. The level of significance established for the study was ρ ≤ 0.05. The results defined a temporal and sequential structure of the battles of the men and women. Using these results, the breaking professionals would be able to develop precise and adequate training for these athletes. We concluded that there are clear differences between the B-Boys’ and B-Girls’ battles. The men have longer battles, and they use explosive and dynamic movement patterns (Power Move) that lead to shorter and more intense rounds. The women have longer rounds, using patterns with artistic and rhythmic movements (Footwork, Top Rock and Freeze) that lead to less intense outputs, but nevertheless, longer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 90-107 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1847936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1847936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:90-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ani Agopyan Author-X-Name-First: Ani Author-X-Name-Last: Agopyan Title: An analysis of movements with or without back bend of the trunk or large hip extension in 1st Juniors’ Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship-2019. Is there injury risk for gymnasts? Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine and compare the rate of use of body movement difficulties and elements with or without back band of the trunk or large hip extension of gymnasts who participated in the 1st Junior’s Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship-2019. A total of 244 routines of 136 individual rhythmic gymnasts were analysed. Analyses were made on rope, ball, clubs and ribbon apparatus, each consisting of 61 series. All body movement difficulties were determined according to their type (with or without back band of the trunk or large hip extension with trunk), overall repetition numbers and repetition numbers for each apparatus. The hyperextension group elements were also identified from the pre-acrobatic group or body waves. The hyperextension group elements, and total of number of elements and body difficulties together with hyperextension were significantly higher (with very large effect size:1.332–2.180; p < 0.05) than without hyper extensional body movement difficulties. It is thought that the use of hyperextension movements with such intensity may increase the risk of injury in collumna vertebralis and hip region in rhythmic gymnasts. Therefore, some changes about the movements requiring a high degree of flexibility should be made immediately in the completion rules. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 108-125 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1850038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1850038 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:108-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vanessa Sastre Author-X-Name-First: Vanessa Author-X-Name-Last: Sastre Author-Name: Daniel Lapresa Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lapresa Author-Name: Javier Arana Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Arana Author-Name: Rafael Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Author-Name: M. Teresa Anguera Author-X-Name-First: M. Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Anguera Title: Observational analysis of technical-tactical performance in initiation to combat in karate Abstract: In training karate, sports initiation through combat or kumite is becoming more and more relevant. The objective of the present work, carried out using an observational methodology, consists of analysing the technical-tactical performance in the initiation to kumite of karate. The observational sample is made up of 61 data packets, generated by 37 competitors, suitable for combat, in 40 combats. The records have been made using the LINCE software. The quality of the data has been guaranteed through inter-observer agreement and within the generalisability theory. A lag sequential analysis has been carried out in a complementary manner, using GSEQ5 software, and a second analysis was performed for the detection of T-patterns, using the THEME software, Edu6 version. The results obtained have made it possible to characterise the offensive technical action executed whether with the fist or leg, the laterality related to the guard that supports the action and the segment with which it is performed, the area of the body to which the technique is directed, and the efficiency obtained. This work is a relevant starting point in the longitudinal programming of formative karate. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 126-138 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1853450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1853450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:126-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Horn Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Horn Author-Name: Simon de Waal Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: de Waal Author-Name: Wilbur Kraak Author-X-Name-First: Wilbur Author-X-Name-Last: Kraak Title: In-match penalty kick analysis of the 2009/10 to 2018/19 English Premier League competition Abstract: The in match penalty kick may be a decisive event in a match, as well as an opportunity to progress in a knockout competition or ultimately the final standings of a competition. The aims of the current study were to conduct a video-based performance analysis of in-match penalty kicks in the English Premier League (EPL) between the 2009/10 and 2018/19 seasons to identify the relationship between selected situational (match location, match status and match period), technical (penalty taker’s footedness), and performance indicators (shot direction) and in-match penalty kick outcomes and directions. All the in-match penalty kicks (N = 952) that took place in the EPL were analysed using Nacsport video analysis software. In-match penalty kick direction, specifically vertical direction, significantly influenced in-match penalty kick outcomes (p < 0.01). Match period, score line, match location and footedness had no significant effect on in-match penalty kick outcomes or direction of the kick. The study revealed that in-match penalty kicks should be directed towards the top vertical zones of the goal area to optimise the opportunity for success of in-match penalty kicks. Importantly, the risk factor of aiming high and missing is lower than aiming low and being saved, as such; coaches and players should implement systematic penalty kick training programmes aimed at improving penalty kick placements and control into the top areas of the goal. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 139-155 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1855052 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1855052 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:139-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hande Argunsah Bayram Author-X-Name-First: Hande Author-X-Name-Last: Argunsah Bayram Author-Name: Begum Yalcin Author-X-Name-First: Begum Author-X-Name-Last: Yalcin Title: The influence of biofeedback on physiological and kinematic variables of treadmill running Abstract: Biofeedback is used for enhancing performance through providing real-time stimulus to the individual during physical activities. This randomised controlled trial aimed investigating the changes in physiological and kinematic variables of treadmill running in response to biofeedback. 24 age-matched, healthy, and recreationally active participants were randomly assigned to biofeedback and no-biofeedback groups. During 15-min treadmill running, group-based knee ROM, COM and heart rate were collected and analysed. Heart rate change was statistically significant for no-biofeedback group (156.60 ± 5.18, 160.20 ± 5.22 and 163.60 ± 5.93 F (2, 9) = 13.878, p < 0.001). No such change was found for biofeedback group (152.20 ± 6.63, 152.10 ± 6.12 and 155.30 ± 6.22 F (2, 9) = 2.787, p = 0.088). According to the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and RMSE techniques knee movement was highly correlated (initial-mid R2 = 0.995, RMSE = 1.558; initial-final R2 = 0.994, RMSE = 1.407) for biofeedback group compared to no biofeedback group (initial-mid R2 = 0.989, RMSE = 1.988; initial-final R2 = 0.985, RMSE = 4.978). Heart rate and COM variability were minimised; correspondingly, consistent knee movement was obtained in biofeedback group. Future research should determine if muscle involvement in motion and fatigue are regulated with biofeedback. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 156-169 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1861898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1861898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:156-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William P. Nolan Author-X-Name-First: William P. Author-X-Name-Last: Nolan Author-Name: Andrew R. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Andrew R. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Title: Run-walk marathon pacing: the energy cost of frequent walk breaks Abstract: Despite the widespread adoption of run-walk pacing in the marathon as an energy conserving strategy, the law of inertia stipulates that a runner must use more energy while frequently changing speeds than while running at a constant pace. This study examined the energy cost of the run-walk method. Thirty recreational runners (16 males and 14 females) each ran and walked at fixed, self-selected paces on a level treadmill under three conditions in a randomised and counterbalanced order: 6 min continuous running, 6 min continuous walking, and 12 min of alternating 2-min bouts of running and walking. Energy expenditure per kilometre and metres traversed per litre of absolute oxygen were assessed via indirect calorimetry. Ratings of perceived exertion were taken at 2-min intervals. Compared to continuous running, continuous walking required 8.90 fewer kilocalories per kilometres (P = 0.001). However, when alternating gaits, athletes required 3.98 kilocalories more to traverse one kilometre than when running continuously (P = 0.01). There was no difference in the distance traversed per litre of oxygen, but continuous running was faster. When runners in this study alternated gaits, they paid a 6% energy tax while benefiting from only a very slight reduction in average perceived exertion. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 170-179 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1862493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1862493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:170-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yangqing Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Yangqing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Hui Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Hui Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Investigating the inter-country variations in game interruptions across the Big-5 European football leagues Abstract: This paper reports an empirical investigation of game interruptions in competitions based on data from the European Big-5 leagues. The results showed that 1) visiting teams and teams facing strong opponents tended to have longer game interruptions; 2) the durations of throw-ins and stoppages due to out-of-bounds balls were significantly longer in the English Premier League than in the other four leagues (p < 0.001), and the durations of free kicks were longer in the English Premier League than in three other leagues (except Ligue 1, p < 0.001); 3) the durations of free kicks (p < 0.001), throw-ins (p = 0.038) and goal kicks (p < 0.001) increased towards the end of matches, but the durations of interruptions related to free kicks (p < 0.001) in the offensive zone decreased significantly as the end of the game approached; and 4) the durations of many interruptions served strategic purposes, as, for example, the time spent by a one-goal leading team on throw-ins (p < 0.001), goal kicks (p < 0.001), corner kicks (p < 0.01) and free kicks (p < 0.01) increased with game time, while for one-goal trailing teams, the time spent on these interruptions decreased over time (all p < 0.001). Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 180-196 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1865688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1865688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:1:p:180-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Pizarro Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Pizarro Author-Name: Alba Práxedes Author-X-Name-First: Alba Author-X-Name-Last: Práxedes Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Author-Name: Bruno Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Author-Name: Alberto Moreno Domínguez Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Domínguez Title: Floaters as coach’s joker? Effects of the floaters positioning in 3vs3 small-sided games in futsal. Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of floater positioning within futsal Gk+3vs3+Gk SSGs on youth players’ tactical and physical performance. An independent measure approach under four experimental conditions was carried out: Floaters Off (FO), Goal Line Floaters (GLF), Lateral Floaters own court sidelines (LFocsl) and Lateral Floaters full court sidelines (LFfcsl). Thirty male futsal players (U19 age category) participated in the study. Players’ activity was assessed using WIMU PROTM and heart rate (HR) was recorded by HR monitors during the SSGs. Results showed significant differences in the physical variables (ρ ≤ 0.05), not finding such differences in the tactical variables analysed. However, significant differences were observed in relation to the spatial occupation areas. GLF is related to higher distance and speed variables, being the most demanding SSG; in LFocsl, lower HR values were obtained, and FO is linked to the acceleration and deceleration variables, being an indicator of futsal performance. These findings should be considered for the design of futsal training tasks, according to the context (team, players …) and time of the week and the season, since they allow the development of the variables described by optimising training time with the ball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 197-214 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1866861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2020.1866861 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:197-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rafael Martínez-Gallego Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Gallego Author-Name: Fernando Vives Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Vives Author-Name: José Francisco Guzmán Author-X-Name-First: José Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Guzmán Author-Name: Jesús Ramón-Llin Author-X-Name-First: Jesús Author-X-Name-Last: Ramón-Llin Author-Name: Miguel Crespo Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Crespo Title: Time structure in men’s professional doubles tennis: does team experience allow finishing the points faster? Abstract: This article provides information on the time structure of the doubles game in tennis and studies the influence of team experience on this time structure. The sample consisted of 2339 points corresponding to 19 complete ATP matches. Variables related to the point length and the number of shots per point were recorded, and teams were classified based on their experience playing together. The Mann–Whitney U test was performed to check the differences according to the types of teams and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to check the differences depending on the match. The variables related to the duration and density of work presented lower values than in singles tennis. Regarding the data found based on the winning and losing team, the new teams used more time and more shots to win the points than the regular teams. Regarding the type of match, in the matches between two new teams, the duration of the points and the number of shots per point was greater compared to the other two types of matches. Offensive game strategies were adopted in the doubles matches, especially in regular teams, which reduced the length and density of the game. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 215-225 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1872218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1872218 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:215-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gemma M Gea García Author-X-Name-First: Gemma M Author-X-Name-Last: Gea García Author-Name: Cristina M Conesa Garre Author-X-Name-First: Cristina M Author-X-Name-Last: Conesa Garre Author-Name: Javier Courel-Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Courel-Ibáñez Author-Name: Ruperto Menayo Antúnez Author-X-Name-First: Ruperto Author-X-Name-Last: Menayo Antúnez Title: Ball type and court surface: A study to determinate the ball rebound kinematics on the padel wall Abstract: The existence of three walls on both court sides in padel is a unique characteristic from which particular offensive and defensive behaviours emerged. The aim of this study was to assess the differences on kinematics parameters using two types of balls – Head and Dunlop – in the two-existing kind of wall surfaces – concrete and glass – during a padel drive. Data were obtained from the bounce on of two hundred padel balls on the two different surfaces. The ball type showed a greater influence on linear space and speed parameters, whilst wall surface had a greater impact on the ball angle and acceleration. In particular, glass surface showed faster, longer and more accelerated bounces than concrete. This may provide some advantages like more time to react and higher balls will increase the odds to score directly with a smash. Therefore, playing padel on a concrete surface will result in more difficulties than glass. Moreover, Dunlop balls described faster and longer bounces than Head. This information should be taken into account for coaches when defining training aims and designing specific tasks and for researchers as a control variable with potential influence on players’ performances and behaviours. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 226-241 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1875778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1875778 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:226-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. W. Moolman Author-X-Name-First: B. W. Author-X-Name-Last: Moolman Author-Name: P.H. van den Berg Author-X-Name-First: P.H. Author-X-Name-Last: van den Berg Author-Name: R. Broodryk Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Broodryk Title: Performance indicators that discriminate between winning and losing teams in male university rugby sevens teams Abstract: Understanding which performance indicators (PIs) positively affect the success of rugby sevens (RS), teams at university level might assist the coaching staff to optimally prepare for future matches and increase the likelihood of success. This study aimed to determine PIs that discriminate between winning and losing male University-level RS teams. Twenty (n = 20) round-robin matches of the 2018 Varsity sports rugby sevens tournament were analysed. A linear mixed model was used to determine statistically significant differences set at p < 0.05 while effect size was reported according to Cohen’s d. Results revealed that various PIs discriminated between winning and losing RS teams. Therefore, specific identified tactical aspects of RS should be prioritised to optimise performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 242-249 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1877600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1877600 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:242-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Seemann-Sinn Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Seemann-Sinn Author-Name: Stefan Brehmer Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Brehmer Author-Name: Falk Naundorf Author-X-Name-First: Falk Author-X-Name-Last: Naundorf Author-Name: Bernd Wolfarth Author-X-Name-First: Bernd Author-X-Name-Last: Wolfarth Title: Development of the routine duration in artistic gymnastics from 1997 to 2019 Abstract: In this study, the development of routine duration (RD) in artistic gymnastics was investigated. Because of fundamental rule changes in 2006, the difference between the periods 1997–2005 and 2006–2019 and between the Olympic cycles (OC) over the entire period was examined. Therefore, 1387 routines were evaluated using video recordings. The results were: I) RD increased from 1997–2005 to 2006–2019 on pommel horse (36.0 to 44.0 s; p = 0.00), still rings (SR) (42.0 to 53.0 s; p = 0.00), parallel bars (PB) (35.0 to 50.0 s; p = 0.00), high bar (37.0 to 50.0 s; p = 0.00), uneven bars (UB) (32.5 to 36.0 s; p = 0.00), balance beam (83.0 to 85.0 s; p = 0.08) and floor female (87.0 to 89.0 s; p = 0.00), whereas floor male (67.0 vs. 67.0 s; p = 0.96) shows no differences; II) RD increase on SR from OC 2008 to OC 2012 (p = 0.00), at PB from OC 2012 to OC 2016 (p = 0.00), and reduced from OC 2012 to OC 2016 (p = 0.00) at UB. The increase of RD must be considered by coaches in order to prepare their athletes specifically for competitions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 250-262 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1877601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1877601 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:250-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rui Dong Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: Bizhen Lian Author-X-Name-First: Bizhen Author-X-Name-Last: Lian Author-Name: Shaoliang Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Shaoliang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Mingxin Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Mingxin Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Sirius Z.Y. Huang Author-X-Name-First: Sirius Z.Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Peter O'Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O'Donoghue Title: Addressing opposition quality in basketball performance evaluation Abstract: The aim of this research was twofold: (i) to explain the relationships between basketball indicators and opposition quality; and (ii) to utilise regression models in the evaluation of basketball team performances that account for opposition quality. Opposition quality was represented in absolute terms without considering a team’s own quality (OQ) and relative terms as the difference between the quality of a team and their opponents (RQ). Game-related indicators of all the 92 games of the Basketball World Cup 2019 were analysed. Regression analysis was used to model performance indicators in terms of OQ and RQ. Correlations between opposition quality and basketball indicators were statistically low in both terms. However, higher correlations were found between assists, two-point field goal accuracy, defensive rebounds and RQ. Two-point field goal attempts (2 PA) exhibited a negative relationship considering opposition quality. Most of the variables showed higher correlations with RQ than OQ. Offensive rebounds and personal fouls were influenced more by OQ than by RQ. Subsequently, teams over-performing or under-performing when addressing opposition quality could be recognised. This allowed trends in performance and consistency of performance to be evaluated. Evaluation scores were more consistent in absolute terms rather than relative terms. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 263-276 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1877938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1877938 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:263-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tiago Sousa Author-X-Name-First: Tiago Author-X-Name-Last: Sousa Author-Name: Hugo Sarmento Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmento Author-Name: Adam Field Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Field Author-Name: Vasco Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Vasco Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Title: The perceptions of elite rink hockey head coaches: preparation/observation and intervention. Abstract: The study explored the perception of rink-hockey head coaches in relation to the use of performance analysis as a tool to assist training and match preparation, observation and interventions. Seven experienced First Division Portuguese rink-hockey head coaches were included in the study. Semi-structured interviews were carried out and the data were analysed through inductive and deductive content analyses. Several themes emerged from the interviews including “preparation/observation” and “intervention”. Rink-hockey head coaches prefer to analyse the opponents themselves to plan training, as well as to assist with tactical preparation and implement within-match strategies. They considered video analysis an important tool to analyse opponents’ strengths and weaknesses, with particular focus on the opponent’s goalkeeper. Seek to identify qualities and deficiencies in the opponents’ team and individual players. Focus the analysis of opponents’ teams on the five moments of the game. Training intervention involves the adaption of training exercises, whereby information is communicated during meetings. These data have implications both from a performance and a training practice perspective. Future research should focus on players and goalkeepers’ perspectives. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 277-294 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1878652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1878652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:277-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruno Giovanini Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Giovanini Author-Name: Daniele Conte Author-X-Name-First: Daniele Author-X-Name-Last: Conte Author-Name: Adalberto Ferreira-Junior Author-X-Name-First: Adalberto Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira-Junior Author-Name: Vitor Bertoli Nascimento Author-X-Name-First: Vitor Bertoli Author-X-Name-Last: Nascimento Title: Assessing the key game-related statistics in Brazilian professional basketball according to season phase and final score difference Abstract: This study aimed to identify the game-related statistics that best discriminate winning and losing teams during the regular season and playoff phase of Brazilian professional basketball. Data were retrieved from game-related statistics of 1271 games (1048 from regular season and 223 from playoffs phase) of five seasons between 2014 and 2019 of the Brazilian professional basketball league [Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB)]. All games were clustered into close, balanced, and unbalanced games. A discriminant analysis was performed. Results showed that defensive rebounds (SC = 0.407) were determinant to win close games in the regular season, while defensive rebounds, assists, and 3-point shooting efficiency were determinant (SC > 0.3) to win balanced and unbalanced games in this phase. In the playoff phase, winning teams performed more defensive rebounds and assists (SC > 0.3), having relevant contribution of 3-point shooting efficiency (SC = 0.311) in close games, and 2-point shooting efficiency (SC = 0.336) in balanced games. These findings should be useful for coaches to plan training and playing strategies emphasising the game-related statistics that are more determinant to the game outcome. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 295-305 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1881358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1881358 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:2:p:295-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: N. Stavropoulos Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Stavropoulos Author-Name: P. Kolias Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Kolias Author-Name: A. Papadopoulou Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Papadopoulou Author-Name: G. Stavropoulou Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Stavropoulou Title: Game related predictors discriminating between winning and losing teams in preliminary, second and final round of basketball world cup 2019 Abstract: The objective of the current study is to identify how victory or defeat is affected by the game-related statistics among men’s national teams in the Basketball World Cup 2019. The sample consisted of 76 games, during which 22 relevant indicator variables were directly recorded and analysed using “SportScout” video-analysis program. For each round, univariate analysis was used, in order to examine the differences among winning and losing teams. Linear discriminant analysis was implemented, which revealed the variables that had the greatest association with the outcome of the game. Assists were found to effectively predict the outcome of the game in the first and final round of the tournament. During the second round, the discriminant analysis showed that free-throw attempts, successful free-throws and defensive rebounds were associated with winning the game. On the contrary, 2-point field-goal attempts were negatively associated with the desired outcome. In the final round, 3-point successful shots and the scores of the 1st and 4th quarter had a positive relationship with winning the game. By analysing the tournament’s statistics, a coach can determine the trends that are noticed, evaluate the performance of his team and thus plan the corresponding strategies for the success of the game. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 383-395 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1901437 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1901437 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:383-395 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia Augste Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Augste Author-Name: Paulin Sponar Author-X-Name-First: Paulin Author-X-Name-Last: Sponar Author-Name: Marvin Winkler Author-X-Name-First: Marvin Author-X-Name-Last: Winkler Title: Athletes’ performance in different boulder types at international bouldering competitions Abstract: The purpose of the study was to analyse the occurrence of different boulder types and the athletes’ success rates in international competitions to contribute to the performance structure of competitive bouldering. Therefore, we classified 448 boulder sections of the final rounds of 14 Bouldering World Cups 2017 and 2018 using video analysis. We conducted analysis of frequencies, chi-square tests, binomial regressions and ANOVA for the respective analysis with regard to gender, competition round, wall section, and athlete level. In more than half of the boulder sections the crux was a dynamo. We found no differences between men and women in the occurrence of the different boulder types. Men solved significantly more boulder problems than women in the categories dynamo and mantle. Women were significantly more successful with slab problems. Lower ranked female athletes were significantly worse than the top 20 athletes in the dynamo, volume, and crimp categories, whereas men were worse in the categories dynamo, and slab. Our findings suggest that the training focus for athletes at international level should be on optimising dynamic moves. For female athletes, maximum strength of fingers and arms is more crucial for maximum achievement in competitive bouldering than for male athletes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 409-420 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1907728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1907728 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:409-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alliance Kubayi Author-X-Name-First: Alliance Author-X-Name-Last: Kubayi Title: Technical demands of the various playing positions in the qualifying matches for the European football championship Abstract: This study investigated the technical demands on football players, based on their various playing positions, during the qualifying matches for the European Football Championship. Data were obtained from the InStat database. The sample consisted of 314 players grouped into the following five playing positions: central defenders (n = 89), wide defenders (n = 58), central midfielders (n = 85), wide midfielders (n = 51), and forwards (n = 31). The results showed that forwards had a significantly (p < 0.01) greater number of shots than players in other positions. Central midfielders performed a significantly (p < 0.01) greater number of passes than players in other positions, with a large effect when compared to forwards (ES: 1.38). Furthermore, wide midfielders made the highest number of crosses compared to players in other positions, but they showed a trivial difference when compared to wide defenders (ES: 0.10). Forwards’ tendency to lose the ball was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than that for other positions, with a very large effect when compared to central defenders (ES: 2.41). These results may assist football coaches in preparing players to meet the game’s technical requirements, thus increasing the likelihood of qualifying for the European Football Championship. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 374-382 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1901436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1901436 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:374-382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chaoying Zheng Author-X-Name-First: Chaoying Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng Author-Name: Miaomiao Lu Author-X-Name-First: Miaomiao Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Yuxuan Zeng Author-X-Name-First: Yuxuan Author-X-Name-Last: Zeng Author-Name: Mengyue Hu Author-X-Name-First: Mengyue Author-X-Name-Last: Hu Author-Name: Xuan Geng Author-X-Name-First: Xuan Author-X-Name-Last: Geng Author-Name: Yi Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Title: The impact of wrist joint movement on stroke effect during topspin forehand in table tennis Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to explore the impact of the wrist joint movement on the stroke effect, especially that of the angular velocity and linear velocity on the ball speed and spin speed. Thirty-two young table tennis players were randomly selected from China Table Tennis College. The high-speed infrared motion capture system was used to collect the real-time data of the wrist joint movement during the stroke, and the high-speed camera was used to measure the spin speed. The influence of the wrist joint movement on the stroke effect was analysed. The results of this study showed that the linear velocity of the right wrist joint was positively correlated with ball speed (r = 0.283, p < 0.01) and spin speed (r = 0.162, p = 0.032). The angular velocity of the right wrist joint had a significant positive correlation with the ball speed (r = 0.251, p = 0.015) and spin speed (r = 0.391, p < 0.01). The results of this study further explained the mechanism of power transfer by the kinetic segment-chain, which provided a valuable reference for formulating targeted training plans for young table tennis players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 324-335 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1885839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1885839 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:324-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jordi Arboix-Alió Author-X-Name-First: Jordi Author-X-Name-Last: Arboix-Alió Author-Name: Guillem Trabal Author-X-Name-First: Guillem Author-X-Name-Last: Trabal Author-Name: João Valente-Dos-Santos Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Valente-Dos-Santos Author-Name: Joan Aguilera-Castells Author-X-Name-First: Joan Author-X-Name-Last: Aguilera-Castells Author-Name: Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe Author-X-Name-First: Azahara Author-X-Name-Last: Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe Author-Name: Bernat Buscà Author-X-Name-First: Bernat Author-X-Name-Last: Buscà Title: The influence of contextual variables on individual set-pieces in elite rink hockey Abstract: The main objective of this research was to analyse the match context variables’ influence on individual set-piece’s success in rink-hockey. A sample of 196 matches, including 621 free direct hits (FDH) and 292 penalties (PEN) were analysed using logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that Match status has a significant effect on FDH and PEN success. Players had significantly better success in FDH when winning for by goals (OR = 2.4) and in PEN when winning by three or more goals (OR = 3.83). Conversely, players were less effective in FDH when losing by two goals (OR = 0.38). These findings suggested that contextual variables have little influence on individual set-piece success. As a general trend, it seems that set-pieces are less influenced by contextual variables than whole match, probably because are specific and individual actions between one player against the goalkeeper without the intervention of other players. The results of this investigation could be useful to better understand the behaviour of players during specific moments like individual set-pieces and to help coaches to better tailor their strategies to improve the effectiveness in set-pieces simulating specific contextual conditions. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 336-347 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1890525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1890525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:336-347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nuno André Nunes Author-X-Name-First: Nuno André Author-X-Name-Last: Nunes Author-Name: Bruno Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Author-Name: André Roca Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Roca Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Title: Effects of numerical unbalance constraints on workload and tactical individual actions during ball possession small-sided soccer games across different age groups Abstract: This study aimed to examine the effects of age group (under-11, under-15, and under-23) on the external, internal workloads, and tactical individual actions when playing 4v2, 4v4, and 4v6 ball possession small-sided soccer games. Data were analysed separately under the opponent perspective (4vX) and by the cooperation perspective, according to teammates (4v2+X). For all opponent formats, statistical differences were found for walking, with older age groups covering longer distances. Higher running distances were found in 4v4 game format for U11s, while U23s reported higher RPE scores in 4v4 and 4v6 formats. More passes were performed in 4v2 and 4v4 game formats for U11s and a higher maximum passing speed in 4v6 format for U15s and U23s. In the cooperation perspective, statistical differences were found for all external workload variables: U11s covered more distances while sprinting, whereas U23s walked more, perceiving the task as more intense. Similarly, U11s performed a higher amount of tactical individual actions also in every format. Younger players seem to benefit from a lower level of opposition to mature tactical individual actions, while older players can develop fast ball circulation in numerical inferiority. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 396-408 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1903249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1903249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:396-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Olsson Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Olsson Author-Name: Marko S. Laaksonen Author-X-Name-First: Marko S. Author-X-Name-Last: Laaksonen Title: Key technical components for air pistol shooting performance Abstract: Air pistol shooting is a complex sport discipline with high demands on fine motor control and postural stability. Earlier studies have reported questionable results regarding the most important technical components for air pistol shooting. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to investigate the key technical components for air pistol shooting and also to investigate how well the key technical components explain the performance in air pistol shooting. Eighteen national-level air pistol shooters completed a simulated qualifying round consisting of 60 shots. During each shot, shooting score and 17 aiming point trajectory variables were measured with an optoelectronic training device. Principal component analysis revealed five key technical components: aiming time, stability of hold, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering and timing of triggering. Four of the five components (not aiming time) correlated significantly (r = .48 – .74; p < 0.05) with shooting score. Two stepwise multiple regression analyses identified aiming accuracy followed by timing of triggering and stability of hold as the most important components, accounting for 75–78% of the variance in shooting score. Accordingly, these components should be in focus by coaches and athletes when conducting tests and training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 348-360 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1891820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1891820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:348-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lourdes Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Lourdes Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez Author-Name: Raúl Arellano Author-X-Name-First: Raúl Author-X-Name-Last: Arellano Author-Name: Francisco Cuenca-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Cuenca-Fernández Title: Analysis and influence of the underwater phase of breaststroke on short-course 50 and 100m performance Abstract: The aim was to analyse the influence of the breaststroke underwater phase on 50 and 100 m performance. A total of 108 performances in 50 m (61 males and 47 females), and 126 performances in 100 m (71 males and 55 females) were recorded during the 2019 Short-course National Spanish Championship. The underwater swimming time, distance and velocity were analysed after the start and turns. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and regression analysis were applied to compute the relation between the variables. The relative contribution (%) to final time and the differences between events and gender were studied through independent samples t-test (p < 0.05). High correlations were obtained for both events and genders between start time and final time (r = 0.76–0.91). The emersion velocity was higher in 50 m than in 100 m (p < 0.001; d > 1.0) and in males (50 m: 2.18 ± 0.10 m·s−1; 100 m: 1.87 ± 0.08 m·s−1) than in females (50 m: 1.92 ± 0.09 m·s−1: 100 m: 1.71 ± 0.08 m·s−1). Performance in both events was influenced significantly by turn velocity (r ≥ −0.85), and combined with the start, contributed to around 55% of the final time. Coaches should optimise the underwater phases of start and turns on breaststroke performance in short-course. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 307-323 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1885838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1885838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:307-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lukasz Wadrzyk Author-X-Name-First: Lukasz Author-X-Name-Last: Wadrzyk Author-Name: Robert Staszkiewicz Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Staszkiewicz Author-Name: Magdalena Zeglen Author-X-Name-First: Magdalena Author-X-Name-Last: Zeglen Author-Name: Lukasz Kryst Author-X-Name-First: Lukasz Author-X-Name-Last: Kryst Title: Relationship between somatic build and kinematic indices of underwater undulatory swimming performed by young male swimmers Abstract: The study aim was establishing relationships between somatic build and kinematic indices describing underwater undulatory swimming (UUS). In a group of 47 young male swimmers (age = 17.2 ± 1.01, FINA points per 100 freestyle = 553 ± 94), anthropometric measurements were conducted. UUS was recorded through an underwater window. Movement modelling and its kinematic analysis were conducted using the SkillSpector. Velocity (vCOM), frequency (f), movement amplitude (A), distance per cycle (DPC) and product (IAf) were determined. Anthropometric variable reduction was performed using principal component analysis (PCA). Then, a correlation matrix was created containing distinguished components and kinematic variables (p < 0.05). Intra-group variance was explained by 9 components (i.e. 90%), concerning indices of body size, adiposity and limb proportions. Few, weak relationships between principle components and kinematic indicators of UUS were proven. However, no component was found as related to vCOM. Simultaneously, all kinematic variables (f, A, DPC, IAf) had influence on velocity, creating medium to strong correlations. Influence of swimmers’ somatic structure on UUS efficacy was small. Correct UUS technique was the main factor influencing effectiveness regarding the tested manner of movement. Therefore, an inseparable element of training young swimmers should be UUS technique exercises. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 435-450 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1909450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1909450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:435-450 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Mateos-Padorno Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Mateos-Padorno Author-Name: J. M. García-Manso Author-X-Name-First: J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: García-Manso Author-Name: J. P. Fuentes García Author-X-Name-First: J. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Fuentes García Author-Name: M. J. Martínez-Patiño Author-X-Name-First: M. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Patiño Title: Kinematic analysis of the final stride approach in Spanish elite high jumpers Abstract: In high jumping, the horizontal velocity which jumpers aim to reach by the end of the run-up must be the maximum that they can control, enabling them to clear the greatest height possible. Furthermore, jumpers should reach the point of take-off with the lowest possible centre of mass (CM) to increase the thrust during take-off and thus produce a greater vertical velocity of the CM at the end of this phase. The aim of this study was to identify gender-related differences in the kinematic parameters of the sprint. The sample comprised 14 high jumpers (n = 8 males and n = 6 females) who were analysed during an official competition and recorded with four high speed panning cameras (sampling frequency: 50 fps). The results showed gender-related differences in the maximum height attained by the centre of mass during the flight phase (p = 0.004; Effect Size = 0.93) and in flight effectiveness (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 5.53), but not in jump effectiveness. Gender-related differences were not detected between the trajectory followed by the CM in the final supports of the run-up and the curve radius or in the direction of the final supports either. In conclusion, there are no significant gender differences in the run-up. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 421-434 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1908040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1908040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:421-434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eduardo Carlos Ferreira Tonani Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Carlos Ferreira Author-X-Name-Last: Tonani Author-Name: Eduardo Vignoto Fernandes Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Vignoto Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes Author-Name: Rubens Batista Dos Santos Junior Author-X-Name-First: Rubens Batista Author-X-Name-Last: Dos Santos Junior Author-Name: Martim Gomes Weber Author-X-Name-First: Martim Gomes Author-X-Name-Last: Weber Author-Name: Leonardo Vidal Andreato Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo Vidal Author-X-Name-Last: Andreato Author-Name: Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco Author-X-Name-First: Braulio Henrique Magnani Author-X-Name-Last: Branco Author-Name: Solange De Paula Ramos Author-X-Name-First: Solange Author-X-Name-Last: De Paula Ramos Title: Association of heart rate and heart rate variability with an anaerobic performance test and recovery of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes Abstract: Recovery in the intervals between high-intensity efforts is associated with high heart rate variability (HRV) in sports. The current study analysed the association of heart rate (HR) and HRV with performance in a specific test for Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (JJAPT) and the HR recovery (HRR). Twenty Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) male athletes (aged: 18 to 45 years, 1.76 ± 0.07 m, 82.6 ± 12.6 kg), graduated from white to black belt, underwent HRV analysis at rest and the JJAPT. The number of repetitions in each set, fatigue index, power drop, and HR were recorded. Repeated measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyse performance. Multivariate linear regression analysis and the Spearman rank correlation test were used to detect associations between performance and age, BMI, time of BJJ practice, HR, and HRV indices. HR and HRV indices did not demonstrate associations with performance in the JJAPT. Performance showed moderate correlations with BMI (r = −0.50, p = 0.02), HRpeak (r = −0.47, p = 0.03), HRRset4 (r = −0.48, p = 0.03), and HRRset5 (r = −0.47, p = 0.03). HR was correlated with anaerobic performance. However, HRV indices had little impact on recovery between sets. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 361-373 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1896828 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1896828 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:3:p:361-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rafael Lima Kons Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Lima Author-X-Name-Last: Kons Author-Name: Marina Saldanha Da Silva Athayde Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Saldanha Da Silva Athayde Author-Name: Bayram Ceylan Author-X-Name-First: Bayram Author-X-Name-Last: Ceylan Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Author-Name: Daniele Detanico Author-X-Name-First: Daniele Author-X-Name-Last: Detanico Title: Analysis of video review during official judo matches: effects on referee’s decision and match results Abstract: This study aimed to describe the frequency of video review (VR) used during international judo matches. The duration and time of VR occurrence and the effect of VR on subsequent referee’s decisions and match outcomes were investigated. Video recordings from the matches in which the VR was used  in the 2020 Grand Slams (n = 122) were analysed. The main results showed most VR occurrences were from 1 to 2 min for female athletes (p = 0.03). Lightweight categories in both male and female groups showed the highest frequency of VR (37.3%). No significant differences were detected for VR duration and time when VR occurred considering sex and weight categories (p = 0.91, p = 0.26, respectively). A significant association was found between the type of action and the referee’s decision (p < 0.01), being score assignment the most frequent action (77.6% of male and 64.8% of female). More than 80% of the athletes (82.3% male and 78.3% female) won their matches after referees’ checking. We concluded that VR is often used at the beginning of the match mainly in the female group, mostly concerning scoring attribution, which directly affected the match result in more than 80% of the cases. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 555-563 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1926165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1926165 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:555-563 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul O Brien Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: O Brien Author-Name: Denise Martin Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Jonathan Bradley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Title: Differences in performance indicators between winners and losers in senior inter county hurling championship Abstract: Hurling is one of the oldest field sports in the world, yet little research has been conducted to develop our understanding of its game demands. This study aimed to create a profile of elite performance using data from three full seasons, and identify which performance indicators discriminate between winners and losers. A total of 77 Senior Inter County Hurling games (2018–2020) were analysed using NAC Sport Scout Plus, with all puckouts (5128), turnovers (6400) and shots (5695) coded. Paired sample t-tests and Wilcoxon signed rank testing were used to interrogate differences between winners and losers. Significant differences were identified in shooting indicators, with winning teams having higher total shot count (40), shot count from open play (29.5) and shot efficiency from both open play (61%) and dead balls (77%). There were significant differences in possession metrics; winners had a lower turnover rate (53%) and higher puckouts retention (65%), exhibiting higher overall productivity (3.8). These benchmark findings, and the detailed breakdown of puckout location and turnover type, will be of considerable interest to hurling coaches and analysts. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 630-640 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1932147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1932147 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:630-640 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ferhat Esatbeyoglu Author-X-Name-First: Ferhat Author-X-Name-Last: Esatbeyoglu Author-Name: Jolanta Marszalek Author-X-Name-First: Jolanta Author-X-Name-Last: Marszalek Author-Name: Kerry MacDonald Author-X-Name-First: Kerry Author-X-Name-Last: MacDonald Author-Name: Louise Ashcroft Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Ashcroft Title: Differences in fundamental sitting volleyball skills between functional sport classes: a video analysis method Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between sitting volleyball (SV) skills and para-athletes’ sport classes. Twelve games involving 151 athletes from 11 countries from the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games were chosen and analysed according to the Federation Internationale de Volleyball Observational System. An efficacy coefficient was calculated for seven SV skills: attack hit, serve, block, block of serve, defence, setting and receive. Results showed no differences in any SV skills according to the two sitting volleyball sport classes (P>0.05). Intragroup comparisons revealed that SV skills were not different for both genders in disabled (D) and minimal disabled (MD) sport classes (P>0.05) expect for setting skill was better in female para-athletes in MD sport class than female para-athletes in D sport class (P=0.01). Gender comparison revealed that female para-athletes were better in block (P=0.00) whereas male para-athletes were better in receive (P=0.00) in sport class D. In sport class MD, female para-athletes were better in setting (P=0.01) and block (P=0.02) than male para-athletes. The findings of this article provide new insights to SV classification and can lead to a second phase of biomechanically and technically assessing skills and how they can correlate with SV sport classes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 451-462 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1912956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1912956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:451-462 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dominik Hoelbling Author-X-Name-First: Dominik Author-X-Name-Last: Hoelbling Author-Name: Martin Mattaeus Smiech Author-X-Name-First: Martin Mattaeus Author-X-Name-Last: Smiech Author-Name: Dea Cizmic Author-X-Name-First: Dea Author-X-Name-Last: Cizmic Author-Name: Arnold Baca Author-X-Name-First: Arnold Author-X-Name-Last: Baca Author-Name: Peter Dabnichki Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Dabnichki Title: Exploration of martial arts kick initiation actions and telegraphs Abstract: A technique in Martial Arts is often indicated by an athlete’s preceding actions, which potentially enables an opponent to detect or counter it. Prior to kicks, fighters attain balance and ease leg elevation by re-distributing their weight (WRT) or ease following sequences by elevating COM (CET). The aim of this study was to define such movements and to compare them by their duration and motion amplitude. The kick preceding actions and regular fighting movements of a kicking combination performed by 44 fighters across different skill levels (advanced to world leading) were compared. The initiation action start was determined by the moment during the preparatory phase, when a joint angle significantly exceeds or subceeds a specific threshold (3Sd). Descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis were used to summarise movement types, durations, and amplitudes. T- and Wilcoxon tests were performed to analyse differences in movement start and amplitude between WRT and CET, while Friedman- and Dunn-Bonferroni tests were used between body segments. Results showed that WRTs start earlier, happen more often, and are more subtle than CETs. Furthermore, proximal segments tend to move earlier [Sequence: COM; torso; hips> arms; knees] and with less movement amplitude [Sequence: arms > hips; knees > torso]. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 507-518 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1920314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1920314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:507-518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tanisha Bardzinski Author-X-Name-First: Tanisha Author-X-Name-Last: Bardzinski Author-Name: Dan Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Author-Name: Chris Young Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Young Author-Name: Laura Piromalli Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Piromalli Author-Name: Lyndell Bruce Author-X-Name-First: Lyndell Author-X-Name-Last: Bruce Title: Load variations in high-performance netballers across seasons and competition levels Abstract: Internal loads as measured by session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) of high-performance netballers were explored using data from athletes who competed in the 2017 and 2018 Suncorp Super Netball (SSN) and 2016 to 2018 Australian Netball League (ANL) competitions. Data were analysed to determine if there were differences between season phase (pre- and in-season), competition level, session type (combined training, court training, match, weights and conditioning) and year. Pre-season load (468.9 ± 183.2au) was higher than in-season load (431.3 ± 188.9au) (p < .05, ƞρ2 = .016). Load was higher in the 2017 season (466.0 ± 193.2au) than both the 2016 (442.4 ± 189.3au) and 2018 seasons (441.0 ± 179.3au) (p < .05, ƞρ2 = .005). Each session type was significantly different than the other apart from combined training and court training (combined training 546.5 ± 201.5au; court training 538.7 ± 172.7au; match 473.6 ± 164.5au; weights 400.1 ± 121.1au; conditioning 276.5 ± 121.8au) (p < .05, ƞρ2 = .25). There was a competition × season phase interaction (p < .05, ƞρ2 = .003) where ANL athletes had the highest pre-season load (472.6 ± 193.7au) but the lowest in-season load (415.2 ± 179.2au). These findings present a novel understanding of the loads experienced by high-performance netballers over multiple seasons. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 589-599 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1929794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1929794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:589-599 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: I. Prieto-Lage Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Prieto-Lage Author-Name: D. Bermúdez-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Bermúdez-Fernández Author-Name: A. Paramés-González Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Paramés-González Author-Name: A. Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez-Santiago Title: Analysis of the corner kick in football in the main European leagues during the 2017-2018 season Abstract: The actions of the set-piece are decisive in the score. The corner is the most effective. The object of the study was to describe, analyse and compare the offence’s corners that were made in the six main European leagues during the 17/18 season (2132 matches). The 351 corners that met the selected criteria were analysed through a descriptive and association analysis with IBM-SPSS v.20.0 with a significance level of p < 0.05. In general, the direct corners were more frequent than the indirect. The common pattern in the direct corners comprised sending the ball with a mid-depth distance and a direct header into the goal. In indirect corners, sending the ball with short-depth, head extension and subsequent shot directly to the goal was a common pattern. There are differences among the European leagues. At the same time, characteristics and transversal patterns have been observed allowing the successful corners sent to the area without defence rejections to be detected. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 611-629 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1932146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1932146 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:611-629 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin McGuigan Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: McGuigan Author-Name: Kieran Collins Author-X-Name-First: Kieran Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: Understanding the impact of pitch location on shot outcome in Gaelic football – where is the scoring zone? Abstract: Recent studies have identified shot efficiency as a key performance indicator (KPI) in Gaelic football; however, there has been little research into the impact of shot location on shot efficiency. The current study aims to establish a methodology to calculate shot distance and angle reliably and consistently in Gaelic football. Through application of this methodology to the 2019 inter-county championship the impact of distance and angle on shot success was assessed. There was evidence of reliability in the proposed methodology for calculating shot distance and angle. As a result, this study determined average shot distance at 30.9 m (±11.4 m) and average shot angle at 31.3° (±18.6°). While shot success peaked at 20 m, shots from closer to goal had a higher points per shot value given many from closer range were successful goal attempts, thus having greater scoreboard impact. This study can conclude that the scoring zone in Gaelic football lies within a 32 m arc of the goal, and within a 60° angle from the midline of the pitch. Moreover, this study presents the first validated methodology to calculate shot distance and angle in Gaelic football using commercially available software. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 491-506 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1917978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1917978 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:491-506 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: João Bernardo Martins Author-X-Name-First: João Bernardo Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Author-Name: Isabel Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Author-Name: Ademilson Mendes Author-X-Name-First: Ademilson Author-X-Name-Last: Mendes Author-Name: Letícia Santos Author-X-Name-First: Letícia Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Author-Name: José Afonso Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso Title: Inter-team variability in high-level women’s volleyball from the perspective of Social Network Analysis: an analysis in critical game scenarios Abstract: The present study analysed inter-team variability in critical game scenarios in high-level women’s volleyball, using Social Network Analysis. Ten matches of the Women’s Volleyball Nations League 2019 Finals (Brazil, USA, Poland, Italy, Turkey and China) were analysed considering all game complexes, with 622 plays. Six independent eigenvector centrality networks were created, with 668 nodes and 3724 edges. Results: (a) there were differences between the two best-ranked teams and the others in setting conditions and in the overall game patterns, that is, the 1st- and 2nd-ranked teams had better setting conditions than the non-finalists; (b) the game patterns were also different between the two best teams, with the highest levels of transition and the jump-float serve being presented by the United States, while Brazil exhibited high aggressiveness in the float-jump serve and strong attacks; (c) most teams, in ideal setting conditions, played quickly and using strong attacks; and (d) there were no differences in blocking patterns of the teams, and double block predominated. The main conclusions were: (a) within the same competitive level, there were differences in the game patterns of the teams, even between the two best-ranked teams; (b) possibly, the teams were modelled following with their players’ characteristics. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 564-578 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1924524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1924524 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:564-578 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro Sánchez-Pay Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Pay Author-Name: David Sanz-Rivas Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Sanz-Rivas Title: Physical and technical demand in professional wheelchair tennis on hard, clay and grass surfaces: implication for training Abstract: This study analysed and compared the physical and technical demands of professional wheelchair tennis (WT) on different surfaces (clay [C], hard [H] and grass [G] courts). A total of 6,720 shots from thirteen matches played by the best ten professional WT players was analysed. Physical demands (e.g., working time, resting time, shots per point …) and technical and tactical parameters (e.g., serve, effectivity, winner stroke, shots with two bounces …) were recorded and analysed. Most physical parameters (points, shots, duration) differed according to the surface (H > C > G). Point length and shot per point were longer on H, and lower on C and G surfaces (p < 0.001). Differences in technical performance were found mainly between C and G courts, with a high use of volleys on G but fewer winners (p < 0.01). The main finding indicates that the physical and technical demands facing professional WT players differed by surface, showing that the H surface involves a higher external load than the other surfaces. Coaches can use this information to adapt their players’ style depending on the playing surface as well as to design specific training drills according to the surface of play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 463-476 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1912957 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1912957 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:463-476 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsun-Te Liu Author-X-Name-First: Tsun-Te Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Yi-Chun Lin Author-X-Name-First: Yi-Chun Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Wen-Tzu Tang Author-X-Name-First: Wen-Tzu Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Author-Name: Joseph Hamill Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Hamill Author-Name: Jung- San Chang Author-X-Name-First: Jung- San Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Title: Lower-limb kinematic characteristics of Taekwondo kicks at different attack angles Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the variation of lower-limb kinematic characteristics and movement patterns in elite taekwondo competitors when performing roundhouse kicks at various attack angles. Nineteen male elite athletes specialising in roundhouse kicks were asked to kick a target at 90°, 60°, and 30°. A three-dimensional (3D) motion capture system was used to collect kinematic data. Kinematic parameters were compared among the conditions using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (p < 0.05). The variables; peak linear velocity at the pelvis, maximum left-pelvis tilt, posterior pelvis tilt, left pelvis internal rotation angles, posterior pelvic tilt angular velocity, and left pelvis rotation velocity; were greater at the larger attack angles. Moreover, the maximum distal knee joint flexion was greater whereas the maximum flexion angle of the proximal hip joint was smaller at a larger attack angle. This study identified the kinematic differences in lower-limb motion between roundhouse kicks performed at different attack angles. Taekwondo athletes should adjust not only their rotational but also their linear kinematics at the more proximal segments and joints to cope with different attack angles. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 519-531 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1924526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1924526 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:519-531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. G. Brown Author-X-Name-First: E. G. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: A faster serve has more impact on success for female elite tennis players than males Abstract: The impact of serve speed on serve success in tennis singles was investigated using data from The Championships, Wimbledon from 2004 to 2019. Serve speed is an important characteristic because it provides the server with a potential advantage and can therefore influence the outcome of the game. Understanding the effect of serve speed on serve success could prove useful in informing players and coaches about the most advantageous serve strategy. Significant positive correlations were found between serve speed and the percentage of points won by both male and female players, on their first and second serves. However, this relationship was more pronounced in the first serve than the second serve for both sexes, and in the female game more so than in the male game. This implies that other service characteristics, such as spin and placement, could be more influential in the male game. No significant relationships were found between serve speed and percentage of points that were aces. Furthermore, the results of this study support the use of the common faster first serve with slower second serve service strategy at The Champions, Wimbledon. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 600-610 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1931777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1931777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:600-610 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriela Cristina Dos Santos Author-X-Name-First: Gabriela Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Dos Santos Author-Name: Isadora Loch Sbeghen Author-X-Name-First: Isadora Author-X-Name-Last: Loch Sbeghen Author-Name: Eduarda Blanco Rambo Author-X-Name-First: Eduarda Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco Rambo Author-Name: Álvaro Reischak-Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Álvaro Author-X-Name-Last: Reischak-Oliveira Author-Name: Josianne Rodrigues-Krause Author-X-Name-First: Josianne Author-X-Name-Last: Rodrigues-Krause Title: Dance classes structure for children: considerations on effective exercise time Abstract: Dance seems to increase moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children. However, the majority of time during classes appear at lighintensity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the structure of dance classes for children, as well as to identify behaviours that may favour or hinder MVPA time during classes. For this, three independent researchers performed structured video analysis of dance classes ministered for children (6–12 yrs). As criteria for analysis, the dance activities were classified into four categories and 13 subcategories. Twenty dance classes were filmed, and the results showed an average duration of 57 min of total class time. The time spent (min) at each category was as follows: dancing exercise (27), dancing learning (15), inactive (13) and posing (1) time. The mean duration (min) of the following subcategories was as follows: explanation (14), transitions/breaks (11) and leg movement (8). In conclusion, children spent 47% of the total class time in the category of dancing exercise, and 27% was deemed as inactive time. Slight changes in the class structure may contribute to attain 50% of the total class time at MVPA, as recommended by health organisations. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 543-554 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1925009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1925009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:543-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikael Jamil Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Jamil Author-Name: Hongyou Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hongyou Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Ashwin Phatak Author-X-Name-First: Ashwin Author-X-Name-Last: Phatak Author-Name: Daniel Memmert Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Memmert Title: An investigation identifying which key performance indicators influence the chances of promotion to the elite leagues in professional European football Abstract: Technical performances of teams competing in the professional second divisions of England, Germany and France were analysed over five seasons in order to determine which factors influence the chances of promotion to the elite leagues. A total of 11,032 team-match observations were analysed via a series of logistical regressions. The results revealed that teams with an overworked defensive unit that were frequently asked to make blocks, clearances and goalkeeper saves would have significantly reduced chances of promotion. Conversely, set-plays and in particular taking advantage of penalty kick opportunities significantly increased the odds of promotion by 37%. In addition, scoring goals from corner kicks were also revealed to significantly enhance the odds of promotion by 35%. With regard to open play, creating chances in the form of assists and through balls were revealed to significantly increase the odds of promotion by 28% and 14%, respectively. These results, therefore, indicate that lower league teams with ambitions of achieving promotion to the elite level should adopt a strategy which consists of frequent penetrative passing that leads to chance creation. Furthermore, teams hoping to achieve promotion should look to improve their efficiency from penalty kicks and corner kick set-plays. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 641-650 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1933845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1933845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:641-650 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Courel-Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Courel-Ibáñez Title: Game patterns in padel: a sequential analysis of elite men players Abstract: The aims of this study were to identify key game patterns and to determine the sequential relationship between each possible combination to assess the usefulness and effectiveness of certain behaviours in elite men padel players. A total of 3,811 stroke-by-stroke actions were collected from 12 sets from five final games of the professional men’s padel championship World Padel Tour (WPT). A multievent sequential data analysis was conducted to determine the interaction and transition probabilities between game patterns. The findings revealed that high-level padel competition is mostly defined by 10 to 40 game patterns and interactions, thus players should mask their real intentions to increase the opponents’ uncertainty. Because volleys and smashes were equally effective but smashes were more likely to fail by an unforced error, players could refine their offensive strategies by a better domain of volleys to solve the point, while reducing the use of definitive smashes for particular situations. Likewise, the use of aggressive backwall counterattacks in response to smashes seems to be an effective offensive strategy in high-level padel players. These findings contribute to a better knowledge of high-level padel game dynamics while providing coaches and players useful information to optimise the training and decision-making strategies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 579-588 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1927630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1927630 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:579-588 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yonghui Yu Author-X-Name-First: Yonghui Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Antonio García-de-Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: García-de-Alcaraz Author-Name: Xiang Ji Author-X-Name-First: Xiang Author-X-Name-Last: Ji Author-Name: Hongliang Jin Author-X-Name-First: Hongliang Author-X-Name-Last: Jin Author-Name: Kai Cui Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Cui Author-Name: Tianbiao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Tianbiao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Effects of home advantage on set outcome and game actions performance in the Chinese Women’s Volleyball Association League Abstract: Home advantage in sport is a widely analyzed phenomenon with an unclear impact on volleyball. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of match location on the set outcome and technical performance indicators in the Chinese Women’;s Volleyball Association League. A total of 656 sets (181 matches) were observed during two consecutive seasons (2016-2018). The point and error performances in actions when teams played at home and away in terms of each set were analyzed. Comparisons were made using T test or Mann Whitney-U test, with the SMD at 95% of interval confidence. Also, a discriminant analysis was applied (p < .05). The results showed that the highest winning probability was in the fourth (59.5%), fifth (58.6%), and first (55.2%) set by home teams. Significant differences between teams were only found in spike error and block point (first set), spike point and serve error (second set), and serve-reception error (third set). Finally, only the points in terminal actions (serve, spike and block), as well as the serve error, lead to a discriminant function in the second set. These findings address coaches to develop proper strategies when they compete at home or away in a regular league. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 532-542 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1924527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1924527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:532-542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Vassilios Author-X-Name-Last: Panoutsakopoulos Author-Name: Apostolos S. Theodorou Author-X-Name-First: Apostolos S. Author-X-Name-Last: Theodorou Author-Name: Mariana C. Kotzamanidou Author-X-Name-First: Mariana C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kotzamanidou Author-Name: Timothy A. Exell Author-X-Name-First: Timothy A. Author-X-Name-Last: Exell Author-Name: Iraklis A. Kollias Author-X-Name-First: Iraklis A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kollias Title: Gender differences in pole vault approach run kinematics and step parameter asymmetry during an elite indoor competition Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine gender differences of approach run kinematics and step parameters asymmetry. The attempts of 24 pole vaulters (11 males, 13 females) during a major indoor competition were examined. Step length, frequency and average velocity of the last eight steps were calculated using spatiotemporal data acquired with panning video recordings (300 fps) of the participants' best attempt. The asymmetry of the step parameters was quantified using the symmetry angle method. Results indicated significant (p < .05) gender differences in step length and average step velocity, as well as inter-limb asymmetry for step length and frequency. In addition, a significant (p < .05) pole carrying side effect in average step velocity was revealed. Significant (p < .05) asymmetry for step length was observed in 2 male and 5 female vaulters. No significant (p > .05) asymmetry for step frequency and average velocity were observed in women. In conclusion, gender differences seem to be attributed to the pole properties and the physical conditioning of the pole vaulters, since the pole carrying at the final stage of the approach run requires large power/explosive strength capabilities. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 477-490 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1917977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1917977 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:4:p:477-490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew R. Novak Author-X-Name-First: Andrew R. Author-X-Name-Last: Novak Author-Name: Sam Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Author-Name: Franco M. Impellizzeri Author-X-Name-First: Franco M. Author-X-Name-Last: Impellizzeri Author-Name: Cathal Garvey Author-X-Name-First: Cathal Author-X-Name-Last: Garvey Author-Name: Job Fransen Author-X-Name-First: Job Author-X-Name-Last: Fransen Title: Description of collective team behaviours and team performance analysis of elite rugby competition via cooperative network analysis Abstract: This study investigated cooperative passing interactions in elite rugby match play. Associations between team network metrics and match outcomes were also investigated. A cross-sectional approach was adopted, using data from four Australian Super Rugby teams, across five seasons. 44,178 passing actions were included across 321 team-fixture observations. Network metrics were calculated for each positional group within each match, and two statistical models were developed; First: a mixed-effects multinomial regression to identify differences between positional groups; and second: a mixed-effects binomial logistic regression to determine the association between team-level network metrics and match outcomes. Differences were identified between positional groups e.g. Halves had the highest out-degree centrality and betweenness, while Centres had higher eigenvector centrality than all other positions. Within the Forwards pack, the Back Row had greater in-degree, out-degree, and betweenness than the Tight Five. Regarding match outcomes, the model explained only 6.9% of variance, although greater in-degree centralisation (OR = 1.847 [1.241–2.749], p = 0.002) and lower eigenvector centralisation (OR = 0.655 [0.440–0.975]; p = 0.037) were associated with successful outcomes. Cooperative passing networks in rugby union may provide useful information to describe how various positions interact, and some behaviours may contribute towards successful team performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 804-819 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1945882 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1945882 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:804-819 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Feng Li Author-X-Name-First: Feng Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Zheng Li Author-X-Name-First: Zheng Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Iva Borović Author-X-Name-First: Iva Author-X-Name-Last: Borović Author-Name: Tomislav Rupčić Author-X-Name-First: Tomislav Author-X-Name-Last: Rupčić Author-Name: Damir Knjaz Author-X-Name-First: Damir Author-X-Name-Last: Knjaz Title: Does fatigue affect the kinematics of shooting in female basketball? Abstract: Few studies investigated the influence of fatigue on the change of kinematic parameters in basketball shooting regarding female players. This study aimed to determine the difference of kinematics in basketball jump shot between non-fatigue and fatigue conditions. Thirty-two professional female basketball players volunteered to take part in the study (age: 22.11 ± 4.92 years; height: 173.99 ± 7.06 cm; weight: 67.89 ± 5.65 kg). 3D motion analysis using an inertial suit and a smart ball were performed for measuring the kinematic parameters. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences in angular velocity of ankle, knee and hip joints. Conversely, differences in angular velocity of elbow (p = 0.036) and wrist (p = 0.002) were detected. In addition, the results showed that the release height and entry angle of the ball significantly decreased in fatigue condition, suggesting that coaches need to include in the training process exercise that is similar in terms of fatigue and performance to the situational condition during the game as these two variables play an important role in the determination of shooting efficiency. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 754-766 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1945878 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1945878 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:754-766 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bahadorreza Ofoghi Author-X-Name-First: Bahadorreza Author-X-Name-Last: Ofoghi Author-Name: Milad Chenaghlou Author-X-Name-First: Milad Author-X-Name-Last: Chenaghlou Author-Name: Mitchell Mooney Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell Author-X-Name-Last: Mooney Author-Name: Dan B Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Dan B Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Author-Name: Lyndell Bruce Author-X-Name-First: Lyndell Author-X-Name-Last: Bruce Title: Team technical performance characteristics and their association with match outcome in elite netball Abstract: Objectives. There is little understanding of the optimal technical performance characteristics associated with winning matches in netball and how these might vary between competition levels and between each quarter of the game. This study aims to identify and compare team technical performance characteristics between elite domestic and international-level matches and among different quarters. Design. A retrospective cohort study was used. Methods. Netball data sets were analysed, containing quarter-level and overall match statistics from the professional league in Australia and international tournaments (n = 1,296 records, 648 matches). Permutation resampling tests were used to compare technical variables between domestic and international matches, and between winning and losing teams at both the match and (non-cumulative) quarter levels. Machine learning methods were used to model match outcome and to rank technical characteristics. Results. Differences in team technical characteristics were observed between domestic and international matches, relating to penalties, and score-related actions. There are a variety of team technical characteristics that vary between winning and losing performances, and their importance varies slightly between quarters within a match. A K-Nearest Neighbour classifier explained match outcome with a high accuracy which demonstrates that there are enough data available in elite netball to apply machine learning methods for more complex analyses in the future. Conclusions. Team technical performance varies between winning and losing performances, at elite domestic and international levels. Minimising undesirable technical actions such as penalties and errors appears to be the most important difference between winning and losing teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 700-712 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1938424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1938424 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:700-712 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aidan J. Brady Author-X-Name-First: Aidan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Brady Author-Name: Michael Scriney Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Scriney Author-Name: Niall M. Moyna Author-X-Name-First: Niall M. Author-X-Name-Last: Moyna Author-Name: Andrew McCarren Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: McCarren Title: Identification of movement categories and associated velocity thresholds for elite Gaelic football and hurling referees Abstract: The purpose of this study was to generate movement category velocity thresholds for elite Gaelic football (GF) and hurling referees using a two-stage unsupervised clustering technique. Activity data from 41 GF and 38 hurling referees was collected using global positioning system technology during 338 and 221 competitive games, respectively. The elbow method was used in stage one to identify the number of movement categories in the datasets. In stage two, the respective velocity thresholds for each category were identified using spectral clustering. The efficacy of these thresholds was examined using a regression analysis performed between the median of each of the velocity thresholds and the raw velocity data. Five velocity thresholds were identified for both GF and hurling referees (mean ± standard deviation: GF referees; 0.70±0.09, 1.66±0.19, 3.28±0.41, 4.87±0.61, 6.49±0.50 m·s−1; hurling referees; 0.69±0.11, 1.60±0.25, 3.09±0.52, 4.63±0.58, 6.35±0.43 m·s−1). With the exception of the lowest velocity threshold, all other thresholds were significantly higher for GF referees. The newly generated velocity thresholds were more strongly associated with the raw velocity data than traditional generic categories. The provision of unique velocity thresholds will allow applied practitioners to better quantify the activity profile of elite GF and hurling referees during training and competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 741-753 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1942659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1942659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:741-753 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liam McDermott Author-X-Name-First: Liam Author-X-Name-Last: McDermott Author-Name: Kieran Collins Author-X-Name-First: Kieran Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Shane Mangan Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Mangan Author-Name: Joe Warne Author-X-Name-First: Joe Author-X-Name-Last: Warne Title: The influence of opposition quality on team performance indicators in elite Gaelic football Abstract: The aim of the current study was to assess if opposition quality influences the technical performance of lower-ranked Gaelic football teams. Over a three-year period (2016–2018), nine teams from Tier 3 were assessed on their technical performance levels over 50 matches. Teams were split into three groups according to team rating determined objectively using the Elo Ratings System for Gaelic football (Tier 1 (n = 14) (>1500 points, highest ranking), Tier 2 (n = 17) (1200–1499 points) and Tier 3 (n = 19) (<1200 points)). Teams in Tier 3 are of the same ranking as the “lower ranked teams”. A series of 1-Way ANOVA’s examined differences in technical performance comparing the lower ranked teams to all 3 tiers, where both significance and effect size were considered. There was a non-significant difference found when comparing the lower ranked teams with all three tiers for all variables (all P > 0.05). For both successful hand-passes (ƞ2 = 0.140) and long kick-outs lost (ƞ2 = 0.213), all tiers had a large effect. Between tiers, long kick-outs lost (d = 1.77) was the only large effect noted and occurred when the lower ranked teams played Tier 1 teams. The current study gives an insight to coaches of what parameters in the game are influenced by the opposition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 780-789 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1945880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1945880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:780-789 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aman Singh Shergill Author-X-Name-First: Aman Singh Author-X-Name-Last: Shergill Author-Name: Craig Twist Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Twist Author-Name: Jamie Highton Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Highton Title: Importance of GNSS data quality assessment with novel control criteria in professional soccer match-play Abstract: This study assessed the quality of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal during professional football match play in different stadia with the application of a novel Data Quality Control Criteria (DQCC).DQCC was applied to GPS-files from match play, derived using 10 Hz GNSS devices for 27 professional soccer players across a season to assess external load measures accounting for poor positioning quality (%) and horizontal dilution of precision. Performances were categorised on playing position (Wide or Central) to assess proximity to stand cover on GNSS signal quality.An average reduction in total distance (11.2%), high-speed running distance (6.4%), sprint distance (7.0%), accelerations (10.3%) and decelerations (10.0%) (all P < 0.01) was observed upon DQCC application. In worst cases, 90% of an external variable was affected by poor-quality signal. Signal quality was worse for wide-positioned players than centrally positioned (positioning quality 2.6% lower (P < 0.01)), resulting in larger reductions of external variables upon DQCC application. Large stands in football stadia affect the data quality of GNSS and is exacerbated for players positioned closer to stand cover. Viewing only data with acceptable Position Quality and HDOP meaningfully reduce measured external loads, which has implications for the application of match data. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 820-830 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1947017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1947017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:820-830 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Klaus Mattes Author-X-Name-First: Klaus Author-X-Name-Last: Mattes Author-Name: S. Wolff Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wolff Author-Name: B. Losekamm Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Losekamm Title: Two different Variants of Leg Repositioning at maximal Sprint Speed of high Performance Junior Sprinters Abstract: Two variants of leg repositioning are described biomechanically and examined for differences in step kinematics. Based on leg angle (two-point angle between radius of leg centre of gravity and a horizontal line) during air phase, 30 juniors were divided into two groups (n = 15), large leg angle (LLA, leg angle = 80 ± 4°) and small leg angle (SLA, leg angle = 69 ± 5°). Maximal flying 30-m sprints were recorded (200 fps) and group differences were analysed using a 5-point leg model. With comparable leg length, both groups differed in leg moment of inertia and leg angular velocity. Group SLA reduced knee angle under the body, the thigh of swing leg passed the support leg early, and reached a higher position during knee lift, followed by a higher vertical foot velocity during pre-support. At take-on, both groups achieved a comparable hip, knee and foot angle. Due to higher mass of thigh (66%) compared to lower leg, foot and spikes (34%), thigh movement is essential for repositioning. Despite SLA advantages, three of the six fastest sprinters (v > 10.4 m/s) were evenly divided into both groups. An influence on step length, step frequency, ground contact and flight time was not found. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 713-727 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1939641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1939641 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:713-727 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sotirios Drikos Author-X-Name-First: Sotirios Author-X-Name-Last: Drikos Author-Name: Karolina Barzouka Author-X-Name-First: Karolina Author-X-Name-Last: Barzouka Author-Name: Maria-Elissavet Nikolaidou Author-X-Name-First: Maria-Elissavet Author-X-Name-Last: Nikolaidou Author-Name: Konstantinos Sotiropoulos Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos Author-X-Name-Last: Sotiropoulos Title: Game variables that predict success and performance level in elite men’s volleyball Abstract: This study examined the Men’s European Volleyball Championship 2019 in which 24 national teams competed. The sample was split into three groups according to its team final ranking. The effectiveness of the main volleyball skills, such as serve, reception, attack after reception, attack after defence and block was calculated. The success rates of each team in side-out and breakpoint complexes were also computed. The reliability of the analysis was examined with Cohen’s Kappa score. Two stepwise discriminant analyses were performed to identify the contribution of each skill’s effectiveness and each complex success rate to winning in a volleyball set and the team’s classification. Cross-validation results showed that the discriminant function correctly classified 91.1% of the teams’ performance in win-lose sets and 83.3% of the teams’ performance level. The variables which were considered to be central in defining discriminant dimension were break point win(BPwin) = .755 and effectiveness of attack after reception (A1E) = .484 for win-lose sets, and BPwin = .534 and A1E = .454 for performance level, respectively. The results of the study indicate that success in volleyball in a typical set or a tournament can be explained with two performance indicators: the effectiveness of attack after reception and the success rate of breakpoint complex. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 767-779 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1945879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1945879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:767-779 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Spyridon Rois Author-X-Name-First: Spyridon Author-X-Name-Last: Rois Author-Name: Emmanouil Zacharakis Author-X-Name-First: Emmanouil Author-X-Name-Last: Zacharakis Author-Name: Stylianos Kounalakis Author-X-Name-First: Stylianos Author-X-Name-Last: Kounalakis Author-Name: Helen N. Soultanakis Author-X-Name-First: Helen N. Author-X-Name-Last: Soultanakis Title: Thermoregulatory responses during prolonged swimming with a Wetsuit at 25 °C Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged steady state swimming with a wetsuit, on thermoregulatory and behavioural responses, in water of 25°C. Ten male swimmers participated in two 75-min  swim trials, in one wearing a neoprene wetsuit (WS), and the other a conventional swimsuit (SS). The swimming intensity was controlled at 70% of swimmers’ critical velocity (CV). Core (Tcore) and skin (Tsk) temperature, heart rate (HR), and behavioural modulators, were measured before, during and after swimming. A 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures with aFisher’s 2SD test was used for multiple comparisons and a paired t-test with a Tukey post hoc analysis for pre and post measurements at p< 0.05. The results demonstrated an interaction of Tcore (p = 0.039), between time in the water and type of garment worn. Tcore with the WS initially increased until the 45th min and plateaued, while with the SS was continuously decreasing. HR was lower during swimming with the WS and higher with the SS. Thermal sensation and thermal comfort, were more favourable with the WS (p < 0.05). Thus, WS use during prolonged swimming, helped maintain Tcore levels, and improved thermal perceptions, at 25 °C. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 831-844 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1947018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1947018 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:831-844 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamie Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Stuart Mills Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Title: Analysis of corner kicks at the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2019 in relation to match status and team quality Abstract: This study analysed the characteristics of 476 corner kicks taken during 52 matches at the FIFA women’s World Cup 2019. The effect of current match status/team quality was examined, and the corner characteristics associated with the 17 goals scored from corners (3.6%) and 93 shots on-target (19.5%) were identified. Goals from corners were more likely from dynamic attacks or with 1–4 defenders for short corners. Shots on-target were more likely from corners delivered into GA3&CA3 and the outer zones, ≥6 attackers were inside the delivery area or involved ≥3 intervening attackers. Match status was significantly associated with number of defenders, attackers for short corners, defenders for short corners and type of marking. Team quality was significantly associated with type of delivery, kicking foot, number of attackers, attackers for short corners, defenders for short corners, defenders on posts, number of intervening attackers and offensive organisation. Team quality was not significantly associated with corner outcomes, perhaps a consequence of higher-quality teams not always favouring corner characteristics which are associated with increased success (goals or shots on-target). These results can assist coaches to understand corner characteristics to expect when winning, drawing, or losing, or against different levels of opposition within women’s international football. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 679-699 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1936408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1936408 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:679-699 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justin H.Y. Tan Author-X-Name-First: Justin H.Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Tan Author-Name: Ted Polglaze Author-X-Name-First: Ted Author-X-Name-Last: Polglaze Author-Name: Peter Peeling Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Peeling Title: Validity and reliability of a player-tracking device to identify movement orientation in team sports Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the GPExe pro2 device to identify movement orientation in team-sport locomotion. Part A involved a series of discrete movement tasks of varying direction and orientation at two speeds (walk, run); Part B involved a continuous Simulated Game Circuit (SGC). For validity, distance in each orientation quadrant (forward, backward, left, right) and two aggregated sectors (lateral, non-forward), was compared to the known distance and calculated as the standard error of estimate (SEE). Inter-unit reliability was assessed in the SGC and reported as typical error (TE) and coefficient of variation (CV). In total, 256 trials were collected for validity (Part A 232, Part B 24), and 17 trials for reliability. Validity improved with faster and more continuous movement (SEE: walk 6.2–8.7%; run 4.4–8.2%; SGC 1.0–6.2%), was better for forward and backward (1.0–2.8%) compared to left and right orientation (3.8–6.2%), and for aggregated sectors (2.4–5.1%) rather than specific quadrants. Reliability was good (CV<5%) for forward and backward quadrants and both aggregated sectors, but poor (CV>10%) for left and right quadrants. These devices provide valid and reliable movement orientation data for team-sport locomotion, particularly in differentiating between forward and non-forward movement. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 790-803 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1945881 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1945881 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:790-803 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adrián Escudero-Tena Author-X-Name-First: Adrián Author-X-Name-Last: Escudero-Tena Author-Name: Javier Courel-Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Courel-Ibáñez Author-Name: Javier García-Rubio Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: García-Rubio Author-Name: Sergio J. Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Sergio J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Title: Sex differences in professional padel players: analysis across four seasons Abstract: Despite the growth of research on padel, available literature is mainly focused on male samples of modest size. This study characterised the differences in performance between men’s and women’s top-class padel players competing in the World Padel Tour (WPT) across four entire seasons (2016–19). Game performance indications from 1070 sets (532 matches) were collected from the official WPT website records. Men and women’s performance were compared by means of the set result and the season. Men padel players performed a smaller number of actions, winners and errors per game than women, except winning smashes and smashes, by order of effect size (ES) magnitude: winning smashes (ES = 1.27), smashes (ES = 1.26), unforced errors (ES = 0.59), winners (ES = 0.55), breakpoints won (ES = 0.42), breakpoints (ES = 0.41) and winning volleys (ES = 0.24). Additionally, sex differences in unforced errors, winners, breakpoints, and breakpoints won become bigger as the time goes, with men showing an increasing greater performance. These findings confirm the existence of sex differences in professional padel performance and a worrying trend to becoming bigger. The sex specificities should be considered to both optimise training and competition plans and mitigated these sex disparities in padel players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 651-662 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1930363 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1930363 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:651-662 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomáš Gryc Author-X-Name-First: Tomáš Author-X-Name-Last: Gryc Author-Name: Matěj Brožka Author-X-Name-First: Matěj Author-X-Name-Last: Brožka Author-Name: Petr Stastny Author-X-Name-First: Petr Author-X-Name-Last: Stastny Author-Name: Petr Miřátský Author-X-Name-First: Petr Author-X-Name-Last: Miřátský Author-Name: František Zahálka Author-X-Name-First: František Author-X-Name-Last: Zahálka Title: Long-term and actual golf performance and their relation to putting success and accuracy in amateur players Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the putting skills of amateur players and the relationship between these skills and long-term and actual performance. The participants (n = 34) performed tests from different distances (1 m, 3 m, 5 m) and slopes (uphill, downhill, right-left, left-right). Based on these tests, the accuracy and success of their putting were measured. ANOVA results showed that performance on 1 m putts was more accurate and successful than 3 m and 5 m putts. Furthermore, 3 m putts were more accurate and successful than 5 m putts on all slopes (p < 0.001). The participants with HCP ≤ 5 were more successful than the HCP 5.1–12 and HCP ≥ 12.1 groups, and HCP 5.1–12 players were more successful than HCP ≥ 12.1 players in 1 m and 3 m putts (p = .046). Accuracy did not vary between HCP groups. Initial putt slopes influence accuracy (p < 0.001) and success (p = .0038). Downhill and left–right slopes are associated with lower accuracy than other slopes and downhill slopes provide the best success at all distances. This study showed that putting skills play a crucial role in shaping the golf performance of amateur players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 728-740 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1942652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1942652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:728-740 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chelsie Winchcombe Author-X-Name-First: Chelsie Author-X-Name-Last: Winchcombe Author-Name: Paul Goods Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Goods Author-Name: Martyn Binnie Author-X-Name-First: Martyn Author-X-Name-Last: Binnie Author-Name: Matthew Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Author-Name: Jack Fahey-Gilmour Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Fahey-Gilmour Author-Name: Peter Peeling Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Peeling Title: Workload demands of laser class sailing regattas Abstract: This study aimed to quantify the workload demands, internal stress response and perceptual fatigue experienced by Laser class sailors across multiple days of competition. Eleven elite male Laser Standard athletes (age: 23.2 ± 3.4y, body mass: 82.6 ± 2.3 kg, stature: 182 ± 5 cm) competing at two regattas were recruited. Athletes wore a heart rate (HR) monitor and global positioning system (GPS) unit whilst racing and completed a daily short recovery and stress scale (SRSS). Athletes spent longer sailing upwind (29:08 ± 2:13 min:s) than on a reach (5:19 ± 1:11 min:s), (P < 0.001) and downwind (13:13 ± 3:04 min:s), (P < .001) in each race. Mean HR during upwind sailing (159 ± 11 beats per minute (bpm)) was higher than downwind sailing (147 ± 15 bpm), (P < 0.001) and reaching (156 ± 16 bpm), (P = 0.002). Although regatta schedules are highly governed by environmental conditions, this study confirms that sailing upwind (i.e., hiking) is the most physically demanding aspect of racing. Additionally, perceptual fatigue increases over time in more demanding regatta schedules. These findings provide a framework to prescribe training and recovery regimes for Laser class sailing athletes, to optimise physical performance during sailing regattas. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 663-678 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1933846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1933846 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:5:p:663-678 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael A. Maloney Author-X-Name-First: Michael A. Author-X-Name-Last: Maloney Author-Name: Ian Renshaw Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Renshaw Author-Name: Damian Farrow Author-X-Name-First: Damian Author-X-Name-Last: Farrow Title: The interpersonal dynamics of taekwondo fighting Abstract: This study investigates the interpersonal dynamics of a taekwondo fighter–fighter system through the lens of ecological dynamics. The aim was to identify: 1) stable states of fight-fighter system coordination, 2) how the system organised in defensive and 3) attacking situations.Spatio-temporal data of taekwondo fighters from competitive fights was collected. Data was processed to express the taekwondo fighter–fighter system by the continuous time series parameter of interpersonal distance (IPD), the distance between two fighters over time. Data was analysed using linear mixed models, Pearson’s correlations and descriptive statistics.The fighter–fighter system spent most of the fight time (M = 60.43 %, SD = 7.76 %) at 101–200 cm IPD. From this distance, fighters fluctuated between attack (breaking IPD) and defence (maintaining IPD).Findings revealed how taekwondo fighters form a dyadic system that has specific metastable patterns of behaviour. These patterns of behaviour are likely shaped by individual intentions and action capabilities in interaction with task constraints (hit without getting hit). Results highlight the sensitivity that fighters have to their own and their opponent’s action capabilities. Findings have implications for the design of representative practice and research tasks in combat sports. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 993-1003 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1968660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1968660 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:993-1003 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gibson Moreira Praça Author-X-Name-First: Gibson Moreira Author-X-Name-Last: Praça Author-Name: Pedro Emílio Drumond Moreira Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Emílio Drumond Author-X-Name-Last: Moreira Author-Name: Gabriel Teles de Oliveira Dieguez Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Teles de Oliveira Author-X-Name-Last: Dieguez Author-Name: Thiago de Oliveira Barbosa Author-X-Name-First: Thiago de Oliveira Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa Author-Name: Leandro Henrique Albuquerque Brandão Author-X-Name-First: Leandro Henrique Albuquerque Author-X-Name-Last: Brandão Author-Name: Igor Junio de Oliveira Custódio Author-X-Name-First: Igor Junio de Oliveira Author-X-Name-Last: Custódio Title: The impact of match venue on performance indicators and tactical behaviour in youth soccer players Abstract: This study analysed the effects of changing the match venue on match-related physiological, physical, and tactical responses on youth soccer age-dependent. Fifty outfield U-17 (n = 25) and U-20 (n = 25) youth players were monitored over the 2020 competitive season. Players’ and teams’ match demands were monitored by GPS devices, allowing the generation of physiological (heart rate), physical (distances, sprints, and accelerations), and tactical (positional variables) match-related variables. These variables were compared by a two-way analysis of variance (age category x match venue). The analysis indicated that the effect of match venue on players’ and teams’ responses was age-dependent. Specifically, higher heart rate, total distance, distance in all speed thresholds, and sprints were observed in home matches, although this effect was observed only in the U-17 group (except for the heart rate and total distance). Younger players also presented higher exploratory tactical behaviour, while less spatial exploration was observed in home matches. Also, teams adopted a more in-depth tactical positioning in away matches. We conclude that older, and hence more experient, youth soccer players tend to adopt more stable physiological, physical, and tactical responses in home and away matches, although the responses and the performance tend to be higher in home matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 889-899 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1952831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1952831 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:889-899 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco M. Argudo-Iturriagaa Author-X-Name-First: Francisco M. Author-X-Name-Last: Argudo-Iturriagaa Author-Name: Pablo García-Marín Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: García-Marín Author-Name: Pablo J. Borges Hernández Author-X-Name-First: Pablo J. Author-X-Name-Last: Borges Hernández Author-Name: Yurema Sabio-Lago Author-X-Name-First: Yurema Author-X-Name-Last: Sabio-Lago Author-Name: Encarnación Ruiz-Lara Author-X-Name-First: Encarnación Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz-Lara Title: Analysis of associated variables with shooting performance in Beach Water polo Abstract: Beach Water polo is a newly created team water sport derived from Water polo. The first time official matches were played at a major international event was at the 18th FINA World Championship in 2019. For that reason, the aim of this study was to analyse some associated variables with shooting performance in female Beach Water polo. The total sample was composed of 857 shots from the Beach Water Polo Tournament (Gwangju, South Korea). The study was developed with an observational design. The reliability between the two observers was verified using the intra class correlation coefficient, ensuring that in all cases this value was greater than .75. The results show that the most effective shots were those taken after a previous foul, close to the goal, from the left position, with rebound, with a feint movement, directed at the short post. It is also concluded that beach water polo as a much more physically and mentally demanding sport than classic water polo. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1117-1126 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1977559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1977559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1117-1126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bingnan Gong Author-X-Name-First: Bingnan Author-X-Name-Last: Gong Author-Name: Yixiong Cui Author-X-Name-First: Yixiong Author-X-Name-Last: Cui Author-Name: Shaoliang Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Shaoliang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Changjing Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Changjing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Qing Yi Author-X-Name-First: Qing Author-X-Name-Last: Yi Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Ruano Title: Impact of technical and physical key performance indicators on ball possession in the Chinese Super League Abstract: Ball possession an important key performance indicator (KPIs) in men’s soccer; thus, coaches and analysts have been interested in the technical and physical parameters resulting in different possession statuses. In this regard, this study aims to examine the relationship between match KPIs and ball possession in elite men’s soccer, and identify the suitable analysis method (multiple linear regression, MLR vs. quantile regression, QR) to model this relationship in the Chinese Super League (CSL). A total of 474 performance records from 237 matches during the 2019 competitive season in the CSL were selected, and analysed using MLR and QR using the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th quantiles. Several technical (foul, pass, air duel, tackle, shot, and corner kick) and physical (sprint and high-speed running distance) KPIs were associated with ball possession. Compared to the MLR model, the QR model identified additional physical KPIs, which are sprint, high-speed running, and high-intensity running efforts, that influenced ball possession. For the situational variables, the quality of the opposition affects the ball possession from the 25th to 75th quantiles. Therefore, QR modelling is a potential tool for performance analysts and coaches to strategise and monitor different parameters in a match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 909-921 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1957296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1957296 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:909-921 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel A Marinho Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A Author-X-Name-Last: Marinho Author-Name: Tiago M Barbosa Author-X-Name-First: Tiago M Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa Author-Name: Henrique P Neiva Author-X-Name-First: Henrique P Author-X-Name-Last: Neiva Author-Name: Shin-Ichiro Moriyama Author-X-Name-First: Shin-Ichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Moriyama Author-Name: António J Silva Author-X-Name-First: António J Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Jorge E Morais Author-X-Name-First: Jorge E Author-X-Name-Last: Morais Title: The effect of the start and finish in the 50 m and 100 m freestyle performance in elite male swimmers Abstract: The aim of this study was to: (1) verify differences between swimmers of the same competitive level in variables related to the start and finish (50 m and 100 m freestyle); (2) verify if starting and finish variables are responsible for faster race time, and which starting variables are responsible for the start performance in such events. For the 50 m and 100 m freestyle race at the junior European Championships 2019, 86 and 88 male swimmers were analysed, respectively. A set of starting and finishing variables were used for analysis. Both races (50 m: p < 0.001; 100 m: p < 0.001) presented a significant level effect for the final race time. The same trend was observed for the start and finish performances. For both races, hierarchical linear modelling retained the 15 m mark time and finish speed as predictors. The 50 m start retained the reaction time and underwater speed, and the 100 m start retained the reaction time and the water break distance. This indicates the underwater phase of the start is of substantial importance to improve the 15 m mark time. Coaches and swimmers are advised to enhance the start underwater phase, and finish segments to improve the swimmers’ performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1041-1054 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1969514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1969514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1041-1054 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. J. Redwood-Brown Author-X-Name-First: A. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Redwood-Brown Author-Name: H. L. Brown Author-X-Name-First: H. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: B. Oakley Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Oakley Author-Name: P. J. Felton Author-X-Name-First: P. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Felton Title: Determinants of Boat Velocity during a 200 m Race in Elite Paralympic Sprint Kayakers Abstract: This study investigates the relationships between boat velocity, stroke rate and displacement per stroke in Paracanoe 200m Sprint Kayak races. Data were analysed from 646, 200m efforts performed by 13 international Paracanoe athletes between 2017 and 2020 (Male: N= 6, female: N= 7) using boat-based GPS unit (Catapult S5). Significant differences between the Paralympic classifications were observed for boat velocity, stroke rate and displacement per stroke across both genders (p < 0.001) and Paracanoe classification (p < 0.001). Stroke rate was found to be the best predictor of boat velocity across classifications explaining between 13% and 34% of the variation. However, displacement per stroke was found to be more important for males than females potentially due to strength and anthropometric differences. Boat velocity, stroke rate and displacement per stroke values for the final 150m (measured in 50 m splits) indicated evidence for a mix of all-out and positive pacing strategies. The results of this study suggest intricate differences exist in Paracanoe Sprint Kayak based on gender and classification between athletes. This information is useful in the coaching of Paracanoe Sprint Kayak with evidence that physical preparation, training, and race strategy can be individualised to each athlete. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1178-1190 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1986351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1986351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1178-1190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Augusto C. Barbosa Author-X-Name-First: Augusto C. Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa Author-Name: Renato Barroso Author-X-Name-First: Renato Author-X-Name-Last: Barroso Author-Name: Tomohiro Gonjo Author-X-Name-First: Tomohiro Author-X-Name-Last: Gonjo Author-Name: Marcel M. Rossi Author-X-Name-First: Marcel M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rossi Author-Name: Leopoldo A. Paolucci Author-X-Name-First: Leopoldo A. Author-X-Name-Last: Paolucci Author-Name: Bjørn H. Olstad Author-X-Name-First: Bjørn H. Author-X-Name-Last: Olstad Author-Name: André G. P. Andrade Author-X-Name-First: André G. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Andrade Title: 50 m freestyle in 21, 22 and 23 s: What differentiates the speed curve of world-class and elite male swimmers? Abstract: We examined the association between 50 m freestyle performance (50FS) and average speed (AS), peak speed (PS), minimum speed (MS) and intracyclic speed variation (ISV) and compared the speed curves from swimmers with different performance levels using functional analysis of variance (FANOVA). Fourteen male swimmers (50FS: 22.50 ± 0.58 s) performed a maximal sprint with a speedometer and AS, PS, MS, and IVV were assessed for correlational analysis. 50FS were obtained in official competitions. Swimmers were assigned to three groups based on actual 50FS: G21 (n = 2, 21.99 ± 0.04 s), G22 (n = 6, 22.82 ± 0.10 s) or G23 (n = 6, 23.55 ± 0.18 s). FANOVA compared the average curves. 50FS correlated to AS (r = −0.781, p = 0.001) and PS (ρ = −0.766, p = 0.001), but not to MS (r = −0.185, p = 0.527) or IVV (r = −0.323, p = 0.259). FANOVA showed that faster swimmers achieved higher PS and stayed longer at the upper part of the curve. 50FS performance is related to average and peak speed assessed with the speedometer. Swimmers should seek techniques to maintain the speed at the upper part of the curve as long as possible. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1055-1065 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1971509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1971509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1055-1065 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Min Gong Author-X-Name-First: Min Author-X-Name-Last: Gong Author-Name: Chao Gao Author-X-Name-First: Chao Author-X-Name-Last: Gao Author-Name: Guang Tian Author-X-Name-First: Guang Author-X-Name-Last: Tian Author-Name: Binghong Gao Author-X-Name-First: Binghong Author-X-Name-Last: Gao Title: Kinematic determinants of acceleration in skeleton push phase Abstract: This study aimed to characterise the push phase kinematics in skeleton sport and explore the relationship between kinematic indicators and push performance. Nine male Chinese skeleton athletes performed three 15-metre pushes on an indoor simulated push track. Kinematic data were recorded with a 3-dimensional motion system (VICON; UK) consisting of 14 cameras sampling at a rate of 200 Hz. The linear relationships between the kinematic indicators and push performance were determined by Pearson correlation analysis. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Step velocity (SV), step length (SL), toe-off distance (TOD), and toe-off angle (TOA) were significantly different between the inside and outside foot in the first four steps. Positively significant correlations were found between touchdown distance (TD), touchdown angle (TA), and SV in step 1 (r = 0.696; r = 0.682), and negative correlations were found between contact time (CT), TOA, and SV in step 1 and step 4, respectively (r = −0.839; r = −0.763). Effective acceleration was achieved by shortening contact, increasing TA and TD in the first step, and maintaining a relatively small TOA and a relatively long TOD in the steps 2 to 4. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1004-1014 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1968661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1968661 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1004-1014 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Otávio Joaquim Baratto de Azevedo Author-X-Name-First: Otávio Author-X-Name-Last: Joaquim Baratto de Azevedo Author-Name: Clara Knierim Correia Author-X-Name-First: Clara Author-X-Name-Last: Knierim Correia Author-Name: Gustavo Soares Pereira Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo Author-X-Name-Last: Soares Pereira Author-Name: Luciano Sales Prado Author-X-Name-First: Luciano Sales Author-X-Name-Last: Prado Author-Name: Helio Roesler Author-X-Name-First: Helio Author-X-Name-Last: Roesler Author-Name: Suzana Matheus Pereira Author-X-Name-First: Suzana Matheus Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira Author-Name: Caroline Ruschel Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Ruschel Title: Effect of three different set-up conditions on the propulsive force measures, reliability, and ecological validity during front crawl tethered-swimming Abstract: This study analysed the effect of three set-up conditions on the propulsive force (PF) measures, test–retest reliability, and ecological validity during front crawl tethered-swimming (TS). Twenty-five (20.3 ± 3.7 years) swimmers performed TS in three conditions: Slp0 (0º of cable slope), Slp10 (10º of slope) and Slp20 (20º of slope), in two sessions. The second session included a 50-m performance and a questionnaire on the similarity of TS and free-swimming and overall comfort. Peak, mean force, impulse and force development rate, 50-m time and mean velocity, similarity scores and comfort were analysed. Effect of TS condition (p < 0.001) was observed for peak, mean force and force development rate. Regardless of the condition, reliability ranged from good to excellent (ICC = 0.79–0.95) and correlations with performance time (r≥-0.7) and mean velocity (r ≥ 0.63) were significant for all PF variables. The similarity between TS and free-swimming, and overall comfort as perceived by the swimmers, did not differ between conditions. Set-up condition influences the measures of PF in front-crawl TS. All conditions are reliable and present similar associations between PF and performance. Ecological validity indicators were near to the halfway point of the measurement scales independently of the condition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1081-1100 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1974182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1974182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1081-1100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jordi Arboix-Alió Author-X-Name-First: Jordi Author-X-Name-Last: Arboix-Alió Author-Name: Joan Aguilera-Castells Author-X-Name-First: Joan Author-X-Name-Last: Aguilera-Castells Author-Name: Bernat Buscà Author-X-Name-First: Bernat Author-X-Name-Last: Buscà Author-Name: Adrià Miró Author-X-Name-First: Adrià Author-X-Name-Last: Miró Author-Name: Raúl Hileno Author-X-Name-First: Raúl Author-X-Name-Last: Hileno Author-Name: Guillem Trabal Author-X-Name-First: Guillem Author-X-Name-Last: Trabal Author-Name: Javier Peña Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Peña Title: Situational variables in elite rink hockey: effect of match location, team level, scoring first and match status at halftime on the competitive outcome Abstract: The main purpose of the present study was to build a parsimonious model to predict the probability of winning in rink hockey from different situational variables and evaluate each predictor’s contribution to the match outcome. A sample of 238 matches played during the last season in the Spanish first division (OkLiga) was analysed. The best predictive logistic model for match outcome was selected through all possible regression methods. The entire model included five categorical predictor variables (match location, team level, opponent level, scoring first, and match status at halftime) and one binary outcome variable (match outcome). The final model selected excluded the scoring first predictor and had a sensitivity and specificity greater than 80% for a cut-off point of .413. This model was applied to predict winning a match in 32 frequent situations determined from a two-step cluster analysis. The predictor with the highest contribution to the match outcome was match status at halftime, followed by the opponent’s level, team level, and match location. Our findings may help rink hockey coaches and practitioners to recognise the contribution of situational variables on the match outcome to tailor their game plans and design more aggressive game plans, improving game understanding. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1101-1116 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1976057 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1976057 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1101-1116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jernej Rosker Author-X-Name-First: Jernej Author-X-Name-Last: Rosker Author-Name: Ziva Majcen Rosker Author-X-Name-First: Ziva Author-X-Name-Last: Majcen Rosker Title: Correlations between gaze fixations to different areas of interest are related to tennis serve return performance in two different expert groups Abstract: Interceptive tasks, such as returning a tennis serve, require efficient use of visual information. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in the gaze behaviour in two different groups of tennis players. Additionally, analysis between tennis serve returns of different quality have been conducted. Six-hundred and seventy-five returns performed by ten national and five international level tennis players were analysed. Focal visual attention was measured on-court using a mobile eye-movement tracking device. Fixations were mapped to different areas of interest relative to five consecutive service phases. Differences in the duration of visual fixations between different types of tennis returns were examined as well as correlations between most relevant areas of interest. Correlation analysis revealed differences in visual search strategies between both groups of tennis players. The international level group presented with gaze behaviour that indicates increased attention to specific visual information in tactically more successful serve returns. The national level tennis players on the other hand presented less specific gaze behaviour, and probably overall, less efficient attentional control. Additionally, international level tennis players presented return performance-specific gaze behaviour in the follow through-phase, which was not observed for the national level players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1149-1161 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1979840 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1979840 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1149-1161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcos Borderias Author-X-Name-First: Marcos Author-X-Name-Last: Borderias Author-Name: Jaime Fernández-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Jaime Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Fernández Author-Name: Rafael Martínez-Gallego Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Gallego Author-Name: Ernest Baiget Author-X-Name-First: Ernest Author-X-Name-Last: Baiget Title: Comparison of the activity profile during Grand Slam women’s doubles tennis Abstract: There is little information on the female doubles tennis. The aim of this study was to describe the activity profile of women’s doubles tennis, and to analyse the differences between playing surfaces. Twenty-one matches of three Grand Slams (GS) tournaments and played on 3 different surfaces, were analysed. Activity profile included rally duration (RD), resting time between points (RTP), resting time between games (RTG), resting time between sets (RTS), resting time (RT), effective playing time (EPT), total match time (TMT), work-to-rest ratio (W: R), shots per rally (SPR), shots per game (SPG), shots per set (SPS), shots per match (SPM), shot frequency (shots/second) (SPSc), and type of shots. Results showed that RTG and RT was longer at the Australian Open than at Roland Garros and Wimbledon, and the number of forehand (F) shots at Roland Garros was higher than at Wimbledon. The most common tennis shots are the F, the backhand (B), the first service and the volley (V), and more than 50% of the total shots in a match come from the baseline and mid court game. These results show that in women’s doubles the stimuli are short and intense and that net game is very important. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1066-1080 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1972611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1972611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1066-1080 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denise Martin Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Peter G. O Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter G. Author-X-Name-Last: O Donoghue Author-Name: Jonathan Bradley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Author-Name: Denise McGrath Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: McGrath Title: Developing a framework for professional practice in applied performance analysis Abstract: Applied performance analysts are increasingly seen as sports science professionals; however, there is no accepted framework for professional practice. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a framework for professional practice in applied performance analysis (PA) which identifies the components of practice and the expertise underpinning it.A six-step framework analysis was conducted: (1) An initial conceptual framework was devised based on well-accepted components of applied practice; (2) A systematic review identified 90 papers relating to applied PA practice; (3) Papers were coded to the initial framework and additional themes recorded; (4) Themes were analysed and synthesised to construct a draft framework; (5) This draft was validated by surveying 24 experienced applied performance analysts and academic experts; (6) A revised framework is reported based on stakeholder engagement feedback.Nine components of practice were identified; establishing relationships and defining roles, needs analysis and service planning, system design, data collection and reliability checking, data management, analysis, reporting to key stakeholders, facilitation of feedback to athletes and service review and evaluation. Our evidence suggests that applied PA practice is underpinned by five areas of expertise: contextual awareness, building relationships, performance analysis and sporting expertise, technical expertise and professional behaviours. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 845-888 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1951490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1951490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:845-888 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Ramon-Llin Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ramon-Llin Author-Name: B. J. Sanchez-Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: B. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez-Alcaraz Author-Name: A. Sanchez-Pay Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez-Pay Author-Name: J. F. Guzman Author-X-Name-First: J. F. Author-X-Name-Last: Guzman Author-Name: G. Vuckovic Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Vuckovic Author-Name: R. Martínez-Gallego Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Gallego Title: Exploring offensive players’ collective movements and positioning dynamics in high-performance padel matches using tracking technology Abstract: Racket sports such as padel are characterised by a variety of specific displacements and behaviours on the court with the aim to cover spaces and take an offensive advantage during the point. The aim of this study was to analyse players’ location in offensive position when opponent hits the ball in different defensive zones. The sample included nine matches from a total of three top national indoor padel tournaments. Twenty-four male padel players performed the matches. Players and ball position was registered using a computerised motion tracking video system. Results showed a significant relation between offensive players’ movements (forward, backward or sideways) according to the position of the ball in defensive zones. Heat map and statistics analysis showed that regarding players’ width positioning, when the ball is in one corner of the defensive zone, both offensive players move to that side of the court. However, regarding players’ depth positioning, if one offensive player moves close to the net, his partner moves some metres back. Such knowledge may constitute a very important factor affecting tactic and task design for padel players and coaches and could be used as an important reference for others ball-over-net sports such as doubles tennis, doubles badminton, beach tennis or volleyball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1029-1040 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1969508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1969508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1029-1040 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lindsei Brabec Mota Barreto Author-X-Name-First: Lindsei Brabec Mota Author-X-Name-Last: Barreto Author-Name: Esteban Ariel Aedo-Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Esteban Ariel Author-X-Name-Last: Aedo-Muñoz Author-Name: Dany Alexis Sorbazo Soto Author-X-Name-First: Dany Alexis Sorbazo Author-X-Name-Last: Soto Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Ciro Jose Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ciro Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Title: Road to Tokyo Olympic Games: do new judo rules change the technical-tactical behaviour of elite male athletes? Abstract: This study compared the time-motion of the combat phases in male judo within two Olympic cycles (2016 vs. 2020). We analysed of 680 combats from belonging to two Olympic cycles (340 combats 2015–2016 and 340 combats 2019–2020). The combat phase was quantified according to a validated protocol (approach, gripping, attack/defence, groundwork, and pause). The 2020 cycle athletes spent less time in the gripping (79.7 ± 50.1 vs. 104.3 ± 54.1 seconds; p ˂ 0.001), attack/defence (7.6 ± 5.2 vs. 9.5 ± 7.2 seconds; p ˂ 0.001), and groundwork phases (33.9 ± 29.0 vs. 42.2 ± 32.0 seconds; p ˂ 0.001), and ashorter total combat time (200.0 ± 104.6 vs. 238.0 ± 94.8 seconds; p ˂ 0.001) than the 2016 athletes. Additionally, the 2020 athletes had ahigher occurrence of Golden Score (0.3 ± 0.4 vs. 0.1 ± 0.2 of total combats; p ˂ 0.001), and ahigher time spent in the Golden Score (23.9 ± 53.5 vs. 4.1 ± 21.4 seconds; p ˂ 0.001). The 2016 athletes had alonger total combat time; however, the time spent on the Golden Score increased in the 2020. These results should be helpful in preparing technical-tactical training aimed at performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1140-1148 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1979839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1979839 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1140-1148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Brandão Kashiwagura Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Brandão Kashiwagura Author-Name: Javier Courel-Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Courel-Ibáñez Author-Name: Felipe Brandão Kashiwagura Author-X-Name-First: Felipe Author-X-Name-Last: Brandão Kashiwagura Author-Name: Marcus Fábio Agostinho Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Fábio Author-X-Name-Last: Agostinho Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Judo technical-tactical dynamics: analysis of attack system effectiveness in high-level athletes Abstract: This study aimed to determine which attack systems resulted in higher effectiveness in judo combats. We examined 5847 attacks from 152 high-level international male medallist athletes. Both successful (score) and unsuccessful attacks (no-score) were comprehensively analysed including six variables per action: attacker/defender approach, grip, stance, final displacement and direction of attack. Logistic regression, decision tree analyses and odds ratio (OR) were calculated to determine the probability of success for a given attack system. The main results indicated that i) gripping the dorsal region was decisive for an effective attack, ii) Right-Dorsal & Left-Dorsal grip configuration was the most efficient (P < 0.01, OR = 3.08), followed by Right-Dorsal & Left-Sleeve (P < 0.01, OR = 1.79) and Right-Sleeve & Left-Dorsal (P < 0.01, OR = 1.72), iii) hierarchical technical-tactical analysis identified that scoring rates for particular grips were highly influenced by the direction of attack and stance. Since this is the largest study so far examining attack effectiveness in judo, the information herein presented may have relevant implications for coaches by providing a new and practical organisation of combat dynamics and assisting in setting offensive/defensive plans to improve judo performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 922-933 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1958533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1958533 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:922-933 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gilles Lombard Author-X-Name-First: Gilles Author-X-Name-Last: Lombard Author-Name: Marc Cloes Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Cloes Title: Analysis of the relevance of the information content given to the players during volleyball timeouts with a 3D device Abstract: The timeout in sport is relatively well analysed in the literature. Nevertheless, no study concerns the relevance of the information transmitted to the players. Our study aims to determine the relevance of the content transmitted to the players during volleyball timeouts with a 3D device. We immerged 17 coaches into two sequences of a volleyball game. They had to think aloud during the game and talk directly to the players during the timeouts. Between the sequences, they also had to transcribe and rate all the observations they remembered. By comparing the observations made, the speech during the timeouts and the rating of the coaches’ observations, we obtained some interesting results. Few coaches transmitted all the observations considered as the most important to their players during the timeouts, but this selection of the information seemed better in a negative game context. Another result is that the coaches did not seem to be influenced by the short-term memory as the transmitted content rarely corresponded to the last observations made just before the timeout. This study offers perspectives in coaching analysis and education as the 3D device seems to be a tool allowing the study of aspects difficult to attain with other methods. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 965-980 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1968650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1968650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:965-980 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Dobiasch Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Dobiasch Author-Name: Savvas Stafylidis Author-X-Name-First: Savvas Author-X-Name-Last: Stafylidis Author-Name: Arnold Baca Author-X-Name-First: Arnold Author-X-Name-Last: Baca Title: Effects of different feedback variants on pacing adherence in a field based running test Abstract: Running field tests are utilised to assess the athlete’s fitness level with high specificity. However, in graded exercise tests the lack of speed control can result in an uneven pace, reducing reproducibility and accuracy. The purpose of this study was to develop feedback variants (FV) and investigate their effect on the athlete’s ability to keep the pace constant. Forty-eight participants completed four trials of a Conconi test (randomised) over four paces (7.5 − 10 km·h−1). A smartphone app provided athletes with four FVs: Classic, Sound (verbal), Vibration, and Sound & Vibration. We found a significant effect of FV on adherence (defined as time within 0.3 km·h−1 of target speed): F(3,141) = 41.45, p < .001, η2 = .268. Adherence in Classic (M± SD) 39.51 ± 13.51% was significantly lower (p < .001) than in Vibration (53.24 ± 14.98%), Sound (60.34 ± 11.21%) and Sound & Vibration (59.17 ± 15.17%). The novel FV provided better adherence compared to the conventional method, with Sound and Sound & Vibration showing the highest adherence. Generally, the novel FVs have the advantage of being easily implemented and decreasing the required time for setup, data collection and processing, therefore proving useful in conducting field performance tests. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1015-1028 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1968662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1968662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1015-1028 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Flávio A. Castro Author-X-Name-First: Flávio A. Author-X-Name-Last: Castro Author-Name: Ricardo Correia Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Correia Author-Name: Júlia Mello Fiori Author-X-Name-First: Júlia Mello Author-X-Name-Last: Fiori Author-Name: Anita Falk Giuliano Author-X-Name-First: Anita Falk Author-X-Name-Last: Giuliano Author-Name: Cassia D. Z. Trindade Author-X-Name-First: Cassia D. Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Trindade Author-Name: Wellington G. Feitosa Author-X-Name-First: Wellington G. Author-X-Name-Last: Feitosa Title: Practical application of the simplified model to assess the arm stroke efficiency: a tool for swimming coaches Abstract: In a simplified way, the front crawl arm propelling efficiency (ηp) can be estimated using the distance between the shoulder and the hand at the end of the pull phase, the swimming speed (v) and the stroke rate (SR). The aim of this study was to verify the $$\eta p$$ηp and kinematical parameters along the 200 m front crawl test (T200), to provide comprehension about $$\eta p$$ηp with easy accessibility and applicability to swimming coaches. Eleven male swimmers (18.1 ± 2.9 years old) participated in this study. T200 was performed (25 m long pool) and recorded with two-dimensional video system. Performance in T200 was 129.7 ± 2.8 s. Mean values of $$\eta p$$ηp, SR, stroke length (SL) and v were obtained from the T200 eight laps. Along the laps, $$\eta p$$ηp (38.6 ± 1.1%) varied from 40.5 (Lap 1) to 37.2% (Lap 5) and v (1.52 ± 0.09 m·s−1) varied from 1.42 (Lap 7) to 1.65 m·s−1 (Lap 1). There was a medium effect size of the eight laps over the $$\eta p$$ηp. Throughout T200, ηp, SR and SL showed slight variations, while v was highest in the first two laps. The simplified way to estimate ηp seems to be a quick and useful tool for coaches and swimmers. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 900-908 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1957295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1957295 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:900-908 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ricardo T. SantAnna Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo T. Author-X-Name-Last: SantAnna Author-Name: Simon P. Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Simon P. Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Author-Name: Lee J. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Lee J. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Keith A. Stokes Author-X-Name-First: Keith A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stokes Title: Referee positioning, but not match demands, score difference, or field location, are associated with breakdown decision-making accuracy in elite rugby sevens referees Abstract: This study quantified rugby referees’ decision-making accuracy at the breakdown in an elite rugby sevens tournament, examining whether decision-making accuracy differed over time, and if it was associated with match demands, score difference, field location, and referee positioning. During the National Sevens Tournament (six referees, 22 matches), decision-making accuracy was analysed using video coding from 602 breakdowns and match demands were examined using GNSS technology and heart rate recordings. Overall, the referees had a decision-making accuracy of 88.2% with no changes over time (all p > 0.05). There were no significant associations between match demands, score difference, or field location and decision-making accuracy (all p > 0.05). However, significantly more incorrect decisions occurred when the referees were in a suboptimal position (29.0%) compared to an optimal position (10.9%) at the breakdown (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that referees’ decision-making accuracy during the breakdown remains relatively consistent across an elite rugby sevens tournament. While unaffected by match demands, score difference or field location, referees’ decision-making accuracy may be improved by optimising their positioning at the breakdown. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1127-1139 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1979824 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1979824 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1127-1139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriela Cristina dos Santos Author-X-Name-First: Gabriela Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: dos Santos Author-Name: Jéssica Nascimento Queiroz Author-X-Name-First: Jéssica Author-X-Name-Last: Nascimento Queiroz Author-Name: Rodrigo Leal-Menezes Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Leal-Menezes Author-Name: Gianluca Leone Caetano Author-X-Name-First: Gianluca Author-X-Name-Last: Leone Caetano Author-Name: Juliana Lopes Teodoro Author-X-Name-First: Juliana Lopes Author-X-Name-Last: Teodoro Author-Name: Ronei Silveira Pinto Author-X-Name-First: Ronei Silveira Author-X-Name-Last: Pinto Author-Name: Álvaro Reischak-Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Álvaro Author-X-Name-Last: Reischak-Oliveira Author-Name: Josianne Rodrigues-Krause Author-X-Name-First: Josianne Author-X-Name-Last: Rodrigues-Krause Title: Cardiorespiratory responses to isolated dance steps in young girls Abstract: Dance is mostly performed at light aerobic intensities and rarely reaches the recommendations of 50% of the total class time at moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The goal of this study was to verify oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) responses to different isolated dance steps, relating them to participants’ first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Sixteen girls, aged 8–12, performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test and had cardiorespiratory responses to 13 dance steps (Plié, Relevé, Tendu, Chassé, Skip, Sauté, Grand Battement, Spin, Floor Work, Pendulum Pas De Bourré, Waves/Snake and Swing Arms) evaluated by a protable gas analyser (K5 COSMED). Statistical Analyses: Friedman and Fisher tests (p ≤ 0.05). Results are presented as mean±SD. All dance steps achieved VO2 values (mL.FFM−1.min−1) similar to participants’ VT1 (28.5 ± 7.9). Chassé, Skip, Sauté and Grand Battement achieved VT2 (43.8 ± 12.4). Similar pattern was found for HR (bpm) at VT1 (123.8 ± 13.3) and VT2 (167.0 ± 13.2), respectively. VO2 and HR analysis showed that dance steps with technical characteristics (Tendu) and/or increased level of complexity (Spin) were at low aerobic intensity. Dance steps performed with greater range of motion (Grand Battement) were at moderate aerobic intensity. Small jumps and across-the-floor (Skip) sets were at high aerobic intensity. Dance classes can be structured to induce MVPA levels. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1162-1177 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1981050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1981050 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:1162-1177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob Dayus Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Dayus Author-Name: Andrew Callaway Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Callaway Author-Name: Shelley Ellis Author-X-Name-First: Shelley Author-X-Name-Last: Ellis Author-Name: Andrew Butterworth Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Butterworth Title: Analysis of playing style across different developmental stages in football Abstract: Notational analysis research to date has often overlooked Youth football, predominantly examining First teams in elite competitions. As a result, the current study aims to compare performance between U16s, U18s and First teams. 3311 final third entries were analysed over the course of 45 matches, equally distributed across three age-groups, during the 2018–2019 season. The sample consisted of 10 U16 teams, 16 U18 teams and 16 First teams. The study found that there were significant differences in playing styles across the age groups. As experience increases, there is a tendency of more wing than central attacks, more forward-diagonal movements, more crosses, but fewer shooting opportunities due to developments in defence abilities. The differences in the patterns of play across the age groups, suggests that younger players are more independently focused when attempting to breakdown their opposition’s defence, with older teams using space more effectively and more team focused. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 934-952 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1963106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1963106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:934-952 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tijani Jed Mohamed Author-X-Name-First: Tijani Jed Author-X-Name-Last: Mohamed Author-Name: Abbes zied Author-X-Name-First: Abbes Author-X-Name-Last: zied Author-Name: Cuenca-Fernández Francisco Author-X-Name-First: Cuenca-Fernández Author-X-Name-Last: Francisco Author-Name: Ben Abderrahman Abderraouf Author-X-Name-First: Ben Abderrahman Author-X-Name-Last: Abderraouf Title: Physiological, perceptual responses, and strategy differences in age-group swimmers between heats and semi-finals in the 400 metres freestyle event Abstract: Swimmers use different strategies in competition to proceed from heats to semi-finals and finals. This study aimed to analyse the physiological (heart rate [HR]; blood lactate [BLa]) and perceptual responses (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]), time-performances (T), and strategy differences in age-group swimmers in the 400 m Freestyle swim between heats and semi-finals during a competition. Twenty-Two male swimmers volunteered to participate in this study. Only thirteen out of the sixteen qualified semi-finalists (age 16.8 ± 0.6 years) were considered into data analysis.Significant differences within and between groups were identified for T400, HR, RPE and BLa (p < 0.001). Compared to heats, Top 8 swimmers improved their performance by 7.68% with an increased value of HR (17.24%), RPE (49.41%) and BLa (98.7%), whereas the remaining semi-finalists improved their timings by only 2.51% and with an increased value of HR (7.38%), RPE (23.26%) and BLa (14.14%).These results suggested that Top 8 swimmers adopted a slower swimming speed during the heats but made more effort during the semi-finals. This could be a strategy to save energy in order to perform their best during the semi-finals and be at the top of the standings to qualify for the final. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 953-964 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1963107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1963107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:953-964 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Whitehead Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Whitehead Author-Name: Nicholas Dalton Barron Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Dalton Barron Author-Name: Gordon Rennie Author-X-Name-First: Gordon Author-X-Name-Last: Rennie Author-Name: Ben Jones Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: The peak locomotor characteristics of Super League (rugby league) match-play Abstract: This study quantified the position-, duration-, and phase-of-play specific peak locomotor characteristics of senior professional rugby league match-play at a multi-club level. Match-play data were collected from 378 male professional rugby league players, from 11 clubs, across two competitive seasons. A total of 9643 match-observations were analysed; 10-Hz instantaneous velocity and acceleration from Catapult S5 microtechnology units were aligned with video footage to determine to the phase-of-play and duration-specific peak locomotor characteristics (average running speed, relative high-speed running [HSR;>5.5 m·s−1], average absolute acceleration). Linear mixed effect models were used to determine positional differences for each dependent variable and differences between phases-of-play. Positional differences for the duration-specific and phase-of-play peak locomotive characteristics were identified. Fullbacks had greater peak HSR during defensive sets (86 ± 70 m·min−1) vs. all other positions (effect size = 0.26 to 0.49, small). Wingers demonstrated the greatest between phase differences with greater peak locomotor characteristics (effect size = 1.23 to 1.65, large) during attacking-defensive set transition vs. defensive sets. The multi-club normative data, and the differences identified, provides practitioners with valuable information for the consideration of training practices; the incorporation of phases-of-play enables greater consideration of technical-tactical factors whilst preparing players for the peak periods of competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 981-992 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1968659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1968659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:21:y:2021:i:6:p:981-992 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Glen Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Glen Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Author-Name: Odharnaith McKenna Author-X-Name-First: Odharnaith Author-X-Name-Last: McKenna Author-Name: Sharon Courtney Author-X-Name-First: Sharon Author-X-Name-Last: Courtney Author-Name: Kieran Collins Author-X-Name-First: Kieran Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Jonathan Bradley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Author-Name: Denise Martin Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: Benchmarking successful performances in elite Ladies Gaelic football Abstract: The lack of sport science research conducted on female sport, makes it challenging for coaches and sport science practitioners to develop an evidence-based approach. Ladies Gaelic football (LGF) is the most popular female sport in Ireland with over 200,000 members, however there has been no research to benchmark performance. The current study investigates the game characteristics of LGF by developing analysis system which could provide benchmark profiles of successful performance at elite level and evaluate the transferability of the game intelligence available within LGF’s brother sport, Gaelic football (GF). Thirty-one games (62 performances) were analysed from the 2019 and 2020 TG4 All-Ireland Senior Ladies Football Championship using NacSport Scout+. Statistical differences between winning and losing performances were identified using paired sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.05) and Wilcoxon signed ranked tests (p ≤ 0.05). Winning teams were found to be significantly superior to losing teams, demonstrating superior ability to gain and use possession. LGF and men’s GF teams adopt different strategic approaches to the game. The current study provides a first insight into the nature of LGF with benchmark data, facilitating a better understanding of the game demands of LGF and the key points of difference between male and LGF. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 51-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.2020031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.2020031 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:51-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew R. Blair Author-X-Name-First: Matthew R. Author-X-Name-Last: Blair Author-Name: Aaron T. Scanlan Author-X-Name-First: Aaron T. Author-X-Name-Last: Scanlan Author-Name: Michele Lastella Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: Lastella Author-Name: Codi Ramsey Author-X-Name-First: Codi Author-X-Name-Last: Ramsey Author-Name: Nathan Elsworthy Author-X-Name-First: Nathan Author-X-Name-Last: Elsworthy Title: The relationships between physical fitness attributes and match demands in rugby union referees officiating the 2019 Rugby World Cup Abstract: This study examined the relationships between physical fitness attributes and match demands in lead rugby union referees. Eleven referees underwent anthropometric and fitness assessments (40-m sprint, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, 1.2-km shuttle run) prior to the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Match activities were assessed via global positioning system devices (total distance, high-speed running distance [>5 m·s−1], average speed, and peak intensities over 1-min, 5-min, and 10-min epochs) and heart rate variables were measured using chest-worn monitors (HRmean, summated-heart-rate-zones, time above 90% HRmax). Forty-metre sprint time was significantly related to maximum speed (P = 0.004; r = −0.79) and high-speed running distance (P = 0.037, r = −0.63) during matches. Likewise, ∑7 skinfold thickness was significantly correlated with high-speed running distance (P = 0.01, r = −0.72). Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, 1.2-km Shuttle Run Test, age, and body mass index exhibited non-significant correlations (P > 0.05, r = −0.58 to 0.53) with match demand variables. Results suggest it may be pertinent for referees to optimise sprint capacity and body fat composition to execute greater high-speed running volumes and reach higher peak speeds during matches. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and 1.2-km shuttle run tests are not correlated to specific match activity variables and thus may not be relevant for monitoring of rugby union referees. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 183-194 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2031527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2031527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:183-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Antonio León-Prados Author-X-Name-First: Juan Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: León-Prados Author-Name: Monèm Jemni Author-X-Name-First: Monèm Author-X-Name-Last: Jemni Title: Reliability and agreement in technical and artistic scores during real-time judging in two European acrobatic gymnastic events Abstract: The study investigates reliability measures for performance scores given by random judges (Execution and Artistic scores) and the agreement between more expert judges (Control Scores) and the two middle Execution/Artistic scores (Panel scores) during Qualifying and Final competitions performed at the 10th European Age Group Competition (EAGC) and at the 29th European Acrobatic Gymnastics Championships (ECh). To assess agreement, mean absolute Control-Panel score deviations were calculated using Bland-Altman and Kaplan-Meier plots. Reliability average measures ranged from 0.88 to 0.97. Control Score reliability was higher in ECh for Execution and Artistic scores. Artistic scores showed higher variability and lower agreement between judges in Qualification for ECh. Significant differences were found in Control and Panel score mean deviations for Execution scores at the EAGC and for Artistic scores at the ECh. No significant reliability differences were found between competitions. Control-and-Panel score correlations ranged from 0.862 to 0.915 for Execution scores and from 0.864 to 0.899 for Artistic scores. Overall results exceeded 80% agreement for Execution and Artistic scores. Reliability and strength of agreement of judging were high and very acceptable respectively. We suggest that judging reliability should be regularly examined to optimise technical and artistic criteria set by FIG for fairer competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 132-148 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1996913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1996913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:132-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ming-Zhu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Ming-Zhu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Xin Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Qi Chen Author-X-Name-First: Qi Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yue Ma Author-X-Name-First: Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Author-Name: Ivan Malagoli Lanzoni Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Malagoli Lanzoni Author-Name: Wing-Kai Lam Author-X-Name-First: Wing-Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Title: An analysis of whole-body kinematics, muscle strength and activity during cross-step topspin among table tennis players Abstract: This study examined the differences of muscle strength, electromyography (EMG) and whole-body kinematics during maximum cross-step table tennis topspin between advanced and intermediate players. Ten advanced and ten intermediate players performed both voluntary isokinetic contraction test and forehand topspin strokes with maximum-effort towards cross-court target zone. The results indicated that advanced players generated significantly greater maximum racket speeds during forward swing phase (P < 0.05). At the instant of the topspin stroke, significantly smaller shoulder horizontal flexion and elbow flexion angles, but larger joint angular velocities in advanced players (P < 0.05). Moreover, advanced players exhibited longer muscle firing duration of anterior deltoid and biceps brachii as well as higher root mean squares and EMG integrals of the abdominal external oblique, anterior deltoid and biceps brachii muscles than the intermediate players (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the isokinetic results showed higher shoulder abduction/adduction, hip flexion/extension and knee flexion torques at fast speed (240°/s) and higher elbow flexion torque at medium speed (120°/s) in advanced players (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that higher activation of the deltoid, biceps and abdominal external oblique muscles as well as larger muscle strength under higher speed conditions would be the plausible key factors to maximise racket and joint angular velocities in forehand topspin. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 16-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2025712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2025712 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:16-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew P. Brancaleone Author-X-Name-First: Matthew P. Author-X-Name-Last: Brancaleone Author-Name: Maria Talarico Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Talarico Author-Name: Adam Throckmorton Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Throckmorton Author-Name: James A. Onate Author-X-Name-First: James A. Author-X-Name-Last: Onate Title: Factors influencing static postural control performance of collegiate marching artists Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of surface and instrument on static postural control performance of collegiate marching artists. Fifty-seven collegiate marching artists completed single- and double-leg stance balance with and without an instrument on firm and foam surfaces (four conditions per stance). Two, 15-s trials of each condition were performed on a tri-axial force plate. Total, antero-posterior, and medio-lateral centre-of-pressure excursion, and 95% ellipse sway area were collected. Means from the two trials were averaged. Linear mixed-effects models were fit with centre-of-pressure variables as predictors with fixed effects of surface and instrument, adjusting for number of seasons in marching band and type of instrument. Alpha level was set a priori at p ≤ 0.05. Standing on foam surface, regardless of stance, elicited longer excursion and larger sway area (p < 0.05 for all). Although number of seasons participated in marching band did not influence static postural control under single-leg stance, there was a significant effect for double-leg stance (p < 0.01). Marching artists commonly rehearse and perform on unstable surfaces. Understanding static postural control performance under similar conditions may provide novel and important information for injury risk assessment and performance evaluation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 121-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.2009270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.2009270 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:121-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lukáš Slovák Author-X-Name-First: Lukáš Author-X-Name-Last: Slovák Author-Name: David Zahradník Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Zahradník Author-Name: Roman Farana Author-X-Name-First: Roman Author-X-Name-Last: Farana Author-Name: Zdeněk Svoboda Author-X-Name-First: Zdeněk Author-X-Name-Last: Svoboda Author-Name: Fatemeh Alaei Author-X-Name-First: Fatemeh Author-X-Name-Last: Alaei Author-Name: Javad Sarvestan Author-X-Name-First: Javad Author-X-Name-Last: Sarvestan Title: Kinetic analysis of volleyball spike jump among young female volleyball players Abstract: This study investigated the differences between force-time (F-T) curve variables of volleyball spike jumps (SpJ) in simulated real-game conditions, including timing, force measurements, velocity, and power among four groups of young sub-elite female volleyball players (Under-14, −16, −18 and −20). The 1-way ANOVA revealed that U-18 and U-20 players produced significantly higher values of relative peak rate of force development (p = 0.015), average rate of force development (p = 0.046), relative power (p = 0.005), peak velocity (p = 0.001) and ultimate jump heights (p = 0.001), in comparison with U-14 and U-16 peers. Correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the relative peak rate of force development, relative average rate of force development, and relative peak power with SpJ jump height in all age groups. Time series analysis of relative applied peak forces indicated that the U-18 and U-20 players reached their relative maximum applied forces significantly earlier than U-14 and U-16 players (p = 0.021). This study suggests that the increase in the height of the SpJ across age groups in young female players is mainly related to achieving faster time to peak force by increased concentric jump-phase peak velocity. Therefore, the time to peak force can be considered as the significant kinetic contributor to higher SpJ height. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 66-76 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1996906 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1996906 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:66-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yusuke Ozaki Author-X-Name-First: Yusuke Author-X-Name-Last: Ozaki Author-Name: Takeshi Ueda Author-X-Name-First: Takeshi Author-X-Name-Last: Ueda Title: Spatiotemporal factors affecting a single hurdle clearance technique: is “faster” the same as “increased technique efficiency”? Abstract: This study aimed to identify the spatiotemporal characteristics in technical hurdle clearance considering differences in centre of mass (CM) height and sprint ability. Spatiotemporal variables were calculated for 13 male hurdlers by capturing hurdle clearances at the same height as their respective CM and hurdle-free sprints with a high-speed camera. Relationships between each variable and the horizontal velocity during hurdle clearance (HC-v), ratio of HC-v to sprint velocity without hurdles (HC-index), rate of deceleration on takeoff (D-takeoff), and rate of deceleration on landing (D-landing) were examined. Results showed that the support time on takeoff was not significantly correlated with the HC-index, and the correlation coefficient with the release height of CM at landing was significantly higher for the HC-index than for the HC-v. After stepwise multiple regression analysis, the following explanatory variables were selected as promising: clearance time for HC-v, long release distance on takeoff and high release height of CM at landing for HC-index, short touchdown distance on takeoff and long release distance on takeoff for D-takeoff, and takeoff–landing distance ratio for D-landing. These results suggest that the spatiotemporal variables that are important for speed, technicality, and low deceleration on takeoff versus on landing during hurdle clearance are different. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 102-120 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.2012038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.2012038 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:102-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Lewis A. Gough Author-X-Name-First: Lewis A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gough Author-Name: Adam L. Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Adam L. Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Title: Performance trajectories of bowlers and batters from youth level to senior professional status in cricket Abstract: The identification and development of talent towards expertise is the primary goal for many professional cricket organisations. The purpose of this study was to utilise retrospective County Age Group (CAG; U10–U19) match performance data to develop age-specific benchmarks for young cricketers to achieve senior professional status. Moreover, results were aligned to the Development Model of Sport Participationto better understand the developmental trajectories of bowlers and batters. The study consisted of 251 male players from an English professional first-class county cricket club who were categorised into two skill-sets dependant on their match performance data (bowlers: n = 118; batters: n = 133). Bowling and batting averages, as well as wickets taken and runs scored, were used for analysis. No significant differences were identified for bowlers who were successful and unsuccessful in achieving professional status prior to U17. In contrast, batters who achieved professional status displayed significantly superior match performance data throughout the pathway. Overall, this data: (a) provides evidence of performance targets for young aspiring cricketers to achieve expertise in English cricket, (b) highlights that bowlers and batters typically follow different development trajectories, and (c) offers an analytical tool for key stakeholders to develop an evidence-based talent identification programme. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-15 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1993028 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1993028 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:1-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nuno Coito Author-X-Name-First: Nuno Author-X-Name-Last: Coito Author-Name: Hugo Folgado Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Folgado Author-Name: Félix Romero Author-X-Name-First: Félix Author-X-Name-Last: Romero Author-Name: Nuno Loureiro Author-X-Name-First: Nuno Author-X-Name-Last: Loureiro Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Title: Variations in individual player area in youth football matches: the effects of changes of players’ age, numerical relations, and pitch zones Abstract: The aim of the study was to quantify the individual player area (IPA) that emerges during football matches at youth levels, considering different numerical relations and pitch zones. Two hundred and twenty-eight players, divided by U15, U17 and U19, participated in the study. Jonckheete-Terpstra and Kruskal Wallis nonparametric tests were used to compare the IPA according to variations in players’ age, numerical relations and pitch zones considered for analysis. All ages and numerical relation results revealed the highest IPA in the zones closer to the goal and were lower in the middle of the pitch. For 3 × 3 to 10 × 10 numerical relations, the IPA was higher in the U15 and lower in the U17. The greater differences between the age groups concerned numerical relations of 6 × 6 to 10 × 10 (p ≤ 0.001). The effect size was moderate between the U15 and U17 in numerical relations of 8 × 8 to 10 × 10. Results suggest that the manipulation of IPA during training sessions should respect players’ age and be adjusted considering the numerical relation and the tactical purpose of coaches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 38-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2025713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2025713 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:38-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wan Xiu Goh Author-X-Name-First: Wan Xiu Author-X-Name-Last: Goh Author-Name: Marcus J. C. Lee Author-X-Name-First: Marcus J. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Impact of ball material change from celluloid to plastic on game statistics in elite women table-tennis Abstract: This study compared the statistics of 24 matches played by elite women table-tennis players using the old celluloid versus new plastic balls to provide insight into the on-court adaptations made. Matches played by five, top-10 world ranked female players, using the celluloid (n = 12) versus plastic balls (n = 12) in international competitions from 2011 to 2017 were analysed. The results showed that the average strokes per point and point duration were approximately 15% and 13% shorter when playing with the plastic (4.79 ± 0.59; 3.91 ± 0.54s) compared with celluloid balls (5.52 ± 0.62; 4.49 ± 0.53s). Rally intensity was, however, higher for matches played with plastic (1.57 ± 0.27 strokes/s) versus celluloid (1.49 ± 0.25 strokes/s) balls. Overall work-rest ratio was smaller by 3% for the former versus the latter. The trade-off between more intense rallies and more rest time on energy expenditure remains unknown and would be an interesting area to investigate for targeted prescriptions of training programmes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 174-182 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2029096 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2029096 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:174-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Augusto Cezar Rodrigues Rocha Author-X-Name-First: Augusto Cezar Rodrigues Author-X-Name-Last: Rocha Author-Name: Lorenzo Laporta Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Laporta Author-Name: Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira Author-X-Name-First: Claudio Author-X-Name-Last: Andre Barbosa de Lira Author-Name: Henrique Modenesi Author-X-Name-First: Henrique Author-X-Name-Last: Modenesi Author-Name: Lucas Savassi Figueiredo Author-X-Name-First: Lucas Savassi Author-X-Name-Last: Figueiredo Author-Name: Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Title: Complex I in male elite volleyball: an interactional analysis according to reception location Abstract: The present study used the Social Network Analysis aiming to explain the direct and indirect relationships between the reception location and subsequent game procedures, evaluating the similarities and differences in offensive construction.The sample consisted of the analysis of 22 games from the 2018 Men’s Volleyball World Championship. Only teams placed from 1st to 8th positions had their games selected.The network analysis indicated that the reception zones Z5, Z6, Z7, Z8, Z9 and Z1 showed greater relationships between the game procedures, suggesting more diversity in the type of game played.Our results indicate that elite male volleyball game occurs mostly in-system situations, withoptimal conditions for the construction of the attack.On the other hand, the need to train the team off-system was evidenced, since high eigenvector values were identified in these attack construction conditions, evidencing off-system situations.Overall, the ecology of the game demands the athletes to adapt to the restrictions imposed by the possibilities of action. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 77-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.2003961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.2003961 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:77-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Óscar López-Belmonte Author-X-Name-First: Óscar Author-X-Name-Last: López-Belmonte Author-Name: Ana Gay Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Gay Author-Name: Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro Author-X-Name-First: Jesús J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz-Navarro Author-Name: Francisco Cuenca-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Cuenca-Fernández Author-Name: Ángela González-Ponce Author-X-Name-First: Ángela Author-X-Name-Last: González-Ponce Author-Name: Raúl Arellano Author-X-Name-First: Raúl Author-X-Name-Last: Arellano Title: Pacing profiles, variability and progression in 400, 800 and 1500-m freestyle swimming events at the 2021 European Championship Abstract: Performance intra-variability has not been studied in long-distance swimming. The aims were to describe the pacing profile in 400-, 800- and 1500-m freestyle events and to analyse the variability (coefficient of variation[CV]) and performance progression (%Δ) within and between rounds. A total of 256 swims of 130 elite-swimmers (70 males and 60 females) were analysed at the 2021 European Championship (indoor long-course). Linear mixed-effect models were applied for each swimmer and race time performances to obtain the CV and %Δ between each lap and rounds (i.e. heats and final). T-test was conducted to compare the CV between medallist and non-medallist. First and last laps were the fastest (p < 0.001) in all events compared to the intermediate laps which showed an evenly-pace. Parabolic pacing profile was adopted in all events. Male swimmers obtained a CV-average of 0.52 ± 0.49% between rounds (−0.64 ± 0.8%Δ) and females, a CV-average of 0.70 ± 0.45 (−0.71 ± 0.92%Δ). Medallist swimmers obtained higher CV between rounds (1.00–1.08%) compared to non-medallist finalist (0.22–0.47%). Parabolic pacing profiles were adopted in 400-, 800-, and 1500-m races. The best swimmers adopt conservative strategies in heats to improve their performance in final, obtaining higher CV and %Δ between rounds.           Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 90-101 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.2010318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.2010318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:90-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan B Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Dan B Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Author-Name: Isaiah Di Domenico Author-X-Name-First: Isaiah Author-X-Name-Last: Di Domenico Author-Name: Christopher M Young Author-X-Name-First: Christopher M Author-X-Name-Last: Young Title: Technical performance in elite women’s Australian football – comparisons with men’s football, identifying important performance characteristics and apparent trends Abstract: There is a need to establish normative values for technical performance indicators (PI) in the relatively new Australian Football League Women’s (AFLW), to identify trends, to compare with the established men’s league, and associations with match outcome. Data from the 2019 AFL (men’s) season and the 2017–19 AFLW (women’s) seasons, included the normalised (to 60 minute) match totals for 23 technical PIs and five score-based PIs. The values of 23 PIs were different (p < 0.05) between the women’s and men’s leagues. These differences suggest that women make fewer disposals (passes) to teammates, they make more errors and contest possession of the ball more often. Consequently, AFLW teams move the ball to within 50 metres of their goal and score less often. There are eight PIs that appear to be on a trend of increase in the AFLW. The relationships between the characteristics of team technical performance and match outcome are similar between the leagues, although contested possession is more important in the AFLW. Technical performance of the athletes in the women’s league is different to men, but some of these differences appear to be narrowing. Despite the differences, the relationship between technical performance and match outcome are similar in both leagues. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 29-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1993029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1993029 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:29-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lasse Winther Andersen Author-X-Name-First: Lasse Winther Author-X-Name-Last: Andersen Author-Name: John William Francis Author-X-Name-First: John William Author-X-Name-Last: Francis Author-Name: Michael Bateman Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Bateman Title: Danish association football coaches’ perception of performance analysis Abstract: Performance analysis (PA) has become a key requirement for association football coaches within England to aid their practice but less is known in other countries. We examined the perceptions of Danish association football coaches towards the use and engagement with PA. An online survey with 34 open-ended and close-ended questions was completed by 200 UEFA A and Pro Licenced coaches, gaining insights into how the coaches’ engaged with PA, how PA supported their practice and the future of PA in Denmark. Additionally, five male coaches completed a semi-structured interview. UEFA Pro Licenced coaches had greater experience with analysis support and perceived the importance of video for opposition and reviewing their own team’s performance with higher regard than UEFA A Licenced coaches. Cost and time were highlighted as barriers, but a clear desire to have a dedicated performance analyst was acknowledged by all coaches. The research findings provide key considerations regarding the knowledge and understanding of how Danish football coaches review and evaluate performances, highlight the perceived benefits of PA and acknowledge a desire to increase investment. The insights can be used to inform future decision making regarding the direction of PA provision and the education and development of Danish coaches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 149-173 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.2012040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.2012040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:1:p:149-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Bliss Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Bliss Author-Name: Rob Ahmun Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmun Author-Name: Hannah Jowitt Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Jowitt Author-Name: Phil Scott Author-X-Name-First: Phil Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Author-Name: Samuel Callaghan Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Callaghan Author-Name: Thomas W. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Jamie Tallent Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Tallent Title: Variability of test match cricket and the effects of match location on physical demands in male seam bowlers Abstract: The physical demands of test match cricket in seam bowlers during fielding are currently unknown. Similarly, analysis of between-match variability and the effects of playing home vs. away is required. Nine international male seam bowlers across 28 test matches (n = 9 home; n = 19 away) were investigated over five years (2015–2019). Seam bowlers wore global positioning sensors during match play fielding to quantify physical demands. Absolute and relative (per hour) distances covered in five velocity bands, total distance, and number of accelerations and decelerations were assessed for each match. Coefficient of variation (CV%) and smallest worthwhile change were used to calculate between-match variability. Mixed linear modelling was used to analyse home vs away matches. Seam bowlers covered up to 50 km, with maximal durations of >21 hours during test match fielding. Small between-match CV% (8.3) were found for maximal velocity with large (CV% = 21–192) between-match variability across most other variables. Greater distances were covered at 15–20 km·h−1 (p = 0.02) and >25 km·h−1 (p = 0.04) when playing at home. The results demonstrated substantial, highly variable physical demands. Practitioners should adapt training retrospectively to the match demands encountered and should anticipate that match intensity may be higher during home matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 291-301 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2051924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2051924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:2:p:291-301 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-Name: J.A. Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-X-Name-First: J.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-Name: I. Prieto-Lage Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Prieto-Lage Title: Sex and weight category differences in the temporal combat structure of judokas with visual impairment Abstract: The study of the temporal judo combat structure of athletes with visual impairment (VI) needs further research. The objectives of the study were to determine the temporal structure of combat of judo in men and women with VI and establish differences between sexes, within their respective weight categories and between the different minutes of combat. The sample was formed by all the judokas with VI who participated in the 2018 IBSA Judo World Championship (172 men and 95 women). Through observational methodology, we analysed all the combats (n = 365). In order to obtain the results, we used different analytical techniques: descriptive, one-way ANOVA, t-test to show independents, chi-square, effect size and T-Patterns analysis. The level of significance was ρ ≤ .05. The results define a temporal structure by sex and by weight category that allows the judo professionals to plan precise and adequate trainings for the athletes. We conclude that there are differences in the temporal structure of judo combat within the men and women with VI, within their respective weight categories and within the different minutes of combat. The temporal structure of combat has changed more markedly in women and unevenly in the different weight categories for both sexes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 225-249 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2039089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2039089 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:2:p:225-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonghwa Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jonghwa Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Inchon Park Author-X-Name-First: Inchon Author-X-Name-Last: Park Title: Effects of stepping-in-place tempo and type of roundhouse kick on coincidence-anticipation timing in Taekwondo Abstract:       The aims of this study were to examine the effects of stepping-in-place tempo on coincidence-anticipation timing (CAT) performance of roundhouse kick and to determine whether the CAT performance was the same according to types of roundhouse kick. Fifteen Taekwondo experts performed four different type of roundhouse kicks at three different stepping-in-place tempos (120, 140, and 160 bpm) in two stimulus speeds conditions for CAT performance. Raw scores were transformed to three error scores; constant, absolute, and variable errors and were analysed using separate 2 (stimulus speeds) x 4 (kick types) x 3 (tempos) repeated measures of analyses of variance. In the results, error scores (CE and AE) were significantly lower at 140 and 160 bpm compared to that at 120 bpm. Significant differences according to stepping-in-place tempo were also evident in the type of kicks (front leg < rear leg and body < head). The error scores were found to increase as the stimulus speed increased (10 mph < 20 mph) and were lower at 140 bpm compared to 120 and 160 bpm at both stimulus speed. Regardless of the type of kicks and stimulus speed, the lowest variable error was found at 140 bpm. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 209-224 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2037984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2037984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:2:p:209-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bence Supola Author-X-Name-First: Bence Author-X-Name-Last: Supola Author-Name: Thomas Hoch Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Hoch Author-Name: Arnold Baca Author-X-Name-First: Arnold Author-X-Name-Last: Baca Title: The role of secondary assists in basketball – an analysis of its characteristics and effect on scoring Abstract: Basketball leagues track basic statistics for many decades and the number of metrics expand quickly. However, the “pass that leads to an assist”, which is frequently – according to the most successful coach Phil Jackson – the most important pass of the possession, remained mainly overlooked by experts and analysts alike. With the help of NBA’s SportVU positional data we analyse the characteristics and effects of this event through more than 500 games. Results show that teams having more secondary assists create space in areas related to higher expected points, get more open and therefore obtain better quality shots. The number of secondary assists might turn out to be one of the best metrics to measure quality ball movement. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 261-276 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2039090 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2039090 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:2:p:261-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasmin Kojman Author-X-Name-First: Yasmin Author-X-Name-Last: Kojman Author-Name: Kelvin Beeching Author-X-Name-First: Kelvin Author-X-Name-Last: Beeching Author-Name: Miguel-Angel Gomez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Angel Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez Author-Name: Nimai Parmar Author-X-Name-First: Nimai Author-X-Name-Last: Parmar Author-Name: Scott B. Nicholls Author-X-Name-First: Scott B. Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholls Title: The role of debriefing in enhancing learning and development in professional boxing Abstract: The use of debriefing by 6 elite coaches (9–16 years’ experience coaching professional boxers) and 6 professional boxers (minimum 3 professional bouts) was explored via interviews (25–40 minutes). Boxers represented the featherweight, welterweight, and heavyweight divisions. Interview questions were framed around, 1) the use of video and data analysis, 2) coach-athlete interaction, and 3) learning and development. The importance of data, video, and the effective integration of performance analysis to facilitate comprehensive feedback to maximise learning opportunities was identified. The coach-athlete relationship, and engagement of the athlete within the debriefing process emerged as an aspect needing continual micro-management to ensure ongoing effectiveness. The development of an “open and honest” relationship and a “safe space” to air thoughts and opinions was greatly encouraged. The length of debriefing session did not appear to impact overall engagement. The use of video debriefing to facilitate a coach’s ability to develop the athletes mentally, in addition to their physical boxing capabilities, was a key and standout aspect that should be appropriately considered. The findings add to the limited investigation within boxing, providing insight into the debriefing processes within professional boxing by those on both sides, i.e. the coach and the athlete. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 250-260 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2042640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2042640 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:2:p:250-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul F. Talty Author-X-Name-First: Paul F. Author-X-Name-Last: Talty Author-Name: Kevin McGuigan Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: McGuigan Author-Name: Mark Quinn Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn Author-Name: Paul A. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Paul A. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Agility demands of Gaelic football match-play: a time-motion analysis Abstract: Research into the physical demands of Gaelic football is limited with no research into the agility or change of direction (CoD) demands of the sport. This study examined the CoD demands of Gaelic football via a time-motion analysis of senior inter-county match play. The Bloomfield movement classification (BMC) was adapted for application to Gaelic football. A new “descriptor” was used in an effort to account for the decision-making component of agility by isolating actions that occurred during active engagement with play. Of 1,899 changes of direction (CoDs) identified, 1,035 occurred during active engagement in play. The left/right split for CoDs during active engagement in play was 47.1/49.9%, indicating no preference for completing actions to one side over the other. Whilst the most common CoDs were ≤90° (74.9%), 80% of CoDs greater than 270° took place during active engagement in play. CoD actions are very common in Gaelic football and may be more common than in other field and court sports. It is important that athletes are physically prepared to cope with the demands of very acute CoDs during meaningful periods of match play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 195-208 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2033519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2033519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:2:p:195-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dhanur Bhardwaj Author-X-Name-First: Dhanur Author-X-Name-Last: Bhardwaj Author-Name: Dan B Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Dan B Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Title: Team technical performance in elite men’s and women’s T20 cricket – determinants of performance within a match and across a season Abstract: There have been a small number of analyses of team technical performance in 20-over (T20) cricket that have identified total wickets and runs as critical determinants of match outcome. The present study aimed to extend on these findings by using a wide range of technical performance indicators, a larger sample size, a whole-of-season perspective and an analysis of women’s teams. Team technical performance in 400 and 180 innings of men’s (2017–2021) and women’s (2019–2021) T20 cricket in the professional leagues in Australia were analysed. Batting performance characteristics appear to be more important than bowling characteristics, which is even more pronounced in women’s T20 cricket. The most important bowling characteristic relate to how quickly the first 3 to 5 batters are dismissed. These determinants of match outcome also reflect the characteristics that explain whole-of-season performance. The determinants of performance in women’s T20 cricket are largely the same as in men’s, although there may be an opportunity for some women’s teams to focus on bowling performance as a decisive factor in their match strategy. The findings of this study indicate specific aspects of batting and bowling performance that can influence the goals of training and the design of match strategies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 277-290 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2045820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2045820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:2:p:277-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Álvaro Huerta Ojeda Author-X-Name-First: Álvaro Author-X-Name-Last: Huerta Ojeda Author-Name: Miguel Riquelme Guerra Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Riquelme Guerra Author-Name: Walter Coronado Román Author-X-Name-First: Walter Author-X-Name-Last: Coronado Román Author-Name: María-Mercedes Yeomans Author-X-Name-First: María-Mercedes Author-X-Name-Last: Yeomans Author-Name: Rodrigo Fuentes-Kloss Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Fuentes-Kloss Title: Kinetics of ventilatory and mechanical parameters of novice male rowers on the rowing ergometer Abstract: Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximal power output (Pmax) play a preponderant role in the performance of rowers. This study aims to describe and analyse the kinetics of ventilatory and mechanical parameters in novice male rowers on the rowing ergometer. Twelve male novice rowers were part of the study – descriptive with a selective non-probabilistic cross-sectional design. The variables were VO2max and Pmax. The kinetics of the variables were observed in an Incremental Test (IT) and a 2,000 m time trial (2,000mTT). The differences between the tests were established by Student’s t-test (p < 0.05). In both protocols, the VO2max reached 330–345 s. Between IT and the 2,000mTT there were significant differences in the VO2max (52.7 ± 3.3 vs 55.9 ± 3.4 mLO2·kg−1·min−1, p ˂ 0.01) and Pmax (334.7 ± 20.2 vs 269.5 ± 31.3 W, p ˂ 0.001). The novice rowers’ low physiological capacity and efficiency generated instability in the power output kinetics. A very large delta was observed between the maximum and minimum power output. Exploring tests with a shorter duration for novice rowers (360 s) and improving power output control in the different tests are suggested. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 422-436 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2075670 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2075670 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:422-436 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro Author-X-Name-First: Jesús J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz-Navarro Author-Name: Ana Gay Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Gay Author-Name: Francisco Cuenca-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Cuenca-Fernández Author-Name: Óscar López-Belmonte Author-X-Name-First: Óscar Author-X-Name-Last: López-Belmonte Author-Name: Esther Morales-Ortíz Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Morales-Ortíz Author-Name: Gracia López-Contreras Author-X-Name-First: Gracia Author-X-Name-Last: López-Contreras Author-Name: Raúl Arellano Author-X-Name-First: Raúl Author-X-Name-Last: Arellano Title: The relationship between tethered swimming, anaerobic critical velocity, dry-land strength, and swimming performance Abstract: This study aimed to 1) examine the associations between two swim-specific measures of anaerobic performance and dry-land strength-based variables; 2) study the association between the aforementioned variables with swimming performance and its kinematics; 3) analyse sex-induced differences. Twenty-three regional-national swimmers performed five countermovement-jumps and pull-ups, 50-m front crawl, two 30-s tethered-swimming tests at 0 and 1.124 m·s−1 water flow speed. Moreover, 10, 15, 20, and 25-m maximal front crawl were performed to determine anaerobic critical velocity (AnCV). The AnCV was positively correlated with tethered swimming variables in both conditions and dry-land-based variables in both sexes (p < 0.05). Tethered-swimming variables in both conditions were correlated with pull-ups’ average propulsive force in males (p < 0.05). 50-m swimming performance was positively associated with AnCV, tethered-swimming variables, countermovement-jump height, and pull-ups’ average propulsive force for both sexes (p < 0.05). Stroke rate (SR) was positively associated with AnCV in males and females (p < 0.05). Stroke length was correlated with tethered-swimming variables in males (p < 0.05). Except for SR, males presented higher values than females (p < 0.05). Depending on the conditions of their training environment, coaches might use the AnCV and tethered-swimming variables as interchangeable tools for evaluating anaerobic performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 407-421 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2072561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2072561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:407-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Enrique García Ordóñez Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: García Ordóñez Author-Name: Carlos Touriño González Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Touriño González Title: Key performance indicators of all-star player and winning teams in elite water polo at the 2020 Olympic Games Abstract: The aim of this study was (i) to identify the key performance indicators that discriminate all-star from non-all-stars players, and (ii) to differentiate winning from drawing/losing teams during the men´s water polo Olympic Games (Tokyo, 2020). The sample consisted of all matches (n = 42) played by 12 teams (156 players). Differences were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U and student-t tests and the binary logistic regression. Minutes per match, goals, action goals, centre goals, extra-player goals, 6-m goals, penalty goals, steals and rebounds discriminated all-star from non-all-star players. However, only minutes per match (OR: 1.105), extra player goals (OR: 1.748), 6-m goals (OR = 3.617) and penalty goals (OR: 2.592) per time played were determined to differentiate all-star players. Regarding the second aim, the following variables discriminated winning from losing/drawing teams: % action goals, % 6-m goals, % penalty goals, team fouls, sprints won, steals and % goalkeeper actions shots. However, only % action goals (OR: 1.153), steals (OR: 1.279) and % action shots (OR: 1.093) predicted the match outcome. Coaching staffs may apply this information to different players, while account for individual differences and functional variability, to optimise practice planning and, consequently, the game performance of individuals and teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 317-331 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2061324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2061324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:317-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge E Morais Author-X-Name-First: Jorge E Author-X-Name-Last: Morais Author-Name: Tiago M Barbosa Author-X-Name-First: Tiago M Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa Author-Name: Tiago Lopes Author-X-Name-First: Tiago Author-X-Name-Last: Lopes Author-Name: Daniel A Marinho Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A Author-X-Name-Last: Marinho Title: Race level comparison and variability analysis of 100 m freestyle sprinters competing in the 2019 European championships Abstract: This study aimed to (i) compare the race performance of the swimmers with better performances and poorer performances during all sections of a 100 m freestyle event and (ii) compare stroke kinematics variables between tiers and analyse their stability in each tier. The sample was composed of 88 swimmers that participated in the 100 m Freestyle event at the 2019 LEN European Junior Championships. Speed achieved the largest difference between tiers in section (S) S0-15 m of lap #1 (mean difference = −0.109 s, p < 0.001). During the clean swim and finish phases, the stroke length and stroke index presented significant differences (p < 0.05) between tiers in all sections of the race (stroke frequency did not). Significant variances were noted for both tiers in all variables in both laps. Swimmers in tier #1 were significantly faster than swimmers in tier #2 especially in sections related to the push-off against a solid (block or wall), and finish. A significant variance was noted by both tiers during the race with a moderate-to-high normative stability. Coaches are advised to analyse and understand the swimmers' within-lap stability, which can give deeper details about their swimmers’ behaviour during the 100 m freestyle race. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 303-316 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2054622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2054622 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:303-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sabin Chun Author-X-Name-First: Sabin Author-X-Name-Last: Chun Author-Name: JongChul Park Author-X-Name-First: JongChul Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Taegyu Kim Author-X-Name-First: Taegyu Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: YoungHoon Kim Author-X-Name-First: YoungHoon Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Performance analysis based on GPS data of Olympic class windsurfing Abstract: This study examined the technical and tactical variables that determine performance before departure and during a race in all wind conditions. Data were collected from 44 Olympic-class windsurfers who participated in the World Cup and Allianz Regatta. Distance to the start line and speed 5 s before departure, distance to start line and speed when starting, and distance travelled and time at each leg were recorded via GPS (5 Hz). Average speed was calculated through distance travelled and time. Results indicated that the high-performance group had significantly (p < 0.05) less distance from the starting line and faster speed when starting than the low-performance group in heavy wind conditions. During the first or third legs with light and medium winds, the high-performance group demonstrated a significantly (p < 0.05) faster average speed in heavy wind and significantly less distance travelled, and faster average speed was observed in all legs. The first half of the high-performance group had significantly (p < 0.05) longer distance travelled than the second half. Significantly faster average speed was observed in light wind. These results may assist in preparing for the tactical and technical requirements during a race and enhance performance in every situation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 332-342 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2061322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2061322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:332-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mamiko Kato Author-X-Name-First: Mamiko Author-X-Name-Last: Kato Author-Name: Toshimasa Yanai Author-X-Name-First: Toshimasa Author-X-Name-Last: Yanai Title: Launch fly balls for better batting statistics: Applicability of “fly-ball revolution” to Japan’s professional baseball league Abstract: “Fly-ball revolution” in Major League Baseball (MLB), spotlighting an underlining tenet that batters should aim for big fly balls rather than grounders, has attracted interest from countless players around the world. Its applicability, however, is not clear for players of different physical abilities or teams with different game strategies from MLB’s. This paper aims to test a hypothesis that hitting fly balls do not result in better batting statistics than hitting grounders in Japan’s Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). From radar-tracking outputs collected in the official games, the speed, launch angle, and batting results of all batted balls in play were extracted (n = 39,469). In-play batting average (IPBA) and slugging percentage (IPSP) were compared between fly balls and grounders. The results showed the better batting statistics for fly balls (IPBA = 0.381 ± 0.018; IPSP = 0.730 ± 0.079) than grounders (IPBA = 0.267 ± 0.010; IPSP = 0.285 ± 0.010). Thus, our hypothesis was rejected. The balls launched at 10°−20°, called line drives, resulted in higher IPBA over the typical speed range (120 − 150 km/h), suggesting that NPB players whose ball speed was typical should aim for line drives, rather than high fly balls by accepting the tenet. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 437-453 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2075302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2075302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:437-453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Bloß Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Bloß Author-Name: Florian Loffing Author-X-Name-First: Florian Author-X-Name-Last: Loffing Author-Name: Jörg Schorer Author-X-Name-First: Jörg Author-X-Name-Last: Schorer Author-Name: Dirk Büsch Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: Büsch Title: Impact of psychological and physical load on the decision-making of top-class handball referees Abstract: Referees are challenged for accurate decision-making under physical and psychological load. However, erroneous decision-making can lead referees to repeatedly negatively think about the error, i.e. they begin to ruminate. Previous studies focused on the relationship between decision-making and either physical or psychological load. Here, we examined the combined impact of physical and psychological load on top-class handball referees’ decision-making. N = 73 referees performed the Yo-Yo Test for Referees combined with psychological load induced through instantaneous feedback on the decisions to activate the referees’ rumination-trait, i.e. to test if low and high ruminating referees respond differently to load and feedback. Results indicate no effects of physical load on decision accuracy (i.e. foul vs. no foul), but referees’ reasonings accuracy (i.e. type of foul, punishment) decreased under medium external load. Moreover, low and high ruminating referees did statistically not differ in decision and reasoning accuracy. Results indicate that physical load may not affect decisions, but might affect reasonings. Thus, subsequent studies should incorporate decisions and reasonings in handball referees, especially against the background of referee’s development. For practitioners, the Yo-Yo Test for Referees seems a beneficial tool through the combination of physical likewise psychological load and a rule test in handball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 352-369 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2061323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2061323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:352-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Álvaro Author-X-Name-Last: Bustamante-Sánchez Author-Name: Miguel A. Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Sergio L. Jiménez-Saiz Author-X-Name-First: Sergio L. Author-X-Name-Last: Jiménez-Saiz Title: Game location effect in the NBA: A comparative analysis of playing at home, away and in a neutral court during the COVID-19 season Abstract: The home advantage effect seems to be related to a more functional aggressive behaviour with an increased performance in rebounds. It has been traditionally considered as an important factor during basketball games that needs to be studied under different scenarios (home, away or neutral locations). This study aimed to analyse NBA team’s game-related statistics, pre-shooting combinations and pick-and-roll performances among locations (playing at home, away and in a neutral court) during the COVID-19 season. A retrospective cross-sectional study of the 2019–2020 NBA season (906 games) was carried out. Game-related statistics were gathered from the private company InStat (https://basketball.instatscout.com/). The main results showedthat (i) home-court teams had better performances in points, field goal percentage, rebounds, assists and fouls than away-court teams and neutral-court teams; (ii) home-court teams had better performances than away-court teams or neutral-court teams in transitions and cuts made and (iii) home-court teams and neutral-court teams had similar performances to away-court teams in pick-and-roll and pick-and-pop situations although teams playing away had more attempts. In conclusion, playing at home under different circumstances favours the local team, mainly using a more collective way of play. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 370-381 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2062178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2062178 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:370-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Scott B. Nicholls Author-X-Name-First: Scott B. Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholls Author-Name: Nic James Author-X-Name-First: Nic Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Julia Wells Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Wells Author-Name: Nimai Parmar Author-X-Name-First: Nimai Author-X-Name-Last: Parmar Title: Performance analysis practice within Olympic and Paralympic sports: A comparison of coach and analyst experiences Abstract: Concordance between 18 coaches (mean performance analysis experience: 8.3 ± 4.8 years) and 23 performance analysts (mean: 6.4 ± 4.1 years) regarding their performance analysis delivery within applied Olympic and Paralympic environments was investigated using survey-based methods. There was clear agreement on the provision, importance and need for full video. The majority of analysts (73.9%) provided profiling often or all of the time, whereas only one third of coaches felt that this was the required amount. Coaches not only agreed that coaching philosophy was the main factor directing analysis but also emphasised that training goals, level or age of athlete and discussions with athletes were influencers, far more than the analysts realised. A potential barrier for better communication was time, highlighted by all analysts as a major factor impacting their role. The majority of analysts (87%) attempted to provide feedback to athletes within one hour of performance, often or all the time. Coaches expressed a similar philosophy but were far more likely to want to provide feedback at later times. These findings should be utilised by analysts and coaches to review practice, identify gaps within practice and highlight areas for development. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 343-351 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2054623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2054623 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:343-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zengyuan Lin Author-X-Name-First: Zengyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Kazunori Nosaka Author-X-Name-First: Kazunori Author-X-Name-Last: Nosaka Author-Name: Jodie Cochrane Wilkie Author-X-Name-First: Jodie Cochrane Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkie Title: Significance of smash and smash-lunge sequence in singles badminton matches in elite players Abstract: This study examined the number of smashes and smash-lunge sequences in elite men’s singles matches. Semi-final and final match videos of the Olympic Games, Grand-Prix, and World-SuperSeries in 2016 were analysed. Points won from smashes and smash-lunge sequence in a game and an entire match were compared between the winners and losers, and whether points won from the smash-lunge sequence occurred immediately, within three rallies or more were analysed. The game winners scored more (p < 0.05) points than the losers in a game from smashes (4.8 ± 1.9 vs 3.5 ± 1.3 points) and from smash-lunge sequences (4.0 ± 2.8 vs 1.7 ± 1.6 points). Match winners won more (p < 0.05) points from smashes (11.0 ± 2.6) and smash-lunge sequences (7.4 ± 4.8) than match losers (8.2 ± 3.0 and 5.5 ± 3.7, respectively). The match winners won 5–10% more points from the smash-lunge sequence than losers (p < 0.05), and 60% of the points were won immediately from the smash-lunge sequence for both the winners and losers. The smash-lunge sequence is important in badminton. Winners were more effective than the losers at scoring points from this sequence, and in particular, at winning points immediately off the smash-lunge sequence, rather than in the following rallies. Thus, improving the techniques of the smash-lunge sequence is necessary. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 382-392 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2069936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2069936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:382-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathan Slegers Author-X-Name-First: Nathan Author-X-Name-Last: Slegers Title: Basketball shooting performance is maximized by individual-specific optimal release strategies Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between optimal basketball release angles and individual release distributions and whether individuals seek their optimal or minimum velocity release strategy. Sixteen male basketball players (height 183 ± 9 cm, age 22.6 ± 7 years) were recorded shooting 75 three-point shots. Ball release angle and velocity estimates were used in a nonparametric kernel density estimator (KDE) to identify individual-specific release distributions and optimal release angles. Optimal releases varied among individuals and were 4.3 ± 2.1° higher than minimum velocity releases. Mean release angles were 3.9° higher than the minimum velocity angle (p < 0.001) and only 0.4° below the optimal (p = 0.5). Participants skewed their probability density function (PDF) peaks 0.24° towards the optimal (p = 0.044) further indicating participants seek optimal rather than minimum velocity releases. Individual-specific optimal release angles were strongly correlated with their PDF covariance (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) and weakly correlated to the principal axis aspect ratio (r = −0.40, p = 0.137). These findings illustrate that optimal releases varied among participants and performance may be maximised by each athlete matching their release strategy to their PDF characteristics rather than matching a predetermined optimal release angle. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 393-406 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2069937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2069937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:3:p:393-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2097834_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Bernat Buscà Author-X-Name-First: Bernat Author-X-Name-Last: Buscà Author-Name: Raúl Hileno Author-X-Name-First: Raúl Author-X-Name-Last: Hileno Author-Name: Biel Nadal Author-X-Name-First: Biel Author-X-Name-Last: Nadal Author-Name: Jorge Serna Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Serna Title: Prediction of the penalty kick direction in men’s soccer Abstract: The penalty kick might be a crucial moment during a soccer game because of its relevance on the scoreboard, mainly during shootouts. For this purpose, the present study established a model to predict the ball direction taking into consideration the leg dominance of the penalty taker and other posture variables just before the ball contact. A total of 412 penalties from 11 international high-standard tournaments (2010–2019) were analysed. The better predictive model for the shot direction was selected through all possible subsets regression method. Thus, the final model included three predictors and two multiplicative terms, with an acceptable classifying power with a specificity and sensitivity greater than 85%. This model was applied for predicting the probability to shot to the left and the right side of the goal in 12 different kicking patterns. The most frequent pattern was a right-footed taker with the left arm in a >90° abduction with a left orientation of the support foot (n = 122; 30%). Following this pattern, probability of shooting to the left or to the right was 0.970 (95% CI: 0.927–0.988) and 0.030 (95% CI: 0.012–0.073), respectively. The present study conceived a model as parsimonious as possible with three predictors easily available to the goalkeeper. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 571-582 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2097834 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2097834 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:571-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2106109_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Dylan Bernardi Author-X-Name-First: Dylan Author-X-Name-Last: Bernardi Author-Name: Lucy Lynn Davis Author-X-Name-First: Lucy Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Davis Author-Name: James Graham Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Author-Name: John K. Mayberry Author-X-Name-First: John K. Author-X-Name-Last: Mayberry Title: Change the rules, change the game? Offensive tactics in elite men’s water polo from London to Tokyo Abstract: The sport of water polo has frequently undergone modifications throughout its history with two major sets of new rules being implemented in the last decade alone. This paper investigates changes in game play at the elite men’s level over this time, comparing tactical decisions and outcomes from the 2012 London with the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. A detailed analysis of over 4000 plays shows that the distribution of offensive tactical choices changed significantly over this eight-year period with 2020 teams more frequently relying on perimeter shooting and less frequently on counterattacks, centre play, and direct shots. Centre play was the only offensive tactic with a significant increase in efficiency rating. At the game level, major foul calling rates decreased with significantly fewer offensive fouls and exclusion fouls on the ball in 2020. A linear model for predicting final score differential based on differences in game statistics found that number of exclusions, exclusion conversion rate, number of counterattacks, penalty shots, and perimeter efficiency rating were all significant predictors of final game outcomes. There were no significant interactions between year and predictors although there was some evidence that perimeter efficiency rating played a more important role in 2020 compared to 2012. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 604-620 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2106109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2106109 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:604-620 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2089514_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Wenming Liu Author-X-Name-First: Wenming Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Zheng Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Zheng Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Yuwei Shen Author-X-Name-First: Yuwei Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Author-Name: Hui Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Hui Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Stroke performance relevance model for elite table tennis matches Abstract: To analyse the technical strength of elite table tennis players more accurately, a model of stroke performance relevance (SPR) was proposed in this study, and 40 matches between Chinese male elite players and players from other countries were selected as samples. Compared with other match analysis methods in table tennis, the main advantage of the SPR model is that a) the calculating the performance relevance of each stroke can more completely reflect the technical and tactical advantage or disadvantage of both players than can the traditional analysis methods. b) In addition to the contribution (score) and responsibility (loss) information, the SPR value includes information on the orders of stroke and scores, which can better reflect the role of various game actions in different game periods. This is the most important difference between the SPR model and traditional match analysis methods. In addition, the SPR analysis showed that the first three strokes, the three techniques (“topspin + attack”, touch short, twist), and the three placements (long backhand, long forehand, long middle) in a table tennis match had an important impact on the game results. The technical strength of Chinese players was significantly better than that of players from other countries. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 558-570 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2089514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2089514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:558-570 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2101837_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Joshua W. Dipple Author-X-Name-First: Joshua W. Author-X-Name-Last: Dipple Author-Name: Lyndell Bruce Author-X-Name-First: Lyndell Author-X-Name-Last: Bruce Author-Name: Dan B. Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Dan B. Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Title: Identifying the optimal characteristics of ball possession and movement in elite women’s soccer Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether the ball passing characteristics of elite women’s soccer teams are associated with measures of team performance. In total, 170 matches from two professional women’s competitions were used in the analysis. Twenty passing characteristics were analysed to determine their association with match outcome and two score-related variables, shots on target and big chances. The value of 18 passing characteristics was different between teams that won or lost their match, when both leagues were analysed together. When the leagues were analysed separately, there were only three characteristics whose value was consistently higher for teams that won; proportions of passes in the defensive third, successful long passes and successful backward passes. Regression models demonstrated that there were relationships between passing characteristics and measures of team performance, such as shots on target (r2 = 0.434, p < 0.001). The present findings provide evidence of the optimal passing characteristics in elite women’s soccer teams, which include; more total passes, minimising short passes but maximising their success and the success of long and backward passes. These results provide valuable information regarding the construction of team tactics and strategy of ball movement that is effective and specific to elite women’s soccer. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 594-603 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2101837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2101837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:594-603 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2097835_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Diêgo Augusto Author-X-Name-First: Diêgo Author-X-Name-Last: Augusto Author-Name: Levy Anthony de-Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Levy Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: de-Oliveira Author-Name: Rodrigo Aquino Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Aquino Author-Name: Iohanna Fernandes Author-X-Name-First: Iohanna Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes Author-Name: Marcos Bezerra Almeida Author-X-Name-First: Marcos Author-X-Name-Last: Bezerra Almeida Author-Name: Fabrício Vasconcellos Author-X-Name-First: Fabrício Author-X-Name-Last: Vasconcellos Title: Within-subject variation of technical performance in elite Brazilian professional soccer players: the environmental stress, match location, and opposition’s ranking influences Abstract: Recent research identified that the behaviour of players and teams varies depending on the match context affecting the players’ technical performance. Due to the high context variability of a soccer game, understanding the characteristics of technical performance in soccer can enable coaches to make better decisions. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental stress, match location, and opposition’s ranking on technical performance variation of elite soccer players from strong and weak teams from the Brasileirão Serie A (Brazilian First Division National Championship). Fourteen match actions were chosen as dependent variables in the analysis. Values of each action of each player per match were established. We compared the means of these values from the Top 4 and Bottom 4 teams across different match contexts (environment heat stress, match location, and opposition’s ranking). We calculated all comparisons using linear mixed models. The results showed better technical performance under low or medium environmental heat stress at home and against weak opposition (p < 0.05). Therefore, match context affects elite Brazilian soccer players’ technical performance from the first division championship. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 583-593 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2097835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2097835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:583-593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2079891_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Hiramoto Keisuke Author-X-Name-First: Hiramoto Author-X-Name-Last: Keisuke Author-Name: Hiroshi Aida Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Aida Author-Name: Hajime Fujimoto Author-X-Name-First: Hajime Author-X-Name-Last: Fujimoto Author-Name: Eiko Yamada Author-X-Name-First: Eiko Author-X-Name-Last: Yamada Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Title: The relationship between shots and rebounded areas in handball games Abstract: The purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to identify the relationship between shots and rebounded areas in the men and women’s elite handball games; and (ii) to compare the differences by gender. The samples were composed through 48 matches (24 matches, respectively) and 699 shooting sequences (n = 372 for men, and n = 327 for women) from the men’s and women’s 2019 World Championship. The results were recorded using an original recording made while observing all match videos. A database was then created using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software. Performance analysis applied running a binominal logistic regression identified: (i) close shots returned to the area where shots were performed; (ii) distance shots which were difficult to be predicted by goalkeepers due to shooting course and shooting timing returned to the field area; and (iii) when rebounded balls returned to the side area, they were got by the attacking team. Current findings allow to suggest some practical applications to get rebounded balls securing and protecting the field area for distance shots, the same area where the shot was made in close shots and half-defenders need to be ready for shots rebounding to side area. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 467-478 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2079891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2079891 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:467-478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2078095_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Sergio L. Jiménez Author-X-Name-First: Sergio L. Author-X-Name-Last: Jiménez Author-Name: Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Álvaro Author-X-Name-Last: Bustamante-Sánchez Author-Name: Adam L. Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Adam L. Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Author-Name: Helios Pareja-Galeano Author-X-Name-First: Helios Author-X-Name-Last: Pareja-Galeano Author-Name: Carlos Lago-Penas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Lago-Penas Title: Influence of the situational variables on the performance of the teams competing in the Chinese Super League Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of situational variables, match location, quality of the opponent, and final result on the performance of the teams during an entire season (2016) of the Chinese Super League throughout 474 matches. Results showed that playing as an away team reduced the number of positional attacks per game, total ball possession time, possession in the final third of the field, possession in opponent half, passes attempted, passes accurate, crosses, passes forward, picking up free balls, and picking up free balls in opponent half. Final result only affected total attacks made per game and lost ball by the teams that finished the season between the 8th and the 16th position. These teams made an average of 99.29 attacks per game, which was lowered by 1.53 attacks for each goal that the team had in comparison with the opponent at the end of the match. In addition, number of lost balls was also reduced by 1.49 per game for each goal that one team had in comparison with the opponent at the end of the match. Overall, combinations of these variables could be used in order to predict the performance of soccer teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 455-466 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2078095 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2078095 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:455-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2086515_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Kate Timmons Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Timmons Author-Name: Kieran Collins Author-X-Name-First: Kieran Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Shane Mangan Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Mangan Title: An analysis of the effectiveness of kickouts in sub-elite Gaelic football Abstract: The aim of the current study was to analyse the distribution of kickouts and the effectiveness of kickouts in sub-elite Gaelic football. A total of 45 competitive sub-elite games from 2 seasons (2020 and 2021) were analysed. Video analysis software was used to code game videos to analyse performance indicators. It was found that 65% of kickouts were won by the team taking the kickout in the games analysed. Short kickouts inside the 45 m line were the most successful. Kickouts lasting less than 0–5 s and 6–10 s were found to give teams a better opportunity to win their kickout and build an attack following the kickout. The most common attack outcome following winning a kickout was a turnover, followed by a score for the team. It was found the highest win percentage was with 5 and 7 opposition players inside the 65 m, the lowest win percentage was with 6 and 10 opposition players inside the 65 m line. The findings of the present study provide insights for coaches to build effective kickout strategies and the importance of creating tactics to build attacks following winning a kickout. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 526-540 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2086515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2086515 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:526-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2086516_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Lindsei Brabec Mota Barreto Author-X-Name-First: Lindsei Brabec Mota Author-X-Name-Last: Barreto Author-Name: Esteban Ariel Aedo-Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Esteban Ariel Author-X-Name-Last: Aedo-Muñoz Author-Name: Dany Alexis Sorbazo Soto Author-X-Name-First: Dany Alexis Sorbazo Author-X-Name-Last: Soto Author-Name: Bianca Miarka Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Miarka Author-Name: Ciro José Brito Author-X-Name-First: Ciro José Author-X-Name-Last: Brito Title: Has there been a change between combat time in male judo? Analysis of the top 20 athletes by weight division between the 2016-20 Olympic cycles Abstract: This study compared male judo combat time in international competitions between the 2016 and 2020 Olympic cycles, by weight divisions. We analysed 1380 videos of male judo combat from top 20 in the World ranking by weight division. The 2020 cycle had a lower combat time and a higher occurrence of Golden Score (GS) compared to the 2016 cycle (combat time: 2020= 206.9, 2016= 240.3 seconds; GS time: 2020= 95.1, 2016= 77.6 seconds; p˂0.001; GS occurrence: 2020= 27%, 2016= 6%; p˂0.05). The 66kg and 73kg spent the most time and the +100kg category spent the least time in the GS than the other divisions, in both Olympic cycles. However, in the 2020 cycle compared to 2016, the 66kg was the only that reduced the combat time on the GS (p= 0.002), the 81kg and +100kg had a change in the distribution of combat closure minute-by-minute [81kg(2016)= 28%, 81kg(2020)= 68% finished until the 4th minute of Regular Time; +100kg(2016)= 25%, +100kg(2020)= 50% finished until the 3rd minute of Regular Time; p= 0.003 for both]. These data must be considered when prescribing male judo training for specific performance.   Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 541-557 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2086516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2086516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:541-557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2082173_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Rafael Roldán-Márquez Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Roldán-Márquez Author-Name: Wanesa Onetti-Onetti Author-X-Name-First: Wanesa Author-X-Name-Last: Onetti-Onetti Author-Name: José Ramón Alvero-Cruz Author-X-Name-First: José Ramón Author-X-Name-Last: Alvero-Cruz Author-Name: Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez Author-X-Name-First: Alfonso Author-X-Name-Last: Castillo-Rodríguez Title: Win or lose. Physical and physiological responses in paddle tennis competition according to the game result Abstract: Sports success can be determined by technical level, physical condition, but also with behaviour and decision-making in competition. The main aim of this study was to compare the different physiological and physical responses of professional male paddle-tennis players as a function of the game result. Sixty sets and twenty-four players were analysed in the Spanish National Championships. Heart rate (HR), lactate concentrations, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), covered distance and speed and sprints were measured. Comparative tests were performed to compare winners and losers, and RPE was analysed using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve test through Logit model. Losers showed greater results in the mean HR (154.1±15.6 beats·min−1) than winners (144.2±19.1 beats·min−1, p<0.01). A score of 6–10 or 16–20 points in RPE, entailed a high or low probability of winning the set (72–92% or 6–23%, respectively). Physical responses were higher in losers, e.g. higher distances, mean velocity, sprints number between 2.1–9.0 km·h−1. As conclusions, players who finally lose the match demand greater physical and physiological responses in general. It is established, as in other racket sports, that the player’s position on the court is key to determining victory in this sport. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 479-490 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2082173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2082173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:479-490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2084594_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Rafael Lima Kons Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Lima Author-X-Name-Last: Kons Author-Name: Marcus F. Agostinho Author-X-Name-First: Marcus F. Author-X-Name-Last: Agostinho Author-Name: Danilo França Conceição Santos Author-X-Name-First: Danilo França Conceição Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Author-Name: João Lopes-Silva Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Lopes-Silva Author-Name: Daniele Detanico Author-X-Name-First: Daniele Author-X-Name-Last: Detanico Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Title: Match-related performance during the Olympic Games 2020: a technical variability analysis of high-level judo athletes Abstract: This study aimed to identify the technical-tactical variation through the index of performance and types of techniques in high-level judo in the 2020 Olympic Games. The data were extracted from the Official Results Books considering the competition performance of 393 competitors. Nage-waza katame-waza and scoring index, and the classification of techniques groups according to the sex, weight category and competition outcome were analysed. A t-test was used to compare the variables according to the sex and analysis of variance to compare weight categories and competition outcome groups. Finally, the Chi-square tests were used to test the association between frequency of groups of techniques and places in the competition, weight category and competition outcome. The level of significance is 5%. The main results demonstrated higher nage-waza and katame-waza variation (absolute values) for medallist compared to the other groups (p < 0.001), and higher values for repechage group compared to the non-medallist (p < 0.001). The katame-waza variation index was higher in female (p = 0.019) and medallists have a higher scoring and nage-waza variation index compared to the repechage group and non-medallist (p < 0.001). We concluded that medallist athletes have high technical variability compared to the other groups and female athletes have a high katame-waza variation compared to the male. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 516-525 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2084594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2084594 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:516-525 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2106112_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Russell Rayner Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Rayner Author-Name: W. B. Young Author-X-Name-First: W. B. Author-X-Name-Last: Young Author-Name: S. W. Talpey Author-X-Name-First: S. W. Author-X-Name-Last: Talpey Title: The agility demands of Australian football: a notational analysis Abstract: Agility is essential to success in Australian football (AF). However, the nature of agility events in competition is currently unknown. This study analysed in-game 1v1 agility events to identify the movement and cognitive demands of agility in elite AF. The study described the technique, the angle of change of direction (COD), and the approach speed. Cognitive demands were inferred by recording inter-athlete position and deceptive manoeuvres. Findings revealed sidestepping to be commonly used for both attacking and defending athletes. However, attacking athletes were substantially more likely to use the sidestep technique than their defending counterparts (74% vs 39% of the time). Analysis of movement speeds indicated a preference for submaximal approaches. Further, the movement technique was varied, with the angle of directional change particularly diverse. Overall, the notational analysis indicates a need for agility training and testing that reflects in-game agility demands. To achieve this, training and testing must allow for submaximal movement speeds, context-specific techniques, and the use of deceptive manoeuvres. Field-based or subjective assessment methods are proposed as viable testing alternatives. Further, the effectiveness of recorded deceptive actions suggests that athletes should be provided with training opportunities to practice fake disposals and fake CODs. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 621-637 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2106112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2106112 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:621-637 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2082174_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jonas Fischer Author-X-Name-First: Jonas Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer Author-Name: David Fischer Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer Author-Name: Michael Keiner Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Keiner Title: Perturbation profile of elite football – a cross-sectional analysis of the goals and goal scoring opportunities immediately before and after goal scoring of the 1st German Bundesliga Abstract: The sport of football cannot be represented holistically with a quantitative approach. The basis for this analysis was the construct of dynamic system theory. Based on the method of systematic game observation, a perturbation (= triggers that transfer a system into a state of instability) sign system was made, distinguishing between offensive (oP) and defensive perturbations (dP). The subject of the study was goal critical situations five minutes before and after goal scoring. The present study is a partial survey of the 1st Bundesliga season 2019/20, insofar as game Days 1.-17. (n = 153 games) were evaluated by video according to two independent raters. The average number of perturbations required to score a goal was 1.69 perturbations (on average 1.52 oP & 0.17 dP), while an average of 1.30 perturbations (on average 1.15 oP & 0.15 dP) was sufficient to create a goal scoring opportunity. The group technical tactical offensive perturbation low pass revealed the largest proportion of all perturbations, at 28%. Therefore, a game plan should be designed to create superior numbers close to the ball to avoid the loss of stability. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 491-504 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2082174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2082174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:491-504 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2084593_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Bayram Ceylan Author-X-Name-First: Bayram Author-X-Name-Last: Ceylan Author-Name: Şükrü Serda Balci Author-X-Name-First: Şükrü Serda Author-X-Name-Last: Balci Title: Comparison of physiological and perceptual load between uke and tori after intermittent osaekomi-waza exercise in judo Abstract: This study investigated differences in physiological and perceptual responses between uke and tori during intermittent osaekomi-waza exercise. Twenty-one male judo athletes voluntarily participated in this study. Following anthropometric measurements and 1 min uchi-komi test, athletes executed 20 s × 6 sets (1:½ work rest ratio) intermittent osaekomi-waza exercise with kesa-gatame as both uke and tori. Athletes’ heart rate and lactate concentration were monitored at rest, 1 min, and 6 min following the exercise while the athletes classified the rate of perceived exertion just after the exercise. During the experiment, the changes in heart rate were different between positions with higher values in uke position compared to tori position after the intermittent exercise (F2,40 = 4.28, p = 0.03). Moreover, athletes in the uke position stated a higher rating of perceived exertion than athletes in the tori position (p = 0.01). However, blood lactate responses were found to be similar between positions (p > 0.05). Intermittent osaekomi-waza exercises resulted in similar metabolic load for uke and tori positions, while higher cardiovascular load was observed in the uke position compared to the tori position. Thus, it can be concluded that the athletes in uke position are exposed to more cardiovascular load compared to those in tori position and present higher perceptual responses. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 505-515 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2084593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2084593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:505-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2110555_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Fernando Vives Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Vives Author-Name: Miguel Crespo Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Crespo Author-Name: José Francisco Guzmán Author-X-Name-First: José Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Guzmán Author-Name: Rafael Martínez-Gallego Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Gallego Title: Effective serving strategies in men’s doubles Davis cup matches: an analysis using tracking technology Abstract: Despite the importance of the serve in doubles tennis, there is very little information on the tactical characteristics of this game situation. The aim of this study was to analyse the differences in the spatial-temporal characteristics and the effectiveness of the serves depending on their direction in professional doubles tennis. Using the Hawk-Eye system, 20,419 serves from 96 Davis Cup doubles matches played between 2010 and 2019 were analysed. First serves to the Wide and T zones showed the highest effectiveness. The fastest serves were those played to the T, while the slowest were those played to the Wide zone, except for the second serves on the Deuce side, where the opposite occurred. The serves played to the T were hit from positions closer to the centre of the court, and the time from serve contact to ball bounce was shorter than in the rest of the serves played to other directions. Generally, compared to singles tennis, players served from positions further away from the centre of the court. The data provided in this study have clear practical implications, both for the design of specific training sessions and for the tactical preparation of matches. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 638-648 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2110555 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2110555 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:4:p:638-648 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2115781_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Aron Laxdal Author-X-Name-First: Aron Author-X-Name-Last: Laxdal Author-Name: Andreas Ivarsson Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Ivarsson Author-Name: Olafur Sigurgeirsson Author-X-Name-First: Olafur Author-X-Name-Last: Sigurgeirsson Author-Name: Tommy Haugen Author-X-Name-First: Tommy Author-X-Name-Last: Haugen Title: Are the playoffs different from the regular season? A comparison of in-game statistics in Icelandic elite handball Abstract: There are many axioms in sport that are taken at face value. One of them is that the playoffs are somehow totally different from the regular season. The aim of this study was to test that axiom by comparing in-game statistics during the regular season and the playoffs in the semi-professional Icelandic elite men’s handball league. Data from 724 games (648 regular season games and 76 playoff games; 1448 data points) across five seasons were analysed using a two-level logistic regression analysis. The variables of interest were pace, fast breaks, legal stops, penalty throws given, 2-minute suspensions, and saves. The results indicated no meaningful differences in fast breaks, penalty throws given or number of saves, but did find signs of added intensity during the playoffs with a higher pace, more legal stops and more 2-minute suspensions. While the differences were not particularly large, they have the possibility of being practically meaningful and were in line with the axiom. Possible explanations were discussed but more research is needed to determine whether these findings are context- or sport-specific. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 649-655 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2115781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2022.2115781 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:5:p:649-655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2176100_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Geoffrey Millour Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Millour Author-Name: Claude Lajoie Author-X-Name-First: Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Lajoie Author-Name: Frédéric Domingue Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric Author-X-Name-Last: Domingue Title: Comparison of different models of Wʹ balance in high-level road cycling races Abstract: This study aimed to compare different models of Wʹ balance (Wʹbal) during road cycling races. These models allow tracking of the depletion and reconstitution of energy reserves during intermittent exercises. Fifteen high-level cyclists shared a year of data, including the power output and GPS records. They then selected a race during which they were in very good condition, and where they reached a maximum level of exhaustion in the final phase. Based on their seasonal data, their critical power and Wʹ were calculated and incorporated into the integral and differential models of Skiba and Bartram model. Wʹbal was calculated throughout the races and normalised to Wʹ. The integral, differential, and Bartram models predicted a mean Wʹbal of 41 ± 27%, 67 ± 17%, and 82 ± 9%, a minimum Wʹbal of −21 ± 28%, −3 ± 22%, and 22 ± 24%, and a Wʹbal at the identified point of exhaustion of 0 ± 30%, 21 ± 28%, and 42 ± 23% (all significantly different, p < 0.01). Given the large differences between the models and the high inter-individual variability of Wʹbal at the participant-identified point of exhaustion, this study shows that the models are not interchangeable and that the values of Wʹbal should be considered with caution when analysing races. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 656-669 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2176100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2176100 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:5:p:656-669 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2181556_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Laura Rodríguez-Gallego Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Gallego Author-Name: Gracia López-Contreras Author-X-Name-First: Gracia Author-X-Name-Last: López-Contreras Author-Name: Gabriel Antonio Delgado García Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Delgado García Author-Name: Francisco Cuenca-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Cuenca-Fernández Title: Assessment of feedback devices for performance monitoring in master’s swimmers Abstract: In recent years, new portable performance monitoring devices have appeared in swimming. The study aims to establish the current validity of the FORM Goggles, Finis Stopwatch, and the Garmin Swim 2 Watch, for the partial and total times and stroke count (experiment 1; n = 17) and to compare the effect of the devices considered as valid in monitoring the pace of master swimmers (experiment 2; n = 10). The FORM Goggles and the Finis Stopwatch showed good level of agreement and accuracy (Bland Altman plots showed homoscedasticity and in most cases Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient were>0.95, and the error magnitude<0.2 seconds). These systems allow better pace control compared to Garmin Swim 2, with a difference between target and actual time below 1.5 %. However, the results showed that the concurrent feedback provided by FORM Smart Swim Goggles could offer greater advantages than the traditional feedback provided via the Finis Stopwatch at the end of each series, as swimmers were closer to the target time (p < 0.05). In conclusion both the FORM Goggles and the Finis Stopwatch, showed a good validity and could serve for performance monitoring in swimming, allowing the Form Goggles better pace control. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 701-714 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2181556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2181556 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:5:p:701-714 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2176102_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: F Almeida Author-X-Name-First: F Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Author-Name: Carratalá. H Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Carratalá. H Author-Name: Carratalá. V Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Carratalá. V Author-Name: Feriche. B Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Feriche. B Author-Name: Padial. P Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Padial. P Author-Name: Bonitch-Góngora. J Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Bonitch-Góngora. J Title: Influence of lower-limb muscle power-related variables on the ippon-seoi-nage of elite judokas Abstract: This study investigated the influence of the lower-limb extension mechanical variables (strength variables) on the ippon-seoi-nage kinematic variables (technical variables) in elite judokas. Additionally, we studied the effect of performing ippon-seoi-nage with lower-limb flexion-extension action vs. without it, on the technical and strength variables, as well as on their relationship. Twenty-four male elite judokas were classified into two groups depending on the type of ippon-seoi-nage performed, i.e. with lower-limb flexion-extension action or without it. Mechanical outputs from an incremental loaded countermovement jump test were assessed, as well as kinematic variables transferred to the uke (person who is thrown) during an ippon-seoi-nage technique test. The strength parameters did not positively correlate with the technical ones, showing no transference between the variables studied. Furthermore, the judokas that performed the ippon-seoi-nage with lower-limb flexion-extension action presented lower times in the execution of the technique than the group that did not perform this action. Therefore, the transference from strength parameters to the performance of ippon-seoi-nage is not yet explained, even when considering different technical styles. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 670-683 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2176102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2176102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:5:p:670-683 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2180881_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Alejandro Trejo-Silva Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Trejo-Silva Author-Name: Miguel Angel Gomez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Angel Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez-Ruano Author-Name: Sebastian Feu Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Feu Author-Name: Javier Brazo-Sayavera Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Brazo-Sayavera Title: Analysis of offensive performance during exclusions in female senior handball Abstract: This study aimed to analyse offensive performance during exclusions in an elite female handball tournament concerning the different numerical inequality contexts. All exclusions sanctioned (n = 319) during all matches from 2018 Female Euro (n = 47) were studied using an observational methodology. Teams´ performance variables were analysed via nominal regression test and correspondence analysis. Superiority, playing inferiority with Goalkeeper at goal (GK at goal), or Empty Net (EN) were the numerical contexts of players on the court studied. Results showed that teams tend to use 1st, 2nd, and 3er waves; to end with shots and to use a 3:3 (2 pivots) offensive system when playing during superiority. Teams performing inferiority context tend to end with a shot (but not score) when playing GK at goal and in turnovers when playing EN. Teams using the EN strategy tend to receive counterattacks after finalising their attacks. It can be concluded that teams showed a tendency of increasing the use of playing with EN during inferiority contexts. The coaches’ decision of changing the GK for a court player during inferiority needs to be trained to reduce the turnovers, and then the counterattacks received as a consequence. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 684-700 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2180881 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2180881 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:5:p:684-700 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2194604_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Javier Guerra-Armas Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Guerra-Armas Author-Name: Arturo Oliva-Hazañas Author-X-Name-First: Arturo Author-X-Name-Last: Oliva-Hazañas Author-Name: Sylvia Hazañas-Ruiz Author-X-Name-First: Sylvia Author-X-Name-Last: Hazañas-Ruiz Author-Name: Marcelino Torrontegui-Duarte Author-X-Name-First: Marcelino Author-X-Name-Last: Torrontegui-Duarte Author-Name: Marcos Cervero-Simonet Author-X-Name-First: Marcos Author-X-Name-Last: Cervero-Simonet Author-Name: Jose Miguel Morales-Asencio Author-X-Name-First: Jose Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Morales-Asencio Author-Name: Consolacion Pineda-Galan Author-X-Name-First: Consolacion Author-X-Name-Last: Pineda-Galan Author-Name: Mar Flores-Cortes Author-X-Name-First: Mar Author-X-Name-Last: Flores-Cortes Author-Name: Alejandro Luque-Suarez Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Luque-Suarez Title: The presence of a previous lower limb injury does not affect step asymmetry in elite basketball players: A prospective, longitudinal observational study Abstract: This study investigates whether the presence of a previous lower limb injury influences “Lower limb asymmetry” (LLA) in elite basketball players. A prospective, longitudinal observational study was carried out with 13 players grouped based on lower limb injury history in the 3 months prior to the study (Injury = 7, non-injured = 6). A total of 68 measurements per player were collected over 3 months, using the “Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)” device. The mean difference in, (i) % of step balance; (ii) the average of the number of impacts performed per minute during training and (iii) the player’s load was assessed. This intensive evaluation is in line with the assessment methodology proposed in the field of sports injury. Our results show no significant differences (p = 0.377) in the asymmetry of the step balance between players with/without a history of injury. However, there were differences when the player’s position was considered (p = 0.046). These findings confirm that the presence of a previous lower limb injury does not influence the asymmetry in lower limb step balance in male basketball players. For clinicians, the variables studied offer an indirect measurement of any capacity and/or deficit in the absorption of lower limb loads after an injury. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 737-748 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2194604 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2194604 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:6:p:737-748 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2198298_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Cristóvão de Oliveira Abreu Author-X-Name-First: Cristóvão de Oliveira Author-X-Name-Last: Abreu Author-Name: Juan Carlos Pérez Morales Author-X-Name-First: Juan Carlos Pérez Author-X-Name-Last: Morales Author-Name: Pablo Juan Greco Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Greco Author-Name: Gibson Moreira Praça Author-X-Name-First: Gibson Moreira Author-X-Name-Last: Praça Title: Training defensive high-press in soccer: physical and physiological responses to different small-sided games played by youth athletes Abstract: This analysed the impact of high-press oriented rules during soccer small-sided games on players’ physical and physiological responses and to analyse whether integrating multiple informational constraints – rules – would increase the effect compared to the control game. Thirty-two U-20 elite soccer players engaged in this study. All players engaged in all the four conditions: control (no additional rules), 1-rule games (A, in which the defending team scores two points every time they regained the ball possession in their offensive midfield, and B, in which the attacking team scores two points every time they achieve a shot on goal in their offensive midfield), and 2-rules game (integrating both rules A and B) in random and balanced order. Physical and physiological variables were collected through a GPS device and a chest strap. A MANOVA was adopted to analyse the main effect of protocol on players’ responses. Results indicated that 1-rule games presented higher physical and physiological demands. In addition, high-press games elicited higher physiological and physical responses than free-play. Combining rules decreased the physical and physiological responses compared to applying the rules separately. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 749-760 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2198298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2198298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:6:p:749-760 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2188364_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bayram Ceylan Author-X-Name-First: Bayram Author-X-Name-Last: Ceylan Author-Name: Şükrü Serdar Balcı Author-X-Name-First: Şükrü Serdar Author-X-Name-Last: Balcı Author-Name: Hasan Basri Taşkın Author-X-Name-First: Hasan Basri Author-X-Name-Last: Taşkın Author-Name: Luis Santos Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Title: The impact of penalties on attack frequency in high-level judo matches Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effect of penalties on attack frequency in high-level judo matches. The study investigated 194 matches (74 women’s and 120 men’s matches) where at least one of the two competitors received the second shido. The penalties affected the attack frequency (F2, 360 = 30.81, p < 0.001). The attack frequency was the highest after the second shido, while it was the lowest before athletes were penalised with the first shido. The increase in nage-waza attack frequency increased the possibility of winning a match twice (odds ratio (OR) = 2.01), and the increase in the number of ne-waza attacks per minute increased the possibility of winning a match 3 times (OR = 3.13). Moreover, the increase in the attack frequency especially following the second shido significantly increased the possibility of winning compared to previous penalties (OR = 1.13). Thus, the current study concludes that penalties affect match dynamics, and the change in the number and frequency of attacks affects match outcome. It is suggested that athletes should perform positive activities to increase the possibility of winning. Coaches could plan tactical trainings by taking the number of penalties into account. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 715-724 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2188364 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2188364 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:6:p:715-724 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2188362_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Frowin Fasold Author-X-Name-First: Frowin Author-X-Name-Last: Fasold Author-Name: Johannes Meyer Author-X-Name-First: Johannes Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer Author-Name: Stefanie Klatt Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: Klatt Title: Effects of throwing feints on attack strategy in male elite handball: a post-hoc video analysis Abstract: Previous research has attributed several performance factors for success in team handball. However, the success rate of individual attacking skill of throwing feints remains unexplored. Recent studies on other team sports show that several feinting behaviours have the potential for great success against opponents. However, there is a gap in similar studies in handball. The aim of this study was to assess relevant performance factors of throwing feints in male elite handball. We used post-hoc video analysis to investigate what kind of throwing feints (jump vs. standing throw feint) were used in elite matches (n  = 90), how successful they were, and if the handedness of the players affected the use and the outcome of a throwing feint. The results show that successful throwing feints generate a notable advantage against defensive play. A greater number of jump throw feints than standing throw feints are executed and the jump throw feints showed better results. The handedness of the players only marginally influenced the effectiveness of the feints and throwing feints were used sparingly by players. Throwing feints could be a performance-relevant skill to generate an advantage against the opponent; however, further research is needed to understand why they are used so rarely. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 725-736 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2188362 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2188362 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:22:y:2022:i:6:p:725-736 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2206273_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Peter O’Donoghue Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donoghue Author-Name: Saffron Beckley Author-X-Name-First: Saffron Author-X-Name-Last: Beckley Title: Possession tactics in the UEFA women’s EURO 2022 soccer tournament Abstract: The purpose of the current investigation was to compare different types of possession between the 8 quarter-finalists at the Euro 2022 soccer tournament and the 8 teams eliminated at the group stage, as well as compare the percentage of possessions leading to shots between different types of possession. Possessions were classified as having a slow pass rate if there were fewer than 1 pass played per 3s on average, otherwise they had a higher pass rate. Quarter-finalists had a significantly greater number of possessions of 9 passes or more with a slow pass rate than teams eliminated at the group stage (p = 0.028), and they created shots from a significantly greater percentage of these (p = 0.007). Possession type had a significant influence on the percentage of possessions leading to a shot (p < 0.001). Possessions of 9 or more passes with a slow pass rate were the most productive. The percentage of these that led to a shot was significantly greater than for possessions with the same number of passes played at a higher pass rate (p < 0.002). This shows that creating shots not only depends on possession length but also the rate of passes. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 48-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2206273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2206273 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:1:p:48-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2199475_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Thiago André Rigon Author-X-Name-First: Thiago André Author-X-Name-Last: Rigon Author-Name: Rene Drezner Author-X-Name-First: Rene Author-X-Name-Last: Drezner Author-Name: Fábio Ferreira Nogueira Author-X-Name-First: Fábio Ferreira Author-X-Name-Last: Nogueira Author-Name: Farzad Yousefian Author-X-Name-First: Farzad Author-X-Name-Last: Yousefian Author-Name: Bruno Travassos Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Travassos Author-Name: Luiz Eduardo Pinto Basto Tourinho Dantas Author-X-Name-First: Luiz Eduardo Pinto Basto Tourinho Author-X-Name-Last: Dantas Title: What to look for in setting sports training tasks for young players? Analysis of the numerical configuration of players and court size constraints on futsal small-sided games performance difficulty level and player participation Abstract: This study aimed to analyse the effects of the numerical configuration of players and court size constraints on futsal small-sided game (SSG) performance difficulty level and player participation. For that, the degree of effectiveness of 6155 offensive actions performed by 59 young players (9–12 years) was investigated in six SSG conditions (2v1a, 2v1b, 2v2, 3v3, 4v2, and 2v4). For the analysis, the raw data were transformed into three indexes: Difficulty Index Without the Ball (DI WOB), Difficulty Index With the Ball (DI WB), and Participation Index (PI). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the effectiveness of actions performed without the ball and with the ball indicated that the SSGs presented different levels of performance difficulty and player participation. More effective actions were performed in attack superiority configurations and full-court sizes, especially if these constraints were combined, indicating they induced an easier level of play. Court size constraint affected player participation in an inversely proportional fashion (larger spaces of practice induced less player participation). The study results are useful to adjust futsal SSGs for players with different skills. In addition, the adopted action evaluation approach has the potential to become the SSG a performance scanner for the players’ current level. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 31-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2199475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2199475 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:1:p:31-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2185744_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Daniel Rojas-Valverde Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Rojas-Valverde Author-Name: José M. Oliva-Lozano Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Oliva-Lozano Author-Name: Randall Gutierrez-Vargas Author-X-Name-First: Randall Author-X-Name-Last: Gutierrez-Vargas Author-Name: José Pino-Ortega Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Pino-Ortega Author-Name: José M. Muyor Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: Muyor Author-Name: Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona Author-X-Name-First: Carlos D. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Carmona Title: The effects of simulated duathlon on multisegment running external and internal load in well-trained triathletes Abstract: Duathlon is a rapidly promoting sport, so it is necessary to identify the factors that influence performance. This study aimed to analyse internal and external loads and the interactions between them during running legs before and after cycling in duathlon. Twenty-three male and female athletes participated in a simulated duathlon (5k-20k-5k). Internal workload was assessed using the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (maximum: HRMAX; average: HRAVG; R-R interval), whereas external workload was assessed using inertial sensors (Player Load by RealTrack, PLRT) attached to six body locations. The results showed that both running legs presented an increasing trend in RPE, HRMAX, and HRAVG throughout the kilometres, while the R–R interval decreased. The PLRT of the upper and lower back, knee, and ankle increased throughout the first running leg but not in the second. The PLRT was greater in the lower body than in the upper body because of energy absorption. RPE was higher in the second running leg than in the first leg. In conclusion, the cycling leg affects the internal and external load between running legs in duathlon. Load monitoring can help coaches understand duathletes’ performance and design specific training strategies to reduce fatigue during competition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 15-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2185744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2185744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:1:p:15-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2181563_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Julian Hoffmann Author-X-Name-First: Julian Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann Author-Name: Cinzia Amici Author-X-Name-First: Cinzia Author-X-Name-Last: Amici Author-Name: Cosetta Minelli Author-X-Name-First: Cosetta Author-X-Name-Last: Minelli Author-Name: Alberto Borboni Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Borboni Title: Biomechanics of suplex in Greco-Roman wrestling: a qualitative and time-motion analysis of international competitions Abstract: The suplex is one of the most important and spectacular offensive moves in Greco-Roman wrestling, and wrestling in general, but to date no published biomechanical study has systematically described it. We performed a qualitative biomechanical analysis to classify variants of suplex, and to split this complex move into phases and actions within them. As suplex efficacy highly depends on speed of execution, we analysed 80 suplex throws from publicly available videos of international matches at the highest level to describe the duration of the different phases and actions, and how these vary across variants of suplex. We observed a preference for belly-to-belly vs belly-to-back and for lateral vs frontal variants of suplex. We show differences in duration of important phases/actions across variants, including the preparation phase (longer for belly-to-back variants) and the back arch in the projection phase (longer for frontal variants), while we find no evidence of a difference in the frequency of win by fall. Our study provides a useful framework to evaluate and monitor suplex execution, through information to help choose a variant in specific match contexts, a systematic description of its complex motion to allow a more focused training, and “gold-standard” durations of its movement components. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-14 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2181563 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2181563 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:1:p:1-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2191393_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: João P Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: João P Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveira Author-Name: Daniel A Marinho Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A Author-X-Name-Last: Marinho Author-Name: Tiago M Barbosa Author-X-Name-First: Tiago M Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa Author-Name: Tatiana Sampaio Author-X-Name-First: Tatiana Author-X-Name-Last: Sampaio Author-Name: Jorge E Morais Author-X-Name-First: Jorge E Author-X-Name-Last: Morais Title: Profile of female swimmers competing in the 50 m events at the 2021 LEN European Championships Abstract: This study aimed to understand whether there are significant differences in stroke kinematics between tiers in female swimmers competing in the four 50 m events of the 2021 European Championships and to understand the speed-time relationship in the four race events per tier. Participants were all female swimmers (backstroke: 78 swimmers; breaststroke: 75 swimmers; butterfly: 74 swimmers; freestyle: 87 swimmers) who participated in the 50 m events at the 2021 LEN European Championships held in Budapest (i.e. heats, semi-finals, and final). For each swimming stroke, swimmers were divided into three tiers (best-performing swimmers, intermedium-performing swimmers, and poorest-performing swimmers). Swimming speed revealed a significant tier effect (p < 0.05) in all race sections for all swimming strokes. The other stroke kinematic variables revealed divergent findings, but the stroke frequency presented an overall tier effect (p < 0.05) across all four swimming strokes. Curve fitting for all swimming strokes and tiers revealed a cubic relationship. Thus, it should be considered that female swimmers who compete in 50 m events in major competitions adopt an all-out strategy. The present data provide coaches with insightful information about the main trend in 50 m sprint events, specifically in each section of the race. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 97-110 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2191393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2191393 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:2:p:97-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2193030_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Mikael Jamil Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Jamil Author-Name: Samuel Kerruish Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Kerruish Author-Name: Saumya Mehta Author-X-Name-First: Saumya Author-X-Name-Last: Mehta Author-Name: Ashwin Phatak Author-X-Name-First: Ashwin Author-X-Name-Last: Phatak Author-Name: Daniel Memmert Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Memmert Author-Name: Allistair McRobert Author-X-Name-First: Allistair Author-X-Name-Last: McRobert Title: Identifying which factors impact bowling and batting performances during the “death” phase of an innings in international men’s 50-over cricket Abstract: In this study, 3,767 balls bowled by international-level fast bowlers across two One-Day International (ODI) tournaments were analysed to determine how to effectively bowl during the “death” phase of an innings (final 10 overs). The results of chi-squared analyses revealed that bowling length, bowling line, batter quality and having wickets in hand were all associated with the concession of runs during the death phase (all p < 0.001). Specifically, the yorker length is revealed to be very effective at restricting runs conceded, whereas the opposite is true for the half-volley and full-toss lengths. The batting side having five or more wickets in hand results in greater than expected runs being scored during the death phase. Furthermore, the results reveal that middle order batters score more runs than their tail-ender team-mates during this death phase, suggesting that middle-order batters have to assume the role of “finishers”. From a practical perspective, the results of this study clearly identify areas bowlers can target to constrict the scoring of runs as well as areas they should avoid. Batting strategies in the death phase should consist maintaining five or more wickets in hand and thereby not exposing tail-enders to the bowling attack. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 111-124 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2193030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2193030 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:2:p:111-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2181609_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Guilherme Machado Author-X-Name-First: Guilherme Author-X-Name-Last: Machado Author-Name: Sixto González-Víllora Author-X-Name-First: Sixto Author-X-Name-Last: González-Víllora Author-Name: Israel Teoldo Author-X-Name-First: Israel Author-X-Name-Last: Teoldo Title: Selected soccer players are quicker and better decision-makers in elite Brazilian youth academies Abstract: Studies in talent identification and selection showed that more talented players usually possessed better decision-making skills. Nevertheless, studies on this topic have not yet been carried out: 1) assessing both decision-making time and quality based on offensive and defensive skills among selected and deselected youth soccer players; 2) neither assessed South American samples. This study aimed to compare the decision-making skills among selected and deselected players from Brazilian elite youth soccer academies. The sample comprised 317 Brazilian youth elite male soccer players (U-14, U-15, U-16, and U-17) from teams of the first national division in Brazil. Players’ decision-making skills, both quality and response time, were assessed with an objective video-based test (TacticUP®). Results showed that selected players, compared to those deselected, possessed advantages (p < 0.05) in every age group assessed on: 1) the decision-making time (U-16 and U-17); 2) the quality of decision-making (U-15); or 3) in both decision-making quality and time (U-14). Moreover, among all variables assessed (n = 72), the deselected players did not show any advantage compared to the selected ones. It is concluded that selected players by youth elite soccer academies in Brazil possess superior decision-making skills related to decision time and quality compared to those deselected. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 65-82 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2181609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2181609 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:2:p:65-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2183460_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Iker Madinabeitia Author-X-Name-First: Iker Author-X-Name-Last: Madinabeitia Author-Name: Bernardo Pérez Author-X-Name-First: Bernardo Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Gomez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez-Ruano Author-Name: David Cárdenas Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Cárdenas Title: Determination of basketball players’ high-performance profiles in the Spanish League Abstract: Coaches and sports scientists are looking for a way to predict performance in complex team sports such as basketball. However, concerning knowing what type of player’s profile is needed to win the competition, there is not too much information in the literature. Hence, our study had two aims: (i) to identify how the individual game-related statistics discriminate between winning and losing among different player positions through a cluster analysis; (ii) to elaborate predictive models that explain better performance through a decision tree analysis. 335 matches of the men’s Spanish League 2018/2019 were analysed, with a total of 7,345 individual statistics performances. The cluster analysis identified 3 performance groups formed by foreigners with both low (FLC; 23.8% shooting-guards) and high contributions (FHC; 32.1% centres) and Spanish with low contribution (SLC; 32.9% shooting-forwards). The decision tree analysis revealed that having players of SLC and FHC profiles predicts better results in the competition. Coaches can apply these profiles to build team composition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 83-96 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2183460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2183460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:2:p:83-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2201745_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Hugo Silva Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Fábio Yuzo Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Fábio Yuzo Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Author-Name: João Ribeiro Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro Author-Name: Jose Asian-Clemente Author-X-Name-First: Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Asian-Clemente Author-Name: Paulo Roriz Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Author-X-Name-Last: Roriz Author-Name: Rui Marcelino Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Marcelino Title: Using minimum effort duration can compromise the analysis of acceleration and deceleration demands in football Abstract: The aim of this study was to characterise football players’ acceleration and deceleration demands regarding duration, initial velocity, and effort magnitude without a minimum effort duration. Forty-two male professional players were monitored daily during four training weeks, using a global position system. Players were divided according to their playing positions as central defenders, fullbacks, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and forwards. Acceleration and deceleration efforts were analysed from the start of the change in velocity until it stopped increasing (acceleration) or decreasing (deceleration). Descriptive statistics were performed for occurrences, initial velocities, and average and peak magnitudes. Comparisons between playing positions were conducted with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The frequency of accelerations and decelerations decreased as the duration increased. The initial deceleration velocity increased with duration, but no changes were seen in the acceleration initial velocity. The average effort’s magnitude increased with duration, while the peak magnitudes decreased, showing acceleration and deceleration peaks between 0.5–1.3 and 0.1–0.3 s, respectively. Differences between playing positions occurred between 0.7 and 2.5 s. In conclusion, the measurement of accelerations and decelerations should avoid the use of minimum effort duration since it can modify the real training load of football players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 125-137 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2201745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2201745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:2:p:125-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_1996131_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Daniel Rojas-Valverde Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Rojas-Valverde Author-Name: Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona Author-X-Name-First: Carlos D. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Carmona Author-Name: Alejandro Bastida Castillo Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Bastida Castillo Author-Name: Fabio Y. Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Fabio Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Author-Name: Enric Giménez-Martínez Author-X-Name-First: Enric Author-X-Name-Last: Giménez-Martínez Author-Name: Martí Matabosch-Pijuán Author-X-Name-First: Martí Author-X-Name-Last: Matabosch-Pijuán Author-Name: Jose R. Bernal Author-X-Name-First: Jose R. Author-X-Name-Last: Bernal Author-Name: José Pino-Ortega Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Pino-Ortega Title: A longitudinal analysis and data mining of the most representative external workload indicators of the whole elite Mexican soccer clubs Abstract: The present study aimed to select the most critical external workload variables that explain sports performance in the Mexican male professional soccer League (Liga BBVA-Bancomer) and analyse the effect of match period and match outcome in workload demands. 480 professional soccer players that belonged to 16 Liga BBVA-Bancomerteams were registered during the 2018–2019 opening and closing tournament by inertial measurement units. The statistical analysis was composed of: (1) principal component analysis (PCA) to select the most critical performance indicators, and (2) mixed analysis of variance to explore match outcome and match period effects. Through PCA analysis, eight variables were selected and distributed in three components that represented the 59.47% (opening tournament) and 58.85% (closing tournament) of total variance with three different PC´s as: high-intensity actions (RelDist, ExplDist, Speed18-21 km/h and Speed21-24 km/h), speed changes (Acc and Dec) and actions at maximum capacity (AccMax and SpeedMax). Differences in tournaments and match periods were found in almost all variables, finding the highest external workload in draw matches when match outcome was considered a factor. PCA analysis seems to be a helpful method to discriminate the most representative variables of performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 139-154 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1996131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2021.1996131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:3:p:139-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2219490_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: László Kádár Author-X-Name-First: László Author-X-Name-Last: Kádár Author-Name: Gábor Géczi Author-X-Name-First: Gábor Author-X-Name-Last: Géczi Author-Name: József Bognár Author-X-Name-First: József Author-X-Name-Last: Bognár Author-Name: István Csáki Author-X-Name-First: István Author-X-Name-Last: Csáki Title: Movement analysis of match play in U16-U21 youth Hungarian soccer players - the influence of age, position, and contextual variables Abstract: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the locomotor match-performance of youth Hungarian football players according to age groups, playing positions and effects of contextual match factors. The sample consisted of 574 individuals in four youth age groups (U16, U17, U19, U21) in four playing positions: central defenders (n = 139), fullbacks (n = 148), central midfielders (n = 185), and forwards (n = 102). Tactically, all teams used a 4-4-2 diamond formation. Data was collected from 114 matches from elite Hungarian football academy matches during the 2018–2019 season, using a GPS technology (10 Hz). The main results were: (a) U16, U19, U21 age groups matches played against strong opponents presented greater values (but not significantly) of high-intensity running distances compared to matches against weak opponents; (b) U21 players covered greater high-intensity running distances when winning than drawing the matches; (c) the U16, U19, U21 age groups performed better (but not significantly) at home than away in terms of high-intensity running. The forwards (735 ± 176 m) and fullbacks (654 ± 185 m) performed best in total high-intensity running (>19.8 km/h). With regard to maximum speed, forwards reached significantly higher results (30.44 ± 1.64 km/h) than players in other positions. Since international football players demonstrate better measures in high-intensity running and sprinting than Hungarian players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 213-231 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2219490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2219490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:3:p:213-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2214969_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: José Ramón Barbero Author-X-Name-First: José Ramón Author-X-Name-Last: Barbero Author-Name: Daniel Lapresa Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lapresa Author-Name: Javier Arana Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Arana Author-Name: M. Teresa Anguera Author-X-Name-First: M. Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Anguera Title: An observational analysis of kicker–goalkeeper interaction in penalties between national football teams in international competitions Abstract: An observation instrument was designed to analyse the interaction between the kicker and goalkeeper in a penalty kick, which allows to obtain relevant information in order to predict the direction of the kick. To fulfil this aim, an analysis was carried out of the interaction between kickers and goalkeepers in penalties taken in the following international team competitions: European Football Championship, Africa Cup of Nations, Copa América, AFC Asian Cup and Concacaf Gold Cup. Intra and inter-observer reliability was guaranteed using Cohenʼs Kappa coefficient. Evidence was produced of generalisation accuracy in the observation sample and of the validity of the observation instrument. The results obtained provide relevant information regarding the zone –or sector– of the goal towards which the kick is aimed, from the information contained: in the contextual dimensions “competition”, “match time”, “match score” and “match result”; and in the dimensions that make up the diachronic structure of the observation instrument –“start of kicker’s run-up in relation to the ball”, “goalkeeper actions prior to the kick”, “movements in kicker’s run-up”, “length of kicker’s run-up”, “speed of kicker’s run-up”, “direction of kicker’s supporting foot”, “position of opposite arm to kicker’s kicking foot” and “contact surface”. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 196-212 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2214969 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2214969 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:3:p:196-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2204683_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jan Carboch Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Carboch Author-Name: Petra Praveckova Author-X-Name-First: Petra Author-X-Name-Last: Praveckova Author-Name: Otto Kolbinger Author-X-Name-First: Otto Author-X-Name-Last: Kolbinger Title: Do line call errors differ between men’s and women’s events in tennis? A case study from the 2021 Wimbledon Tournament Abstract: Line umpires make quick decisions. Ball trajectories and mechanical characteristics (velocity, spin) are different for male and female events, which can affect the decision quality. The aim is to analyse patterns of line umpire errors at the Wimbledon 2021 with a particular focus on differences between men’s and women’s matches. Data were obtained from the official match reports from 290 matches where the Hawk-Eye system was used to determine the umpires’ calls and used to calculate descriptive statistics and to run different linear regression models. Line umpires made 1 error per 17.7 games, with a mean error size of 30 ± 39 mm. Error size on long lines (18 ± 24 mm) was smaller compared to cross lines (40 ± 45 mm), which also served as a significant predictor in all regression models. In women’s matches, we observed a 7 mm bigger mean error size, which was in particular caused by a significantly bigger average error size for erroneous “out” calls (12.2 mm), which could be supported by the regression models. These results help to understand human decision-making performance on the grass. To improve line umpiring, we suggest to put awareness about the nature of line umpire errors, which indeed indicates that the task differs between men’s and women’s matches.           Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 155-166 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2204683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2204683 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:3:p:155-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2211360_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Shota Enoki Author-X-Name-First: Shota Author-X-Name-Last: Enoki Author-Name: Koichi Nakayama Author-X-Name-First: Koichi Author-X-Name-Last: Nakayama Author-Name: Hiroko Takigawa Author-X-Name-First: Hiroko Author-X-Name-Last: Takigawa Author-Name: Rieko Kuramochi Author-X-Name-First: Rieko Author-X-Name-Last: Kuramochi Title: An examination of kinematic parameters related to pole vault performance Abstract: Although various studies have examined factors associated with pole vault performance, only a few have identified a linear relationship between these factors and performance. This study aimed to identify the kinematics variables correlating with the maximum centre of gravity (CG) height. This cross-sectional study included 16 male pole vaulters and recorded their performance using four high-speed cameras at 240 Hz. The vaulters cleared the bungee bars that were set at 90% of their personal best record. The variables during pole vaulting from the touchdown of the penultimate step on the approach to the peak height of the CG were calculated. Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman’s rank correlation were used to test the correlation between maximum CG height and the variables. Significant correlations were observed between the maximum CG height and the six variables (grip height, approach velocity, takeoff velocity, takeoff distance, push height, and maximum vertical velocity). Grip height showed the strongest relationship, followed by push height and takeoff velocity. Pole vaulters should aim to gain a high approach velocity and grip height to increase their mechanical energy. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 186-195 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2211360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2211360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:3:p:186-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2207370_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: A. Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez-Santiago Author-Name: C. Vázquez-Estévez Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Vázquez-Estévez Author-Name: S. Muñoz-Rodrigo Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz-Rodrigo Author-Name: I. Prieto-Lage Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Prieto-Lage Title: The temporal structure of male’s Olympic boxing matches in flyweight, middleweight and super heavyweight categories: a pilot study Abstract: The objective of this research was to define the temporal structure of Olympic boxing in males in the flyweight, middleweight and super heavyweight categories. The participants were boxers of the stated categories, who competed in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Using observational methodology, we analysed all the matches in these categories from the round of 16 (n = 45). To obtain the results, we used different analysis techniques with SPSS: descriptive analysis, Shapiro-Wilk, one-factor ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test and chi-square. The significance level used was p < 0.05. The results define the time structure models for each of the weight categories in the three rounds of combat. With these models, coaches and sport technicians will be able to establish the optimal training loads for their athletes. We found significant differences in the total number of punches and in the ring area where the punches were made, resulting in the flyweight category being where most actions are taken in both cases. In the three weight categories, the differences among the three rounds are minimal. We conclude that most of the combats end in the third round, consuming the total fighting time in the three weight categories. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 167-185 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2207370 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2207370 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:3:p:167-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2220528_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Meadhbh Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Meadhbh Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Author-Name: Elizabeth McNicholas Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: McNicholas Author-Name: Anna-Marie McCarthy Author-X-Name-First: Anna-Marie Author-X-Name-Last: McCarthy Author-Name: Ian Sherwin Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Sherwin Title: Analysis of referee in-game interactions with players and other officials in professional Rugby Union Abstract: This study utilises qualitative methods to explore the behaviours of rugby union referees in order to inform the development of a pedagogical tool that can be used to develop communication of rugby union referees. Effective communication is a critical part of a rugby union referee’s performance, yet there is a dearth of literature surrounding this area of rugby union referee development. Participants included professional IRFU referees (n = 6) with experience both at domestic league levels as well as at an international level. Audio footage from professional games (n = 18) was analysed and transcribed verbatim. Raw quotes were categorised as meaning units and a total of nine communicative behaviours were devised: (1) Preventative Instruction, (2) Command, (3) Explanation, (4) Organisational, (5) Acknowledgement, (6) Game Management, (7) Informative, and (8) Consultation. Results reveal various types of key communicative behaviours employed by rugby union referees throughout a game, depending on the situation presented in front of them. The findings of this study reveal the importance of selecting the most effective type of communication in any given situation. Uncovering such behaviours will enhance the development and assessment of rugby union communication skills through a pedagogical framework in order to improve on-field performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 232-248 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2220528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2220528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:3:p:232-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2225274_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ryan W. Hodder Author-X-Name-First: Ryan W. Author-X-Name-Last: Hodder Author-Name: Will G. Hopkins Author-X-Name-First: Will G. Author-X-Name-Last: Hopkins Author-Name: Kevin A. Ball Author-X-Name-First: Kevin A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ball Author-Name: Fabio R. Serpiello Author-X-Name-First: Fabio R. Author-X-Name-Last: Serpiello Title: Effects of collective tactical variables and predictors on the probability of scoring in elite netball Abstract: In netball, understanding the group behaviours and constraints that can influence the probability of scoring can provide information that impacts the outcome of a match. The aim of this study was to model the effects of collective tactical variables and contextual predictors on scoring probability in elite netball. A local positioning system provided player positions of one team throughout seven national-level netball matches. The positions were analysed to provide mean, variability (standard deviation) and irregularity (normalised approximate entropy) for each attack and defence possession (470 and 423, respectively) for the team and positional subgroups (forwards, midcourts and defenders) for 10 collective tactical variables. The effects of collective tactical variables on the probability of scoring were estimated with a logistic-regression version of the generalised linear mixed model, with adjustment for predictor variables; possession duration, score difference, match time, ladder-points difference, and match number. The home team and opposition team displayed a greater probability of scoring when they were able to maintain possession for longer periods of time, extremely short possessions were associated with decreased scoring probability. Lateral dispersion negatively affected the probability of scoring for both teams, indicating it is more favourable to maintain positioning and ball movement in the middle of the court Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 264-283 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2225274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2225274 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:4:p:264-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2221501_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Carlos Leonardo Figueiredo Machado Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Leonardo Figueiredo Author-X-Name-Last: Machado Author-Name: Fábio Yuzo Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Fábio Yuzo Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Author-Name: Raphael Pereira Fortes Author-X-Name-First: Raphael Pereira Author-X-Name-Last: Fortes Author-Name: Israel Dias Trapaga Author-X-Name-First: Israel Dias Author-X-Name-Last: Trapaga Author-Name: Clarissa Muller Brusco Author-X-Name-First: Clarissa Muller Author-X-Name-Last: Brusco Author-Name: Matheus Daros Pinto Author-X-Name-First: Matheus Daros Author-X-Name-Last: Pinto Author-Name: Ronei Silveira Pinto Author-X-Name-First: Ronei Silveira Author-X-Name-Last: Pinto Title: Changes in knee flexion-extension performance and hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio during a fatiguing isokinetic protocol in male professional futsal players Abstract: Knee flexion (KF) and extension (KE) performance and hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratio are used to estimate injury risk and readiness to return to sport. However, the traditional measures (i.e. non-fatigued state and by peak torque [PT]) may not reflect the thigh and knee injury conditions (i.e. high-speed actions and fatigue presence). We verified the effects of a high-speed isokinetic fatigue protocol (30 consecutive KF and KE concentric contractions at 300°/s) on KF and KE performance and H:Q ratios assessed through different parameters (i.e. PT, work, average and peak power) in male professional futsal players (n = 17). A significant (p < 0.01) time × muscle group interaction was verified. There were reductions (p < 0.01) in KF by PT (84.79 ± 15.05 to 50.29 ± 15.29 Nm), work (87.28 ± 14.46 to 39.00 ± 13.83 Nm), average power (227.81 ± 39.31 to 104.75 ± 31.24 W) and peak power (383.40 ± 59.90 to 191.39 ± 48.35 W). Similarly, KE performance decreased (p < 0.01) for all parameters (PT: 131.36 ± 16.05 to 81.61 ± 9.15 Nm; work: 148.83 ± 20.88 to 90.72 ± 11.89 Nm; average power: 148.83 ± 20.88 to 90.72 ± 11.89 W; peak power: 664.74 ± 85.32 to 398.38 ± 42.42 W). KF (−55.18 ± 13.91% to −40.94 ± 12.66%) showed a higher percentage decrease than KE (−40.46 ± 7.38% to −37.45 ± 6.61%). Finally, reductions (p < 0.01) in H:Q ratio by work, average and peak power but not by PT (p = 0.25) were verified. The tested methods can provide additional information about the athlete’s condition. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 249-263 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2221501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2221501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:4:p:249-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2227924_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Runze Feng Author-X-Name-First: Runze Author-X-Name-Last: Feng Author-Name: Miguel A. Gómez-Ruano Author-X-Name-First: Miguel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Ruano Author-Name: Tianbiao Liu Author-X-Name-First: Tianbiao Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Chunman Li Author-X-Name-First: Chunman Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Antonio García-de-Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: García-de-Alcaraz Title: Comparison of training activities and coaching behaviours in youth football coaches from Spain and China: a case study Abstract: Youth football training should ensure proper player development. However, coaches worldwide behave differently during their coaching process. Thus, this study aims to: a) compare the coaching behaviour and training activities of the football coaches from China and Spain, and b) explore the impact of different pedagogy on coach’s behaviour and players’ perceptions. Systematic observations and semi-structured interviews were developed for 6 youth coaches from Madrid (n = 3) and Beijing (n = 3). And 16 players randomly selected from each academy were queried their perception. The results showed significant differences in coaching behaviours and training activities between both groups. Madrid coaches used more “playing form” (PF) and achieved greater times of activation (motor participation) during practices, compared to Beijing coaches. Concurrent-instruction was the most used behaviour among coaches from both groups. Moreover, Madrid coaches applied more “positive feedback” whereas Beijing coaches used more “negative feedback”. This phenomenon is related to different educational and pedagogical backgrounds. Positive feedback is recommended to Beijing coaches and “silence” should also be properly used while “instruction” and “hustle” should be carefully used to help players learn to “think” (e.g. decision-making). This study offers a comparative analysis to develop proper strategies for a better player’s development. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 296-318 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2227924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2227924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:4:p:296-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2227923_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Gibson Moreira Praça Author-X-Name-First: Gibson Author-X-Name-Last: Moreira Praça Author-Name: André Luiz Braga Jacinto Author-X-Name-First: André Luiz Author-X-Name-Last: Braga Jacinto Author-Name: Guilherme de Sousa Pinheiro Author-X-Name-First: Guilherme Author-X-Name-Last: de Sousa Pinheiro Author-Name: Cristóvão de Oliveira Abreu Author-X-Name-First: Cristóvão Author-X-Name-Last: de Oliveira Abreu Author-Name: Varley Teoldo da Costa Author-X-Name-First: Varley Author-X-Name-Last: Teoldo da Costa Title: What are the key performance indicators related to winning matches in the German Bundesliga? Abstract: This study investigated the influence of match-related variables on teams’ winning probabilities during the 2021/2022 Bundesliga. The sample comprised 240 matches. The Deutsche Fußball Liga (DFL) captured the competition data through the semi-automatic camera system (TRACAB, ChyronHego, New York, U.S.A). The data were merged and processed post-match at Kinexon Sports App® (Kinexon Sports & Media GmbH). Match variables regarding physical, technical, and tactical actions were analysed and compared between winning and losing teams using a MANOVA. In addition, a stepwise multiple linear regression was performed with the goal difference as the predicted variable and all match-related statistics as predictor variables. Results indicated that winning teams performed more accelerations, ball possessions, passes, successful passes, and shots than losing ones. The regression analysis indicated that increasing the number of shots, close-pressure actions, recovered ball possessions, and successful passes predict winning. On the other hand, increasing the values of running-to-pressure actions, crosses, long goal kicks, and lost ball possessions is likely to reduce the value of the goal difference. Successful performances in the Bundesliga are explained by safely keeping the ball in possession, progressing towards the opposing goal through short passes and creating goal-scoring opportunities through the central corridor of the pitch. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 284-295 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2227923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2227923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:4:p:284-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2238164_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Enrique Alonso Pérez-Chao Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Alonso Pérez-Chao Author-Name: Juan Trapero Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Trapero Author-Name: Carlos Ribas Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Ribas Author-Name: Carlos Sosa Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Sosa Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Ángel Gómez Author-Name: Alberto Lorenzo Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Lorenzo Title: External peak demands are not affected by playing venue (home vs away) during official male basketball games Abstract: AimTo quantify and compare the external peak demands (PDs) encountered according to team’s venue (home vs. away) in under-18 years (U18), male basketball players.Methods12 basketball players had external load variables monitored across 16 official games using inertial movement units (IMUs). PDs were calculated across 1-min and 5-min time windows for PlayerLoad™ (PL). Linear mixed models for repeated measures were used to compare PDs for PL according to playing venue (home vs. away).ResultsRegarding 1- and 5-min time windows, no significant differences (p > 0.05, small effect size) were apparent between playing venues.ConclusionsExternal PDs remain consistent (small effects) regardless of playing venue in U18, male basketball players. Accordingly, playing venue may not be a key determinant of external PD attained during official games. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 334-342 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2238164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2238164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:4:p:334-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2229204_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Augusto Cezar Rodrigues Rocha Author-X-Name-First: Augusto Cezar Rodrigues Author-X-Name-Last: Rocha Author-Name: Lorenzo Laporta Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Laporta Author-Name: Geovana Pires Rodrigues Author-X-Name-First: Geovana Pires Author-X-Name-Last: Rodrigues Author-Name: Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira Author-X-Name-First: Claudio Andre Author-X-Name-Last: Barbosa de Lira Author-Name: Henrique de Oliveira Castro Author-X-Name-First: Henrique Author-X-Name-Last: de Oliveira Castro Author-Name: Gustavo de Conti Teixeira Costa Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo Author-X-Name-Last: de Conti Teixeira Costa Title: Is it possible for the reception and the player-receiver to influence the offensive construction in volleyball? An ecological vision and Intragame procedural relationships in high-level teams Abstract: The present study verified the differences in the offensive construction from the reception of the priority receivers in volleyball (libero, outsider hitter near and away from setter) through the Social Networks Analysis. The sample consisted of 3053 reception actions and 2743 attack actions of the 2018 Men’s Volleyball World Championship played between the eight best-ranked teams in this edition. The results showed that the attack organisation changed depending on the receiver condition, and the attack construction from the reception of the outside hitter near from setter when in zones 2, 3 and 4 presented an off-system characteristic. Thus, the ecological conditions, in which the offensive construction begins, specify the performance in high-level men’s volleyball and that different offensive constructions will generate adaptations in the defensive system and in the attack–defence relationships. Therefore, it is necessary for teams to be trained to play in- and off-system, as well as to self-organise for critical performance scenarios. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 319-333 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2229204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2229204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:4:p:319-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2238167_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Marina Tsakiri Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Tsakiri Author-Name: Sotirios Drikos Author-X-Name-First: Sotirios Author-X-Name-Last: Drikos Author-Name: Konstantinos Sotiropoulos Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos Author-X-Name-Last: Sotiropoulos Author-Name: Emmanouil Skordilis Author-X-Name-First: Emmanouil Author-X-Name-Last: Skordilis Author-Name: Karolina Barzouka Author-X-Name-First: Karolina Author-X-Name-Last: Barzouka Title: Separating winning and losing teams in sitting volleyball: the role of skills and differences across gender Abstract: Sitting volleyball (SV) is a dynamic with short actions sport in the paralympic programme. The purpose of the study was to identify the volleyball skills that best discriminate between winning and losing an SV set, for both the genders. The data were collected from all sets played (N = 224) on the 2019 European men and women SV Championship. Cluster analysis established three types of sets according to the final score difference: 2–4 points (balanced), 5–11 points (semi-balanced) and over 11 points (unbalanced). Three-way MANOVAs were conducted to analyse gender, type of set and type of result differences for selected performance indicators. The analyses revealed significant multivariate differences across gender (p < .001), types of set (p = .014) and result (p < .001) and significant interaction effect of result with gender (p = .025) and type of set (p < .001). A follow-up discriminant analysis showed that setting and attacking were the most important skills for all sets. The results showed that in SV the attack is the most important factor, which determines winners and losers, even in balanced sets. In SV, the importance of skills across gender was similar to volleyball, while there were differences in the structure of the game compared to the sequential order of skills in volleyball. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 386-399 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2238167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2238167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:5:p:386-399 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2238168_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Matěj Brožka Author-X-Name-First: Matěj Author-X-Name-Last: Brožka Author-Name: Milan Kotrba Author-X-Name-First: Milan Author-X-Name-Last: Kotrba Author-Name: František Zahálka Author-X-Name-First: František Author-X-Name-Last: Zahálka Author-Name: Tomáš Gryc Author-X-Name-First: Tomáš Author-X-Name-Last: Gryc Title: Impact factors analysis: Differences in high-level golfers Abstract: The best golfers exceed the length and accuracy of their driver strokes. The distance and accuracy of the strokes are determined by the impact factors between the club and the ball. However, it is not known whether there are differences in the level and consistency of impact factors within high-level performance players. This study aims to determine the level and variability of impact factors during full swing and evaluate the differences between high-level golfers. Professional and elite players achieved significantly higher clubhead speed as opposed to skilled players, which subsequently caused higher smash factor and ball speed. They also produced significantly lower launch angle with eight iron and lower spin rate with driver. Unexpectedly, the difference in consistency was found only between professional and skilled golfers in the variation of the smash factor which led to a lack of consistency in ball speed. In general, the results indicate that all performance groups are able to consistently repeat the impact factors during the full swing; however, the level of the impact factors distinguishes professionals and elites from skilled golfers. This study therefore suggests that the focus should be primarily on the quality of the golf swing and subsequently on its repeatability. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 400-412 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2238168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2238168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:5:p:400-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2238165_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Adrián Escudero-Tena Author-X-Name-First: Adrián Author-X-Name-Last: Escudero-Tena Author-Name: Miguel Crespo Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Crespo Author-Name: Bernardino J. Sánchez-Alcaraz Author-X-Name-First: Bernardino J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Alcaraz Author-Name: Diego Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz Title: Analysis of performance indicators in outdoor vs. indoor professional padel Abstract: The aim of this research was to analyse the differences in performance indicators between outdoor and indoor professional padel tournaments according to the gender of the players, the round in the draw, the set number, and their result. Performance indicators (winning break points, errors, winning shots, winning smashes…) of 942 sets (402 matches) from the 2022 World Padel Tour (WPT) season were collected from WPT TV open access videos. Differences between outdoor and indoor tournaments in performance indicators according to the analysed variables were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed significant differences between outdoor and indoor tournaments in men’s padel with a higher number of winning shots (p < 0.001) in indoor matches, and in women’s padel with a higher number of smashes (p < 0.001), winning smashes (p = 0.003) and errors (p = 0.002), in outdoor matches. In addition, the rounds in the draw, the set number, and its result were found to be parameters that influence the performance indicators analysed according to the tournament (outdoor and indoor). These findings are of great interest, as they provide players and coaches with an understanding of the performance indicators that affect the style of play depending on whether the tournament is played outdoors or indoors. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 356-370 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2238165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2238165 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:5:p:356-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2234232_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nuno André Nunes Author-X-Name-First: Nuno André Author-X-Name-Last: Nunes Author-Name: Diogo Coutinho Author-X-Name-First: Diogo Author-X-Name-Last: Coutinho Author-Name: Vitor Gouveia Author-X-Name-First: Vitor Author-X-Name-Last: Gouveia Author-Name: Rory Magrath Author-X-Name-First: Rory Author-X-Name-Last: Magrath Title: An analysis of ball possession and unbalanced number in small-sided games: a comparative study with Chinese and foreign soccer players Abstract: This study analysed the performance of Chinese Under-23 soccer players during ball possession Small-Sided Games (SSGs), compared to foreign players. Unbalanced number formats (4v2, 4v4 and 4v6) were performed on a 30 × 25 m playing area, 4 sets of 4 min each with 4 min of active recovery between bouts, under opposition- and cooperation-based perspectives. Data were collected on External Workload (Walking, Running, Sprinting, Max speed and Sprint number), Internal Load of Perceptions (Rating of Perceived Exertion, RPE) and Tactical Individual Actions (Max passing speed, Passing number and with Dominant and Non-dominant foot). An Independent Samples T-Test and Cohen’s d Effect Sizes were conducted to compare both groups. A higher number of differences were observed on the cooperation-based perspective. Generally, foreign players performed more tactical individual actions and intensive external workload. In contrast, Chinese players walked more and scored higher RPE. On this basis, it appears that foreign players have a better team-play experience and ability to adapt to game constraints more easily. This investigation provides insight information about players’ development and to understand the evolution of Chinese soccer that coaches should consider before working on this specific environment. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 343-355 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2234232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2234232 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:5:p:343-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2238166_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Emerson Franchini Author-X-Name-First: Emerson Author-X-Name-Last: Franchini Author-Name: Monica Y. Takito Author-X-Name-First: Monica Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Takito Author-Name: Ursula F. Julio Author-X-Name-First: Ursula F. Author-X-Name-Last: Julio Title: Physiological, perceptual and performance variables partially predict pacing in judo Abstract: This study was conducted to estimate the main actions during a judo match based on athletes’ physical fitness. Forty-one male adult judo athletes (23.3 ± 5.8 years old; 78.9 ± 11.6 kg; 174.7 ± 5.9 cm) underwent anthropometric measurements and a test battery to evaluate lower- and upper-body aerobic and anaerobic power and capacity, upper-body dynamic strength-endurance and performed one 5-min match simulation. The time-motion variables were recorded and used to determine the athletes’ pacing. Perceptual, physiological, and performance variables were used to estimate the actions during the match via multiple regression analysis. The association between the frequency of attacks and upper-body strength-endurance confirmed the relevance of developing this capacity for high-intensity actions during the match. Aerobic capacity and power were related to high-intensity actions during the match. Anaerobic power and aerobic capacity were negatively related to high-intensity strength-endurance actions across the match (grip time), while upper-body VO2peak positively influenced it. Groundwork time was determined by aerobic capacity, upper-body strength-endurance, and anaerobic power. However, the coefficient of determination for these relationships was low to moderate (i.e. 0.13–0.51). Thus, different combinations of physiological, perceptual, and performance variables could partially estimate frequency and time of high- and low-intensity actions during the match. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 371-385 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2238166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2238166 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:5:p:371-385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2240673_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jonas Rohleder Author-X-Name-First: Jonas Author-X-Name-Last: Rohleder Author-Name: Alexandra Pizzera Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzera Author-Name: Jonas Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Jonas Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Author-Name: Tobias Vogt Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Vogt Title: Performance rating in men’s world elite artistic gymnastics: a status-quo study on scoring tendencies at Olympic Games following rule changes Abstract: In artistic gymnastics, rule changes in the year 2006 aimed to reduce the dominance of difficulty while strengthening performance differentiation. Related research on scorings often refers to analysing the proportion of difficulty and execution scores. For this, several studies preferred analyses of punctual major competitions predominantly neglecting long-term effects on performance differentiation. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effects of the International Gymnastics Federation’s (FIG) modified performance rating system on the importance of execution and difficulty and performance differentiation in men’s world elite artistic gymnastics following rule changes. The results’ lists of the five recent Olympic Games (i.e. qualification competitions of Athens 2004, Beijing 2008, London 2012, Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2021) including the difficulty, execution and final scores of the TOP20-ranked gymnasts in each event were analysed. Compared to Athens 2004, results revealed significantly enhanced performance differentiation (p < .01) with the execution score nowadays to predict the final score (p < .01). However, both general findings need to be discussed with respect to apparatus-specific phenomena. We suggest these findings to reflect positive impacts of rule changes on performance rating in world elite men’s artistic gymnastics due to intended scoring tendencies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 413-427 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2240673 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2240673 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:5:p:413-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2249760_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Zhe Hu Author-X-Name-First: Zhe Author-X-Name-Last: Hu Author-Name: Youngsuk Kim Author-X-Name-First: Youngsuk Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Tengfei Dong Author-X-Name-First: Tengfei Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: Xiangwei Meng Author-X-Name-First: Xiangwei Author-X-Name-Last: Meng Author-Name: Maolin Dong Author-X-Name-First: Maolin Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: Sukwon Kim Author-X-Name-First: Sukwon Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Correlation between gluteus muscle activity and dynamic control of the knee joint in a single-leg landing task in badminton Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between gluteal muscle activity patterns and dynamic control of the knee joint during a high-risk single-leg landing task in badminton. Thirty-four badminton players perform a single-leg landing test after a backhand side overhead stroke. This test collected lower limb kinematics, ground reaction force, and gluteus muscle activity data using a marker-based motion capture system, force plates, and electromyography(EMG). The relationship between gluteus maximus(GMAX), gluteus medius(GMED), and knee flexion angle, valgus angle, extension moment, valgus moment, and tibial anterior shear force was analysed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results show that Peak knee valgus was strongly and moderately positively correlated with the activity of the gluteus maximus(GMAX) and gluteus medius(GMED) muscles. Peak proximal tibial shear force was moderately positively correlated with gluteus maximus and gluteus medius activation. Our findings suggest a correlation between the gluteus muscles and the dynamic control of the knee joint during the impact phase of the single-leg landing task in badminton. Optimising neuromuscular control of the glutes may be beneficial in reducing the risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament(ACL) injury in badminton players during single-leg landing tasks. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 429-440 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2249760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2249760 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:6:p:429-440 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2256120_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Rouli Ye Author-X-Name-First: Rouli Author-X-Name-Last: Ye Author-Name: Delong Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Delong Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Meng Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Meng Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Wenming Liu Author-X-Name-First: Wenming Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Nash equilibrium and tennis serve performance: a game theory analysis Abstract: This study presents an in-depth analysis of the serve in men’s singles tennis matches at Wimbledon based on game theory, with the quantitative tool of the stroke performance relevance (SPR) model. This model quantifies tennis tactics more precisely, taking “each stroke” as the observation unit, and it includes scoring, losing points, and sequential information. Unlike traditional methods that consider “each point”, the SPR metrics captures the role of specific technical actions throughout the match more comprehensively. While standard serve data like aces and double faults have no significant impact on match outcomes, the serve SPR index does. In a game matrix model with two pure strategy Nash equilibria, both the winner and loser show higher SPR indices than those with fewer equilibria. Winners consistently exhibited a higher serve SPR index, indicating that the two pure strategy Nash equilibria significantly influenced match outcomes on grass courts. This underscores the role of tactical strategies and Nash equilibrium in determining match results, offering scientific and theoretical support for tennis athletes’ and coaches’ tactics. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 515-526 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2256120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2256120 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:6:p:515-526 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2250972_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Shaun McNamee Author-X-Name-First: Shaun Author-X-Name-Last: McNamee Author-Name: Denise Martin Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Jonathan Bradley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Title: A transition game? A comparative analysis of possession usage following turnovers in elite Gaelic football Abstract: Almost half of all possessions in elite Gaelic football originate from turnovers. However, understanding of what constitutes a successful possession following a turnover is limited. This study provides the first comprehensive performance profiles for closely contested Senior men’s intercounty knockout championship matches (final score deficit, ≤6 points), and characterises successful possessions following a turnover. Twenty-nine knockout matches from the 2020 and 2021 All-Ireland Senior Football Championships, including 1,257 possessions following a turnover, were analysed. Statistical differences between winning and losing performances were identified using paired sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.05) and Wilcoxon signed ranked tests (p ≤ 0.05). Binary logistic regression was used to model possession outcome following a turnover. Findings revealed that winning teams were significantly superior to losing teams in securing and retaining possession and demonstrated greater efficiency and productivity in converting possession into scores. Binary logistic regression identified possession duration and the number of attacking phases per possession as the most significant predictors of possession outcome. Prolonged possessions consisting of fewer attacking phases also resulted in a greater score return. These findings enhance existing theoretical understanding of the nature of possessions in Gaelic football and may have practical implications for coaches and performance analysts. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 441-457 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2250972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2250972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:6:p:441-457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2255806_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Don M. Chance Author-X-Name-First: Don M. Author-X-Name-Last: Chance Author-Name: Philip Z. Maymin Author-X-Name-First: Philip Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Maymin Title: A new look at the left-handed advantage in baseball Abstract: Using 120 years of Major League baseball data, we re-examine the apparent and widely presumed performance advantage of left-handers. We verify the previously known phenomenon that left-handers hit better than right-handers, but we show this advantage exists only because they face pitchers with the opposite hand far more often; they are not innately more talented. We find, however, that left-handed pitchers are indeed better than right-handed pitchers, and we show the perhaps unusual result that a player’s throwing hand plays a role in the quality of his batting. We further show that switch-hitting is largely ineffective, and we explore a symmetry puzzle in which batters of a given hand facing pitchers of a given hand do not bat similarly to batters of the other hand facing pitchers of the other hand. Taken together, we show that the handedness advantage in baseball is about more than the batting hand. Three handedness factors matter: the matchup advantage, the pitcher quality, and the natural handedness of the batter. Of the 40,320 possible rank orderings of the eight combinations of these three handedness factors, our theory predicts one specific order and finds that it indeed holds across the 1.8 million matchups of 15,000 players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 458-488 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2255806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2255806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:6:p:458-488 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2255818_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Enrique Moreno-Mañas Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno-Mañas Author-Name: Xavier García-Massó Author-X-Name-First: Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: García-Massó Author-Name: Salvador Llana-Belloch Author-X-Name-First: Salvador Author-X-Name-Last: Llana-Belloch Title: Performance differences between 26 and 29-inch wheels in cross-country mountain biking Abstract: The popularity of 29-inch mountain bike wheels for cross-country races has been increasing since 2010, but scientific studies supporting their benefits are very scarce. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of the different bicycle version (i.e. 26 vs 29-inch) in terrain with varying inclinations. Our results indicated that for full laps, the 29” version was slightly faster than 26” version (15.92 vs. 15.74 km/h; p < .001). No differences in the power outputs for these two conditions were reported (p > .05), but a higher mean heart rate (p = .009) was obtained for the riders using the bike with the 29” wheels (167.84 vs. 167.19 bpm; p < .015). Similar results were obtained for the uphill and flat sections, however, there were no differences (p > .05) between the bikes during the downhill sections for any of the studied variables. In conclusion, the 29” version performed better on the flat or uphill terrain but their use also resulted in increased rider heart rates compared to those using the 26”-inch version; no differences were reported for the downhill terrain. This information is relevant to MTB cyclists and could help them to improve their performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 503-514 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2255818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2255818 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:6:p:503-514 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2255807_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Mehmet Goren Kose Author-X-Name-First: Mehmet Goren Author-X-Name-Last: Kose Author-Name: Tahir Hazir Author-X-Name-First: Tahir Author-X-Name-Last: Hazir Author-Name: Ayse Kin-Isler Author-X-Name-First: Ayse Author-X-Name-Last: Kin-Isler Title: Metabolic power responses to different small sided games in football and futsal players Abstract: This study was designed to examine the metabolic power (MP) responses of football and futsal players to different small sided games (SSG). Twelve football and 12 futsal players participated in this study voluntarily. Maximal oxygen consumption(VO2max) and coach scoring (CS) were used for SSG player matching. Football and futsal players participated in two bouts of 2vs2, 3vs3 and 4vs4-SSG in random order. Kinematic and MP variables during SSG were measured by using GPS. To determine the effects of branch and SSG on each dependent variable of total distance (TD), relative TD (TDRel), MPaverage, relative TD in four different MP levels, and negative and positive acceleration numbers, a main effects 2-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc was used. MPaverage was significantly higher in futsal players compared to football players (p = 0.000). TD (p = 0.000) and TDRel(p = 0.013) of futsal players was significantly higher compared to football players. Total deceleration and acceleration numbers during SSG were significantly higher for futsal players than football players (p = 0.026). MP requirements were independent of the game format (p > 0.05), except for 2vs2-SSG (p < 0.05), when the playing area per player was kept constant. The results of this study showed that external load indicators during SSG were higher in futsal players compared to football players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 489-502 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2255807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2255807 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:23:y:2023:i:6:p:489-502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2262837_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: James Bletsoe Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Bletsoe Author-Name: Sarah Whitehead Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Whitehead Author-Name: Jamie Poolton Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Poolton Author-Name: Thomas Sawzcuk Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Sawzcuk Author-Name: Kevin Till Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Till Title: A comparison of the match action characteristics of scholarship, academy, and senior rugby league: influence on career progression Abstract: This study aimed to (1) compare individual player match action characteristics between scholarship, academy, and senior (European Super League, ESL) levels of the rugby league player pathway, and (2) compare match actions between players that have progressed to play ESL and those that did not. Data was collected on 147 players from 95 senior, 69 academy, and 23 scholarship matches over three seasons. Matches were filmed via 2 angles and 26 match action characteristics (e.g. carry, missed tackle) were coded. Linear mixed models identified 48 significant differences in match action characteristics when accounting for playing position between playing levels. Over seventy percent of the differences were defensive match actions, indicating there are higher defensive match demands in the ESL when compared to academy and scholarship match play. Seven and eleven match actions characteristics were identified at scholarship and academy levels that differentiated between players who had progressed to play in the ESL and those who had not. All but one of these characteristics were attacking match actions, indicating a player’s attacking qualities are important in their progression to the ESL. These results have implications for both talent identification and long-term athlete development in rugby league. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 31-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2262837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2262837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:1:p:31-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2262813_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Adrián Martín-Castellanos Author-X-Name-First: Adrián Author-X-Name-Last: Martín-Castellanos Author-Name: Marina Rueda Flores Author-X-Name-First: Marina Rueda Author-X-Name-Last: Flores Author-Name: Diego Muriarte Solana Author-X-Name-First: Diego Muriarte Author-X-Name-Last: Solana Author-Name: Roberto López Del Campo Author-X-Name-First: Roberto López Author-X-Name-Last: Del Campo Author-Name: Fabio Nevado Garrosa Author-X-Name-First: Fabio Nevado Author-X-Name-Last: Garrosa Author-Name: Daniel Mon-López Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Mon-López Title: How do the football teams play in LaLiga? Analysis and comparison of playing styles according to the outcome Abstract: The behaviour adopted by football teams during matches is defined as their playing style and is a key area for performance analysis. This study aimed to identify the playing styles of LaLiga teams considering match outcome and overall comparison, during a season. The sample was collected from the 2020/2021 LaLiga, consisting of 380 matches, with a total of 760 records. In this research, technical (12), tactical (six) and physical (seven) variables were selected, as well as three variables related to goalkeeper performance, totalling a count of 28 performance indicators. A principal component analysis with orthogonal Varimax rotation was performed. As a result, the models explained more than 76% of the total variance, identifying six main factors or playing styles. These styles were recognised as build-up, high pressing, high-intensity play, direct play, use of crosses and high distance in the opposition half. Compared to previous research conducted in other leagues, five of the six styles could be identified in advance, but not the high-distance style, which only occurred in draws and wins. The use of crosses was identified for victories or defeats. Coaches, analysts and sport scientists could take these playing styles into account for analysis and match preparation. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 18-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2262813 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2262813 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:1:p:18-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2260623_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Puš Katarina Author-X-Name-First: Puš Author-X-Name-Last: Katarina Author-Name: Hadžić Vedran Author-X-Name-First: Hadžić Author-X-Name-Last: Vedran Author-Name: Spudić Darjan Author-X-Name-First: Spudić Author-X-Name-Last: Darjan Title: Relationship between the Nordic hamstring strength test and isokinetic hamstring strength test at different eccentric contraction velocities Abstract: The main purpose of the study was to analyse the relationship between the Nordic hamstring (NH) and the gold standard isokinetic eccentric strength measurements at three different eccentric velocities (30°, 60°, and 90°/s). Twenty-seven (15 male, 12 female) physical education students, experienced in strength training, performed isokinetic and NH tests. The results of the isokinetic hamstring strength test were statistically significantly higher compared to the results of the NH test, regardless of the velocity of the isokinetic test. The correlations observed ranged from moderate to large (0.419 ≤ r ≤ 0.582) and were statistically significant for the left leg, right leg, and the average results between the legs. However, no statistically significant correlations were found between the measures for inter-leg symmetry variables. We observed excellent intra-session reliability of the NH test results (ICC2.1 = 0.891–920), but only good reliability (ICC2.1 = 0.601) for the intra-leg symmetry variable. Although NH strength measurements were found to be highly reliable, sports practitioners should be aware of the discrepancy between the measures and interpret the results carefully. Eccentric hamstring strength and inter-leg symmetry cannot be evaluated interchangeably with the NH test and gold standard isokinetic test performed in the 90° hip flexion position. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 1-17 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2260623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2260623 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:1:p:1-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2268480_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Kangyi Peng Author-X-Name-First: Kangyi Author-X-Name-Last: Peng Author-Name: Ryan T. Brodie Author-X-Name-First: Ryan T. Author-X-Name-Last: Brodie Author-Name: Tim B. Swartz Author-X-Name-First: Tim B. Author-X-Name-Last: Swartz Author-Name: David C. Clarke Author-X-Name-First: David C. Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Title: Bayesian inference of the impulse-response model of athlete training and performance Abstract: The Banister impulse-response (IR) model was designed to predict an athlete’s performance ability from their past training. Despite its long history, the model’s usefulness remains limited due to difficulties in obtaining precise parameter estimates and performance predictions. To help address these challenges, we developed a Bayesian implementation of the IR model, which formalises the combined use of prior knowledge and data. We report the following methodological contributions: 1) we reformulated the model to facilitate the specification of informative priors, 2) we derived the IR model in Bayesian terms, and 3) we developed a method that enabled the JAGS software to be used while enforcing parameter constraints. To demonstrate proof-of-principle, we applied the model to the data of a national-class middle-distance runner. We specified the priors from published values of IR model parameters, followed by estimating the posterior distributions from the priors and the athlete’s data. The Bayesian approach led to more precise and plausible parameter estimates than nonlinear least squares. We conclude that the Bayesian implementation of the IR model shows promise in addressing a primary challenge to its usefulness for athlete monitoring. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 74-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2268480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2268480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:1:p:74-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2268475_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Ju-Pil Choe Author-X-Name-First: Ju-Pil Author-X-Name-Last: Choe Author-Name: In-Whi Hwang Author-X-Name-First: In-Whi Author-X-Name-Last: Hwang Author-Name: Jeong-Hui Park Author-X-Name-First: Jeong-Hui Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Christina Amo Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Amo Author-Name: Jung-Min Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jung-Min Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: How valid is the commercially available tennis match analysis mobile application? Is it good enough? Abstract: The present study examines the validity of the SwingVision application by comparing SwingVision’s data to criterion data. Also, we investigated the difference in recording angles of SwingVision (optimal and suboptimal). Six college students played four matches, and every match was recorded from two different angles. After the data collection, recorded videos were analysed by SwingVision and human analysts (criterion). A total of 1065 strokes were analysed in the agreement of SwingVision and human analysts. Cross-tabulation with a column proportion test, Cochran’s Q test, and Kappa statistics were utilised to demonstrate the association of categorical variables (stroke, hit depth, hit zone, bounce depth, bounce zone, spin, result) between the three data (i.e. optimal, suboptimal, and criterion). Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation were used to compare speed data. SwingVision data in most variables showed high proportional similarity and percent agreement with criterion data. Additionally, the optimal angle data had much more similar results to the criterion data than the suboptimal data. Therefore, this present study documented that SwingVision is trustworthy, and users should be aware of possible errors derived from angle differences. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 58-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2268475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2268475 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:1:p:58-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2266326_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Qinglou Xu Author-X-Name-First: Qinglou Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Changjing Xi Author-X-Name-First: Changjing Author-X-Name-Last: Xi Author-Name: Ruiqiu Mao Author-X-Name-First: Ruiqiu Author-X-Name-Last: Mao Title: Comparison of kinematic performance and analysis of the effect of punching speed of rear hook of college boxers of different sexes Abstract: The paper aims to compare the kinematic performance of the rear hooks of college boxers of different sexes and analyse the influence of the kinematic indexes on punching speed. Thirteen kinematic indexes were selected to analyse the rear hook of male (n = 20) and female (n = 20) college boxers through a three-dimensional framework and high-speed camera. Additionally, a stepwise multiple linear regression equation was established to analyse the influence of these parameters on the maximum punching speed. The results revealed that the rear hook punching speed of college male boxers was 26% faster than that of female boxers. Also, there were statistically significant differences in the maximum angular velocity of the shoulder joint, hip joint angle, and knee joint angle (p < 0.01). In addition, the differences between their X- and Y-axis centre of gravity positions were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Moreover, the multiple regression analysis revealed that the maximum shoulder velocity was the most influential factor in the maximum punching speed of the rear hooks for both male and female boxers. This study provides recommendations for the daily training of college boxers and their coaches, to develop targeted training interventions for the rear hook. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 44-57 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2266326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2266326 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:1:p:44-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2291247_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Júlio B. Mello Author-X-Name-First: Júlio B. Author-X-Name-Last: Mello Author-Name: Artur A. B. Preissler Author-X-Name-First: Artur A. B. Author-X-Name-Last: Preissler Author-Name: Pedro Schons Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Author-X-Name-Last: Schons Author-Name: Alex Ojeda-Aravena Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Ojeda-Aravena Author-Name: Juan Hurtado Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Hurtado Author-Name: Jacqueline Paez Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline Author-X-Name-Last: Paez Author-Name: Adroaldo Gaya Author-X-Name-First: Adroaldo Author-X-Name-Last: Gaya Title: Changes in the relationship between sprint and horizontal jump performance according to sprint levels in children and adolescents Abstract: The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between horizontal jump performance and sprint performance according with the sprint levels of children and adolescents. This study is a cross-sectional analysis from PROESP-Br database with 77,384 children and adolescents with an age range of 6–18 years. We use data about the horizontal jump test and 20-m sprint test (the covariables were age, height, body mass, arm-span and maturity offset). The sprint was classified using percentiles, the coefficient of determination (R2), β values, and p-value <0.05 were calculated (sprint as dependent and horizontal jump performance as independent) in each category. We identify a significant correlation between horizontal jump performance and sprint (R2 cubic for boys: 0.265; R2 cubic for girls: 0.204). For girls and boys, the greater R2 was identified in the regular (P40–60), good (P60–80), and very good (P80–98) categories. For these three categories, each centimetre more in the horizontal jump was a reduction of between 0.005 and 0.007 s in the 20-m sprint test. The results demonstrate that children and adolescents with extreme levels of sprinting (very slow or very fast) have a sprint performance that is not related to horizontal jump performance, independent of anthropometric factors, age, and maturity offset. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 90-103 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2291247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2291247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:1:p:90-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2274221_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: László Csató Author-X-Name-First: László Author-X-Name-Last: Csató Title: Club coefficients in the UEFA Champions League: Time for shift to an Elo-based formula Abstract: One of the most popular club football tournaments, the UEFA Champions League, will see a fundamental reform from the 2024/25 season: the traditional group stage will be replaced by one league where each of the 36 teams plays eight matches. To guarantee that the opponents of the clubs are of the same strength in the new design, it is crucial to forecast the performance of the teams before the tournament as well as possible. This paper investigates whether the currently used rating of the teams, the UEFA club coefficient, can be improved by taking the games played in the national leagues into account. According to our logistic regression models, a variant of the Elo method provides a higher accuracy in terms of explanatory power in the Champions League matches. The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) is encouraged to follow the example of the FIFA World Ranking and reform the calculation of the club coefficients in order to avoid unbalanced schedules in the novel tournament format of the Champions League. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 119-134 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2274221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2274221 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:2:p:119-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2277579_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: D. Lobo-Triviño Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Lobo-Triviño Author-Name: J.C. Ponce-Bordón Author-X-Name-First: J.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Ponce-Bordón Author-Name: J. Díaz-García Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Díaz-García Author-Name: R. López Del Campo Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: López Del Campo Author-Name: A. Doncel Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Doncel Author-Name: J. Fernández-Navarro Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Navarro Author-Name: T. García-Calvo Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: García-Calvo Title: The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on ball possession performance in Spanish professional soccer leagues Abstract: This research analysed the influence of lockdown and interruption of competitions due to COVID-19 on different ball possession-related variables. Also, match location and the differences between divisions were considering between the pre- and post-lockdown. A total of 144,689 records from 842 soccer matches during the 2019/20 season of the First (n = 380) and Second Spanish Division (n = 462) were collected. Match data were collected using the ChryonHego video-tracking system. Pre-lockdown (1st–27th matchday in First Division and 1st–31st matchday in Second Spanish Division) and post-lockdown periods (28th–38th matchday in First Division and 32nd–42nd matchday in Second Spanish Division) were compared. The match location contextual-related variable was also considered for the analysis. Linear mixed models showed that the number of outplayed players by ball possession (3.1%), successful passes (17.5%) and total passes (18.9%) increased during the post-lockdown period (p < .001). In addition, match location and league significantly influenced the successful and total passes in all situations (p < .001), increasing in the post-lockdown period. In conclusion, the lockdown period has led changes in the ball possession of the soccer teams. These results help to understand the impact that a particular and unusual situation as the interruption of the league due to COVID-19 lockdown had on the performance of professional soccer teams. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 146-157 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2277579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2277579 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:2:p:146-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2275940_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Leah Bitchell Author-X-Name-First: Leah Author-X-Name-Last: Bitchell Author-Name: Victoria H. Stiles Author-X-Name-First: Victoria H. Author-X-Name-Last: Stiles Author-Name: Gemma Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Gemma Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Prabhat Mathema Author-X-Name-First: Prabhat Author-X-Name-Last: Mathema Author-Name: Isabel S. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Isabel S. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Title: Is team-level injury analysis giving us the full story? Exploring a player-specific approach to analysing injuries Abstract: An examination of team-level and player-specific injury incidence in Rugby Union, using different match exposure calculations, Match time-loss injuries and match exposure using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) was collected across three seasons (2016/17–2018/19). Team-level and player-specific injury incidence were calculated using standard match length and GPS exposure. The probability of one or two or more injuries was calculated using the Poisson probability. A total of 487 injuries were sustained by 111 players. Team-level injury incidence across three seasons using standard match length was lower than the injury incidence using GPS (59.5 vs 95.7 injuries/1000 match hours, respectively). More than 84% of players fell outside the 95% confidence intervals for the team-level injury incidence each season. When exposed to a lower number of match hours, at the same incidence the probability of only one injury was higher. When exposed to a higher number of match hours, at the same incidence the probability of sustaining two or more injuries was higher. The standard match length underestimates the team-level injury incidence if the entire player cohort has not provided consent. In addition, team-level injury incidence is a poor representation of the underlying injury incidence of players. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 135-145 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2275940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2275940 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:2:p:135-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2277631_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Aarón Agudo-Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Aarón Author-X-Name-Last: Agudo-Ortega Author-Name: Juan J. Salinero Author-X-Name-First: Juan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Salinero Author-Name: Øyvind Sandbakk Author-X-Name-First: Øyvind Author-X-Name-Last: Sandbakk Author-Name: Violeta Muñoz de la Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Violeta Muñoz Author-X-Name-Last: de la Cruz Author-Name: José M. González-Rave Author-X-Name-First: José M. Author-X-Name-Last: González-Rave Title: Training practices used by elite sprint coaches Abstract: Scientific knowledge of the training of elite athletic sprinters is limited, and much of their training relies on the intuition and expertise of experienced coaches. Therefore, the objective of this study is to provide an overview of the training practices employed by elite Spanish sprint coaches. A descriptive analysis was conducted using customised questionnaires from 14 sprint-specialised coaches who volunteered to participate. These coaches used both traditional (50%) and block periodisation (50%). Many coaches (78.6%) divided training into three phases within each of the two macrocycles. Additionally, all coaches incorporated a tapering phase of varying durations. During the general preparation phase, the focus was on strength training (78.6%) and tempo training (85.7%). In the specific preparation phase, priority was strength-speed (92.9%) and speed-endurance (100%). The competitive phase emphasised speed-strength (100%), acceleration and maximal velocity (92.9%). Coaches incorporated technique work prior to sprint sessions (100%) and conducted specific monitoring/testing sessions (78.6%). Most coaches also monitored indicators of fatigue (78.6%) and recovery parameters (100%). In conclusion, elite Spanish sprint coaches employ relatively similar strength and sprint training methods throughout the season, gradually shifting the focus towards competition specificity. However, these coaches implement different macro-periodisation models. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 170-185 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2277631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2277631 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:2:p:170-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2277627_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: José María Izquierdo Author-X-Name-First: José María Author-X-Name-Last: Izquierdo Author-Name: Juan Carlos Redondo Author-X-Name-First: Juan Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Redondo Author-Name: Diego Marqués-Jiménez Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Marqués-Jiménez Author-Name: Antonio Zarauz-Moreno Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Zarauz-Moreno Author-Name: Diego Fernández-Lázaro Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Lázaro Title: How hormones, vertical jump and perceived exertion change in clutch time. A season case study of an amateur basketball team Abstract: Basketball clutch time is defined as minutes when the scoring margin is within 5 points with five or fewer minutes remaining in a game. Our aims were to explore the relations and to compare testosterone and cortisol behaviours, vertical jump (CMJ) and perceived exertion (RPE) between clutch time games (CT) and non-clutch time games (N-CT); during a season in an amateur male team (24.02 ± 3.36 years). Data was collected at 22 games considering CT (n = 8) or N-CT (n = 14) depending on the scoring margin with five or fewer minutes. A total of 120 player cases who participated in the last 5 min of each game (CT, n = 48; N-CT, n = 72) were analysed using a mixed linear model for repeated measures to compare the CT and N-CT variations. The main results were Cortisol, CMJ and RPE means turned out to be higher in CT, but relevant differences were only identified for RPE (ES = 0.69). Findings suggested that clutch performance was often viewed through players’ subjective parameters. Consequently, we recommend that both players and coaches consider it for CT performance. In addition, we extend current basketball CT indicator knowledge opening future research and applied practice. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 158-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2277627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2277627 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:2:p:158-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2272121_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Daniel Hoffmann Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann Author-Name: Tobias Vogt Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Vogt Title: Does a decade of the rally-point scoring system impact the characteristics of elite badminton matches? Abstract: This study aimed to investigate game characteristics in men’s singles badminton matches at world championships under a decade of rally-point scoring system. Time interval has been hypothesised to affect timing factors, such as game duration, rally time, rest time, rest at point 11, and rest time between games. Overall, 56 matches (n = 127 games) were analysed using video footage. We found that year affected all variables from 2006 to 2017, except for the total points played. Consequently, game duration, rally time, rest time, rest time at point 11 and rest time between games increased by 54.0% (p = 0.002, r = 0.407), 62.2% (p = 0.000), 49.3% (p = 0.000), 44% (p < 0.001, r = 0.36) and 74.9% (p = 0.000, r = 0.50), respectively. Furthermore, we suggest that game characteristics in men’s singles badminton matches evolve towards longer rallies with longer rest time, rest time at point 11 and rest time between games, exceeding the limits of the badminton regulation. Therefore, stricter rule enforcement, the introduction of a time limit for the rest time between the rallies, which is similar to the shot clock implemented in tennis for the service execution or a change of the scoring system appears to be necessary to ensure a further reduction of the game duration. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 105-118 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2272121 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2272121 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:2:p:105-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2291238_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Anna Fitzpatrick Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzpatrick Author-Name: Joseph A. Stone Author-X-Name-First: Joseph A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Author-Name: Simon Choppin Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Choppin Author-Name: John Kelley Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Kelley Title: Analysing Hawk-Eye ball-tracking data to explore successful serving and returning strategies at Wimbledon Abstract: Investigations of elite tennis match-play have highlighted the importance of serving and returning strategies. This study establishes the most common and effective strategies used by male and female players at Wimbledon, and identifies associated winner-loser differences. Hawk-Eye ball-tracking data from 302 men’s and 139 women’s singles matches contested between 2016 and 2018 were analysed using confidence intervals, Chi-square and Chi-square partitions. For both sexes, first serves to lateral areas (Zones A and D) of the service boxes were more common and more successful than first serves to central areas (Zones B and C). Second serves to lateral areas also tended to be more successful than those to central areas, but players typically prioritised safety, often executing second serves to Zone C (central, but towards the backhand of right-handed opponents). Men and women hit more serve-returns to central areas than lateral areas of the court, despite serve-returns to lateral areas being more successful. Furthermore, winning male players were more accurate than losing male players, executing a comparatively higher percentage of serves and returns to lateral areas; winning female players demonstrated this on first serves only. These findings can be used to improve the specificity and representativeness of players’ grass court training. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 251-268 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2291238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2291238 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:3:p:251-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2291236_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Rui Bao Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Bao Author-Name: Bo Han Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Han Title: The influence of the video assistance referee (VAR) on the English Premier League Abstract: The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) was introduced into football in order to assist referees in their decision making during the match. The English Premier League (EPL) introduced VAR in the 2019-2020 season. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of the introduction of VAR on the English Premier League. The sample includes all 380 matches played in the 2018-2019 season without VAR and all 380 matches played in the 2019-2020 season with VAR. The following nine variables were collected for each match: the first half time, the second half time, total time, goals, penalties, fouls, yellow cards, red cards and offsides. These variables were compared pre and post the introduction of VAR using means comparison and Mixed Linear Model (MLM). The results demonstrated that after the introduction of VAR, the first half time, second half time, total time and fouls increased significantly (p< 0.01). In contrast, a significant decrease (p< 0.01) was found in the number of offsides after the implementation of VAR. The findings may help football practitioners and fans better understand the impact of VAR on European top professional football leagues, particularly on the English Premier League and also help to optimise referees’ officiating strategies. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 241-250 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2291236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2291236 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:3:p:241-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2278370_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: J. C. Ponce-Bordón Author-X-Name-First: J. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Ponce-Bordón Author-Name: M. A. López-Gajardo Author-X-Name-First: M. A. Author-X-Name-Last: López-Gajardo Author-Name: J. Fernández-Navarro Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Navarro Author-Name: R. López del Campo Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: López del Campo Author-Name: R. Resta Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Resta Author-Name: T. García-Calvo Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: García-Calvo Title: The effect of coach dismissal on team performance and match physical demands in Spanish professional soccer leagues Abstract: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between coach dismissal and team performance, and match physical demands in the top two professional Spanish soccer leagues across both short and long term within a season. Data were collected from all matches played in the First (Liga Santander; n = 2,950) and Second Spanish Division (Liga Smartbank; n = 2,966) over four consecutive seasons (from 2015/2016 to 2018/2019). Team performance (points won), total distance (TD), high-intensity running distance (HIRD, distance 21–24 km⋅h−1), very-high-intensity running distance (VHIRD, >24 km⋅h−1) and the number of efforts between 21–24 km⋅h−1 (Sp21) and >24 km⋅h−1 (Sp24) were analysed. All within-season coaching dismissals were examined. Results showed that team performance was significantly higher after coach dismissal across short term (p < .001). Concerning match physical demands, across the short term, only TD was significantly greater after coach dismissal (p < .01); while across long terms, TD, HIRD, VHIRD, Sp21 and Sp24 were significantly greater during post coach dismissal stage (p < .001) than the prior coach dismissal stage. Such findings demonstrate that coach replacement could positively influence on team performance and match physical demands, not only across the short term but also over the season. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 187-203 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2278370 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2278370 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:3:p:187-203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2278380_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Carlos López-Serrano Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: López-Serrano Author-Name: M. Zakynthinaki Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Zakynthinaki Author-Name: Daniel Mon-López Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Mon-López Author-Name: Juan José Molina Martín Author-X-Name-First: Juan José Molina Author-X-Name-Last: Martín Title: Introducing the technical individual contribution coefficient: a metric for evaluating performance in elite volleyball Abstract: This study introduces a new metric, the Technical Individual Contribution Coefficient, that enables the quantification of the individual technical performance in elite volleyball, from the practical perspective of coaches. Additionally, three Relative Individual Contribution Coefficients provide complimentary information on the players’ relative participation. Data from 20 matches of eight teams during the 2019 Club World Championship were provided by Data Volley software. The numerical evaluation of the players’ actions was based on experts’ ratings, and all calculations were carried out using Python programming. Binomial logistic regression and the areas calculated under the receiver operating characteristic curves were utilised to predict set outcomes based on team variables. For individual analysis, Spearman’s rho correlations and multiple descriptive analyses were conducted, and dynamic visualisations in Power BI were employed to enhance interpretation. The proposed coefficients efficiently predict both absolute and relative technical performance, across all game actions. This novel metric offers a comprehensive tool for performance evaluation and has significant potential to benefit not only fans and the media, but also coaches and team managers in their decision-making process for player selection. The dynamic visualisations utilised make it easier to understand multiple comparisons and to identify ways for improving performance. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 204-217 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2278380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2278380 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:3:p:204-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2288491_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Saumya Mehta Author-X-Name-First: Saumya Author-X-Name-Last: Mehta Author-Name: Ashwin Phatak Author-X-Name-First: Ashwin Author-X-Name-Last: Phatak Author-Name: John van der Kamp Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: van der Kamp Author-Name: Mikael Jamil Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Jamil Author-Name: Geert Savelsbergh Author-X-Name-First: Geert Author-X-Name-Last: Savelsbergh Author-Name: Daniel Memmert Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Memmert Title: Picking the length: investigating how bowling length influences batter decision-making in international men’s 50-over cricket Abstract: In this study, 19,587 balls bowled by fast bowlers across two One-Day International (ODI) cricket tournaments were analysed, with the aim of exploring the relationship between bowling lengths and foot-based batter decision-making. Initially, a Chi-Square test of independence was used to determine if bowling lengths were associated with the foot-based decision-making of batters. Subsequently, the relationship of specific foot-based strokes with different bowling lengths were further examined through a Logistic Regression. Post-Hoc analysis of standardised residuals from Chi-Square tests suggest an association between foot-based decision-making and dot balls (χ2(1) = 99.798, p < .001). Furthermore, Logistic Regression results reveal that all length zones except the half-tracker length show statistically significant association with front-foot and back-foot strokes. Respective coefficients of these length zones also show an organisation of specific strokes with front-foot stroke dominating lengths close to the batter (yorker, full-toss, half-volley and good length) and back-foot strokes dominating zones further away from the batter (back of a length and short length). The results confirm interdependence between batter-bowler performances and suggest that batters in ODI cricket prefer meeting the ball on the front foot in their search of scoring runs. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 230-240 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2288491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2288491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:3:p:230-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RPAN_A_2280348_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Gülçin Güler Author-X-Name-First: Gülçin Author-X-Name-Last: Güler Author-Name: Deniz Şimşek Author-X-Name-First: Deniz Author-X-Name-Last: Şimşek Author-Name: Seçkin Tuncer Author-X-Name-First: Seçkin Author-X-Name-Last: Tuncer Author-Name: Daniel Mon-López Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Mon-López Title: Evaluation of physiological parameters and gaze behaviour of air pistol shooters related to performance outcomes Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological parameters and quiet eye (QE) of air pistol shooters in relation to performance outcomes. QE duration, skin conductance (SC), and heart rate (HR) were recorded for 20 shooters (10 novices and 10 intermediates) during shooting. All variables were examined according to the score and total shots. Physiological parameters were evaluated according to the shooting phases. Intermediate shooters exhibited significantly longer QE duration than novices (p < .001). There were no significant differences in QE duration and normalised SC according to the score and normalised SC between groups (p > .05). In SC, an increase in the preparation and resting phase and a decrease in the aiming phase were observed in both groups (p < .001). Intermediate shooters had lower HR than novices in all phases (p < .001). Additionally, more HR changes were detected in the intermediate shooters than in novices. HR of 10-score shots was lower than other shots (p < .05). Intermediate shooters exhibited longer QE duration than novices and they can decelerate their HR before shots. Coaches are recommended to incorporate exercises into training programmes that will enhance the visual focusing skills and reduce heart rate for novice shooters. Journal: International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport Pages: 218-229 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2280348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/24748668.2023.2280348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rpanxx:v:24:y:2024:i:3:p:218-229